165971387-SAP-Modeling-a-Building-Structure.pdf

SAP2000 Seminar Session 02 Modelling a Building Structure By Alden B Ald P Paull Balili, B lili MSCE DRBENGS, DLSU

Prerequisites q • Should have taken Session 1 ! • Should not be afraid to make mistakes. mistakes

Initial Model • Assuming you have learned something in Part 1, model the 4 story structure described in the next slides.

2nd to t 4th Floor Fl 6m fc =21 fc` 21 Mpa fy = 275 Mpa Ec = 21500 Mpa Unit Weight of Concrete = 24 kN/m3

6m

C1

6m

C1

C1

C1

C1

4 @ 1m typical yp

5m

Floor B Fl Beams C1 400x250 The rest 400x200 400 00 2ndd

C1 500x300 C2 400x400

6m

C2

C2

C2 C1

C1

C2

C2

5m

C2 C1 5m

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

R f Level Roof L l Same dimensions as previous

El Elevation ti Roof 3m 4thh Floor l 3m 3rd Floor 3m 3 2nd Floor 3m

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • For this structure it would be very helpful if we have slanted grids. • Let us create a new structure with 5 X grids, 4 y grids id and d 5 Z grids. id As much possible make initial spacing near to t actual t l

Never forget to change this prior to making a new model

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • Initial Gridlines This gridline to be converted to a slanted one

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • To Convert Standard grids to slanted ones we must first convert the system to a general system • To convert to a general system go to Define > Coordinate S Systems/Grids /G id • Check “Convert to General Grid” (warning: this couldn’t be undone!)) • Click Modify Show System

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • From the Grids, we need to edit Grid 4. Click Grid 4, then click Modify/Show Grid Line • For the Y2 put “+4” after 15 • Click ok when done

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • Click ok again in the “Grid Grid System Data Window Window” and the next window after that • Notice that some gridlines don’t have an intersection. Let us go b back k and d edit di each h grid id

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • Alternatively, you could double click a grid and edit its properties • Double click any part of gridline A First • Choose Gridline A and click Modify/Show Grid Line • Click ok till the last window to confirm

SAP2000: Slanted Grids • Notice that gridline A has been extended. • Do this “extension” for gridlines B to E.

SAP2000: Defining Concrete Sections • Now let us define the concrete sections ▫ Go to Define Menu > Section Properties > Frame Sections ▫ Add a New Property ▫ Choose Ch C Concrete and dR Rectangular l

SAP2000: Defining Concrete Sections • In the section properties input the following for C500x300 Column • Notice that we haven’t defined concrete materials yet. You could ld click li k the h + sign i in i the h material i l part to add dd one

As per properties specified at the start of this presentati on

SAP2000: Defining Concrete Sections • Choose the appropriate material before clicking ok • Note that there is reinforcement indicated in the section. • This reinforcement is used for design purposes only and will not affect the area and moment of inertia of a section

Let’s ’ leave l the h reinforcement as is for now

SAP2000: Defining Concrete Sections • Now do sections for the following ▫ B400x250 (B indicates Beam) ▫ B400x200 ▫ C400x400 (C indicates column)

SAP2000: Drawing Frames in 3d • Now let’s let s draw the columns on the 1st floor • The problem with generalized grids is that the XZ and YZ can not be accessed anymore. • Let us hide the gridlines from Storey 2 to 4 • Limit the Z view from 0 (min) to 3(max)

SAP2000: Drawing Frames in 3d • The grids would look like as shown below • Draw the columns from grid point to grid point

SAP2000: Drawing Frames in 3d • All columns have been drawn

Remember that the columns have different sections!

SAP2000: Drawing Frames in 3d • Now Let us draw the beams in plan • Go to plan view and draw all beams as shown below on story 1. Use 400x250 Section Shrink the objects for convenience!

SAP2000: Drawing Frames in 3d • Set the View Limits to all • Now go to 3d View again and select all objects • Go to Define Menu > Replicate. Replicate 3 times upward with dz = 3m

SAP2000: Drawing Frames in 3d • Now go to the plan view of the uppermost level and delete the beams are not in the model • If you made a mistake, go to Selection Menu >Clear S l i if you want to clear Selection l the h selection l i

2

1

Beams can be selected by using an “exclusive window”. S Sequence off points i t indicated

SAP2000: Extra: Selection • Clicking all desired elements is a cumbersome exercise. • Alternatively we can window the whole story to select all beams. However, this method also selects the other objects. j • Notice the selected objects in the lower left corner Note that 40 lines are selected. Where did this come from?

SAP2000: Extra: Selection • The extra lines selected comes from the columns. columns They are selected by this “window all” method. • If we want to select beams only we have to do another type of window, the “exclusive” window. Note the differences below Inclusive Window Drag from Left to right

Exclusive Window Drag from Right to left

SAP2000: Extra: Selection • An inclusive window only selects objects that are inside the window. • For an exclusive window, window an object will be selected as long as any portion of that object is inside. Inclusive Window Drag from Left to right

Selected Not selected

Inclusive Window Drag from Right to left

All are Selected

SAP2000: Supports • • • • •

To assign supports let us go to the plan view of the base Do a window selection covering the whole structure Go to Assign > Joints > Restraints Choose fixed support and click ok! You will now see supports in 3d view.

SAP2000: Model Finished? • Now we have the main parts of the structure • Is it finished?

Initial Model • Finished? • However, However your boss forgot to tell you the additional changes to the framing of the structure.

Additional Members are dashed

Initial Model • Finished? • However, However your boss forgot to tell you the additional changes to the framing of the structure.

Advanced Model Editing g • Let us show the different ways to add members in SAP2000 by showing techniques which are best suited for each member

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Let us put the secondary beams

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Th The grids id should h ld be b shown h iin your model d lb before f proceeding and go to plan view of storey 1

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • T To add dd secondary d b beams quickly i kl jjust snap to the h midpoints of the beams • Use section 400x200

Turn on midpoints

Pressing right click when you are at this point breaks the line but doesn’t cancel d draw mode d Completed Secondary Beams

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Now let l us add dd these h members b b by d doing i a combination of replicate, divide and delete commands 1m

3m

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Step 1: Replicate li the h members b iin red d iin accordance with the given dimensions

Dx = -1m

Dy = +3m

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Step 2: Select l the h two members. b Go to Edit di Menu > Edit Lines > Divide Frames • Choose the 2nd option and click ok

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Step 3: Remove the h excess members b

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Step 4: Merge the h d desired i d members b b by selecting l i them then go to Edit Menu > Edit Lines > Join Frames

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • N Now we h have d done the h b beams without ih computing i coordinates! • Remove the shrink and you will see that there is a little portion of a member beyond the beam at the top • This could be removed by using the same processes as we did in i the th llastt slides! lid !

Remove through the given steps!

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • N Now we h have d done the h b beams without ih computing i coordinates! • Remove the shrink and you will see that there is a little portion of a member beyond the beam at the top • This could be removed by using the same processes as we did in i the th llastt slides! lid !

Remove through the given steps!

Sap2000 Extra: Special Joints • Al Alternatively, i l we can use special i l jjoints i to serve as “guides” for our new members • First let us delete the member shown below. • Go to Draw Menu > Draw Special Joint • A small window will appear. Input 3 for offset y

Sap2000 Extra: Special Joints • Cli Click k on the h two jjoints i as iindicated di db below. l • You will notice that SAP2000 has added dots indicating the “special” special joints. • Now you can use these joints to snap on to draw the additional beams

Dots indicating p jjoints special Click these nodes

Sap2000 Extra: Special Joints • Q: Q What Wh are special i l jjoints? i ? ▫ These are joints that need to be drawn by the user and are not a result of drawing g structural members

• Q: What are the common uses? ▫ Points where joint loads not at end of members are present ▫ Convenience of drawing of additional beams ▫ Dividers of existing members

• Note: These special joints do not divide the member automatically during the modeling phase. However, the member which has a special joint will be divided at these joints prior to analysis.

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Additional ddi i l Members b ▫ Member shown below can be easily added by a combination of replicate and draw lines command ▫ Do these members first

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Additional ddi i l Members b ▫ However, members at the corner would need additional ETABS features we haven haven’tt used yet

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Additional ddi i l Members b ▫ Currently We have these members at the corners. Members to be added are in hidden line. line

Top end of the member must be moved because it is just a replication of this line

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • We’ll ’ll do d these h steps to accomplish li h the h d desired i d geometry ▫ Extend the necessary lines so that they intersect ▫ Split the intersecting lines ▫ Replicate and split the necessary lines.

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ To do this use the Draw Menu > Reshape Element mode A small window will appear mode. ▫ After this, click the member you want to edit. Preferablyy on its midpoint. p The member will now be dashed. Only one member can be reshaped at a time

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Let us explore each option for the reshape object. ▫ For the Drawing Control Type = None, None Click and Drag the top node to any location you want

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Now choose the Horizontal option and click and drag the top point. point ▫ Notice the constraint in the movement

Can only be moved along x

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Vertical option is the same only this time the movement is constrained to the Y-axis. Y axis

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Parallel to angle option lets you constrain the movement in the angle of your choice. choice

For this example, 45 degrees

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Fixed length option lets you move the node within a given length. length It’s It s similar to the movement being confined to circle with a specified radius

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Fixed length and angle let you just one point decided by the angle in the circle mentioned in the last slide 45o

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Fixed dh and dv lets you move a node to the desired x and y increment dh dv

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Can you now figure out which lines to extend and what commands to use?

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Extend line 1 using the Vertical option ▫ Extend line 2 using the Parallel to angle option Line 2

Line 1

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Extend line 1 using the Parallel to Y option ▫ Extend so that line is well beyond the expected corner Expected Corner

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Extend d the h necessary li lines so that h they h iintersect ▫ Extend line 2 using the Parallel to angle option. Extend beyond expected corner. corner ▫ Input atan(1/6) = 9.46deg

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Split li the h necessary li lines ▫ Select the two lines that intersect. ▫ Then select Edit Menu > Edit Lines> Divide Frames. Choose “Break at Intersections with Selected lines and p points”. Click ok when finished. Delete

Sap2000 Secondary Beams • Replicate li and d Split li the h necessary li lines ▫ Delete the excess lines. ▫ Do a combination of divide and replicate commands so that you can see the configuration below.

Advanced Model Editing Adding Secondary Beams • The h additional ddi i lb beams h have b been fi finalized. li d • Choose the new beams and replicate to the 3rd and 4th floors (Store (Storey 2 to 3)

Click ok

Advanced Model Editing Adding Secondary Beams • Remove the h unnecessary b beams on the h rooff (Storey 3)

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • For buildings, b ildi iit usuall ffor architects hi to h have columns aligned with the perimeter walls to add interior space. space • Let us rotate the columns below as per our architect’ss preference architect

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members

Rotate by atan(1/6)o

Positive Rotation Direction

Rotate by 90o

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • Fi First llet us “i “isolate” l ” the h columns l so that h they h could ld only l be seen • Select all columns by going to Select Menu > Select > Properties > Frame Sections • Choose all columns and click ok

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • IIn 3d d Vi View you will ill see that h the h columns l are now selected. • To remove all other members from view right click on any open space and choose “Show Selection Only”

Right click on this spot

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • T To see the h existing i i orientation i i off the h columns, l llet us go to a plan “3d View” of the structure • Go to View Menu > Set 3d View • Choose XY and aperture = 0

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • Af After doing d i this hi you will ill see the h iimage b below. l Y You could ld notice that there is nothing • To see the columns go to View Menu > Set Display options • Check extrude view and click ok

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • N Now the h orientation i i off the h columns l can b be seen. S Select l the upper columns as shown below. Through this g columns from top p to method yyou are actuallyy selecting bottom! • After selecting go to Assign Menu > Frame > Local Axes

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • P Put the h fformulal atan(1/6) ( /6) and d the h angle l will ill b be computed. Click ok when done • Remember if you made a mistake, you could go back to previous selection by going to Select Menu > Get Previous Selection or press Ctrl+Z to undo

The orientation of the local axis can be seen!

SAP2000 Rotating the Axis of Members • Now N rotate the h remaining i i columns l b by 90deg d

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Let’s ’ say the h architect hi off the h building b ildi wants the h front columns to look like this. What do you do??? 100mm

300mm

Symmetrical in both axes

100mm

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • We can use the h section i builder b ild to quickly i kl compute the properties of this section! 100mm

300mm

100mm

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • To create a custom section i go to Define fi Menu > > Section Properties > Frame Sections • Choose “Add Ne New Propert Property”” • Choose Other for Property Type and Click Section Designer

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • In the h window i d d do the h ffollowing ll i ▫ Apply an appropriate name (X500x300) ▫ Choose the base material ( (CONC21MPa) ) ▫ Design type: (No check/design)

• Now we can click the “Section designer” button

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • The h section i d designer i iinterface f

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • The h section i d designer i h has many ffeatures. We won’t ’ go deep into them. • For this eexample, ample let us just use the “pol “polygon gon draw” technique • Polygon draw involves the following ▫ Draw the approximate shape of your section g coordinates accordingly gy ▫ Change

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • To start the h polygon l d draw, click li k the h ““Draw Polygon Shape” button on the left • The arrow arro will ill change, change indicating you ou are in dra draw mode. • Draw the approximate shape of our cross. cross Don’t Don t mind the scale

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Once you have h completed l d the h 12 nodes, d press enter to complete the shape. • Now No wee change the coordinates

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • To change h the h coordinates, di go to Draw Menu > Reshape mode. You mouse cursor will again change indicating you are in Reshape mode. mode • Click the shape, and notice the presence of dots at the corners. corners

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Roll ll over your mouse on one node. d Notice i that h iit becomes a cross hair • Right click the node when hen the cursor becomes like this. A window prompting the new coordinates will appear. appear Change the coordinate to (0 (0.15, 15 0 0.25) 25)

Click ok when finished

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Notice i the h change h iin coordinates? di Do the h same ffor the others. Coordinates for the corners shown as below 0.15,0.25 0.15, 0.15

0.25, 0.15

Change sign for other coordinates accordingly

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Once your section i is i finished, fi i h d click li k done d on the h lower right portion

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Click li k ok k once you return to the h main i window i d off SAP

Click ok to confirm! Click cancel and everything is cancelled! Your section is now in the list!

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Go back b k to 3d d plan l view i and d assign i the h custom section to the columns indicated below.

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Select l then h go to Assign i Menu > Frame > Frame Sections . Choose X500x300 and click ok

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • You will ill notice i that h the h outline li h has also l b been changed for the columns.

SAP2000 Creating Custom Sections • Go to 3d d View i • Now let us return the visibility of all objects by right clicking on an open space and chosing “Show All”

Notice that it is still extruded. extruded You can remove this by going to View Menu > Set Display Options

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • Area elements l are used d ffor the h ffollowing ll i ▫ Slabs and Decks for Flooring ▫ Walls for Retaining Walls ▫ Dummy Elements for Loading

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • F For our project j llet us assume that h we will ill use C Cast-in-situ i i slabs. Use 150 thickness. • To create an area element go to Define Menu > Section Properties > Area Sections. • In the window that appears choose “Shell” for type and click li k “Add new section” ti ”

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • In the h window, i d enter the h ffollowing ll i ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Name: 150thkSlab Material: Conc21MPa Thickness Membrane: 0.15 Thickness Bending: 0.15 0 15 Click ok when done yp Shell Thin Type:

It’s now added to the list Click ok to confirm! Click cancel and everything is cancelled!

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • We have h now d defined fi d our area element. l The h only l thing left to do is draw it. • Go to the plan view ie of the 2nd floor/story floor/stor 11. Make the beams visible

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • Before f we proceed, d llet us note the h ffollowing ll i openings

Slab Outline

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • To draw d a slab, l b go to Draw Menu > Draw Poly l Area • A little window will appear which indicates some options for the drawing. drawing • Choose the appropriate property before proceeding

Usually, this option is enough for drawing slabs!

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • Click li k these h points i in i a clockwise l k i manner (Doing ( i it i counter-clockwise is also ok!) 2

4

3

5

6

1

Slab Outline

8

7

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • Press enter once you are in i node d 8 to complete l the h slab!

SAP2000 Creating Area Elements • When h the h shrink h i k objects bj is i turned d on, it i is i easy to determine where the slabs are!

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • Area loads l d usually ll come ffrom the h ffollowing ll i 1. 2 2. 3. 4 4.

Selfweight of the slab Topping above the slab Approximate weight of the CHB walls Live Load 4 3

2 1

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • Wh Why use area loads l d and d area members b iinstead d off the h usuall trapezoidal lineloads? 1. Trapezoidal load method not present in SAP2000 2. Distribution effects of slab between beams considered 3. Trapezoidal load method too cumbersome when applied li d manually ll

45o

Why not? Direction of Load Shown

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • For this hi structure let l us assume the h ffollowing ll i 1. Selfweight of the slab (already taken into account due to selfweight = 1 in load case definition) 2. Topping above the slab (0.6 kPa) 3. Approximate weight of the CHB walls (1 kPa) 4. Live Load (2.4 kPa, office) 4 3

2 1

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • T To assign i area lloads, d click li k any part off the h slab l b to select l iit • Go to Assign Menu > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) • The assign area loads window will appear

Dashed line indicates selection

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • There h are many options i ffor area/surface / f lloads. d But we usually choose “Gravity” for gravity forces. • For surface pressure from water ater or wind, ind Local 3 axis is usually used. • For our example choose gravity for the direction

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • Input the h following f ll i ffor d dead d ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

0.6 + 1 = 1.6 kPa Load Case Name: Dead Coord System: Global , Direction: Gravity Choose “Replace Replace Existing Loads Loads” option Click ok when finished

Click ok when done

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • A number b will ill iindicate di that h area lloads d h have b been assigned

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • S Select l the h slab l b again i and d Input I the h following f ll i ffor li live ▫ 2.4 kPa ▫ Load Case Name: Live (Create this if not existent) ▫ Choose “Replace Existing Loads” option ▫ Coord System: Global, Direction: Gravity ▫ Click ok when finished

Click ok when done

SAP2000 Assigning Area Loads • You could ld see a number b iin the h slab l b iindicating di i what magnitude of load you just assigned.

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • Now we have h the h lloads, d iit iis iimportant to determine how the slab will connect to the beams. • This is important because wee dre drew the slab as one object only. • If we don’t don t apply auto-mesh on the slab slab, we will have erroneous results.

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • To apply l an auto-mesh, h select l the h slab l b then h go to Assign menu > Shell/Area > Area Object Mesh Options

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • We won’t ’ explore l the h different diff options. i • Instead this training would just recommend a methodolog most appropriate for this situation methodology

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • T To mesh h the h slab l b properly, l llet us choose h the h options i shown on the window below

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • To T mesh h the h slab l b properly, l llet us choose h the h ffollowing ll i

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • The h options i we chose h d does the h ffollowing ll i ▫ The slab will be divided on all the beams that crossing it (cookie cut) ▫ The shapes that will result will further be subdivided to 0.75x0.75 75 75 elements max

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • Sub b Mesh h Option i ▫ If you put a certain width A, this means ETABS would mesh the area into max AxA elements. elements ▫ This value is subject to engineering judgment. The smaller,, the more accurate the results but the analysis takes longer. ▫ Up to engineer to determine this value. Usually ranging i from f 0.5 to 1.

SAP2000 Area Auto-mesh options • Click li k ok k on the h form f when h finished. fi i h d • A label will indicate that the mesh has been assigned

SAP2000 Analysis check for the mesh • To see the sub-division, the structure should be analyzed. • But before analysis we must replicate the area element we edited to the other floors. floors • Select the slab, then replicate to the other floors. • Byy replicating p g this floor,, we save time byy not needing g to repeat the load and mesh commands.

2 because the top p is a roof

SAP2000 Analysis check for the mesh • After the analysis is finished, you will see how the slab is divided

Looks good? By doing this we are taking into account the distribution action of the slab!

SAP2000 Analysis check for the mesh • Since our model is not yet finished, let us delete the analysis first. • Go to options menu > lock/unlock model. • When prompted, click ok. The analysis results will b d be deleted l d

SAP2000 Grouping • In ETABS, the g grouping p g of Beams and Columns is automatic • In SAP2000, we must assign them explicitly • Let us assign the beam group ▫ Select All B members ▫ Go to Assign Menu > Assign to Group ▫ Click add new group

SAP2000 Grouping • Let us assign g the beam g group p ▫ Name the group “Beams” and click ok ▫ Click ok again in the next window and the B members are assigned to the beams

SAP2000 Grouping • Do the same for C and X members. Name them “Columns”

SAP2000 Grouping • Now these g groups p can be selected through g the selection tools. • Select the beam group by going to Select Menu > Groups • Choose Beams and click ok ok. This will select all beams! • The same can be done for the columns,

SAP2000 Property Modifiers • In SAP, properties like mass, area and moment of inertia can be overwritten. This is done through the frame property modifiers. • One example of the application of this feature, is th reduction the d ti iin effective ff ti momentt off iinertia ti prescribed by the NSCP for concrete models. This takes into account the cracking in concrete. concrete

NSCP C101-1 410.12

SAP2000 Property Modifiers • Now let’s apply first the reduction for the beams. • Select all beams through the selection tools. • Once selected, go to Assign Menu > Frame > Property Modifiers

SAP2000 Property Modifiers • Put 0.35 for Moment of Inertia about 3 axis to take into account cracking in the major axis. • Click ok when done 2 axis = White presentation p purposes) p (Grayy for p

3 axis = Blue 1 axis i = red d SAP Local Axis Convention

SAP2000 Property Modifiers • Once done, a “PM*” label will be placed on all beams

ETABS Property Modifiers • Now select all columns and assign 0.7 for Moment of inertia for both axes

ETABS Property Modifiers • To clear the labels, go to Assign menu > Clear Display of Assigns

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • As with wind, Earthquake loads can be computed manually and the loads applied as joint forces. • ETABS has a convenient feature wherein it automatically computes Earthquake forces

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • 3 main things need to be defined for accurate EQ forces ▫ The Rigid Diaphragms ▫ The EQ constants ▫ The Th Mass M Source S

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid Diaphragms ▫ What are rigid diaphragms?

Can yyou p point out the rigid g diaphragm?

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid Diaphragms ▫ What are rigid diaphragms?  Where mass is concentrated  Rigid enough that axial deformation is negligible  Means by which lateral forces are distributed to the columns

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid Diaphragms ▫ Accidental eccentricity will be erroneous if rigid diaphragms not defined. ▫ Slabs/Decks are needed to define rigid diaphragms

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid diaphragms ▫ Before proceeding, let us go to plan view of storey 1 ▫ Select all the corner nodes of the slab as shown below ▫ Go to Assign Menu > Joint > Constraints

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid diaphragms ▫ In the Assign/Define Constraints window, choose diaphragm for the constraint type ▫ Click Add New Constraint ▫ Edit the options as shown below p g ▫ Click ok to finish this diaphragm

This means Diaphragm for storey 1

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid diaphragms ▫ Repeat the process for the diaphragms at storey 2 and 3.  Go to plan view  Select the nodes  Assign the diaphragm. Please label them properly

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid diaphragms ▫ Dots indicate the joints where the diaphragm constraint was applied ▫ Also shown is a conceptual illustration of a diaphragm constraint

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Rigid diaphragms ▫ Now apply the same methodology to each level which has a slab (storey 2 and 3) ▫ Right click a node to check diaphragm constraint assignment

Click ok when done

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Earthquake Constants ▫ Earthquake constants are defined in the load case definition. ▫ Let us first create a load case named “Eqx” with type “Quake” Quake and Auto lateral as “UBC97” UBC97 .

UBC 97 is the basis of the NSCP 2001 code!

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Earthquake Constants ▫ Once load is added, Select it then click “Modify Lateral Load” ▫ Let us explore the different options in the next slide

ETABS Earthquake Loads - Automated Direction and eccentricity of force Period, T Period calculation, this will determine the magnitude of force Definition D fi iti off the th top and bottom story. Always ensure that bottom coordinate is zero

Response modification factor, prescribed by NSCP for each type of frame

Soil profile type. Would have effect on magnitude of earthquake Seismic Zone Factor Depends on Factor. the location. 0.4 for majority of the Philippines Ca and Cv automatically calculated if not user defined Seismic source type and distance to source. Will affect magnitude of the earthquake Na and Nv factors computed automatically if not user defined Importance Factor

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Earthquake Constants ▫ For our example let use the data shown below Soft Soil As prescribed by the NSCP 208.5.6 208 5 6

NSCP 208.5.2.2 208 5 2 2 RC Frames Special S i lM Moment Resisting Frame NSCP Table 208-11

Zone 4 as per NSCP 2001 Figure 208-1

Click ok once everything is f finished h d

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Earthquake Constants ▫ Once you have done this, no additional assignments need to be done. ETABS will compute the selfweight of the structure and the lateral EQ loads. ▫ But first, first let us do the earthquake loadcase in the yy direction “EQy”

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Earthquake Constants ▫ Eqy loadcase

Note the difference Soft Soil

As prescribed by the NSCP 208.5.6 208 5 6

NSCP 208.5.2.2 208 5 2 2 RC Frames Special S i lM Moment Resisting Frame NSCP Table 208-11

Zone 4 as per NSCP 2001 Figure 208-1

Click ok once everything is f finished h d

Sap2000 Bonus: +Eccen or –Eccen? Y

• How do we know if we will use + or – eccen? Depends. Let us take a look at the two figures below X +eccen Y

CG w Accidental A id l Torsion T i CG w/o Accidental Torsion CR

Larger Eccentricity

-eccen Y

CG w/o Accidental Torsion CG w Accidental Torsion CR

Smaller Eccentricity

SAP2000 Bonus: +Eccen or –Eccen? • Whatever option gives the larger overall eccentricity is the way to go. • However, H this thi varies i ffrom b building ildi tto b building. ildi • It might be worthwhile to do a template model containing the following EQ cases ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Eqx+Ecy Eqx-Ecy -Eqx+Ecy E E -Eqx-Ecy

▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Eqy+Ecx Eqy-Ecx -Eqy+Ecx E E -Eqy-Ecx

• By Using this this, you got everything covered! (But don’t do this yet for our example)

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Mass source ▫ The last thing we will define for the EQ loads are the mass source. ▫ To explore the options in ETABS let us go to Define Menu > Mass Source

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Mass source ▫ Let us explore each option in the Mass source window Self and Specified Mass Only the selfweight of existing frame and area members will be i l d d included From Loads Mass of the structure will come f from specified f d lloads. d For example, l you can include 100% of D + 25% of L A combination of the first two options

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Reviewing i i some code d provisions, i i all ll d dead d lload d iin the structure should be included in the seismic weight. weight • Also, in some occupancy types (like warehouses), it is recommended to include 25% of the live load 25% of Live load in the seismic weight CHB Included Topping Included Beams and slabs already in self weight

ETABS Earthquake Loads - Automated • Mass so source rce ▫ Let us explore the pros and cons of each option Self and Specified p Mass Cons: Doesn’t take into account applied loads like topping and walls. Live load can’t be taken into account From Loads Cons: If selfweight multiplier = 0 for the Dead load case, selfweight of the structure won’tt be taken into account won Pros: You can specify which loads to include and what percentage is included. Cons: You can still specify the inclusion of the Dead case but this would result in the self weight of the members doubling. Not good!

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Mass source ▫ The best option is to use “From Loads”! Click ok after entering the options below. From Loads Use Dead Multiplier = 1 for our example Optional: If Live load needs to be included, put a factor of 0.25 for Live load case Standard Add, Modify, Delete buttons. Use this to add, modify or delete load cases Click ok when finished

SAP2000 Earthquake Loads - Automated • Have we done everything for EQ loads? ▫ The Rigid Diaphragms ▫ The EQ constants ▫ The Mass Source

• Now N were Fi Finished i h d for f th the EQ lloads! d !

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Let us do these first before analysis ▫ Add CHB and parapet wall loads on the perimeter ▫ Add point loads for the roof dead and live loads ▫ Complete the load cases and combinations

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Wall outlines are shown below for 2nd to 4th floor (Story 1 to 3). Put 5 kN/m for our case (this would vary depending on the thickness and fill of the CHB!)

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Let us go to the plan view of storey 1 first • To put uniform loads. ▫ Select the beams on the perimeter ▫ Go to Assign Menu > Frame Loads Distributed

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • In the frame distributed loads window input the following

Note the fields highlighted

Click ok when done!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • In the plan view it’s it s difficult to see the uniform loads. loads • Go to 3d view to have a clearer picture

Much better!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Apply the 5 kN/m uniform dead load to the storey 2 and 3

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Put half the value (2.5 kN/m) on the perimeter beams on the roof level for the parapet wall

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • The CHB wall loads are now complete!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • The CHB wall loads are now complete!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Add point loads for the roof dead and live loads ▫ Add the following joint loads as indicated. These values would vary from structure to structure! D:33 kN L 11 kN L:

D:65 kN L: 22 kN D:65 kN L: 22 kN

D:65 kN L: 22 kN

D:33 kN L: 11 kN

These values for sample purposes only!

D:33 kN L: 11 kN

D:65 kN L: 22 kN

D:65 kN L: 22 kN

D:65 kN L: 22 kN

D:33 kN L: 11 kN

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Let Let’ss go to the plan view of the roof (storey 4) • To add joint loads ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Select the joint you want to apply force Go to Assign > Joint Loads > Forces Choose the appropriate load case and input the loads Use global axes as shown above

Click ok when finished!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Go to 3d view to check out the load

Looks good!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Complete the joint loads for dead and live load

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • And Last, Complete the load cases and combinations (no serviceability combinations for now!) ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

1.4D+1.7L 1 3D 1 1L 1 1EQ 0 33EQ 1.3D+1.1L+1.1EQx+0.33EQy 1.3D+1.1L+1.1EQy+0.33EQx 1 3D+1 1L-11.1EQx+0.33EQy 1.3D+1.1L 1EQx+0 33EQy 1.3D+1.1L-1.1EQy+0.33EQx p of all combinations Envelope

These combinations take into account recommendations of NSCP 2001 208.8.1 for seismic attack in both directions

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Load case list with shown sample

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Now let us analyze the structure!

SAP2000 Final Things Before Analysis • Analysis Finished!

SAP2000 Post-Analysis Check • As discussed in part 1, the best way to know if we don’t have errors or disconnections in the structure is through the deflection diagram. • You can also click the animate button at the b tt bottom to t exaggerate t the th effect ff t th the d deflection! fl ti ! (Warning: there is background music for our dancing structure structure. Please turn down your volume if you don’t want to get startled.)

SAP2000 Post-Analysis Check • Floor by floor check of deflections ▫ 2nd Floor

SAP2000 Post-Analysis Check • Floor by floor check of deflections ▫ 3rd Floor

SAP2000 Post-Analysis Check • Floor by floor check of deflections ▫ 4th Floor

SAP2000 Post-Analysis Check • Floor by floor check of deflections ▫ Roof Level

SAP2000 Post-Analysis Check • To remove the deflected shape Go to Display Menu > Show Undeformed Shape

SAP2000 Output Processing: Table Output and Excel • An alternative way of showing output is through tables. tables • Table output useful if we will use values for design in a spreadsheet program. • But first, we need to have a legend: An output which shows the beam and column labels.

SAP2000 Extra: Showing Line Labels Etc. • To show the labels of the beams, let us go to plan view of the story 1 first. first

SAP2000 Extra: Showing Line Labels Etc. • Now let l us go to View i Menu > Set Display i l Options • Check Labels under Frame and click ok ok. Notice that labels are now shown on each beam and column

Click ok when done

SAP2000 Extra: Showing Line Labels Etc. • To have h a printout i off the h graphic hi ffor your own reference (or for calculation submission) just go to File Menu > Print Graphics

Sample output in SAP2000

SAP2000 Extra: Showing Line Labels Etc. • In your printout i you will ill see the h ffollowing ll i information in the bottom

SAP2000 Version

SAP File Name

View, Storey and Elevation

SAP2000 Extra: Showing Line Labels Etc. • Now let l us print i out the h “l “legend” d” ffor stories i 2 to 4 (3rd Floor to Roof Level)

SAP2000 Extra: Showing Line Labels Etc. • Go back b k to Set Display i l options i and d uncheck h k the h Fame labels option to remove the line labels.

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • Now we have h the h legend, l d llet us print i the h table bl output! • Go to displa display Menu > Sho Show Tables

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • There h are so many options i in i the h table bl output. But let us just a few of the options. Further exploration is up to you the user. user • Basically we can summarize the output into the following: ▫ Choose the load combinations p ▫ Choose what to output

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • For our example: l ▫ Choose the load combinations (5 combinations) ▫ Choose what to output (Frame forces)

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • In the h window, i d click li k “Select “ l Load d Cases”” • A window will appear showing the different combinations

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • To select l the h combinations bi i you can: ▫ Click them one by one by holding ctrl key ▫ Or hold the shift key to select multiple cases

• Let us select the intended cases and click ok when done. done

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • N Now let l us select l to show h the h F Frame fforces • Expand the “Element Output” option by clicking +. Expand “Frame Frame Output Output” again then click the box on the left of “Table Element Forces - Frame”

An x indicates selection Click ok when done

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • A new window i d will ill appear that h shows h the h fframe forces • This is a long collection of data data. SAP has a limited capability of processing these data.

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • We can export the h table bl to excell through h h the h following • Once chosen excel will open with the said data data. (Of course you must have Excel in your computer!

Save the excel data to the desired directory!

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • Now your data d iis iin excel! l You can d do anything hi with it through excel’s powerful functions. But that is another seminar for another day!

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • Click li k done d if you want to go b back k to your model d l

SAP2000 Output: Table Output and Excel • There h iis more to the h output options i than h meets the eye! • Up to you ou to eexplore plore further!

SAP2000 Concrete Design • N Now we h have our d design i fforces, we can d design i the h reinforcement of the beams and columns. • Let us first change the parameters for concrete design. • Go to Design Menu > Concrete Frame Design > View/Revise Preferences

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Let L us revise i as per the h provisions i i off the h NSCP NSCP2001 code d ▫ Design Code: ACI 318-99 ▫ Utilization Factor Limit: 1.0 ▫ All other factors as is

Cli k ok Click k When h Done

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Before proceeding, let us unlock the model. • Check the section properties of all concrete sections ▫ Go to Define Menu > Frame Sections ▫ Click on the B400x200 section and click Modify/Show Property ▫ Click on Concrete Reinforcement

SAP2000 Concrete Design • In the Reinforcement Data window you can see different information regarding the reinforcement • Let us first add the reinforcement we will use for the project. Click + as shown in the figure to add a reinforcement type. • Click Add New Material Quick. Quick Choose Material Type Rebar w/ specification ASTM A615 Grade 40 (275MPa)

Now in the li t! Cli list! Click k ok k again!

Click ok when done

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Going back to the reinforcement data, click the Beam(M3 Design Only) option first. You will now see options for beam design only • Choose Ch the h ffollowing ll i ▫ A615Gr40 for all bars ▫ Distance to center of rebar of 40cover +12str+ 32/2halfbar = 68mm ▫ Set all overwrites to zero. (This is used if we want to specify a minimum area of reinforcement not specified by codes)

Cover to center

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Do the same procedure for all beams (B sections)

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Now let us edit the Columns. Click on the C400x400 column and click Modify/Show property • Edit Edi the h d data as shown h • Choose “Reinf To be Checked”

8-16 about 1% reinf ratio

Click ok when finished

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Do the same procedure for the all other columns (C500x300) except the X500x300 (we won’t cover the th design d i off thi this ffor thi this seminar, sorry) About 1% also

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Now let us choose design combos to be used for design. Go to Concrete Frame Design > Select Design Combos • Add all design combos we made and uncheck the automatic i generation i

Click ok when done

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Our last step before proceeding with design is to assign that all members be designed as a Special Moment Resisting Frame w/ sidesway. • To T d do this hi llet us select l all ll members b iin 3d d Vi View • Go to Design Menu > Concrete Frame Design > View/Revise / Overwrites Make this Sway Special Click ok Special. when done

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Yellow marks indicate the section currently being designed!

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Design is finished! (Plan view of story 1 shown)

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Now Let us check out the design results for the beam shown below. Right click the beam to see the results • Notice that it highlights the governing location and load case. Click Cli k “S “Summary”” to see a d design i report

SAP2000 Concrete Design • In the summary it could be quickly seen if the section is adequate for the design forces Click this if you want to close the window

Design i Forces

This indicates Thi i di t that th t section is inadequate

SAP2000 Concrete Design • We can change the design section quickly by ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Selecting the section Going to Design Menu > Concrete Frame Design > Change Design Section And choose the desired section In our example 400x250 is the Click ok Afterwards biggest beam. We could create a new beam and reanalyze just for example purposes only

SAP2000 Concrete Design • • • •

Unlock your model before adding a B500x250 section. Analyze and do the design command afterwards Choose the same beam and change the design section Right Click the member again to see the design results. Go to the last result. Note the difference between analysis and design section

Click to find out the results

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Note now that the section passes the check • However, it could be noticed that some portions of the sections have now failed. This means that the design module d l does d a flexural fl l check h k first fi then h shear. h S Some d data for the shear check are dependent on the flexural check.

Note the failures

Click to find out the results Click ok when done

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Now let us check one column • Go to 3d view, and right click a corner column at the lowest level • Click summary to see a report of the results

Steel inadequate as per design

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Let us click the “interaction interaction button” button to see a interaction diagram of the column • This shows 3d information of the Interaction diagram. Thi is This i the h b basis i off the h d design i check h k off the h column l

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Let us increase the reinforcement of the 500x300 column to 12-24dia and see the design result. (you have to delete results first, change the section and reanalyze and redesign) d i )

Looks good!

SAP2000 Concrete Design • Limitations ▫ Like a black box, you don’t know what is happening. ▫ For moments, only gets max positive and max negative for whole length. May neglect the effect of moment reversals at end of beams ▫ Can’t take into account multiple layers of reinforcement ▫ Stirrup Design does not take into account spacing requirements for confinement and lateral buckling requirements p design. g But it is still recommended to check ▫ Good for concept against your old reliable design worksheets to make sure! Hard to check where values came from. Reviewers (who don’t use SAP and nitpick) might have a hard time checking this.

SAP2000 Epilogue • The purpose of this seminar is to have a quick overview of the main modeling and design functions of SAP2000. • If ever we missed something you may study it on your own or ask k the h one conducting d i the h seminar i ffor questions i on features that you are curious about! • There is no substitute for experience, p , the best wayy to learn is to experiment! There’s always Ctrl+z to save you!

SAP2000: Is this really The End? • The steps are still the same. But you now have a lot of tools at your disposal!:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Create a New Model / Grids and Floors Define/Edit Define Materials Define Sections Draw Members Assign Member Properties Generate Load Cases Assign g Loads Define Combinations Pre-analysis Check p Process the Output Design the Members

SAP2000 Seminar Session 02 Modelling a Building Structure Th E The End. d S See you again i for f Session S i 3!