163797099561a1743308389chamado de Gathulhu 1

September 12, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

MABK V^GTEV

A Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai, K`vra @@ G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl, © 4>78 Mabk Vpgres Hbs`ci b Kgyaut= Er`s Gpahgfg, Mabk Vpgres Grtb hg fgpg= Fgrakìb Mgljaur Lahbka hb fgpg= Duddg, fartbs`g hb sbu julgia Vjgwi T. T. Grtb ìtbràr= Fgrakìb Mgljaur, E K ‛Eytr`“ Xalpsai b Vvbimg K`v   Bh`ãæa= Vjbkkby Jgrkgi Curu ha maca= Mb﬎ ‛D`cjgrg“ Vpgres. Iæa macub fala lbu `rlæa! _ìtb gias hb glar b gpaà ìsudst`tuìvb`s= Vtbpjgi`b Jgkkargi, J gkkargi, sìb qug iai ^grg Vglly, Lab, Hg`sy, ]beb, Fjbksbg, Sìi`b, Laasb, Vpgts, & Lgrkawb5 Harg, Dbgu, Eaig, Marhgi, Mgfe5 b tahas as `hàtgs qub pgssgrgl bl iassgs v`hgs.

^rahuz`ha par ^kulg ^rbss rghuãæa= rghuãæa= Gkìb Lgf`bk b Fbkky V`kvg Tbv`sæa= Gkìb Lgf`bk, Oçdà V`kvg Grtb @itbràr= Bk`gig O. Vgitas b Oçdà V`kvg Hbs`ci b Kgyaut= Oçdà V`kvg Cbstarg hg Kìjg= Gkìb Lgf`bk Cbstar hb ^rambtas b Bh`tar Cbrgk= Oçdà V`kvg Gcrghbf`lbita bspbf`gk g Gkìb Lgf`bk, Druig _`ftarìa Vgruda, Fbkky V`kvg, Fbzgr Fgpgfkb, Bk`gig O. Vgitas, Cbavgig Fgrdaigr (Ibrh Frgot), Custgva biörà, @car Larbia, Marcb has Vgitas _gkpgãas, Ku Fgvgkjb`ra, Lgtbus Oaitaurg b Igig Kgrssai (Fgigk Gd`sla has Hghas), Iìg D`fjgrg, Tgogbk Dbktrglb, Tbigtg Fgibvgrak`, al al ha Gk`giãg T^C. @lprbssa ia Drgs`k

Iæa bstç larta gqubkb qub ìhb﬇i`hglbitb harlb, B bl saijas bstrgijas, bsp`r`tas gkbcrbs sgkt`tgl.

Vadrb A Cgtaial`fal Bstb pr`lb`ra k`vra hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju faitàl tuha a qub à ibfbssçrà pgrg macgr = fala fr`gr as ^brsaigcbis Obkìgs, fala usgr as Hghas hb Cgta ga sb hbpgrgr fal Hbsg﬇as, fala k`hgr fal autrgs fr`gturgs, fala usgr as ^bt`sfas pgrg faisbcu`r vgitgcbis ia maca, b fala sb prbpgrgr prg macgr iavglbitb bl autra lalbita. Hbpa`s hb sb ogl`k`gr`zgr ul paufa fal bstb k`vra, b fal kçp`s b pgpbk, ulg pbssag pahb sb vakuitgr`gr g sbr g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  b b fr`gr gkcuis Hbsg﬇as qub gs cgtgs hb tahgs hbvbl supbrgr. Fal 6> t`pas hòbrbitbs hb cgtgs biorbitgiha ìfaitçvb`s julgias ìafbitbs, rgtas, fgfjarras, pb`xbs b pçssgras5 lu`tas pbt`sfas pgrg bifaitrgr, drìqubhas pgrg hbstru`r b fukt`stgs pgrg orustrgr5 b fal tahas as autras hbsg﬇as g sbrbl biorbitghas, a luiha hgs cgtgs à ulg crgihb fg`xg hb grb`g.

Vadrb GObkìgcbl @lpraiuif`çvbk A k`vra @@, G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl Obkìgcbl, trgz gìhg lg`s hbtgkjbs sadrb as Hbusbs, julgias, fgfjarras, r`tug`s sbfrbtas, sbrvas sadrbigturg`s, dbl fala oarlgs hb fr`gr gvbiturgs qub væa gkàl ha dbl faitrg a lgk, îs vbzbs. G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl sbrvb fala a cu`g hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ , pgrg a ui`vbrsa fghg vbz lg`s praouiha hb A Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju.

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai Gdr`k hb 4>78

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl Muija hb 4>78

Tahapàs hb Cgtjukju

Iavas Fbiçràs pgrg Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju Mukja hb 4>78

Rlg Iatg Vadrb Cíibra Wugiha trgzblas trgz blas ul maca hb ulg autrg kìicug pgrg g iassg, gkculgs hòbrbiãgs b k`l`tgãòbs hb `hàlg `lpbhbl qub tahgs t ahgs gs bxprbssòbs sbmgl trghuz`hgs fal tatgk ﬇hbk`hghb. ^grg kafgk`zgr g adrg bl partucuís, gkculgs ghgptgãòbs sæa sblprb ibfbssçr`gs. G ibutrgk`hghb hb cíibra ig kìicug ìckbsg à, sbl hýv`hg, ulg hbssgs h`﬇fukhghbs. ^grg ^grg bssb k`vra, ghatglas g sbcuìtb bstrgtà bstrgtàc`g= c`g= Gss`l fala fala ia ar`cìg ar`cìgkk, sblprb qub a k`vra sb rbobr`r g pgrt`f`pgitbs b pbrsaigcbis, bssg rbobríif`g sb hgrç ia oblììa. Gss`l, tblas g macgharg , g pgrt`f`pgitb, gs pbrsaigcbis, g cgtg/obkìg , g (Cgtg) Cugrh`æ . •

Wugkqubr tbrla qub iæa sb rb﬇rg g pbrsaigcbis b pgrt`f`pgitbs sbrç lgit`ha sbl grt`ca sblprb qub passìvbk, b ia lgsfukìa ias hblg`s fgsas (fala Hghas hb Cgta, par bxblpka). Hbssg oarlg, tbitglas lgitbr g bsfr`tg a lg`s pröx`la passìvbk ha ìtbita •

ar`cìgk kbc`d`k`hghb b oogzbiha gzbiha gs ghgptgãòbs ibfbssçr`gs pgrg g fflu`hbzha hagutar, tbxta cgrgitìha bl partucuís.

@itrahuãæa bl-vìhas ga luiha rbgk... a luiha aihb g f`v`k`zgãæa julgig bx`stb gpbigs pgrg a faioarta hgs cgtgs, aihb as ìfrìvb`s git`cas b pahbrasas bspìr`tas víl pgrg faitrakgr g rbgk`hghb, aihb gpbigs gs bspbrtgs b drgvgs obkìgs tíl tí l g pbrsp`fçf`g b as rbfursas pgrg sb apar ga lgfgdra b î trglg lìst`fg, b aihb gs pbssags dìpbhbs v`vbl bl sug gdbiãaghg `ciaräif`g, gkjbàs g tahas bstbs ogtas. Bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju, vafí b sugs gl`cgs `ræa gssul`r a pgpbk hb cgtgs faluis qub hbvbl gsfbihbr ga jbraìsla, biqugita biorbitgl hbsg﬇as sì`stras b faisp`rgãòbs sadrbigturg`s hb Fuktas Gi`lg`s fgöt`fas qub dusfgl grruìgr g bstýp`hg rbgk`hghb hg h g julgi`hghb. Rlg pbssag tarig-sb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   (CC), prav`hbif`giha hbsg﬇as, sbcrbhas, pbr`cas b rbfalpbisgs. B bitæa fghg Macgharg gcb fala ulg cgtg = bifgrgiha hbsg﬇as fal gc`k`hghb, `hb`gs ìtbk`cbitbs, cgrrgs g﬇ghgs b rgp`hbz. G CC ogz ulg rakgcbl hb hghas (au iæa, sb iæa jauvbr ibfbss`hghb), b bitæa bxpk`fg a rbsuktgha ha hbsg﬇a, b a maca faitìug. Muitgs, tahgs hbsbirakgl g j`stör`g sadrb a qub fghg cgtg ogz, bl ulg gvbiturg aihb iìcuàl faisbcub prbvbr a qub pahb gfaitbfbr. G O`fjg hb ^brsaig ^brsaigcbl cbl, ig pçcìg 7:3 7:3,, lastrg oarlgs s`lpkbs hb fala ogzbr b macgr fala ulg cgtg ‘ b à faitrg gs rbcrgs bsfrbvbr qugkqubr t`pa hb iýlbra i ýlbra ig ﬇fjg, parqub cgtgs iæa sgdbl lgtblçt`fg! Gìhg tbl lg`s! Gkcuis Hghas hb Cgta gh`fàigl rbsuktghas gkbgtöràs, bitæa ibl lbsla g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  sgdbrç sgdbrç bxgtglbitb a qub `rç gfaitbfbr. Macghar Macghargs gs passubl ^bt`sfas, qub pahbl sbr usghas pgrg faisbcu`r ulg sbcuihg fjgifb. f jgifb. G Gpös pös gkculgs jargs hb maca, gs cgtgs sadrbv`vbitbs cgijgl iavgs Bxpbr`íif`gs= faijbf`lbitas sadrb a luiha qub hbpa`s sbræa ýtb`s pgrg outurgs gvbiturgs. A rbsta à oçf`k! _glas falbãgr. Mabk

D

Vulçrà K`vra @ ‖ A Cgtaial`fai

^grtb @ ‖ arigiha-sb arigiha-sb ulg Cgtg..........................0 .......................... 0

^brsaigcbis ^brsaig cbis Obk Obkìgs ìgs ........................ ..................................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... 7> ^gpà`s ^gp à`s ........... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 77 J`stör`gs J`stör` gs ............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 77 As 2 ^gp ^gpà`s à`s ............... ........................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 74 Hbsfr`ãæaa ........... Hbsfr`ãæ ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 78 Ialbs............ Ialbs ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ................... ...... 72 Rl Faita Obkìa (J`stör`gs pgrg trìtg t`pas hb cgtgs) cgtgs)........... .................. ....... 7?

^grtb @@ ‖ Macgiha a Maca .................................. 46

Rsgiha as Hghas hb Cgta .... ................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ..................... ........ 48 Hbsg﬇ass ........... Hbsg﬇a ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ .... 42 G Cgtg Fbrtg ^grg g grbog (CF^ (CF^G G) ............... ........................... ....................... ................ ..... 42 ^bt`sfas ^b t`sfas ............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ .... 4? _`hgs ............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 43 Hbsg﬇a Hbsg﬇as Ckör`g........... Ckör`g ........................ s Lartg`s ......................... ....... ................... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 43 4: Drìfgihaa fal g Lartb ........... Drìfgih ........................ ......................... ......................... ..................... ........ 4: Vgfròìfà Vgfrò ìfà Ckarà Ckaràsa sa ........... ........................ ......................... ........................ ......................... ................. .... 4: Wughra hb Hbsg﬇as ........ .................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 67 Obr`lbita Obr `lbita b Tbfupb Tbfupbrgãæa rgãæa............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 66 Kutg ........... ........................ ......................... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... 68 V`stblg Gvgiãgha Gvgiãgha hb Kutg ............. .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... 63 Tbcrgs hg ^g ^gtìjg tìjg pgrg Macg Macghargs hargs ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ................ 6: H`fgs pgrg g Cgtg Cugrh`æ............ Cugrh`æ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 60 Fakafgiha as Hghas hb Cgta pgrg rgdgkjgr ........... ...................... ...................... ........... 60 Cgijgihaa Bxpbr` Cgijgih Bxpbr`íif`gs íif`gs .......... ....................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ................... ...... 87 A qub gs Cgtgs Vgdbl Vadrb a Luiha ........... ....................... ......................... ................... ...... 87

K`vra @@ ‖ G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

^grtb @= Fa`sgs sadrb a luiha ........................... 83 Vaija ............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ................... ......8: 8: Vadrb Hbusbs ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........80 80 Vadrb Fuktas ............. ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........2> 2> T`tug`s T`tug `s............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ................... ......2> 2> ^rbssæa ^rb ssæa ^sì ^sìqu`fg qu`fg ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ................. ....22 22 As Crgihbs Fjboòbs= Hbusbs Lgàrbs & Vbus Fuktas ...................2? Hbusbs Obk Obkìas ìas ........... ....................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... ..........23 23 Hbusbs Gi`lg` Gi`lg`ss ........... ........................ ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........?2 ?2 Hbusbs ^ö ^ös-Julg s-Julgias ias ............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... ..........38 38 @i`l`cas @i`l`c as laistru laistruasas asas ........... ....................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..................... ........3? 3?

^grtb @@= Faihuzìha Faihuz ìha a maca ...............................30

Vadrb gs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg ..............................................................:> Falbãgihaa............. Falbãgih ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ........................:> ...........:> @itrahuzìha Iavgs Macghargs Macghargs ga T^C ........... ...................... ....................... ............ :> @itrahuzìha Macghargs hb T^C

ga Fjglg Fjglgha ha hb Cgtjuk Cgtjukju ju............. ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. ..... :4 Macgiha Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju fal Fr`giãgs ........... ....................... ............ :6 ruqubs  ruqubs ha aoìfà ........... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................... ........ :8 G Vartb hg  `crbs `crbsgg ......... ...................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... :8 @itbrprbtgiha @itbrpr btgiha ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..................... .........:3 :3 Tbsuktghas Tbsukt ghas hb Dr`cg Dr`cgss ............. .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..................... .........04 04 Tbsula hgs Tbcrg Tbcrgss hg ^gt ^gtìjg ìjg ............... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. ..... 06

^grtb @@@= Jarg hg cgtvbitu cgtvbiturg rg ............ ................. ........... ........... ..... 08

Bsfrbvbiha Gv Bsfrbvbiha Gvbiturgs biturgs............... ............................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. ..... 08 @i Lbh`g Tbs ................. .............................. ......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... 08 G Igvgkjg Igvgkjg hb Aswgkh Aswgkh ................. ............................. ......................... ......................... ................... ....... 02 Bstruturg Bstrutu rg ........................ ..................................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... 02 Rsgihaa Hbsg﬇a Rsgih Hbsg﬇ass ............ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................... ....... 02 rís  rís Cgtvbiturgs Falpkbtgs........... ....................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ............7>> 7>> A ]ui`ha ia Gihgr hb Dg`xa ...............................................7>7 Wubhg ha Faslaigutg Kaufa bl Dgy F`ty ............ ........................ .............. 774 Crglg Lg`s _brhb ................................................................742 Autras Fbiçrà Fbiçràss ........... ....................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............... ...76? 76?

Gpíih`fbs

Gpíih`fb G= J`stör` Gpíih`fb J`stör`gg .... ................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 784 Gpíih`fb Gpíih` fb J= A K`vra has Hugs-^ Hugs-^gtgs gtgs ........... ........................ ......................... .................. ...... 78? Dbdís............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ....................... .......... 783 ^bssags Kbcg`s b ^bssags Lçs ........................................780-726 Gpíih`fb Gpíih` fb E= A K`vra has Fæbs ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ................ .... 728 ^brsaig ^b rsaigcbis cbis Fgiìas ............ ........................ ........................ ......................... ....................... .......... 72? As crgihbs Fjboòbs ........... ........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 7?7 Hbsg﬇ass ìp`fas....... Hbsg﬇a .................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ....................... .......... 7?2 A Luiha pgrg a Fæa. Fæa.............. ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 7?3 Fbiçràs & Gvbiturgs............. Gvbiturgs......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 7?0 Ogtb urda Ghgptg Ghgptgãæa ãæa hb T Tbcrgs bcrgs .......... ...................... ....................... ....................... ................. ..... 738 Fjglgha Fjglg ha hb Ftjukju Ghgptg Ghgptgãæa ãæa hb Tbcrg Tbcrgss ............ ......................... ..................... ........ 70> Gpíih`fb Gpíih` fb I= Kb`turgs pgrg @isp`r @isp`rgr gr ............... ............................ ......................... .................. ...... 70: Tbsula hgs Tbcrgs Tbcrgs ......... ..................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 4>> Wughra hb Tbcrg Tbcrgss hg ^gt ^gtìjg ìjg ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... .................. ...... 4>4 Gcrghbf`lbita Bspbf`gk gas Gpa`gharbs hg Bh`ãæa Drgs`kb`r Drgs`kb`rgg ia Fgtgr Fgtgrsb sb ......................... ...................................... ......................... ................ 4>8 O`fjg hb ^brsaig brsaigcbl cbl .......... ....................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ..................... ........ 477

Iatg= rbobríif`gs ga K`vra @, A Cgtaial`fai, sæa ob`tgs gss`l= (@, p. xx).

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

K`vra @ A Cgtaial`fai

:

Xarigiha-sb ulg Cgtg

^grtb @ Xarigiha-sb ulg Cgtg 0

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

G

pbsgr ha iìvbk hg fgpgf`hghb ìtbkbftugk hgs cgtgs ibstb maca, bkgs sæa gpbigs cgtgs. Bkgs iæa pahbl ogkgr, kbr, bsfrbvbr, h`r`c`r fgrras au pudk`fgr gkca ig ìtbribt. Bkgs iæa usgl raupgs, bxfbta qugiha gdrbl ulg bxfbãæa g ul julgia sbit`lbitgk, b bkgs iæa tíl hbhas pgrg usgr obrrglbitgs, ibl lbsla fala ogzbl gkcuis pr`lgtgs. ^grg faldgtbr gs sb`tgs lgk`cigs b ì`l`cas vàkbitas, gs Macghargs prbf`sgl sbr fr`gt`vgs, usgr truqubs b bifaitrgr lgib`rgs hb faivbifbr as autras g ogzbr a trgdgkja suma par bkgs. G v`hg hb ulg cgtg à pura `lprav`sa.

^brsaigcbis Obkìgs Fala vafí pahb vbr ig O`fjg hb ^brsaigcbl Obkìg   ig pçcìg 7:3 7:3,, pgrg sb hb﬇i`r ulg cgtg iæa sæa ibfbssçràs paitas, jgd`k`hghbs, rbsuktghas gkbgtöràs au fçkfukas. Ig rbgk`hghb, cgtgs iæa ut`k`zgl iýlbras hb oarlg gkculg . Cgtgs iæa sgdbl lgtblçt`fg! @ssa à fa`sg hb julgia. Gpgríif`g, bst`ka hb v`hg, bspbf`gk`hghbs, b sbr bkg lbslg (a qub iæa à ibl ul paufa hòìf`k)= `ssa à a qub q ub h`stìcub ulg cgtg hb autrg. ^grg fr`gr ulg ^brsaigcbl Obkìg (Ô ),), g Macgharg  bsfakjb bsfakjb ul ^gpbk, ulg J`stör`g  b b ulg Hbsfr`ãæa. Bssgs fa`sgs qub væa h`zbr îs autrgs Macghargs fala à bssg cgtg, b qugiha bkg pahbrç sbr ut`k`zghg fala g Cgtg Fbrtg Fbr tg pgrg g  grbog grbog (p. p. 42)=)= g lbkjar bsfakjg pgrg k`hgr fal as hbsg﬇as biqugita 42 b iqugita dgtgkjgl faitrg a fgas au fal drìqubhas oumòbs. A ^gpbk rbspaihb î pbrcuitg= Ia qub bstç cgtg à dag1 A maca aobrbfb `cc rbsg VVaijg aijghar harg g  b fìfa pgpà`s= Cgfradgtg , Crgfàsg , Dr`caig , ` b Julgia kac`st kac `stg g  (au (au Furàsg ).). G J`stör`g  ìfku` ìfku` fa`sgs qub gfaitbfbrgl gitbs lbsla hg sug cgtg igsfbr ‘ sug iìjghg ‘ b tuha qub gfaitbfbu g bbkg kg hbshb bitæa, gtà a lalbita qub a maca sb ì`f`g. Bssg cgtg à hb rgãg purg au l`stg1 Bkg à Vbkvgcbl (v`vbih (v`vbihaa sug v`hg kaicb has julgias), ulg Cgtg Halàst`fg  iarlgk, iarlgk, au ulg Cgtg hb Bxpas`ãæa, trgtghg fala ulg prapr`bhghb gktglbitb vgkar`zghg1 Vug cgtg tbl bxpbr`íif`g bxpbr`íi f`g fal fgãg1 G Hbsfr`ãæa ìfku` tuha qub gkcuàl pahbr`g h`z h`zbr br gpbigs akjgiha, auvìha, tafgiha au gtà lbsla fjb`rgiha bkg. Wugk g far has akjas hbkg1 A sbu pbka tbl pghròbs au hbsbijas1 À furta au kaica1 Bkg tbl fjb`ra hb dbfas kglgfbitas, au tbl fjb`rìja hb pbroulb fgra1 A sbu l`gha à iarlgk, gkta b gcuha, au praouiha b crgvb1 G sbãæa fjglghg Rl Faita Obkìa lastrg fala as fìfa ^gpà`s, as ha`s t`pas hb Tgãg b as trís bst`kas hb v`hg rbsuktgl bl 6> t`pas hòbrbitbs hb cgtgs pgrg macgr.. Gh`fàib ulg hbsfr`ã macgr hbsfr`ãæa æa oìs`fg, qub pahb sbr `lpartgitb `lpartgit b hurgitb a maca, b g vgr`bhghb gulbitg gìhg lg`s5 gh`fàib gh`fàib g `lgcìgãæa hg Macgharg , b a luiha hgs cgtgs sb tarig `k`l`tgha ‘ bxgtglbitb fala hbvbr`g sbr.

7>

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

^gpà`s Hg kutgharg lg`s oartb b hbstbl`hg î cgtg hb saoç lg`s l`lghg, fghg cgtg afupg ul has fìfa ^gpà`s prìf`pg`s ia luiha obkìa. A ^gpbk hb ulg cgtg bqu`vgkb î fkgssb au ga grquàt`pa hb pbrsaigcbl, hb﬇iìha a qub ulg cgtg sgdb ogzbr hb lbkjar. Aqub^gpbk à gjbraìig pgrtb lg`s qugiha tbitg faivbifbr Cugrh`æ gqubkg obkìg`lpartgitb à g Cgtg Fbrtg ^grgsbg grbog   ((CF^Gg, p.Cgtg 42 42).). Vb ul Hbsg﬇a sb bifg`xg dbl igs jgd`k`hghbs hbssb ^gpbk, g cgtg qugsb sblprb faisbcu`rç rbgk`zgr g tgrbog. Gãòbs lg`s hòìfb`s bx`cbl g gpravgãæa hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ  b b sbus sbrvas `lprbv`sìvb`s, as Hghas.

J`stör`g ahgs gs cgtgs igsfbl ig `ciaräif`g hb iæa sgdbr qubl gs cbrau. Hbpa`s h`ssa, ahgs g v`hg hb fghg cgtg sbcub hb oarlg ýi`fg. Hb﬇i`r g j`stör`g hb sug jbraìig obkìg hç î Macgharg   b î Cgtg Cugrh`æ  lg`s lg`s cgifjas pgrg gtrbkgr gfaitbf`lbitas `lpartgitbs hurgitb a maca. As hbtgkjbs vgr`gl hb gfarha fal a fbiçrà, lgs fbrtgs ìoarlgãòbs cbrg`s sæa `lpartgitbs pgrg a J`stör`fa hb qugkqubr cgtg.

Bst`ka hb _`hg Cgtgs Vbkvgcbis iæa tíl kucgr bl ul kgr julgia, b lu`ta lbias faitgta rbcukgr fal bkbs. Bkgs v`vbl igs rugs, bl fbkb`ras gdgihaighas, au gtà lbsla ig igturbzg sbkvgcbl. Cgtgs Halàst`fgs ghatgrgl ga lbias ul julgia b v`vbl bl fgsgs faluis. Gkculgs iuifg sgbl hb sugs fgsgs, lgs `ssa iæa ogz pgrtb hb sug igturbzg, gkàl hb k`l`tgr sugs gvbiturgs. Ga faitrçrà hb autrgs cgtgs, g lgàr`g hgs Cgtgs Halàst`fgs sæa fgstrghgs. Cgtgs hb Bxpas`ãæa tíl ulg v`hg hb kuxa, par falpbt`rbl hb ogta bl bxpas`ãòbs au s`lpkbslbitb par tbrbl g gpgríif`g pbrob`tg pgrg `ssa. Vbiha, ig lgàr pgrtb hgs vbzbs, Tgãg ûrg , cgtgs hb bxpas`ãæa sæa pratbc`hgs hgs h`﬇fukhghbs hg v`hg qub g lgàr`g hgs cgtgs biorbitgl. âr bxblpka, bkgs pahbl sgdbr lu`ta sadrb fgv`gr, lgs ighg sadrb rgtas. Rlg Cgtg hb Bxpas`ãæa iæa prbf`sg ibfbssgr`glbitb sbr ulg Crgfàsg .

Fgãgiha G Macgharg tgldàl hbvb hbf`h`r sadrb g bxpbr`íif`g qub g cgtg tbl tb l bl pbrsbcu`r, pbcgr, lgtgr b falbr pbqubias gi`lg`s. Vug cgtg fgãg pgrg sadrbv`vbr au gpbigs par drìfghb`rg, bitrb ulg rbob`ãæa b autrg1 Bkg à ulg fgãgharg pra﬇ssàigk hb rgtas ulg cgtg Bkg falb sug prbsg au gpbigs drìfg fal bkg1 Bkg mç fgãauau gkca gkàl hbhb ulfgsg1 dgrdgitb1

77

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

As Fìfa ^gpà`s Cgfradgtg (au Gfradgcgtg) ahgs gs cgtgs pahbl bsfg ahgs bsfgkgr, kgr, pukgr, sb bqu`k` bqu`k`drgr drgr b sb lavbr fal crgihb h`sfr`ãæa. A hal igturgk b bst`ka hg Cgfradgtg  pbrl`tbl pbrl`tbl qub bkg ogãg tuha `ssa gìhg lbkjar. gkbitas hb hbstrbzg fais`hbrghas sadrbigturg`s pbkg lgàr`g hgs fr`gturgs sæa ob`tas h`çràs pgrg bssg cgtg. Vblprb qub sb hbpgrg fal hbsg﬇as gtkàt`fas, g Cgfradgtg  k`hg k`hg fal bkbs lg`s rçp`ha b lbkjar lbkjar.. Bl qugkqubr s`tugãæa, gs Cgfradgtgs gcbl pr`lb`ra= bitrgiha bl ulg Kutg , oucìha, au qugkqubr autrg s`tugãæa qub gpgrbãg pbka fglìja.

Crgfàsg Dai`tg, drìfgkjaig b oaog, fal ul taqub hb tblpbrglbita l`lgha, g Crgfàsg   pgssau crgihb pgrtb hg v`hg bifgitgiha as julgias pgrg rbfbdbr pbt`sfas, drìqubhas b trgtglbita cgtgs b îs vbzbs, gtàîslbsla autras gi`lg`s) pahbl sbr vìt`lgs hg bspbf`gk. gharçvbk Gtà Crgfàsg b(b,sufuld`rbl sugs vaitghbs. G lgàr`g hgs Crgfàsgs v`vb fal julgias ìfkìghas g l`lç-kgs b sbrv`-kgs5 gkculgs paufgs tíl vçràs gl`cas, lgs iæa ulg fgsg ﬇xg.

Dr`caig Crgihb b oartb, ulg Dr`caig   tbvb tbvb ulg v`hg hb kutgs vàkbitgs, b gs f`fgtr`zbs bstæa gì pgrg pravgr `ssa. Rl rasigha hb ul Dr`caig  pahb pahb gssustgr gtà lbsla ul fgfjarra. Wugiha sb trgtg hb ulg h`sputg, au hb ul Hbsg﬇a hb oarãg drutg au ìt`l`hgãæa, bssg à g cgtg fal qubl vafí hbvb faitgr.

74

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

X`crbsg Vaijgharg ahas ggss cgtgs sgdbl qqub ahas ub sæa t`crbs h`sog h`sogrãghas rãghas.. Vb as jul julgias gias b fæbs prbobrb prbobrbl l sbr bicgighas pbka sbu tglgija h`lìuta, ﬇fg gìhg lg`s oçf`k t`rgr vgitgcbl hbkbs. Rlg `c `crbsg rbsg Vaijgh Vaijgharg arg tbl ulg faibxæa bspbf`gk fal sug pahbrasg gifbstrgk`hghb obkìg. Bssg cgtg harlb lu`ta, gtà lg`s qub gs autrgs cgtgs b, bl saijas, bifaitrg rbspastgs. Wugiha g Vaijgharg  bstç bstç gfarhghg, a faijbf`lbita sadrb a _ _brhghb`ra brhghb`ra Fglìja ha `crb, gfulukgha gfulukgha par tahg t ahg g sug v`hg, gmuhg autrgs cgtgs g sbrbl dbl-sufbh`hgs.

Julgiakac`stg au Furàsg Lu`tgs cgtgs v`vbl fal julgias. Bssgs cgtgs ìtbk`cbitbs ﬇zbrbl ul bstuha bst uha lìufàsa b gpraouihgha sadrb as julgias b sbus fastulbs. Julgiakac`stgs iæa castgl ha gpbk`ha ‛Furàsg “, “, lgs à gss`l qub lu`tas gs fjglgl. Rlg Furàsg   iarlgklbitb sgdb (au pahb hbsfadr`r) fala as h`spas`t`vas julgias ouifàigl, sbmgl lgãgibtgs, dgijb`ras, b gtà lçquìgs s`lpkbs. As Hbsg﬇as Faluis (p. (p. 4040-6> 6>)) hæa gkculgs `hb`gs hb s`tugãòbs bl qub fghg pgpbk pahb qugk`﬇fgr g jbraìig fala g Cgtg Fbrtg pgrg g grbog (CF^G).

76

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Hbsfr`ãæa Gs Macghargs pahbl hbsfrbvbr hb sfrbvbr sugs cgtgs fala hbsbmgr hbsbmgr.. ^ âr ar sug vbz, sblprb qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   qu`sbr qu`sbr vìfukgr ul paita hg j`stör`g au ulg faìf`híif`g î hbsfr`ãæa hb ulg cgtg, bkg pahbrç ogzí-ka.

Tgãg ûrg au Tgãg L`stg1 Rlg Tgãg ûrg   sb hbstgfg ig lukt`hæa b, cbrgklbitb, à trgtghg lbkjar pbkas julgias, lbsla gqubkbs qub iæa faijbfbl g sug igturbzg au a sbu vgkar. âr bxblpka, sb gkculgs cgtgs bstæa ig fjuvg, g gtbiãæa ha julgia sbrç h`rbfàighg pr`lb`ra pgrg ulg Tgãg ûrg , b bkg pahb sbr rbscgtghg b kbvghg pgrg ul gdr`ca, biqugita a rbsta à hb`xgha ig fjuvg. ^ âr ar autra kgha, cgtgs hb Tgãg ûrg tíl ulg sgýhb hbk`fghg, hòbrbitb has sbus pr`las hb Tgãg L`stg , pahbiha saorbr lg`s fal bxpas`ãæa, obr`lbitas, pab`rg ia igr`z au autrgs faih`ãòbs hbsgcrghçvb`s. Tgãgs ûrgs faldìgl bspbf`gklbitb dbl fal a ^gpbk hb Crgfàsg , b gkcuis `crbsgs rbsgs Vaijghargs l`stbràsgs. t`pas lg`s bxöt`fas pahbl sbr `c As g﬇fàighas par cgtas faitgl lg`s hb 2> t`pas hòbrbitbs hb Tgãgs ûrgs. G Macgharg  tbl tbl ulg dag vgr`bhghb pgrg bsfakjbr, fala ul Iarubcuís hg Okarbstg au ul V`glís Igr`z hb Fjafakgtb, au gtà lbsla ìvbitgr qugkqubr ialb b fgrgftbrìst`fgs qub pgrbãgl lg`s ìtbrbssgitbs hb macgr. gkvbz ul Gd`ssìià Bcìpfà hb Vbtb-Hbhas, au ul Kbapgrha hgs Ibvbs hb ^bka Kaica. Rlg cgtg hb Tgãg L`stg  iuifg iuifg cgijgrç ulg lbhgkjg bl ulg bxpas`ãæa. Bkg vbl hb ulg l`sturg hb rgãgs b hb gitbpgssghas b sb pgrbfb fal qugkqubr autrg cgtg qub passg sbr bifaitrghg bl ulg kamg hb gi`lg`s au bl ulg iìjghg hbdg`xa hb ulg paitb. G Tgãg L`stg  pahb pahb ogf`klbitb sb l`sturgr g ulg lukt`hæa hb cgtgs. As iæa cgtgs qub iæa g faijbfbl dbl tbræa h`﬇fukhghbs bl hòbrbif`ç-kg hb autrgs cgtgs hb gpgríif`g sblbkjgitb, lbsla hbpa`s hb bifaitrç-kg ulg au hugs vbzbs. Gs Tgãgs L`stgs sæa oartbs b çcb`s, sbiha bxfbkbitbs Dr`caigs b Cgfradgtgs. Bkgs rbs`stbl îs glbgãgs î sgýhb lbkjar ha qub gs hb Tgãg ûrg .

Far ha ^bka1 ^ghròbs hb farbs gtrgbitbs b vgr`ghas, fala lgkjgha, tr`fakar (fgk`fö) au bsfglìjg, gtrgbl julgias b autrgs cgtgs. Cgtgs tatgklbitb prbtgs sb bsfaihbl lg`s ogf`klbitb ig bsfur`hæa, bsfur `hæa, sbiha bxfbkbitbs Cgfradgtgs, lgs sæa iarlgklbitb gs ýkt`lgs g sbrbl ghatghgs. Gkcuis julgias gs fais`hbrgl gzgrbitgs au gtà gs lgtgl. Cgtgs tatgklbitb drgifgs, adv`glbitb, saktgl pbkas drgifas, qub iæa pahbl sbr v`stas bl lövb`s hb farbs fkgrgs5 par bssb lat`va, Crgfàsgs cbrgklbitb sæa drgifgs.

78

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

^bka Furta, ^bka Kaica au Vbl pbka1 ^grg ulg Tgãg ûrg , bssg fgrgftbrìst`fg hbvb farrbspaihbr î rgãg sbkbfàighg. ^grg Tgãgs L`stgs, vgkb tuha. ^bkas Furtas iæa fgbl lu`ta b hb`xgl lbias rgstras, gkàl hb sbrbl lg`s oçfb`s hb k`lpgr fal ul rçp`ha dgija hb kìicug. Rlg cgtg hb ^bka Furta pahb sbr ulg bxfbkbitb Dr`caig , lg`s pratbc`hg qub ulg Vbl ^bkas, lgs lbias susfbtìvbk qub ulg cgtg hb ^bka Kaica g sbr gcgrrghg par læas, pgtgs au hbitbs hbitbs.. Rlg cgtg hb ^bka Kaica pahb saorbr fal pbkas bldakghas par sumb`rg b cbrgklbitb hb`xg rgstras qub hbiuif`gl as kafg`s hb sugs trgvbssurgs. âr autra kgha, gs ^bka Kaica bstæa dbl ghgptghgs îs faih`ãòbs hb oorà. rà. Lu`tas julgias prbobrbl cgtgs hb ^bkas Kaicas pgrg Crgfàsgs hb bst`lgãæa, hbv`ha î sug dbkbzg kuxuasg. Cgtgs Vbl ^bka sæa rgrgs b qugsb sblprb hb gkcul t`pa hb Tgãg ûrg . ^grg bkgs à oçf`k bsfgpgr hgs læas hb h b julgias b autras gi`lg`s, gi `lg`s, lgs sb hbstgfgl iulg lukt`hæa b saorbl sao rbl lg`s ha qub as autras fal or orà à b ul`hghb. ^ âr ar gkculg rgzæa (pravgvbklbitb par prbf`sgrbl hb ulg fgsg pgrg largr), bkgs iarlgklbitb sb tarigl Julgiakac`stgs.

Far has Akjas1 As akjas hgs cgtgs pahbl sbr glgrbkas, vbrhbs, haurghas, lgrrais, gzu`s, au qugkqubr autrg far qub g Macgharg   bsfakjbr. @ssa sö ogz hòbrbiãg ia maca qugiha gkcuàl prbf`sg hòbrbif`gr ulg cgtg hb autrg. G far pahb sbr iatghg lbsla ga vbr as akjas dr`kjgiha ia bsfura bsfura.. Rlg cgtg fal akjas hb farbs hòbrbitbs pahb sbr ulg `c `crbsg rbsg Vaijgharg , tafghg par v`sòbs ìfaluis.

Ialbs G cgtg pahb tbr lu`tas ialbs, fala as hbsfr`tas par .V. Bkàt bl sbu k`vra ‛ As Cgtas “, “, au tgkvbz iæa tbijg ibijul, b, ibstb fgsa, sugs gl`cgs obkìgs fbrtglbitb bsfakjbræa ul gpbk`ha pgrg sug falpgijb`rg. Wugita gas dgrukjas bl`t`has pbkas julgias, g lgàr`g hgs cgtgs à fjglghg par gkcul ialb kafgk qub bqu`vgkb g ‛cgtg“. âràl, lu`tgs jbraìigs gfjgl gfb`tçvbk, au pbka lbias faivbi`bitb, ghatgr ialbs hghas pbkas julgias, fala Fkgr`ssg, Okarìhg, K`k`fg au Vr. Oa﬇ija7. Gkculgs autrgs ìs`stbl bl ialbs qub vgkar`zbl qugk`hghbs pbssag`s, fala Fgãg-cgrcgitgs, ^bka ^bka hb Valdrg au VVgktghar gktghar.. Wugkqubr ul au tahas bstæa öt`las.

7 ‘ I. T. Ia ar`cìgk, ‛`hhkbs“. Rlg pravçvbk rbobríif`g g ul cgtìja hb lbsla ialb qub v`v`g ia dgijb`ra oblììa hg bstgãæa ^ghhìcta ^ghhìctaii ia lbtrø hb K Kaihrbs. aihrbs. Brg gk`lbitgha pbkas trgisbuitbs b72ec ouifàiçràs, ﬇fauv`hg. oglasa par sbr ul cgta lu`ta fgrìjasa b dgstgitb carhìja, fjbcg fjbcgiha iha g pbsgr ia ﬇igk hbb sug

72

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Rl Faita Obkìa J`stör`gs pgrg trìtg t`pas hb cgtgs Gs Macgh b ^gpbk Macghargs args pahbl bsfakjbr qugkqubr faldìgãæa hb J`stör`g , Tgãg  b pgrg sug iavg jbraìig obkìg. Gs sucbstòbs gdg`xa aobrbfbl ul paita hb pgrt`hg pgrt `hg pgrg hb﬇i`r g pbrsaigk`hghb b g j`stör`g hb ulg cgtg, lgs sìtg-sb k`vrb pgrg luhç-kgs. âr bxblpka, ulg Macgh Macgharg arg pahb lu`ta dbl bsfakjbr ‛Cgtg hb F`rfa“ (g j`stör`g hb ulg Cgtg hb Bxpas`ãæa/Cgfradgtg hb Tgãg L`stg ),), pgrg ulg Dr`caig Vbkvgcbl, qub qub bstç pgssgiha par h`﬇fukhghbs b v`vbiha v`vbi ha ig rug, usgiha sugs git`cgs jgd`k`hghbs gtkàt`fgs pgrg bv`tgr pradkblgs. Ig tgdbkg, g pbrsaigk`hghb gitbs hg dgrrg à sucbr`hg pgrg ulg cgtg hb Tgãg L`stg 5 g sbcuihg sucbstæa à pgrg ulg Tgãg ûrg .

^gpbk Cgfradgtg (Gfradgcgtg) Crgfàsg Dr`caig `crbsg Vaijgharg Julgiakac`stg

Cgtg (L`stg/ûrg) Vbkvgcbl

Cgtg (L`stg/ûrg) Halàst`fg

Cgtg (L`stg/ûrg) hb Bxpas`ãæa

Cgtg hb Tug Gstutg / Fgãgharg hb Cgtg hb F`rfa Cgtg hb Tug Arcuk- @isbtas / Cgtg hb / Grt`stg Tb﬇ighg jasg bta  bta ^bhìtb Kgst`lçvbk Cgtg hb Faka Ogvar`tg hg Cgkbrg / Gl`cg hb ahas / Dbdí L`lghg / Ogvar`tg has Murghas Fglpbæ has Dbfas Fgãgharg hb Tgtas Oìs`fa ^brob`ta / Taiì / Cgrgijæa / ^rafr`ghar Gpöstakg hgs Tugs / ^rbcu`ãasg ^raobtg ha Vudluiha / Læb hb ahas Dbkbzg Ibrvasg / H`vg Gfàigharg hb _`gmgitb Bxpbr`bitb Hbsafupghg Vgcgz Datòbs / Faijbfbharg hgs / ^rìfbsg ^brh`hg / Gklg Vbisìvbk Kbihgs H`stgitbs

Rt`k`zgiha gs J`stör`gs Gs `hb`gs gdg`xa sæa bsdaãas hb J`stör`gs qub faitgl ul paufa hgs bxpbr`íif`gs b gt`tuhbs hb fghg cgtg. Rlg vbz par sbssæa hb maca, gs Macgh Macghargs args pahbl trgzbr gkca hg J`stör`g  hb hb sug cgtg pgrg rbui`r ìoarlgãòbs ýtb`s sadrb fa`sgs qub bstæa gfaitbfbiha ia maca. Gkca qub gs jbraìigs bstbmgl biorbitgiha pahb kbldrgr ulg k`ãæa gprbih`hg jç lu`ta tblpa, tb lpa, b g Macgh pbhb î Cgtg Cugr Macgharg arg  pbhb h`æ   ulg ulg pbqubig ìoarlgãæa au vgitgcbl par `ssa. Gkculgs J`stör`gs gdg`xa

7?

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

ìfkubl bxblpkas bspbfì﬇fas, lgs gs Macgh Macghargs args sblprb pahbl ìvbitgr gkca, b g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb gpravgr, lah`﬇fgr au rbmb`tgr fal dgsb ig sgcgf`hghb hg `hb`g, bl quæa ghbqughg î j`stör`g bkg à, b sb g vgitgcbl pbh`hg à rgzaçvbk. Vb g CC h`ssbr iæa, g Macgh Macgharg arg  hbvb hbvb bspbrgr par ulg s`tugãæa hòbrbitb, lg`s tgrhb ia maca, gitbs hb ttbitgr bitgr ulg iavg sucbstæa.

J`stör`gs pgrg Cgtgs Vbkvgcbis Rlg Cgtg hb Tug Gstutg sgdb qub, pgrg sbr pbcg, pr`lb`ra vafí prbf`sg sbr v`stg. Hbsk`zgiha hb saldrg bl saldrg, s`kbifàsg fala ulg dr`sg, bstg cgtg raudg a qub bkg prbf`sg pgrg sadrbv`vbr b à g pr`lb`rg g farrbr qugiha as pbr`cas falbãgl g supbrgr gs rbfalpbisgs. Bkg à ulg sadrbv`vbitb. G Cgtg hb Tug Arcukjasg  bsprb`tg bsprb`tg pbkas dbfas b fgkjgs fal sbu gihgr fai﬇gitb. Bkg sgdb qub à g lbkjar b sblprb rbspaihb g ul hbsg﬇a î gkturg hb sugs jgd`k`hghbs. G﬇igk, g rgãg ogkg lg`s gkta, lbsla igs rugs. Rlg ^bhìtb Kgst`lçvbk îs vbzbs frbsfb carhg, lbsla sbl qugkqubr gmuhg julgig. Dgstg gpbigs ul akjgr pgrg gqubkbs akjìjas tr`stbs b pbkas hbsgrrulghas, b qugkqubr fargãæa bkg. gkvbz bkg qub`rg ulhbrrbtb. fadbrtar.Fa`tghìjg! Vb ga lbias puhàssblas ﬇fgr fal G Gl`cg hb ahas tbl ul fìrfuka biarlb hb faitgtas, ìfkuìha sugs falpgijb`rgs cgtgs hb rug, as ouifàiçràs gl`cçvb`s has rbstgurgitbs, gs cgtgs hgs fgsgs qub ﬇fgl igs mgibkgs, b lbsla gs vbkjìjgs cbit`s. Rl prgta hb kb`tb gqu`, ul kucgrzìja pgrg harl`r ia lbà hb autrgs cgtgs gk`, gkcuis rbstas hb fal`hg sbkbfàighas, b g v`hg pgrg bssbs bspìr`tas k`vrbs sb tarig lu`ta dag. Rlg vbz par sbssæa, sb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pbrl`t`r, pbrl`t`r, bstg cgtg pahb hbsfadr`r gkcuis rularbs au ìoarlgãòbs fal sbu vgsta fìrfuka hb ghl`rgharbs. G Fglpbæ has Dbfas bsprb`tg sbu tbrr`törà fala ulg Dr`caig  hb hb hbstgqub= gqubkg g sbr hbrratghg. Autrgs cgtgs g trgtgl fal ul rbspb`ta fgutbkasa, pa`s g lgàr`g hbkgs iæa qubr dr`cgs fal bkg. âr autra kgha, autrgs Dr`caigs pahbl gpravb`tgr apartui`hghb hb faldìgr fal ulg Fglpbæ has Dbfas, b asg vgkarbs hg rbputgãæa luhglsugs faljgd`k`hghbs lu`tg orbquíif`g bitrb as obkìas. Rlg cgtg qub bstç falbãgiha gìhg iæa tbl sbu pröprà tbrr`törà, lgs ulg Fglpbæ has Dbfas dbl bstgdbkbf`hg pahb tarigr-sb faijbf`hg fala g vbrhghb`rg   cavbrigitb hb ul tbrr`törà lu`ta dbl hb﬇i`ha. G Taiì4 iæa gpbigs kutg, lgs bkg à dag i`ssa. Bkg vgcub`g fala ulg cubrrb`rg hb bk`tb, tbstgiha sugs jgd`k`hghbs hb faldgtb b faistruìha ulg rbputgãæa. Autrgs cgtgs g dusfgl bl tblpas hb ibfbss`hghb b supk`fgl g bkg pgrg qub kutb bl ialb hb sugs fgusgs. Rlg ^brsaigcbl Obkìg  ì`f`gitb ì`f`gitb iæa tbrç lu`tg rbputgãæa gìhg, kaca gs rbfalpbisgs iæa sbræa hgs lg`s carhgs, lgs lu`tgs vbzbs iìcuàl lg`s bstç h`spaiìvbk au gfb`tg a trgdgkja. Bssg à g fjgifb hg Taiì iavgtg cgijgr oglg, gkca lu`ta lg`s `lpartgitb ha qub gkculgs fgdbãgs hb h b pb`xb laoghgs. Bl tbar`g. 4 ‘ I. T. gldàl Taiì ia ar`cìgk. brla ut`k`zgha pgrg sb rbobr`r ga Vglug`, ia Mgpæa Obuhgk, qub iæa passuìg ul lbstrb. Rl brrgitb au vgcgitb. 73

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Autrgs cgtgs dusfgl g Gpöstakg hgs Tugs pgrg faisbkjas sadrb gssuitas fat`h`gias fala a pgrta, pgrt a, habiãgs, fala k`hgr fal cgicubs hb ffæbs, æbs, au fala bv`tgr pgssgr oalb. Bkg ìtbrprbtg as bisìglbitas hb Ousstgr-Gskgi 6 hb ulg oarlg prçt`fg, orbqubitblbitb fr`giha rbcrgs `lprav`sghgs au faisbkjas fal dgsb bl sugs pröpr`gs bxpbr`íif`gs b bitbih`lbita. Wugita lg`s ulg Gpöstakg hgs Tugs prgt`fg, b qugita lg`s pröspbras sb tarigl gqubkbs qub dusfgrgl sug gmuhg, lgàr sb tarig sug ìffluíif`g. Rlg ^raobtg ha Vudluiha bv`tg gssuitas supàrffluas hg v`hg fat`h`gig, sbl `lpartäif`g ia bsqublg fösl`fa. Bkg tbl v`sòbs vgstgs b bxtbisgs g rbspb`ta ha lukt`vbrsa b ha pgpbk fruf`gk hg bspàf`b obkìg. As qub dusfgl sgdbhar`g grfgig prafurgl ulg ^raobtg  pgrg pgrg gfaisbkjç-kas5 bl trafg, bkg cbrgklbitb bx`cb ul sbr v`ãa saldrà b pbr`casa bl dusfg hb admbt`vas qub hbsg﬇gl g bxpk`fgãæa rgfàigk. G Hbsafupghg Vgcgz  faijbfb faijbfb as pbr`cas hb v`vbr îs lgrcbis ha luiha julgia b lgitàl ul rbpbrtörà hb truqubs pgrg sadrbv`vbr. Bssg bspbrtìjg hb akjas g﬇ghas bitbihb as falpartglbitas julgias bxfíitr`fas, fala jarçràs, par bxblpka= qugiha a kb`tb`ra vg` fjbcgr, au qugiha a partæa hg oçdr`fg bstgrç obfjgha, pahbiha rgp`hglbitb bitbihbr gs ratìgs hb ulg iavg çrbg. Bkg mç vù vçràs gl`cas gtrgvbssgiha g rug ia lbà has fgrras, au pukgiha hbsfu`hghglbitb bl ul quìtgk v`c`gha par fæbs b, par `ssa, fglìjg fal fgutbkg a tblpa taha, sblprb hb akja ig sgìhg lg`s rçp`hg. Rlg ^rìfbsg ^brh`hg  tbl tbl ulg j`stör`g lg`s glbig, au tgkvbz sug læb tbvb ulg v`hg lg`s faioartçvbk b sussurrau pgkgvrgs gcrghçvb`s pgrg bkg gitbs lbsla hb sbus akjas gdr`rbl. Bkg pgrbfb btbriglbitb hbskafghg igs rugs, pgrg s` b pgrg as autras. rgtglbitas crassb`ras g hb`xgl hbsar`bitghg, b hb gkculg oarlg, kç ia ouiha, bkg sgdb qub gs fa`sgs iæa hbvbr`gl sbr gss`l tæa hòìfb`s. Bkg bstuhg as julgias fu`hghasglbitb, dusfgiha sìg`s hgqubkb qub, ul h`g, `rç rbscgtç-kg, hbvakvbiha g bkg g v`hg qub lbrbfb. 6 ‘ I. T. Ia ar`cìgk, ‛Ootgr-Gxkgi“. Rlg rbobríif`g g ^tgr-Gxtkgi, hg adrg ‛ Faiobssàis ì Hgreibss 7: “,“, hb Cbrgkh S. ^gcb5 dbl fala g Gskgi, hg adrg ‛ Gs Frøi`fgs hb Içri`g “,“, hb F. V. Kbw`s.

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

J`stör`gs hb Cgtgs Halàst`fgs G Fgãgharg hb @isbtas pahb gtà harl`r bl b l ulg fgsg julgig, lgs `ssa iæa qubr h`zbr qub bkg iæa sbmg ulg bxìl`g fgãgharg. Wugkqubr pbqubia lbisgcb`ra ha Hbus @isbta qub ausb rgstbmgr au vagr ig fgsg hb ulg Fgãgharg hb @isbtas bstç faihbigha g sbr grrblbssgha pgrg a fjæa fal ul tgpg b sbr bslgcgha. A lbsla sb gpk`fg g ﬇gpas dgkgiãgiha, tglpgs hb cgrrgog, bkçst`fas hb fgdbka, kuzbs b rbfflb xas brrgitbs, pgrtìfukgs hb pab`rg sad g kuz ha sak b, à fkgra, as bsvagãgitbs akjas vbrlbkjas b dr`kjgitbs ha Hbus Lçquìg, qub hbsg﬇gl qugkqubr köc`fg. Gkcuis h`zbl qub ulg Fgãgharg hb @isbtas iæa faisbcub rbs`st`r g ulg pbrsbcu`ãæa5 pbrsbcu`ã æa5 bkg h`z qub à gpbigs ulg oarlg hb lgitbr g prçt`fg. Iæa sgt`sob`tg bl fgãgr ìsbtas b autrgs fa`sgs pbqubigs, g Cgtg hb bta pbrsbcub lgk`fàsglbitb as pröpràs julgias. Rlg Cgtg hb  bta bta halìg tahas as kucgrbs gktas hb sug fgsg, fala dgtbitbs hb partgs, grlçràs b bstgitbs, kgrb`rgs b farr`lòbs5 bkg tgldàl faijbfb tahas as fgitas b saldrgs, bldg`xa hb lövb`s, gtrçs hb partgs b, afgsàigklbitb, hbitra ha fbsta hb raupg sumg. Vbu admbt`va à bspàigr as julgias b pbrlgibfbr ìv`sìvbk. Bkbs hbvbl sbr v`c`ghas, pa`s gtà lbsla a lbkjar has julgias pahb sbr vìt`lg hg ìffluíif`g sucbst`vg hb ul hbus lgk`cia b bstgr trglgiha gkca. Vb hbsfadbrtg, g Cgtg hb bta hbsobrb ul cakpb, gfbrtgiha a rasta au gtgfgiha ul tariazbka, t ariazbka, ggpbigs pbigs pgrg lastrgr qub faisbcub, b bitæa sg` farrbiha g tahg vbkaf`hghb. Tbgklbitb, ulg Cgtg hb Faka pgssg g lgàr pgrtb ha tblpa ia faka has julgias, lgs iæa gpbigs harlìha. Julgias prbf`sgl hb lu`tas fu`hghas b gtbiãæa, b bstg cgtg à qubl oaribfb `ssa. Îs vbzbs as julgias tbitgl gfarhgr lu`ta fbha, b prbf`sgl sbr lgit`has ig fglg fal ul gcrghçvbk pbsa obkìa sadrb bkbs. Autrgs vbzbs, bkbs qugsb harlbl hblg`s b bsqubfbl hb oaribfbr g gk`lbitgãæa, b prbf`sgl sbr kbldrghas h`ssa. Hb tblpas bl tblpas, as julgias tgldàl prbf`sgl hb db`mas hb igr`z, gqubf`lbita has pàs, bxbrfìfàs, gdrgãas falprbbis`vas au ulg dag surprbsg, b ulg Cgtg hb Faka aobrbfb tuha `ssa. G Dbdí L`lghg pahb afupgr tgldàl ul faka julgia, lgs iæa ig jarg qub a julgia qu`sbr5 b à lbkjar bkb g gfgr`f`gr dbl. Gìhg, sbssòbs hb fgrìja iæa sæa hbsfukpg pgrg gk`lbitgãæa gtrgsghg. Hbshb qub g Crgihb @hb`g rb`vìh`fau as julgias fala sbrvas hg bspàf`b obkìg, g L`lghg   sbitb-sb gutar`zghg g bxpkarç-kas pgrg tahgs gs sugs ibfbss`hghbs b fgpr`fjas. Gqubkbs qub vgf`kgl cgijgl kbldrbtbs, qub pahbl vgr`gr hb ul akjgr g ul rasigha, fjbcgiha gtà g ul grrgijæa dbl fgkfukgha. Cgtgs Fgãghargs hb Tgtas fastulgl lbiasprbzgr gqubkbs qub gfb`tgl falpgij`g b gdr`ca julgia sbl faitr`du`r fal ighg bl trafg. Vbmg bl ul fbkb`ra au bl ulg fgsg, ulg Fgãgharg hb Tgtas pgtrukjg bl dusfg hb prgcgs b trgisoarlg a pradkblg bl ulg oaitb hb gk`lbita b arcukja. Tgtgzgigs bl sgfgs hb cræas, fabkjas ias mgrhìs, rgtas bl hbspbisgs b lu`tas autras pahbl sb tarigr ulg prbsg hg Fgãgharg hb Tgtas, b a Hbus Tgta g fais`hbrg ulg ì`l`cg.

70

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

A Cgrgijæa cbrgklbitb à ul lgfja ìtgfta, b fais`hbrg sbu pr`v`kàcà b hbvbr trgisl`t`r sbu oìs`fa supbràr b igturbzg i gturbzg gssbrt`vg îs cbrgãòbs outurgs= qugita lg`s, lbkjar. lbkjar. Wugkqubr lbldra oàrt`k ha sbxa apasta à ul pgrfb`ra bl patbif`gk, bldarg autras hb Tgãg ûrg  hb hb kìjgcbl s`l`kgr tbijgl tbi jgl pràr`hghb, igturgklbitb. Ga Ga faitrçrà hhaa ^rafr`ghar , a Cgrgijæa iæa takbrg ìtbrobríif`gs hb julgias au autras cgtas bl sug sbkbãæa pbssagk hb glgitbs sartuhas. Gs cgtgs ^rbcu`ãasgs harlbl gìhg lg`s qub gs `c `crbsgs rbsgs VVaijghargs aijghargs, g paita hb `ciargr gtà g jarg hb falbr. Rlg cgtg ^rbcu`ãasg  sb sb lav`lbitg kbitglbitb, à g ýkt`lg g sbcu`r qugkqubr p`stg b g pr`lb`rg g trgisoarlgr qugkqubr gtrgsa bitbh`gitb bl jarg hg saibfg. Autrgs cgtgs pahbl gfjgr sug prbcu`ãg `rr`tgitb, lgs, îs vbzbs, gs ^rbcu`ãasgs tíl ulg ìtu`ãæa g pgrt`r hb ul saija bl ul lalbita fruf`gk. G Læb hb ahas à ulg gklg sçd`g, b bkg ví g daihghb fala a lgàr iìvbk hb sgdbhar`g. sgdbhar `g. Bkg ví ulg cgtìjg gssustghg ia ìtbr ìtbràr àr hg cgtg lg`s lgk vghg, vgh g, ul gk`g gk`gha ha bbl l pa patb tbif` if`gk gk hb hbit itra ra ha ffæa æa lg lg`s `s gc gcrbs rbss`v s`va, a, ulg ggkl klgg daihas dai hasgg hbitra ha julgia lg`s frubk. ahg fr`gturg saorb, b taha saor`lbita lbrbfb faisaka. Bitrbtgita, ul lgu falpartglbita hbvb sbr, pr`lb`rglbitb, pgrgha, pgrg hbpa`s sbr farr`c`ha. Gìhg lg`s qub g lgàr`g has Julgiakac`stgs, ulg Gfàigharg hb Da Datòbs tòbs adsbrvg as julgias usgiha sbus sb us lu`tas h`spas`t`vas, lblar`zgiha as cbstas b sbquíif`gs r`tugkìst`fgs ga lgi`pukgr grlçràs trgifghas, ìtbrruptarbs igs pgrbhbs, p`gias, rçhàs, dgkgiãgs, dgijb`ras, falputgharbs, tbkboaibs, partgs hbsk`zgitbs b gtà lbsla gs pbr`casgs fa`sgs g﬇ghgs b ìfbih`çr`gs ìfbi h`çr`gs qub ﬇fgl ig sgkg hgs fal`hgs. Jbs`tgitb, tìl`hg, s`kbifàsg b sak`tçr`g, g Gklg Vbisìvbk à hgs cgtgs lbias gssbrt`vgs. Bkg iæa lgitàl as auv`has b as akjas oafghas bl hbhas b gfbssöràs julgias, lgs s`l ias pghròbs hb falpartglbita cbrg`s, fala, par bxblpka, g lgib`rg fala bkbs oarlgl kgãas hb lbha, hbvbr, cgiäif`g b glar. G Vbisìvbk pahb prbvbr a qub bstb julgia ogrç qugiha gqubkb autra fjbcgr tgrhb bl fgsg5 qub t`pas hb fa`sgs cgtgs pahbl ogzbr fal fbrtas julgias5 sb ul julgia ogl`k`gr pbrfbdb autra julgia rbfàl-fjbcgha fala pbr`casa b, tgkvbz, sb bkb lbsla hbvb sbr v`sta fala pb pbr`casa. r`casa.

J`stör`gs hb Cgtgs hb Bxpas`ãæa Cgtgs hb F`rfa pgssgrgl par kaicas pbrìahas hb trbìglbita fal julgias ‖ prìf`pgklbitb, à fkgra, pgrg bisìgr as julgias g aobrbfbr gs rbfalpbisgs ia lalbita fbrta. Hurgitb ulg gvbiturg, ulg Cgtg hb F`rfa pahb hbsfadr`r qub ul hbsg﬇a sb gssblbkjg g ul truqub bspbfì﬇fa qub bkg mç gprbihbu, ogf`k`tgiha a sufbssa. âr bxblpka, tgkvbz bstg cgtg bstbmg gfastulghg fal a ‛gra fflglbmgitb“, pahbiha, bitæa, pukgr par ul pbq pbqubia ubia ìfíihà sbl lbha. rbìghar  rbìghar,, rbprbsbitgitbs, pbssags igs rugs, kafgk katgha= tuha sbl sbit`ha. G ýi`fg guh`íif`g qub `lpartg à g pröpr`g grtb, b sug ýi`fg tbstbluijg qugk`﬇fghg

4>

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

prg `ssa à g Grt`stg Tb﬇ighg . Bxbfutgr Bxbfutgr ul truqub fal pbrob`ãæa= gpbigs lalbi lalbi-tas gss`l `lpartgl ig v`hg. Ia bitgita, g pbrob`ãæa iuifg pahb sbr gkfgiãghg, b fghg sufbssa rbvbkg ul iava ia va gd`sla bitrb a `hbgk b a rbgk. Iös iæa ogkjglas. I Iös ös iæa gfb`tglas ogkjgs. Iös tbitglas iavglbitb. âr qub sb sudlbtbr îs ìh`ci`hghbs hb ulg fgrrb`rg1 âr qub takbrgr as dgijas b prbpgrgt`vas lgk arcgi`zghas, v`gcbis igusbgitbs, a orà has grbs-faih`fàighas, as qugrtas suoafgitbs, g fal`hg ru`l, as ìfaitçvb`s julgias `hàtgs trapbãgiha bl tuha b g dgrukjb`rg lgkh`tg1 ârqub bkbs tb glgl, qubr`hg! G Og var`tg hg Cgkbrg bifgitg as autras bl crgihb iýlbra, ìhbpbihbitblbi ìhbpbihbitblbitb tb hb sug bspàf`b b kafgk. Vugs pröpr`gs vukibrgd`k`hghbs b d`rrgs faiv`hgl g lukt`hæa pgrg hbitra ha sbu fargãæa b, partgita partgita,, ppgrg grg a sbu kgha. OOgzbr gzbr fal qub bkbs hbsbmbl sug v`tör`g= bstb à a lbkjar gtrgt`va. Fal ul igr`z bxtrblglbitb gpurgha, g Ogvar`tg has Murghas pahb sbit`r a fjb`ra ha pahbr `lbh`gtglbitb. Bl ulg bxpas`ãæa hb cgtgs, au bl ulg sgkg fal gpbigs gkcuis julgias, bkg sgdb qubl bkg hbvb `lprbssàigr b qubl pahb sbr `ciargha. Kaicb ha luiha hgs lbhgkjgs b g﬇is, a lbsla sb gpk`fg= qugk fæa bl ulg lgt`kjg à a gkog1 Wugk julgia falgihg as hblg`s1 Wug`s cgtgs rbfaijbfbl g gutar`hghb hg gif`æ qub bstç ia fgita, b qug`s iæa1 ^brfbdg qubl tbl pahbr b ogãg a qub oar ibfbssçrà pgrg gcrghgr gqubkbs qub a passubl. Biqugita g Grt`stg Tb﬇ighg  fais`hbrg fais`hbrg as autras hbsqugk`﬇fghas pgrg mukcgr g grtb, g Oìs`fa ^brob`ta sb hbkb`tg, bx`db sbu farpa b trgdgkjg pgrg rb﬇igr g sug pbrob`ãæa pgrg bxgtglbitb bxgtglbit b ulg ghl`rgharg= bkg lbslg. Bssbs aldras fkgrglbitb lgiòbstgl g oarlg `hbgk hb Ousstgr-Gskgi… lgs g ìfkìgãæa hbssb tbihæa ha lbà pahbr`g sbr ul pauquìja lbkjar. Drìfgr hb kutg pahbl gmuhgr g lbkjargr. Wughr`s fgpgzbs gtà hb grrblbssgr ul falpgijb`ra sadrb ul fgfjarra `hàtg… Rl paufa lg`s hb fgrib ig h`btg b lg`s bxbrfìfàs fal sgktas pbkg lgijæ ogræa fal qub bssb farpa ﬇qub gìhg lbkjar. A pgpbk ha ^rafr`ghar , ga faitrçrà ha Cgrgijæa ìh`v`hugk`stg, à hbtbrlìgha pbkas julgias. âr rgzòbs qub ogzbl sbit`ha gas bitus`gstgs (adsfurgs, paràl, pgrg as pröpràs cgtas), as julgias fais`hbrgl vgkàsg g jbrgiãg cbiàt`fg hbstb obkìa. ob kìa. ^grg ulg oílbg, `ssa pahb s`ci`﬇fgr ulg v`hg hb fai﬇iglbita, fghg fà ulg apartui`hghb pgrg sbus sb us haias, b iæa pgrg bkg. Lbsla ul lgfja prafr`ghar,, bldarg iæa sadrbfgrrbcgha fal crgv`hbz b pgrta, pahb v`vbr bimgukgha fala har ulg lbrg lçquìg dàköc`fg. Ouc`r h`ssa tuha pahb kgiãgr a bx-^rafr`ghar   bl ulg v`hg hb gvbiturgs, gvbit urgs, fal fukt`stgs hb Lgllai8 sblprb ia sbu bifgkãa. ^grg g bsp`r`tugklbitb gitbighg Dbkbzg Ibrvasg , a luiha oìs`fa ogz paufa sbit`ha. Orbqubitblbitb gkcuàl g gfarhg ha Vaija, aihb bkg auv`g sais vìv`has qub saprgvgl pgrg kaicb g iàvag ià vag hg bitrap`g, bl ul kucgr aihb admbtas ìgi`lghas rbssagl bl lav`lbitas lav`lbi tas brrçt`fas, b a ìfalprbbisìvbk gfaitbfb. As julgias g ghargl, lgs b hgì1 Falulbitb, qugiha qugiha as gfaitbf`lbitas ha luiha hbspbr hbspbrta ta tíl gkcul s`ci`﬇fgha, bkbs lastrgl g ìtbiãæa saldr`g b gs cgrrgs ha ffgas. gas. 8 ‘ I. T. Lgllai à g r`qubzg r` qubzg v`stg fala ulg ìffluíif`g lgk` lgk`cig, cig, par sbr admbta hb ghargãæa b hbvaãæa pbkas julgias. À ulg ul g trgisk`tbrgãæa hg pgkgvrg jbdrg`fg ‛Lglal“ qub s`ci`﬇fg, k`tbrgklbitb, ‛hìjb`ra“. ‛hìjb` ra“.

47

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

‛G`, qub ogrha à a faijbf`lbita. As ﬇kjatbs prbf`sgl hb sgdbhar`g, à fkgra, padrbs fr`gturìjgs, lgs fala à passìvbk bisìgr qugkqubr fa`sg ibssgs faih`ãòbs1  ahas ahas hbvbl bstgr prbsbitbs, b pgrgr fal tahg bssg ìqu`btgãæa5 gj, b prbf`sa hb çcug, sb iæa, fala pahbrb` faitìugr ogkgiha1 Gcarg, hb vbrhghb, tbl qubl ﬇qub tatgklbitb aobih`ha, lbsla sbl ibl usgr g gklaoghg, qub à, gss`l, `lprbsfìhìvbk5 dal, bl taha fgsa, `ssa vg` tbr qub sbrv`r. Bstæa tahas fal g gtbiãæa oafghg ia qub à lg`s `lpartgitb1 Jll1“  Bssgs Bssgs sæa gs pgkgvrgs hb ulg H`vg . G lbitb hb ulg cgtg pahb vbr a luiha fala ul lgpg falpkbxa hb fbigs, faibftgha par trgis`ãòbs lg`s au lbias bsqubfìvb`s. G _`gmgitb Bxpbr`bitb Bxpbr `bitb faijbfb l`kjgrbs hbssbs kucgrbs, faibftghas par jargs, h`gs au sblgigs hb v`gcbis. Hurgitb ulg gvbiturg, bstg cgtg pahb rbfaijbfbr gkca sadrb ulg s`tugãæa, par lg`s bstrgijg qub sbmg, b gfgdgr kbldrgiha hb gkcul kucgr qub v`s`tau ulg vbz, pahbiha usgr g ogl`k`gr`hghb fala vgitgcbl. Iæa sæa tahas as falpartglbitas julgias qub pahbl sbr adsbrvghas bl tahas as kafg`s. kaf g`s. Rlg Julgiakac`stg  gld`fàsg, gld`fàsg, qub hbsbmg bitbi bitbihbr hbr as ^r`lb`ras Vbrvas, tbl lu`tas cgijas ga ghatgr ulg pbrspbft`vg lg`s glpkg ha qub ulg ýi`fg v`zìjgiãg. Gkculgs v`vbl bl lusbus, ui`vbrs`hghbs, d`dkàtbfgs au k`vrgr`gs5 gkculgs gfalpgijgl ìvbst`cgharbs b bxpkargharbs pbka luiha. Vbmg par v`gcbis oìs`fgs au par faijbf`lbita gfghíl`fa, g Faijbfbharg hgs Kbihgs H`stgitbs à bxpastg g `hb`gs, `hàlgs, `lgcbis, admbtas, fjb`ras, gi`lg`s b julgias hb lu`tgs pgrtbs ha luiha. Hurgitb ulg gvbiturg, g Faijbfbharg  pahb pahb `hbit`﬇fgr gkca tatgklbitb bstrgija ga fbiçrà b hbhuz`r ìoarlgãòbs ýtb`s.

Cgta hb ^bka Furta Drgs`kb`ra A Cgta hb ^bka Furta Drgs`kb`ra à ulg rgãg ar`cìghg ia Drgs`k, gtukglbitb rbfaijbf`hg pbkg Obhbrgãæa Luih`gk hb Cgtas (SFO). Gitbs trgtgha gpbigs ul cgta v`rgkgtg, bkb passu` fgrgftbrìst`fgs ýi`fgs bl bga lqugk sug gigtal`g qub fala a h`stìcub hb autrgs rgãgs, gtà lbsla has cgtas-drgva, gfrbh`tgsb sbr g sug ar`cbl. Ga kaica has gias, hbshb g fakai`zgãæa, g l`sturg hb rgãgs b bvakuãæa bl ulg rbc`æa fal fgrgftbrìst`fgs tæa h`stìtgs hb sbus gitbpgssghas git bpgssghas pbrl`tù ga Cgta hb ^bka Furta tbr ulg gc`k`hghb b bkbcäif`g qub a hbstgfg bitrb as obkìas. o bkìas. Bkbs fastulgl sbr paufa tblpbrglbitg`s, sbiha drìfgkjòbs, gkbcrbs b gt`vas. G far has sbus akjas iarlgklbitb iarlgklbit b sb gssblbkjg ga pbka, passuìha gkculgs vgr`gãòbs, b sug pbkgcbl à l`stg, ìha hb tais glgrbkas g rgmghas fal vbrhbs b fìzg.

44

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

^grtb @@ Macgiha a Maca 46

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Rsgiha as Hghas hb Cgta A Hgha hb Cgta (HC) à ul hgha hb ? kghas falul, iulbrgha hb 7 g ?. As iýlbras 7 b 4 lastrgl g fgrg hb ul Cgta r`s r`stb tb, au pass`vbklbitb ul cgta larta. As kghas hb 6 g ? lastrgl g fgrg hb ul Cgta Obk`z . A Cgta r`stb ìh`fg ul à ul Vufbssa, Orgfgssa, au ul rbsuktgha qub à Tu`l pgrg g cgtg . Rl Cgta Obk`z  à s`ci`﬇fg qub a rbsuktgha à Dal pgrg g cgtg . Hghas hb ? kghas faluis tgldàl pahbl sbr usghas. As iýlbras 7 au 4 rbprbsbitgl Orgfgssas b as iýlbras hb 6 g ? sæa Vufbssas. Ha`s Hghas hb Cgta (4HC) sæa su﬇f`bitbs su﬇f`bi tbs pgrg macgr.

Wugiha ha`s au lg`s Hghas hb Cgta (HC ) oarbl rakghas muitas, gs pgrt`f`pgitbs hbvbl kbr a rbsuktgha hb fghg hgha sbpgrghglbitb. As rbsuktghas iæa sæa salghas. âr âr bxblpka, ulg rakgcbl fal a rbsuktgha 2 bl ul hgha b ia autra 4, 4 , farr farrbspaihb bspaihb g ‛Rl Vufbssa“, iæa g 3 (gh`ãæa à lgtblçt`fg, lgtblçt`f g, b cgtgs iæa sgdbl lgtblçt`fg). uha  uha bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju sb rbsakvb usgiha Hghas hb Cgta, lgs as hghas sblprb sæa k`has fala dais au ruìs pgrg g Cgtg Macgharg . Wugiha ì`l`cas, julgias, Macghargs, au gtà lbsla g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  ogz ogz ulg rakgcbl, a rbsuktgha ha Cgta r`st r`stbb sblprb à ru`l pgrg gs cgtgs, iæa ibfbssgr`glbitb pgrg g fr`gturg qub macg a hgha, b ul Cgta Obk`z  s`ci`﬇fg s`ci`﬇fg gkca dal pgrg gs cgtgs. Gtà ì`l`cas ogzbiha sugs pröpr`gs rakgcbis sö faisbcubl ogzbr gkca Tu`l pgrg gs cgtgs qugiha a rbsuktgha ia HC à hb 7 au 45 ha 6 ga ? a rbsuktgha à Dal pgrg g cgtg, b, partgita, ru`l pgrg a ì`l`ca. @ssa hç îs cgtgs ulg vgitgcbl s`ci`﬇fgt`vg, a qub à tatgklbitb gprapr`gha.

G Tbcrg hb Ha`s Hghas Ig lgàr`g hgs vbzbs, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  rbsakvb rbsakvb ulg s`tugãæa ìfbrtg pbhìha qub ulg au lg`s Macghargs rakbl 4HC. Bl sbcu`hg, bkg faifbhb îs cgtgs pracrbssa au orustrgãæa fal dgsb ia rbsuktgha, fala sb oassb ul Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk ( (p. p. 42 42).). G CC h`z a qub gfaitbfb b a maca sbcub bl orbitb. A sìldaka hg pgtìjg ìh`fg ulg Tbcrg hg ^gtìjg = ul gtgkja pgrg gmuhgr gs Macghargs g gc`r fala cgtgs, gm gmuhgr uhgr g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  g g lgitbr a r`tla, b gmuhgr tahas g kbldrgr fala a maca sb hb hbsbivakvb. sbivakvb. _bmg lg`s sadrb gs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg   ig pçcìg 6: 6: b b g k`stg falp`kghg ig pçcìg 73: 73:..

48

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

Hbsgoàs Rl Hbsg﬇a à qugkqubr tgrbog qub iæa à s`lpkbslbitb gutalçt`fg pgrg ulg cgtg falul. ^grg tbitgr ul Hbsg﬇a, g Macgharg rakg ha`s Hghas hb Cgta (4HC). Fghg Cgta Obk`z  (rbsuktghas (rbsuktghas hb 6 g ?) ìh`fg ul Vufbssa. Fghg Cgta r`st r`stbb (rbsuktghas 7 au 4) faitg fala ul Orgfgssa. As Hbsg﬇as tíl trís iìvb`s= Oçf`k, Iarlgk b Hòìf`k. ^grg faisbcu`r pgssgr par ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k, à ibfbssçrà ga lb lbias ias ul Cgta Obk`z  ias ias hghas pgrg adtbr ul Vufbssa. ^grg ul Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk, ul ýi`fa Vufbssa s`ci`﬇fg qub g cgtg tbl ul pbqubia pracrbssa, au adtàl ul paufa hb ìoarlgãæa, lgs iæa faif faifku` ku` falpkbtglbitb g tgrbog bl qubstæa. Bkg prbf`sg luhgr sug bst bstrgtàc`g rgtàc`g b tbit tbitgr gr iavglbitb. Ha`s Vufbssas, par autra kgha, s`ci`﬇fgl qub a Hbsg﬇a à supbrgha ig pr`lb`rg tbitgt`vg. Gldas s  as ^grg supbrgr ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k à prbf`sa ha`s Vufbssas. Glda as Hghas hb Cgta prbf`sgl lastrgr Cgtas Obk`zbs, fgsa faitrçrà g cgtg orgfgssg falpkbtglbitb. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ   hbf`hb g h`﬇fukhghb hb fghg Hbsg﬇a, b a qub s`ci`﬇fg Vufbssa au Orgfgssa, fal dgsb igs f`rfuistäif`gs bl qub bkg a `lgcìg, g cgtg bivakv`hg, g `lpartäif`g ha hbsg﬇a pgrg g gvbiturg, sbus ìstìtas, au a qub pgrbfbr lg`s h`vbrt`ha.

G Cgtg Fbrtg pgrg g Xgrbog (CF^GX) Vgdbr sb g cgtg qub bstç tbitgiha ul Hbsg﬇a bl bspbfì﬇fa à g lg`s ghbqughg pgrg gqubkg tgrbog pahb luhgr lu`tg fa`sg ia maca. G CF^G lg`s ödv`g à gqubkg fal a ^gpbk lg`s gprapr`gha, lgs gs Macghargs pahbl hgr sugs sucbstòbs ha parquí ul hbtbrlìgha Hbsg﬇a pahb sbr oçf`k pgrg ulg cgtg bl pgrt`fukgr. âr bxblpka, gkca hg j`stör`g hg obkìg pahb sbr ut`k`zgha, au hg hbsfr`ãæa oìs`fg hbkg, au Bxpbr`íif`gs giatghgs ig ﬇fjg hb pbrsaigcbl qub oargl adt`hgs bl gvbiturgs gitbràrbs, au gtà lbsla ‛kbldrgr“ hb gkca (ìvbitgha ig lbslg jarg) qub sb bifg`xb dbl igs f`rfuistäif`gs prapastgs. G Macgharg  sucbrb, sucbrb, lgs gpbigs g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hbf`h`r. Lu`tgs vbzbs, iæa jç ulg CF^G, b tahgs gs cgtgs pahbl tbitgr `cugklbitb, fala, par bxblpka, igs Takgcbis hb ^brfbpãæa ( (p. p. 60). 60). Vb g Macgharg  faivbifbr faivbifbr g Cgtg Cugrh`æ hb qub bkg à g Cgtg Fbrtg ^grg g grbog   (CF^G), bkg rakg 4HC fala qugkqubr autrg cgtg, lgs ul has hghas faitg fala ul Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa. Gss`l, ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k à gutalgt`fglbitb supbrgha, ul Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk sblprb rbsuktg bl pbka lbias ul sufbssa pgrf`gk, b lbsla ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k bx`cb gpbigs qub bl ul has hghas gpgrbãg ul Cgta Obk`z . Ias Ias patbif`gklbitb kbtg`s Hbsg﬇as Lartg`s (p. 43), 43), ia bitgita, g CF^G iæa tbl Vufbssas Gutalçt`fas, b g cgtg ‛brrghg“ iæa pahb sbqubr tbitgr.

42

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Takgr hghas à sblprb h`vbrt`ha, b pbrl`tb rbsuktghas bspbf`g`s fala Akjas hb Fadrg 7 b Lb`g-Ia`tb4 ( (p. p. 40). 40). ^grg tgrbogs tr`v`g`s, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb s`lpkbslbitb hbfkgrgr qub g CF^G faisbcub fulpr`r g tgrbog hb ulg vbz, sbl ibijulg rakgcbl. @ssa lgitàl a maca bl lav`lbita b hç îs Macghargs ulg gcrghçvbk b ìoarlgt`vg sbisgãæa hb falpbtíif`g obkìg.

^bt`sfas Fghg cgtg ì`f`g g sbssæa hb maca fal ul ^bt`sfa. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb h`str`du`r lg`s ^bt`sfas qugiha sbit`r qub ulg Macgharg  obz obz gkca pgrt`fukgrlbitb ìtbk`cbitb, ìbspbrgha au h`vbrt`ha ia maca. G Gpös pös ulg macghg hb Hbsg﬇a, g Macgharg   pahb cgstgr ul ^bt`sfa pgrg pbcgr as Hghas hb Cgta b tbitgr iavglbitb ulg rakgcbl. Ia bitgita, `ssa iæa ouifàig fal as Hbsg﬇as Lartg`s gdg`xa. ^grg rbprbsbitgr fghg ^bt`sfa, qugkqubr admbta pbqubia b ìýt`k sbrvb= ulg ﬇fjg hb pøqubr, par bxblpka. À faitrg gs rbcrgs usgr hafbs, pa`s bkbs tbihbl g hbsgpgrbfbr rgp`hglbitb. Ibijulg cgtg pahb tbr lg`s hb trís ^bt`sfas hb fghg vbz. Bitrb gs gvbiturgs, iava prbsulb-sb prbsulb-sb tahas aasmaca b sartb sb mgl faisul`has. Fg sbmgl Fghg hg cgtg rbfbdb ^bt`sfas ul ^bt`sfaqub qugiha falbãg iavglbitb. Igs gvbiturgs bsfr`tgs, kucgrbs aihb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb faifbhbr ^bt`sfas sæa orbqubitblbitb lgrfghas fal a pbqubia ìfaib hb pb`xb.

G Furg pbka Fgrìja G Tbcrg Tbcr g ha ‛Vbl ^bt`sfas“ ^bt`sfas“ Wugiha ulg cgtg bstç falpkbtglbitb sbl ^bt`sfas, bkg pahb rbfupbrgr ul paufa hb bibrc`g psìqu`fg gtrgvàs gtr gvàs ha faitgta fal ul julgia falpkgfbitb. G cgtg hbvb bifaitrgr ul julgia b ogzí-ka gfgr`f`ç-kg, faãgr gtrçs hb sugs arbkjgs, b gss`l par h`gitb. Rlg Crgfàsg  sblprb sblprb faisbcub sbr gfgr`f`ghg5 autrgs cgtgs hbvbl ìvbitgr lbàs pgrg pbrsugh`r as julgias. Bssbif`gklbitb, g cgtg par s` sö hbvb hbf`h`r qugiha a fgrìja fgrì ja à su﬇f`bitb b, trgh`fàigklbitb, sæa bxgtglbitb trís gfgr`f`ghgs5 a julgia iæa pahb pgrgr par sug pröpr`g vaitghb, ibl sb prakaicgr par lu`ta tblpa. Rlg vbz qub a fgrìja pbrob`ta à adt`ha b a julgia h`spbisgha, g Macgharg  rbfbdb rbfbdb ul iava ^bt`sfa. 7 ‘ I. T. Ia ar`cìgk, ar`cìg k, ‛Vig ‛Vigeb eb Bybs“. Ia luiha has macas hb gzgr, à fjglghg hb ‛Vigeb ‛Vige b Bybs“ (au, bl partucuís, ‛Akjas hb Fadrg“) g macghg bl qub ha`s hghas faluis hb sb`s kghas sæa kgiã kgiãghas ghas b, bl gldas, a rbsuktgha à a iýlbra 7 (au sbmg, ulg ýi`fg dakg prbtg fbitrgk). G lgrfgãæa ia hgha sb gssblbkjg g ul akja, b g fadrg (au sbrpbitb) à gssaf`ghg î trg`ãæa. À a rbsuktgha lg`s dg`xa passìvbk, sbiha dgstgitb ibcgt`va pgrg a macghar. 4 ‘ I. T. Ia ar`cìgk, ‛L`hi`cjt“. gldàl ia luiha has macas hb gzgr, à fjglghg hb ‛L`hi`cjt“ (au,gldas, bl partucuís, ‛Lb`g-Ia`tb“) ha`s hghas‛Lb`g-Ia`tb“ faluis hb sb`s kghasgasæaogta kgiãghas b, bl a rbsuktgha à a iýlbra g?.macghg H`z-sbbl qubqub g bxprbssæa sb hbvb hb g salg has ha`s hghas rbsuktgr bl 74. À a rbsuktgha lg`s gkta passìvbk, sbiha dgstgitb dbià﬇fa ga macghar.

4?

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

_`hgs ahg cgtg, fala hh`zbl ahg `zbl as julgias, tbl sbtb v`hgs. Fkgra, bkbs bitbihbrgl `ssa ul paufa brrgha. Iìcuàl rbgklbitb tbl lg`s hb ulg v`hg. Larta à larta. A qub gs cgtgs castgl à hb tbstgr ‘ îs vbzbs ‘ g fgpgf`hghb hb bsfgpgr hb ulg s`tugãæa gi`lgk_`hg lbias b ìtbk`cbitb. Fghgaptgr cgtg falbãg aqub macalgtgr`g ig sug ul ^r`lb`rg . Jççc`k, hugsgoartuigha lgib`rgs pbkgs qug`s bbkg kg pahb par hbs`st`r hb ulg hbssgs `rrbfupbrçvb`s fjgifbs hb sadrbv`vbr. ^grg sb rbfupbrgr ìstgitgibglbitb hb ulg Obr`lbita ( (p. p. 66). 66). ^grg gh`fàigr Ckör`g  î î sug tbitgt`vg bl ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk ( (p. p. 4: 4:).). Bl qugkqubr ul has fgsas, g Macgharg  giatg giatg qub g cgtg gcarg bstç bl sug Vbcuihg _`hg  (au (au brfb`rg, b gss`l par h`gitb). Fala gtà as julgias sgdbl, g Vàt`lg _`hg  à à g ýkt`lg, bitæa gs Macghargs hbvbl paihbrgr dbl gitbs hb hbs`st`r hb ulg _`hg  qugiha qugiha tgk s`tugãæa pahb sbr bv`tghg. •

•

Hbsgoàs Lartg`s

Vb ulg cgtg qub bstç tbitgiha ul Hbsg﬇a pahb sb lgfjufgr ogzbiha `ssa, au sb bkg sö tbl bssg fjgifb gitbs qub gkca ru`l gfaitbãg, gs gpastgs væa gkàl ha falul, b tblas ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk. Gs cgtgs iæa hbvbl tbitgr ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk g iæa sbr qub sbu sufbssa pgrbãg bxtrgarhìgr`glbitb `lpartgitb. Rl rbsuktgha ru`l pahb fgusgr obr`lbitas, au gtà g lartb. Valbitb g Cgtg Fbrtg ^grg g grbog   pahb tbitgr ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk. Rlg cgtg ‛brrghg“ ogkjg gutalgt`fglbitb! (Fal bxfbãæa ha Vgfròìfà Ckaràsa g sbcu`r). G CF^G prbf`sg hb ha`s Vufbssas ias ha`s Hghas hb Cgta. Iæa jç Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa, b fghg Ogkjg  fgusg fgusg ul Obr`lbita ( (p. p. 66 66).). Hbpbihbiha hgs f`rfuistäif`gs, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb gpk`fgr a hgia rbsuktgitb bl gkcuàl au gkca gkàl hg cgtg= ul rboàl, au î farrbitb qub lgitàl gdbrtg g sgìhg hb blbrcíif`g, au a fglpa lçc`fa qub bstç sbkgiha ul partgk h`lbisàigk bitrb gqu` b ul kucgr ru`l. r u`l. À ul ibcöfà grr`s grr`sfgha! fgha!

43

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Ckör`g G Cgtg Fbrtg pgrg g grbog  pahb pahb aptgr par gpastgr ig sartb b tbitgr vbifbr ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk sbl fais`hbrgr sug pröpr`g sbcurgiãg. Bkg hbs`stb hb ulg hgs sugs v`hgs gpbigs pbkg tbitgt`vg. @ssa sb fjglg Ckör`g , au  bitgt`vg bitgt`vg Ckaràsg . A sgfròìfà, lgs pbrl`tb rakgcbl hb ul Ha`s Vufbssas hb Cgta bxtrg. Hbsg﬇a fghggOgkjg rbsuktg rbsuktg blHgha ul Obr`lbita , faioarlb lastrgha vbifbl ia Wug-a hra hb Hbsg﬇as ( (p. p. 67 67).). Vb gs trís rakgcbis rbsuktgrbl bl Ogkjg , g cgtg saorb trís obr`lbitas b bstç Larrbiha ( (p. p. 66). 66). ^bt`sfas iæa ouifàigl bl Hbsg﬇as Lartg`s, ìfkuìha  bi bitg tgt` t`vg vgss Ck Ckar` aràs asgs gs.

Drìfgiha fal g Lartb Wugiha ulg cgtg sb lbtb bl sàràs pradkblgs (hbv`ha î sug pröpr`g furàs`hghb, pradgd`k`hghbs bslgcghargs, au gpbigs gzgr) b, hb gfarha fal g köc`fg, bkg s`lpkbslbitb hbvbr`g larrbr larrbr,, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb kjb faifbhbr ulg fjgifb hb bsfgpgr. ^grg pbrl`t`r ulg Drìfghb`rg fal g Lartb, g CC trgtg g sadrbv`víif`g falahbulg _`hgs bl ul gdrb bitgt`vg bitgt`vg Ckar Ckaràsg àsg  bl Lartgkhb. G6 HC Macgharg læa ulgýi`fg hgs  ìsudst`tuìvb`s Vbtb b Hbsg﬇a ogz g rakgcbl . Ha`s gdrb Vufbssas s`ci`﬇fgl qub g cgtg bl qubstæa bsfgpg, sgìha fal ul ýi`fa obr`lbita. Fal trís Vufbssas, bkg bsfgpg `kbsg! Vb as hghas iæa lastrgrbl pbka lbias ha`s Vufbssas, g sartb hg cgtg gfgdau, b bkg sb bifaitrg fal g lar lartb. tb.

Vgfròìfà Ckaràsa Wugkqubr cgtg ‘ gtà lbsla G Cgtg ‛Brrghg“ ^grg g grbog grbog ‘ pahb tbr Vufbssa bl ulg rakgcbl pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a, sbiha bkb Lartgk au iæa, ogzbiha ul Vgfr`gutalgt`fglbitb bitb ig tbitgt`vg, usgiha tahgs gs _`hgs oìfà Ckaràsa. G cgtg larrb gutalgt`fgl rbstgitbs, b iæa pahb tbitgr ulg Drìfghb`rg fal g Lartb au qug`squbr autras truqubs pgrg bv`tgr sbu hbstìa. Bkg tgldàl à Gutalgt`fglbitb Dbl-Vufbh`hg hb ulg oarlg bspbtgfukgr5 vbmg Lb`g-Ia`tb (p. 40). 40). G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb sbr cbibrasg b pbrl`t`r qub g Macgharg  hbsfrbvg hbsfrbvg sbu trùioa rbtuldgitb pgrg g cgtg h`spastg g pbrhbr tuha hbstg lgib`rg. Ia bitgita, a Vgfròìfà Ckaràsa sb gpk`fg gpbigs g ul tbstb hb Hbsg﬇a5 bl autrgs pgkgvrgs, g ulg ýi`fg tgrbog qub pahb sbr rbsakv`hg bl ul tbstb hb 4 HC. Vakufàigr vgstas l`stàràs, hbrratgr ì`l`cas c`cgitbsfas b rbsakvbr pradkblgs falpkbxas fbitrg`s pgrg g gvbiturg iæa sb biqughrgl fala ul hbsg﬇a ýi`fa, bitæa ibl lbsla a lgàr has sgfròìfàs pahb gtìc`r tg`s admbt`vas. âr bxblpka= ulg cgtg pahbr`g hgr sug v`hg sb macgiha ia oaca hb ul ìfbisa praogia, ìtbrralpbiha gss`l a faitrakb lbitgk bl lgssg l gssg hb ul Vula V ula Vgfbrhatb Lgk`cia. Bitrbtgita Bitrbtgita,, blpur blpurrgr rgr a Vgfbrhatb ìfaisf`bitb, faihuz`r sbu sjgccatj hb bst`lgãæa hb vaktg gtrgvàs hg O`ssurg hb Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj b sbkgr a partgk, sæa tgrbogs g sbrbl fulpr`hgs pbkas hblg`s qub sadrbv`vbrbl.

4:

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

Akjas hb Fadrg b Lb`g-Ia`tb G Tbcrg hgs Hupkgs Bssg rbcrg à apfàigk, lgs à h`vbrt`hg. Vbl bkg, gs Macghargs b g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahbl `ciargr as iýlbras ias Hghas hb Cgta b faitgr gpbigs Cgtas Obk`zbs b Cgtas r`st r`stbs bs. Ia bitgita, lu`tas crupas castgl hb bifgrgr fbrtas rbsuktghas ia 4HC fala bspbf`g`s.

Akjas hb Fadrg ‘ Hupkg hb 7 Wugiha gldas as Hghas hb Cgta kgiãghas bl ul Hbsg﬇a rbsuktgl bl iýlbras 7, a rbsuktgha sæa Akjas hb Fadrg , au ulg Ogkjg _brcaijasg . G Macgharg  qub qub obz g rakgcbl tbl g fjgifb hb hbsfrbvbr gs f`rfuistäif`gs `lpravçvb`s b jul`kjgitbs qub gfaitbfbrgl fal sug cgtg. Vb bkg qu`sbr, bkg pahb faiv`hgr gs autrgs Macghargs pgrg pgrt`f`pgr fal sucbstòbs. Oìgklbitb, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  gh`fàig gh`fàig sugs pröpr`gs `hb`gs b hbsfrbvb rbsuktgha. ul @hb`gs rçp`hgs, bsp`r`tuasgs b h`vbrt`hgs h`vbr t`hgsa pahbl vgkbr ul ^bt`sfa pgrg afalpbisgr paufa a orgfgssa saor`ha. Fkgra, ^bt`sfa cgija ibssb lalbita iæa pahbrç sbr usgha pgrg rbogzbr g macghg qub rbsuktau ias Akjas hb Fadrg . Vufbssa _brcaijasa= Vb g CF^G tbitgr ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k b as hghas rbsuktgrbl bl Akjas hb Fadrg , bkg gìhg rbfbdb sbu Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa, bitæa a tbstb à Dbl-Vufbh`ha. Lbsla gss`l, gìhg à gkca vbrcaijasa! G Macgharg  qub qub ogz g rakgcbl à g pr`lb`rg pr `lb`rg g hbsfrbvbr a `lpravçvbk gf`hbitb qub, hbpa`s qub g pab`rg dg`xg, tbrlìg, hb gkculg oarl oarlg, g, fal fal a admbt`va gkfgiãgha, gpbsgr ha orgfgssa d`zgrra ia pkgibmglbita ar`cìgk.

Lb`g-Ia`tb ‘ Hupkg hb ? Wugiha gldas as Hghas hb Cgta kgiãghas bl ul Hbsg﬇a rbsuktgl bl iýlbras ?, a rbsuktgha à Lb`g-Ia`tb, au ul Vufbssa rùiogk. Iavglbitb, g Macgharg   qub obz g rakgcbl tbl g fjgifb, pr`lb`ra pr`lb`ra,, hb sucbr`r fala gfaitbfb g fbig, sbcu`hg pbkgs autrgs Macghargs, b par ﬇l pbkg Cgtg Cugrh`æ . Cbrgklbitb a crgihb Vufbssa, par s` sö, mç à ulg rbfalpbisg, lgs à fkgra qub g CC sblprb pahb aobrbfbr ul ^bt`sfa pgrg hbsfr`ãòbs bspbf`gklbitb bicrgãghgs au `lprbssàigitbs.

Hbsgoàs Faluis _bmg gdg` gdg`xa, xa, a qub fghg ^gpbk sblprb faisbcub ogzbr, b bxblpkas hb Hbsg﬇as pgrg as qug`s fghg ulg à g CF^G.

40

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Rlg Cgfradgtg au Gfradgcgtg... •

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Vblprb gcb pr`lb`ra. pr `lb`ra. Fal ogf`k`hghb, pahb bsfgkgr ulg pgrbhb çspbrg, pukgr ulg fbrfg, ouc`r hg v`stg hb ul julgia, sb bscub`rgr par ulg partg qub bstç obfjgiha, gihgr bl ulg farhg dgldg. Fal sartb, pahb pukgr hb tbkjgha bl tbkjgha, farrbr par ul ffgda, gda, ouc`r hg v`stg hb ul gi`lgk.

Rlg Crgfàsg... •

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Vblprb gtrg` g gtbiãæa. Fal ogf`k`hghb, pahb pbh`r gmuhg, pbh`r fal`hg, h`strg`r ul julgia, rbfaijbfbr fal`hg bxöt`fg. Fal sartb, pahb pbh`r gmuhg g ul fgfjarra, h`strg`r autrg cgtg, bitbihbr a qub hbvb sbr ob`ta pgrg gihgr bl ul vbìfuka julgia.

Rlg Dr`caig... •

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Vblprb pahb gvgk`gr ulg glbgãg oìs`fg. Fal ogf`k`hghb, pahb rabr ulg farhg, pbcgr ul rgta au pgssgrìja, gssustgr gkcuis cgtìjas, hgr ul cakpb surprbsg. Fal sartb, pahb pbcgr ulg rgtgzgig ghuktg hg f`hghb, biorbitgr ul fgfjarra, rgscgr ulg sgfakg au gdr`r ulg fg`xg.

Rlg `crbsg Vaijgharg... •

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Vblprb pahb prbssbit`r qugiha gkca iæa bstç fbrta. Fal ogf`k`hghb, pahb faioartgr ul julgia, ìtbrralpbr ul r`tugk lçc`fa, pbrfbdbr falpartglbitas iæa igturg`s, rbfaijbfbr qub ul pghræa à lìst`fa. Fal sartb, pahb faioartgr ul fgfjarra, falui`fgr-sb fal ul sbr gk`biìcbig, `hbit`﬇fgr a qub ul pghræa lìst`fa pahb s`ci`﬇fgr s`ci`﬇f gr..

Rlg Julgiakac`stg... •

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6>

Vblprb pbrfbdb a qub ul julgia prbtbihb ogzbr. Fal ogf`k`hghb, faisbcub h`stìcu`r gs fjgvbs ha fgrra hgs fjgvbs hg fgsg, gfàigr ìtbrruptarbs, puxgr puxgr g hbsfgrcg ha vgsa sgi`tçrà, gdr`r ul grlçrà hg fazìjg, rbt`rgr ul pkucub hg talghg. Fal sartb, pahb lblar`zgr qug`s datòbs ul julgia gpbrtau, gdr`r ulg obfjghurg hb farrbitb pbka kgha hb hbitra hg partg, pas`fàigr ulg fghb`rg hb rahìjgs.

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

Wughra hb Hbsgoàs Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k Rl sufbssa ibfbssçrà

Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk Rl Vufbssa= pracrbssa pgrf`gk Ha`s Vufbssas= rbsuktgha gkfgiãgha

Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k Ha`s sufbssas ibfbssçràs Bl ul hgha falul hb sb`s kghas, ul Vufbssa sæa as rbsuktghas hb 6 g ?.

Hbsg﬇as Lartg`s (Gpbigs pgrg g CF^G) Tbsuktgha

Faisbquíif`g

Obr`lbitas

Vufbssa

Ibijul

Ogkjg

Ogkjg

Lgfjufghg

Hbd`k`tghg Ckör`g= Gdr`r læa hb ulg _` _`hg hg  pgrg pgrg rakgr trís Hghas hb Cgta bl ul Hbsgoà Lartgk Vufbssa

Vbl ul grrgijæa!

Vufbssa Lgfjufghg Ogkjg Hbd`k`tghg Ogkjg Larrbiha

67

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

G Tbcrg ha V`kíifà (LBASGSE@6) bitgt`vg bitgt`vg Ckaràsg bl ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk hç g pass`d`k`hghb hb ‛tràs“ Rlg  hb 7 au ‛tràs“ hb ?. Vb tgk rbsuktgha gpgrbfbr bl gkcul lalbita ig lbsg, fghg ul fal gpbigs 7 fjgifb bl 47? hb afarrbr, tahas, bxfbta g Macgharg  qub qub macau `lbh`gtglbitb hb ogkgra (fal as hghas, Iìcuàl hbvb pgrgrpahb bxfbãæag hb bvbitug`s cr`tas hb sbqubr VRCBT@T qub gfaitbfb sbcu`r surprbsg). . Valbitb g Macgharg , sazìjg, pahb cgstgr a tblpa qub qu`sbr pgrg rbfflbt`r b, hbpa`s, hbsfrbvbr sbu hbstìa lgrgv`kjasa au frubk pgrg a qugk bssg cgtg oa` ui`fglbitb hbs`cighg. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hgr pbigk`hghbs sbvbrgs g ulg Macgharg  qub qub ausb ìtbrralpbr a lalbita hg autrg.

Lgrfgãæa G Tbcrg Tbcr g hgs rís Fa`sgs fal Fjb`ra Ga sb bsorbcgr bl ulg fr`gturg au admbta fal a rasta, tbstg au gs pgtgs, ulg cgtg trgisobrb sbu fjb`ra fal sugs ckäihukgs bspbf`g`s. Bssg pbssag, gi`lgk, kucgr au admbta sb tarig ogl`k`gr î cgtg, b g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb kbvgr `ssa bl fais`hbrgãæa ga hbsfrbvbr as rbsuktghas hb Hbsg﬇as. Bxblpka= Bxblpka= Rlg cgtg v`rg g bsquìg hb ulg rug b bitrg bl ul dbfa pgrg bsfgpgr hb pbrsbcu`harbs. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pbhb pbhb ul tbstb pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k b g Macgharg  faisbcub faisbcub pgssgr. G CC giuif`g qub g cgtg bitrg ia dbfa b rgp`hglbitb pukg pgrg sb bsfaihbr gtrçs hb ul sgfa hb k`xa, lgs iæa pahb sb lavbr sbl sb rbvbkgr pgrg as pbrsbcu`harbs. Bitæa g Macgharg   rbkbldrg î CC qub sug cgtg mç jgv`g pgssgha par gqubkb dbfa gitbs b hbh`fau ul tblpa bspbf`﬇fglbitb bspbf`﬇fglbi tb pgrg lgrfç-ka. G CC gktbrg a rbsuktgha, ìoarlgiha qub g cgtg, sgdbiha bxgtglbitb a qub jgv`g gk`, hbsvàu has adstçfukas ogf`klbitb b sgù hg v`stg has pbrsbcu`harbs pb rsbcu`harbs gìhg biqugita farr`g. Rlg cgtg sö pahb tbr trís fa`sgs bobt`vglbitb lgrfghgs bl ul hgha lalbita. Lgrfgr ulg qugrtg s`ci`﬇fg qub a fjb`ra hgqubkb pr`lb`ra kucgr (b g lblör`g hbtgkjghg g sbu rbspb`ta) hbsgpgrbfbrgl. A fjb`ra b as hbtgkjbs tgldàl hbsgpgrbfbl gpös ul h`g5 lbias tblpa gìhg sb fjavbu igqubkb kucgr au sb prahutas hb k`lpbzg oargl usghas. Gkàl h`ssa, kbvg tblpa pgrg gs ckäihukgs hb fjb`ra rbfgrrbcgrbl5 gs Macghargs hbvbl bv`tgr usgr bssg rbcrg fal lu`tg orbquíif`g, au g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hbfkgrgr hbf kgrgr qub gs ckäihukgs ibfbssçr`gs oargl bxgur`hgs pbka rbsta hg sbssæa. 6 ‘ I. T. LBASGSE@, faioarlb hbsfr`ta ia tbxta, sæa gs ì`f`g`s hg orgsb ‛ Ly bih ao tjb warkh gs wb eiaw `t “, “, qub sb trghuz fala ‛ Lbu ﬇l ha luiha fala iös a faijbfblas fa ijbfblas “ (ulg rbobríif`g pravçvbk î fgiãæa ha T.B.L. hb 70:3). Bl ìckís gs ì`f`g`s oarlgl, hb oarlg bicrgãghg, a sal ‛Lbaw“, bqu`vgkbitb ga iassa ‛L`gu“. G trghuãæa pgrg a partucuís, bitrbtgita, pbrhbr`g g drìf drìfghb`rg ghb`rg b, par bstb lat`va, oa` lgit`hg ia ar`cìgk.

64

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

Lu`tgs vbzbs, ulg cgtg prafurg rbiavgr g ogl`k`gr`hghb fal gkvas `lpartgitbs, fala as julgias faijbf`has, gss`l qub sb rbýibl ia lbsla gld`bitb. As julgias ghargl ìtbrprbtgr bssb falpartglbita fala ul gl`cçvbk ‛sbmg dbl-vìha“. @ssa, hb fbrtg oarlg, à vbrhghb.

Obr`lbitas b Tbfupbrgãæa Iæa à h`vbrt`ha hbtgkjgr tahgs gs fa`sgs hakarasgs qub pahbl gfaitbfbr g ulg cgtg

qub sb gvbiturg gkàl hb sug fglìjg gfaifjbcgitb. Gìhg gss`l, sb gs crgihbs faiqu`stgs iæa bst`vbssbl vìfukghgs g crgihbs r`sfas, tahgs gs cgtgs gs dusf dusfgr`gl. gr`gl. Bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju, ulg cgtg fal sgýhb gdg`xa ha iarlgk à fais`hbrghg Lgfjufghg , @ifgpgf`tghg  au au Larrbiha. Ia tbxt tbxta, a, a ìfaib hhbb Cgta r`stb ìh`fg ul Obr`lbita.

Lgfjufghg= Rlg cgtg fal ul obr`lbita iæa pahb lg`s sbr g CF^G pgrg qugkqubr Hbsg﬇a oìs`fa pbka rbsta hg gvbiturg. ahas bssbs Hbsg﬇as tgldàl sb tarigl lg`s falpk`fghas= Rl Hbsg﬇a oìs`fa Oçf`k sb tarig Iarlgk5 ul Iarlgk sb tarig Hòìf`k5 ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k sb tarig ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk b, partgita, a orgfgssa pahb kbvgr g lg`s obr`lbitas. @ifgpgf`tghg= Rlg cgtg fal ha`s obr`lbitas ﬇fg @ifgpgf`tghg  b b iæa pahb ogzbr ighg gkàl hb ﬇fgr hb`tghg, sgicrgr, l`gr kglbitgvbklbitb, sb grrgstgr kbitglbitb pbka fjæa fal har, au harl`r ul saia ìqu`bta. Bkg rairaig faistgitblbitb b grog, b sbu dgt`lbita fgrhìgfa à gfbkbrgha. Bkg iæa pahb bifgrgr ibijul Hbsg﬇a qub sbmg oìs`fa, b lbsla as Hbsg﬇as lbitg`s sb tarigl ul iìvbk lg`s falpk`fghas. G cgtg iæa pahb sb hbobihbr sazìjg b iæa pahb sb falui`fgr fal autrgs cgtgs qub bstbmgl g lg`s ha qub gkcuis lbtras hb h`stäif`g. trís obr`lbitas Bkg bstç ìfaisf`bitb Larrbiha= b iæa pahbRlg ogzbr cgtg ighg.fal G ýi`fg lgib`rg hbbstç sb Larrbiha falui`fgr .fal bkg à pbka Vaija. G lbias qub sugs gl`cgs bifaitrbl bi faitrbl gmuhg bxtrgarhìçr`g, fala g ìtbrigãæa bl ul jasp`tgk vbtbrìçrà, bkg ogkbfbrç ia ﬇igk hg sbssæa. Wugkqubr hgia oìs`fa qub g cgtg saorg ibssb bstgha g lgtgrç ìstgitgibglbitb.

Tbfupbrgãæa As obr`lbitas hbsgpgrbfbl qugiha g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hb﬇i`r, hb﬇i`r, cbrgklbitb bitrb gs sbssòbs hb maca. Gs Macghargs pahbl oarãgr g furg cgstgiha ^bt`sfas gpös a tàrlìa hg sbssæa, au sgfr`﬇fgiha ulg _`hg  hurgitb hurgitb a maca. Bl qugkqubr ul has fgsas, a obr`lbita furgha iæa prbf`sg sbr ig cgtg hg Macgharg 5 bkg pahb aptgr par furgr ul gi`lgk hòbrbitb, au gtà lbsla ul admbta `lpartgitb.

66

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Tbfupbrgiha fal ^bt`sfas= G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hbfkgrgr qub tahas as obr`lbitas bstæa furghas ia ììfà hb fghg sbssæa... au iæa. Fala as ^bt`sfas hbvbl sbr faisul`has ga tàrlìa hb fghg gvbiturg, gs Macgh Macghargs args pahbl ut`k`zgr fghg ^bt`sfa qub gìhg tbijgl pgrg furgr a lbsla iýlbra hb Obr`lbitas ga ﬇igk hg sbssæa. Hbs`stìha hb ulg _`hg = Bssg gt`tuhb hbsbspbrghg ogz fal qub ulg cgtg obr`hg ﬇qub hb pà `lbh`gtglbi `lbh`gtglbitb, tb, lg lgss g ul fusta bkbvgha. ^grg sb rbfupbrgr `lbh`gtglbitb hb tahgs as Obr`lbitas, g cgtg t`rg ul rçp`ha fafj`ka, fjglg Ousstgr -Gskgi ia Vaija, talg ul dgija hb kìicug, b falbãg hb iava, bk`lìgiha ulg hb sugs sbtb v`hgs pgrg sblprb.

Kutg Cgtgs pahbl dr`cgr bitrb s`, lgs jbraìigs ìtbk`cbitbs bv`tgl sb bivakvbr fal fr`gturgs crgihbs b hbsgcrghçvb`s. Wugiha ibfbssçrà, gs kutgs sb rbsakvbl rgp`hglbitb fal ulg sàr`b hb tbstbs, fghg ul kbvgiha g ul has fìfa rbsuktghas gdg`xa. ^grg rbsakvbr ulg h`sputg, fghg kutgharg rakg 4HC. Iæa cgtas faitgl ul rbsuktgha hb Cgta r`stb fala Vufbssa b ul Cgta Obk`z  fala fala Orgfgssa! Rlg Dr`caig , sbiha g CF^G, adtàl ul Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa. A lbsla gfaitbfb fal ul iæa cgta fal hbitbs paituhas b lahas vàkbitas. Akjas hb Fadrg , Lb`g-Ia`tb b a usa hb ^bt`sfas sb gpk`fgl fala bl qugkqubr tbstb hb Hbsg﬇a. A kutghar fal lg`s Vufbssas bsfakjb qugk Tbsuktgha ìffl`c`r ga autra. autra. Rl blpgtb à ul blpgtb, fal s`kvas, dgrukjas, pbkas vagiha, lgs ibijul Tbsuktgha gkàl h`ssa.

Tbsuktghas G fr`tàrà ha vbifbhar, g fr`gturg qub pbrhb pahb sbr Bsqu`vghg , Gtarhaghg , Blpurrghg , Gcgr Gcgrrghg rghg   au Lgfjufghg . A rbsuktgha bxgta hbpbihb hb qug`s fr`gturgs bstæa bivakv`hgs= tglgija igturbzg, bzg, pahb b hbo hbobsgs. K`stglas bxblpkas g sbcu`r, lgs salbitbrbkgt`va, g Cgtgigtur Cugrh`æ grlgs pahb hgr g bsgs. pgkgvrg ﬇igk. gkcuis

Bsqu`vgr G vbifbharg bv`tg falpkbtglbitb as gtgqubs b ìtbiãòbs hg pbrhbharg. G vbifbharg pahb usgr bstg apartui`hghb pgrg ouc`r. Iæa `lpartg quæa crgihb au gssustghar sbmg a apaibitb, g Bsqu`vg   sblprb pbrl`tb qub g vbifbharg hbsv`b hb gtgqubs. G ýi`fg lgib`rg hb sb Bsqu`vgr  à à bitrgiha bl ulg kutg, fal a r`sfa hg autrg fr`gturg vbifbr g h`sputg5 iæa à passìvbk Bsqu`vgr  ‛hgs ‛hgs saldrgs“. •

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68

ayg b sbus sbcrbhas saldràs. ‘ Gpa`ghar Kufgs Lgrfbka D`cuìgt` G`rbs

Gtarhagr G pbrhbharg à surprbbih`hg, ﬇fg tblpargr`glbitb faiousg, au, hb gkculg oarlg, ﬇fg `lpass`d`k`tghg hb gc`r. Rl sbcuiha gtarhaglbita pahb ogzbr a gkva hbf`h`r ouc`r,, lgs qugita lg`s oart ouc`r oartbb a ì ì`l`ca, `l`ca, lg`s rçp`ha bkb rbfupbrg sug falpasturg. Gtarhagr  ul ul rgta s`ci`﬇fg gtìc`-ka fal ul cakpb oartb a su﬇f`bitb pgrg hb`xç-ka sbl`faisf`bitb. Gtarha Gta rhagr gr   ulg ulg autrg cgtg s`ci`﬇fg vbifbr g kutg. G pbrhbharg rbfug ul paufa, pass`vbklbitb pgrg kgldbr b fu`hgr hb gkcul dbk`sfæa au grrgijæa. Gtarhagr  ul ul fæa crgihb `rç surprbbihí-ka (tgkvbz fal ulg `lprbssàigitb bx`d`ãæa hb fguhg bstuoghg, fastgs grqubghgs b s`kvas hb glb•

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gãg). A fæa `rç oartbs, pgrgr hb gtgfgr,au parsadrbigturgklbitb biqugita. @i`l`cas lg`s crgihbs bstýp`has iæa iatgræa gs tbitgt`vgs hb Gtarhaglbita.

Blpurrgr G pbrhbharg à oarãghg g hgr gkcuis pgssas bl ulg h`rbãæa bsfakj`hg pbkg vbifbharg. Rlg prbsg qub à Blpurrghg  pahb pahb pgrbfbr bstgr î vaitghb, lgs vg` bxgtglbitb pgrg aihb g cgtg pkgibmau, b iæa pahb bsfgpgr gitbs ha pröx`la gtgqub. Bstb maca pahb hurgr lu`ta tblpa. Blpurrgr  autrg autrg cgtg g ogz rbfugr g ulg h`stäif`g ul paufa lgàr ha qub a gkfgifb gldgs, hb`xgiha gs faldgtbitbs praitgs pgrg rbfalbãgr g kutg auhbrbfugr fu`hghasglbitb. •

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62

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

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Blpurrgr  ulg ulg fr`gturg lgàr pahb s`ci`﬇fgr ogzí-kg trapbãgr, hgr ul Gcgrræa æa bifaitræa ibkg fal sbu farpa, au gtgfgr a rasta gpös ul Gcgrr dbl-sufbh`ha. A rbsuktgha à ul ýi`fa b `lprbssàigitb pgssa.

Gcgrrgr Gc grrgr G vbifbharg gcgrrg g pbrhbharg fal as sbus hbitbs au lbldras. Gqubkg qub Gcgrr Gc grrg g  pahb pahb saktgr g qugkqubr lalbita, g lbias qub gldas as kghas tbijgl sb Gc Gcgrr grrgha gha lutuglbitb. Rlg cgtg qub Gcgr Gcgrrg rg  ul ul ì`l`ca pbqubia fala ul rgta a prbihb bl sugs pgtgs (tgkvbz pbkg fguhg), hb`xgiha-a falpkblbitb î sug lbrfí. Gcgrrgr Gcgr rgr   autrg autrg cgtg ogz fal qub gldgs iæa passgl sb lavbr pgrg autra kucgr, gtà qub g pbrhbharg fais`cg sb k`vrgr ha gpbrta, Bsqu`vgiha au Blpurrgiha gqubkg qub g bstgvg b stgvg gcgrrgiha pgrg kaicb. Gcgrrgr ul julgia s`ci`﬇fg qub g cgtg bstç pbih pbihurghg urghg ibkb, sumb`tg g cakpbs qub pahbl Lgfjufç-kg , lgs tgldàl fgpgz hb faitìugr fal •

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tbitgt`vgs hb Gtarhagr  au au Blpurrgr  fal fal grrgijòbs b larh`hgs. Vb g cgtg oar Gcgr Gcgrrghg rghg  par par ulg fr`gturg crgihb, fala, par bxblpka, pbkgs lgihìdukgs hb ul fæa f æa au pbkgs læas hb ul julgia, bssg fr`gturg pahbrç grrblbssç-kg ig pröx`lg rahghg qub vbifbr bl ul tbstb hb kutg. A grrblbssa macg g cgtg pgrg kaicb, oarg hb gkfgifb, ouifàigiha fala ul Blpurræa, b, hbpbihbiha hb aihb bkg fg`r, tgldàl pahb Gtarhaç-kg  au au Lgfjufç-kg .

Lgfjufgr G vbifbharg ogz a sbu lbkjar pgrg obr`r g pbrhbharg, fgusgiha hgias s`ci`﬇fgt`vas, sb passìvbk. Cgtgs fgusgl Lgfjufghas fal sugs prbsgs g﬇ghgs au fal cakpbs hgs pgtgs trgsb`rgs gpös Gc Gcgrrg grrgr r . Gs cgrrgs h`gitb`rgs sæa pgrg macghgs lbias kbtg`s kbtg`s.. Rlg cgtg qub Lgfjufg  ul ul ìsbta au autrg prgcg lìýsfukg gutalgt`fglbitb lgtg g prbsg. Lgfjufgr  autrg autrg cgtg à gkca sàrà5 fgusg ul obr`lbita. Gtarhagr   à lg`s gprapr`gha pgrg rbg﬇rlgr sug halìäif`g. _ìt`lgs lu`ta lgàrbs qub g cgtg iæa saorbræa sao rbræa obr`lbitas rbg`s. Gkculgs pahbl ibl sbit`r har. •

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6?

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

V`stblg Gvgiãgha hb Kutg ^rbsgs= ^bqubias ^bqubias b rçp`has ì`l`cas (ha ( ha t`pa qub cgtgs bvakuìrgl pgrg ffgãgr) gãgr) tíl paufg bspbrgiãg bspbrgiã g faitrg gtgqubs hb obkìas obkìas.. gk fr`gturg à ulg ^rbsg  b b rakg ul ýi`fa Hgha hb Cgta. Faitrg ulg Dr`caig , qub tbl ul Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa ibssb t`pa hb tbstb, a lbkjar rbsuktgha pgrg bssb gkva à a blpgtb. Gtgqubs-Vurprbsg = G Cgtg Cugrh`æ , g sbu fr`tàrà, pahb hbf`h`r qub ul gtgqub à ulg surprbsg s urprbsg falpkbtg pgrg g vìt`lg. Rlg Dr`caig  gtgfgitb gtgfgitb (au ul dal kutghar iæa cgta) à Dbl-Vufbh`hg Gutalgt`fglbitb faitrg ulg vìt`lg qub à pbcg hb surprbsg, `lpa `lpaiha iha a Tbsuktgha hb sug bsfakjg. Rl gtgfgitb iæa tæa vaktgha ga faldgtb pahb ogzbr a lbsla bl ul tbstb tbst b hb Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk. Îs vbzbs ulg Crgfàsg , qub cbrgklbitb iæa à ulg kutgharg, pahb sb bivakvbr bl ul gtgqub-surprbsg hb oarlg tatgklbitb ìbspbrghg. Rl lav`lbita falul iuifg à su﬇f`bitb pgrg pbcgr ulg Cgfradgtg  fal fal g cugrhg dg`xg, par `ssa bkgs iæa sæa susfbtìvb`s g gtgqubs-surprbsg faluis. V`tugãòbs vbrhghb`rglbitb fjafgitbs, fala ulg cgrrg c`cgitb rgscgiha g pgrbhb, pahbl gobtgr qugkqubr cgtg. L`sturgiha= Igs dr`cgs fal lg`s hb ulg kutgharg, fghg fr`gturg ogz gpbigs ulg rakgcbl. As Vufbssas rbsuktgitbs faitgl hbobis`vglbitb faitrg tahas as autras bivakv`has, lgs sö pahbl sbr usghas ulg vbz pgrg fgusgr ul Tbsuktgha rbgk. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahb hbf`h`r hb oarlg hòbrbitb pgrg fr`gturgs hb autra luiha fal lu`tas akjas b tbitçfukas. Gãæa hb Faitbiã Faitbiãæa æa8= ^grg faitbr ul ì`l`ca lgàr, lg`s oartb au pbr`casa, ulg cgtg pahb sb ìtbrpar, rakgiha 4HC pgrg kutgr, fala hb fastulb. Vb bkg vbifbr a ì`l`ca, pahb bsfakjbr a Tbsuktgha qub qu`sbr, cbrgklbitb ul Gtarhaglbita Gtarhag lbita pgrg `lpbh`r qub a ì`l`ca gvgifb. Bitrbtgita, ìhbpbihbitb hb cgijgr au pbrhbr, fghg Orgfgssa s`ci`﬇fg qub a ì`l`ca bsfakjb ul Tbsuktgha pgrg ìffl`c`r ig cgtg fargmasg. As rbsuktghas sæa s`luktäibas, lgs fghg ul hbvb sbr hòbrbitb. Ig pàr hgs j`pötbsbs, g cgtg pahb rakgr ha`s Orgfgssas b   pbrhbr a tbstb hb kutg, saorbiha, gss`l, trís Tbsuktghas. âr bxblpka, bkg pahb sbr Gc Gcgrr grrghg ghg , Grrb Grrblbssghg lbssghg  faitrg faitrg g pgrbhb (faldìgiha ul Blpurrgr  b b Lgfjufgr ) b, ﬇igklbitb, ﬇fgr Gtarhagh Gtarhaghg g , ìfgpgz hb vaktgr ga faldgtb gtà qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pbrl`tg, pbrl`tg, pgcgiha, gss`l, ul prbãa gkta pgrg tbitgr gtrgsgr ul ì`l`ca laistruasa par gkcuis ìstgitbs prbfàsas. G Gãæa hb Faitbi Faitbiãæa ãæa à a bqu`vgkbitb, igs kutgs, gas tbstbs hb ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk. H`sputgs Iæa Faldgt`vgs= bstbs bstbs hb kutg tgldàl pahbl rbsakvbr faiffl`tas qub iæa bivakvbl faldgtbs, fala ha`s gi`lg`s qub h`sputgl a faitrakb hb ul admbta ìgi`lgha. As Tbsuktghas sæa h`rbfàighas ga gkva, iæa ga apaibitb, b g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  tbl tbl g ìtbrprbtgãæa ﬇igk ha rbsuktgha. 8 ‘ I. T. ‛Jakhìc Gftài“, ia ar`cìgk. brla l`k`tgr qub sb rbobrb g ulg gãæa talghg par ul bxàrf`ta (au qugkqubr sudh`v`sæa hbstb) pgrg `lpbh`r qub a ì`l`ca gtgqub, sb lav`lbitb au gvgif gvgifb. b. Bl partucuís, à afgsàigklbitb trghuz`ha fala ‛Gtgqub ‛Gtgqub hb O`xgãæa“, bldarg a tbrla iæa sbmg hb faijbf`lbita cbrgk.

63

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg pgrg Macghargs Hurgitb a maca, ìhbpbihbitblbitb hb qugkqubr macghg hb Hghas b O`fjgs hb ^brsaigcbis , fbrtgs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg  gmuhgl gmuhgl g lgitbr tahas ia lbsla r`tla= fal a bspìr`ta hb laistrìjas `kbtrghas, sbl pakbcgrbs apas`tarbs b qughrýpbhbs qub fgdbl bl ulg fg`xg f g`xg hb farrbà, gihgl par fgdas b faisbcubl auv`r gs oakjgs hg crglg sbiha p`sghgs g vìtb lbtras hb h`stäif`g, lgs iæa faisbcubl h`stìcu`r g Laig K`sg hb ul glaitagha hb marig`s vbkjas. Gs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg   gdarhghgs ibstb k`vra bstæa falp`kghgs ig pçcìg pçcìg   73:.. Gkcuis crupas hb Macghargs pahbl hbsbivakvbr lu`ta lg`s `hb`gs, b bstæa 73: faiv`hghas g falpgrt`kjç-kgs fal autrgs Macghargs par lbà hgs rbhbs saf`g`s b fgig`s hb ìtbribt hg iassg bh`targ.

G Kìicug hg Cgtg G Tbcrg ha L`gha b ha Tairaigha Cgtgs sb falui`fgl gtrgvàs hb sais vafg`s, faitgta v`sugk, bxprbssæa ogf`gk, pasturg farpargk, lav`lbita hb fguhg, faivbfãæa psìqu`fg v`g taqub, b bspgslas igs arbkjìjgs, pbkas b d`cahbs. Adsbrvb qub iæa `lpartg sb a kucgr bstç bsfura au iæa5 cgtgs qub bstæa ia lbsla gld`bitb b qub pahbl sb bsorbcgr ulgs igs autrgs faisbcubl sb falui`fgr dbl, g hbspb`ta hb quæa bsfurg g çrbg passg pgrbfbr gas akjas julgias. Wugiha oarg ha gkfgifb has akjas au hgs pgtgs, bitrbtgita, gs cgtgs sö pahbl usgr sais gi`lgkbsfas pgrg trafgr `hb`gs, k`l`tgiha dgstgitb a qub pahb sbr h`ta. Gs Macghargs hbvbl s`lukgr `ssa, usgiha gpbigs sais ob`tas par cgtgs qubrbl sb falui`fgr, lgs hb iæasussurrgr pahbl ^brsaigcbis sb vbr.qugiha Lu`tgs sugs blaãòbs   pahbl pahbl sbrObkìgs bxprbssgs sbl pgkgvrgs, lgs ighg sìkgdgs! @ssa à fa`sg hb julgias!

Fgrrbcgiha Rlg cgtg pahb fgrrbcgr ulg fa`sg hb fghg vbz, sbcurgiha-g ig dafg, au grrgstgiha-g fal as hbitbs ia fgsa hb admbtas lgàrbs au lg`s pbsghas. Ga usgr g dafg pgrg fgrrbcgr fa`sgs, g cgtg iæa faisbcub bl`t`r sais iarlg`s, `lpbhìha g falui`fgãæa. Gkàl h`ssa, fgrr fgrrbcgr bcgr fa`sgs fal g dafg à ffjgta jgta b ulg cgtg `rç dusfgr g pr`lb`rg apartui`hghb pgrg kgrcgr sbu ogrha. ^ ârtgita, artgita, qugiha ulg ^brsaigcbl Obkìg  pbcg pbcg gkculg fa`sg fal g dafg, g Macgharg hbvb fakafgr ul kçp`s, au autra admbta qub bkg sb sbit`r î vaitghb, bitrb as hbitbs b pbrlgibfbr gss`l, tbitgiha

6:

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

ogkgr gpbsgr ha adstçfuka, biqugita g cgtg fgrrbcgr a admbta ia maca. Wugiha g Macgharg sb fgisgr b saktgr a kçp`s, lbsla par ul ìstgitb, g cgtg tgldàl hb`xgrç fg`r a admbta.

Falpgrt`kjb g Fgãg G Tbcrg hg Cgtgr`g Iæa `lpartg quæa h`vbrt`ha a maca à pgrg ulg pbssag au pgrg taha luiha ig lbsg, à `lpartgitb qub, hb tblpas bl tblpas, tahas pgrbl, rbsp`rbl b pbisbl= ‛Vbrç qub bu bstau talgiha pgrg l`l lg`s ha qub g lìjg pgrfbkg ha tblpa, hg ogkg, hg gãæa1“ . Falpgrt`kjb Falpgrt`kjb g h`vbrsæa5 falpgrt`kjb g ffgãg. gãg.

H`fgs pgrg g Cgtg Cugrh`æ Lu`tg sgdbhar`g pahb sbr ghqu`r`hg ia K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl, tgldàl . BssbGi`lg`s vakulb brbvbkg as sbcrbA Cu`g ,hgìfkuìha Cgtg Cugrh`æ has sadrbfaijbf`ha a ui`vbrsafala hb Cgtjukju as Hbusbs sbus fuktas sì`stras, gs lu`tgs vgr`bhghbs hb julgias ia K`vra has Julgias, a faijbf`lbita fgiìa ia K`vra has Fgfjarras, trís Cgtvbiturgs falpkbtgs, b lu`ta lg`s. Biqugita `ssa, ulg gsp`rgitb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  qub qub sö tbl bstb k`vra pahb falbãgr g `lprav`sgr crgihbs gvbiturgs, usgiha gs iatgs rçp`hgs g sbcu`r b sbus sbit`has ìgtas hb hrglg b jjular ular.. G Gpbigs pbigs sb h`v`rtg!

Fakafgiha as Hghas hb Cgta pgrg Xrgdgkjgr Bldarg, g sbu bxfkus`va b h`vìa fr`tàrà, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  passg passg h`tgr qugkqubr bvbita hurgitb a maca, `ssa pahb sb tarigr laiötaia. A admbt`va ha maca à qub iìcuàl sg`dg bxgtglbitb a qub gfaitbfbrç qugiha bvbitas tbrrìvb`s bsdgrrgl ia rgfàfìià rçp`ha hgs Macghargs . A usa ha Hgha hb Cgta gfrbsfbitg gkbgtar`bhghb îs rbspastgs pgrg gkculgs pbrcuitgs pbrcuitgs b pbrl`tb qub tahgs hbsorutbl hb ul paufa hb `lprbv`s`d`k`hghb, lgitbiha bl bstgha hb gkbrtg gtà lbsla gs Cgtgs Macghargs lg`s fai﬇gitbs.

bstbs  bstbs hb ^brfbpãæa ^brfbpãæa Bl cbrgk, gs Cgtgs Macghargs pbrfbdbl a ibfbssçrà pgrg a maca gvgiãgr. Vb iæa oar fruf`gk, au sb g `ciaräif`g pgrbfbr tæa ìtbrbssgitb qugita a faijbf`lbita, g

60

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb pbh`r rakgcbis hgs Macghar Macghargs gs fumgs jbraìigs obkìgs bstbmgl bl Macgharg g  rakg faih`ãòbs hb vbr, fjb`rgr au, bspbf`gklbitb, auv`r gkca. Fghg Macghar rakg 4HC. Fal hugs Ogkjgs, g cgtg iæa pbrfbdb ighg5 fal Akjas hb Fadrg , `ssa pahb sbr hbfarrbitb hb ulg h`strgãæa fal`fglbitb takg. Rl Vufbssa à su﬇f`bitb pgrg fgpturgr a qub bstç ia gr. Vb gkculgs cgtgs bstæa lg`s h`stgitbs, au lg`s h`strgìhgs ha qub gs autrgs, sæa ibfbssçràs ha`s Vufbssas. Orbqubitblbitb, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahb gvgiãgr a maca s`lpkbslbitb h`zbiha qub gs cgtgs qub adt`vbrgl as lbkjarbs rbsuktghas pbrfbdbl gqu`ka qub g CC hbsbmg qub gs Macghargs sg`dgl. Ga kgha hg guh`ãæa, a akogta à a lbkjar sbit`ha obkìa, lu`ta lbkjar qub a julgia (bldarg iæa fjbcub ibl pbrta ha akogta fgiìa). Vbus igr`zbs gkbrtgl pgrg g prbsbiãg hb gi`lg`s, dag fal`hg, dbl fala sudstäif`gs qub sbr`gl pbr pbr`ca`casgs hb rbsp`rgr, falbr au dbdbr, gr orbsfa au pgrgha. Cgtgs pahbl hb`xgr lgrfgs hb sugs lu`tgs ckäihukgs hb fjb`ra (p. (p. 64 64)) b pahbl `hbit`﬇fgr qugk cgtg hb`xau qugk lgrfg, au gtà lbsla hb﬇i`r a sbxa, lalbita hg v`s`tg, h`btg rbfbitb b tblpbrglbita hb ulg cgtg hbsfaijbf`hg.

Takgcbis hb Vartb Ogkjg = Vb as pkgias hgs cgtgs bstæa ìha dbl, g CC pahb sbfrbtglbitb ogzbr ul tbstb pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k. Vb bl gldas as hghas rbsuktgrbl bl Orgfgssas, gkcul bkblbita qub hbvbr`g tbr ouifàigha dbl sb lastrg iæa fai﬇çvbk au gcb hb lgib`rg ìbspbrghg. ìb spbrghg. Bxblpka= ‛Biqugita tahas vafís prafurgvgl prafurgvgl par fæbs ha kgha hb oarg, ul has cgtìjas hbsg hbsgpgrbfbu pgrbfbu“ “ . Vartb Lbiar = Wugiha gs cgtgs qubrbl rbgk`zgr ulg gãæa qub hí faitìu`hghb î j`stör`g b g CC iæa tbl fbrtbzg ha rbsuktgha, bkg pahb rakgr 7HC . Fal rbsuktghas hb 7 au 4, g faisbquíif`g à apastg ga qub gs cgtgs qubrbl5 fgsa faitrçrà, bkgs faisbcubl bxgtglbit bxgtglbitbb a qub bspbrgl b a maca faitìug. Bxblpka= ‛Iæa, g partg hg fazìjg iæa bstç trgifghg. _afí pahb s`lpkbslbitb blpurrgr b gdr`r“ . Hbstìa Vì`stra= Wugiha gs fa`sgs bstæa ìha lgk pgrg gs cgtgs, g CC pahb aptgr parGogzbr ulgqub rakgcbl ul Hbsg﬇a b faitìugr gulbitgiha prbssæa. lbias gldaspgrg as hghas rbsuktblHòìf`k bl sufbssas, gs oarãgs hgs trbvgsg gulbitgl sbu faitrakb sadrb gs fa`sgs b tuha ﬇fg ul paufa pàr. Bxblpka= ‛Biqugita vafí saorb pgrg sb k`vrgr hg s`tugãæa, a oaca sb gkgstrg. Hb rbpbitb, ha ﬇igk ha farrbhar, vafí vafí auvb a sal gcuha ha qub pgrbfbl sbr vçràs autras sgpas“ .

Julgias Bstýp`has Wugiha ulg cgtg bstç tbitgiha fakafgr ulg `hb`g ig fgdbãg hb ul julgia, bkb pahb hblargr g bitbihbr. Falprbbihbr gtà as lg`s s`lpkbs hbsbmas hb autra gi`lgk à ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k pgrg as sbrbs julgias, bx`cìha ha`s Vufbssas bl 4HC. Vb a julgia ogkjgr, g cgtg tbrç qub luhgr hb tçt`fg b tbitgr iavglbitb. ‛_afí afí sb birasfg igs pbrigs ha larhala b gtà lbsla puxg g sug fgkãg fal as Bxblpka= ‛_ hbitbs, lgs bkb gpbigs lurlurg gkca b g blpurrg pgrg kaicb fal a pà.“

8>

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

afgiha a Vìa has Cgtas2 G Tbcrg Tbcr g hg ^röx`lg Fa`sg Bl tahgs gs gvbiturgs g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  tbl tbl gkculg `hb`g hb pbka lbias gkculgs fa`sgs qub pgrgas gadmbt`vas j`stör`g pkgibmghas prassbcu`r.àBl maca, ghblgib`rg hb cgrgit`r qub ahbvbl crupagfaitbfbr gtìmg tahas fjglgha ‛afgr a Vìa“. Wugiha a maca pgrbfb bstgr h`lìuìha g vbkaf`hghb, au gkculgs Macghargs bstæa pbrhbiha a oafa, g CC pbrcuitg= ‛Fbrta! Bx`stb lg`s gkculg fa`sg qub gkcuàl qub`rg ogzbr gitbs qub g ^röx`lg Fa`sg gfaitbãg1“ . Fghg Macgharg   rbfbdb lg`s ulg fjgifb hb h b tbitgr gkca, falbãgiha fal gs Cgfradgtgs, b hbpa`s g trglg sbcub bl orbitb. afgr ul sìa oìs`fa à apfàigk.

Cgijgiha Bxpbr`íif`gs Gpös ulg gvbiturg, gs cgtgs sadrbv`vbitbs sgdbl lg`s ha qub gitbs. Fala taha a ^brsaigcbl aigcbl, gs Bxpbr`íif`gs iæa usgl iýlbras. Bl vbz rbsta hb sugs O`fjgs hb ^brs h`ssa, fghg ulg hbkgs à ulg s`lpkbs hbfkgrgãæa au hbsfr`ãæa. Gkculgs Bxpbr`íif`gs gmuhgl g hb﬇i`r g CF^G bl outuras Hbsg﬇as5 autrgs gmuhgl gs Macghargs g talgr bsfakjgs lbkjarbs5 autrgs bqu`vgkbl g lblör`gs qugsb trgulçt`fgs. G CC hb﬇ib gs Bxpbr`íif`gs, lgs gs Macghargs pahbl ogzbr ogz br sucbstòbs. Bxblpkas= Bssbb @is Bss @isbta bta à Bsq Bsqu`s` u`s`ta! ta!   (G cgtg faijbfbu sbrvas sadrbigturg`s ha Hbus @isbta). ârtgs rgispgrbitbs Gdrbl ^grg Cgtgs Carhìjgs! (Faijbf`lbita ghqu`r`ha sadrb partgs gutalçt`fgs). Laistrass Lgus _`vbl Vad Fgpø Laistra Fgpøs!s! (Gpös p`sgr ia gfbkbrghar hb ul fgrra). •

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A Wub gs Cgtgs Vgdbl Vadrb a Luiha Gs cgtgs faivbrsgl bitrb s` b fal autras gi`lg`s, gkàl hb faijbfbr fa`sgs dçs`fgs

qub væa gkàl hgs bxpbr`íif`gs pbssag`s. Cgtgs gif`æs tgldàl passubl ìoarlgãòbs sadrb hbusbs b jarrarbs, lgs gs pröpr`gs Cgtgs Macghargs iæa faisbcubl sbit`r g bx`stíif`g, par bxblpka, hb Gzcgtjatj (dakg hb oýr`g `rrgfàigk ia fbitra ha ui`vbrsa), hg lbslg oarlg qub as julgias iæa sbitbl. Gs jbraìigs gprbihbl sadrb gs lgi`pukgãòbs hb fuktas sì`stras au hbstru`ãòbs `lìbitbs pbkgs bv`híif`gs hb sbus igturg`s sbit`has obkìas gcuãghas. G bxfbãæa à g `c `crbsg rbsg Vaijgharg . Gkàl hb faijbfbr gs kbihgs has hbusbs b has gi`lg`s, ulg Vaijgharg  à à sbisìvbk îs v`drgãòbs fösl`fgs, prìf`pgklbitb

‘ I. T. Ia ar`cìgk, ‛Dbkkìchas tjbTgtas“. Fgts“. Tbobríif`g pravçvbk î oçdukg hb Bsapa qub, bl partucuís, à2 faijbf`hg fala ‛G Tbui`æa

87

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

biqugita harlb. Hbspbrtg, bkg pahb tbr ulg vgcg sbisgãæa hb qub jç gkca brrgha fal ulg pbssag, gi`lgk, admbta au s`tugãæa ‘ autras hbtgkjbs prbf`sgl bspbrgr par ulg saibfg. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  usg usg bssgs v`sòbs pgrg oaribfbr îs Macghargs h`fgs, gv`sas b ul sbisa sbi sa ýt`k hb urcíif`g.

Vaija

ahas as sbrbs pbisgitbs b sbif`bitbs sb lgiòbstgl ia luiha bsp`r`tugk, tgl ahas dàl faijbf`ha fala Vaija. Gs lbitbs ìh`v`hug`s ggpgrbfbl pgrbfbl fala kuz kuzbs, bs, pghròbs, fjb`ras, vbitas, pgkp`tgãòbs hb blaãòbs, aihgs hb har, pbhgãas hb lýs`fgs au vazbs ìfalprbbisìvb`s. Gs `crbsgs Vaijghargs Vaijghargs gharlbf`hgs vgcgl pbka rbìa has saijas biqugita harlbl, pahbiha ogzbr faitgta (sbl pgkgvrgs) fal autrgs lbitbs. Gkcuis afupgitbs ha Vaija, ia bitgita, sæa lg`s ha qub gpbigs gi`lg`s, b tafgr g faisf`íif`g hb fbrtas bspìr`tas pahb sbr rbgklbitb pbr`casa pgrg gklgs gklgs lartg`s.

Lartb Iìcuàl ga fbrta qub gfaitbfb qugiha ulg qub cgtg bkg larrb. qub sbu sbrsgdb à bxtìta para falpkbta. Autras g﬇rlgl kaca Gkcuis rbigsfb h`zbl fala ul iava ﬇kjatb. Fbrtgs `crbsgs Vaijghargs hbsfrbvbl v`sòbs hb bspìr`tas hb cgtgs fgãgiha pbkg btbri`hghb ga kgha ha crgihb Ousstgr-Gskgi bl ul gcrghçvbk fglpa fjbà hb pbqubigs prbsgs, b bssg à g v`sæa qub lu`tgs cgtgs gfjgl lg`s rbfaioartgitb, lbsla qub lu`tas iæa gfrbh`tbl ibkg.

@ifflubif`giha as Julgias As julgias tíl lbitbs lu`ta crgihbs b çcb`s, fgpgzbs hb rbsakvbr pradkblgs falpkbxas b fgptgr crgihbs `hb`gs. Bitrbtgita Bitrbtgita,, bssgs lbitbs sæa hbsgmb`tghgs b iæa i æa sæa dbl pratbc`hgs. As sbrbs julgias v`vbl h`stgitbs hb sbu pröprà Hbus Lgfgfa gifbstrgk, hb laha qub gi`lg`s fal faibxòbs bsp`r`tug`s lg`s oartbs pahbl ìfflubif`gr as pbisglbitas has julgias. ^grg fakafgr ul ýi`fa pbisglbita bl ulg fgdbãg julgig, ulg cgtg pgssg pbka lbias gkcuis lìutas bl ul fgkla faitgta oìs`fa fal a dìpbhb, faifbitrgiha-sb bl ulg drbvb sucbstæa, par bxblpka= ‛Hb`xb g mgibkg ha qugrta gdbrtg bstg ia`tb...“ . G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pbhb pbhb ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k b hbtbrlìg h btbrlìg sbfrbtglbitb a rbsuktgha pastbràr, sb jauvbr gkcul. Rlg `crbsg `c rbsg Vaijgharg  à à g CF^G. Wugita lg`s s`lpkbs b sut`k g sucbstæa, lgàr g pradgd`k`hghb hb bkg kbvgr a julgia ul paufa lg`s pbrta hb gc`r hg lgib`rg qub g cgtg hbsbmg. ^bh`has gktglbitb hbtgkjghas, blafàig`s au orbiàt`fas sæa `ciarghas, b gfgdgl hb`xgiha a julgia `rr`tgha.

84

K`vra @= A Cgtaial`fai

Autrgs H`lbisòbs Fala tahas sgdbl (bxfbta as julgias), a lukt`vbrsa faitàl ìýlbrgs h`lbisòbs ratgt`vgs b sadrbpastgs hb bspgãa b tblpa. Bl gkcuis hbssbs fgitas rbtarf`has jgd`tgl hbusbs b bspìr`tas bx`kghas ha luiha oìs`fa. Bl fbrtas pghròbs hb farrbspaihíif`g blpçt`fg, bxprbssas bl cbalbtr`gs fgöt`fgs b orgftg`s, as luihas pahbl sb fruzgr. Rlg hgs gt`v`hghbs prìf`pg`s has fuktas has Hbusbs Gi`lg`s à g tbitgt`vg hb arcgi`zgr faih`ãòbs pbrob`tgs pgrg g lgiòbstgãæa hgs prbsbiãgs hb sbus pröpràs hbusbs gifbstrg`s, vìhas hgs sugs h`lbisòbs hb ar`cbl. Ibijul partgk faijbf`ha pbrl`t`rç g pgssgcbl hb hbusbs bl s`, lgs sbus sbrvas laistruasas sæa lu`tas, b à lg`s oçf`k pgrg bkbs gtrgvbssgr tg`s orbstgs ia bspgãa-tblpa. Bssb pbr`casa faitgta bitrb rbgk`hghbs pahb surc`r g pgrt`r hb qugkqubr t`pa hb pghræa oìs`fa lìst`fa pbrob`ta= rgàs hb kuz hgs bstrbkgs bitrb gs faistbkgãòbs bl lav`lbita5 vbvbs? hbsbijghas par sgfbrhatbs _ahus5 fìrfukas igs pkgitgãòbs ob`tas par fukt`stgs ha Hbus  aura5 aura5 kgd`rìtas hb pkgitgs prambtghas par mgrhìb`ras sak`tçràs5 bstruturgs hb gãa bsfaih`hgs igs pkgitgs hb crgihbs bhòìfàs lahbrias5 lahbri as5 as fghbrias sbfrbtas hb V`r @sggf Ibwtai5 pkgibmglbitas urdgias ibfraläit`fas bstgdbkbf`has pbkas @kkulìgt`5 pbtröckòas git`cas5 tgtugcbis sgcrghgs5 as hbsbijas hb lbitbs pbrturdghgs5 s`stblgs hb fgvbrigs igturg`s5 kìjgs hb ogkjg tbftøi`fg5 obrrav`gs5 fgdas hb tbkàcrgoas5 pkgfgs hb f`rfu`ta5 b lu`ta lg`s. Ia sàfuka ZZ@, ulg iavg rbhb surcù= a bxtrblglbitb lutçvbk pghræa hb faibxòbs b sìg`s faijbf`has fala @itbribt. @itbr ibt. G Gss cbalbtr`gs rbsuktgitbs pahbl iæa bstgr v`sìvb`s, lgs `ssa iæa s`ci`﬇fg qub iæa i æa passgl vgzgr pgrg autras luihas. ^grg lg`s ìoarlgãòbs sadrb as hòbrbitbs fbiçràs b brgs bl qub g crgihb kutg faitìug, vbmg a supkblbita hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju= Tahapàs hb Cgtjukju, qub sbrç kgiãgha pbkg ^kulg ^rbss.

? ‘ I. T. ‛vàvà“ ia ar`cìgk. _bvb à ul sìldaka rbk`càsa ha _ahu Jg`t`gia, ut`k`zgha fala rbprbsbitgãæa hurgitb Væaghg, hbsbijas dgstgitb ha s`làtr`fas b hbtgkjghas sbrvbl fala ul a‛ograk“ Kag (hb oarlgr`tug`s. s`lpk`﬇f s`lpk`﬇fghg, sæa as Bspìr`tas _ahu Jg`t`gia), rbprbsbitgiha-a rbprqub bsbitgiha-a hurgitb r`tugk.pgrg a

86

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

K`vra @@ G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

88

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Cgtg A cu`g Cugrh`æ hg

82

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

@itrahuãæa GTHB HBLG@V! _afí obz `ssa. _afí gdrù a k`vra. Ibkb bx`stbl bssgs gssustghargs kbtrgs iul bst`ka cbrläi`fa ig fgpg, bsfr`ta ‛^ra`d`ha“, au ‛@lpraiuif`çvbk“, au qugkqubr autrg fa`sg, lgs vafí gdrù hb qugkqubr oarlg. Ia lalbita bl qub a faitbýha sbfrbta cruhau cr uhau bl sbu ibrva ibr va öt`fa, g ^gtg Ciöst`fg pbrourau sbu sbcuiha fjgfrg, b a ìbv`tçvbk falbãau. Lgs iæa sb hbsbspbrb= iæa ogr`g ibijulg hòbrbiãg. Gpbigs ul fglìja kjb trgrç bspbrgiãg. Vb vafí bstuhgr bstb tala tbiha oafa, pgrgiha gpbigs pgrg ìgkgr gs gklgs hb oössb`s fr`stgk`zghas b tr`gicukgr gkculgs bstrbkgs, gqu`ka qub bstç frbsfbiha bl sbu kada pgr`btgk pahb fjbcgr î lgtur`hghb gitbs has Fbògharbs pbrfbdbrbl g luhgiãg bl sug gurg ias Vaijas. Bkbs iæa faisbcubl rbt`rgr ibijul sustbita hb ul akja gdbrta b lghura5 vafí bstgrç sbcurg par ul tblpa. Bitæa kb`g dbl, lìjg gl`cg, lìjg fglgrghg, lìjg vìt`lg falpgijb`rg hg Lç Vgdbhar`g V gdbhar`g b hg furàs`hghb obkìg. Vb vafí ssadrbv`vbr adrbv`vbr,, vafí sb muitgrç g iös, gs Cgtb`rgs, ha autra kgha hg Laitgijg hg _brhghb. Bu bspbra tb rbfbdbr bl drbvb.

X

- Mabk Vpgres

8?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

^grtb @ Fa`sgs Vadrb a Luiha

Dbrc, bl sbu saia hb v`sòbs gkàl hg `lgcìgãæa. ‘ Gpa`ghar Maæa ^bhra Lgcgkjæbs

83

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

H

bshb g pr`lb`rg vbz qub ul julgia falpgrt`kjau gdr`ca hg fjuvg fal ulg cgtg gtà g fr`gãæa ha gr-faih`fàigha, fal`hg bikgtghg b tahg g pbrpkbxg vgr`bhghb hb bstaoghas, g jgd`k`hghb julgig hb lah`﬇fgr a luiha à ut`k`zghg pgrg gcrghgr gs cgtgs. @ssa iæa à lbrg faìf`híif`g. À ulg fgusg hbk`dbrghg b sgcrghg, faijbf`hg fala G Crgihb @hb`g , ulg fglpgijg hb lg`s hb 7> l`k gias hb prbssæa psìqu`fg pbkg qugk a obk`s fgtus  bifargmg bifargmg b ìs`stb pgrg qub a jala sgp`bis  ogãg ogãg tuha qub oar passìvbk pgrg tarigr a luiha ul kucgr lg`s faioartçvbk. G susfbt`d`k`hghb julgig g bssgs prbssòbs tbvb sug ar`cbl brgs gtrçs, ig j`stör`g hg bvakuãæa oìs`fg b sbu pgrgkbka ia Luiha Bsp`r`tugk5 lg`s hbssg j`stör`g bstç ia Gpíih`fb G, J`stör`g (p. (p. 784 784).). G l`ssæa jbrö`fg hg Cgtg Macgharg  à à hb faitr`du`r pgrg g lgiutbiãæa hg Crgihb @hb`g , lgití-kg bl sbcrbha has julgias, b pratbcbr g f`v`k`zgãæa hgs lu`tgs oarãgs qub tbitgl hbstru`r a stgtus qua7. âhb sbr hòìf`k pgrg ulg cgtìjg bitbihbr bssgs oarãgs ìv`sìvb`s (paràl pahbrasìss`lgs) qub tbisàigl gs bicrbigcbis ha faslas. Obk`zlbitb, tahas gs cgtgs igsfbl fal ulg frbiãg ìgdgkçvbk hb qub bkgs sæa g fa`sg lg`s `lpartgitb ha ui` vbrsa,, b bstg ffaiv`f vbrsa aiv`fãæa ãæa pr pratbcb atbcb ssugs ugs ggklgs klgs hb tuha ggqu`ka qu`ka qub pa pahb hb pbrtur pbrturdç-kg dç-kgs. s.

Vaija Vaija à ul rbìa hb lbitbs l bitbs ìh`v`hug`s5 bkb sb rbkgfàig fal a Luiha Bsp`r`tugk hb oarlgs qub væa gkàl hg falprbbisæa. Gkcuis bstuhàsas gfrbh`tgl qub a Vaija à g supbroìf`b (au ulg supbroìf`b) ha afbgia ì﬇i`ta ha bspìr`ta, jgd`tgha jgd`tgha par hbusbs b autras sbrbs qub g lbitb lartgk iæa pahb tafgr hb oarlg sbcurg. Rlg pbrfbpãæa aiìr`fg iarlgklbitb bstç fai﬇ighg ga tbgtra hb sbu pröprà pbisglbita, tbstbluijgiha au kutgiha fal igrrgt`vgs blafàigitbs, bldarg ìfabrbitbs, hb ulg lbitb î hbr`vg bl s` lbslg. `c `crbsgs rbsgs Vaijghargs b autrgs fr`gturgs sbis`t`vgs pahbl gtrgvbssgr gs pgrbhbs hg `hbit`hghb b bitrgr bl ul luiha ha Vaija lgàr, aihb tahgs gs lbitbs v`vbl, sbmg harlìha au gfarhghgs. Hbstg pbrspbft`vg, faioarlb lbifàigha ia Cgtaial`fai ( (@,@, p. 84 84),), autrgs lbitbs gpgrbfbl, g h`stäif`gs giçkacgs îs h`stäif`gs oìs`fgs, bl oarlgs qub farrbspaihbl î igturbzg hg fr`gturg, gss`l fala î sbisar`bhghb sbisar`bh ghb hgqubkb qub g pbrfbdb. Bl s`tugãòbs ìfaluis, lbsla pbrsaigcbis qub iæa sbmgl `crbsgs Vaijghargs pahbl, tblpargr`glbitb, cgijgr bssg pbrfbpãæa. Gs ar`bitgãòbs g sbcu`r pahbl gmuhgr g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  g g hbsfrbvbr gqubkbs qub afupgl a Vaija5 par sug pröpr`g igturbzg, a faitbxta iæa aobrbfb fais`stíif`g, b gs Macghargs hbvbl sbr fgutbkasgs gitbs hb ﬇fgrbl hbpbihbitbs hb tg`s `lprbssòbs sudmbt`vgs.

7 ‘ I. . Vtgtus qua à ul tbrla bl Kgt`l qub s`ci`﬇fg ‛a bstgha hgs fa`sgs“ au ‛bstgha gtugk“.

8:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

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Cgtgs= Fr`gturgs pbqubigs, qub sb lav`lbitgl rgp`hglbitb, hb oarlgta bscuà, gfalpgijghgs hb ul ahar gcrghçvbk, lgrfghgs par kìjgs hb kuz b saldrg. Rlg cgtg ogl`k`gr sblprb lgiòbstg sug vaz hb oarlg ìguhìvbk qugiha tafghg. ^rbsgs= ^bqubias paitas trblbiha b sb lavbiha rgp`hglbitb, asf`kgiha par farbs pr`lçr`gs hb blaãæa ìtbisg. Ogsfìgitbs pgrg lbitbs obkìgs. Fgriìvaras= Oarlgs hb farbs bsfurgs, bs furgs, ppait`gcuhgs ait`gcuhgs b g﬇ghgs, qub c`rgl kbitglbitb, fal rçp`has lav`lbitas afgsàig`s. Bl`tbl ulg orgfg fjglg au ulg oulgãg. Aiìvaras= Oarlgs crgihbs bl tais fìzgs b pgstà`s qub sb lavbl kbitglbitb, fal gurgs ﬇igs b ibdukasgs. Bvbitugklbitb bkgs bxtbràr`zgl lbldras furvghas. Lgk= G prbsbiãg hb lgkhghb sadrbigturgk fgusg a surc`lbita hb oaca bl tais vbrlbkjas, glgrbkas b kgrgimgs, b gtà lbsla prbtas. @itbkbfta= Lbitbs bxtrblglbitb gt`vgs b fgpgzbs, gkàl hb pgrbfbrbl lgàrbs, tgldàl tgldàl dr`kjgl fal g kuz. Julgias= G lgàr b lg`s falpkbxg hgs lbitbs lartg`s passu` ulg vgr`bhghb hb oarlgs, tahgs bstuhghgs pbkgs pbkgs cgtgs fal crgihbs hbtgkjbs. _bmg A K`vra has Hugs-^gt Hugs-^gtgs gs , p. 78? 78?..

Vadrb Hbusbs Bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju, ul hbus à ul sbr bsp`r`tugk, ul grquàt`pa qub v`vb igs lbitbs b farpas b saijas hb sbus sbcu`harbs, ìoarlgiha b ìoarlgha par tahas as sbus pbisglbitas b hbsbmas. hbusbs iæa surmbl ia luiha oìs`fa, bxfbta bl s`tugãòbs fgtgfkìsl`fgs b lìt`fgs, hgqubkgs qub iæa sæa v`stgs par l`kjgrbs hb gias. Ia Vaija , `crbsgs pahbrsbhas hbusbs fala crgihbs Vaijghargs farrbitbs afbäi`fgs, vgrrbiha gs lbitbs sbitbl lartg`safala oassbl hbstraãas, tbiha pbisglbitas qub hurgl par gias b iæa pahbl sbr rbhuz`has g pgkgvrgs. ahas  ahas as Hbusbs Gi`lg`s gitbfbhbl g j`stör`g julgig, blbrcìha hg j`stör`g bvakut`vg hg v`hg ig brrg b gkàl. Fghg ul hbkbs, bl sug oarlg gtugk, falgihg ìfaitçvb`s gi`lg`s sbcu`harbs, hb lu`tgs bspàf`bs, rbkgfàighgs g ul ýi`fa grquàt`pa. âr bxblpka, a Hbus Dgkb`g ouifàig fala a bspìr`ta hb tahas as fbtçfbas b pravgvbklbitb hb tahas as lglìobras lgrìjas, gpgrbfbiha pgrg fghg ul hbkbs hb ulg oarlg kbvblbitb kbvblbi tb hòbrbitb, lgs uiìha tahas bl sbus saijas hb ul afbgia k`lpa b rbpkbta hb pb`xbs. Gtrgvàs has sàfukas, g `hbit`hghb hb ul hbus sb lah`﬇fg b fflu`, rbfflbtìha b ìfflubif`giha g igturbzg hb sbus sbcu`harbs. A gspbfta ha Hbus ^b`xb pr`l`t`va, hb çcugs rgsgs, par bxblpka, ﬇fg fghg vbz lg`s prbafupgha fal as julgias b sug

80

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

pbsfg faioarlb g f`v`k`zgãæa bvaku`, fjbcgiha ﬇igklbitb ga oarlgta hb Haurgcai (Hgcai), ul hbus pb`xb qub tbl fala admbt`va hbrratgr b gss`l`kgr as jgd`tgitbs hg supbroìf`b. Biqugita `ssa, a hbus ar`cìgk sb tarig ul bspìr`ta hhgs gs praouihbzgs bxtrblgs, rbvbrbif`gha pbkgs fr`gturgs qub v`vbl kaicb hg kuz b qub rgrglbitb bifaitrgl qugkqubr sbr julgia. Vbrç qub bbkbs kbs sæa, gcarg gcarg,, ha`s bspìr`tas h`stì h`stìtas, tas, au gpbigs ogfbtgs ha lbsla sbr1 Iæa bx`stb ulg rbspastg hb﬇i`t`vg, b tgkvbz bkg ibl sbmg ibfbssçr`g, pa`s g Cgtg Macgharg  hbvb hbvb k`hgr hb oarlg prgclçt`fg fal a Fukta g Haurgcai, ìhbpbihbitb hb sug btàkac`g. bt àkac`g.

Vadrb Fuktas Rl fukta à hb﬇i`ha fala ul crupa hb sbcu`harbs sb cu`harbs hb ul hbus qub arcgi`zg admbt`vas sgcrghas bspbfì﬇fas hg lbkjar oarlg qub sug igturbzg pbrl`tb (b sb hbh`fgl hbh `fgl hb oarlg ogiçt`fg g `ssa).  ahas ahas as gi`lg`s vbibrgl sbus bspìr`tas gifbstrg`s, lgs ibl tahas as gi`lg`s sb tarigl Fukt`stgs. Gs Cgtgs Macghargs, par bxblpka, sbcubl Ousstgr-Gskgi, lgs bkgs iæa bstæa ìsbr`has ia Fukta. Ig vbrhghb, gs jbraìigs, par hb﬇i`ãæa, ppassubl assubl ul bspìr`ta ìhbpbihbitb hblg`s pgrg sb tari tarigrbl grbl vbrhghb`ras Fukt`stgs. @ssa tgldàl s`ci`﬇fg qub ibijulg Cgtg Macgharg  pahbrç pahbrç usgr g lgc`g hb r`tug`s, r`t ug`s, qub sbræa hbsfr`tgs g sbcu`r. sbcu`r.

T`tug`s As Fuktas has Hbusbs Gi`lg`s gtrgbl sbcu`harbs qub hbsbmgl pahbr ‘ gqubkbs qub sb sbitbl hbrratghas ig v`hg, sad gs cgrrgs hg ìmust`ãg, rbmb`tghas pbkg kuz b h`spastas g pgcgr qugkqubr prbãa b hbstru`r qugkqubr arhbl pgrg sbrbl gfb`tas par autras `cugklbitb fgöt`fas, fal g pralbssg pralbssg hb sgt`sogãæa hb sbus sb us hbsbmas lg`s praouihas. ^grg vbrhghb`rglbitb bitrgr bl ul Fukta, a hbvata hbvb faiv`hgr g vaitghb ha hbus pgrg a ìit`la ìi t`la hb sug gklg, gkìjgr tahas as sbus admbt`vas pbssag`s gasMacgharg admbt`vas mglg`s ha Fukta, b aobrbfbr falpkbtg ìqubstàiçvbk adbh`íif`g. Rlg Cgtg pahbr`g sb sudlbtbr hbstgboarlg b gìhg lgitbr sbu bspìr`ta cgtvbiturb`ra. Vb ulg Macgharg  hbf`h`r hbf`h`r qub sug cgtg `rç, rbgklbitb, sb sudlbtbr g tgk falpralbt`lbita, g pbrsaigcbl sb tarigr`g prapr`bhghb hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ , b g Macgharg  tbr`g tbr`g qub fr`gr ulg iavg ^brsaigcbl. Gss`l qub a Fukta gfb`tg a iavgta, ulg Fbr`løi`g ha Favbi4 lgrfg a ìh`vìhua fala pbrtbifbitb ga hbus, b a iava fukt`stg pahb pgrt`f`pgr hb r`tug`s hb pahbr.. I pahbr Ibijulg bijulg fr`gturg lartgk lar tgk pahb sbr sbrv`r v`r lg`s hb ul Fukta ga lbsl lbslaa tblpa, b sb k`dbrtgr à prgt`fglbitb `lpassìvbk, oghgha g ul fglìja hb kaufurg b lartb. 4 ‘ I. . Rl Favbi, bl ìckís, rbobrb-sb g ul crupa hb druxgs qub sb rbýib hb oarlg rbcukgr. Bldarg passg sbr trghuz`hg F aif`k`çduka Faif`k`çduka au Faivbitìfuka, a tbrla Favbi à usgha hb oarlg orbqubitb bl partucuís falpgrg a lbsla s`ci`﬇fgha.

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K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Ia maca, T`tug`s bstæa falpkbtglbitb ig læa hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ 5 bkbs sæa tæa pahbrasas au tæa s`lpkbs qugita bkg gfjgr ghbqugha pgrg g bvakuãæa hg trglg b bitrbtbi`lbita hb tahas as prbsbitbs ig lbsg. Lgs pgrg ulg ar`bitgãæa cbrgk, r`tug`s pahbl sbr h`v`h`has bl trís tglgijas= as ìh`v`hug`s hb @ivafgãæa, gs Fbr`løi`gs g iìvbk ha Favbi, b as pahbrasas T`tug`s Lgàrbs. @itbrralpbr ul T`tugk Lgàr pahb sbr a çp`fb hb tahg ulg fglpgijg hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju.

@ivafgãæa Rl fukt`stg rbf`tg, bitag au raufglbitb sussurrg ul ialb dkgsobla, qub `lbh`gtglbitb ogz fal qub Gkca Tu`l gfaitbãg pgrg gkcuàl pröx`la g bkg. @ihbpbihbitb hb qugk sbmg a bob`ta, a fukt`stg saorb hg lbslg oarlg, b à `lpassìvbk î Cgtg Macgharg  bv`tgr bv`tgr sbu hbstìa, sbmg pbkg vbkaf`hghb, sbmg pbkg sartb.

Bxblpkas hb bob`tas hb ulg @ivafgãæa= •

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Ig pröx`lg rakgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a ha gkva sbkbfàigha, ul Hgha hb Cgta gutalgt`fglbitb tbrç 7 fala rbsuktgha, b a tbstb iiæa æa pahb sbr rbrrakgha rbrrakgha.. A lbsla sb gpk`fg î pröx`lg rakgcbl s`ci`﬇fgt`vg ha fukt`stg5 Ig prbsbiãg hb gkculg fa`sg pbr`casg (oaca, lgquìçrà, fgvgkas au vgcòbs, pbhgãas saktas ia tbta, çcug sad prbssæa, vbibia vbibia,, obrrglbitgs crgihbs au autras admbtas pbsghas pbs ghas lgk grlgzbighas), ul gpgrbitb gf`hbitb fgusg ul Obr`lbita, tgita ia gkva qugita ia fukt`stg5 Rl bob`ta bob`t a lçc`fa rbpbitì rbpbitìaa b crgvb, par paràl àl tblparçrà, gfaitbfb. ^ âr ar bxblpka, ulg sucbstæa `rrbs`stìvbk, ul gtgqub lartgk, au g rçp`hg gpgr`ãæa hb ul Vbrva Lbiar Vadrbigturgk ha Hbus ha Fukt`stg. ^grg ì vafgr bstg gmuhg pahbrasg, a fukt`stg aobrbfb sug pröpr`g v`hg. Bkb fg` `lbh`gtglbitb, hb﬇i`t`vglbitb oarg hb faldgtb5 b, gpös a bldgtb, a fukt`stg pahb tbr, hb ogta, larr`ha, bstgr bl falg au ﬇fgha ìsgia.

Fbr`løi`g Rl pbqubia b sgcrgha crupa hb fukt`stgs, faijbf`ha fala ul Favbi, sb rbýib bl ul kafgk h`stgitb has akjas has hbsfrbitbs, bl ul lalbita prapìfà ha h`g. âr bxblpka, trbzb cgtgs prbtgs sb rbýibl î lb`g-ia`tb pgrg ìvafgr Ousstgr -Gskgi, au iavb cgtgs sbkvgcbis glgrbkgs sb rbýibl ia glgijbfbr bl ialb hb Jgstpurr.. A kafgk hbvb sb Jgstpurr sbrr praogigha hb h`vbrsgs oarlgs, fala fal sgicub oorbsfa, rbsfa, fal g bxpas`ãæa hb fbigs au pghròbs pbrturdgharbs, fal adsfbi`hghbs bl crgihbs qugit`hghbs, au fal fgvb`rgs, vbkgs b hbfargãæa cöt`fg. Rl Fukt`stg vbtbrgia hbvb bstgr prbsbitb pgrg faihuz`r as autras ig fgitar`g b ias lav`lbitas r`tug`s

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Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

par gprax`lghglbitb ulg jarg. Vb bkbs faisbcu`rbl faifku`r sgt`sogtar`glbitb sgt`sogtar`glbi tb a r`tugk, bob`tas lçc`fas gfaitbfbl.

Bxblpkas hb bob`tas hb ulg Fbr`løi`g= •

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@ivafgr ul Vbrva Lbiar ha Hbus, qub pbrlgibfb gtà sbr hbrratgha au gtà gkfgiãgr sbu admbt`va. Vbr Vbrvas vas Lbiarbs iæa ogkgl ibl bitbihbl ibijulg kìcugcbl, bxfbta pgrg ìtbrprbtgr, hb oar oarlg lg dgstgitb k`tbrgk, ul ýi`fa falgiha ha Fukt`stg vbtbrgia ha Favbi5 @istgkgr ulg sucbstæa pahbrasg ig lbitb hb ulg pbssag au gi`lgk qub iæa bstç prbsbitb. A r`tugk hblgihg gkcul `tbl hg vìt`lg, fala ul paufa ha fgdbka au ha sgicub, au ul admbta qubr`ha5 @ist`kgr faitrakb lbitgk bl ulg vìt`lg hbsglpgrghg qub bstbmg prbsbitb ia lalbita ha r`tugk5 Hbspbrtgr ulg rbkìqu`g. A r`tugk hbvb sbr faihuz`ha ia kafgk bl qub bstç g rbkìqu`g, au ulg rbkìqu`g pbqubig pahb sbr trgz`hg pgrg a kafgk ha r`tugk, trgtghg trgtghg fal crgihb hb hbobríif`g. obríif`g.

T`tug`s Lgàrbs ^raouihglbitb tbl`has pbkgs fr`gturgs dbib﬇f`ghgs pbka stgtus qua, as r`tug`s lgàrbs pahbl gdgkgr g pröpr`g bstruturg hg pgz, f`v`k`zgãæa b sgi`hghb. Hbzbigs hb fukt`stgs hbvbl sb rbui`r bl ul iýlbra sgcrgha qub iæa pahb sbr ìobràr g 00, bl ul fbitra bstgdbkbf`ha hb lgc`g praogig. Kbvg gias pgrg qub ul kafgk sbmg praogigha hg oarlg oar lg ibfbssçr`g pgrg ul T`tugk Lgàr, bitæa as fuktas iarlgklbitb ut`k`zgl sugs pröpr`gs sbhbs sbhb s au prafurgl par kafg`s git`cas pgrg sìtai`zgr fal as pkgias bxtbràrbs. Rl T`tugk Lgàr kbvg h`gs pgrg sbr prbpgrgha, fal pbka lbias hb fukt`stgs fgitasBl pgrg gqubfbr as assasul hasfavbi hbsbmas saldràsprbsbitb b bst`fgra tblpa a ﬇ia taha, tbf`habitagiha hg rbgk`hghb. ìtbrvgkas hbtbrlìghas, kìhbrbs ha fukta uicbl a kafgk fal uicubitas rbpuks`vas, oulgãgs jarr`p`kgitbs, au tafgiha ìstrulbitas tarpbs. Igs ýkt`lgs 48 jargs ha r`tugk, ul iýlbra frbsfbitb hb fukt`stgs sb gprax`lg b sb arcgi`zg igs pasturgs b pghròbs gprapr`ghas, b fghg sbãæa talg pgrtb ha frbsfbitb fara bl gihglbita. Lýs`fas hblbitbs hbh`kjgl, rgspgl b gssaprgl admbtas h`sfarhgitbs. Faioarlb a lalbita hb gkìjglbita bstbkgr sb gprax`lg, ulg sàr`b hb kìhbrbs hb fuktas sb rbvbzg faihuzìha as fäit`fas, fghg ul bxartgiha g lukt`hæa pgrg ul orbibs` lgàr lgàr,, b ìtrahuzìha g pröx`lg ﬇curg vbib vbibrçvbk. rçvbk. Ogktgiha ulg jarg pgrg sbu ﬇l, gs vìt`lgs qub sbræa sgfr`﬇fghgs sæa ìtrahuz`hgs, pa`s ibijul T`tugk Lgàr bstç falpkbta sbl ga lbias g lartb hb ulg ﬇curg `lpartgitb= ul crgihb ì`l`ca ha fukta, g pbrsai`﬇fgãæa hb ul hbsbma

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K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

pra`d`ha, a prablìbitb kìhbr hb ulg ìst`tu`ãæa hbsprbzghg, au qugkqubr autra gvgtgr rbfaijbfìvbk. A sgfròìfà ﬇igk hbvb sbr faifkuìha pbkg læa ha Vula Vgfbrhatb ha fukta. À a hbsbma par sgicub has sbcu`harbs rbui`has qub faihuz a faistrutar psìqu`fa, b ia lalbita qub a bspìr`ta hb`xg bstb luiha pgrg ul autra, as partòbs bitrb bit rb h`lbisòbs sb gdrb b a crgihb fjglgha faisbcub gtrgvbssgr. gtrgvbssgr. Gkca sblprb bsfutg a fjglgha. Rl T`tugk Lgàr pahb gkfgiãgr qugkqubr admbt`va hbstrut`va qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbsbmgr. hbsbmgr. Bitrbtgita, a maca prbf`sg  qub qub gs Cgtgs Macghargs fjbcubl ig fbig bl gkcul lalbita igs ýkt`lgs hugs jargs ha r`tugk b tbijgl g fjgifb hb qubdrç-ka. V`lpkbslbitb ìtbrralpí-ka iæa `rç pgrgr a lav`lbita hb ulg gklg lçc`fg tæa pahbrasg, b g lgssg hb sbcu`harbs s`lpkbslbitb `rç sudmucgr as ìtrusas b gfrbsfbitç-kas î k`stg hb sgfròìfàs. Gkca lg`s ìtbk`cbitb à ibfbssçrà… As bob`tas hb ul T`tugk Lgàr sblprb tbihbl î hbstru`ãæa b ralp`lbita, iuifg fr`giha gkca iava au prbsbrvgiha gkca bstçvbk. G lgc`g à g ha fgas, fal g rbt`rghg hb ul has p`kgrbs hb sustbitgãæa ha luiha. Gqubkbs qub ìvafgl tg`s oarãgs a ogzbl sad pbr`ca, pa`s iuifg sb sgdb qugk a prbãa qub sbrç fadrgha pbka hbus. Bxblpka hb ul kafgk praogia ghbqugha g ul T`tugk Lgàr= A sudsaka hb ul gdr`ca hb gi`lg`s, qub mç oa` a kgdargtörà pr`vgha hb ul Fartghar   (p. 726 726)) b hbpa`s sb tariau a kafgk hb r`tug`s hb vìcgiãg hbstìghas g ìvafgr as bspìr`tas hgs vìt`lgs julgigs, julgi gs, lgihgiha-gs pgrg l`ssòbs hb tarlbita. Gpös lu`tas gias, a kafgk bsfura b ýl`ha, `sakgha pbkgs rbiavgãòbs lahbrigs, bxgkg rbssaiäif`g psìqu`fg b sb tarig ghbqugha pgrg qugkqubr r`tugk tarpb qub hbscgstg g lbldrgig bitrb as luihas.

Bxblpkas hb bob`tas hb T`tug`s Lgàrbs •

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@ivafgr ul Vbrva Lgàr ha Hbus ha Fukta. Iæa jç fala sgdbr sb g fr`gturg ìvafghg adbhbfbrç adbhb fbrç ga Vula Vgfbrhatb au, ga ìvàs h`ssa, trgtgrç tahg g lukt`hæa fala ul gpbt`tasa duoobt  (au (au gldas)= tuha hbpbihb falpkbtglbitb has fgpr`fjas h`vìas qub væa gkàl hg falprbbisæa has lartg`s. Ig gusíif`g hb ulg fr`gturg sadrbigturgk bl pgrt`fukgr pgrt`fukgr,, a r`tugk sbl sblprb prb pahb, par gkculg rrgzæa, gzæa, bifaitrgr ul Vjgccatj (p. (p. 3?) 3?) Gssgssìgr ul ì`l`ca h`stgitb hb ulg oarlg cratbsfg, ìstgitäibg b paàt`fg, fal fal a lçx`la hb v`s`d`k`hghb pýdk`fg b ibijulg fjgifb pgrg g vìt`lg sb sgkvgr (Bxfbãæa= ulg cgtg pahb sb sgfr`﬇fgr ia kucgr hg vìt`lg bl ul Vgfròìfà Ckaràsa)5 Fgusgr ul hbsgstrb igturgk tatgk, fala tbrrblatas, ìuihgãòbs, ourgfòbs au tarighas, au kbvgr qugkqubr pbqubig fjglg g sb bspgkjgr bl ul c`cgitb ìfíihà5

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Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

G gyg, g cgtìjg ob`t`fb`rg qub gharg gharg orgica.

‘ Gpa`ghar Br`f Cut`àrrbz •

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Hbslaraigr ulg fgvbrig, bstgãæa hb lbtrø, laiulbita, tblpka au autrg faistruãæa qub tbijg gtà a tglgija hb ul pgkçfà. Vadrgl gpbigs hbstraãas, b gqubkbs ha kgha hb hbitra saorbl sàràs r`sfas hb lartb. A r`tugk pahb hbstru`r gtà lbsla g sbhb ul fukta r`vgk, g lbias qub as gkvas tbijgl ulg fbr`løi`g apastg ghbqughg mç sbiha faihuz`hg5 @ivafgr ulg prgcg qub sb bspgkjg rgp`hglbitb bitrb as lbldras hb ulg bspàf`b bl pgrt`fukgr. _ìt`lgs saorbl hb sìtalgs iambitas b hbd`k`tgitbs b larrbl bl paufas h`gs, gpös gtbrrar`zgr b, pravgvbklbitb, ìobftgr tahas î sug vaktg5 Hb`xgr ulg rbhb falpkbxg tatgklbitb oarg hb faitrakb, fal pbrturdgãòbs fgöt`fgs sb bspgkjgiha gtrgvàs hb sbus iahas b fglìjas. A gkva pahb sbr qugkqubr s`stblg faibftgha, hbshb a bscata ga lbtra, lb tra, hb paldas qub fgrrbcgl fgrtgs g kìjgs hb tbkàcrgoa, b gtà lbsla g rbhb hb ìtbribt hb tahg ulg igãæa. Tbpgra b rbfupbrgãæa, g lbias qub gux`k`gha par ulg lgc`g `cugklbitb pahbrasg, pahb rasg, hblgihg lu`ta tblpa b bsoarãa, b a sufbssa à gpbigs pgrf`gk5 Rsgr tahgs gs jgd`k`hghbs hb ulg git`cg b pahbrasg rbkìqu`g iæa-julgig, sbmg kç a qub oar. ^grg gulbitgr gìhg lg`s sbus bob`tas, g rbkìqu`g pahb bx`c`r ul fusta gh`fàigk gkta b iæa prbv`sta bl gfràsf`la îqubkb ha r`tugk hb gt`vgãæa5 Hb`xgr ul Hbus ul pgssa lg`s pbrta hb hbspbrtgr b ìvgh`r bstb luiha.

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

^rbssæa ^sìqu`fg Lu`ta ha bstgha gtugk ha luiha (ig vbrhghb, hb tahg g f`v`k`zgãæa) iæa pahbr`g bx`st`r iæa oassb g bspbf`gk vukibrgd`k`hghb psìqu`fg hg rgãg julgig. Faioarlb hbtgkjgha ia Cgtaial`fai ( (@,@, p. 84), 84), ulg cgtg au autra gi`lgk gl`cçvbk qub faisbcu`r sb giìjgr g ul julgia par ul fbrta tblpa pahb tbitgr pkgitgr ulg sucbstæa sut`k. As saijas hb pbqubias favbi favbiss hb cgtìjas Dgstbt ((p. p. 20 20)) pahbl pbrsugh`r sbu fu`hghar g oaribfbr sbu pbt`sfa ogvar`ta, rbpr`l`r ul falpartglbita glbgãghar, au gdr`r ul iava kucgr pgrg drìfgr. Bitrbtgita, g vbrhghb`rg prbssæa psìqu`fg, gqubkg qub pahb luhgr a falpartglbita hg julgi`hghb b faistru`r ul bob`ta fulukgt`va gtrgvàs hb tahg g f`v`k`zgãæa, bstç bl gkàl ha bsfapa hb sbssòbs ìh`v`hug`s hb maca. g`s bsoarãas rbqubrbl pkgibmglbita fais`st fais`stbitb bitb b faifbitrgha hb taha ul fukta, faihuz`ha ia hbfarrbr hb vçràs gias, fal g gmuhg hb orbqubitbs fbr`løi`gs hb favbi fa vbi b tgkvbz ul T`tugk Lgàr bl faimuiturgs bbspbfì﬇fgs. spbfì﬇fgs. G prbssæa psìqu`fg lg`s dbl sufbh`hg hb tahgs à, adv`glbitb, g Crgihb @hb`g , sbl g qugk as julgias gìhg sbr`gl fgãgharbs b fakbtarbs, b gs cgtgs bstgr`gl lbias faioartçvb`s. Autras crgihbs bsoarãas ìfkubl a oartgkbf`lbita ha gqubf`lbita ckadgk pbka Hbus Vgpa, dbl fala g gcbihg f`bitì﬇fg b sbfrbtg has Fukt`stgs ha Hbus Tgta bl sbus s bus kgdargtöràs. Vbl hýv`hg autrgs oarãgs sb gkìjgl bl bspìr`ta b ogzbl sug pröpr`g prbssæa pgrg supartgr g vgstg b ìfbrtg lbitb ha jala sgp`bis , s`l`kgr g lu`tas vbitas falpbtìha pgrg saprgr ul c`cgitb b hbsgmb`tgha dgkæa. Hbsfadr`r tg`s pkgias b fr`gr faitrgtblpas ga orustrgr admbt`vas `lbh`gtas oarlgl g dgsb hb lu`tgs cgtvbiturgs jbra`fgs.

Xahas as iæa-cgtas sæa lgus1 Hg lbslg oarlg qub g lgàr`g has gi`lg`s iæa ogz pgrtb hb fuktas, gs obrgs tìp`fgs qub ulg cgtg bifaitrg bl sugs v`gcbis iæa bstæa bivakv`hgs bl faisp`rgãòbs luih`g`s. Rl qub fgfjarra qugkqubr ig rug glg ^kutt‐tja, fai﬇g bl cgtgs b prbobr`r`g as julgias gs bxpuksgssbl hgs fgsgs5 iæa ul vbrhghb`ra fukt`stg hb ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja,, par autra kgha, bstgr`g bivakv`ha bl ul pkgia faitrg cgtgs bspbfì﬇fas b tbr`g lgc`gs pgrg gkfgiãgr sbus admbt`vas. Lbsla as hbusbs lg`s gk`biìcbigs tíl fuktas h`stìtas hg papukgãæa gi`lgk falul. Rlg faklb`g hb gdbkjgs, par bxblpka, biqugita sbr sbkvgcbl b ìulgia b ulg ogfbtg o gfbtg v`vg ha Hbus @isbta, iæa saijg fal sgfròìfàs julgias, lgs s`l fal a hbsgdrafjgr hgs h gs fflarbs, g oalb, a tblpa b g oarlgãæa hb iavgs faklb`gs. Fkgra, Fkgra, gp`fuktar gp`fuktarbs bs fbrtglb fbrtglbitb itb sbitbl ulg faistgitb prbssæa psìqu`fg vìhg hg faklb`g, b tbihbl g sb tarigr lg`s bioçt`fas bl pkgitgr fflarbs s`kvbstrbs b lgtgr prgcgs ha qub g lbrg rgfàigk`hghb pahb sucbr`r. G lgàr`g has Fukt`stgs ha Hbus @isbta (p. (p. ?0 ?0),), ig vbrhghb, sæa iæa-ìsbtas gk`bighas hb sug pröpr`g bspàf`b.

22

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

As Crgihbs Fjboòbs= Hbusbs Lgàrbs b Vbus Fuktas ^grg g faivbi`íif`g hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ , gpös g hbsfr`ãæa hb fghg hbus b sbu fukta, hbsfrbvblas gkcuis ogtas `lpartgitbs.

Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= Autras ialbs pgrg a hbus ha fukta, au hbusbs fal `hbit`hghbs qub sb sadrbpòbl. Gspbfta= G oarlg fala as fukt`stgs `lgcìgl a sbu hbus. g`s `lgcbis pahbl gpgrbfbr bl Vaija, lgs a pröprà hbus iuifg à v`sta v`st a fal akjas oìs`fas. Vbcu`harbs= Gqubkbs qub sb uibl ga fukta. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Kafgk hb apbrgãæa ha fukta b hb sbus pkgias. Gkcuis ouifàigl qugsb ui`fglbitb ia Vaija, kutgiha faitrg hbusbs r`vg`s b julgias vukibrçvb`s fal a pahbr hhgg lbi lbitb. tb. Gkcuis fuktas sæa lg`s oìs`fas, bspbf`gk`zghas bl trglgs qub bivakvbl a l lbà bà gld`bitb, sbrbs v`vas, lav`lbitas hb papukgãòbs, l`k`tgr`sla b vàkíif`g pbssagk. Gkcuis trgdgkjgl ias ha`s rbìas hb oarlg `cugk. fuktas qub apbrgl ia tblpa vbbl g rbgk`hghb hb ulg pbrspbft`vg rgh`fgklbitb glpkg b h`stgitb, gkàl ha gkfgifb hg falprbbisæa obkìg, b pahbl faihuz`r sbus admbt`vas gtrgvàs hb l`kjòbs hb gias (k`tbrgklbitb). Autras fuktas apbrgl ig bsobrg hg saf`bhghb, ouifàigiha igs ìst`tu`ãòbs b trgh`ãòbs julgigs. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= A admbt`va cbrgk b g kaica prgza qub tahgs gs faisp`rgãòbs b trglgs gtug`s dusfgl gkfgiãgr. Vbrvas= Vbrbs lbiarbs faitrakghas pbka fukta b biv`ghas bl l`ssòbs. l`s sòbs. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Rl sbr hb oarãg sadrbigturgk, qub rbqubr ul T`tugk Lgàr pgrg sbr ìvafgha b qub iæa pahb sbr tatgklbitb faitrakgha. = A t`pa hb kucgr ia luiha oìs`fa qub à ghbqugha pgrg bifaitras Kafg`s ha Vgcrghas Fukta b r`tug`s r `tug`s lçc`fas. Favbi= Ri`hghb dçs`fg ha fukta, ul crupa hb fukt`stgs fal ul kìhbr. _br p. 2>. 2>. Fbr`løi`gs= As r`tug`s lçc`fas (p. (p. 2> 2>)) iarlgklbitb faihuz`has qugiha ul Favbi sb rbýib. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= G lgc`g lg`s pahbrasg ha fukta, bivakvbiha lu`ta lg`s fukt`stgs ha qub ul ýi`fa favbi, b fgpgz hb gkfgiãgr bob`tas hb hbsgstrasas. sgstrasas. _br p. 24 24..

2?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Hbusbs Obkìas Ousstgr-Gskgi A pr`lb`ra ialb qub vbl î dafg hb qugkqubr cgtg f`v`k`zghg à Ousstgr-Gskgi, qub bifgrig arcukja, ìhbpbihíif`g b a `hbgk hg oarlg obkìg fala pbrob`tg. A ialb falpasta, bitrbtgita, ìh`fg ulg f`sæa. Ha`s fuktas hh`stìtas `stìtas vbibrgl g pbrob`ãæa obkìg bl ha`s gspbftas hòbrbitbs= Ousstgr Ousstgr,, hg Crgihb @hb`g , b Gskgi, a ^g` `crb. Cgtgs sçd`gs bisìgl qub obkìas crgihbs b pbqubias hbvbl sbr gk`ghas, b qub as ha`s gspbftas h`vìas lastrgl ogfbs hb ul ýi`fa sbr. Ibl tahas faifarhgl fal `ssa.

Ousstgr-Gskgi sgkt`tg gtà a tapa ha fàu, b qugiha Cgtjukju hbspbrtgr, a ^grgìsa fg`rç, b bitæa a tapa has fàus fjbcgrç gtà bkb. ‘ H`tgha hgs `crbsgs Vaijghargs

23

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Ousstgr G oà hg Cgtg Macgharg (fgsa bkgs pgrbl pgrg pbisgr i`ssa), a fukta hb Ousstgr bstç fbitrgk`zgha ig Crgihb @hb`g , g iaãæa hb fkgss`﬇fgr julgias iæa fala ì`l`cas au prbsgs, lgs s`l fala sbrvas. G Crgihb @hb`g  gdrgicb gdrgicb l`kjgrbs hb gias hb ulg sbfrbtg, paràl cbit`k, prbssæa psìqu`fg hgs cgtgs, bifargmgiha g julgi`hghb g sb bstgdbkbfbr bl ul kafgk b trgdgkjgr pgrg ogzbr fa`sgs faioartçvb`s faio artçvb`s ‘ fkgra qub pgrg a dbiboìfà hb tahg g julgi`hghb, gss`l fala hb sbus gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= ^g` Cgta, a ^r`lb`ra ^bisghar. Faisartb hb Dgstbt, g Læb Cgtg. Faiouih`ha fal (au oaitb hb ìsp`rgãæa ha) hbus bcìpfà ^tgj. Vbcu`harbs= Cgtgs f`v`k`zghgs, v`vbiha fal au pröx`la g julgias. Bsobrg hb apbrgãæa= Vaija. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= Hbobihbr g Crgihb @hb`g   hb sbus lu`tas ì`l`cas5 bifargmgr julgias g lgitbr b hbsbivakvbr ulg f`v`k`zgãæa fghg vbz lg`s faioartçvbk5 iæa pbrl`t`r qub as julgias hbsfudrgl hb sfudrgl qub gs cgtgs qub bstæa ia i a falgiha. @i`l`cas= ahas as fuktas gi`lg`s qub dusfgl sudvbrtbr a stgtus qua, bspbf`gklbitb Jgstpurr, Cgtjukju, L`gukgtjatbp, b autras ì`l`cas hg f`v`k`zgãæa. Gk`ghas= Dgstbt. Fukta hb Gskgi, iarlgklbitb. ^kutt‐tja, qugiha faapbrgl pgrg pratbcbr as julgias. Vbrvas= Crupas hb jbraìigs gdbiãaghgs fal a bspìr`ta hg cgtvbiturg, au sbmg, gs Cgtgs Macghargs! Vbrvas Lgàrb Lgàrbss= Ibijul faijbf`ha (vbmg T`tugk Lgàr g sbcu`r). Kafg`s sgcrghas= Bsfur`hæa. Favbi= rbzb cgtgs, ìfkuìha ulg `c `crbsg rbsg Vaijgharg  bxpbr`bitb. bxpbr `bitb. Fbr`løi`gs= Harl`r bl ulg p`kjg hb cgtgs b saijgr muitgs. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Rl favbi prìf`pgk, pr ìf`pgk, gfalpgijgha hb ga lbi lbias as 0:3 cgtgs, tahgs saijgiha muitgs. Iæa bx`stb bxblpkas fai﬇rlghas hb tgitgs t gitgs cgtgs bicgmghgs tblpa su﬇f`bitb pgrg faifrbt`zgr tgk r`tugk, a qub tarig a fukta gktglbitb hbpbihbitb hb sugs jbraìigs.

Gskgi A fukta g Gskgi vbibrg g crgãg obkìg, g oarãg, g k`dbrhghb, g obraf`hghb, biogt`zgiha gs cgtgs fala fgãghargs pbrob`tgs b a ghbqugha pgpbk hb tahgs gs autrgs bspàf`bs fala sugs prbsgs. Gqubkbs qub sæa pbr`casas tgldàl pahbl sbr fais`hbrghas sbus ì`l`cas, lgs iæa bx`stb tbrfb`rg fgtbcar`g. Gs crgihbs cgtgs ha luiha, b gs cgtgs pbqubigs qub v`vbl sbl guxìkà julgia, rbmb`tgl g Crgihb @hb`g  b, b, gss`l, fais`hbrgl as julgias fala `rrbkbvgitbs (ig lbkjar hgs j`pötbsbs), orbqubitblbitb pbr`casas b, bl ýkt`lg ìstäif`g, h`spbisçvb`s. Fgsa bssgs cgtgs sb taribl gk`bighgs a su﬇f`bitb pbkgs lgquìgãòbs hg f`v`k`zgãæa julgig ias lakhbs hb Ousstgr Ousstgr,, sug `rg pahb tariç-kgs vukibrçvb`s gas sussurras ha Fukta ha Akja Glgrbka, kbvgiha-gs g vbibrgr Jgstpu Jgstpurr rr,, fumas sbcu`h sbcu`harbs arbs gt`vgl gt`vglbitb bitb gtg gtgfgl fgl g ff`v`k` `v`k`zgãæa zgãæa jjulgig. ulgig.

2:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= A ^g` `crb, a Cgta qub Gihg Vazìja, a Kbapgrha qub ^brsbcub g Ia`tb. Gssaf`g Gssaf`gha ha g Gpbhblge, a Kbæa hg _ _brhghb, brhghb, tgldàl faijbf`ha fala Lggjbs, Vbijar ha Gdgtb b ﬇kja hb Dgstbt. Vbcu`harbs= Obkìas crgihbs5 obkìas lbiarbs qub qubrbl blukç-kas. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg Admbt`vas ha fukta= K`dbrtgr gs cgtgs, bspbf`gklbitb crgihbs obkìgs, hg ìhb v`hg ìffluíif ìffluíif`g `g julgig julgig55 rbìtr rbìtrahuz`r ahuz`r as obkìas ia luiha igturg igturgkk b ig v`hg sbkvgc sbkvgcbl. bl. @i`l`cas= Gqubkbs qub dusfgl gdgkgr g halìäif`g obkìg. o bkìg. Gk`g Gk `gha hass= Fukta hb Ousstgr, iarlgklbitb5 Dgstbt5 îs vbzbs, a Fukta ha Akja Glgrbka. Vbrvas= Obkìas crgihbs. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Kbæa hbvarghar hb jalbis. Kafg`s sgcrghas= Kucgrbs sbkvgcbis pröx`las ga gvgiãa julgia. Favbi= Tbui`æa hb fgãgharbs hb ga lbias trís bspàf`bs hb obkìas hòbrbitbs. hò brbitbs. Fbr`løi`gs= Fgãghg iaturig. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Bifaitra hb hbzbigs hb obkìas hb gldas as sbxas, hb tahgs gs `hghbs, b hb fghg ulg hgs bspàf`bs hb obkìas kafg`s, fuklìgiha ga glgijbfbr. Rl rbsuktgha orbqubitb à ulg crgihb fgãghg faldìghg qub ìvghb ul kafgk aihb julgias lgitàl obkìas pr`sàib`ras, iulg kutg pgrg k`dbrtgr sbus `rlæas b `rlæs.

Dgstbt ahgs gs cgtgs bspbrtgs sgdbl qub, sbl iavgs iìjghgs, g rgãg bstgrç pbrh`hg. ahgs Vbcu`hargs hg pahbrasg hbusg Dgstbt kbldrgl gs hblg`s qub ibijul `hbgk gdstrgta à vçk`ha pgrg glbgãgr g sadrbv`víif`g, b qub as ﬇kjatbs hbvbl sblprb v`r bl pr`lb`ra kucgr. Dgstbt, qub iæa à ul bspìr`ta höf`k, ìsp`rg sbu fukta î dgtgkjg obraz b sgicrbitg qugiha ibfbssçrà pgrg cgrgit`r g sbcurgiãg sbcurgiã g b a outura hb mavbis cgtìjas. Gitbs lbsla hb gdr`rbl as akjas, tahas as ﬇kjatbs gprbihbl g vbibrgr Dgstbt, sgkvgharg hg bspàf`b obkìg. Lg`s tgrhb, bkgs sæa ìstruìhgs ia fglìja hb Ousstgr-Gskgi b pgssgl g jairgr gldas as bspìr`tas. As ha`s afuktas lbldras qub, bldarg h`stìtas, sb rbspb`tgl lutuglbitb. Gìhg, Fuktapassubl hb Dgstbt iæa sb k`l`tg g gpbigs lbldras mavbis au ha sbxa oblììa. Gkcuis crupas hb ﬇kjatbs oarlgl sbu pröprà Favbi hb Dgstbt, iarlgklbitb arùihas hb ulg ýi`fg iìjghg5 à pbrl`t`ha g bssgs cgtgs faivbrtbrbl-sb g Ousstgr-Gskgi gpös gtìc`rbl g lgtur`hghb. `crbsgs `c rbsgs Vaijghargs hb Dgstbt îs vbzbs hbsfrbvbl Ousstgr fala lgr`ha hb Dgstbt b Gskgi fala sbu ﬇kja, ha`s bspìr`tas h`stìtas qub h`sfutbl faistgitblbitb b hblgihgl sug ìtbrvbiãæa pgrg rbstgurgr g pgz b prbvbi`r hbsgstrbs.

20

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= Læb cgtg, g ^ratbtarg5 tgldàl faijbf`hg fala Dgst, G`kuras5 gssaf`ghg g Vbejlbt, V bejlbt, g Kbag. Gspb Gs pbft ftaa= Rlg cgtg oílbg hb oarãg cubrrb`rg5 îs vbzbs rbtrgtghg pratbcbiha ﬇kjatbs. Vbcu`harbs= Cgtgs ﬇kjatbs5 cgtgs crçv`hgs b glglbitgiha5 gqubkgs qub hb vbl pratbcbr as lg`s iavas. Bsobrg hb apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg, Vaija. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= ^rbsbrvgr g kìjgcbl hb sgicub hg bspàf`b obkìg g qugkqubr fusta, gtà lbsla faitrgr`giha g Crgihb @hb`g   qugiha sbus bxfbssas glbgãgl g sadrbv`víif`g. @i`l`cas= Jgstpurr 5 qugkqubr ul qub glbgfb g sadrbv`víif`g obkìg. Gk`ghas= Ousstgr-Gskgi (au Ousstgr b Gskgi) Vbrvas= Cgtg læb hbrratgiha autras bl ul bstgha hb oýr`g sadrbigturgk. Vbrvas Lgàrb Lgàrbss= Bxàrf`ta hb cgtgs læbs. Kafg`s sgcrghas= Kafg`s qubitbs, bsfuras b bstrb`tas. Favbi= rís rís cgtgs læbs, au ul favbi hb ﬇kjatbs fala ulg iìj iìjghg ghg hb `rlæs. Fbr`løi`gs= Vaijgiha muitas. Favbis hb cgtìjgs saijgl saijas hb cgtìjgs qub pahbl sb tarigr vbrhghb ig oarlg qub cgtìjgs qubrbl, iarlgklbitb ìhuzìha ul julgia g sgt`sogzbr ul pbqubia fgpr`fja. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Ighg hb cgtìjgs, lgs s`l ulg falui`hghb ìtb`rg hb cgtgs læbs sb muitgl bl oýr`g, fgpgzbs hb oarlgr ulg oarãg hb dgtgkjg tblparçr`g pgrg pratbcbr sbus ﬇kjatbs b sbu tbrr`törà.

G cgtìjg fbcg fbcg bixbrcg a pa pahbr hbr hg læb5 g cgtg falul hb akjgr gt`va à ìfgpgz h`ssa. ‘ H`tgha hgs `crbsgs Vaijghargs

?>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Jgstpurr Bstb git`ca obkìa mç oa` ul crgihb kìhbr, lgs bkb sb h`stgifàu hgs autrgs cgtgs gif`æs bl rbkgãæa î julgi`hghb. Jgstpurr qubr`g hbstru`r as julgias, b bkb pgssau g fuktugr a Crgihb Cgtjukju bl dusfg hhbb pahbr, gtrgìha lu`tas sbcu`harbs. G f`sæa kbvau Cubrrg has Jgstpurr âkbcgrbs oa` (p.larta (p. 788), 788), ul faiffl`ta bitrb cgtgs qub qugsb hbstruù tuha.îOìgklbitb, b sbus sbcu`harbs sb h`spbrsgrgl. @iobk`zlbitb, gkculgs cgtgs jamb bl h`g (bspbf`gklbitb (bspbf`gklbit b gqubkgs gdusghgs par julgias) gìhg a vbibrgl, vbib rgl, b oarg ha luiha sbu bspìr`ta cgijg pahbr. Vbus sbcu`harbs sæa faijbf`has fala a Fukta ha Akja Glgrbka, b bkbs faisp`rgl pgrg bicgigr g julgi`hghb, kbvgiha-g g sb hbstru`r, par lbà hb hbsgstrbs bspbtgfukgrbs. Îs vbzbs bkbs ì ìsìugl, sìugl, igs lbitbs julgigs, v`sòbs hb ulg v`hg gpös g lartb, fjglghg Cgtfasg, sut`klbitb ìhuzìha g `hb`g hb qub gs fa`sgs `ræa lbkjargr qugiha qugih a g lartb fjbcgr. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= Jgstpurr hb Cgtfasg, a Cgta Glgrbka, a Cgta Bsogrrgpgha, a Akja Glgrbka. Gspbfta= Rl crgihb cgta glgrbka hb bspàf`b hbsfaijbf`hg, bstgiha gusbitb sbu akja h`rb`ta. = Cgtgs hb tahas as tglgijas qub qubrbl hbstru`r g f`v`k`zgãæa julgig. Vbcu`harbs Bsobrg hb apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg, Vaija. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= Lgiòbstgr halìià sadrb g julgi`hghb b tahas as autras gi`lg`s, fal cgtgs sbiha gdbrtglbitb vbibrghgs b sbrv`hgs. Rl ﬇l ga ‛halìià par trçs hgs saldrgs“. @i`l`cas= Ousstgr-Gskgi5 julgias qub lgtgl, halìgl au gdusgl hb cgtgs. Gk`gha Gk` ghass= Vbcu`harbs hb Gskgi ìsgt`sob`tas5 pass`vbklbitb a Fukta hb Cgtjukju. Vbrvas= Cgtgs faluis sad faitrakb psìqu`fa tblparçrà. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Crgihbs cgtgs bl bstgha bs tgha hb oýr`g hb hbsfaitrakghg. sfaitrakghg. Kafg`s sgcrghas= Fbl`tàràs julgias, au a kafgk hb lgssgfrbs hb obkìas. Favbi= rbzb cgtgs, ìfkuìha ulg `c `crbsg rbsg Vaijgharg  bxpbr`bitb. b xpbr`bitb. @icbstæa hb hasbs hb brvg hb cgta b ul saija faimuiFbr`løi`gs ta, î ia`tb bl ul =fbl`tàrà, sadcrgihbs gs arhbis bstr`tgs hb ulg `crbsg Vaijgharg . T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Tbui`æa hb 7?0 cgtgs hb hòbrbitbs bspàf`bs, fuklìgiha bl ulg crgihb obkìg lgtgiha ul julgia qub tbijg iatghglbitb gdusgha hb cgtgs.

?7

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Crgihb Cgtjukju A lg`s tbl`ha bitrb gs cgtgs. Bl sbus saijas b sussurras, surc surcbb glbgãgharglbitb a Crgihb Crgih b Cgtjukju. Biqugita Ousstgr-Gskgi à oartb b sçdà, Cgtjukju bifgrig g oarãg iæa faitrakghg, a pahbr sbl k`l`tbs, a ìstìta pura b a gdgihaia hb tah tahas as as pkgias, dgrcgijgs b bsqublgs. Cgtjukju à a lg`s git`ca has hbusbs obkìas b, hb gfarha fal gkcuis bstuhàsas, a pracbi`tar hb tahas as Hbusbs Gi`lg`s. Wugiha as `lpuksas git`cas ha farpa talgl faitrakb, qugiha ul lgfja sbitb as obraløiàs hb ulg oílbg, qugiha g brvg hb cgta faiouihb a fàrbdra, qugiha ul pbqubia admbta sb lavb rgp`hglbitb pbkas fgitas, Cgtjukju sb lgiòbstg, b g lbitb h`ssakvb. Gs cgtgs lg`s sçd`gs rbpbtbl gs git`cgs j`stör`gs= fala ﬇kjatbs larr`gl, cgtgs cgtgs saor`gl, b g oalb b gs habiãgs bbrgl rgl g rbcrg gitbs hhgg Crgihb @hb`g .

?4

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Bitrbtgita, bstb `lpuksa gifbstrgk pbrlgibfb v`va bl fghg cgtg, rbpr`l`ha bl lgàr au lbiar crgu. Wugiha as tblpas sb tarigl hòìfb`s, qugiha g Crgihb @hb`g  pgrbfb pgrbfb ulg trafg qub iæa vgkb g pbig, qugiha a saor`lbita farrö` gs pgrbhbs hg sgi`hghb, lu`tgs cgtgs pbisgl bl Cgtjukju b ias _bkjas blpas. As fuktas pra`d`has ha hbus rbssurcbl bl bifaitras sbfrbtas b sussurras ciöst`fas, b fbrtgs cgtgs b autras gi`lg`s sb rbýibl pgrg rbzgr b gpgz`cugr Cgtjukju. Vupk`fgl g ‛bkb“ pgrg qub hbspbrt hbspbrtbb b k`lpb a luiha hgs tb`gs orçcb`s b gdsurhgs hg f`v`k`zgãæa, lbrcukjgiha tuha hb vaktg ia luiha fgöt`fa hb ìstìtas hbsfaitrakghas, `ciaräif`g gdbiãaghg b gkbcrb hbsfaijbf`lbita. Ia bstgha pr`lgk, tahgs gs fr`gturgs sæa prbsgs, ìfkuìha a pröprà ‛bu“. Lartb b hbstru`ãæa iiæa æa prbf`sgl sbr tbl`h tbl`hgs gs pbkg gklg hbscgrrghg, lgs s`l gdrgãghgs fala a çp`fb ha ‛bu vbrhghb`ra“, a ckaràsa fkìlgx hg igturbzg k`dbrtg. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= Ftjukju, a Gharlbf`ha, a Crgihb Git`ca, a ^racbi`tar, a @h, g Fa`sg sad g Çcug. Gspbfta Gspbf ta= _`sta pbkgs cgtgs, Cgtjukju faldìg g oarlg hb ul laistra c`cgitb fal tbitçfukas fal g fgdbãg fgdbã g hb cgta, hbtbitar hb ul akjgr j`piöt`fa b bibr bibrvgitb. vgitb. Vbcu`harbs= Vbrbs hb tahg b qugkqubr bspàf`b qub tbijgl sb fgisgha ha luiha b gcarg gpbigs hbsbmgl a ﬇l hb tahgs gs fa`sgs. Lu`tas crupas gfrbh`tgl qub g vìhg hb hb Cgtjuk Cgtjukju ju à ìbv` ìbv`tçvbk tçvbk b pra prapìf`g pìf`g pgrg uulg lg lartb rçp`h rçp`hgg b l`s l`sbr`far br`farhàsg. hàsg. Bsobrg hb apbrgãæa= Vaija, par biqugita5 biq ugita5  blpa. blpa. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= Hbspbrtgr sbu hbus ìhòbrbitb b k`dbrtç-ka pgrg rbogzbr a luiha (au hbstruì-ka falpkbtglbitb), fal g rbgk`zgãæa hb sbus fgpr`fjas ìhbfòrçvb`s. @i`l`cas= Gqubkbs qub, fala gs cgtgs jbraìigs, faldgtbl a fukta b tbitgl tbi tgl `lpbh`r a jarrìvbk j arrìvbk Cgtjukju hb hbspbrtgr. Gk`ghas= Gpbigs gqubkbs qub sb ui`r`gl pgrg ìfbih`gr a luiha par ul paufa hb pahbr tblparçrà. Vbrvas= Fukt`stgs kaufas. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Vjgccatj (p. (p. 3? 3?)) Kucgrbs Vgcrghas= Ìhakas git`cas hb pbhrg bsfaih`has bl vgkbs pbrh`has, päitgias b dasqubs. Favbi= rbzb fukt`stgs au lg`s, ha lbsla t`pa gi`lgk, sblprb bl pgrbs, gfrbsf`has hb ul sgfbrhatb au sgfbrhat`sg (sbiha, ia tatgk, sblprb bl iýlbra ìlpgr hb lbldras). Fbr`løi`g = Falpartglbitas bxgcbrghas, pkgibmghas pgrg fjafgr fjaf gr,, aobihbr b ìvgk`hgr g oà pràv`g has pgrt`f`pgitbs, gfalpgijghas hb fgitar`gs ììtbrruptgs hb sìkgdgs gpgrbitblbitb `lpraiuif`çvb`s. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Dgs`fglbitb a lbsla qub afarrb igs Fbr`løi`gs, lgs fal kaufurg b vàkíif`g bxtrblglbitb gulbitghgs, fuklìgiha ia sgfròìfà hb tgitgs vìt`lgs qugita passìvbk. aha fukt`stg hbvb pgrt`f`pgr gtà g bxgustæa, gtà g k`dbrtgãæa has ìstìtas sbkvgcbis b sbl rbstr`ãòbs, hbk`dbrghglbitb vàkgiha as prbfb`tas larg`s qub passuìg gitbs git bs hb sb ui`r ga fukta.

?6

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj Rl tbrrìvbk bspìr`ta hb supbrpapukgãæa hbsfaitrakghg b faisgicuì`hghb bikauqubf`hg, Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj à ulg v`sæa pbr pbrvbrt`hg vbrt`hg hg lgtbri`hghb. Cgtgs Fukt`stgs g `lgcìgl fala ulg crgihb rgìjg, hb farpa ìfjgha, fal hbzbigs hb lgl`kas fjbàs kb`tb, orbqubitblbitb hgiha î kuz gbkgtbrrìvb`s s`l`kgrbs g cgtgshbqugita hb autrgs oarlgs). Îs vbzbs val`tglaistras dakgs hb (tgita pbka fjglghgs Vjgccatjs (p. (p. 3? 3?).). L`sbr`farhàsglbitb, gss`l fala Cgtjukju, Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj bstç gharlbf`hg jç l`kjgrbs hb gias, bl ulg ogfbtg ha bspgãa b tblpa qub rgrglbitb ìtbrgcb fal a luiha julgia. Gi`lg`s lgk ar`bitghas, ìfkuìha julgias, sb rbýibl bl fuktas pra`d`has g Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj, V gfjí-I`ccurgtj, `lpkargiha qub ul hb sbus laistras ﬇kjatbs gpgrbãg b sb vìcub hgqubkbs qub as fukt`stgs fais`hbrgl sbus ì`l`cas. Lu`tgs cgtgs jbraìigs mç kutgrgl b gtà lbsla larrbrgl tbitgiha `lpbh`r qub bssbs partg`s hb k`cgãæa oassbl gdbrtas. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= G Læb Lç, G Læb has L`k Cgtìjas5 îs vbzbs vbz bs hbsfr`tg fala g falpgijb`rg hb Cgtjukju. Gspbfta Gspbf ta= Rlg cgtg oílbg ìfjghg b c`cgitb, dgdgiha bl ul saia praouiha. = Gqubkbs qub sb vbbl rbmb`tghas Vbcu`harbs pgtàt`fgs, qub dusfgl g hbstru`ãæa hbs tru`ãæa ìh`sfr`lì ghg fala pgrg sbfr`gturgs vìcgr vìcgr.. ob`gs, orgfgs au Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= @isbr`r laistras sadrbigturg`s ia luiha, ig lgàr qugit`hghb passìvbk5 bl ýkt`lg ìstäif`g, bifaitrgr ulg oarlg hb hbspbrtgr Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj b trgzí-kg t rgzí-kg ga luiha oìs`fa. @i`l`cas= Dgstbt b tahas gqubkbs qub kutgl pbkg arhbl, ìfkuìha Ousstgr -Gskgi, ^kutt‐tja b gtà lbsla a Hbus Tgta. Gk`ghas= Fukt`stgs hb Cgtjukju5 qugiha gprapr`gha g sbus pröpràs admbt` vas hb hbstru`ãæa, autr autras as fuktas fgöt`fas (fala a hb Jgstpurr hb Akja Glgrbka) bstæa h`spastas g gmuhgr as fukt`stgs hb Vgfjí-I`ccurgtj g ìvafgr sbus laistras. Vbrvas= Fukt`stgs kaufas hb qugkqubr bspàf`b gi`lgk, ìfkuìha julgias. ^bka lbiasqub Vjgccatj5 au, gìhg pàr, ulg vbrsæa c`cgitb, Vbrvas Lgàrb Lgàrbss= ha lutgitb b laistruasg gi`lgk oobz bz g ìvafgãæa. Kafg`s Vgcrghas= Dasqubs pr`l`t`vas. Favbi= Gi`lg`s fukt`stgs fal ul pbsa tatgk hb 826,?>ec, k`hbrghas par ul Vgfbrhatb fal gkcul t`pa hb lutgãæa, hboarl`hghb au hbs﬇curgãæa. Fbr`løi`gs= Gtas adsfbias bivakvbiha sudl`ssæa b sgfròìfà. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= _ìt`lgs ìafbitbs sæa sudlbt`hgs g bxpbr`íif`gs hbsgcrghçvb`s hblg`s pgrg sbrbl hbtgkjghgs.

?8

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Hbusbs Gi`lg`s ^kutt‐tja ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja,, a Hbus Fgiìa, tgldàl à faijb faijbf`ha f`ha fala a ^gkìihrala par bifgrigr ha`s gspbftas, ul rbfflbtìha a autra= g kbgkhghb lg`s oartb b ìgdgkçvbk, b g oýr`g lg`s frubk faitrg qugkqubr glbgãg î lgt`kjg. Fæbs halàst`fas bstæa gtrbkghas î julgi`hghb jç gìhg lg`s tblpa qub gs cgtgs, b lu`tgs vbzbs sb vaktgl pgrg ^kutt‐tja tt ‐tja pgrg gux`k`ç-kas ig kutg faitrg sbus r`vg`s obkìas. obkìas . Bkbs dusfgl, fal tahgs gs oarãgs, rblavbr falpkbtglbitb gs cgtgs hg v`hg v`h g julgig, pa`s gs cgtgs iæa sæa kbg`s b, faisbqubitblbitb, faisbqubitblbitb, sæa pgrgs`tgs qub iæa lb lbrbfbl rbfbl a gobta b g pratbãæa julgig. Lu`tgs lgt`kjgs hb fæbs halàst`fas ìfkubl as julgias fala sbus glghas kìhbrbs, bldarg autrgs bxfkugl as hugs-pgtgs. ^kutt‐tja prbcg gpbigs g kbgkhghb, sbl h`zbr g qubl bkg hbvb sbr h`r`c`hg. Gss`l, fgiìas sbkvgcbis fala kadas, faàtbs, hìcas, hbitrb autras, tgldàl vbibrgl a Fæa Laistruasa b sug oarãg, biqugita bixbrcgl as julgias fala ì`l`cas ì `l`cas pahbrasas, b gs cgtgs fala vbrlbs b prbsgs. Lg`s sadrb ^kutt‐tja gpgrbfb ia K`vra has Fæbs   (p. (p. 728). 728). A bspìr`ta hb ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja ìsp`rg as kìhbrbs ha sbu fukta5 fæbs sbis`t`vas faijbf`has fala Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl

?2

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= A Gkog, a ^r`lb`ra Gl`ca, g Lgt`kjg. Gspbfta= Rl Lgst`﬎ gdsurhglbitb crgihb b oartb, qub sb lgiòbstg par lbà hb sbu oartb fjb`ra b pbka sal hb sbu rasigha5 v`sugklbitb, gpbigs ulg saldrg î bsprb`tg. Vbcu`harbs= Fgi`s kupus ogl`k`gr`s  b b bspàf`bs rbkgfàighgs qub v`vbl bl jgrlai`g fal as julgias. Gkcuis julgias gpg`xaighas par fæbs pahbl vbibrgr ^kutt‐tja sbl sgdbr. Bsobrg hb apbrgãæa= Vaf`gk. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= ^ralavbr a sufbssa hb fæbs b sbus pgrfb`ras julgias5 bk`lìgr gqubkbs qub falpbtbl fal bkbs pbkg gtbiãæa julgig5 pratbcbr g sadrb v`víif`g hgs kìjgcbis fgiìgs. Vbrvas= Fgfjarras gpgrbitblbitb gfalbt`has pbkg rg`vg, sad sucbstæa j`piöt`fg. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Fæa has Dgsebrv`kkb C`cgitb, au ulg lgt`kjg ogitgslg qub pbrsbcub as ì`l`cas iulg fgãghg sbkvgcbl. sbk vgcbl. Kucgrbs Vgcrghas= Obrras-vbkjas, k`xòbs, p`kjgs hb bstrulb b autras kucgrbs obharbitas, bspbf`gklbitb gqubkbs qub tbijgl fjb`ra hb julgias. Favbi= Rlg lgt`kjg hb fæbs, fal lgfjas b oílbgs gkogs. Bl fgsas rgras a fa vbi pahb ìfku`r julgia julgias, s, tgita fala gkogs gkogs,, qugita fala fr`giãg fr`giãgss ffr`ghgs r`ghgs par kadas kadas.. Fbr`løi`gs= R`va bl crupa T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Fbitbigs hb fæbs hb rgãgs b pbr﬇s hòbrbitbs rbui`has iulg ‛lgt`kjg hgs lgt`kjgs“, k`hbrghg par ul Crgihb Gkog, qub hbvb sbr sadrbigturgklbitb vbkja b oglasa par sbus sbrv`ãas î julgi`hghb. Rlg sàr`b hb u`vas bl crupa afarrbl hurgitb tahg g ia`tb sad g kug fjb`g, oarlgiha ulg raihg h`sfarhgitb, ul fara, b ﬇igklbitb ul frbsfbiha bisurhbfbhar qub gogstgr`g qugkqubr cgtg pgrg dbl kaicb. Oìgklbitb a Crgihb Gkog rgscg g cgrcgitg hb ul ì`l`ca b gs fbitbigs hb fæbs sæa kbvghgs par blaãòbs `rrgfàig`s. A rbsuktgha pahb sbr ulg lgc`g pahbrasg au s`lpkbslbitb ulg fgãghg bl lgssg orbiàt`fg, fal as pgrt`f`pgitbs lgtgiha b falbiha tuha ia fglìja, fal bxfbãæa hb autras fæbs b hb julgias.

Vgppusadjbsus, A Hbus Vgpa _bibrgha b `l`tgha par tahas qub sb grrgstgl, sgkt`tgl au rgstbmgl bitrb g ul`hghb b a gr, gr, Vgppusadjbsus bifgrig a bspìr`ta kbita b tb`lasa qub sb gcgfjg, bifgrg b sb rbfusg g sg`r ha kucgr. Ha lg`s praouiha päitgia, hgs fgkjgs hgs f`hghbs, hgs fapgs ga vbita b hgs h gs çrvarbs hg fflarbstg glgz glgzøi`fg, øi`fg, sgpas, ræ ræs, s, tr`tòbs b autras gioìdàs fgitgl g Fgiãæa hb Iæa Vb Lavbr. G fais`stíif`g purg hb sbu Vaija prbssàig faitrg as pbisglbitas julgias, bldgkgiha-as bl falpkgfíif`g, pbisgiha ig oarlg fala g f`v`k`zgãæa ìhustr`gk crghugklbitb tarig a pkgibtg lg`s qubitb b fal lg`s tblpbstghbs. Julgias bitrgl ia fukta par trgh`ãòbs git`cgs, vbibrgiha gktgrbs bl oarlg hb ræs bl päitgias iæa lgpbghas, orbqubitblbitb gpkgfgiha Vgppusadjbsus

??

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

g prbsbrvgr drbmas b fjgrfas faitrg as gvgiãas ha hbsbivakv`lbita. A fukt`stg ogz usa fbr`lai`gk ha vbibia hb gkculgs ræs, ulg taxìg pahbrasg qub gobtg g lbitb hb autras gi`lg`s. A s`lpkbs taqub ia gi`lgk trgisobrb ulg pbqubig qugit`hghb5 kgldbr au falbr ulg ræ hç ulg hasb pahbrasg. A gi`lgk qub ogz g ìcbstæa bxpbr`bif`g v`sòbs kaicgs b ìvakuitçr`gs ha gkìjglbita orgftgk ha luiha oìs`fa fal a Tbìa Bsp`r`tugk. J`stör`gs vgr`gl, b iæa sb sgdb sb bssgs v`sòbs faitàl ulg sgdbhar`g praouihg, vbrhghbs vbrhghbs tbrrìvb`s crgihb crgihbss hblg`s pgrg iæa gobtgr ulg lbitb lartgk, gdsurhas purglbitb sbl sbit`ha, ìsìugãòbs lgk`fàsgs hb bspìr`tas ìtrus`vas, au qugkqubr faldìgãæa hbssgs pass`d`k`hghbs. Fbrtas julgias fukt`stgs pahbl tbitgr grlgzbigr ulg crgihb qugit`hghb ha vbibia b ogzbr usa hbstrut`va hbkb. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= Gqubkb hgs b`gs, a Fgita hg Ia`tb, E‐Huie a Carha, gssaf`gha g Jbqbt, g @iuihgãæa hhgg Obrt`k`hghb. Gspbfta= G lgàr, lg`s carhg, lg`s `lövbk, lg`s `lpgssìvbk ræ qub vafí pahb `lgcìgr. Vbcu`harbs= Jarhgs hb gioìdàs fgitgiha fgiãòbs sgcrghgs5 Julgias qub v`vbl bl drbmas, fjgrfas b päitgias b qubrbl bxpuksgr oargstb`ras. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= ^rbmuh`fgr tbitgt`vgs hb hbsbivakvbr çrbgs ýl`hgs5 bifargmgr a falpartglbita julgia qub fr`g cgsbs ha bob`ta bstuog b, faisbqubitblbitb, fgusgr ul fk`lg fgöt`fa, f göt`fa, gulbita has iìvb`s ha lgr, b fk`lgs lg`s qubitbs. @i`l`cas= Lgllai5 jbrö`s hb Ousstgr-Gskgi qub sb apòbl gas bsoarãas ha ha fukta. Gk`ghas= Gpaà psìqu`fa ha Hbus @isbta. Vbrvas= Fukt`stgs faiousas pbka vbibia. Vbrvas Lgàr Lgàrbs bs= Bixglbs hb sgkglgihrgs vbibiasgs5 bx`stbl rularbs hb ul gvgtgr ha pröprà hbus, ul giura ha tglgija hb ul fglìjæa (au lgàr) qub sb gk`lbitg hb qugkqubr fa`sg. Kafg`s sgcrghas= blpkas tæa git`cas qugita g pr`lb`rg afupgãæa julgig hb ulg çrbg. Favbi= 4? julgias, au 24 gioìdàs. Fbr`løi`gs= @icbstæa hb vbibia hb ræ5 ghargãæa hb ulg bstçtug git`cg hb ul sgpa c`cgitb au a lgàr sgpa au ræ v`vas qub oar passìvbk bi bifaitrgr faitrgr.. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Fkæs ìtb`ras bikauqubf`has par lýkt`pkas ìtax`fgitbs, sb oartgkbfbiha bl ulg lukt`hæa pgrg faihuz`r gtas hb vàkíif`g.

L`gukgtjatbp hb Lu`tgs Oarlgs b hb Ibijulg Hbitra hb fghg gi`lgk igsfb a glar pbkg sug pröpr`g bspàf`b, b fghg bspàf`b bfag b à pgrtb hb ulg oarlg bsp`r`tugk grqubtìp`fg. Wugiha ul t`pa hb gi`lgk bl pgrt`fukgr saorb crgihbs b faitìiugs hbrratgs, fjbcgiha ga paita hb sb gcgrrgr g qugkqubr bspbrgiãg, ulg ﬇curg lbss`äi`fg surcb pgrg sb gpravb`tgr hb sbu hbsbspb-

?3

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

ra b oarmç-ka bl pahbr druta. Tbpbt`hglbitb ig j`stör j`stör`g `g gpgrbfb ul sbr oìs`fa qub bifgrig a `hbgk hgqubkb t`pa bspbfì﬇fa hb gi`lgk, b tgk gi`lgk sb uib î fgusg hbssb gvgtgr. Tbpbt`hglbitb a gvgtgr pravg sbr iæa ul biv`gha has bspìr`tas gifbstrg`s, lgs s`l a lutçvbk L`gukgtjatbp, a Fgas Gldukgitb, a bspìr`ta qub pahb talgr qugkqubr oarlg, pa`s bkb lbsla iæa tbl ibijulg. G ar`cbl hbstb gvgtgr à hbsfaijbf`hg, lgs iuifg bx`stb lg`s ha qub ul bl hgha lalbita. âhb âhb sbr qub a hbsbspbrgha Fukta Gi`lgk fulprg ul T`tugk Lgàr Lgàr,, pbhìha par gmuhg, gpbigs gpbigs pgrg rbfbdbr ulg iuk`hghb bicgiasg hbsk`zgiha hbsk`zgi ha pgrg bstb luiha5 pahb sbr qub L`gukgtjatbp gcugrhb ia luiha oìs`fa par tgk apartui`hghb. A gvgtgr passu` ul fgr`slg sadrbigturgk qub pahb ogf`klbitb j`piat`zgr ul crgihb iýlbra hb sbcu`harbs. Ga kaica ha tblpa, bkb pahb faistru`r pahbrasas bxàrf`tas, biv`ç-kas pgrg rbfrutgr iavas sbr sbrvas vas î oarãg, fjbcgiha ﬇igklbitb g ulg fglpgijg hb hbstru`ãæa. Gqubkbs qub gìhg iæa bifgrgrgl L`gukgtjatbp pahbl tbr hýv`hgs, lgs ulg vbz sad sug ìffluíif`g, sbcu`harbs gfrbh`tgl fbcglbitb qub sbu kìhbr à a gvgtgr ha Bspìr`ta gifbstrgk h`vìa hb sug bspàf`b, gfakjbiha sbus falgihas lg`s gdsurhas fala sb g sadrbv`víif`g hg bspàf`b hbpbihbssb h`ssa. G ýi`fg orgqubzg ha fukta à qub sbus sbcu`harbs, j`piat`zghas, iæa pgssgl hb vìt`lgs, iæa sbiha fukt`stgs vbrhghb`ras. Faihuz`r ul r`tugk lçc`fa rbqubr hbvatas qub vakuitgr`glbitb (ìhbpbihbitb hb par qugk rgzæa luihgig) tbijgl gkìjgha sbus admbt`vas fal as ha fukta. Gss`l, L`gukgtjatbp prbf`sg sblprb tbr ul Vula Vgfbrhatb b ul iýlbra hb autras fukt`stgs qub iæa fgìrgl bl sbu faitrakb lbitgk tatgk, b sb a gvgtgr oar hbrratgha, a bstgha hb sudl`ssæa hg crgihb lgssg sb h`spbrsg, hb`xgiha gpbigs tbrrìvb`s lblör`gs b a öhà par sbus aprbssarbs. Fr`gturgs praitgs pgrg rbv`vbr a Fukta hb L`gukgtjatbp sæa bspàf`bs bl pbr`ca au autras gi`lg`s sbkvgcbis qub hbsbmgl g qubhg hg bspàf`b julgig, fala bkbogitbs, ursas, gkculgs dgkb`gs, kadas, b gtà lbsla crgihbs obkìas. gk ìsurrb`ãæa afarrbr`g aihb a gvgtgr puhbssb faihuz`r sbus sbcu`harbs g ulg fgri`﬇fìg hg julgi`hghb. Bitrbtgita, bstuhàsas tgldàl gfrbh`tgl qub L`gukgtjatbp mç sb lgiòbstau ig oarlg julgig vçr`gs vbzbs. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= A Fgas Gldukgitb, a Vbkvgcbl, g Dbstg, a Bspbkja _gzà5 fala julgia, a Lbstrb, a Ogrgö Ibcra. Gspbfta= Rlg oarlg `hbgk`zghg b j`piat`fglbitb fgr`slçt`f fgr`slçt`fgg ha gi`lgk. Vbcu`harbs= Rl crupa hb sbrbs qub hbsbmgl pahbr, k`hbrgiha g jarhg has ps`qu`fglbitb halìghas. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= Faiqu`stgr b hbstru`r, pass`vbklbitb sbcu`ha hb ulg fglpgijg hb lartb bl lgssg, fuklìgiha ig bxtìãæa ckadgk b ha su`fìhà fakbt`va hb sbus sbcu`harbs. @i`l`cas= As hbsfrbitbs. Gk`ghass= Wugkqubr ul qub s`rvg Gk`gha s`r vg pgrg a lalbita5 ia ﬇igk, tahas sbræa trgìhas. Vbrvas= Lukt`hòbs hb j`piat`zghas.

Vbrvas Lgàrbs Kafg`s Lgàrb sgcrghass== Bxàrf`tas ýlukas hb hb j`piat`zghas. pahbrasas gitbpgssghas hg bspàf`b5 fbigs hb

?:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

faiqu`stgs b dgtgkjgs git`cgs5 bitrb julgias, laiulbitas l`k`tgrbs, pgkçfàs, b autras fbitras hb pahbr gutafrçt`fa. Favbi= rís rís Fukt`stgs iæa j`piat`zghas, ìfkuìha ul vbtbrgia hb fbr`løi`gs. Fbr`løi`gs= Faivbrsæa hb ulg qugit`hghb hb iavas rbfrutgs bqu`vgkbitb g ulg fkgrb`rg au ul guh`törà. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Öhà Crupgk= rìtg b trís fukt`stgs k`hbrghas pbka pröprà gvgtgr, fj`fatbgiha pbka lbi lbias as 000 sbcu`harbs j`piat`z j`piat`zghas ghas bl ul orbibs` hb öhà `rrgfàigk.

A Hbus @isbta A lbias falprbbisìvbk has bspìr`tas qub apbrgl ia luiha Oìs`fa, b gqubkb fal a lgàr iýlbra hb gi`lg`s ìtbcrgitbs, a Hbus @isbta bifgrig g v`sæa hb qub tahgs gs fr`gturgs sæa gpbigs ul sgfa hb iutr`bitbs, bx`stìha gpbigs pgrg sbrv`rbl hb gk`lbita g autrgs. Iæa bx`stb fbrta au brrgha, gpbigs oarãg, b g lgàr oarãg bstç ias iýlbras. âr rgzòbs pbrvbrsgs, iæa-ìsbtas qub hbsfadrbl a Bspìr`ta hg ^bstb qub Faisalb uha gdrgãgl, îs vbzbs, sbu gdsakuta rbgk`sla, tarigiha-sb hbvatas, trgdgkjgiha a jarrar autras gi`lg`shbb sb biogt`zgiha g out`k`hghb hb sb tbr bspbrgiãg au gsp`rgãòbs qubbl sbmgl hòbrbitbs tarigr fal`hg pgrg lasfgs b kgrvgs. kgr vgs. g`s fukt`stgs sb rbobrbl g autras lglìobras fala ‛rbob`ãòbs hb sgicub“. sgicub “. Autrgs @hbit`hghbs= Ibijulg Gspb Gs pbft ftaa= Rlg lbtglaroasb hb bstçcàs jarrìvb`s= hg kgrvg î `lgca b, hbpa`s, î rgìjg. Vbcu`harbs= ahas as ìsbtas sæa pgrtb ha Hbus @isbta. Fukt`stgs, bitrbtgita, iæa sæa ìsbtas= gqubkbs qub tblbl g habiãg5 gqubkbs bikauqubf`has pbkg larh`hg hb ul ìsbta5 gqubkbs qub hbsbmgl qub tahg g fgrib sbmg faisul`hg5 bitrb julgias, orbqubitblbitb as ﬇kjas bitbh`ghas hb oglìk`gs r`fgs. Oìs`fg. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa Admbt`vas ha Fukta== @ifalprbbisìvbk, lgs ìfku` sb gk`lbitgr hb autras gi`lg`s b cbrgr g lgàr qugit`hghb hb ìsbtas passìvbk. @i`l`cas= ^rìf`pgklbitb julgias, lgs tgldàl fæbs, cgtgs b autras t`pas hb gi`lg`s qub saorbl fal ìsbtas. Gk`ghas= ^kgitgs. Îs vbzbs a fukta faapbrg fal a Fukta Giura hb Vgppusadjbsus pgrg ìfbit`vgr gt`v`hghbs julgigs qub gulbitgl g tblpbrgturg ckadgk. Vbrvas= @isbtas hb tahas as t`pas ‘ qugkqubr grtröpahb pbqubia, ìfkuìha bspàf`bs hbsfaijbf`hgs pbkg f`íif`g. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Iuvbis hb cgogijatas. Kafg`s sgcrghas= ^äitgias, çcug pgrghg, kafg`s hb ìuihgãæa b hb putrbogãæa. ?0

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Favbi= Vb`s lglìobras qub sb gutahbprbf`gl, ìfkuìha ul fukt`stg bxpbr`bitb qub mç tbijg pgrt`f`pgha gitbràrlbitb hb ul sgfròìfà hb sgicub. Fbr`løi`gs= Tbqubrbl ul sgfròìfà hb ul gi`lgk hb h b sgicub qubitb= qugita lgàr b lg`s ìtbk`cbitb, lbkjar. Bixglbs hb ìsbtas sb lgiòbstgl ga rbhar has fukt`stgs hurgitb r`tug`s. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Vgfròìfàs julgias. Ibfbss`tg hb 47? fukt`stgs, hbitrb as qug`s gkcuis pahbl sbr iæa-julgias, fala fæbs gtarlbitghas pbkg ìsgi`hghb par p`fghgs hb pukcgs. A Hbus @isbta pahb sb lgiòbstgr passuìha ulg jarrìvbk (bldarg `lövbk) bstçtug, bst çtug, pgrg gfb`tgr a sgfròìfà b h`str`du`r díiã díiãæas æas qubstàiçvb`s. Dbkìjg, ulg sbrvg has hbusbs bxtbràrbs. ‘ Gpa`gharar Tahr`ca Glgrgk

3>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

A Hbus Tgta ahas as rabharbs vbibrgl bstb `hbgk obraz, lgs sarrgtb`ra. Vbcu`harbs ha Hbus ahas Tgta fais`hbrgl julgias b autras lglìobras fala orgfas, tbitgt`vgs ìobràrbs ha vbrhghb`ra fglìja ha sgicub qubitb= ìobstgr tahas as aròìfàs, prbbifjbr gs saldrgs, falbr lbr tahgsb prafr`gr, gs l`cgkjgs, ouc`r prafr`gr, hb taha pbr`ca, bl dgiha gtahgs qugkqubr sìgk hbfa orgqubzg, prafr`gr, gtà qubgtgfgr a luiha trgisdarhb fal sbrbs hg sug bspàf`b. Katgiha as bscatas, as paròbs has igvàs, gs pgrtbs ìtbrigs hgs pgrbhbs, as pràhàs gdgihaighas pbkg julgi`hghb, au or`glbitb lgi`pukgiha g f`íif`g par trçs hgs dgrrgs hb cgàkgs bl kgdargtöràs, rabharbs jgd`tgl aihb as julgias jgd`tgl. Hb lu`tgs oarlgs, sbu kgãa à lg`s pröx`la ha qub a hb fæbs au hb cgtgs. Iæa sb sgdb a qub a Hbus Tgta pkgibmg ogzbr lgs, sìfbrglbitb, sb bkb faisbcu`r sbu sb u admbt`va, sbrç sgicrbita, b iæa sadrgrç iìcuàl gkàl ha Tgta. Autrgs @hbit`hghbs= A Lbstrb hg Cgàkg, ^bqubi ^bqubiaa Jalbl, Vbijar has Bsca Bscatas. tas. Gspbfta = Tb` Tgta, ul bixglb hb farpas hb rabharbs ssbb bitrbkgãgiha muitas pbkgs fguhgs. Bixglbs r gtas, gi`lg`sul rgtas, hb kgdargtörà, fgluihaicas bs-Vbcu`harbs t`lgãæa, bsqu`kas =ia pgrqub5hb afgsàigklbitb ýi`fa julgia adfbfgha. hb bs Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg, blpa. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= Lgx`l`zgr gs apartui`hghbs apar tui`hghbs hb prafr`gr prafr`gr.. @i`l`cas= ahas as Hbusbs Obkìas, ^kutt‐tja, g lgàr`g has julgias. Gk`ghas= Ibijul. Vbrvas= Bixglbs hb rgtas. Vbrvas Lgàrb Lgàrbss= A Tb` Tgta, ulg ﬇curg lgsfgrghg b ia oarlgta julgia, pass`vbklbitb falpastg hb fbitbigs hb farpas hb rgtas qub sb lavbl fala ul ýi`fa sbr. Kafg`s sgcrghas= Bscatas, k`xb`rgs, gtbrras5 kafg`s pgrg falbr a qub as autras rbmb`tgl. Favbi= Bixglb. = Rl= ^rgcg orbibs`hbhbrgtas prafr`gãæa b larh`hgs. Fbr`løi`gs T`tug`s Lgàrbs talgiha ul igvà, faistruãæa au oogzbihg, gzbihg, fadrìha gs vìt`lgs b larhbiha-gs gtà g lartb.

37

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

34

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Haurgcai Haurgcai à ulg bstrgijg hb`hghb gquçt`fg, ulg rgl`﬇fgãæa ha Hbus ^b`xb pr`l`t`va, sbiha bkb pröprà lg`s git`ca qub as hìassguras. Haurgcai cavbrig rbfòbs hb farg`s b çcugs rgsgs, aihb g kuz ha sak faisbcub pbibtrgr, aihb gs pbqubigs bfala ìqu`btgs hb ìýlbras vgcgl par saijas sgicrbitas. cgtgs lbitbs b julgias vbbl tg`s pb`xbs pbisglbit pbisglbitas as fala gk`biìcbigs, oràs bLglìobras ìfalprbbisìvb`s, b ibijulg `crbsg Vaijgharg  castg castg hb tafç-kas. As admbt`vas ha Fukta hb Haurgcai, bitrbtgita, bivakvbl as jgd`tgitbs hg supbroìf`b h`rbtglbitb b sæa dgstgitb faijbf`has= l`sf`cbigãæa hb tahg g v`hg hg supbroìf`b fal a HIG hb pb`xbs, fr`giha ul luiha aihb bssgs fr`gturgs jìdr`hgs halìgl fghg pgrtb ha bfass`stblg. Rsgiha r`tug`s lçc`fas, fukt`stgs hb Haurgcai fr`grgl bspàf`bs hb lbà-pb`xbs qub v`vbl igs çcugs rgsgs b ogzbl bxpbh`ãòbs ìsgkudrbs ig supbroìf`b. Jbraìigs obkìgs falbitgl sadrb bifaitras fal fr`gturgs fal bsfglgs b dräiqu`gs, lgs fal oarlgta hb cgtgs fglìjgiha pbkg tbrrg, dusfgiha vìt`lgs pgrg grrgstgr pgrg hbstìas tbrrìvb`s. âr gkculg rgzæa, tahas as sbrvas hb Haurgcai gfjgl as fgfjarras ìsupartçvb`s, b oacbl hbkbs `lbh`gtglbitb au, fgsa bstbmgl bl pas`ãæa vgitgcbl (ìfkus`vb bl iýlbras), pgrg lgtgr. âufa lg`sulg sb sgdb, pa`shbhbtgkjbs hbssb fukta pbrlgibfbl sadgtgfgl gs aihgs. Autrgs `hbit`hghbs= A Hbus ^b`xb, Gqubkb bl oarlg hb L`trg. (Vbrva hb Cgtjukju1 A pröprà Cgtjukju1) Gspbfta Gspbf ta= ^b`xb fal ogfb sbl`-julgig5 julgia fal fgrgftbrìst`fgs hb pb`xb. Vbcu`harbs= ^b`xbs ^b`xbs hb tahgs tah gs gs bspàf`bs, laistruas`hghbs lbst`ãgs, vgcgitbs hg supbroìf`b qub ﬇zbrgl ﬇z brgl gfarhas sì`stras. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Oìs`fg, blpa. Admbt`vas ha Fukta= L`sturgr g v`hg hg tbrrg fal g v`hg has pb`xbs hb oarlg lçc`fg, rbsuktgiha rbsuktgiha bl iavgs bspàf`bs fgpgzbs hb v`vbr tgita ig supbr supbroìf`b oìf`b qugita ig çcug. Vbrvas= ^b`xbs prbhgharbs ghgptghas ga fk`lg= Dafgs hb Mgfgrà, udgròbs, Bicu`gs b ^`rgijgs5 julgi as lbst`ãas. julgias Vbrvas LgàrbsFukt`stgs = Jalbis-tudgræa, sbrb`gs b autrgs qu`lbrgs gquçt`fgs. Kafg`s Vgcrghas= Tbfòbs hb fargk, kafg`s b lalbitas hb lgrà ìtbisg. Favbi= Rlg qugit`hghb hb lbst`ãas lbs t`ãas bqu`vgkbitb g ul sgkæa hb dg`kb. Fbr`løi`gs= Dgrcgijgr fal gi`lg`s hg supbroìf`b, goacgr fæbs. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Fgpturgr fbitbigs hb gi`lg`s qub sbræa grrgstghas pgrg a ouiha ha lgr pgrg ﬇is fruà`s.

Autras Hbusbs Gi`lg`s A ^kgibtg brrg gdr`cg l`kjòbs hb bspàf`bs, fghg ulg faibftghg g gkcul t`pa hb bspìr`ta falpkblbitgr b fgpgz hb vbibrgr gkca hb sug pröpr`g lgib`rg. Gs `hbit`hghbs has hbusbs b fuktas pgrg tahas bssbs gi`lg`s sb l`sturgl b luhgl,

36

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

b g lgàr`g iuifg talg gt`tuhbs crgihbs a su﬇f`bitb pgrg fjglgr gtbiãæa hg lbcgoguig fgr`slçt`fg, fala cgtgs b julgias. Gìhg gss`l, gkàl hg k`stg gf`lg, Vçdàs hb Ousstgr-Gskgi sgdbl hg bx`stíif`g hb lu`tas fuktas, lbsla qugiha as hbtgkjbs sb lgitàl adsfuras. Fukt`stgs hb Hbusbs ^çssgras ahb`gl cgtgs par sugs gt`tuhbs prbhgtör`gs. Fbtçfbas b autras lglìobras lgrìjas sb rbýibl ia crgihb Fgita hg Dgkb`g, iarlgklbitb ulg rbk`c`æa k`l`tghg ga afbgia qub, îs vbzbs, ìsp`rg gt`v`hghbs hb Fuktas git`-f`v`k`zgãæa hbsbijghas pgrg ìtbrobr`r ig pbsfg julgig au ig paku`ãæa has h as lgrbs. Lu`tas gi`lg`s vbibrgl gkculg oarlg hb hbus faijbf`ha fala g Igturbzg Vbkvgcbl, ul bspìr`ta hb lu`tas gspbftas. Fuktas hg Igturbzg Vbkvgcbl surcbl aihb julgias ìvghbl a jgd`tgt igturgk. Rl kìhbr hb ul Fukta hg Igturbzg Vbkvgcbl dbl sufbh`ha, farralp`ha pbka pahbr, pahb, ig vbrhghb, sbr ul gvgtgr hb L`gukgtjatbp (p. (p. ?3 ?3)5)5 lgs, kbldrb-sb sblprb qub, ga k`hgr fal bspìr`tas, g `hbit`hghb à fflu`hg.

Hbusbs ^ös-Julgias Hbshb g hbrratg ha Hbus Lgfgfa b a igsf`lbita hg Crgihb @hb`g   (p. 788 788),), g prbsbiãg fakbt`vg julgig (p. sb tariau iuvbl `lpbrob`tg, sumb`tg î Vaija faitìiug prbssæa psìqu`fg (ia p. 84 84). ). Hbitra hbssgulg iuvbl hb saijas, g s`ldakac`g julgig fr`g sugs pröpr`gs faibxòbs, tbfbiha pbkgs lbitbs b fr`giha rbhbs fal ul bsfapa lgàr b lg`s hurghaura qub qugkqubr autrg bspàf`b `kbtrghg pahbr`g `lgcìgr. Wugiha ulg parãæa hbssg rbhb hb sìldakas sb tarig su﬇f`bitblbitb falpkbxg b uktrgpgssg ul hbtbrlìgha paita, bkg fr`g ulg oarlg qub pahb sbr v`stg, g pgrt`r ha äicuka fbrta, bl ul bspìr`ta ìh`v`hugk, b bssgs ogfbs sbl rasta hg iuvbl julgig pahbl grlgzbigr sbu pröprà pahbr.

Lgllai gkvbz a fukta sbfrbta lg`s dbl sufbh`ha g hbspbrtgr ias ýkt`las 7> l`k gias. Bl gkvbz gkcul lalbita, faioarlb as julgias hbsbivakvbrgl rbhbs hb falàrfà lg`s falpkbxgs b lgàrbs, fukturgs ìvbitgrgl ul sìldaka qub rbprbsbitgvg iæa ulg vgfg au ul sgfa hb cræas, lgs s`lpkbslbitb ul vgkar bl gdstrgta gdstrgta.. Ibssb lalbita, Lgllai igsfbu. âr tahas as l`kíiàs hbshb bitæa, qugsb taha julgia mç tbvb qub k`hgr fal hìjb`ra. h ìjb`ra. A Fukta g Lgllai obt obt`fj`zg `fj`zg g `hb`g hg labhg lab hg fala ulg h`vìhghb v`vg, ul bspìr`ta `rrgfàigk (lgs pahbrasa) qub t`rg sbu pahbr has saor`lbitas b trùioas hgqubkbs bivakv`has ia lbrfgha ﬇igifb`ra, bl lgàr au lbiar crgu. Autrgs @hbit`hghbs= A Ai`patbitb Hökgr, Gvgrbzg. Gspbfta= Rl rbhblaìja hb admbtas dr`kjgitbs au iýlbras5 ul jalbl hb lb`g-`hghb bl ulg dgijb`rg qubitb au bl ul fglpa hb cakob. Vbcu`harbs= Julgias qub, jç lu`tgs cbrgãòbs, hb`xgrgl g v`hg tr`dgk. Bsobrg hb Apbrgãæa= Vaf`gk.

38

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Admbt`vas ha Fukta= Bifargmgr g bxprbssæa hb tahas as vgkarbs larg`s bl tbrlas ﬇igifb`ras5 bxpkargr lu`tas pgrg ckar`﬇fgr paufas5 faifbitrgr a faitrakb hb tahas as rbfursas ig læa hb paufas b, bl ýkt`lg ìstäif`g, gfulukgr taha a pahbr ig læa hb ul ýi`fa Vula Vgfbrhatb. @i`l`cas= Fbrtas lav`lbitas saf`g`s julgias. Gk`ghas= Lgssgs hb julgias qub oargl bicgighas bl gfrbh`tgr qub adbh`íif`g b faioarl`hghb `r`gl trgzbr, gkcul h`g, faioarta oìs`fa b pahbr saf`gk, k`dbrtgiha-as hb sugs prbafupgãòbs. Vbrvas= Cbrbitbs. Vbrvas Lgàrbs= Gt`v`stgs d`kàiçràs. Kafg`s Vgcrghas= Dgifas, lbrfghas hb gãòbs, rbui`òbs ha pahbr kbc`skgt`va, fkudbs bxfkus`vas. Favbi= Lbsg hb H`rbtarbs. Fbr`løi`gs= Bxbfuãæa hb j`patbfg, ousæa hb bblprbsg, lprbsg, ibcaf`g ibcaf`gãòbs. ãòbs. T`tug`s Lgàrbs= Dakjg bspbfukgt`vg, ulg sàr`b hb fbr`løi`gs qub fuklìgl bl ul bspgsla saf`gk qub trgisobrb biarlbs qugit`hghbs hb rbfursas hb ul crgihb iýlbra hb pbssags pgrg ul pbqubia iýlbra hb kìhbrbs ha fukta.

A Hbus Lçquìg Lu`tas h`zbl qub bstb hbus iæa bx`stb (ga lbias iæa gìhg). Vb oar rbgk, hbvb sbr ul has bspìr`tas lg`s rbfbitbs g surc`r ha Vaija. Ar`cìgklbitb ul gspbfta hg s`ldakac`g julgig, fala brg Lgllai, g Lçquìg ^bisgitb surcù ia i a lalbita bl qub ul sìldaka grlgzbigha cgijau g jgd`k`hghb hb lah`﬇fgr autra sbl qub ul julgia ìtbrv`bssb (au sbqubr pbrfbdbssb). Ha lbfgi`sla hb Git`fìtbrg î lçquìg hòbrbif`gk hb Dgddgcb, iæa sb sgdb bxgtglbitb qugiha bssg lah`﬇fgãæa gfaitbfbu, lgs a bspìr`ta cgijau dr`kja gpbigs fal g Tbvakuãæa @ihustr`gk. Faioarlb lbfgi`slas gutøialas gfb`tgrgl a sgfròìfà hb sgicub hb trgdgkjgharbs b sb tarigrgl fghg vbz lg`s iulbrasas b falpkbxas, g @hb`g hg Lçquìg frbsfbu. Jbrö`s v`sàiçràs, Kavbkgfb, urìc b b,Sazi`ge, trauxbrgl fgpgf`-g hghbs fghg vbz lgàrbs pgrgfala bstb sbr bl frbsf`lbita ﬇igklbitb, bkb falbãau faitblpkgr,, hb sug oarlg sbl v`hg, g pass`d`k`hghb hb tbr sbus sbcu`harbs. faitblpkgr A Hbus Lçquìg iæa tbl ul fukta gt`va, lgs gìhg gss`l g qugit`hghb hb tblpa qub as julgias pgssgl ìvbstìha sbus pbisglbitas b pg`xæa ia luiha v`rtugk gpbigs gulbitg. G j`stör`g has bbspìr`tas spìr`tas sucbrb qub tahg bssg bibrc`g psìqu`fg prbf`sg `r pgrg gkcul kucgr. Fæbs b cgtgs gfrbh`tgl qub as julgias bstæa sad praouihg j`piasb qugiha bifgrgl par lu`ta tblpa sugs tbkgs, b tgk gt`v`hghb prbf`sg sbr ìtbrralp`hg pbràh`fglbitb. Væa bspbf`gklbitb ah`ghas as pbqubias (paràl rçp`has) paitas hb kuz vbrlbkjas qub surcbl rbpbitìglbitb, farrbiha fal vbkaf`hghb b lav`lbitas sadrbigturg`s pbka fjæa b pbkgs pgrbhbs. À prbf`sa pbcç-kas b hbstruì-kas, pa`s bkbs sæa as Akjas ha Hbus Lçquìg, gtrgvàs has qug`s bkb v`c`g as gi`lg`s, muitgiha ìoarlgãòbs, cgijgiha ìtbk`cíif`g b sb gprax`lgiha ìbxargvbklbitb hb sbu ^kgia Gdalìçvbk.

32

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

@i`l`cas Laistruasas Bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju, laistras b autrgs fa`sgs qub pahbl lgfjufgr gs jbraìigs iæa tíl bstgtìst`fgs. Gss`l fala gs Cgtgs Macghargs, ì`l`cas apbrgl ia luiha dgsbghas bl hbsfr`ãòbs b gqu`ka qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  gfjg gfjg qub ogz sbit`ha, lah`﬇fgha pbkg gprapr`ghg cbi`gk`hghb hgs Macgharg Macghargss. As bxblpkas g sbcu`r hæa ulg `hb`g hb fala k`hgr fal dr`cgs fal ì`l`cas lu`ta pbr`casas b lu`ta crgihbs.

Vjgccatj A lg`s falul jarrar hb autrg h`lbisæa, h`lbi sæa, ul Vjgccatj pgrbfb ulg dakg hb pbkas hbisg b blgrgijghg, bxgtglbitb fala gs qub ulg cgtg falul fastulg fakafgr pgrg oarg, gpbigs lu`ta lgàr. lgàr. Vug lgssg frubk hbst`kg ul fflu`ha h`cbst`va çf`ha b pbcgmasa, fal ul fjb`ra igusbgitb. Bkbs vgr`gl bl tglgija, lgs ul Vjgccatj iarlgk à crgihb a su﬇f`bitb pgrg bbicak`r icak`r ul fgrra, b jç rbkgtas hb gkcuis bxblpkgrbs qub faisbcu`gl gtà lbsla gdsarvbr ulg fgsg. Rl Vjgccatj vgcgrasglbitb rakg bl kìjg rbtg, pahbiha sbr ogf`klbitb uktrgpgssgha, lgs hb`xg ul rgstra hb hbstru`ãæa pgrg trçs. Iæa sb sgdb sb bkbs bkb s sbqubr tíl gkcul t`pa hb sbit`h sbit`ha. a. Kutg= Vb faisbcu`r pbcgr, ul Vjgccatj faisbcub bicak`r qugkqubr fr`gturg lbiar qub ul bkbogitb b h`ssakvbr sbu farpa falpkbtglbitb. A s`lpkbs taqub ha sbu fflu`ha cbkgtìasa fgusg qub`lghurgs crgvbs, b bkg fgusg, s`luktgibglbitb, a rbsuktgha hb Lgfjufgr b Gcgrrgr pgrg fghg v`tör`g ias hghas. Ibijul rbsuktgha falul iulg kutg faisbcub ogzbr ulg cgtg fjglgr g gtbiãæa hb ul Vjgccatj5 bssg fr`gturg iæa à ìtbk`cbitb a su﬇f`bitb ibl pgrg sbr gtrgsghg fal ulg Gãæa hb Faitbiãæa (@, p. 63 63).). ^grg pgrç-ka, jbraìigs prbf`sgl hb ulg dag `hb`g pgrg bslgcç-ka, bxpkah`-ka au ìfb ìfbih`ç-ka ih`ç-ka fal ulg oarãg oarg ha falul.

Laistra Gi`lgk Iarlgklbitb ìvafgha bl b l ul T`tugk L Lgàr gàr,, ul Laistra Gi`lgk sb pgrbfb fal ulg vbrsæa c`cgitb hb ulg cgtg, ul fgfjarra au ulg autrg fr`gturg falul, fal fgrgftbrìst`fgs bxgcbrghgs b hblaiìgfgs. Laistras Gi`lg`s gtgfgl bl oýr`g `rrgfàigk, îs vbzbs pbrsbcuìha ul gkva hbs`cigha pbka Vula Vgfbrhatb, îs vbzbs gtgfgiha obrazlbitb hb oarlg gkbgtör`g. Kutg= Rlg cgtg iæa faisbcub Lgfjufgr gkca gss`l, lgs gtgqubs dbl-sufbh`has pahbl gtarhaç-ka. Grlghas Grlghas fal a Ialb VVbfrbta bfrbta hg fa`sg, ul Favbi hb Ousstgr-Gskgi pahb lgihç-ka hb vaktg ga sbu luiha hb ar`cbl… lgs gkcuàl prbf`sgr`g faihuz`-ka pgrg hbitra ha fìrfuka fbr`lai`gk ia lalbita bxgta.

3?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

G Brvg6 qub Fgù ha Bspgãa Rl jarrar fösl`fa rgra, g Brvg fg` ig brrg fala ul lbtbar`ta, ulg pratudbräif`g faicbkghg qub sb fjafg b rgp`hglbitb sb hbsogz bl ul cçs kbvblbitb dr`kjgitb. Ia kafgk hg qubhg, bkg bspgkjg ulg ìffluíif`g hbcrghgitb pbka saka b pbkg çcug. ig lg`s çrbg sbkvgcbl, gobtghg kbitglbitb pbrhbl ahbfaitrakb, g gc`r hb oarlgCgtgs fghg vbz tbiha h`﬇fukhghbs sb gogstgrb ha hfalbãgl a kafgk. Bl paufa tblpa, tahgs gs cgtgs qub iæa tbijgl bsfgpgha ﬇fgl falpkbtglbitb kaufgs b sb h`r`cbl ga bp`fbitra hg ìffluíif`g lgk`cig, aihb g Brvg gdsarvb sugs lbitbs, gdgihaigiha sbus farpas b pgrtìha hb vaktg pgrg a bspgãa bl ulg iuvbl dr`kjgitb, praitg pgrg ìobftgr autras luihas. Rlg Cgtg Macgharg   pr`lb`ra sbitb g ìffluíif`g hg Brvg bl sbu Vaija, fala rglas î hbr`vg hb fjb`ras b farbs tbitgharbs5 fgsa fais`cgl ulg oarlg ìtbk`cbitb hb kutgr faitrg sbu halìià, h alìià, cgijgl ul pbrìaha hb `lui`hghb ia luiha oìs`fa. Cgtgs jbraìigs tgkvbz prbf`sbl faivbifbr gs cgtgs hg rbc`æa g gdgihaigr g çrbg bl lgssg, au tgkvbz sb kgiãgr, fargmasglbitb, ia bp`fbitra hg ìffluíif`g lgk`cig b grr`sfgr ul faitrg-gtgqub saijgha par cgtgs lg`s vbkjas qub pbrlgibfbl sbcurgs bl fgsg.

A L`gu-Ca Bstg bspàf`b gk`biìcbig vbl hb ul pkgibtg faijbf`ha fala Pufeutj, ul kafgk hb orà faicbkgitb, fjuvg faistgitb b sbl fgsgs. Bkbs rgrglbitb v`s`tgl g tbrrg, lgs qugiha a ogzbl, dusfgl fakjbr fr`gturgs tbrrbigs pgrg usgr bl bxpbr`íif`gs tbrrì vb`s. As L`gu-Ca sb pgrbfbl fal crgihbs fr`gturgs fal fgdbãg hb cgta b kaicgs og`xgs hb ouicas bldarrgfjghas qub sb pbihurgl pgrg oarlgr ulg pbkgcbl hbscrbijghg, b passubl lbldras bl oarlgta hb tbitçfukas. Gpbigs pgrf`gklbitb lgtbr`gk, bkbs sb lavbl pbka gr bl kaicas b kbitas sgkt`tas, au fflutugl fala dgkòbs, b iæa pahbl sbr faioraitghas fal Kutgs faluis. Rl L`gu-Ca sb lavb kbitglbitb, lgs bkbs pahbl vgr`gr g sak`hbz hgs pgrtbs hb sbus farpas. Bkbs v`gmgl bitrb pkgibtgs trgis`fàigiha ha luiha oìs`fa bl äicukas `lpravçvb`s, fflutugiha fal falpkbxas lav`lbitas b v`rghgs, b sb rblgtbr`gk`zgiha bl ul iava kafgk. Ig brrg, bkbs fakafgl grlgh`kjgs pgrg julgias b autrgs fr`gturgs b tbitgl gtrgì-kas, gssustç-kas au bicgiç-kas pgrg fgpturgr b `lad`k`zgr. Hb gkcul kucgr hb sbu luiha faicbkgha bkbs trgzbl dakjgs lbtçk`fgs, fal ulg prapr`bhghb bspbf`gk qub pbrl`tb qub as L`gu-Cas fgrrbcubl sbu faitbýha gtrgvàs hgs h`lbisòbs. Rlg cgtg fgpturghg vg` faioartgvbklbitb hbitra hb ulg hbssgs dakjgs. Lbias goartuigha, ul julgia au autrg fr`gturg lgàr tbrç sbu fàrbdra rblav`ha par tbitçfukas bihurbf`has b g﬇ghas fala d`stur`s hb h`glgitb5 a L`gu-Ca prbsbr prbsbrvg vg g v`hg ha fàrbdra fàrbdra,, fakafg hbitra hb ulg hbssgs dakjgs b grrgstg tahas as qub oargl fgpturghas hb vaktg pgrg Pufeatj Pufeatj pgrg hbstìas hbsfaijbf`has. 6 ‘ I. . Fgti`p, ia ar`cìgk. gldàl faijbf`hg ia Drgs`k fala ‛brvg hb cgta“.

33

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Bsfgpgr hb ul kgdargtörà hb ul L`gu-Ca bl Pufeatj b bifaitrgr ul fglìja hb vaktg pgrg g brrg brrg pahb sbr ulg grr`sfghg cgtvbiturg!

Grlgs Julgias grlgl lu`tas tbrr`vbklbitb dgrukjbitas, b sb g hbsfgrcg hbsbul hbssbsfal gfbrtgr ulg h`spas`t`vas cgtg, as rbsuktghas sbr`gl fruà`s. Kutgs= Vb a julgia blpuijgiha g grlg bst`vbr kaicb hblg`s pgrg sbr gtgfgha, a lbkjar qub g cgtg pahb ogzbr à Bsqu`vgr . Ouc`r à a lbkjar pkgia, au tgkvbz gkculg `hb`g ìtbk`cbitb pgrg hbsbifargmgr t`ras outuras. Vb a gt`rghar cgijgr, g cgtg à gfbrtghg par ul t`ra au ulg dgkg b rbfbdb ul Obr`lbita. Vb iæa faisbcu`r ouc`r ha kafgk, au sb tbitgr prbvbi`r qub as t`ras gfbrtbl autra gkva, g cgtg pahb tbitgr ulg Gãæa hb Faitbiãæa, fal g pass`d`k`hghb hb talgr ul t`ra fbrtb`ra b sbr lartg `lbh`gtglbitb.

Fgrras Vb usgha fal ìtbiãæa hb lgtgr, ul fgrra à tæa kbtgk qugita ulg grlg. A latar`stg à ìvukibrçvbk, g lbias qub g cgtg fais`cg `lgcìgr ulg oarlg dgstgitb ìtbk`cbitb hb pukgr par ulg mgibkg (au pbka tbta sb a fgrra oar ul faivbrsìvbk)= ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk lbsla pgrg ulg Dr`caig  au au ulg Cgfradgtg . Kutgs= A fgrra iæa pahb sbr Lgfjufgha au Gtarh Gtarhagha agha, b iulg tbitgt`vg hb sb sbcurgr ig kgtgr`g fal ul Gcgrrgr  (sb (sb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pbrl`t`r), pbrl`t`r), g cgtg pa Grrblbssghg sghg . Vb ulg cgtg bl oucg faisbcu`r hbrç sbr vìt`lg hb tbitgt`vgs hb sbr Grrblbs Bsqu`vgr  hb hb oarlg dbl-sufbh`hg, ig pröx`lg Kutg  bkb bkb pahb tbitgr ul Gtarh Gtarhagr agr   qub, hbpbihbiha hg ìtbrprbtgãæa hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ , pahb fgusgr ulg h`strgãæa ia latar`stg qub a kbvb g luhgr g h`rbãæa drusfglbitb, dgtbiha bl ul adstçfuka.

3:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

^grtb @@ Faihuzìha a Maca

Dkg`r b @itrusa, v`vbiha pbr`casglbitb. ‘ Gpa`gharg Kg`s Lgcgkjæbs

30

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

R

lg dag Macgharg   faitr`du` faitr`du` fal lu`tgs fa`sgs pgrg g lbsg= pbrsaigk`hghb, bitus`gsla, sgcgf`hghb b ul paãa dardukjgitb hb ìvbiãòbs. Fakaqub qugtra au fìfa hbssgs fr`gturgs bspbrtgs muitgs b h`cg pgrg qub bkgs gmgl fala cgtgs b a rbsuktgha iæa sbrç ighg arcgi`zgha au s`kbifàsa. B ibl hbvb sbr! A paita hb sb sbitgr ig lbsg hb maca à sb h`vbrt`r. A trgdgkja hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ  à à pbrl`t`r qub g h`vbrsæa gfaitbãg gfaitbã g ia faitbxta ha maca qub sb hbsbi hbsbirakg, rakg, pa`s a maca, sb usgha farrbtglbitb, aobrbfb ga crupa surprbsgs b blaãòbs hb ul t`pa h`﬇f`klbitb bifaitrgha hb autrg oarlg. Îs vbzbs, bstg sbãæa ogkg h`rbtglbitb fal vafí fala g Cgtg Cugrh`æ , fal g ìtbiãæa hb trgisl`t`r fkgrglbitb faisbkjas ýtb`s.

Vadrb gs Tbcrgs hg Cgrrìjg Bstb sìldaka lgrfg ar`bitgãòbs fjgvb qub dusfgl s`lpk`﬇fgr a trgdgkja hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ . Gkculgs Gkculgs aobrbfbl kbldrbtbs faif`sas, fala gs lg`s kbvbs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg , qub cu`gl tahas. Autrgs sæa gv`sas, dgsbghas bl l`kjgrbs hb jargs hb bxpbr`íif`g, faitrg tbitgãòbs qub surcbl fal a pahbr hb igrrgr ul maca. Rlg k`stg pahb sbr faiobr`hg ig pçcìg 06. 06.

Falbãgiha @itrahuzìha iavgs macghargs ga T^C A luiha bstç rbpkbta hb ìfaitçvb`s pbssags lgrgv`kjasgs b ibrhs qub glgl macas, glgl `lgcìgr b fr`gr fr`gr,, b vbbl a T^C fal akjas suspb`tas. Macas trgh`fàig`s hb T^C b g fukturg qub as fbrfg pahbl, hb oarlg iæa ìtbifàigk, bxfku`r macghargs bl patbif`gk. À lu`ta pravçvbk qub bssgs pbssags hb lbitb gdbrtg tbitgrgl tbi tgrgl macgr T^C ulg au vçr`gsqugit`hghb vbzbs, b qub pr`lb`rg bxpas`ãæa ga jaddy gs obz hbs`st`r tatgklbitb. G crgihb h b bstg hb rbcrgs, rakgcbis, rakgcbis, lah`﬇fghar lah`﬇fgharbs, bs, bxfbãòbs bspbf`g`s qub bx`stbl bl vçràs macas pahb sbr lu`ta hbsgi`lghar. Rl iavgta pahb tbr g `lprbssæa (pra vgvbklbitb vgvbkl bitb ffarrb arrbtg) tg) hb qub a sufbssa hbpbihb hb lbl lblar`zgr ar`zgr ulg qugit` qugit`hghb hghb öt`lg hb lav`lbitas b lgx`l`zgr bsfakjgs bstgtìst`fgs. Fkgra, lblar`zgr ul faimuita hb rbcrgs pahb trgzbr sgt`sogãæa par s` sö, b macas trgh`fàig`s hb T^C pahbl cbrgr gkculgs j`stör`gs ýi`fgs b ìtbrbssgitbs, lgs bkbs iæa sæa pgrg tahas. Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju oa` fr`gha pgrg gtrg`r pbssags qub iæa qubrbl macgr macas tæa falpkbxas gss`l ‘ iæa bstç ia`tb, pbka lbias. Bx`stb ulg fa`sg bl bspbf`gk qub à prbf`sa biogt`zgr îs sugs macghargs ìbxpbr`bitbs= ìbxpbr`bitbs = tuha qub vafí prbf`sg ogzbr à gc`r fala ulg cgtg . Vbmg furàsg, sbmg rçp`hg, sbmg bspbrtg, sbmg arcukjasg. Bi﬇b sbu igr`z bl tuha, b sb g fa`sg ﬇f ﬇fgr gr gssustgharg, oumg rgp`hglbitb… b hbpa`s vaktb pgrg hgr lg`s ulg akjg akjghg. hg. b gkculgs hb Cgta gk` pgrg gmuhgr g bxpbr`bif`gr ulGkcuis luihaHghas gssustghar pbkas akjas hbgiatgãòbs ulg cgtg.bstæa

:>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

^grg falbãgr, falb ãgr, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb h`str`du`r îs iavgs macghargs gs ﬇fjgs ﬇fj gs hb pbrsaigcbl b hb`xgr qub bkgs gigk`sbl as fìfa ^gpà`s. À `lpartgitb hb`xgr fkgra qub iæa bx`stbl iýlbras, gpbigs g hbsfr`ãæa hb fìfa hòbrbitbs t`pas hb cgtgs, ogf`klbitb bitbih`has par qugkqubr pbssag qub mç tbijg faiv`v`ha fal cgtgs ig v`hg rbgk. Wugk ^gpbk à lg`s ìtbrbssgitb1 Bsfakjg ul b giatb. Hbpa`s, s`cg pgrg gs pbrcuitgs qub ogktgl= _afí `lgcìg bstg cgtg fala sbiha hb Tgãg ûrg , au ulg hb Tgãg L`stg  falul1 falul1 Bkg, fala g lgàr`g, v`vb fal pbssags fala ulg Cgtg Halàst`fg , au bkg à ulg Cgtg Vbkvgcbl, au gìhg ulg bxtrgvgcgitb Cgtg hb Bxpas`ãæa1 Fala à sug gpgríif`g1 Bsfrbvg bssgs fgrgftbrìst`fgs au ogãg ul hbsbija5 g ﬇fjg hb pbrsaigcbl tbl ul crgihb qughrgha pgrg ul gutarrbtrgta. Hb rbpbitb, g pbrsaigcbl mç bstç praitg pgrg macgr. ^grg lg`s hbtgkjbs, fghg Macgharg   pahb akjgr gs hbsfr`ãòbs apfàig`s hb j`stör`fa ig sbãæa Rl Faita Obkìa ( (@,@, p. 7? 7?).). Vbrç qub g Macgharg  gfjg gfjg g j`stör`g pgrg bstb t`pa t `pa hb cgtg ìtbrbssgitb au ìsp`rgharg1 G Macgharg  castgr`g castgr`g hb gh`fàigr au luhgr gkcul hbtgkjb, au bsfakjbr ulg j`stör`g hòbrbitb1 Iæa jç pradkblg sb ulg Dr`caig Vbkvgcbl usg g j`stör`g hb ulg Crgfàsg Tgãg ûrg , au sb g Macgharg  hbf`h`r hbf`h`r qub iæa qubr usgr ibijulg j`stör`g bl pgrt`fukgr. uha à pbrl`t`ha. G `lgcìgãæa à g rbcrg. Rlg rçp`hg kb`turg igs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg  (@, p. 6:) 6:) vg` ogl`k`gr`zgr g Macgha Macgharg rg   fal g ìtbiãæa ha maca, sbl qub ighg prbf`sb sbr hbfargha. Oìgklbitb, as hghas= Wugiha prbf`sgr hb sartb, rakb ha`s hghas b vbmg qugitas Cgtas Obk`zbs sgìrgl= ibijul, ul au ha`s. @ssa à tuha qub gkcuàl prbf`sg sgdbr pgrg falbãgr falbã gr g macgr.

Faihuzìha ulg Vbssæa @itrahutör`g Gcarg a maca pahb falbãgr. Fghg Macgharg  cgijg cgijg ul ^bt`sfa b g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   bxpk`fg fala bkb pahb sbr usgha pgrg rbrrakgr as hghas ulg vbz. ^grg ulg ìtrahuãæa, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvbr`g hbvbr`g fakafgr tahgs gs cgtgs muitgs iulg s`tugãæa= Bl ulg fgsg fal ulg partg pgrg gi`lg`s, au tgkvbz iul quìtgk aihb Cgtgs Vbkvgcbis pahbl v`s`tgr gs Cgtgs Halàst`fgs. G s`tugãæa falbãg fal ul s`lpkbs cgifja= cgifj a= Gs cgtgs Bxblpkas= qubrbl gkculg fa`sg qub bkgs iæa faisbcubl gkfgiãgr sbl pbisgr iulg sakuãæa. À jarg ha mgitgr b a julgia bbstç stç iul saia praouiha. A rgtìja hb drìqubha fal brvg hb cgta bstç prbsa bldg`xa hb ulg fghb`rg, au g paitg hb ul kgãa bstç trblukgiha hb oarlg tbitgharg bl ul grdusta fal bspìjas. Falbãau g fjavbr b tahgs bstæa prbsgs ha kgha hb oarg. Bx`stb ul ìsbta bsfgkgiha ulg pgrbhb, ogzbiha ul tbrrìvbk dgrukja hb dgt`hgs, lgs iæa jç oarlg ödv`g hb gkfgiãç-ka. •

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:7

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Faioarlb gs Macgha Macghargs rgs pbisgl bl sakuãòbs, bkgs gprbihbl g gc`r bl turias. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  usg usg gs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg , bspbf`gklbitb g Tbcrg hb Ha`s Hghas= qugiha ulg cgtg tbitg gkca, ulg rakgcbl hb ha`s Hghas hb Cgta ìoarlg a rbsuktgha. G CC bitæa hbsfrbvb g s`tugãæa b a maca faitìug. Vblprb qub ulg Macghar Macgharg g   t`vbr ulg `hb`g bspbf`gklbitb ìtbrbssgitb, g CC hbvb hgr g bkg ul ^bt`sfa. Wugiha a pbqubia admbt`va oar gkfgiãgha, ulg Bxpbr`íif`g  hbvb hbvb sbr h`str`duìhg g tahgs pgrg sbr giatghg ig O`fjg hb ^brsaig ^brsaigcbl cbl. Bxblpkas= Gkculgs fghb`rgs hbsk`zgl. ^grbhbs hb t`makas sæa oçfb`s hb bsf bsfgkgr gkgr.. Julgias ahb`gl çcug ig fgrg. À passìvbk faihuz`r qugtra au fìfa Macghargs bl ulg sbssæa gss`l, ìfkuìha g fr`gãæa hgs pbrsaigcbis obkìgs b ul hbsg﬇a s`lpkbs, bl fbrfg hb ulg jarg. B gcarg bkgs sgdbl fala macgr. Vb a crupa t`vbr lg`s tblpa, g CC pahb ì`f`gr ulg gvbiturg lg`s falpkbxg, ìtrahuzìha hbtgkjbs fala Hbsg﬇as Hòìfb`s faioarlb a maca sbcub. •

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@itrahuzìha Macghargs hb T^C ga Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju Ig vbrhghb, pahb sbr lg`s hòìf`k oogzbr gzbr ulg Macgharg  bxpbr`bitb bxpbr`bitb hb T^C bitbihbr Cgtjukju qub ulg Macgharg  iavgtg. iavgtg. ahgs sgdbl fala gc`r fala ulg cgtg, b prgt`fglbitb qugkqubr pbssag pahb rakgr gkcuis hghas b faitgr Cgtas Obk`zbs. Gqubkgs, bitrbtgita, fal gias hb bxpbr`íif`g bl at`l`zgr bstgtìst`fgs, lblar`zgr rbcrgs b jgd`tughgs î gcrbssæa pahbl gfjgr hòìf`k macgr sbl a gpaà hb rbcrgs rçp`hgs b rìc`hgs pgrg fghg pgssa hgha. G fjgvb à pbh`r îs Macghargs qub fai﬇bl bl vafí, b gas paufas cgijgr bssg fai﬇giãg. Rlgha   bxpbr`bitb bxpbr`bitb dusfg rbspastgs mustgs fais`stbitbs hg Macgharg igrrgharg maca pgrg sugs gãòbs,hbbT^C tgldàl bspbrg qub vafí iæab bstbmg ìvbitgiha fa`sgs a tblpa taha pgrg tb dbib﬇f`gr. L`kjgrbs hb pçcìgs hb rbcrgs mç oargl bsfr`tgs ig tbitgt`vg iadrb (paràl glgkh`ãaghg) hb ogzbr fal qub tahas as rbsuktghas hb macghgs sbmgl fais`stbitbs b prbv`sìvb`s. Iæa à gss`l qub Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju ouifàig. Bitæa h`cg pgrg gs bxpbrts b xpbrts rbkgxgrbl b sbcu`rbl a ffluxa, gp gpbbigs par ulg au hugs sbssòbs, gtà bkgs pbrfbdbrbl fala a maca hç pahbr î Macgharg, b fala g gusíif`g hb ul birbha prà-bstgdbkbf`ha iæa vg` ìvgk`hgr g `lpartäif`g hgs bsfakjgs hbkgs b g fflbx`d`k`hghb hg j`stör`g qub tahgs bstæa hbsvbihgiha muitgs. _bmg tgldàl g Tbcrg hb Vbl Fìblçt`fgs ( (p. p. 0>). 0>).

:4

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Macgiha Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju fal fr`giãgs Mavbis Macghargs pahbl ﬇fgr lu`ta gtrgìhgs pbkg `hb`g hb macgr fala cgtìjas, b ulg pahb pahb faihuz`r îsa cgtgs maca pgrg ulg aujulgias lg`s fr`giCgtg Cugrh`æ ãgs. Adv`glbitb, hbvbl sbr ogf`klbitb bv`tghgs rbobríif`gs sb obrìha, qub ogzbl tarturgs b hbusbs lgk`cias. Gkàl hb tg`s ﬇ktras, gmustgr g bx`cíif`g ha maca hbpbihb lu`ta lg`s hb falprbbihbr a luiha hg fr`giãg ha qub bl luhgiãgs rìc`hgs hb rbcrgs. G Gkcuis kcuis paitas= Hbsg﬇as pahbl sbr lbiarbs= s`lpkbslbitb raudgr ul pbhgãa hb orgica hb ul prgta au pbcgr ul drìqubha hb ulg prgtbkb`rg gktg pahb praparfàigr ulg sbisgãæa hb trùioa dr`kjgitb pgrg ulg fr`giãg. fr`giã g. Fghg cgtg faisbcub, ibfbssgr`glbitb, ul trùioa. Fal hugs au lg`s Macghargs, hbpa`s qub fghg ulg faisbcub ulg v`tör`g à, pravgvbklbipravgvbklbitb, ul dal lalbita pgrg pgrgr. •

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A maca hbvb hurgr hb 4> g 82 lìutas, hbpbihbiha hg `hghb has bivakv`has.

K`læa, a haia has dbfas. ‘ Gpa`ghar Bhugrha Hbkgdgr` Lgrgff`

:6

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

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Gf`lg hb tuha, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb fr`gr ulg pkgtb`g= Julgias b autras gi`lg`s iæa macçvb`s, fumg ýi`fg ouiãæa ia maca à sb lgrgv`kjgr b ghl`rgr gs ausghgs jgd`k`hghbs hgs Cgtgs Macghargs. Ogkgr pgrg ulg fr`giãg ‛As fæbs bstæa gpbigs tb akjgiha, fal ulg fgrg hb Fala oa` qub bkg obz `ssa1 “ pahb tbr ul bob`ta b ob`ta surprbbihbitb surprbbihbitblbitb lbitb oartb. Ga ﬇igk hggtbiãæa. sbssæa, tahgs gs cgtgs tbrlìgl bl ulgsbs`tugãæa sbcurg rbfbdbiha Fr`giãgs pbqubigs iæa qubrbl `hbit`﬇fgr falb ulg jbraìig sak`tçr`g, k`hgiha fal ul luiha qub iæa a falprbbihb. ^bka faitrçrà, cgtìjgs vaktgl pgrg fgsg v`taràsgs pgrg sug læb cgtg, qub kjbs hç ulg kbvb draifg b aobrbfb a mgitgr5 au ul crupa hb fr`giãgs pbqubigs ìfr`vbklbitb sblbkjgitbs îs macghargs rbfakjb gs cgtgs hb rug b aobrbfb ul kgr gfaifjbcgitb, aihb iavgs gvbiturgs pahbl gfaitbfbr.

Xruqubs ha Aoìfà À lu`ta pravçvbk qub sugs gl`cgs sg`dgl fala sb h`vbrt`r h`vbrt `r ogzbiha ighg= sb rbui`r bl drìfgiha b faivbrsgiha, tgkvbztrgdgkjgl fal gkculgs âhbul sbrl`squb bkgs crupa, iæa sg`dgl fala sb h`vbrt`r biqugita muitgsfal`hgs. pgrg rbsakvbr tàrà `lgcìçrà. À pgrtb ha sbu trgdgkja fala Cgtg Cugrh`æ  bisìç-kgs. bisìç-kgs. Bstgs ar`bitgãòbs b Tbcrgs hg Cgrrìjg  `ræa `ræa gmuhgr.

G Vartb hg X`crbsg Cgtgs iarlgklbitb vbifbl. Bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju g pradgd`k`hghb à hbk`dbrghglbitb lgàr bl ogvar hgs Cgtgs Macghargs. À hòìf`k ogkjgr falpkbtglbitb b lu`ta hòìf`k tbr ulg cgtìjg jbraìig lgfjufghg au lartg. Fkgr Fkgra, a, tg`s pass`d`k`hghbs bx`stbl, b ia hbfarrbr has macas bkgs `ræa gfaitbfbr. À ibfbssçrà bx`st`r gkcul r`sfa b gkculg sartb, sar tb, fgsa faitrçrà a maca `r `r`g `g ﬇fgr lu`ta pröx`la hb Zghrbz au hb ul Ogz hb Faitg. Gìhg gss`l, ig lgàr pgrtb ha tblpa gs cgtgs ga lbi lbias as faisbcubl gkcul pracrbssa, b g h`vbrsæa hb rakgr hghas, fal g pass`d`k`hghb hb orgfgssa, aobrbfb gkcul bitus`gsla.

Fgrgs Tuìs ^rbf`sgl hb Takgcbis Tuìs Ias Hghas hb Cgta, ul Cgta Obk`z  (hb (hb 6 g ? bl ul h?) sblprb à k`ha fala Dal pgrg gs Cgtgs, b ul Cgta r`st r`stbb (7 b 4) s`ci`﬇fg Tu`l pgrg gs Cgtgs. ^grg gs cgtgs b sbus gk`ghas, bitæa, Cgtas Obk`zbs s`ci`﬇fgl Vufbssa b Cgtas r`stb r`stbss, Orgfgssa. Bitrbtgita, qugiha g fr`gturg ogzbi ogzbiha ha a tbstb à hb gkculg autrg bspàf`b b bkg qubr lgfjufgr gs cgtgs, bkg à dbl-sufbh`hg  qugiha qugiha g rakgcbl lastrgr Cgtas r`st r`stbs bs. @ssa obkìa pahb sbr bspbf`gklbitb sbr kbldrgha faldgKutgs= aRl r`stbs r`st bshb. Bitæa tbitb iæa dusfg rakgr Cgtas hòìf`k à prbf`saigs falpgrgr iýlbra hb

:8

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Cgtas Obk`zbs rakghas pbkg cgtg fal a iýlbra hb Cgtas r`stb r`stbss rakghas pbka apaibitb. Wubl t`vbr lg`s hbssbs ‛sufbssas hb dgtgkjg“ cgijg g rahghg. À prbf`sa kbr as hghas hbssg oarlg pgrg lgitbr g pradgd`k`hghb hb v`tör`g bl ogvar has obkìas. Wugiha cgtgs dr`cgl bitrb s`, gldas as kghas qubrbl Cgtas Obk`zbs, iæa `lpartgiha hb qub kgha fghg ul has bivakv`has bstç. Ibssbs fgsas gs fjgifbs sæa prgt`fglbitb gs lbslgs!

@itbrprbtgiha Tbsuktghas Bitæa a Hgha hb Cgta fg` ig lbsg b lastrg ul rbsuktgha qub à Tu`l pgrg gs Cgtgs, au Dal pgrg gs Cgtgs, au gkca bitrb bssbs ha`s. A lalbita sbcuìtb pbrtbifb î Cgtg Cugrh`æ . _afí _afí hbvb rgp`hglbitb hbsfrbvb hbsfrbvbrr a qub gfaitbfb, dgsbgha igqu`ka qub sug Macgharg  dusfgvg, dusfgvg, kbvgiha bl faitg quæa ghbqughg bstg cgtg à pgrg g tgrbog bl qubstæa, quæa pbr`casg au hòìf`k à g s`tugãæa, b a qub vafí prbtbihb hbtbrlìgr fala pröx`lg f`rfuistäif`g. Wugiha bl b l hýv`hg, hb`xg qub g Macgharg  qub qub obz g rakgcbl hí ulg sucbstæa ha rbsuktgha (lgs g ýkt`lg pgkgvrg à sug). Bxblpka hb ul pbh`ha hb sucbstæa= ‛Ae, à ul rbsuktgha hýdà. A qub bxgtglbitb a Arbkjgs qugiha a fgd`hb`ra1 “.“. G Cgtg hbvb Cugrh`æ Macgharg gfgtgr gsOa﬇ijgs `hb`gs hgdusfgvg qub hbf`hù qub ﬇z brblgtgfgr ﬇zbrbl sbit`ha, lgs sb cu`giha pbkas hghas, hbvb pbkg ibfbss`hghb hb lgitbr gs cgtgs sad prbssæa pgrg dusfgr autras sufbssas, b pbkg ibfbss`hghb hb hb`xgr qub g pröx`lg Macgharg  tgldàl tgldàl tbijg g fjgifb hb bifgrgr a pradkblg b faisbcu`r ulg v`tör`g.

Bxblpkas= Tbsuktghas tìp`fas bl maca •

Vufbssa

Rlg Macgharg  tbl tbl ulg `hb`g ìtbk`cbitb. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  fais`hbrg fais`hbrg qub à ulg dag sakuãæa, bitæa bkg hbf`hb qub à ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k pgrg faisbcu`r. G cgtg tbitg b rakg as Hghas hb Cgta. G `hb`g ouifàig! Gcrghçvbk sbisgãæa hb faiqu`stg. Gcarg a pröx`la adstçfuka. ^radgd`k`hghb= Vb oar g CF^G, qugkqubr rakgcbl à ul Vufbssa (fgsa a rbsuktgha sbmg ha`s iýlbras ‛7“, a rbsuktgha à ul Vufbssa _brcaijasa= @, p. 40 40).). Lbsla pgrg autrgs cgtgs, g pradgd`k`hghb hb faisbcu`r ga lbias ul Vufbssa à hb qugsb 0>%. Bl fgsa hb Vufbssa hupka, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb gulbitgr g hrglgt`f`hghb ig hbsfr`ãæa hbsfr`ã æa ha lgrgv`kjasa rbsuktgha gkfgiã gkfgiãgha. gha. •

bvb  bvb Vartb Var tb

G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  fais`hbrg fais`hbrg g `hb`g `h b`g paufa pravçvbk, lgs hç î Macgharg  ulg ulg fjgifb. Ha`s Vufbssas sæa ibfbssçràs= ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k. A rbsuktgha lastrg ha`s

:2

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Vufbssas b, ia ﬇l, tuha hç fbrta! G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbsfrbvb hbsfrbvb a rbsuktgha hb ulg oarlg qub ﬇qub fkgra qub g cgtg tbvb sartb. ^radgd`k`hghb= Ig vbrhghb, Vufbssas hupkas gfaitbfbl paufa lg`s qub 2>% hgs vbzbs vbzb s au, sb g CF^G bst`vbr bivakv`hg, ⅘ hgs vbzbs. À g Vartb hg `crbsg5 g ouiãæa hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ  à à ogzbr pgrbfbr qub bkb tbvb sartb. •

Orgfgssa @ioarlgt`va

G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbf`hb hbf`hb qub, hghg g s`tugãæa `lgcìghg, g `hb`g hg Macgharg  s`l s`lpkbslbitb iæa tbl t bl fala ouifàigr. Ibijul hgha à rakgha= G tbitgt`vg ogkjg, lgs rbvbkg gkculg iavg ìoarlgãæa, ì oarlgãæa, fkgrbgiha a qub à ibfbssçrà ogzbr. À ul Orgfgssa @ioarlgt`va, b ogz gs Macghargs rbfugrbl ul pgssa pgrg hbpa`s vaktgrbl fal ulg `hb`g gìhg lg`s fr`gt`vg. •

Vufbssa ^grf`gk ^grf`gk

À ul Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk, au qugkqubr usa hg Tbcrg has Ha`s Hghas, b as fudas ìfaistgitbs ullgs b ul . A admbt`va sb lgitàl iæa Vufbssa Orgfgssa gkfgiãgha parlastrgl biqugita, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ pbrl`tb qub gs cgtgs gprbihgl gkca, gss`l fala ia Orgfgssa @ioarlgt`va, b gmustg gs f`rfuistäif`gs pgrg qub g pröx`lg tbitgt`vg sbmg lg`s oçf`k. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb rbgklbitb h`lìu`r g h`﬇fukhghb hg pröx`lg rakgcbl, au pahb sucbr`r îs cgtgs ulg oarlg lbkjar hb bifgrgr a pradkblg. Wugiha dbl-sufbh`hgs, g hbsfr`ãæa ha rbsuktgha pahb sbr ul paufa lg`s hrglçt`fg, kbvgiha bl faitg a trgdgkja qub gs cgtgs t`vbrgl ga rbgk`zgr vçr`gs tbitgt`vgs.

Takgcbis hb ^brfbpãæa Bl cbrgk, gs Cgtgs Macghargs pbrfbdbl a ibfbssçrà pgrg a maca gvgiãgr. Vb iæa oar fruf`gk, au sb g `ciaräif`g pgrbfbr tæa ìtbrbssgitb qugita a faijbf`lbita, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ pahb pbh`r rakgcbis hgs Macgha Macghargs rgs fumgs jbraìigs obkìgs bstbmgl bl faih`ãòbs hb vbr, fjb`rgr au, bspbf`gklbitb, auv`r gkca. Fghg Macghar Macgharg g  rakg rakg 4HC. Fal hugs Ogkjgs, g cgtg iæa pbrfbdb ighg5 fal Akjas hb Fadrg , `ssa pahb sbr hbfarrbitb hb ulg h`strgãæa fal`fglbitb takg. Rl Vufbssa à su﬇f`bitb pgrg fgpturgr a qub bstç ia gr. Vb gkculgs cgtgs bstæa lg`s h`stgitbs, au lg`s h`strgìhgs ha qub gs autrgs, sæa ibfbssçràs ha`s Vufbssas. Orbqubitblbitb, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahb gvgiãgr a maca s`lpkbslbitb h`zbiha qub gs cgtgs qub adt`vbrgl as lbkjarbs rbsuktghas pbrfbdbl gqu`ka qub g CC hbsbmg qub gs Macghargs sg`dgl. Ga kgha hg guh`ãæa, a akogta à a lbkjar sbit`ha obkìa, lu`ta lbkjar qub a julgia (bldarg iæa fjbcub ibl pbrta ha akogta fgiìa). Vbus igr`zbs gkbrtgl pgrg g prbsbiãg hb gi`lg`s, dag fal`hg, dbl fala sudstäif`gs qub sbr`gl pbr`casgs hb rbsp`rgr, falbr au dbdbr, gr orbsfa au pgrgha. Cgtgs pahbl hb`xgr lgrfgs

:?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

hb sugs lu`tgs ckäihukgs hb fjb`ra (@, (@, p. 64 64)) b pahbl `hbit`﬇fgr qugk cgtg hb`xau qugk lgrfg, au gtà lbsla hb﬇i`r a sbxa, lalbita hg v`s`tg, h`btg rbfbitb b tblpbrglbita hb ulg cgtg hbsfaijbf`hg.

Takgcbis hb Vartb Ogkjg= Vb as pkgias hgs cgtgs bstæa ìha dbl, g CC pahb sbfrbtglbitb ogzbr ul tbstb pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k. Vb bl gldas as hghas rbsuktgrbl bl Orgfgssas, gkcul bkblbita qub hbvbr`g tbr ouifàigha dbl sb lastrg iæa fai﬇çvbk au gcb hb Biqugita tahas tahas vafís prafur prafurgvgl gvgl par fæbs ha kgha hb lgib`rg ìbspbrghg. ì bspbrghg. Bxblpka= ‛ Biqugita oarg, ul has cgtìjas hbsg hbsgpgrbfbu pgrbfbu“. Vartb Lbiar= Wugiha gs cgtgs qubrbl rbgk`zgr ulg gãæa qub hí faitìu`hghb î j`stör`g b g CC iæa tbl fbrtbzg ha rbsuktgha, bkg pahb rakgr 7HC. Fal rbsuktghas hb 7 au 4, g faisbquíif`g à apastg ga qub gs cgtgs qubrbl5 fgsa faitrçrà, bkgs faisbcubl bxgtglbitb a qub bspbrgl b a maca faitìug. Bxblpka= ‛ Iæa, Iæa, g partg hg fazìjg iæa bstç trgifghg. _afí pahb s`lpkbslbitb blpurrgr b gdr`r “. “. Hbstìa Vì`stra= Wugiha gs fa`sgs bstæa ìha lgk pgrg gs cgtgs, g CC pahb par ogzbr ulgqub rakgcbl ul Hbsg﬇a b faitìugr gulbitgihaaptgr g prbssæa. G lbias gldaspgrg as hghas rbsuktblHòìf`k bl Vufbssas , gs oarãgs hgs trbvgs gulbitgl sbu faitrakb sadrb gs fa`sgs b tuha ﬇fg ul paufa pàr pàr.. Bx Bxblpka= blpka= vafí saorb pgrg sb k`vrgr hg s`tugãæa, a oaca sb gkgstrg. Hb rbpbitb rbpbitb,, ha ﬇igk ha ‛ Biqugita vafí farrbhar, vafí vafí auvb a sal gcuha ha qub pgrbfbl sbr vçràs autras sgpas “. “.

Julgias Bstýp`has Wugiha ulg cgtg bstç tbitgiha fakafgr ulg `hb`g ig fgdbãg hb ul julgia, bkb pahb hblargr g bitbihbr. Falprbbihbr gtà as lg`s s`lpkbs hbsbmas hb autra gi`lgk à ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k pgrg as sbrbs julgias, bx`cìha ha`s Vufbssas bl 4HC. Vb a julgia ogkjgr, g cgtg tbrç qub luhgr hb tçt`fg b tbitgr iavglbitb. Bxblpka= ‛_afí sb birasfg igs pbrigs ha larhala b gtà lbsla puxg g sug fgkãg fal as hbitbs, lgs bkb gpbigs lurlurg gkca b g blpurrg pgrg kaicb fal a pà “. “.

@itbrprbtgiha Rlg pgrtb hòìf`k (lgs h`vbrt`hg) hb igrrgr a maca à ìtbrprbtgr tahgs gs fr`gturgs ha luiha hòbrbitbs hgs Cgtgs Macghargs. Kbvgiha bl faitg a tal cbrgk ha maca, a pgpbk hgs autrgs fr`gturgs à, prìf`pgklbitb, faitrgstgr= sbrvbl pgrg biogt`zgr bi ogt`zgr,, hb sugs oarlgs ogkjgs, o gkjgs, ggss lu`tgs v`rtuhb v`rtuhbss hb sbr ulg cgtg b, bl pgrt`fukgr, gs v`rtuhbs hgs cgtgs jbraìigs. Gss`l, as bsqublgs falpk`fghas has h as v`kòbs bx`stbl pgrg sbrbl hbsob`tas pbkg sgcgz fargcbl hgs obkìgs5 gs ìtbiãòbs hblaiìgfgs hb faisp`rgharbs fgbl par tbrrg qugiha gs jbraìigs bxpòbl ga luiha sugs trglgs5 g oarãg

:3

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

hbsfaluigk hb ulg fr`gturg laistruasg gpbigs ogz fal qub bkg fg`g hb oarlg lg`s rbtuldgitb qugiha kbvghg î gutahbstru`ãæa. Iæa `lpartg a pgpbk qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  ìtbrprbtb, ìtbrprbtb, sbmg dal au lgu, tr`stb au gssustgha, bstb à, bl ýkt`lg ìstäif`g, ul pgpbk hb gpaà ig j`stör`g hgs Cgtgs Macghargs. Dgkgifbgr g rbprbsbitgãæa hb ul taka, ul ì`l`ca au ul gl`ca, lastrgiha a rbspb`ta ìgta hg fr`gturg b, ga lbsla tblpa, faihuz`r sugs gãòbs pgrg ckar`﬇fgr gs jbraìigs, pahb hblgihgr ulg fgdbãg or`g b fbrtg prçt`fg. Hgrblas gkculgs ar`bitgãòbs. ar`b itgãòbs.

Julgias Julgias ogkgl dgstgitb, lu`tgs vbzbs h`rbtglbitb fal gs cgtgs, b à `lpartgitb kbldrgr qub bkgs iæa faisbcubl bitbihí-kas ‘ ibl lbsla ulg sìkgdg. Gss`l, lu`ta ha gc`r fala julgia fais`stb bl ogzbr sais ìgrt`fukghas qub sb pgrbfbl fal pgkgvrgs, bxprbssgr blaãòbs hb oarlg bxgcbrghg fal tais hb vaz hòbrbitbs b cbstas glpkas fal as drgãas. Julgias sæa rbtrgtghas ia maca fala pgkjgãas dadas, qub sb lav`lbitgl kbitglbitb, sbl sgdbr a qub bstç gfaitbfbiha ga rbhar hbkbs, b sblprb ul pgssafæbs gtrçs cgtgsgrlgs, (ga lbias, lbitgklbitb). sæa pbr`casas, falgihgiha auhgs usgiha fjutgiha gs cgtgs b Gkcuis gtà lbsla hbk`dbrghglbitb tbitgiha fgpturç-kgs b lgfjufç-kgs. Gpbsgr h`ssa, ulg cgtg qub sb lgitbijg bspbrtg bspbr tg pahb bicgigr, sb bsfaihbr au bsfgpgr bsf gpgr hb ul hugs-pbrigs lgk ìtbifàigha. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb ìtrahuz`r ig fbig ul julgia dgrukjbita b hbsgmb`tgha sb gprax`lgiha pgrg fakafgr prbssæa iul crupa hb cgtgs qub prbf`sg ogzbr gkca hb lgib`rg sarrgtb`rg.

Fæbs Fæbs b cgtgs faivbrsgl k`vrblbitb, lgs ul hbsfai﬇g ha autra, b cgtgs fais`hbrgl as fæbs lbà kbitas ig oarlg hb pbisgr pbisgr.. Gss`l, pgrg ìtbrprbtgr ul fgfjarra, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   hbvb tbitgr usgr ulg vaz hb pbssag `hàtg. ^gusgs orbqubitbs hbiatgiha ìfalprbbisæa, faldìghgs fal sadrgifbkjgs orgiz`hgs bl faiousæa, biogt`zgl fala g lbitb kìbgr has fæbs sb pbrhb tbitgiha bitbihbr g gstufàsg rgzæa obkìg. Wugiha su﬇f`bitblbitb pbrpkbxa, a fgfjarra gfgdg rbtarigiha îs sbcurgiãgs fgiìgs= fgi ìgs= pratbcbr a tbrr`törà, adbhbfbr gas julgias, sbr kbgk î lgt`kjg, b g apãæa apã æa hb s`lpkbslbitb goucbitgr gs cgtgs. Fal`hg, bitrbtgita, à ulg h`strgã h`strgãæa æa sbcurg= fgrib frug ouifàig oui fàig lbkjar, au qugkqubr fa`sg qub cgtgs iæa castgr`gl hb tafgr (qugita lg`s obh`ha, lbkjar). _bmg tgldàl A K`vra has Fæbs, p. 728. 728.

Cgtgs Gif`æs G fa`sg lg`s pgrgfal sb kbldrgr kbsaia. ldrgrGpös g rbspb`ta hgs cgtgs b lg`s sçMacgd`gs à qub bkgs`lpartgitb bstæa sblprb faisbcu`r hb`xgrlg`s fkgravbkjgs îs Cgtgs

::

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

hargs qub Gkca ^rbf`sg Vbr Ob`ta Ob`ta,, ulg Vula Vgfbrhat`sg, au `crbsg Vaijgharg   lg`s vbkjg, au ulg gif`æ hb qugkqubr t`pa pravgvbklbitb vg` ﬇fgr lgk-jularghg bl rbspaihbr lg`s pbrcuitgs, rgp`hglbitb pbrhbiha g pgf`íif`g fal jbraìigs mavbis qub pgrbfbl iiæa æa faisb faisbcu`r cu`r bbitbihbr itbihbr gs fa`sgs, b fbrtglbitb sb rbfusgrç g sbcu`r qugkqubr ulg g qugkqubr kucgr au g talgr qugkqubr gt`tuhb hrçst`fg. Bstç `lpartgitb kìhbr pahb tgita tbr fa`sgs lg`s `lpartgitbs pgrg ogzbr, au pahb sbr ulg dag jarg pgrg ulg saibfg5 hb qugkqubr oarlg, gs jbraìigs bivakv`has fal g gãæa hbvbl sb gogstgr b hb`xgr gs lg`s vbkjgs bl pgz. _bmg tgldàl g Tbcrg hb hb Vbl Gi`lg`s hb Bst`lgãæa, p. 07. 07.

_`kòbs (G Tbcrg hb Vbl Laiökacas)

G lbitb dr`kjgitb par trçs hb ulg faisp`rgãæa fgöt`fg pahb sbr ul gi`lgk hb qugkqubr bspàf`b. Bl gkcul lalbita bl lu`tgs hgs j`stör`gs, gs jbraìigs sbræa fgpturghgs par bssb Crgihb _`kæa, au bstgræa bl pas`ãæa qub, lbsla tbiha hbsfadbrta sbus pkgias sì`stras, iæa faisbcu`ræa ogzbr lu`tg fa`sg pgrg pgrç-ka. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb bv`tgr s`tugãòbs fk`fjí hb bxpk`fgãæa bxpas`t`vg hg s`tugãæa b rbs`st`r î tbitgãæa hb fr`gr laiökacas. Hb`xb qub a lgk sb lgiòbstb par lbà hb h b sugs gãòbs, b iæa par lbà hb h`sfursas, b iæa pbrl`tg qub gs Cgtgs Macghargs tbstbluijbl bvbitas qub bkgs iæa pahbl ìtbrobr`r, ìtb robr`r, faioarlb g Tbcrg hb Vbl Fìblçt`fg   (p. (p. 0> 0>).). _çr`gs bxprbssòbs faif`sgs ha v`kæa bstbrbat`pgha pahbl sbr usghgs, fala ‛^bcubl bkbs! “, “, ‛grhb hblg`s! “, “, au a fkçss`fa ‛ Iææææææa! ““..

Tbcrgs hb Cgrrg Faicbkgr g Fbig Gkculgs Macghargs pahbl ﬇fgr rbkutgitbs hb sg`r has jakaoatbs. Gss`l qub vafí hbsfrbvb a rbsuktgha hb sug ýkt`lg gã gãæa, æa, bkgs mç bicgtgl g pröx`lg. Bstg sbquíif`g hb gãòbs pahb talgr lu`ta tblpa hb lbsg hgs autrgs Macghargs. À pgrt`fukgrlbitb oçf`k pgrg ulg Cgfradgtg , qub sblprb gcb pr`lb`ra, gdusgr hb sbu pahbr hb oarlg iæa ìtbifàigk, rbgcìha sblprb qub g s`tugãæa luhg. Rlg apãæa à faicbkgr g bstrbkg bl b l sug gãæa. Bxblpka= Igrg, ìtbrprbtgiha Iìmg, ulg Cgfradgtg = ‛ Bu farra pbkg fbrfg b hau ul sgkta bl h`rbãæa ga tapa ha pastb hb `kulìgãæa! “. “. Gk`fb, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ = ‛ Lbsla pgrg vafí à ulg s`tugãæa falpk`fghg. Takb ha`s hghas “. “. Ibstb lalbita gs autrgs Macghargs oafgl sug gtbiãæa bl Igrg b sbus Hghas hb Cgta, hbv`hglbitb blpakcghgs pgrg vbr a qub vg` gfaitbfbr.

:0

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Igrg rakg ul ? b ul 4= ul Vufbssa. âr sbr ulg Cgfradgtg (CF^G), bkg cgijg ul Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa, bitæa tblas ha`s Vufbssas, qub sæa a su﬇f`bitb pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k. Gk`fb h`z ‛Dal trgdgkja! _afí gtbrr`ssg ia pastb hb `kulìgãæa, sb bstgd`k`zgiha igs qugtra pgtgs ““.. Igrg= ‛Öt`la! Bu puka ias fgdas hb bkbtr`f`hghb! “. “. Bspbrb ul paufa. paufa. D`g, vvafí afí ví Iìmg farrbiha Gk`fb Ufaicbkgiha g fbig\, ogkg ‛ Bspbrb pbkg fbrfg b pukgiha ia pastb. Gcarg vafí g ví sb bqu`k`drgiha b akjgiha pgrg as kghas pkgibmgiha sug pröx`lg gãæa. A qub ûh`l ogz1 “ Cgtgs, igturgklbitb, ahb`gl prbstgr gtbiãæa bl autras par lu`ta tblpa, bitæa qubdrgr g farrbitb hb gãòbs hb Igrg hgrç îs autrgs cgtgs sbus pröpràs lalbitas pgrg dr`kjgr ‘ au sb kgldbr, au hb`tgr, au sg`r bl h`spgrghg gtrçs hb gkca dr`kjgitb.

Wugiha bifbrrgr g ia`tb G Tbcrg hb sb ^bihurgr bl ^rbf`pìfàs8 Ibl tahg gvbiturg sb bifbrrg bl ulg ia`tb hb maca. Fgsa lu`tgs jargs tbijgl pgssgha b gs Macghargs tbijgl qub `r bldarg, bifaitrb ul paita hrglçt`fa pgrg bifbrrgr g sbssæa= iæa kaca hbpa`s qub ul crgihb hbsg﬇a à biorbitgha, b iorbitgha, lgs bxgtglbitb gitbs , fal a rbsuktgha gìhg ìfbrta. G tbisæa lgitàl a bitus`gsla pgrg g pröx`lg sbssæa b tarig lg`s oçf`k rbkbldrgr gs Macghargs hb aihb a maca pgrau. ^grgr hurgitb ul lalbita rbkgt`vglbitb trgiqu`ka, par autra kgha, sgfr`﬇fg a lav`lbita ha maca, b gs Macghargs pravgvbklbitb rbtarigræa ig pröx`lg sbssæa sbl kbldrgr gs lat`vgãòbs hgs cgtgs b sbl sgdbr a qub ogzbr bl sbcu`hg.

Vbl Fìblçt`fgs

Vb vafí sgdb fala ulg fbig hbvb sb hbsbirakgr, bitæa iæa bifbib bkg. Vb g Vbijarg hg Lgisæa prbf`sg sbr p`fghg par ul ìsbta lgk`cia b hbslg`gr pgrg qub g gvbiturg faitìub, bitæa hbslg`b bkg gitbs qub gs cgtgs bitrbl bl fbig. Iæa hb`xb qub gs cgtgs tbitbl pgrgr a ìsbta qugiha vafí mç sgdb qub bkgs hbvbl ogkjgr. À pbrhg hb tblpa prbfàsa bl lbsg. À tbitghar tbitgr ogzbr fal qub gs macghargs tbstbluijbl as bvbitas hrglçt`fas qub vafí tbl bl lbitb, lgs tg`s hbsfr`ãòbs hbvbl sbr drbvbs b usghgs gpbigs fala prbkýhà pgrg g gãæa qub vafí iæa sgdb fala vg` sb hbsbivakvbr. G `hb`g à macgr lalbitas hb fr`sb qugiha cgtgs jbra`fgs pahbl ogzbr 8 ‘ I. . Ia ar`cìgk, ‛Xb Tukb ao Jgicìc oral Fk`﬎s“. Tbobríif`g î bxprbssæa ‛fk`﬎jgicbr“, tàfi`fg hb ratb`ra ut`k`zghg orbqubitblbitb bl sàr`bs au bl ﬇klbs h`v`h`has bl lg`s l g`s hb ulg pgrtb. Fais`stb bifbrrgr gg fbig f`g ha qubbl gfaitbfbrç sbcu`r.bl ulg s`tugãæa hrglçt`fg au k`lìtraob, fr`giha bxpbftgt`vg ig guh`íi-

0>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

g hòbrbiãg, bitæa iuifg hb`xb gs Macghar Macghargs gs talgrbl gãæa g lbias qub sugs gãòbs Macgharg g  qub passgl luhgr g j`stör`g. Rlg Macghar qub t`vbr ulg crgihb `hb`g `hb `g pgrg sakufàigr g s`tugãæa au faisbcu`r ulg rakgcbl bxtrblglbitb sartuhg vg` ﬇fgr lu`ta orustrghg sb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  luhgr luhgr tuha b iæa hb`xgr qub bkgs sgkvbl g vìt`lg, ìtbrralpgl g fr`sb, au trùiobl hb qugkqubr autrg oarlg. Vb a rbsuktgha mç bstç prà-bstgdbkbf`ha, bitæa g fbig iæa hbvb ssbr br macghg= bkg à pgia hb ouiha. bitb ut`k`zgr h`ssa a lìi`la b oaqub bl hbsfadr`r, muitgs, a qub gfaitbfb bl sbcu`hg.

G Cgtg Cugrh`æ Iæa Xbl Gi`lg`s hb Bst`lgãæa Îs vbzbs (au lu`tgs vbzbs), gs Macghargs prbf`sgl hb ulg vaz hg bxpbr`íif`g hbitra ha luiha ha maca, h`zbiha g bkgs a qub à fghg fa`sg, hgiha ìoarlgãòbs fruf`g`s, gpaitgiha bl qub h`rbãæa hbvbl sbcu`r ig gvbiturg. g`s ^brsaigcbis Iæa Macçvb`s (ÎMs) hbvbl sblprb tbr ul crgihb `lpbh`lbita qub iæa gs hb`xg sbrbl jbraìigs bkgs lbslgs. A `lpbh`lbita fkçss`fa à g `hghb gvgiãghg au gkculg hb﬇f`íif`g= Rlg ÎM sçd`g fuma farpa biobrla iæa pbrl`tb qub bkg faldgtg hb oarlg cgkgitb a hbsfaijbf`ha. Autrg `hb`g à a hbvbr= G ÎM iæa pahb hb`xgr a fìrfuka r`tugk aihb fäit`fas bitaghas faistgitblbitb `lpbhbl a lgk hb gvgiãgr gìhg lg`s. Au tgkvbz hbsìtbrbssb= G ÎM à fìi`fg au pgtàt`fg, bxpk`fgiha gs fa`sgs hb lç vaitghb pgrg gs Cgtgs Macghargs, bsfgribfbiha b hb`xgiha fkgra qub tbitgt`vgs hb ogzbr gkca pgrg luhgr g s`tugãæa sæa `hàtgs b oghghgs ga orgfgssa (gkca qub bkg, ulg ÎM lu`ta bspbrtg, mglg`s ogr`g). qub sbmg lg`s jbra`fg qub gs Gf`lg hb tuha, vafí iuifg hbvb fr`gr ulg ÎM  qub jbraìigs . âr âr qugkqubr rgzæa qub sbmg, lbsla g cgtg iæa macçvbk lg`s bxpbr`bitb b xpbr`bitb hb tahgs hbvb sbr ìfgpgz ì fgpgz hb sb kgiãgr ig gvbiturg, au hb bsfakjbr a fglìja lg`s grr`sfgha, au hb oogzbr gzbr gqubkb ýkt`la sgfròìfà. Ogzbr fal qub sugs Macghargs ﬇qubl sbcuìha ulg ÎM biqugita vafí hbsfrbvb gs prabzgs b iadrbzg hbstg pbrsaigcbl ﬇ffàigk pahb sb tarigr gktglbitb bitbh`gitb b orustrgitb. B ia lalbita hb fr`sb ﬇igk, à lbkjar bifgrgr a orgfgssa au gtà lbsla a ﬇l ha luiha, ga ìvàs hb hb`xgr qub a gi`lgk hb bst`lgãæa hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ  sgkvb sgkvb a h`g. Lgitbijg a jbraìsla pgrg gs Macghargs.

07

Tbsuktghas hb Dr`cgs Tbsuktgha Bsfakj`ha pbkg Cgtg Bsqu`vgr

Gkva à Lbiar qub Ha tglgija Lgàr qub Laistruasa g cgtg hg cgtg g cgtg Bsqu`vgha5 hb`xgha Bsqu Bs qu`v `vgh ghaa Bs Bsqu qu`v `vgh ghaa Bs Bsqu qu`v `vgh ghaa

pgrg trçs Gtarhagha5 î lbrfí hg Gtarhagha* cgtg*

Gtarhagr

Blpurrgr

Gtrap trapbk bkggha Bl Blppurrg urrgha ha Bifurrgkg- Gcgrrgha

Gcgrrgr

bl ha5 î lbrfí (fala kutg k`vrb) hg cgtg

Lgfjufgr

Tbsuktgha @iok`c`ha ig Cgtg Bsqu`vgr Gtarhagr Blpurrgr

Larta

Lgfjufgha

Gtrgsgha Gtarhag- (Gpbigs ha* pgrg Gãæa hb Faitbiãæa) Kbvblbitb Oarãgha g hgr ul rbh`rbfàg cgtg pgssa pgrg igha5 prbf`sg gcgrtrçs rgr pr`lb`ra G cgtg sb G cgtg bsfgkg gcgrrg gkva ga a gkva Gtarhagha Ibijul b sgicbob`ta rgiha

A ì`l`ca à Lbiar qub g Ha tglgija Lgàr qub g Laistruasa cgtg hg cgtg cgtg Bsqu`vg hg Bsqu`vg hg Bsqu`vg hg Iæa faisbcub

cgtg Gtarhag g cgtg Ogz g cgtg hgr ul pgssa pgrg trçs

cgtg Gtarhag g cgtg* Blpurrg g cgtg

Gcgrrgr

O`fg pbihurgha ig cgtg

Gcgrrg g cgtg (fala bl kutg k`vrb)

Lgfjufgr

Cgtg ﬇fg b Gtarhaghg sgicrgiha

Lgfjufg g cgtg

cgtg Gtarhag g cgtg* Hbrrudg g cgtg g fbrtg h`stäif`g ^bcg g cgtg5 pahb tbitgr grrblbssgr ig pröx`lg rahghg Lgfjufg g cgtg

bsqu`vgr Gtarhag g cgtg b g hb`xg vukibrçvbk Grrblbssg g cgtg kaicb, pass`vbklbitb Obrìha-g ^bcg g cgtg b bkg ﬇fg falpkbtglbitb vukibrçvbk Lgfjufg g cgtg

Ar`bitgãòbs cbrg`s pgrg Tbsuktghas hb Kutgs Gs tgdbkgs gf`lg gmuhgl g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  fal fal hbtgkjbs gh`fàig`s hb rbsuktghas hb dr`cgs fal dgsb ia tglgija b gcrbss`v`hghb has faldgtbitbs. Fala sblprb, g ar`bitgãæa lgàr à g `lgcìgãæa= g oarlg fala g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   v`sugk`zg v`sug k`zg aass bvbita bvbitas, s, fais`h fais`hbrgiha brgiha tgldàl g ap` apì`æa i`æa hgs mmacgha acghargs. rgs. Fghg kutg à hòbrbitb, bitæa, fala sblprb, gs macghargs iæa hbvbl sb prbihbr g ulg fais`stíif`g pbrob`tg, qubbablafàigitb. rbsuktgha pgrbãg frìvbkdçs`fgs b pbrl`tg qub agpgrbmaca faitìub hb oarlg ìtbhbshb ìtbrbssgitb rbssgitb Tbcrgs hb Kutgs fbl ia K`vra @ (@, (@, p. 68-6? 68-6?),), fal ul rbsula ig p. 733 733 hbstb hbstb k`vra. @i`l`cas laistruasas bl pgrt`fukgr passubl sugs pröpr`gs jgd`k`hghbs bxfbpfàig`s. Hbtgkjbs sadrb kutgs fal bssgs fr`gturgs, fala Vjgccatjs, fgrras b gk`biìcbigs gpgrbfbl igs pçcìgs 3?-3: 3?-3:.. *Vb gtarhagha hugs vbzbs bl sbquíif`g, a gkva pahb ouc`r

Tbcrgs hg Cgrrìjg G Tbcrg hb Faicbkgr g Fbig @itbrralpg fghb`gs hb gãæa pgrg hgr îs autrgs Macgha Macghargs rgs g fjgifb hb dr`kjgr.

G Tbcrg hb Vbl Gi`lg`s hb Bst`lgãæa ÎMs hbvbl sbr ìb﬇fgzbs. Hb`xb a jbraìsla pgrg gs jbraìigs.

G Tbcrg hb Vbl Fìblçt`fg ^brsaigcbis bis hgs Iuifg macub ulg fbig fbi g sb vafí mç sgdb a qub vg` gfaitbfbr gfaitbfbr.. ^brsaigc Macghargs pahbl sblprb ìfflubif`gr as bvbitas qub prbsbif`gl.

G Tbcrg hb Vbl Laiökacas Gs jbraìigs gprbihbl sadrb ul ^kgia Lgk`cia sb apaiha g bkb hurgitb a maca, b iæa fala ulg guh`íif`g fgt`vg hb kaicgs bxpk`fgãòbs hb ÎMs (sbmgl bkbs dais au lgus).

G Tbcrg hb sb ^bihurgr bl ^rbf`pìfàs Wugiha a maca prbf`sg sbr ìtbrralp`ha, `ssa hbvb afarrbr `lbh`gtglbitb gitbs hg rbsakuãæa hb ul hbsg﬇a s`ci`﬇fgt`va, iæa hbpa`s.

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

^grtb @@@ Jarg hg Cgtvbiturg

Bsfrbvbiha Gvbiturgs

Bsfrbvbr ulg gvbiturg iæa s`ci`﬇fg bsfrbvbr ul ralgifb falpkbta. uha qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  bxpbr`bitb bxpbr`bitb prbf`sg ogzbr à giatgr a admbt`va hgs Cgtgs Macghargs b gkcuis adstçfukas qub bx`stbl pbka fglìja, b bitæa hb`xgr qub gs Macghargs fr`bl sugs trgvbssurgs. Gkcuis faisbkjas cbrg`s sæa gprbsbitghas, lgs a lbkjar praobssar à g bxpbr`íif`g.

@i Lbh`g Tbs K`tbrgklbitb, a tbrla s`ci`﬇fg ‛ia lbà hgs fa`sgs“, b à gqu` qub g gvbiturg falbãg. ûkb g ìtrahuãæa, au rbsulg-g bl ulg au hugs sbitbiãgs5 Macg Macgharg hargss iæa fastulgl hblaistrgr t`l`hbz bl pbrcuitgr hbtgkjbs ha pgssgha qugiha `ssa à `lpartgitb. Iæa fr`b ul fbiçrà aihb gs Cgtgs Macghargs (CM) prbf`sgl bifaitrgr pradkblg. A pradkblg vg` gtà bkgs. Ia falbãa hg sbssæa hb maca, rgp`hglbitb hbsfrbvg g s`tugãæa s`t ugãæa b a kafgk aihb gs cgtgs bstæa. Bitæa, `lbh`gtglbitb, g ^r`lb`rg Fa`sg gfaitbfb5 g mgibkg sb qubdrg, au g cgtg bsogrrgpghg ha dbfa pröx`la gpgrbfb fgldgkbgiha b ogkgiha pgkgvrgs ìhbfòrçvb`s gitbs hb fg`r lartg, au g `c `crbsg rbsg hbspbrtg rbpbitìglbitb hb ul saija hb oaca b ì`l`cas fal ul Vaijgharg  hbspbrtg bstrgija kafgk bspbfì﬇fa qub`lgiha bl sug lbitb. Hbssg oarlg, sb gs cgtgs hbf`h`rbl `ciargr a oaca b as ì`l`cas pgrg pgssgr tahg g sbssæa fgãgiha f gãgiha bspìjgs hb pb`xb ig kgtg hb k`xa, g hbf`sæa sbrç hbkgs. Lgs, gìhg gss`l, sbrç ul pradkblg pgrg vafí. Hb`xg qub gs sbkvgcbis hb qugtra pgtgs dr`cubl par l`cgkjgs par ul lìuta au ha`s, biqugita tahas bst`vbrbl sb h`vbrtìha, b bitæa gfbrtb-gs fal ul tgfa gìhg lgàr. Hb`xb fkgra qub sb bkgs iæa gc`rbl, Gkca Tu`l vg` gfaitbfbr, bl drbvb, fal gkca qub bkgs sb `lpartgl ‘ iarlgklbitb iarlgklbi tb sugs pröpr`gs pbkbs.

08

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

G Igvgkjg hb Aswgkh2 Bl ul luiha hb fuktas fgöt`fas, Hbusbs Gi`lg`s, saijas prblai`töràs b cgtgs halàst`fgs sgkvgiha g julgi`hghb, j`pötbsbs luihgigs sadrb g rbgk`hghb iæa tíl vbz. â ârr `ssa g Tbcrg hg ^gtìjg  faijbf`hg faijbf`hg fala G Igvgkjg hb Aswgkh= ‛Wugiha bx`st`r lg`s hb ulg bxpk`fgãæa `cugklbitb pravçvbk pgrg bvbita, bsfakjg g bx`stb hg faisp`rgãæa“. Wugiha hg fr`gãæa hb cgtvbiturgs, `staul s`ci`﬇fg qub sblprb tbar`g bx`stb ulg trglg bsfaih`hg gtrçs has bvbitas `lbh`gtas qub faioraitgl gs cgtìjgs. Lbsla sb gs Cgtgs Macghargs bst`vbrbl gpbigs tbitgiha rbscgtgr ul drìqubha pbrh`ha, bkgs bstæa hbstìghgs g bifaitrgr gkculg p`stg pgrg ul ^kgia hb gkcul fukta. A gfýluka hb hbtgkjbs, pass`vbklbitb ia hbfarrbr hb vçr`gs ia`tbs hb maca,, sblpr maca sblprbb kbvg î Tbvbkg Tbvbkgãæa ãæa ha lgk sadrb sadrbigturg igturgkk b g ulg trglg ì`l`c ì`l`cgg qub gpbigs gs jbraìigs pahbl ìtbrralpbr. G gstutg Cgtg Cugrh`æ  fais`hbrg fais`hbrg hbshb a falbãa qugk hbus b qug`s sbrvas ogiçt`fas bstæa bl gãæa, b a qub bkbs bspbrgl gkfgiãgr.

Bstruturg G lgàr`g hgs gvbiturgs gprbsbitg as Hbsg﬇as bl ulg sbquíif`g hb h`﬇fukhghb frbsfbitb. _gr`gãòbs ig bstruturg fkçss`fg ìfkubl lýkt`pkgs h`rbãòbs hb hbsbivak v`lbita qub pahbl sbr sbcu`hgs bl qugkqubr arhbl, au ul crgihb faiffl`ta ia ììfà sbcu`ha hb hbtgkjbs lbiarbs, lgs surprbbihbitblbitb `lpartgitbs. bijg  bijg fbrtbzg hb fais`hbrgr g vgr`bhghb hb cgtgs bl ul crupa tìp`fa. Fais`hbrb fr`gr ga lbias ul hbsg﬇a pgrg fghg ul has ^gpà`s dçs`fas. Rl crupa hb qugtra Macghargs iæa vg` tbr ul has ^gpà`s b tbrç qub `lprav`sgr `lprav`sgr,, b a `lprav`sa à g vbrhghb`rg gklg hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju. G vbrhghb`rg gklg .

Rsgiha Hbsgoàs Faioarlb hbsfr`ta ia K`vra @, Hbsg﬇as vgr`gl hb Oçf`k g Hòìf`k, b gqubkbs qub bivakvbl r`sfas rbg`s hb obr`lbita sæa lartg`s. Lg`s qub bstbs dçs`fas, qugiha prbpgrgr ulg gvbiturg, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb giatgr ulg au hugs sakuãòbs qub pbrl`t`r`gl îs CMs supbrgr fghg Hbsg﬇a ‘ b bstgr praitg pgrg gfb`tgr iavgs b ìbspbrghgs `hb`gs qub surmgl ig lbsg. A Hgha hb Cgta, bldarg lu`ta oa﬇ija, iuifg rbsakvb ul Hbsg﬇a sazìja5 à g `hb`g fr`gt`vg hg macgharg qub hbtbrlìg sb ulg rakgcbl à ibfbssçr`g i bfbssçr`g b, fgsa sbmg, quæa hòìf`k b pbr`casg bkg b kg sbrç.

2 ‘ I. . A apasta hg Igvgkjg hb Affgl, prìfìpà lbtahaköc`fa qub g﬇rlg qub, h`gitb hb hòbrbitbs bxpk`fgãòbs oarlukghgs pgrg g lbslg bv`híif`g, g j`pötbsb lg`s s`lpkbs à g lg`s rgfàigk.

02

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

O`fjgs hb Hbsgoàs Wugiha iæa oar fkgra f kgra fala ul Hbsg﬇a `lpartgitb hbvb sb hbsbirakgr, bspbf`gklbitb qugiha lbstrgiha pbkgs pr`lb`rgs vbzbs, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb ut`k`zgr ulg O`fjg hb Hbsg﬇a pgrg hb﬇i`r r`sfas b rbsuktghas. Rlg ﬇fjg bl drgifa gpgrbfbigigd`dkàtbfg pçcìg 0: 0: (b pahb sbr^gttbrsai, fap`ghg îlgs vaitghb). Gs cgtgs qubrbl bitrgr hg (bLgisæa g partgBxblpka= bstç trgifghg. Gpös gkculgs tbitgt`vgs, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pbrl`tb pbrl`tb qub g Julgiakac`stg   sb kbldrb qub a larhala îs vbzbs fakafg ul pgk`ta dr`kjgitb ig partg. Ibijulg autrg cgtg sgdbr`g fala ulg fjgvb ouifàig, ouifài g, lgs lu`tgs hbkgs pahbl sbr ýtb`s pgrg traldgr ia larhala b pbcgr a pgk`ta dr`kjgitb bl qubstæa. G CC pahb arcgi`zgr iatgs faioarlb a bxblpka qub sbcub.

Hbsgoà

‛^bsfgr“ g fjgvb ha daksa ha larhala. Vb dbl-sufbh`hg, g fjgvb sg` vagiha.

CF^GX Dr`caig Vakuãòbs Wugkqubr cgtg

Kutg= Ga Gcgr Gcgrrgr rgr , faisbcub bsfgkgr g pbrig5 a larhala vg` usgr Gcgrrgr Gcgr rgr   b Grrblbssgr 5 fal autra Gcgrr Gcgrrgr gr   dbl-sufbh`ha, bkg faisbcub ‛pbsfgr“ g fjgvb ha daksa.

Cgfradgtg Vb tgr grrblbssghg sbr fjutghg. , gtbrr`ssg sbl sb lgfjufgr5 faisbcub sblprb bv`-

Crgfàsg

@lpkargr pbkg fjgvb iæa vg` ouifàigr oui fàigr.. ^ âhb ahb faisbcu`r faivbifb faivbifbrr a larhala g gdr`r g partg par faitg pröpr`g!

Dr`caig

Rl sufbssa gutalçt`fa qugiha iulg i ulg kutg.

`crbsg `c rbsg Vaijgharg -

Julgiakac`stg

^rbf`sg bxpk`fgr a qub sæa daksas pgrg gs autrgs cgtgs.

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Rlg p`kjg hb O`fjgs hb Hbsg﬇a pahbl sbr tahgs gs giatgãòbs ibfbssçr`gs pgrg bitrbtbr gs Macghargs par gkculgs jargs hb trgvbssurgs `lprbv`sìvb`s. gk vbz ulg ýi`fg pçcìg k`stgiha ulg sàr`b hb s`tugãòbs hbsg﬇ghargs sbmg su﬇f`bitb. Bxfbta qugiha bsfrbvbiha pgrg pudk`fgr, iæa jç ibfbss`hghb hb hbsfrbvbr fghg hbtgkjb. Ia maca, tuha gfgdg luhgiha ia ﬇igk, g pgrt`r hgs sucbstòbs hgs Macghargs, hgs rakgcbis hb hgha ìbspbrghgs, b hg çc`k fgpgf`hghb hg Cgtg Cugrh`æ   hb sb ghbqugr îs f`rfuistäif`gs, r`tla b tbisæa tbi sæa hb gfarha fal a jular ha crupa. Iatg= G pgkgvrg ‛hbsg﬇a“ îs vbzbs s`ci`﬇fg qugkqubr adstçfuka au h`﬇fukhghb qub g Macgharg  prbf`sg prbf`sg supbrgr hurgitb a maca, b îs vbzbs s`ci`﬇fg ulg Takgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a oarlgk. Ibstb ýkt`la s`ci`﬇fgha, bsfrbvblas fal g pr`lb`rg kbtrg lg`ýsfukg b bl ibcr`ta, fala ‛^grg supbrgr bssb hbsg﬇a sbrç ibfbssçrà sufbssa iul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k“.

Ìfaibs Faioarlb lastrgha ig pçcìg 00 00,, bx`stbl vçràs ìfaibs pghròbs usghas igs gvbiturgs pudk`fghgs, qub ouifàigl falatahg lgrfgharbs pgrgttahas, kbldrgr g Cgtgiæa ibijul hb hbtgCugrh`æ kjbs `lpartgitbs i a tbxta. Ibl ia gvbiturg usg ahas, b gkculgs usgl hb hbkbs. Hb laha cbrgk, as ìfaibs k`stghas pr`lb`ra gpgrbfbl fal lg`s orbquíif`g.

Iìg, g bstuhàsg bstuhàsg hb talas git`ca git`cas.s. ‘ Gpa`ghar

Bhugrha Hbkgdgr` Lgrgff`

03

Hbsgoà

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

CF^GX Vakuãòbs

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Wugkqubr cgtg

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Cgfradgtg QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Crgfàsg

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Dr`caig

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

`crbsg `c rbsg Vaijgharg

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Julgiakac`stg

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Ìfaibs hb Cgtvbiturgs ^bt`sfa! A ìfaib hb ^bt`sfa bl oarlg hb pb`xb kbldrg g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   hb lalbitas pgrt`fukgrbs ias qug`s macghargs bspbrtgs pahbl cgijgr ul ^bt`sfa bxtrg. Ighg `lpbhb, à fkgra, qub pbt`sfas sbmgl s bmgl hghas bl autras lalbitas tgldàl.

Obr`lbita! Bstb cgtìja fjargiha hbiatg g s`tugãæa qub pahb kbvgr ulg Cgtg Macgharg  g g sb Obr`r . Vug ouiãæa à kbldrgr g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hg hg ibfbss`hghb hb prbstgr lu`tg gtbiãæa îqu`ka qub fghg cgtg vg` tbitgr, bxpk`fgiha fkgrglbitb îs Macgh Macghargs args qugkqubr pbr`ca ödvà.

H`fg hb Xblpa!

A ìfaib hg glpukjbtg ìh`fg ul lalbita bl qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb luhgr a r`tla hg gvbiturg pgrg ghbquç-kg ga crupa. Bkgs bstæa praitgs pgrg hbsg﬇as lgàrbs1 Au bkgs bstæa fgisghgs, h`strgìhgs au prbafupghgs fal a jarçrà1 G H`fg hb blpa  blpa pahb bifurtgr g gvbiturg ul paufa, gprbssgiha rbfalpbisgs b sakuãòbs. À lbkjar lgihgr gs macghargs obk`zbs pgrg fgsg, lbsla qub `ssa s`ci`﬇qub pukgr gkcuis hbtgkjbs. Vblprb tbrç ulg pröx`lg vbz.

Tbcrg hg ^gtìjg! Kbldrbtbs qub gmuhgl g lgitbr a maca rçp`ha b oçf`k pgrg Ma Macg cgha harg rgss b Cgtgs Cugrh`æs.

Vufbssa! G ogfb ha Cgta Obk`z  ia ia Hgha hb Cgta, sazìja au bl pgrbs, pahb gfalpgijgr as rbsuktghas hbtgkjghas qugiha ulg Cgtg Macgharg   à dbl-sufbh`hg bl ulg fbrtg rakgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a.

Orgfgssa! Rl au ha`s hbssgs ogfbs hb Cgtas r`st r`stbs bs pahb lgrfgr ulg bxpk`fgãæa ha qub gfaitbfb qugiha ulg Cgtg Macgharg  ogkjg ogkjg ig rakgcbl hb ul Hbsg﬇a bl pgrt`fukgr.

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Xrís Cgtvbiturgs Falpkbtgs!

Falbãgiha ig pröx`lg pçcìg tblas trís gvbiturgs falpkbtgs hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju. ‛A ]ui`ha ia Gihgr hb Dg`xa“, ‛Wubhg ha Faslaigutg Kaufa bl Dgy F`ty “ b ulg gvbiturg hb ul faiv`hgha, ‛Crglg Lg`s _brhb “ (pbka bxfbkbitb cglb hbs`cibr ìhbpbihbitb rgfy Dgribtt). Fghg gvbiturg tbl sbu pröprà bst`ka b sgdar, lgs fghg ulg à pracrglghg pgrg ulg sbssæa hb ulg ýi`fg ia`tb, fal hurgãæa hb trís g qugtra jargs. Vb g sbssæa gfgdgr sb bstbihbiha, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahb ìtbrralpbr a maca bl ul lalbita `lpartgitb, sbcuìha g Tbcrg hb sb ^bihurgr bl ^rbf`pìfàs ( (p. p. 0>). 0>).

Lgrfbkìb hbsfadrìha a ui`vbrsa. ui`vbrsa. ‘ Gpa`ghar Cu`kjbrlb Kgiorbh`

7>>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

A ]ui`ha ia Gihgr hb Dg`xa Rlg cgtvbiturg ìtrahutör`g Fbiçrà @ickgtbrrg Turgk bitrb cubrrgs. G rbs`híif`g b as grrbharbs hg Kafgk`hghb ^gttbrsai ﬇fgl bl ulg pbqubig ogzbihg g lbà h`g hb v`gcbl hb øi`dus au gutalövbk hb Kaihrbs. Jç ulg v`kg gcrìfakg pröx`lg î ogzbihg, ogzbihg, ga ﬇igk hb gkculgs bstrghgs kglgfbitgs.

^brsaigcbis Julgias •

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Vbijarg , julgia lg`s `lpartgitb hg rbs`híif`g. Glg cgtgs. Vbijar , sbu falpgijb`ra b lgfja gkog, iarlgklbitb gusbitb. Iæa castg hb cgtgs. Fr`ghg , iarlgklbitb gtbihbiha g Vbijarg. V bijarg. Fazìjb`rg , g crgihb b cbit`k lukjbr, g lbkjar apãæa pgrg pbh`r pbt`sfas. Lbiìg , ﬇kjg hg fazìjb`rg, qub glg cgtgs, lgs îs vbzbs as pbrsbcub kaufglbitb au as gdrgãg fal oarãg hblg`s. Larhala, qub ahb`g cgtgs b à faijbf`ha par fjutç-kgs. Mgrhìb`ra, qub v`vb bl ulg pbqubig fgsg ha kgha hb oarg fal ga lbias ul crgihb cgta. Hautar , iæa iæa larg ig ogz ogzbihg. bihg. Gs cgtgs gìhg iæa a faijbfbl.

7>7

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Cgtgs Macghargs (fal pgpà`s lg`s faluis) Cgtìjgs hb lghglb hg Vbijarg (Crgfàsg au Julgiakac`stg 5 Tgãg ûrg ) Cgtgs dbl gk`lbitghgs, gssaf`ghgs î fazìjb`rg ( `crbsg Vaijgharg

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au Crgfàsg ) Cgtgs hb rug gssaf`ghgs ga mgrhìb`ra (Cgfradgtg  au au Dr`caig ) Cgtgs sbkvgcbis has dbfas (Dr`caig  au au Cgfradgtg ) Cgtgs ha v`zìja lg`s pröx`la, ul f`bit`stg bxfíitr`fa (Julgiakac`stg au `crbsg Vaijgharg ).).

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Autras gi`lg`s Fgfjarras has dbfas. Vgpas b autras pbqubias gi`lg`s s`kvbstrbs ha mgrh`l b ha kgca hg ogzbihg. ogzbihg.

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^çssgras b ìsbtas ha fglpa.

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âitas hb ìtbrbssb ig Kafgk`hghb ^gttbrsai Çrbg Bxtbrig A Wuìtgk •

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A Mgrh`l •

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Orbitb •

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7>4

^bssags= Ibijulg Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Luras hg ogzbihg ogzbi hg fal ulg bstrghg kglgfbitg gkàl. Vgìhgs= Fglìja gtà a Mgrh`l, partg pgrg gi`lg`s pgrg g Fazìjg, gkàl ha lura pgrg g bstrghg kglgfbitg, au ga rbhar hg fgsg pgrg g Orbitb.

^bssags= A Mgrhìb`ra. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= G fgdgig ha Mgrhìb`ra, grdustas fflar`has, fgitb`ra hb vbcbtg`s, vbcbtgãæa rgstb`rg hbisg5 kgca fal sgpas, pb`xbs haurghas b k`dàkukgs ig tblparghg. ^bssags= Ibijulg. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Lgtgcgk hb dal casta, bitrghg hb fgsfgkja pgrg fgrras bl oarlgta hb ‛R“. ‛R “. Vgìhgs= G bstrghg pgrg fgrras kbvg pgrg oarg hg ogzbihg5 partgs hupkgs kbvgl pgrg a kgha hb h b hbitra hg VVgkg gkg hb Bstgr.

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Lgisæa ^gttbrsai ^gttbrsai ‘ Gihgr hb dg`xa G fazìjg •

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^bssags= Fazìjb`rg b Lbiìg Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Oacæa qubitìja. Fal`hg grlgzbighg.

Vgìhgs= ârtg pgrg gi`lg`s pgrg a Mgrh`l. ârtg pgrg a Jgkk ha àrrba. Jgkk ha àrrba ^bssags= Larhala b Fr`ghg. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Vbl mgibkgs, mgib kgs, fal fgrpbtb. ^ ^bqubias bqubias lövb`s lövb `s b pkgitgs. Vgìhgs= ârtg pgrg g Fazìjg, Vgkg hb Bstgr, Wugrta ha Larhala b D`dkàtbfg. Bsfghgs pgrg a Jgkk ha gihgr hb f`lg. Vgkg hb Bstgr ^bssags= Ibijulg. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= ^`sa hb lçrlarb k`sa. Vgìhgs= ârtg hupkg crgihb b trgifghg, fal mgibkgs, faihuzìha pgrg g Orbitb. ârtg pgrg a Jgk Jgkkk ha àrrba. Wugrta ha Larhala ^bssags= Larh Larhala. ala. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs=  bkboaib5 bkboaib5 lbsg fal pgpà`s5 grlçrà fal lu`tgs fjg vbs. ^grg g lgàr pgrtb hgs cgtgs, gs fjgvbs iæa ogzbl sbit`ha. ^grg ﬇kjatbs b Cgfradgtgs, bkgs sæa fa`sgs kbcg`s qub ogzbl dgrukja b sæa kbcg`s pgrg dgtbr. Rlg Julgiakac`stg  pahb pahb rbfaijbfí-kgs fala gssaf`ghgs g partgs. Vgìhg= ^grg a Jgkk ha  àrrba. àrrba. D`dkàtbfg ‘  rgifghg rgifghg Halìiàs Lbstrb Lbstrb julgia. Cgtgsa iæa sæa pbrl pbrl`t`hgs. `t`hgs. À lgit`hg trgifghg. G Fr`ghg rbt`rgr`gha gs cgtgs fal hbk`fghbzg5 Larhala, fal vàkíif`g5 g Vbi Vbijarg jarg pbcgr`g sug Crgfàsg  b b bspgitgr`g bs pgitgr`g gs hblg`s sbl lu`tg faiv`fãæa, b fjglgr`g g Fr`ghg. ^bssags= Ibijulg. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Bstgitbs hb k`vras biarlbs. Fghb`rgs lgf`gs hb faura vbrlbkja. ^çssgra blpgkjgha bl cgàkg bsoàr`fg pbihurghg. Vgìhgs= Crgihbs mgibkgs pgrg a Wuìtgk. W uìtgk. G crgihb partg pgrg a Jgkk ha àrrba  àrrba bstç trgifghg fal ulg oobfjghurg bfjghurg git`cg hb pkgfg hhbb draizb b ulg lgãgibtg ia bst`ka trgvg hb pakbcgr pakbcgr.. _ _çràs çràs autras qugrtas ia gihgr hb dg`xa qub iæa gpgrbfbl ibstg gvbiturg= gvbiturg= Vgkg hb mgitgr, Vgkæa, Fkasbt, Fapg, Wugrta has blprbcghas, btf. •

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7>6

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Lgisæa ^gttbrsai ^gttbrsai ‘ Gihgr hb f`lg Jgkk ha Gihgr hb F`lg ^bssags= Vbijarg b Fr`ghg. Bsfghg pgrg a Jgkk ha àrrba. ^gssgcbl bl grfa pgrg g Vgkg Lgtìgk. •

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ârtgs trgifghgs pgrg as Wugrtas, bsfghg pgrg a Vötæa, b Fkasbts. Vgkg Lgtìgk ^bssags= Vbijarg b Fr`ghg. Vug ogfb suk pbrl`tb g bitrghg hb lu`tg kuz sakgr. ^bqubigs lbsgs, fgrpbtbs, h`væs, trgvbssgs b admbtas hbfargt`vas. Wugrtas, Fkasbts b Vötæa iæa sæa rbkbvgitbs pgrg bstg b stg gvbiturg. •

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Vbijarg, ulg sçd`g gkàl ha sbu tblpa. ‘ Gpa`gharg Mbi`﬎br Kuz

7>8

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

B Falbãg Ia ììfà hg gvbiturg, g Vbijarg bstç sazìjg ig Vgkg Lgtìgk b ibijulg cgtg bstç prbsbitb. G Fr`ghg bstç trgdgkjgiha ia gihgr hb dg`xa. A Larhala bstç bl sbu qugrta k`hgiha fal gkculgs pgpbkghgs. A Mgrhìb`ra bstç trgdgkjgiha ha kgha hb oarg, b iæa vg` sb bivakvbr, g lbias qub gs cgtgs a prafurbl. A Vbijar iæa bstç prbsbitb, pravgvbklbitb v`gmgiha. G Fazìjb`rg b g Cgratg sgìrgl pgrg ogzbr falprgs b rbtarigræa fal fal`hg bl gkculgs jargs. Gs cgtgs pahbl sb arcgi`zgr hg oarlg qub prbobr`rbl, sbiha g ýi`fg rbstr`ãæa g Vgkg Lgtìgk. Cgtgs qub iæa largl ig rbs`híif`g ì`f`gl g gvbiturg ha kgha hb oarg5 a Larhala iæa takbrg bspbf`gklbitb cgtgs hb rug b bstrgijas qub bitrgl ig rbs`híif`g hb sug rbspaisgd`k`hghb.

^rbkýhà= A saija Rlg `crbsg Vaijgharg , fafj`kgiha ig Fazìjg au bl qugkqubr autra kucgr, saijg fal ul sgpa carha b lakbicg. Bkb ìfflg sug cgrcgitg, hbpa`s sbu farpa ìtb`ra, b bitæa bxpkahb. Has pbhgãas surcb ul pçssgra suma b ýl`ha, sb bsoarãgiha pgrg ﬇fgr hb pà. Bkb iæa tbl akjas. Bkb gdrb sbu d`fa pgrg fgitgr, lgs ibijul sal sg`. Bkb sb bsoarãg bso arãg pgrg ogzbr gkcul sal. Gkculg fa`sg bstç sb faitarfbiha ia ouiha hb sug s ug cgrcgitg. Rl zui`ha hhbsgcrghçvbk bsgcrghçvbk sb ìtbis`﬇f ìtbis`﬇fg, g, b a pçssgra faspb pgrg oarg gqu`ka qub bstgvg adstruìha sug cgrcgitg= ulg kgrvg bsvbrhbghg b k`strghg, fala gqubkgs hb lasfgs au hb autras ìsbtas. A vbrlb fg` ia fjæa b sb faitarfb adsfbiglbitb, b a zui`ha sb tarig tbrr`vbklbitb gkta. G Vaijgharg  gfarhg gfarhg fal g sbisgãæa hb Gkca Brrgha.

^r`lb`ra Hbsgoà= A Cr`ta ahgs  ahgs gs cgtgs ig fgsg bsfutgl ul julgia cr`tgr bl hbsbspbra ia gihgr hb f`lg. Cgtgs ha kgha Gqubkbs hb oarg bsfutgl a cr`ta gfal ulg rakgcbl hb fjæa ^brfbpãæa. sbr g Vbijarg. qub ìvbst`cgl bifaitrgl fgìhg ia hb ul ^grbfb qugrta bisakgrgha ia gihgr hb f`lg, rbsp`rgiha orgfglbitb, fal as akjas obfjghas. À `lpassìvbk gfarhç-kg. Ig lbslg fbig bstç ulg dgihbmg, fgìhg ia fjæa, fal sgihuìfjbs hb pbpìa. Cgtgs qub hbf`hbl ìvbst`cgr hb pbrta g s`tugãæa bl qub g Vbijarg sb bifaitrg hbsfadrbl ul ìsbta hb fjb`ra jarrìvbk bslgcgha bldg`xa ha farpa hg julgig fgìhg. Vb pgrbfb fal ulg crgihb vbspg vbrhb b fal k`strgs. Cgtgs qub v`vbl ha kgha hb oarg iuifg v`rgl ul ìsbta pgrbf`ha ig çrbg. Cgtgs qub v`vbl ig rbs`híif`g iuifg v`rgl ul ìsbta tæa crgihb ha kgha hb hbitra. Vb ulg cgtg hbf`h`r fjb`rç-ka, pbrfbdbrç qub a fjb`ra sb pgrbfb fal pbigs vbkjgs. `crbsgs `c rbsgs Vaijghargs pbrfbdbl qub iæa à gkca igturgk.

7>2

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Cgtgs qub sb `lpartgl fal g Vbijarg tíl a hbsg﬇a hb gtrg`r g gtbiãæa hb autras pgrg sbu ìoartýià. G julgig lg`s oçf`k hb bifaitrgr à g Fr`ghg. Rlg Crgfàsg   ogf`klbitb ogf`klbitb faisbcub sbr sbcu`hg5 autrgs cgtgs pahbl tbitgr. Ga bifaitrgr g Vbijarg, g Fr`ghg `rç cr`tgr tgldàl, ogzbiha ul bsfäihgka h`gitb hg julgig fgìhg. Bkg dgtbrç kbvblbitb bl sbu rasta, fjglgiha par bkg. Vbl rbspastg, bkg vg` gtrçs ha Larhala. Rlg macgharg bspbrtg pahb pbisgr bl trgzbr a ìsbta larta pgrg g v`stg hb tahas, au hgr ul mb`ta hb ogzbr as julgias a iatgrbl. Rlg gt`tuhb hbssgs vgkb ul ^bt`sfa . Vb `ssa iæa oar ob`ta, a Larhala b g Fr`ghg ﬇fgl lu`ta aousfghas fal a afarr`ha pgrg pbrfbdbr a ìsbta par faitg pröpr`g. A Larhala fjbcg fal g Fr`ghg. Muitas, bkbs fakafgl g Vbijarg ia h`væ. ^brfbdbiha qub iæa faisbcubl gfarhç-kg, a Larhala vaktg pgrg a gihgr hb dg` xa, biqugita g Fr`ghg fakafg ulg tagkjg lakjghg b or`g ig tb tbstg stg hg Vbijarg.

Vbcuiha Hbsgoà= A zui`ha Biqugita `ssa, ul zui`ha dg`xa falbãg ia gihgr hb dg`xa, ia Jgkk ha àrrba. Ogãg rakgcbis hb ^brfbpãæa pgrg vbr qugk cgtg auvbvbspg pr`lb`ra. G oaitb dgrukja sb lavb pbka Jgkk bl h`rbãæa î bsfghgr`g. À ulg crgihb, vbrhbhab k`strghg, fala g qub oa` bifaitrghg muita hg Vbijarg, vagiha pbrta ha tbta bl lav`lbitas kbitas b prbcu`ãasas. Rlg Dr`caig  pahbr`g pahbr`g lgtç-kg ogf`klbitb sb faisbcu`ssb gkfgiãç-kg ig gkturg bl qub bstç vagiha. Rlg Cgfradgtg  pahb pahb bifaitrgr ulg oarlg oçf`k hb fjbcgr kç, lgs qugkqubr cgtg qub iæa sbmg ulg Dr`caig  prbf`sg prbf`sg rakgr Kutg pgrg gtgfgr a ìsbta5 bkg rbfbdb 7hC. Vb g cgtg pbrhbr, a ìsbta g p`fg hakarasglbitb ig pgtg . Bstb à ul Obr`lbita tblparçrà. Bkb tarig hbsg﬇as oìs`fas lg`s hòìfb`s gtà qub g cgtg tbijg pgssgha pbka lbias 72 lìutas rabiha a obrræa gtà grrgifç-ka hg pgtg, sucgiha a vbibia b kgldbiha a lgfjufgha. Gktbrigt`vglbitb, sb kafgk`zghas (b pbrsugh`has g gmuhgr), g Fazìjb`rg au a Hautar pahbl ogzbr ul furgt`va bl gpbigs 2 lìutas. lì utas. Rlg cgtg aqub à dbl sufbh`hg iul gtgqub faitrgkaa ogrç ìsbta Gssustç-ka Gcgrrç rrç-ka -ka Gssustç-ka bitrb Gssustç-k , Lgfjufç-ka au Gcg . Gssustçfalpahb qub bsfakjbr bkb vaktb pgrg g pgrtb hb dg`xa ha Jgkk, hb aihb vbà, lgs bvbitugklbitb bkb `rç rbtarigr. Lgfjufç-ka s`ci`﬇fg bslgcç-ka gtà g lartb. Ga Gc Gcgrrç grrç-ka -ka, g cgtg faisbcub prbihí-ka ia fjæa fj æa fal sugs cgrrgs, aihb bkb sb hbdgtb b ogz lu`ta dgrukja, lgs sbl qugkqubr rbsuktgha. Vb a ìsbta oar larta, paufa tblpa hbpa`s (pbkg Tbcrg hg ^röx`lg Fa`sg ),), a zui`ha orgfa vaktg g sbr auv`ha. Rl iava ìsbta bitrg vagiha pbka Jgkk. ahg vbz qub ul ìsbta à larta, autra gpgrbfb vagiha gpös gkcuis lìutas. Bkbs bstæa prafurgiha par julgias. Vb gkcul julgia gpgrbfbr ia gld`bitb, bkbs gtgfgl. Bkbs sæa dbl-sufbh`has bl ul Cgta r`s r`stb tb (7-4) bl 7hC b, sbiha a fgsa, a julgia cr`tg hb har b fg` ìfaisf`bitb. Vb a ìsbta brrg, bkb sb prbpgrg pgrg ul iava gtgqub. faisbcub ìsbtaparlarrb. sbcu`hg.Gss`l Iuifgqub bx`stb lg`s hap`fgr qub ul ul gkva, ì ìsbta sbtaa v`va, vbz, igAutra fbig.kaca surcb bl

7>?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Gpös gkculgs rakgcbis hb ^brfbpãæa b ìqu`r`ãòbs bl cbrgk, gs cgtgs faisbcubl hbtbrlìgr qub a zui`ha sb ar`cìg hb gkcul kucgr gtrçs hgs crgihbs b crassgs partgs hg D`dkàtbfg. À gqu` qub ulg Julgiakac`stg  pahb pahb sb kbldrgr fala a Larhala, îs vbzbs, fakafg pgk`tas dr`kjgitbs igs partgs b bkgs sb gdrbl. Fal ìtbrvgkas hb gkcuis lìutas bitrb g lartb hb fghg ìsbta, cgtgs qub bstæa pbrta hg D`dkàtbfg faisbcubl auv`r ul zui`ha gdgogha hb iava, ﬇fgiha fghg vbz lg`s gkta. Kaca ulg vbspg gpgrbfb, sb faitarfbiha pbka durgfa hg obfjghurg. Ibssb bspgãa fai﬇igha, ul ìsbta iæa aobrbfb ul pbr`ca rbgk. Rlg Dr`caig   pahb s`lpkbslbitb hgr ulg pgifghg ibkb gitbs qub fais`cg vagr k`vrblbitb5 autrgs cgtgs prbf`sgl pgssgr iulg rakgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k, fal a r`sfa hb sbrbl p`fghgs fgsa rakbl Akjas A kjas hb Fadrg.

Wubstæa Vbfuihçr`g= A Mgrhìb`ra Fgsa gs cgtgs sg`gl pgrg a kgha hb oarg pgrg bbifaitrgr ifaitrgr a Mgrhìb`ra, b fais`cgl ogzí-ka vbr ulg au lg`s hgs vbspgs vbrhbs b k`strghgs, bkb farrbrç pgrg sug fgdgig b prbpgrgrç sug vbkjg daldg lbtçk`fg fal ul pahbrasa ìsbt`f`hg. G lbias qub gs a faihuzgl pgrg hbitra, au qubqub autra julgiabstæa tbijg ig fgsgcgtgs b faitb g bkb, a Mgrhìb`ra gfrbh`tgrç as ìsbtas hav`sta kgha gs hbvbspgs oarg. Bkb prafurg g faklb`g, lgs faisbcub lgtgr gpbigs ul ýi`fa ìsbta fal sbu ìsbt`f`hg, b sugs crassgs kuvgs b raupgs hb mgrhìgcbl a pratbcbl a su﬇f`bitb pgrg pbcgr a ìsbta larta lart a b cugrhç-ka bl sbu daksa. Bkb `rç lastrgr ul pgrg a Hautar.

Xbrfb`ra hbsgoà= A Larhala Biqugita gs cgtgs bstæa faldgtbiha b fgãgiha ìsbtas, a Larhala bitrg ia Wugrta ha Larhala b ogz ulg k`cgãæa. Gkcul tblpa hbpa`s, g lbias qub gs cgtgs a faioraitbl bl sbu qugrta pr`lb`ra, bkb vg` pgrg Vgkg hb Bstgr b gdrb gs crgihbs partgs hg orbitb hg fgsg. Bstg à ulg fjgifb pgrg gs cgtgs vbrbl bl usa ul ^gk`ta Dr`kjgitb pgrg gdr`r ulg partg qub bstç, iarlgklbitb, obfjghg. A Larhala sg` hg fgsg b ﬇fg ig bstrghg hg bitrghg, bst`fgiha a pbsfaãa pgrg akjgr pgrg a kaicb. Cgtgs bspbrtgs b rçp`hgs pahbl gtgfgr a larhala h`rbtglbitb, dgtbiha bl sbus daksas gtrçs has ^gk`tas Dr`kjgitbs b puxgiha a maca hb fjgvbs ia fjæa. A Larhala, gpbigs hb`xgiha fkgra, iæa faapbrg fal gs cgtgs. Bkb tbl tgitas daksas qugita a iýlbra hb cgtgs ogzbiha g dusfg, fal ul lìi`la hb trís daksas. ^grg tbitgr ouãgr b ‛pbsfgr“ pgrg oarg a faitbýha hb ul has daksas, fghg cgtg prbf`sg ogzbr ul tbstb hb Kutg  sbpgrghglbitb. sbpgrghglbitb. Vb a Larhala, qub bstç sb faitarfbiha b glgkh`ãagiha gs cgtgs, cgijgr ul hbsg﬇a hb Kutg faitrg ulg hgs cgtgs, bkb `rç gcgrrgr g cgtg pbrhbharg b sb prbpgrgr pgrg Grrblbssç-kg  ig ig pröx`lg obkìg qub tbitgr hbsg﬇ç-ka. Rl Rl fjutb ha Larhala à ulg rakgcbl hb Kutg , qub ìffl`cb ul rbsuktgha hb Blpurrgr  b b ulg fais`hbrçvbk goraitg. Rlg cgtg qub kbvau ul fjutb

7>3

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

faisbcub rbfupbrgr sug crgãg b bst`ka cgstgiha ul ^bt`sfa, au bspbrgiha 2 lìutas gtà qub gs autrgs cgtgs bsqubãgl sbu vbxglb. @iobk`zlbitb, a ýi`fa ^gk`ta Dr`kjgitb bl passb ha Larhala ibstb lalbita à g fjgvb kaicg, ﬇ig b prgtbghg qub gdrb g partg hg orbitb. Vbu rbköcà hb daksa, gkculgs labhgs b tgkvbz ul au ha`s datòbs sb bspgkjgl pbka fjæa au pbkgs pbhrgs hg bitrghg hb fgrras, h`strgìha a Larhala par gkcul tblpa biqugita bkb rbýib sbus pbrtbifbs, l`rgiha fjutbs bl qugkqubr cgtg qub pbisb bl sb gpra x`lgr hurgitb a prafbssa. H`fg hb tblpa= Hbpbihbiha hg takbräif`g hb sbu crupa pgrg orgfgssas, b fgsa gs cgtgs tbijgl `lpartuigha a Larhala a su﬇f`bitb, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hbf`h`r qub g crgihb fjgvb hb fadrb qub gdrb g partg hg D`dkàtbfg bstç, hb ogta, bl ul has daksas, b iæa pbihurghg pbi hurghg ig pgrbhb hhbb sbu qugr qugrta. ta. As hblg`s ^gk`tas Dr`kjgitbs bstæa pbihurghas bl ul partg-fjgvbs ia qugrta ha Larhala, b bstg à ulg ìoarlgãæa qub tahgs gs cgtgs hg fgsg sgdbl. Bx`stbl lu`tgs fjgvbs gk`, sbiha `lpassìvbk tbitgr ulg par ulg pgrg gdr`r g partg. gs Macghargs hbvbl hbf`h`r fala `ræa bsfakjbr qugk fjgvb pravgvbklbitb à g hg D`dkàtbfg. •

Bkg à hb - ‛ulAutrgs glgrbkahugs bsfura b dr`kjgitb“ `cugk î obfjghurg hg partg hg fadrb D`dkàtbfg. fjgvbs tgldàl -sæa gss`l= g hg Ghbcg b g ha Fkasbt ^rgtbgha. Bkg à crassg b pbsghg, hòbrìha hb tahgs t ahgs gs autrgs fjgvbs, bxfbta hugs= hg Ghbcg b ha Hbpös`ta Hb pös`ta hb fgr fgrvæa. væa. Ri`fglbitb, sbu fjb`ra kbldrg a hg D`dkàtbfg= pgpbk, pab`rg b faura vbkja. Vb a Larhala ìtbrfbptgr gs cgtgs k`hgiha fal gs fjgvbs (b faioarlb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  bitbihg bitbihg ghbqugha hbitra hgs h`spai`d`k`hghbs h `spai`d`k`hghbs hb tblpa), sug oýr`g à crgihb, b ulg crgihb pbrsbcu`ãæa sb ì`f`g. Gs cgtgs prbf`sgl fu`hgr pgrg qub g fjgvb hg D`dkàtbfg iæa sbmg s bmg rbfgpturghg. Biqugita `ssa, ga lbias ul ìsbta ìsbt a v`va bstç ig fgsg. •

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Wugrta hbsgoà= G Obfjghurg Gss`l qub gs cgtgs t`vbrbl pbca pbka lbias ulg fjgvb, b iæa bst`vbrbl sbiha gt`vglbitb pbrsbcu`hgs par ibijul julgia, bkgs hbvbl tbitgr gdr`r g partg. Gpbigs ulg Julgiakac`stg   faisbcub `lgcìgr fala ogzbr `ssa5 gpbigs ulg Cgfradgtg  faisbcub faisbcub hgr ul sgkta au bsfgkgr gtà g gkturg hg obfjghurg b, hb ogta, ìsbr`r g fjgvb (a qub bx`cb ulg rakgcbl pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k). Hbpa`s, bl ulg gt`v`hghb gìhg bl sbpgrgha, bkg hbvb sbr c`rghg ‘ b, gìhg par f`lg, pgrg a kgha fbrta. Ibijulg cgtg à g CF^G pgrg tahgs gs gt`v`hghbs5 ulg Cgfradgtg   iæa faisbcub bitbihbr tatgklbitb a qub g Julgiakac`stg  qubr qubr qub bkg ogãg, b g Julgiakac`stg   iæa iæa faisbcub ogf`klbitb hgr ul sgkta, fakafgr g fjgvb, c`rgr b gtbrr`ssgr. Vb gs Macghargs ìtbrprbtgrbl g faiousæa obkìg ìstgurghg, ì stgurghg, pahbl lbrbfbr ul ^bt`sfa . Gitbs qub gs macghargs ﬇qubl orustrghgs, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ

7>:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

hbvb pbh`r gkculgs rakgcbis b pbrl`t`r qub bkgs sbmgl sb mgl v`taràsgs. Fgsa bkgs ﬇qubl lu`ta faivbif`hgs, bkgs auvbl as pgssas ha Larhala sb gprax`lgiha= gc gcarg arg bkgs hbvbl trgifgr iavglbitb g partg pbka kgha hb hbitra pgrg bv`tgr qugkqubr t`pa hb ìtbrobríif`g! Biqugita `ssa, au g tblpa hb h`strg`r a Larhala, ul fgrra pgrg ig orbitb hg fgsg, b a Larhala trgz îs prbssgs ul jalbl (qub gs cgtgs iuifg v`rgl gitbs) gitb s) pgrg hbitra ha Vgkæa. Bstb à a Làh`fa. As ha`s jalbis væa gtrçs hg Vbijarg hbsgfarhghg. Vb gs cgtgs t`vbrbl faisbcu`ha gtrg`r g gtbiãæa hb gkcul julgia pgrg as ìsbtas, a Làh`fa pbcg ul hbkbs fal sbu kbi kbiãa ãa b a gigk`sg. Bkb, bitæa, faisbcub ogzbr fal qub g Vbijarg hbspbrtb, dbl fala qugkqubr autra julgia qub tbijg s`ha p`fgha, bl qubstæa hb gkculgs jargs5 fgsa faitrçrà, bkbs iæa hbspbrtgl gtà a h`g sbcuìtb.

Wuìta hbsgoà= A ^çssgra Ibijulg cgtg, fal bxfbãæa hb ul Crgfàsg  qub qub mç rbs`hg ig Lgisæa jç lu`ta tblpa, mç tbvb g fjgifb hb sbqubr hgr ulg bsp`ghg ig D`dkàtbfg. Fgsa bstg cgtg bstbmg pbrfbdb g gh`ãæa hb ulg pröx`lg ga tbta,prbsbitb, fal ulbkgfarva prbtargp`hglbitb bl ul pakb`ra. G cgàkg bstçcgàkg prbsg bsoàr`fg g ul bstgihgrtb gkta. Autrgs cgtgs pahbl iæa sgdbr qub bstg à ulg gh`ãæa rbfbitb î D`dkàtbfg, lgs tahgs bkgs faisbcubl vbr g fr`gturg gv`çr`g hb gsgs prbtgs b d`fa kaica gs bifgrgiha fal crgihbs akjas prbtas b dr`kjgitbs. Bitæa, ulg `crbsg Vaijgharg   sbitb ul bstgka hb bibrc`g, b ul zui`ha dg`xa b ogl`k`gr blbrcb ha pçssgra. Gs cgtgs faisbcubl vbr ulg pgrtb hgs pbigs akbasgs sb lavbr, b hbkg dratg ulg vbspg bsvbrhbghg b fal k`strgs. A pçssgra iæa sb lavb. A ìsbta faisbcub sb saktgr, vag pgrg g supbroìf`b ìtbrig hg cgàkg, sb grrgstgiha grrgstgiha,, fal sugs gitbigs dgkgiãgih dgkgiãgiha, a, gtà bifaitrgr ulg orbstg o rbstg crgihb a su﬇f`bitb pgrg bsfgpgr bsfgpgr.. _agiha k`vrblbitb pbkg D`dkàtbfg, g vbspg tbitg gkfgiãgr a durgfa hg obfjghurg b sb bscub`rgr par bkg pgrg bitrgr ig fgsg f gsg b fgãgr lg`s julgias. Rlg Dr`caig   pahb pgrç-kg ogf`klbitb, au autra t`pap`fghg hb cgtg tbitgr fal hb ulg rakgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk Akjas Fadrg , fal g fjgifb hb sbr ia pahb rbsuktgha . Gss`l fala gitbs, fgsa a ìsbta sbmg larta, ul iava `rç blbrc`r hb hbitra ha pçssgra. Rlg cgtg qub sbmg ìtbk`cbitb a su﬇f`bitb pgrg prbihbr a ìsbta, lgs lgití-ka v`va pgrg bv`tgr qub iavas surmgl, cgijg ul ^bt`sfa . G cgàkg à ulg bsobrg crgihb a su﬇f`bitb pgrg vçr`gs cgtgs harl`rbl hbitra (fbrfg hb :>fl hb h`älbtra). Bkg à ob`tg hb ulg rbhb ﬇ig, paràl ﬇rlb, hb ﬇as hb lbtgk dr`kjgitbs. Vb gs cgtgs cgstgrbl gkcul tblpa pgrg ìspbfàiç-kg hb pbrta, pbr ta, vbræa qub as ﬇as hb lbtgk bstæa rbtarf`has, fruzghas bitrb s` b furvghas, oarlgiha ul pghræa tæa falpkbxa b d`zgrra qub ibijulg lbitb obkìg faisbcub faitblpkgr sbl cgijgr ulg har hb fgdbãg. Fgsa g Macghar Macgharg g  ìtbrprbtgiha ìtbrprbtgiha ulg `crbsg Vaijgh Vaijgharg arg   pbrcuitb, bkg faisbcub pbrfbdbr qub bx`stb ulg igturbzg lçc`fg ibssbs hbsbijas.

7>0

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Bx`stb ulg gdbrturg f`rfukgr ig cgàkg, qub à ödv`g gpbigs pgrg ulg Julgiakac`stg . Rlg Cgfradgtg  faisbcub faisbcub gdr`r ogf`klbitb, au qugkqubr autrg cgtg bl ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k. A pçssgra bstç larta b blpgkjgha. Vblprb qub ul iava ìsbta blbrcb, bx`stb ul bstgka b bkb gpgrbfb hbitra ha pçssgra, b bitæa oarãg sbu fglìja pgrg oarg gtrgvàs hgs pbigs çspbrgs. A pçssgra bstç prbsa ga pakb`ra par lbà hb grglbs rìc`has. Vbrç ibfbssçrà lu`tg oarãg pgrg saktç-ka (gkca qub ul Dr`caig  faisbcub faisbcub ogzbr fal lg`s ogf`k`hghb qub gs hblg`s). Fgsa sbmg rgscgha, gs cgtgs pbrfbdbl qub a farva iæa i æa pgssg hb pbkb b pb pbigs igs bst`fghgs sadrb ulg bstr bstruturg uturg hb v`lb. A fräià, fräià, d`fa b pàs sæa ar`cìg`s5 as akjas sæa hb v`h v`hra ra bsfura. Gs cgtgs pahbl qubrbr hbstru`r a pçssgra pgrg prbvbi`r qub iavas ìsbtas sur mgl b, hb oogta gta,, ibijulg iavg vbspg gpgr gpgrbfb bfb biqugit biqugitaa bkbs bstæa k`hgih k`hgihaa ffal al a farva larta. Bkb pahb sb sbrr hbstraãgha, fgusgiha ulg dgcuiãg tbrrìvbk, au kbvgha pgrg oarg o arg hg D`dkàtbfg. Gkculgs `hb`gs= Wub`lç-ka ia oaria hg fazìjg5 grrblbssç-ka pgrg fæbs hgs rbhaihbzgs5 bitbrrgr sugs pgrtbs bl paitas hòbrbitbs hg rbc`æa. @iobk`zlbitb, a farva iæa à sadrbigturgk hb ibijulg oarlg. Bkb sbrv`g gpbigs fala ul h`sogrfb= à g cgàkg qub à oaitb has ìsbtas. As pghròbs hb sug bstruturg sbrvbl fala ul Fìrfuka Lçc`fa, oafgiha bibrc`g ia sbu fbitra b pbrl`tìha g fr`gãæa hb ul h`lìuta partgk qub pbrl`tb g pgssgcbl hbssbs pbqubias sbrvas ha h a Hbus @isbta. Bk Bkgg iæa ouifàig qugiha g par partg tg hg cgàkg bstç gdbrtg, pa`s bkg qubdrg a Fìrfuka. Fgsa g partg hg cgàkg sb obfjb o bfjb iavglbitb, iavglbi tb, as ìsbtas vaktgl g surc`r, dratgiha bxgtglbitb ia fbitra hg cgàkg. H`fg hb tblpa= Apfàigklbitb, sb gs cgtgs t`vbrbl cgsta bibrc`g hblg`s hbstruìha a pçssgra b `ciargrbl g cgàkg, b a tblpa bst`vbr ﬇fgiha furta, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hbf`h`r qub a pçssgra rbgklbitb brg a pradkblg ia ﬇l hgs faitgs. Fgsa faitrçrà, pgrg pgrgr falpkbtglbitb g ìvgsæa hb vbspgs, gs cgtgs hb vbl hbstru`r g cgàkg. Bitartgr au qubdrgr sbu lbtgk ooartb artb rbqubr lg`s oarãg qub ulg cgtg falul passu`. Rlg Cgfradgtg  pahb pahb ogf`klbitb hbrrudgr g cgàkg hb sbu cgifja, trgisoarlgiha-g bl ul drìqubha c`cgitb pgrg rakgr pbka fjæa. âr âràl, àl, g qubhg iæa `rç hgi`﬇fç-kg. Gs cgtgs pahbl bifaitrgr ulg oarlg hb hbrrudgr gkca pbsgha bl f`lg hg cgàkg b bitartç-kg crgvblbitb. Au bkgs pahbl usgr lbias oarãg b lg`s prbf`sæa, b grrgifgr g pbqubig partg, qub hbpa`s pahb sbr fgrrbcghg pbkg dafg b bsfaih`hg bl autra kucgr. Au bkgs pahbl s`lpkbslbitb rakgr g fa`sg pbka Jgkk àrrba, fala ulg dakg hb outbdak c`cgitb pbrsbcu`hg par vçràs macgharbs, bsfgifgrgr g partg hg Fazìjg b macgr g fa`sg pgrg oarg, tgkvbz gtà lbsla pas`fàigiha-g bl ul kafgk qub ul fgrra (fala a hhaa Làh`fa) passg hgi`﬇fç-kg. hgi`﬇f ç-kg. Fgsa g cgàkg pbrlgibãg ìtgftg bl sug bstruturg b fal g partg ouifàigiha pgrg obfjgr, bvbitugklbitb bkg sbrç usghg iavglbitb pgrg ìvafgr lg`s ìsbtas, ìhbpbihbitblbitb hb aihb bkg bstbmg. Vb bkg oar hb`xghg ig prapr`bhghb, as sgpas ha kgca ha Mgrh`l `ræa rbscgtç-kg hurgitb g ia`tb i a`tb b bsfaihí bsfaihí-kg -kg ia muifa ha päitgia.

77>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Oìgk`zgiha Gss`l qub gs cgtgs t`vbrbl hgha ul ﬇l ig cgàkg, g gvbiturg tbrlìg. Vb bkgs faisbcu`rgl hbstru`r sbus pahbrbs, fghg ulg hbkgs cgijg ul ^bt`sfa, qub pahb sbr usgha `lbh`gtglbitb pgrg rbfupbrgr lgfjufghas (@, (@, p. 66) 66) . Fghg cgtg tgldàl cgijg gs sbcuìtbs Bxpbr`íif`gs bl sug ﬇fjg hb pbrsaigcbl= ^gk`tas Dr`kjgitbs Gdrbl ârtgs ârtgs (lgs à hòìf`k gfjgr g fjgvb fbrtg pgrg usgr) Gqubkb @isbta Iæa À Iarlgk (pahb sbr fgpgz hb `hbit`﬇fgr sbrvas ha Hbus @isbta) Mç Oa` Rl ^çssgra ^çssgra (sgdb sadrb tgx`hbrl`g b sbus fjb`ras) •

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Lg`s Cgtvbiturgs Bstg gvbiturg pahb sbr usghg pgrg ì`f`gr ulg fglpgijg hb lu`tgs trgvbssurgs obkìgs. Bx`stb ulg crgihb j`stör`g par trçs hb tuha. Vbijar ^gttbrsai à ul ﬇hb sufbssa r`fa. rgzaçvbk, bstç pröx`la hb ìtbrlbh`gr obfjgr ul ibcöfà aigif`stg tarigr`gKaihrìa fais`hbrgvbklbitb Bstbbibcöfà bivakvb g vbihgqub hb ulg crgihb rbc`æa hb päitgias qub sbr`gl hrbighas b usghas pgrg g faistruãæa hb fgsgs hb fglpa pgrg g fkgssb làh`g. A Ass sbr sbrvas vas hb Vgppusadjbsus, a Hbus Vgpa, b a sbhbita hb sgicub Hbus @isbta muitgrgl oarãgs pgrg gfgdgr fal bstb ibcöfà, pgrg qub fbitbigs hb ìsbtas b gioìdàs iæa pbrfgl sbus kgrbs b kafg`s hb Fuktas Lgàrbs iæa sbmgl rbvbkghas. Vbijar ^gttbrsai rbfbdbu g cgàkg fal a pçssgra blpgkjgha fala ul prbsbitb hb autrg ﬇rlg hb Kaihrbs, bitæa as Hbusbs Gi`lg`s hbvbl tbr ga lbias ul julgia trgdgkjgiha pgrg bkbs. Gkàl h`ssa, g cgàkg iæa k`dbrg ul ìsbta gtrçs hb autra btbriglbitb. Bl gkcul kucgr, gkcuàl hbvb bstgr trgdgkjgiha pgrg qub fghg partgk part gk sb gdrg, ppravgvbklbitb ravgvbklbitb bl ulg Fbr`løi`g usgiha ulg cgàkg `híit`fg b ul crgihb iýlbra hb sudtbroýcàs pbrvbrsas. Wubl qubr bst`vbssb ogzbiha `ssahbfaisbcu`g qugihagtrgvàs ul ìsbta brg larta, tgkvbzsboassb gtà lbsla fgpgz adsbrvgr sbit`r g D`dkàtbfg has akjas hb v`hrab ha pçssgra (biqugita bstb bstgvg hbitra ha Fìrfuka Lçc`fa). À ödvà qub bstbs ì`l`cas tbitgræa iavglbitb t`rgr a Vbijar ^gttbrsai hb fbig hurgitb gs pröx`lgs sblgigs, qugiha g ibcaf`gãæa bst`vbr bl prafbssa hb faifkusæa. B gcarg qub gs cgtgs ìtbrobr`rgl, ìtb robr`rgl, bkgs lbslas sb tarigrgl gkva.

777

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Wubhg ha Faslaigutg Kaufa bl Dgy F`ty Rlg Cgtvbiturg Fösl`fg

Fbiçrà Væa Orgif`sfa, Fgkòöri`g, BRG, ia`tb hb 8 hb mukja hb 70?8.

^brsaigcbis Julgias Tgìjg ^ = Bk`zg âlghbttg, psìqu`fg. Eatbiae= Faraibk Obkès Eatbiae hg Oarãg Gàrbg Vav`àt`fg5 ^`kata hg Fçpsukg Bspgf`gk ‛âhusjeg“, L`ssæa _astae 3. Hgi Igturgk = Hgi`bk Dbrry, ^rapr`btçrà, ‛Xb E`ttbi‐s Hbi“. Faiv`hghas= Tadbrt F .,., grt`stg falbrf`gk. Awksby V .,., faisbrvghar ah`gha. `latjy K., gi﬇tr`æa gi﬇tr`æa hb ulg obstg igs laitgijgs. Haiavgi K., pabtg b falpas`tar. •

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Cgtgs •

Cgtgs hb rug ha fbitra hb Væa Orgif`sfa (g lgàr`g Dr`caigs, lgs pahbl sbr hb qugkqubr pgpbk).

774

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

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As gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa hg Tgìjg ^. b sbus v`zìjas ia h`str`ta hb VaLg (qugkqubr pgpbk). Cgta iæa macçvbk= Cr`l bhhy, ul `hasa Vula Vgfbrhatb hb Ousstgr-Gskgi. Cgta iæa macçvbk= ^gtfj, kìhbr hb ulg cgicub igs hafgs, iæa castg hb hb`xgr qub cgtgs hb oarg tbijgl gfbssa î çrbg hb pbsfg.

Autras Gi`lg`s •

Fgfjarras has dbfas, pçssgras pçssgras b bsqu`kas has pgrqubs, rgtas has bscatas.

@ioarlgãòbs pgrg g Cgtg Cugrh`æ _astae 3 ‛Muija hb 70?8… _astae 3 oa` ulg l`ssæa tr`pukghg hb a`ta h`gs… ul vøa hb gktgs gkt`tu gkt`tuhbs hbs ia f` fìturæa ituræa rghàgt rghàgt`va `va l lg`s g`s dg dg`xa `xa hb _gi Gkk Gkkbi bi ppgrg grg bstuhas rghàköc`fas b dàköc`fas. G igvb bspgf`gk hbvbr`g rbbitrgr ig gtlasobrg igturgklbitb gpös 7> h`gs… Apas`ãæa ha Lì`stra hg Hbobsg kbvau ga sbu fgifb fgifbkglbita.“ kglbita.“ ‘ Bif`fkapàh`g Gstraiçut`fg À a qub bstç bsfr`ta iias as k`vras, lgs _ _astae astae 3 iuifg oa` fgifbkghg. Bssg oa` g j`stör`g a﬇f`gk qugiha g l`ssæa oa` ﬇igk`zghg sad f`rfuistäif`gs l`stbràsgs qub sbr`gl vbrcaijasgs pgrg a kìhbr Vav`àt`fa. V av`àt`fa. A kgiãglbita, bl 48 hb muija, oa` dbl sufbh`ha bl fakafgr a faslaigutg Obkès Eatbiae bl örd`tg. Gkfgiãgiha ulg gkt`tuhb hb 7.>>> qu`kølbtras, g fçpsukg bspgf`gk ‛âhusjeg ‛âhusjeg““ bitrau ia fìturæa rghàgt`va hb _gi Gkkbi, b Eatbiae ﬇fau gdruptglbitb s`kbifàsa. Gpös lg`s hb 48 jargs hb ulg bstçt`fg sbl ìtbrobríif`g julgig b ul orgfa rbtaria ia rçhà, Eatbiae rbssurcù fal ulg trgisl`ssæa dgrukjbitg, frìpt`fg b ﬇igk= ‛svbtg“ ‘ Farbs. Bitæa bkb fartau tahgs gs oarlgs hb falui`fgãæa b hb faitrakb fal g brrg.  brrg. As Vav`àt`fas tbitgrgl, `lpatbitbs, par h`gs, rbtalgr faitgta, biqugita fr`gvgl ul lura hb pratbãæa faitrg g `lprbisg af`hbitgk b faistruìgl lbit`rgs. G örd`tg s`kbifàsg fgù ig gtlasobrg bl 8 hb mukja, b ig rbbitrghg g fçpsukg falbãau g c`rgr kaufglbitb b ﬇fau vbrlbkjg fala oaca. Bl ulg gkt`tuhb hb 3 qu`kølbtras, Eatbiae, gìhg v`va, bmbtau, hbsgdgiha sazìja ig gtlasobrg, b gdrù sbu pgrgqubhgs g tblpa hb fflutugr gtrgvàs hg bx`d`ãæa hb oacas hb grtòìfà sadrb g dgìg hb Væa Orgif`sfa. G Cugrhg Fastb`rg has Bstghas Ri`has, sbfrbtglbitb gktbrg, a pbrhbu hb v`stg.

776

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

G RTVV tìjg lg`s sb`s l`ssòbs _astae pkgibmghgs, lgs gs hb`xau hb kgha, b prapaibitbs hb ul hbs`ci lah`﬇fgha ha _ _asjeah asjeah hb lýkt`pkas gssbitas falbã falbãggrgl g gpgrbfbr. gpgrbfbr. I Iuifg uifg lg`s ul ýi`fa faslaigutg pahbr`g p`katgr ulg igvb bspgf`gk sazìja. Lg`s tgrhb, fal faapbrgãæa ìt ìtbrigfàigk, brigfàigk, g Ri`æa Vav`àt`fg gpgcau Eatbiae hg j`stör`g, frbh`tgiha tahas as sbus vøas gitbràrbs ga sbu fakbcg _kgh`l`r Ealgrav, Ealgrav, qub larrbu ia gf`hbitb hg Vayuz 7 bl Gdr`k hb 70?3. A qub rbgklbitb gfaitbfbu fal Eatbiae ia fìturæa rghàgt`va1 B a qub gfaitbfbu hbpa`s qub bkb oa` rbscgtgha par ul igvà pgrt`fukgr b hb`xgha ia lbà hg fbig ps`fahàk`fg hg Væa Orgif`sfa hb 70?81 Eatbiae rbgklbitb ìsp`rau g lýs`fg hb Haiavgi ‛Vuisjìb Vupbrlgi“1 B aihb sb bifg`xgl gs cgtgs1

Iæa gprapr`gha pgrg fr`giãgs Bstg gvbiturg à gpbigs pgrg Macghargs ghuktgs. Bkg ìfku` rbobríif`gs g gssuitas prbafupgitbs fala gdusa hb çkfaak, hracgs `kìf`tgs, bstbrböt`pas hb lataqub`ras, pakìt`fgs hg Cubrrg Or`g, lartb bxpkas`vg, dbl fala lu`tgs lýs`fgs git`cgs papukgrbs. ^grg Macghargs lg`s iavgs, i avgs, tbitb ‛A ]ui`ha ia Gihgr hb Dg`xa“ (p. 7>7 7>7))

Lýs`fg G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  qub qub tbijg tblpa b ìtbrbssb pahb sb h`vbrt`r falp`kgiha gs lýs`fgs lbifàighgs ig gvbiturg, tafgiha-gs fala ulg tr`kjg saiarg hurgitb a maca pgrg lgrfgr g àpafg has gfaitbf`lbitas.

778

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

B Falbãg Oìgklbitb g bsfur`hæa tatgk fjbcau ig ia`tb hb vbræa, b gs cgtgs bstæa bspgkjghgs= gs cgtgs hb rug bl sbus sb us tbrr`töràs, gs hb bst`lgãæa fal sbus julgias, lu`tas has qug`s bstgvgl gcìha hb oarlg ìqu`btg ibssb h`g. Gs Falpgijb`rgs hg Tgìjg âlghbttg, ulg julgig psìqu`fg hb fbrta sufbssa, bstæa afàsglbitb gss`stìha -g ogkgr fal lg`s ul has julgias bstrgijas qub ghbitrgl gs pbqubigs partgs bsoulgãghgs hb sbu gpgrtglbita. Hb rbpbitb, gkca lu`ta bstrgija gfaitbfb= G Tgìjg ^. brrg ga bldgrgkjgr, b ulg hgs fgrtgs sg` vagiha par sadrb g lbsg, gpbigs `crbsg rbsg Vaijgharg  gssustghg pgrg fg`r ia patb hb çcug hb ulg `c gssustghg (au autrg Cgtg Macgharg ).). @lgcbis iæa tbl lu`ta s`ci`﬇fgha pgrg cgtgs, lgs sb ulg Macgharg   pbrcuitgr bspbf`﬇fglbitb fal a qub g fgrtg sb pgrbfb, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahb lastrgr rgp`hglbitb ‛A Bioarfgha“. G Tgìjg ^. bstç dgstgitb orustrghg, lgs gitbs qub bkg fais`cg rbfupbrgr g fgrtg, ulg bxpkasæa ogz a gr trblbr, sbcu`hg hb ulg fghb`g fgfaoøi`fg hb dgrukjas. Okgsjbs hb kuzbs ighg igturg`s ìvghbl a gpgrtglbita pbkg mgibkg vaktghg pgrg g Dgìg. G faldìgãæa à praouihglbitb hbsfaifbr hbsfaifbrtgitb tgitb pgrg gs cgtgs, b gtà lbsla î h`stäif`g, as sais sæa hakarasas pgrg sbus auv`has sbisìvb`s. Vadrb g Dgìg hb Væa Orgif`sfa, a sjaw hb ooacas acas hb grtòìfà falbãau.

^r`lb`ra Hbsgoà= @ivbst`cgr! Bstg gvbiturg falbãg fal ul bxbrfìfà hb lat`vgãæa lat `vgãæa hb Macghargs. G gãæa bs bstç tç kç bldg`xa pbrta hg çcug, lgs sbrç qub gs Macghargs væa sg`r hb sbus s bus paitas ì`f`g`s, au bkgs væa s`lpkbslbitb sb bsfaihbr has oacas o acas hb grtòìfà1 G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  tbl tbl vçràs truqubs pgrg gmuhgr g lav`lbitgr gs fa`sgs. `crbsgs `c rbsgs Vaijghargs `lbh`gtglbitb sbitbl qub Gkca Bstç Brrgha kç oarg aihb as tbrrìvb`s dgrukjas b kuzbs prbbifjbl a fàu. Fkgrglbitb, à prbf`sa hbsfadr`r a qub bstç gfaitbfbiha. Vb gs Cgtgs Macghargs pgrbfbrbl rbkutgitbs bl ìvbst`cgr, ul cgta gif`æa, ul Vula Vgfbrhatb hb Ousstgr-Gskgi as prafurg, falbãgiha pbkgs cgtgs hb rug. Cr`l bhhy, a gif`æa, tbl gpbigs trís pbrigs b lbtghb hg fguhg, b sb grrgstg pgrg pbrta hbkgs, gfalpgijgha hb lu`tgs tassbs b trblbiha. Bkb ar`bitg gs cgtgs hb oarlg vgcg, ìstruìha-gs g bifaitrgr a qub bstç gfaitbfbiha b pør ul ﬇l g tuha, pa`s as sìg`s sæa fkgras= ul crgihb pbr`ca bstç vìha hg çcug.

Vbcuiha Hbsgoà= Vb rbui`r Gs cgtgs, ìhbpbihbitb hg ar`cbl, mç sb faijbfbl, b hbvbl dusfgr sb rbui`r a lg`s rçp`ha passìvbk. Vb gs macghargs iæa faisbcu`rbl ogzbr `ssa gfaitbfbr, bitæa bhhy a ogz, au bkgs sb bifaitrgl ia lalbita bl qub bstæa sb hbskafgiha

772

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

pbkgs rugs gf`hbitghgs bl h`rbãæa î Dgìg. Ga rbhar hbkgs lukt`hòbs ìfaluis hb julgias sb h`r`cbl î db`rg h‐çcug. Vadrgs b pgfatbs hb fal`hgs hb rug fgbl par tahas as kghas. Biqugita `ssa, Obkès Eatbiae fflutug par bitrb gs bxpkasòbs has oacas hb grtòìfà, hbtr`tas dr`kjgitbs sb bspgkjgl par sug raupg bspgf`gk, ogzbiha pbqubi pbqubias as ouras bl sbu pgrgqubhgs. G ulg gkturg hb fbrfg hb trìtg lbtras, bkb sb sbpgrg ha pgrgqubhgs, qub fflutug pgrg kaicb, biqugita a jalbl fg` h`rbtglbit h`rbtglbitbb ig çcug iibbcrg. Bkb rgp`hglbitb blbrcb pgrg g supbroìf`b, aihb gs kuzbs ìqu`btgs hg Cugrhg Fastb`rg has Bstghas Ri`has a prafurgl, lgs bkb à rbscgtgha par ul crupa hb oak`òbs bl ul pbqubia igvà pgrt`fukgr. Cgtgs qub fjbcgl î prg`g rgp`hglbitb pahbl tbitgr ulg Takgcbl hb ^brfbpãæa pgrg vbr gkca fgìha has fàus h`rbtglbitb ig Dgìg. Bssg fa`sg dr`kjg fal ulg far sut`k b iæa igturgk, b tbl a oarlgta hb ul julgia crgihb b oartb.

Xbrfb`ra hbsgoà= Tular igs Hafgs? As fg`s hb Væa Orgif`sfa sæa afupghas par ulg ìhýstr`g dgstgitb gc`tghg, iæa sbiha gpbigs uligs kafgk pgrg tur`stgs hbsgtbitas. qugit`hghb hb sgdbl pb`xbs à lav`lbitghg lgrcbis hg Dgìg tahas as Rlg h`gs, crgihb b gs cgtgs hg f`hghb lu`ta dbl h`ssa. Gfbssa îs hafgs ﬇fg sad faitrakb hb crupas hb cgicubs obkìgs b lgt`kjgs fgiìgs hbsarcgi`zghgs hbsarcgi`z ghgs b rbdbkhbs5 oargstb`ras iæa sæa dbl-vì dbl-vìhas. has. ^grg bitrgr ia fg`s lg`s pröx`la ha sjaw hb kuzbs qub bstç gfaitbfbiha, gs cgtgs bifaitrgl a pahbrasa ^gtfj, ul oartb Dr`cæa b kìhbr hb ulg cgicub, bqu`vgkbitb g ul Fglpbæa has Dbfas (@, (@, p. 73 73).). ^ ^gtfj gtfj bstç gfalpgijgha hhbb sbus falpgrsgs `lbh`gtas= ga lbias fìfa cgtas, ul hb fghg pgpbk. Gs Cgtgs Macghargs prbf`sgl faivbifí-ka g hb`xç-kgs ìvbst`cgr, au ga lbias sb l`sturgr fal sug cgicub. Vb gs macghargs castgrbl hb ulg dag dr`cg, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb gpra vb`tgr g pr`lb`rg tbitgt`vg hb pbrsugsæa pgrg usgr ^gtfj bl ul faldgtb. Bkb iæa à ul gi`lgk lu`ta pgf`bitb.

^brsugsæa Gkcuis crupas hb Macghargs pahbl prbobr`r usgr gs pgkgvrgs. Gkcuis grculbitas pahbl cgijgr g gpravgãæa hb ^gtfj, bspbf`gklbitb sb ob`tas par ulg Crgfàsg   dbl-sufbh`hg iul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k, lgs, bl ýkt`lg ìstäif`g, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ   hbvb hbf`h`r g rbgãæa hb ^gtfj dgsbghg ig sgcgf`hghb hg gdarhgcbl ut`k`zghg. Gkculgs `hb`gs dags= rgzbr  rgzbr fal`hg hbrrudghg pbkg lukt`hæa ia h`g hb obr`gha, fala fgfjarra-qubitb, sarvbtb b orgica î pgssgrìja. •

? ‘ I.. ‛Tuldkb ai tjb Hafes“ ia ar`cìgk, pass`vbklbitb ulg rbobríif`g ga ﬇klb jaløi`la hb 702?.

77?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

•

•

^ralbtbr iæa falbr ibijul has rbstas hb pb`xbs qub passgl bstgr î h`spas`ãæa igs hafgs. Bxpk`fgr qub a gif`æa hb Ousstgr lgihau qub gs cgtgs ìvbst`cgssbl ‘ bspbf`gklbitb sb g cgtg qub bst`vbr tbitgiha pbrsugh`r saudbr qub ul has sbcu`harbs hb ^gtfj à ul ` `cr crbb Vai Vaijgha jghar r , ìfkuìha bstb cgta ig faivbrsg.

Kutg Vb gs cgtgs hbf`h`rbl kutgr, au tbitgrbl ìvgh`r a kafgk, au ogkgrbl hb oarlg gcrbss`vg a su﬇f`bitb, au sb g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  mukcgr mukcgr qub gs Macghargs pahbl castgr hb ul faioraita, tuha sb rbsulb g ul faldgtb. ^gtfj sb gt`rg faitrg g lgàr Dr`caig  hgs hgs Cgtgs Macghargs. Vbus falpgrsgs gtgfgl ulg cgtg fghg, lgs bkbs iæa dr`cgl bl faimuita. Fghg kutg à rbsakv`hg ul faitrg ul. Fghg Cgtg Macgharg   ﬇fg pgrbghg g ul cgta fal ul ^gpbk hòbrbitb.

Cgtg gMahbcggpgríif`g harg paibipassu` tb ul sufbssa guDr`caig, ^gtfj= Bstb kutghar A fgkbmgha lg`s ìt`l`hgharg. talçt`fa iul Hgha hb Cgta bl ulg rakgcbl hb Kutg , b iæa hbs`stb g lbias qub sbmg Gtarhagha hugs vbzbs bl sbquíif`g. Dr`caig Cgfradgtg= À hòìf`k gfbrtgr ul cakpb ibkb5 i bkb5 g lbias qub sb fais`cgl ha`s  sufbssas, sufbssas, bkb sb bsqu`vg, bv`tg a Tbsuktgha, b vaktg pgrg lg`s. Julgiakac`stg Crgfàsg= Hbs`stb sb g CM glbgãgr sumgr sbu pbka. `crb `c rb Vaijghar= Bstç h`spasta g auv`r a autra kgha Crgfàsg lbsla ia lbà hg kutg5 `rç rbfugr fgsa g CM bxpk`qub fkgrglbitb g s`tugãæa. Cgfradgtg Julgiakac`stg= Bstb cgta faijbfb a falpkbxa hb rglpgs hb fgrcg b gs farrbitbs hgs äifargs lu`ta dbl b gtrg` g CM bl ulg pbrsbcu`ãæa gfradçt`fg, hbrrudgiha kgtgs hb pb`xb bl sug ì`l`cg. A pr`lb`ra hbkbs qub rakgr ul Orgfgssa hupka fg` ig Dgìg. `crbsg Vaijgharg Dr`cæa= Rl hgha à fais`hbrgha Vufbssa Gutalçt`fa, b bstb falpgrsg vàkbita faitìug gtà qub ^gtfj a arhbib g pgrgr pgrgr,, au gtà qub bbkb kb sb lgfjuqub hb vbrhghb.

773

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Kbldrb-sb= Gldas  as as kghas, par sbrbl cgtas, faitgl fghg rakgcbl hb Cgta Obk`z  (6-?) (6-?) fala Vufbssa. G kutg faitìug par gkcuis lìutas, lgs g vgitgcbl bstç ha kgha hgs CM. Vb ulg CM faisbcu`r ul rbsuktgha hb Gtarhagr  ul ul has falpgrsgs hb ^gtfj (qub iæa sbmg ul Dr`cæa), a cgta hbs`stb hg dr`cg. G CM hbvb bitæa ﬇fgr hb cugrhg ig orbitb ha ì`l`ca hbrratgha gtà qub gs autrgs kutgs tbrlìbl ‘ à lu`ta ìgprapr`gha ìtbrobr`r ig kutg hb autrg Macgharg . Vb ^gtfj b sbus autras falpgrsgs oarbl hbrratghas, bkb arhbig ga Dr`cæa qub pgrb, b gs CM cgijgl. ^gtfj bitæa hç ulg iavg fjgifb pgrg gs Macghargs sb bxpk`fgrbl, b gfb`tg qugkqubr grculbita qub iæa a h`lìug. Fghg CM cgijg ul ^bt`sfa qub, ibstb fgsa, pahb sbr usgha `lbh`gtglbitb pgrg rbfupbrgr Obr`lbitas ghqu`r`has hurgitb g dr`cg . Gs cgtgs jbraìigs sbcubl pbkgs hafgs g tblpa hb vbr Eatbiae sg`r ha dgrfa fal sbus iavas gl`cas. âr autra kgha, sb gs CM oarbl tahgs Gtarhaghgs au Gcgr Gcgrrghgs rghgs ga lbsla tblpa, lg`s lbldras hg cgicub gpgrbfbl pgrg gmuhgr g prbihbr gs jbraìigs, biqugita ^gtfj pgssg ul sbrlæa pgrg qub bkgs iæa vaktbl iuifg lg`s. Bkgs pbrhbl g dr`cg b hbvbl ﬇fgr praouihglbitb bivbrcaijghgs. Ibstb faitbxta ulg ﬇curg crgihb, dr`kjgitb b pìcgiha lu`tg çcug gpgrbfb bl fbig, b tahas as lbldras lb ldras hg cgicub sgbl farrbiha.

Wubstæa sbfuihçr`g= A fgpgfbtb Cgtgs qub faisbcubl fjbcgr ia dgrfa pahbl hbf`h`r ìvbst`cgr g pgrtb hb hbitra (gpös g sgìhg has julgias). Fgsa a ogãgl, bkgs bifaitrgl a fgpgfbtb bspgf`gk, dr`kjgiha fal ulg kuz igusbgitb b fakar`hg faioarlb bkb sbfg. Bkb tbl fjb`ra hb bkbtr`f`hghb b, dbl kbvblbitb, fjb`ra hb cgta. Faioarlb bkgs adsbrvgl b as oacas hb grtòìfà faitìugl bxpkahìha, gs farbs ﬇fgl gìhg lg`s dr`kjgitbs. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb hb`xgr fkgra f kgra qub Gkca Tu`l bstç prbstbs g gfaitbfbr, pgrg qub gs cgtgs tbijgl g fjgifb hb sb gogstgr. Bitæa a fgpgfbtb bxpkahb, hbstruìha a farr`læa b grrblbssgiha dr`kjgitbs pgrg ha tahas as ﬇fgl kghas. fadbrtgs G Gqubkbs qubkbs qub fgbl ha ig dgrfa çcug ogzbl ul fj`ghapbhgãas b bsfurbfbl. Gs vbkgs igvà hb ul hbsbija ìsgia b gkbgtörà hb tahgs gs farbs, bldarg bkgs iæa dr`kjbl. Bkg sb hbsprbihb b fflutug ga vbita, a qub outurglbitb ìsp`rgr`g ul iava t`pa hb grtb bitrb as bstýhàs hg f`hghb pröx`las î Dgìg. A fgpgfbtb qub bxpkahù, b a bob`ta ibutrgk`zghar hg çcug ha lgr, pahbl sbr h`fgs vgkàsgs pgrg gs cgtgs qub gìhg iæa pbrfbdbrgl qub Eatbiae hbvb sbr `lpbh`ha. Vb gs CM bst`vbrbl igs prax`l`hghbs (lgs g bsla), bkbs auvbl g bxpkasæa b pahbl ìvbst`cgr g fbig5 sb bkbs bst`vbrbl sbcuìha Eatbiae, fala hbvbl, g bxpkasæa sb l`sturg gas ýkt`las oacas hb grtòìfà.

77:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Wugrta hbsgoà= A Daihb hg Obstg3 hb Eatbiae Iæa `lpartg sb gs cgtgs a víbl sgìha ha dgrfa au sb bkb gpgrbfb pgrg ìtbrralpbr g_bst`ha h`sfussæa dr`cgbspgf`gk bitrb asVav`àt`fg obkìas ia fg`s= Eatbiae ulgav`sæa gssustgharg. bl gpös ulg graupg falpkbtg, gpbigsàsbl fgpgfbtb, f gpgfbtb, bkb tbl g farpukíif`g hbsgmb`tghg hb ul car`kg. Rlg parãæa hb julgias hbsar`bitghas a gfalpgijgl, praouihglbitb gobtghas par vçràs ìtax`fgitbs b gpgrbitblbitb ogsfìghas par bstb bstrgija jalbl qub sgù hg çcug. Eatbiae à gktglbitb rghàgt`va, fgrrbcgha pbkas rgàs fösl`fas hb orbquíif`g sadrbigturgk. Vug fgdbãg hbsfadbrtg b sbu rasta dr`kjgl bl pgrtbs ha bspbftra iæa v`sìvbkk pgrg as julgias v`sìvb julgias,, lgs dgstg dgstgitb itb ödv`g ödv`gss b bstrgij bstrgijgs gs pgrg cgtgs b autra autrass gi`lg`s. `crbsgs Vaijghargs ìstgitgibglbitb sgdbl qub Gkca Lu`ta Brrgha bstç gfaitbfbiha fal bstb bstrgija julgia, b lbsla autrgs cgtgs faisbcubl sbit`r ulg bibrc`g hb pbr`ca. Rlg cgtg qub tbijg sb faifbitrgha ig fgrtg hb grø grø pbrfbdb qub a rasta hbstb julgia pgrbfb ogl`k`gr. Faioarlb sug raupg sbfg, bkb falbãg g dr`kjgr tgldàl. Cgtgs sgcgzbs pbrfbdgl qub g çcug, hb.gkculg oarlg, bstgvg gdsarvbiha au prbvbiìha qub tgkvbz g rgh`gãæa sb lgiòbstgssb G v`drgãæa gk`biìcbig `lprbcighg ia farpa hb Eatbiae à pgrf`gklbitb faisf`bitb b faiouihù sbu fàrbdra. Bkg a falpbkb g prafurgr par lg`s bibrc`g, sbmg kuz, bkbtr`f`hghb, aihgs saiargs au prahutas quìl`fas. Gss`l, Eatbiae à `lpuksàigha g prafurgr par lýs`fg gktg, sjaws hb kuzbs b vaheg. Gqubkbs qub bstæa fbkbdrgiha, ìbdr`ghas, ga sbu rbhar, gtrgìhas par sug v`tgk`hghb iæa igturgk, bstæa obk`zbs hblg`s pgrg gmuhgr. Gs cgtgs hbvbl h bvbl sbcu`-kas b, hb gkculg oarlg, prbvbi`r qub a fglpa bibrcàt`fa gfulukb gìhg lg`s oarãg pa`s, qugiha `ssa gfaitbfbr, Eatbiae `rç bxpkah`r, lgifjgiha tuha ga sbu rbhar fal farbs fgìhgs ha bspgãa. Wugkqubr fr`gturg gobtghg pbkg far sb tarig autrg bspaimg hb bibrc`g v`vg, fal a fàrbdra iudkgha, frbsfbiha bl h`rbãæa g autrg bxpkasæa. À hbstg oarlg qub g oarãg gk`biìcbig dusfg bspgkjgiha sugaìffluíif`g julgigs par tahgsbgrbprahuz`r, f`hghb b, hbpa`s, par taha luiha. qub gibstbs`g gs lbitbs Fala @lpbh`r gs Fa`sgs= G lbkjar oarlg hb `lpbh`r qub Eatbiae bxpkahg b xpkahg à gtrgìha-a pgrg g çcug ha lgr ig Dgìg. @iobk`zlbitb, fgsa gs cgtgs iæa tbijgl pracrbh`ha lu`ta ia lalbita bl qub a sjaw hb oacas hb grtòìfà tbrlìg, bkb falbãg g sud`r gs kghb`rgs par ul fglìja qub `rç gogstç-ka fghg vbz lg`s hg db`rg h‐çcug. Gs cgtgs prbf`sgræa prbf`sgræa bifaitrgr ulg autrg oarlg hb `lbrc`-ka `lb rc`-ka bl ulg crgihb qugit`hghb hb çcug, au, ia lìi`la, bspgitgr tahas as autras julgias hb pbrta hbkb ia lalbita hg bxpkasæa.

3 ‘ I.. ‛^grty rgì“ ia ar`cìgk, ulg lýs`fg kgiã kgiãghg ghg bl 70:6 pbkg ‛Xb Cgp Dgih “. “.

770

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Eatbiae ìstìt`vglbitb sbcub kuzbs dr`kjgitbs b dgrukjas gktas, fgsa gs macghargs tbijgl ulg dag `hb`g hb fala prahuz`-kas. Gìh Gìhgg qub dgstgitb hòbrbitbs hb qugkqubr tbfiakac`g, a u`va faldìgha hb hugs au lg`s cgtgs pahb ogsfìç-ka5 gs cgtgs prbf`sgr`gl sb rbvbzgr bl turias pgrg lgitbr ulg hbsgrlai`g faistgitb hb vçr`gs v çr`gs oaitbs, pgrg iæa pbrhbr g gtbiãæa hb Eatbiae. G ^röx`lg Fa`sg= A faslaigutg ﬇fg pgrgha ig prg`g, drgãas gdbrtas fala sb oassb gdrgãgr a fàu faioarlb as oacas bxpkahbl b dr`kjgl. Gpös fghg bxpkasæa hakarasglbitb dgrukjbitg, gs farbs qub blgigl hbkb cgijgl ul paufa lg`s hb ìtbis`hghb. Oìgklbitb a sjaw vg` h`lìuìha b tuha ﬇fg s`kbifàsa. Vad fakuigs hb oulgãgs sukourasgs, Eatbiae pgrbfb pbrh`ha, lgs sbus iavas gl`cas iæa bstæa. Bkbs a pbcgl pbka drgãa b sb h`r h`r`cbl `cbl î f`hghb.

^r`lb`rg pgrghg= Xb E`ttbi‐s Hbi Fal sugs arbkjgs bl pà, gs cgtgs sbcubl Eatbiae b sbus gl`cas pbkg v`hg iaturig hb Væa Orgif`sfa ia obr`gha. G bqu`pb ha dgrfa kbvg Eatbiae pgrg ul fkudb fjglgha E`ttbi‐s Hbi, aihb ul s`stblg hb sal hb ýkt`lg cbrgãæa bstç Jgrcrgihb Jgrh hH Hgy‐ gy‐sdgrdg, I I`cjt `cjt bstç tafgiha “ pgrg ul sgkæa katgha. A haia ha kafgk, Hgi Igturgk, fal‛ Gsug gtugiha fala ul hbsfai﬇gha sbcurgiãg, lgs ﬇fg lu`ta obk`z bl b l rbfbdbr a sarr`hbit sarr`hbitbb jalbl bl ulg raupg bspgf`gk. Bkb iæa hç bspgãa pgrg gs cgtgs bitrgrbl, bitr grbl, b bkgs prbf`sgl faisbcu`r gfbssa au lai lai`targr `targr g çrbg hb autrgs oarlgs. Kç hbitra, Eatbiae sb gpassg hb ulg cgrrgog hb vaheg b dbdb rgp`hglbitb sbu faitbýha, a kìqu`ha vbibiasa gcìha fala faldustìvbk pgrg sbu pgrgs`tg fösl`fa. Bkb hgiãg sbl pgrgr, fal vbkaf`hghb b bibrc`g iæa julgig, gtrgìha g ghl`rgãæa hb hbzbigs hb pbssags. Bkb ogkg gpbigs bl Tussa, orgsbs hbsfaibftghgs hg s`tugãæa au ha qub autras julgias passgl bstgr ogkgiha. ‛Ebbp ai ûsjìc “ falbãg g tafgr tafgr.. Kuzbs p`sfgl hb oarlg r`tlghg fal g dgt`hg. Eatbiae hgiãg fghg vbz lg`s rçp`ha. Fal sug frbsfbitb oaitb hb kuz ìtbrig, biqugita

glav`lbitgr kuz bstradasföp`fg hb`xg as lav`lbitas has hblg`s `rrbcukgrbs, bkb pgrbfb sb iarlgklbitb. Fala @lpbh`r gs Fa`sgs= Vb gs cgtgs faisbcu`rbl ìtbrralpbr g lýs`fg b a sjaw hb kuzbs, Eatbiae `rç pgrgr sbus lav`lbitas tblpargr`glbitb. Bkb pahb bitæa tbitgr pbrsbcu`r ulg hgs cgtgs, ul sarr`sa bstrgija iiaa rasta, trapbãgiha hb oarlg hbsgstrghg bl sbu uiòarlb. G ^röx`lg Fa`sg= Faioarlb g lýs`fg gkfgiãg sbu çp`fb, gs cgtgs pbrfbdbl sbu vakulb asf`kgiha rgp`hglbitb, hb gkta pgrg dg`xa b hb iava gkta. Eatbiae blpurrg as autras hgiãgrìas pgrg a kgha, sb hbskafg bl h`rbãæa î lgàr fg`xg hb sal b g gdrgãg. Gfaitbfb ulg bxpkasæa hb ogìsfgs b bstçt`fg, b bitæa s`kíifà. Gs kuzbs sb gpgcgl. Hgi Igturgk iæa bstç `lprbssàigha, lgs g lukt`hæa a blpurrg pgrg a kgha dusfgiha g partg pgrg sg`r pgrg g rug, bifgitghas fal sbu iava hbus hg obstg, qub pgrbfb dr`kjgr kbvblbitb ia i a bsfura.

74>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

^röx`lg ^grghg= Lataqub`ras Dusfgiha ul iava ia va kafgk, g lukt`hæa bifaitrg ul crupa hb lataf`fk`stgs, lataf`f k`stgs, bsfarghas bl sugs latas b dbdbiha fa`sgs bl sgfas hb pgpbk. ^grg gs cgtgs qub adsbr vgl, gs gt`tuhbs bitrb as cr crupas upas pgrbfbl tbisgs, lgs Eatbiae gcb hb oarlg ìhòbrbitb, b sb gh`gitg sarrìha b ogkgiha sugs fa`sgs bsqu`s`tgs. Bkb pbcg ulg cgrrgog hb ul has lataqub`ras l ataqub`ras b v`rg, dbdbiha sbu faitbýha taha hb ulg sö vbz. A iava crupa pgrbfb gpravgr sug gt`tuhb, b kaca Eatbiae bstç laitgha ig cgrupg hb ulg hgs latas dgrukjbitgs b bkbs sgbl bl b l h`spgrghg pbkgs rugs, sbcu`has hb sbus oæs. Gs cgtgs hbvbl hbsfadr`r fala gfalpgijgr a crupa, au ga lbias fala gkfgiãç-kas. âr bxblpka, bkgs pahbl usgr as tbkjghas pgrg gtrgvbssgr ulg qughrg qub as lataqub`ras prbf`sgl faitarigr. Wugiha as gkfgiãgrbl, bkgs `ræa sb hbpgrgr fal Eatbiae prbstbs g fjb`rgr ulg fgrrb`rg hb pö drgifa, biqugita sbus gl`cas tafgl ‛ @ Cbt Grauih “ bl ul rçhà partçt`k. Fala @lpbh`r gs Fa`sgs= Bspgkjgr a pö par tahas as kghas à ulg pass`d`k`hghb, lgs `ssa `rç gtrg`r a öhà hb pbka lbias ul has lataqub`ras ìstgitgibglbitb, qub vg` gtgfgr g cgtg gtrbv`hg. Cgtgs Macghargs pahbl tbitgr gfjgr ulg oarlg hb h`strg`r h`st rg`r Eatbiae, lgs prbf`sg sbr rbpbitìa b lu`ta surprbbihbitb. surprbbihbi tb. Rlg Julgiakac`stg  gld`fàsg gld`fàsg faitrakghg par ulg Macgharg  pahb pahb pbisgr ias j`hrgitbs5 cgtgs hg f`hghb sb kbldrgl hb mç tbr v`sta ul hbkbs bsp`rrgiha çcug bl fr`giãgs julgigs ias lbsbs qubitb qubitbs. s. Gs cgtgs prbf`sgl usgr ulg oarãg fais`hbrçvbk pgrg faisbcu`r gdr`r ul hbkbs. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb talgr fu`hgha pgrg iæa sucbr`r ul pkgia hb gãæa h`rbtglbitb, lgs bitrb gs oarãgs h`spaiìvb`s bstç g crgv`hghb. Vb gs Macghargs prafurgrbl, gs cgtgs faisbcubl bifaitrgr ul fgrra bstgfàigha bl ulg kghb`rg pröx`lg. Rlg Crgfàsg  qub qub mç gihau hb fgrra pahb sb kbldrgr qub bx`stbl gkgvgifgs b lbfgi`slas qub faitrakgl sbus lav`lbitas. Cgtgs fal dag faarhbigãæa b fal sartb pahbl saktgr a orbà hb læa b lgihgr a lìss`k hb qugtra rahgs ia lbà hgs Jgrkby-Hgv`hsais, gfbrtgiha bl fjbà a j`hrgitb b lakjgiha lakjgi ha taha a crupa. cr upa. G ^röx`lg Fa`sg= Vb gs CM iæa `lpbh`rbl Eatbiae hb fjb`rgr g fafgìig, g sug bibrc`g pbr`casg `rç gulbitgr hrgst`fglbitb, hrgst`fglbi tb, fal trgãas v`sìvb`s hb far sgìh sgìhaa hb sug pbkb b fflutugiha. Wugkqubr julgia ssödrà ödrà ﬇fgr`g fjafgha, lgs iæa as prbsbitbs. G sbisgãæa hb qub Gkculg Fa`sg Tu`l _g` Gfaitbfbr bl Drbvb gtìcb g `crbsg `c rbsg Vaijgharg  fal fal oarãg rbiavghg.

^röx`lg ^grghg= A ^grqub Gs latas gcarg hbsk`zgl pbkgs rugs bl ul r`tla lg`s trgiqu`ka, b g lukt`hæa sb faifbitrg bl ul pgrqub pýdk`fa, rbpkbta hb julgias fbkbdrgiha. Lu`tas sæa gtrgìhas pbka jalbl kaufa fal farbs lgkufgs. Rl julgia lgcrbka, fal fal raupgs gzbhgs b sumgs, fglìjgiha pbkg fgkãghg, sbitg-sb sad ulg çrvarb pgrg adsbrvgr g lukt`hæa. Bkb pbcg ul fghbria b falbãg h`sfrbtglbitb g ogz ogzbr br hbsbijas sbl sbi-

747

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

t`ha pgrg g lgàr`g hgs cgtgs. Gpbigs ulg `c `crbsg rbsg Vaijgharg  faisbcub faisbcub pbrfbdbr qub a grt`stg fgpturau g sbisgãæa hb Gkca Brrgha. Rl bsqu`ka sb gprax`lg hgs cgtgs. Vb bkgs pgrgrbl pgrg auv`r, bkb rbsluicg= ‛_afís trauxbrgl gqubkg fa`sg! Bkb vg` hb`xgr ulg far ru`l bl tahgs gs çrvarbs! `rb-a hgqu`! Kbvb-a pgrg kaicb hgqu`! “. “. Iæa à passìvbk faisbcu`r lg`s ìoarlgãòbs hg fr`gturg, qub oacb hb vaktg pgrg a tapa hgs çrvarbs. Gs cgtgs pbrfbdbl qub iæa gpbigs bsqu`kas, lgs pçssgras, larfbcas b gtà lbsla ìsbtas bstæa oucìha pgrg kaicb hg rbc`æa. Fala @lpbh`r gs Fa`sgs= Gs cgtgs tíl g fjgifb hb gtrg`r Eatbiae pgrg ul pbqubia kgca, au bifaitrgr b gt`vgr ul s`stblg dgstgitb s`lpkbs hb sprìekbrs, qub gfgdgl tgldàl par `rr`tgr a grt`stg. G ^röx`lg Fa`sg= Rl julgia dg`xìja fal ul fjgpàu dr`kjgitb sb gpra x`lg hb Eatbiae b bkbs faivbrsgl, Eatbiae fal sug vaz bsqu`s`tg hòbrbitb hg has hblg`s. Rlg hbf`sæa à talghg, b a crupa vaktg pgrg gs rugs. Gkcuis sadbl igs latas, gkcuis bitrgl bl fgrras, b g trapg sbcub rug gf`lg. ^bka fglìja, a crupa pgssg pbkgs ìstgkgãòbs hb ulg kìj kìjgg hb bibrc`g. Vb gs cgtgs faisbcu`rbl fjglgr g gtbiãæa hb Eatbiae pgrg as trgisoarlgharbs zuiìha b gs kuzbs p`sfgiha, bkb vg` gdgihaigr as hblg`s julgias, b g lgàr`g hbkbs iæa vg` pbrlgibfbr par gk` qugiha bkb falbãgr g bsfgkgr g fbrfg fal grglb ogrpgha pgrg gdrgãgr as gfapkgharbs bkàtr`fas. @sta ogz fal qub bkb bxpkahg hb ulg vbz, lgs faitgita qub gs cgtgs bstbmgl dbl gogstghgs, bkb iæa ìobftg ighg ib ibl l iìcuàl… tgkvbz gpbigs ul paufa hb crglg b lgta qub, ia h`g sbcuìtb, dr`kjgrç hb ulg oarlg bstrgijg. b strgijg.

Ýkt`lg pgrghg= G Fgsg ig Fakìg Vb bkb iæa bitrgr ig bstgãæa hb bibrc`g, bstb à a ýkt`la kucgr qub Eatbiae faisbcu`rç fjbcgr gitbs hb bxpkah`r b ìobftgr tahas î sug vaktg. A julgia qub a faihuz gtà gqu` qubr lastrç-ka pgrg ul crupa fjbà fjb à hb pbssags usgiha KVH. Rl pabtg, vbstìha ul ttahgs sadrbtuha pbsgha, gs farbs qub sb hbstgfglbstrgicb`hg raupg bspgf`gk, dbl fala ahgs gs pbssags qub,adsbrvg gghl`rghgs, hl`rghgs, sbcubl a hgiãgitb ra hb ogkg bstrgijg. Bkb sb rbt`rg pbisgt`va pgrg ul qugrta ia gihgr hb f`lg pgrg bsfrbvbr gkculgs kìjgs. Fala @lpbh`r gs Fa`sgs= Cgtgs bspbrtgs pahbl bifjbr ulg dgijb`rg fal çcug b gtrg`r Eatbiae pgrg a dgijb`ra, b bitæa hbrrudç-ka hbitra. À ulg sakuãæa falpk`fghg, lgs lgs pahb faitbr g bi bibrc`g brc`g frbsfbitb. G ^röx`lg Fa`sg= Eatbiae sb gprax`lg hb ul gpgrbkja qub bstç tafgiha ulg vbrsæa adsfurg hb ‛Jbs`tgtài Dkubs “. “. Varrìha a tblpa taha, bkb safg a gpgrbkja b bi﬇g gldgs gs læas hbitra ha gkta-ogkgitb. Bkbtr`f`hghb b rbtaria fr`gl ul sal sbkvgcbl hbitra hg sgkg. G Fa`sg Tu`l bstç Gfaitbfbiha Gcarg5 tahgs gs cgtgs hbvbl ouc`r. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb hgr ulg fjgifb pgrg qub bkgs gssustbl pgrtbs hg lukt`hæa pgrg kaicb ha pbr`ca5 sufbssa hbpbihb hb ulg hbsfr`ãæa fal-

744

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

pkbtg hb fala fghg cgtg vg` gc`r pgrg gssustgr g lukt`hæa, gkàl hb ulg rakgcbl pgrg ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k, sbiha sbih a ulg Crgfàsg   gg CF^G. Fghg Fghg cgtg qub oar dblsufbh`ha gssustg » hgs pbssags g ulg h`stäif`g sbcurg. Bitæa Eatbiae bxpkahb, iæa fala ul farpa julgia bl ul uiòarlb, lgs fala l`kjgrbs hb pbqubigs daksgs hb farbs dbrrgitbs hb ulg sö vbz, `kulìghgs par hbitra. Gs farbs sb bbspgkjgl spgkjgl pgrg tahas as kghas. I Ias as paitas bl qub gtìc`r gs pbssags pröx`lgs (b tahgs gs cgtgs qub iæa i æa ouc`rgl g tblpa), g far bifjgrfg a gkva b falbãg g dr`kjgr orgfglbitb bl ul falpr`lbita hb aihg ìv`sìvbk gas akjas julgias. As pbisglbitas hg vìt`lg ﬇fgl iudkghas, sudst`tuìhas pbkg vaitghb hb prafurgr dgrukja, kuz, kuz, bkbtr`f`hghb b sudstäif`gs quìl`fgs vakçtb`s.

Lag, cgrgitìha cgrgitìha g sbcur sbcurgiãg giãg has julgias. ‘ Gpa`ghar T`fgrha Lgkkbi

746

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Oìgk`zgiha Vb gs cgtgs faisbcu`rbl lakjgr Eatbiae, g bibrc`g sb h`spbrsg, b bkb bitrg bl ul bstgha hb falg ìhuz`ha par bxgustæa. Hòbrbitblbitb hb qugiha fgù ig Dgìg fal sbu uiòarlb bspgf`gk, gcarg sbl a fgpgfbtb, ulg qugit`hghb su﬇f`bitb hb çcug h`rbtglbitb farpa,^ravgvbklbitb. k`dbrtgiha-a hg bit`hghb qub bstgvg halìgiha-a,fadrù pravgvbklbitb pgrgsbu sblprb. Cgtgs cgijgl Bxpbr`íif`gs vgkàsgs rbkgfàighgs î sug f`hghb igtgk, g gkcuis hb sbus kafg`s, b ga bstrgija falpartglbita has julgias qub g falpgrt`kjgl. Bkgs Bkgs tgldàl pgssgl g ttbr br ul iava faitgta= ^gtfj b sug cgicub igs hafgs.

Lg`s Gvbiturgs Fala ul bxpbr`lbita bxpbr`lbit a sbfrbta, g l`ssæa fakafau ulg cgtìjg ig fçpsukg bspgf`gk bs pgf`gk hb Eatbiae. Bkg gcarg bstç bl ul rbfòb fbrfg hb 7>> lbtras gdg`xa h‐çcug ia Afbgia ^gfì﬇fa (b, par `ssa, a fjb`ra hb cgta bl sbu fgpgfbtb). Hb gkculg oarlg, bstg cgtg bstç v`vg… Ia lbà hg obstg, ulg cgratg pbcau ulg gdrgãghb`rg hg raupg hb Eatbiae fala ulg rbfarhgãæa b gcarg g usg fala ul gibk. A lbtgk dr`kjgitb lastrg ulg l`rìghb hb farbs qub pgrbfbl luhgr hb gfarha fal a jular hbkg. Vbrç qub bkg bstç bl pbr`ca1

Wubstæa Vbfuihçr`g= Fa`sgs qub Eatbiae ogkg (bl Tussa) •

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Bu sau ul fgrg lgkufa b sbkvgcbl! Ulu`ta sàrà\ Bstb lav`lbita à pgrg gs laãgs. Bu bstau fjbà hb jalbis pbqubiìas! Usarrìha\ As ha`s jbl`soàràs bstæa ouihglbitgklbitb bl h`spgr`hghb. A Lav`lbita hb ^gz à g s`lpkbs bxprbssæa ha hbsbma hg durcubs`g lgsfukìg hb iæa bstgr trgdgkjgiha, hb iæa kbvgr ul t`ra, b hb ogzbr sbxa sbl sb falpralbtbr fal g lukjbr. Gs hracgs sbrvbl pgrg lgsfgrgr g fukpg hg durcubs`g. A b`xa ha ckada bspbkjgha bstç kudr`﬇fgha fal a sgicub has trgdgkjgharbs. Faitìubl g obstg, falpgijb`ras:!

: ‘ I.. ‛avgr`sfjfj“ ia ar`cìgk, ulg pgkgvrg bl russa qub s`ci`﬇fg fglgrghg, falpgijb`ra, fakbcg, btf.

748

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Crglg Lg`s _brhb Rlg Cgtvbiturg hb Oucg & @ivbst`cgãæa âr brry Dgribtt

Fbiçrà Rl gdr`ca hb gi`lg`s bl faih`ãòbs prbfçr`gs bl ulg f`hghb pbqubig b rurgk. G gãæa gfaitbfb tatgklbitb hbitra ha falpkbxa ha gdr`ca= ia bsfr`törà, ia fgi`k, igs ui`hghbs làh`fgs, ig çrbg hb kgz kgzbr br b, ﬇igklbitb, ia W Wugrta ugrta Bsfura.

^brsaigcbis Julgias _az, g julgig gkog5 h`stgitb, lgs sb `lpartg fal as gi`lg`s. âhb sbr auv`hg bl tahas as kucgrbs ha gdr`ca. Tbfkglæa, julgia, dbtg b ah`gha. Glg gpbigs as fgfjarras. Bsp`rrg pbrta hgs cgtgs. Futufghar , orà b git`ssàpt`fa, futufg as gi`lg`s fal pbqubigs cgrrgs hb lbtgk. Vbcurghar , sbcurg as gi`lg`s pgrg a Futufghar. Iæa à hb taha lgu, lgs tbl læas cbkghgs. Gk`lbitghar , hç fal`hg b, îs vbzbs, fgrìja. A lbkjar julgia ha kucgr, a qub tgldàl iæa s`ci`﬇fg lu`tg fa`sg. K`lpghar , sbcuiha lbkjar julgia, gpbigs par fu`hgr pgrg qub a fjb`ra iæa sbmg tæa ru`l qugita pahb sbr. Gqubkbs qub víl b qub væa, vçràs julgias, qugsb tahas ìaobis`vas5 gkcuis kbvgl gi`lg`s bldarg, g lgàr`g hb`xg iavas gi`lg`s gk`. •

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742

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

rgfy Dgribttt k`hbrg g Vgih & Vtbgl ^rahuftàis, pudk`fau g Vfjaak rgfy Hgzb  qub qub cgijau ul Bii`b, b à gutar hg @rai Bhhg , a maca hb _èìcs p`katgiha bsqubkbtas c`cgitbs faitrg as radøs c`cgitbs hb l lbtgk btgk has Giòbs. _ _afí afí pahb bifaitrgr lg`s sadrb a trgdgkja hbkb bl jttp=//sgihgihstbgl.ibt. jttp=//sgihgihstbgl. ibt.

Cgtgs (b as passìvb`s t`pas) ahas aass t`p ahas t`pas as hb cgtgs vv`vbl `vbl iiaa gdr` gdr`ca. ca. Fala g lgàr pgrtb ha tb tblpa lpa bbkgs kgs bs bs-tæa prbsgs igs cgàkgs, bkgs iæa faisbcubl ìvbst`cgr a tbrr`törà. tbrr`tör à. @lgcìb fala g cgtg hb fghg ^gpbk `r`g k`hgr fal a fai﬇iglbita b a paufa tblpa pbrl`t`ha ig Çrbg hb Kgzbr. @ihbpbihbitb ha bst`ka hb v`hg gitbràr, g h`v`sæa lg`s `lpartgitb bitrb gs cgtgs gqu` à a tblpa qub bkgs bstæa ia gdr`ca. Bx`stbl trís t`pas hòbrbitbs hb fkgss`﬇fgãæa. Macghargs hbvbl bsfakjbr bstrb gs fgtbcar`gs pgrg fghg cgtg b giatgr bssg ìoarlgãæa ig O`fjg hg ^brsaigcbl. Iavgtgs= Cgtgs qub fjbcgrgl rbfbitblbitb, iavgs ia cgt`k. Bkgs sæa fgrib orbsfg. •

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rgis`tör`gs= Cgtgs qub fjbcgrgl rbfbitblbitb, lgs bspbrgl `r bl rgis`tör`gs= darg kaca. gkvbz bkgs mç tbijgl bitrgha b sgìha ha gdr`ca, au tgkvbz bkgs tbijgl g fbrtbzg hb qub kaca sbræa kbvghgs pgrg ul kgr. Hb qugkqubr oarlg, bkgs iæa væa ﬇fgr ﬇f gr lu`ta tblpa. Hurghaurgs= Gqubkgs qub iìcuàl vg` ghatgr ghatgr.. Gkculgs bstæa faioarlghas fal g s`tugãæa, autrgs bstæa hbsbspb hbsbspbrghgs. rghgs.

Autras Gi`lg`s •

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74?

Fgfjarras ias fgi`s= lu`tas, hb t`pas vgr`ghas, b dgrukjbitas. _çràs gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa qub surcbl iiaa gdr`ca, gkcuis gpbigs pgrg vbr a Futufghar. Futufghar. Afgsàigklbitb gi`lg`s sbkvgcbis gpgrbfbl ha kgha hb oarg ha gdr`ca pgrg bsp`gr, t`rgr sgrra, au s`lpkbslbitb v`vbr sugs v`hgs.

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Kucgrbs ig Crglg lg`s _ _brhb brhb Çrbg Bxtbrig Çrbg hb Kgzbr ^bssags= Gk`lbitghar b K`lpghar •

Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Fbrfg hb grcakgs hb lbtgk, çrbgs hb bitrghg pgrg gi`lg`s, b tbrrg p`satbghg. Fkgrglbitb mç bx`stù crglg ibssb kafgk jç lu`ta tblpa. Vgìhgs= Bitrghg pgrg gi`lg`s pgrg as fgi`s, bitrghg pgrg julgias pgrg as fgi`s, fbrfg trgifghg pgrg g Orbitb. Orbitb ^bssags= Gqubkbs qub víl b qub væa. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Bitrghg gsogktghg fal bspgãas pgrg bstgfàiglbita b kuzbs hg rug. r ug. ^ ^bqubia bqubia mgrh`l fal crglg, fal gkculgs pgrtbs hbkg qub`lghgs par urìg (gkcul julgia= vbr _ _gcgduiha gcgduiha hb Jgstpurr gdg`xa). Vgìhgs= Bitrghg gsogktghg kbvg pgrg g rahav`g prìf`pgk. •

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Çrbg @itbrig G lbias qub h`ta hòbrbitb, fais`hbrb tahgs gs partgs trgifghgs. trgif ghgs. Vgkgs afupghgs (Bsfr`töràs) ^bssags= _az b Tbfkglæa. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Lbsgs fal ^gpà`s @lpartgitbs, Lçquìgs Dgrukjbitgs b Wubitìjgs, Oatas hb Gi`lg`s, ^ ârtg-fjgvbs artg-fjgvbs fal Lu`tgs Fjgvbs. G lgàr`g hgs cgtgs iæa sgdb a qub ogzbr fal fjgvbs, gkàl hb fjgfagkjç-kgs. Julgiakac`stgs pahbl tbr gkculgs `hb`gs hòbrbitbs. Vgìhgs= ârtg pgrg a Farrbhar. •

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Farrbhar ^bssags=  ahg ahgss Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Vbl mgibkgs, dgrukjas hb gi`lg`s, fjb`ras hb gi`lg`s5 grlçrà hb fal`hg. Vgìhgs= ârtgs pgrg as Bsfr`töràs, partgs pgrg as fgi`s, partg pgrg g Vgkg hb Bxglbs Làh`fas. •

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Fgsgs Grlgh`kjg (Fgi`s) ^bssags=  ahg ahgss Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Cgàkgs hb lbtgk hb tglgijas vgr`ghas ‘ tahgs rgifghgs5  rgifghgs5 Fjæa Wub Iuifg Bstç Vu﬇f`bitblbitb K`lpa5 ahas As Fjb`ras Hb Gi`lg`s. •

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743

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

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Vgìhgs= ârtg ^grg A Farrbhar, Bitrghgs Hb Gi`lg`s ^grg G Çrbg Hb Kgzbr, Bitrghg Hb Julgias ^grg G Çrbg Hb Kgzbr.

Vgkg Tu`l (Vgkg Hb Bxglbs Làh`fas) ^bssags= _az, Futufghar, Vbcurghar. •

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Fa`sgs Cbkghgs Wub Castgl. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Fjb`ras Bstrgijas B Fa`sgs Fal Casta C astaCgtgs Tu`l.Iæa Lu`tgs Fa`sgsLu`tas ^ ^bqubbqubigs ^grg Vbrbl Vb rbl Hbrrudghgs. Vgìhgs= ârtg ^grg A Farrbhar, ârtg ^grg A Wugrta Bsfura.

A Wugrta Bsfura ^bssags= Futufghar, Vbcurghar B Tbfkglæa5 gkvbz Autras Wub As Gi`lg`s Vö Auv`rgl Ogkgr. Fgrgftbrìst`fgs= Gi`lg`s Bitrgl B Iæa Vgbl Lg`s. Ibijul Gi`lgk Vgdb A Wub bl Hbitra, Lgs Bx`stbl J`stör`gs. Vgìhgs= ârtg ^grg G Vgkg Hb Bxglbs Làh`fas5 gkvbz Gkculg Autrg Vgìhg1 Autrgs Vgkgs Grlçrà Hb Vupr`lbitas, V upr`lbitas, Vgkg Hb Tbui`òbs, Bitrb Autras. Bkbs Iæa Gpgrbfbl H`rbtglbitb Ig Gvbiturg, Lgs À Dal Vgdbr Wub Bkbs Bx`stbl Vb V b Oar Ibfbssçrà. •

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74:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

B Falbãg Crglg Lg`s _brhb falbãg î ia`tb. ahas as gi`lg`s bstæa trgifghas bl sugs cgàkgs. Bx`stb a trgh`fàigk durdurìja bitrb tahas, fais`hbrgiha qub cgtgs rgrglbitb harlbl hurgitb tahg tah g g ia`tb. Ibstb lalbita bx`stb ul zui`ha glbgãghar ia gr. G oaoafg à qub lu`tas gi`lg`s sbræa kb kbvghas vghas pgrg a W Wugrta ugrta Bsfura glgijæ= `crbsgs `c rbsgs Vaijghargs Ub Fgfjarras hb Fargãæa Fargã æa Vbkvgcbl, p. 7?? 7??\\ saijgl fal g lgrfg hg lartb sadrb g fgdbãg hgs Hurghaurgs, au ulg cgtg iæa macçvbk sussurrg a rular pgrg ulg Crgfàsg . @ssa hb`xg gs Hurghaurgs prbafupghgs, bldarg bkgs tbitbl iæa hblaistrgr `ssa. G﬇igk hb faitgs, iìcuàl `rç ghatç-kgs, b ibijulg cgtg qub mç oa` lgihghg pgrg a Wugrta Bsfura vaktau… G vbrhghb à qub as ouifàiçràs hg Crglg Lg`s _brhb iæa faisbcubl lg`s lgitbr as gi`lg`s pbrlgibitbs pbrlgi bitbs par lu`ta tblpa. Bstb sblprb oa` ul gdr`ca qub iæa gfb`tgvg g pakìt`fg hb sgfr`﬇fgr gi`lg`s, b a Wugrta Bsfura brg ut`k`zgha gpbigs pgrg g butgiçs`g hb gi`lg`s fal habiãgs tb tbrlìg`s. rlìg`s. G hbf`sæa ﬇igk sbr`g gh`ghg par lg`s gkculgs sblgigs, lgs gkca oarãau g _az g luhgr as pkgias. Gkculgs hgs `crbsgs Vaijghargs gfrbh`tgl qub a gdr`ca oa` faistruìha sadrb ul git`ca tblpka hb sgfròìfàs pgrg Jgstpurr b a hbus git`ca bstç prafurgiha par sgicub orbsfa. Bssgs Vaijghargs bstæa fbrtgs. Jgstpurr bstç ìfflubif`giha julgias ha gdr`ca b a paita hb v`rghg oa` gkfgiãgha. Vb as gi`lg`s iæa bsfgpgrbl, gs Hurghaurgs mç brgl. B iæa vg` pgrgr par gqu`.

^rbkýhà= ^gtgs @iqu`btgs Gs Hurghaurgs sgdbl qub prbf`sgl sg`r hgqu` gtà glgijæ. Bkgs bstæa trgdgkjgiha pgrg qub `ssa gfaitbãg. Gqu` bstæa gkculgs qubstòbs qub g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb fais`hbrgr ga gprbsbitgr bstg ìoarlgãæa, ìoarlgã æa, pbrl`tìha qub gs Macghargs hbbl rbspastgs b pbrl`tìha qub bkgs gktbrbl a fursa hg gvbiturg. •

Gkculg hgs Cgtgs Macghargs à ulg Hurghaurg1 Wugitgs autrgs cgtgs prbf`sgl bsfgpgr1 A qub vg` gfaitbfbr fal gs hblg`s sb gpbigs gs Hurghaurgs bsfgpgrbl1 bsf gpgrbl1 B qugita gas autras gi`lg`s1 Gs cgtgs sb `lpartgl fal bkbs1 B qugita ga Wugrta Bsfura1 Gkca kç hbvb bstgr gobtgiha as julgias, bspbf`gklbitb g _az. As julgias bstæa, bl sug lgàr`g, gusbitbs hurgitb g gvbiturg. Bitrbtgita, fgsa ulg Julgiakac`stg  au au ulg Crgfàsg  pbisbl pbisbl ‛sb ga lbias ul julgia bst`vbssb gqu`, bu pahbr`g…“, g Macgha Macgharg rg  pahb pahb ogzbr ulg rakgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk b, fgsa sbmg dbl-sufbh`hg, bkg tbr`g ob`ta gqu`ka lg`s fbha igqubkb h`g, qugiha as •

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740

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

julgias gìhg bstgvgl par gk`. ahas gk` bstgvgl tbisas ias ýkt`las h`gs ig Crglg Lg`s _brhb, _brhb, bitæa à fkgra qub gkculgs cgtgs sb pkgibmgrgl pgrg bstg oucg.

As Fgi`s As fgi`s bstæabstæa fjb às fjbàs hb cgàkgs bl gs faih`ãòbs b fjb`gs hb obrrucbl. ahgs gs cgàkgs afupghgs, hbshb lgàrbs prbfçr`gs fal fgfjarras f gfjarras crgihbs, gtà gqubkgs fal ul crupa hb rgtas ia fgita, kaicb hg v`stg has hblg`s. ahgs  ahgs gs cgàkgs ia Fgi`k bstæa trgifghgs, bxfbta ulg. Rlg Hurghaurg bicbijasg faisbcuù fakafgr gkcuis cræas hb grb`g hg oarlg farrbtg ig obfjghurg, cgrgitìha qub g cgàkg iæa oassb falpkbtglbitb trgifghg. Rlg Cgtg Macgharg   Hurghaurg pahb gssul`r bssb pgpbk. Bstg cgtg hbvb `lbh`gtglbitb trgdgkjgr pgrg gdr`r a rbstgitb hgs cgàkgs, pa`s qugita lg`s cgtgs, lbkjar lbkjar,, fbrta1 Gs cgàkgs pahbl sbr hbstrgifghgs hb gkculgs oarlgs hòbrbitbs. Julgia kac`stgs pahbl sb kbldrgr hg crgihb dakg vbrlbkjg ig pgrbhb qub a Gk`lbitghar h`ssb ga K`lpghar pgrg iuifg tafgr (gpaitgiha pgrg bkg b ogkgiha lu`ta sbr`glbitb). Gs macghargs pahbl usgr ulg Cgfradgtg  pgrg pgrg dgtbr ig ‛dakg“= ‛ dakg“= ul datæa qub hbstrgvg tahgs cgàkgs b bl`tb ulausal hb gkbrtg5 g Cgtg Cugrh`æ hbvb ogzbr hbvb rakgcbis fala qubgspgrg vbr`﬇fgr qubl a qub pahb rbspaihbr ga gkgrlb. Dr`caigs crgihbs b oartbs pahbl dgtbr b saktgr gkculgs hgs trgvgs, lgs `ssa ogr`g lu`ta dgrukja. Îs vbzbs a K`lpghar gpgrbfb ia lbà hg ia`tb. Vbrç qub vgkb g pbig a r`sfa1 Autras gi`lg`s pahbl sbr faivbif`has g gmuhgr. Tgtas pahbl rabr gtrgvàs hgs dgrrgs biobrrumghgs, fæbs pahbl gtrapbkgr gqubkgs qub pgrbfbl lg`s sbcurgs, b gtà lbsla pçssgras bspbrtas pahbl tbr ul au autra gpbtrbfja bsfaih`ha qub pahbr`g gdr`r gs obfjghurgs. Lgs sb bssbs gi`lg`s oarbl faivbif`has g gmuhgr gmuhgr,, bkbs væa qubrbr gkca bl trafg.

G oucg Gpös tbrlìgr hb k`dbrtgr as gi`lg`s hgs cgàkgs, a admbt`va lg`s urcbitb à t`rgr gs Hurghaurgs ha gdr`ca. As hbsg﬇as g sbcu`r pahbl sb sbrr bifgrghas bl qugkqubr arhbl. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ   hbvb hbf`h`r qugita tblpa fghg bstçcà vg` kbvgr, b Macghargs args qub as julgias pahbl surc`r pgrg lgitbr g prbssæa, kbldrgiha gs Macgh trgdgkjgr g qugkqubr lalbita.

A Farrbhar A farrbhar à bstrb`ta b bsfura. Bx`stb ul paufa hb kuz qub bitrg pbkgs mgibkgs gktgs igs partgs qub kbvgl îs autrgs sgkgs= gpbigs a su﬇f`bitb pgrg as gi`lg`s faisbcu`rbl bixbrcgr.

76>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

ârtgs Gqu` ia farrbhar, tahas as hbsg﬇as bstæa k`cghas îs partgs. Fala rbcrg, gs partgs bstæa tahgs trgifghgs t rgifghgs hurgitb g ia`tb. Bitrbtgita, a K`lpghar à bsqubf`ha, bitæa g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb tbitgr ulg rakgcbl hb Vartb pgrg fjbfgr ul Hbstìa Vì`stra (p. :3)= Vb gldas as Hghas hb Cgta t`vbrbl ul rbsuktgha Obk`z , gqubkg partg oa` hb`xghg gdbrtg. Gkàl h`ssa, bssgs partgs tíl obfjghurgs vbkjgs b bstrgcghgs. Julgiakac`stgs faisbcubl sb kbldrgr qub îs vbzbs bkgs gdrbl lbsla hbpa`s ha julgia tí-kgs obfjgha. Vb bkgs oarbl lbx`hgs, gc`tghgs au dgt`hgs hg oarlg farrbtg, pahb s`ci`﬇fgr g hò hòbrbiãg brbiãg bitrb k`dbrhghb b a Wugr Wugrta ta Bsfura. Obk`zlbitb bx`stbl gkculgs Dr`caigs b Cgfradgtgs par pbrta. Vb autras gi`lg`s t`vbrbl s`ha rbfrutghas, ulg cgtg fjgrlasg pahb faivbifbr as rgtas b rgtgzgigs g rabr durgfas igs pgrbhbs ﬇igs, au pçssgras pahbl vagr par tbkjgs saktgs. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb `lgcìgr fal a qub ul gdr`ca bl faih`ãòbs prbfçr`gs, lgs ouifàigk, sb pgrbfb. Fala pahbl gs cgtgs pgssgr par tahgs bssgs partgs1 Fala sblprb, g cbi`gk`hghb hgs Macghargs hbvb sbr rbfalpbisghg fal pracrbssa b ul ^bt`sfa afgsàigk.

Hbsg﬇a= Wugk ârtg1 As fjb`ras ia farrbhar sæa ìtbisas b faiousas. À ibfbssçrà pgssgr bl ulg rakgcbl hb Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k pgrg qugkqubr cgtg faisbcu`r sgdbr a qub sæa gs sgkgs gitbs hb gdr`r gs partgs. par tgs. Rlg Julgiakac`stg  pahb pahb tbitgr grculbitgr qub à g CF^G, par tbr prbstgha dgstgitb gtbiãæa gtbi ãæa igs lgrfgs igs partgs.

Hbsg﬇a= Fal`hg Bx`stb ul pbqubia grlçrà oarg ha farrbhar. Iæa tbl lu`ta a qub akjgr, lgs à ibkb qub tahg g rgãæa cugrhghg. Vb bstç oar gdbrtg, tahas ash`strgìhas gi`lg`s tbræa Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk qub ogzbr ul tbstb hb﬇fg pgrgpartg cgrgit`r qub iæa sbræa par tahg g fal`hg hbk`fàsg h`spaiìvbk. Cgtgs qub iæa bstæa gfastulghgs g v`vbr fal paufg fal`hg, fala gs Iavgtgs, ogzbl ulg rakgcbl pgrg Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k, pa`s bstæa sblprb fal oalb. Vb g lgàr`g ha h a crupa iæa faisbcu`r sb faitrakgr faitrakgr,, bkg bkgss væa pbrhbr ul tblpa prbfàsa, b g lgijæ bstç sb gprax`lgiha, b fal bkg a r`sfa hb sbrbl hbsfadbrtgs pbkas julgias à lu`ta lgàr.

Wubstæa sbfuihçr`g= K`lpghar K`lpghar à ul julgia lu`ta h`strgìha, bspbf`gklbitb sb oar gfrbh`tgr ig _az. Bkb hb`xg taha t`pa hb fa`sgs ìtbrbssgitbs par gì. Îs vbzbs sæa rbstas hb fal`hg, autrgs vbzbs fa`sgs qub sæa kbcg`s hb drìfgr. A K`lpghar pgssg g lgàr pgrtb ha

767

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

sbu tblpa ìha ìh a b vaktgiha pbka farrbhar farrbhar,, k`k`lpgiha lpgiha tahgs gs pbqubigs sumb`rgs qub gfaitbfbl hurgitb a h`g. Vb gs obkìgs blpgfgrbl, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  pahb pahb kbvç-kgs g pbrfbdbr gkca dr`kjgitb b ýt`k ia fjæa. Rsgr ulg fjgvb lahbrig, bitrbtgita, hbpbihb hb dais pkgias b rakgcbis pgrg Hbsg﬇as Hòìfb`s.

As Bsfr`töràs Vb gs cgtgs faisbcu`rbl gdr`r gs partgs pgrg as bsfr`töràs, bkgs bifaitrgræa lu`tgs

fa`sgs ìtbrbssgitbs pgrg drìfgr b hbrrudgr. `crbsgs Vaijghargs tíl g vgcg `lprbssæa hb lav`lbita b prapös`ta ibssgs sgkgs.

Hbsg﬇a= Wubit``````````ìja… Vb gkculg cgtg sb gprax`lgr has falputgharbs, bkg ﬇fgrç tbitghg g hb`tgr bl f`lg ha lbtgk qubitìja pgrg ulg saibfg… Wugkqubr cgtg pahb rbs`st`r pgssgiha bl tbstb pgrg Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k, bxfbta ulg `crbsg Vaijgharg   (Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k). Vb taha a crupa sufuld`r, sbmg par bsfakjg au par ogktg hb sartb, Jbrd Mbies (_gcgduiha hb Jgstpur J gstpurrr, p. 768 768)) gs bifaitrg b gs pbrsbcub fal cr`tas b gt`rgih gt`rgihaa admbtas. Bkgs tbræa qub sb ì﬇ktrgr iavglbitb lg`s tgrhb, b a tblpa urcb.

Hbsg﬇a= ^gpà`s vagharbs! A Bsfr`törà bstç fjbà hb pgpà`s blp`kjghas bl p`kjgs prbfçr`gs. Vb as pgpà`s oarbl pbrturdghas (b qub t`pa hb cgtg iæa castg hb sb sbitgr bl pgpà`s1), g p`kjg vg` hbsk`zgr b fg`r, fg`r, g lbias qub g cgtg sbmg ul Cgfradgtg . Bldg`xa Bldg`xa hb ulg hhbssgs bssgs p`kjgs hb pgpà`s (g qub oa` hbslait hbslaitghg, ghg, fkgra), bx`stb ulg tbrrìvbk lgrfg frgvghg ig lbsg= ul sìldaka sbfrbta hb Jgstpurr. Gss`l qub oar bxpasta, as pgpà`s cgijgl v`hg, fala sb ul oartb vbita bst`vbssb saprgiha. W Wugiha ugiha `ssa gfaitbfbr gfaitbfbr,, à ul Hbsg﬇a ogzbr qugkqubr autrg fa`sg ia bsfr`törà. bsfr `törà. ^grg `crbsgs Vaijghargs, qub faisbcubl vbr gs oarãgs hgiha v`hg gas pgpà`s, b pgrg gs çcb`s Cgfradgtgs, à ul Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k. ^grg Dr`caigs, qub faisbcubl rgscgr as pgpà`s lg`s rgp`hglbitb qub bkbs faisbcubl vagr, à ul Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk. ^grg Julgiakac`stgs b Crgfàsgs, à ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k. Wugkqubr cgtg qub ogkjgr saorb fartbs hb pgpbk b prbf`sg cgstgr ul tblpa kgldbiha as lgfjufghas gss`l qub hb`xgr a Bsfr`törà. •

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764

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Hbsg﬇a= Wubl bstç par trçs h`ssa1 Rlg bicbijasg Julgiakac`stg  qub qub hbh`fgr gkcul tblpa pgrg bxglìgr as pgpà`s (sbmg gitbs au hbpa`s hbkbs bstgrbl bspgkjghas) vg` pbrfbdbr qub lu`tas has pgpà`s fal gpgríif`g `lpartgitb (pgrg as Hugs-^brigs, pbka lbias) passubl hugs lgrfgs julgigs hòbrbitbs= pbqubigs lgrfgs gzu`s bl kìjgs arcgi`zghgs, b crgihbs lgrfgs vbrlbkjgs par tahg g pçcìg. Bl ul Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`k, ulg Julgiakac`stg   faisbcub hbtbrlìgr qub bx`stbl ha`s t`pas hb lgrfgs hòbrbitbs, lgs gldgs ob`tgs pbkg lbslg pbssag= bkgs tíl a fjb`ra ha h a Tbfkglæa! gkvbz gkvbz bkb bst bstbmg bmg par trçs hb tuha `ssa!

Vgkg hb Bxglbs Làh`fas Ibijul gi`lgk castg hb v`r gqu`. Futufghar b Vbcurghar iæa sæa ighg h`vbrt`has, b bkbs iuifg tíl pbt`sfas. G pröpr`g igturbzg hbstg sgkg hb`xg as gi`lg`s tbisas b oarg hb s`, ìfkìghas g larhbr b grrgijgr. ahas gs rakgcbis hb Hbsg﬇a sæa ul iìvbk lg`s hòìfb`s tbiha bl v`stg gs fgrgftbrìst`fgs ha kucgr. hb lu`ta ibstgìvbst`cgr. sgkg, lgs à g ýi`fg oarlg hb fjbcgrIæa ga Wugrta Wbx`stb ugrtaighg Bsfura, fgsa asìtbrbssgitb gi`lg`s ttbitbl bitbl

Hbsg﬇a= Faiffl`ta @itbria Lu`tas gi`lg`s ia gdr`ca mç oargl trgulgt`zghas ga bitrgr ibstg sgkg. Wugiha ul gi`lgk iæa macçvbk bitrg, g Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb ogzbr ulg rakgcbl pgrg Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk pgrg fghg fr`gturg au crupa hb fr`gturgs. Gqubkbs qub ogkjgrbl sufuldbl g ulg oartb rbgãæa hb kutg au oucg= ouc`r, rbfugiha ia farrbhar, au sb tarigiha gcrbss`va. Bl ul Vufbssa ^grf`gk, g fr`gturg s`lpkbslbitb ﬇fg lu`ta gssustghg b iæa i æa faisbcub gmuhgr.

Hbsg﬇a= Hbitra ha Wugrta Bsfura A Wugrta Wugrt a Bsfura à trgifgha fal ul fghbgha crassa b oartb. @ivgh`r par bstg partg à lu`ta hòìf`k. Vb gs Macghargs pbrcuitgrbl, ulg Julgiakac`stg  pahb pahb ogzbr ulg rakgcbl Hòìf`k pgrg sb kbldrgr hb tbr v`sta a Futufghar au a Vbcurghar fakafgiha ulg pbqubig fa`sg dr`kjgitb hb lbtgk ig partg, qub obk`zlbitb à vbkjg b orçc`k fala g lgàr`g hgs fa`sgs ia gdr`ca. Gs cgtgs pahbl sb kbldrgr hb tb vbr v`sta g pbqubig fa`sg dr`kjgitb bl ulg fg`xg f g`xg iulg cgvbtg hg lbsg. Autrgs sakuãòbs sæa passìvb`s, par bxblpka= hbrrudgr a supartb hb sara qub bstç ig Vgkg hb Bxglbs Làh`fas pgrg qubdrgr g pbqubig mgibkg hb v`hra ig partg pgrg a Wugrta Bsfura5 au ulg Crgfàsg  pahb pahb pbrsugh`r a K`lpghar g gdr`r g partg, au ogzí-ka gfrbh`tgr qub tbl gkculg fa`sg vgzgiha ha kgha hb hbitra. Vb tuha lg`s ogkjgr, ulg Dr`caig  pahb pahb tbitgr ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk pgrg s`lpkbslbitb hgr ul fjutb vaghar b qubdrgr g partg, grrgifgiha g obfjghurg hg lghb`rg hg partg.

766

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

A Wugrta Bsfura Hurghaurgs mç auv`rgl j`stör`gs ha Wugrta Bsfura, b bkgs usgl bssgs j`stör`gs pgrg gssustgr gs Iavgtgs. Fjb`rg brrgha gqu` hbitra. Fala ulg lartb git`cg. ^grg `c `crbsgs rbsgs Vaijgh Vaijghargs args , ulg lartb lu`ta, lu`ta git`cg. Bstç sgkg à aihb gsgfròìfàs butgiçs`gpgrg gfaitbfb, b bstç Jgstpurr Jgstpurr. . kafgk`zghg bxgtglbitb bl f`lg ha git`ca kafgk hb Bstb qugrta à bxgtglbitb a kafgk bl qub ul gi`lgk iæa castgr`g hb bstgr. À ulg sgkg hbsiuhg b rìc`hg, lgs qugiha as gi`lg`s bitrgl, bkg iæa bstç vgz`g.

Hbsg﬇a= _gcgduiha hb Jgstpurr Rl trgisbuitb hb ialb Jbrd Mbies obz ha Wugrta Bsfura sbu kgr hurgitb g ia`tb, sbl qub gs pbssags qub trgdgkjgl ig Crglg Lg`s _brhb ﬇fgssbl sgdbiha. Bkb oa` gtrgìha pgrg fç pbkg vaz sussurrghg hb Jgstpurr. Gpös vçr`gs ia`tbs harlìha ibstb Wugrta, Jgstpurr faisbcuù par sugs cgrrgs ia jalbl. ^grg `lpbh`r qub gs butgiçs`gs hbsibfbssçr`gs faitìugl, bstb jalbl hbvb sbr pgrgha. Hbsbmgiha tbr ul sbrva, bspìr`tagtrgvàs ha kucgr g Mbies ul r`tugk= ulg ìvafgãæa qub pbrl`tb g bkb ahbsk`zgr hb bisìau obfjghurgs b ouifàiçràs, iæa lg`s qub ulg vbz ga h`g. Vb lu`tas has gi`lg`s k`dbrtas sb h`r`c`rbl g bstb Wugrta, faldgtbr Mbies sbrç oçf`k. Vb oarbl gpbigs gs Cgtgs Macghargs, gs Dr`caigs b gs Cgfradgtgs prbf`sgl sb prbpgrgr, b tgkvbz lg`s gkculgs autrgs. ^grg qub Mbies gdgihaib pbrlgibitblbitb a kafgk, sbræa ibfbssçràs lu`tas grrgijòbs b larh`hgs, pbka lbias trís rbsuktghas ogvarçvb`s hb Gtarhagr , Blpurrgr  au au Lgfjufgr . Wugiha Mbies Mbi es oacb, ul pbqubia pbhgãa hb pgpbk ffg` g` hb sbu daksa. Wugkqubr Julgiakc`stg pbrfbdb qub bstb pgpbk brg `lpartgitb pgrg Mbies. À gkca qub bkb hbsbijau bl sbu tblpa k`vrb sbl pbrfbdbr qub sug læa brg cu`ghg par Jgstpurr. Bkb lgrfg gs kafgk`zgãòbs iæa lu`ta prbf`sgs hb autras paitas hb sgfròìfà= kafg`s bl patbif`gk pgrg outurgs cgtvbiturgs.

G Çrbg hb Kgzbr Vb as gi`lg`s oarbl h`rbtglbitb pgrg g Çrbg hb Kgzbr qugiha sgìrbl has fgi`s, dgstg hbstru`r g fbrfg, fgvgr ul durgfa sad bkg au bsfgkç-kg. K`dbrhghb! K`dbrhghb! Bitrbtgita, as Vaijgharg rg   gi`lg`s væa hbsfadr`r gs pbcghgs b a fjb`ra hb Mbies. Wugkqubr `crbsg Vaijgha qub sbit`r a fjb`ra hb Mbies tbrç t brç ulg v`sæa hg lartb bsfurg b or or`g `g qub pg`rg sadrb bkb. Jbraìigs rbspaisçvb`s hb Ousstgr-Gskgi sgdbl qub bkb hbvb sbr `lpbh`ha.

768

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Çrbg Bxtbrig Hbsg﬇a= ^grg aihb, gcarg1 Fal`hg b gdr`ca sæa a lg`s `lpartgitb gpös g oucg hg Crglg Lg`s _brhb. Hb ul mb`ta au hb autra, gs cgtgs sgdbl qub Jgstpurr bstç trgdgkjgiha ibstg pgrtb ha luiha b prbf`sg sbr `lpbh`ha. Fala bkgs prbtbihbl pgrç-ka à lgtbr`gk pgrg ulg autrg gvbiturg.

Iatgs pgrg g Cgtg Cugrh`æ Bstg gvbiturg pahb sbr usghg fala ììfà hb ulg fglpgijg, au ulg oarlg hb ogzbr fal qub ul crupa hb cgtgs qub mç bx`stb bifaitrb p`stgs sadrb ul Favbi hb Jgstpurr.. ^`stgs hb gvbiturgs gitbràrbs pahbl kbvgr gs Cgtgs Macghargs g sb hb`Jgstpurr xgrbl prbihbr hbk`dbrghglbitb ia gdr`ca Crglg Lg`s _brhb _brhb pgrg ìvbst`cgãòbs. Au tgkvbz bkgs oargl fgpturghas pa`s Jgstpurr qubr`g t`rç-kgs ha fglìja. Iæa `lpartg fala, gpös bifaitrgr a pbhgãa hb pgpbk fal gs kafgk`zgãòbs has hblg`s kafg`sVb hb asgfròìfà, a fglìja à fkgra.pgrg g Çrbg hb Kgzbr bl h`rbãæa î k`dbrhghb, crupa pgrt`r h`rbtglbitb bkgs pahbl pukgr lu`ta hg gvbiturg kaca hb fgrg. Bitrbtgita, gss`l qub bkgs bbstgstgdbkbfbrbl ul qugrtbk-cbibrgk, bifaitrgrbl iavas kgrbs, au sbmg kç a qub bkgs qu`sbrbl ogzbr fal sugs iavgs v`hgs, bkgs hbvbl rbtarigr, pravgvbklbitb pgrg autrg ia`tb hb gvbiturgs. Vb bkgs iuifg rbtarigrbl pgrg bxpuksgr Mbies b pgrgr a tbrrìvbk cbiùs kaf` kaf` 0, lg`s b lg`s gi`lg`s sbræa pbcas pbkas julgias hg Crglg Lg`s _br _brhb, hb, b lg`s b lg`s gi`lg`s larrbræa bl væa.

0 ‘ I. . Ha Kgt`l, a bspìr`ta ha kafgk.

762

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Autras Fbiçràs

A bldgtb gifbstrgk pahb gfaitbfbr bl qugkqubr kucgr. Ibstg sbãæa, rbprahuz`hg hg Bh`ãæa Ar`cìgk hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju hb 4>76, aobrbfblas ulg lb`g hýz`g hb fbiçràs grqubtìp`fas pgrg cgtvbiturgs, gfalpgijghgs hb ul puijgha hb sblbitbs hb gvbiturgs pgrg fghg ulg hbkgs. ^grg hbtgkjbs hb iavb iavas b hòbrbitbs fbiçràs, fghg ul bsfr`ta par ul prablìbitb b ìhbpbihbitb ìhbpbihb itb hbs`cibr hb T^C, iæa hb`xb hb fakafgr sugs pgtgs ia supkblbita Tahapàs hb Cgtjukju, qub sbrç kgiãgha bl drbvb pbkg ^kulg ^rbss!

Vtbgris ^kgzg

Ig crgihb f`hghb, ul grrgijg-fàu à ul luiha î pgrtb. Cgtgs hb rug mgitgl ias k`xas igs saldrgs ha pràhà, v`vbiha bl dbfas b prafurgiha gdr`ca ias bscatas (qugiha faisbcubl bxpuksgr gs ìýlbrgs rgtgzgigs c`cgitbs). Cgtgs halàst`fgs v`vbl bl gpgrtglbitas lahbstas fal pbssags glarasgs, afgsàigklbitb hbsfbiha pbkgs bsfghgs hb ìfíihà qugiha qubrbl sg`r ul paufa (qubr sbus julgias sg`dgl, qubr iæa). Ia gihgr lg`s gkta, gkculgs cgtgs hb rgãgs v`vbl igs fadbrturgs, ogzbiha falpgij`g gas sbus julgias r`fas bl trafg hb ulg v`hg hb kuxýr`g. A qub pahb ui`r bssgs cgtgs fal j`stör`gs tæa hòbrbitbs1 Bifrbifg. Rl-akja Rl-akja,, ul muh`gha cgta hb rug mç hb fbr fbrtg tg `hghb, sgdb hgs fa`sgs. A partb`ra tbl ul fgfjarra dgstgitb gcrbss`va. Lu`tas autras gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa v`vbl ias gpgrtglbitas, b pahb sbr qub a pröprà pràhà tbijg pghròbs grqu`tbtøi`fas h`lbisàig`s gt`vas. Ha ^kgzg, gs cgtgs pahbl gkfgiãgr gs rugs b autras pràhàs hg f`hghb, au k`hgr fal s`tugãòbs qub surcbl ia pröprà pràhà b sbus grrbharbs. ^ âr ar bxblpka= KAK hb Cgtjukju= Julgias sblprb t`vbrgl ulg bstrgijg tbihíif`g g crgvgr `lgcbis b pgkjgãghgs hb sugs cgtgs. Hurgitb lu`ta tblpa `ssa oa` ul cíibra hb pìturg b hbsbija b, fkgra, ul tr`duta pbrob`tglbitb falprbbisìvbk î pbrob`ãæa obkìg. Hbsbijas gi`lghas b qughrìjas tìjgl cgtgs fala pbrsaigcbis tgldàl. Ias ýkt`las gias, bitrbtgita, oatas b vìhbas gulbitgrgl hb oarlg surprbbihbitb, b gcarg gcarg qugsb tahas as gpgrtglbitas ia Vtbgris ^kgzg ^ kgzg bstæa faibftghas î ìtbribt 48 jargs par h`g. B, faioarlb gs cgtgs tíl sbus bspìr`tas h`str h`str`du`duìhas b hupk`fghas fghg vbz lg`s b lg`s, gkculgs hgs cgtgs ar`cìg`s, rbg`s b v`vgs, bstæa s`lpkbslbitb… hbsgpgrbfbiha. hbsgpgrbfbiha. Vbrç qub g ì ìtbribt tbribt hbsbivakvbu durgfas qub pbrl`tbl qub bspìr`tas ha gkàl vbijgl pgrg bstb kgha, au sbr`g a faitrçrà1 Vbrç qub a pbr`ca hb hbsgpgrbfbr bstç hb gkculg oarlg farrbkgfàigha î qugit`hghb

76?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

hb ‛furt`hgs“ au ‛falpgrt`kjglbitas“ hb ulg oata au vìhba hb ulg cgtg1 B a qub gfaitbfb qugiha as ýkt`las rboýcàs sufuldbl î ìtbribt dgrgtg b taha a ^kgzg ﬇fgr `lbrsa bl ulg rbhb hb gktg vbkaf`hghb b rgh`gãæa sbl ﬇a1 Fal fbrtbzg, g `hb`g hb ul Hbus Lçquìg à dadgcbl… fbrta1 ^raobssar Larpja= Ia pbiýkt`la gihgr, a vbkja ^raobssar Larpja afupg ulg suìtb gkucghg b hbfghbitb, ha fjæa ga tbta rbpkbtg hb fg`xgs hb v`hra hb biarlbs fakbãòbs hb dardakbtgs. Bkb pgssg as h`gs rbarcgi`zgiha bspàf`bs, adsbrvgiha par ulg kbitb hb gulbita b ogzbiha giatgãòbs. Ig pr`lgvbrg bkb bstç sblprb ia mgrh`l au ia pgrqub hg bsquìg fal sug rbhb, tbitgiha fgpturgr qugkqubr fa`sg qub fflutub. Î ia`tb, dgrukjas bstrgijas pahbl sbr auv`has hb ssbu bu gpgrtglbita, b bstrgijas pghròbs, farbs b s`lbtr`gs gpgrbfbl pgrg `c `crbsgs rbsgs VVaaijghargs qugiha bkgs obfjgl as akjas. ^àr gìhg, gkculgs cgtgs g﬇rlgl mç tbr tb r v`sta dardakb da rdakbtgs tgs bit bitrgiha rgiha b ssgìha gìha hhgs gs mgibk mgibkgs gs gktgs ha gp gpgrtglb grtglbita ita ha prao praobssar bssar (dardakbtgs fal fjb`ra hb patbs lartìobras7>), bitrgiha b sgìha hb mgibkgs qub bstæa oartblbitb trgifghgs jç gias.

G _`kg

Iulg rbc`æa çr`hg b padrb hb ul pgìs hb tbrfb`ra luiha, gs cgtgs farrbl pbkgs rugs blpab`rghgs hb ulg pbqubig v`kg igt`vg. Gs fr`giãgs ghargl as obkìas lbà sbkvgcbis, b as ghuktas takbrgl bkbs par sbrbl prbhgharbs hb rgtgzgigs, rgtas b ìsbtas. ^röx`la ^röx`la î v`kg bx`stb ul bstrgija laiök`ta77. A cavbria kafgk g fais`hbrg ulg ‛lgrgv`kjg ‛lgrgv`kjg igturgk“ b biv`g øi`dus fjbàs hb tur`stgs pgrg v`s`tgãæa. A Ass git`cas ha kafgk h`zbl qub iæa sb trgtg hb ighg igturgk, lgs a prahuta hb trgdgkja iæa julgia hb l`kíiàs gtrçs, b glgkh`ãagha par bspìr`tas lg`s vbkjas qub a pröprà tblpa. Fbrtglbitb, fa`sgs pbfuk`grbs gfaitbfbl par gk` î ia`tb. Wugiha ulg fr`giãg hg v`kg hbsgpgrbfb igs `lbh`gãòbs ha laiök`ta, gpbigs gs cgtgs jbraìigs sæa sçd`gs b sarrgtb`rgs a su﬇f`bitb pgrg hbs•

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fadr`r a qubhbgfaitbfbu. Rl crupa f`bit`stgs af`hbitg`s fjbcgl b gfglpgl pröx`la ga kafgk, sb ìtralbtbiha b lah`﬇fgiha fa`sgs qub brg lbkjar hb`xgr ha mb`ta qub bstæa. Bkbs tíl ul fæa vàkbita. Rl fukta igt`va pra`d`ha rbssurcb b falbãg g faihuz`r r`tug`s rbpuks` vas ig pbhrg fal admbt`vas ighg sguhçvb`s.

7> ‘ bitalakac`stgs, patb hbhbv`hra cçs töx`faau usgha pgrgl lgtgr 77 ‘ I.. I..Rt`k`zgha I.. Bstruturgparcbaköc`fg faist`tuìhg ulgfal ýi`f ýi`fg g pbhrg rafjg lgf`ãg. gf`ãg.as ìsbtas fgpturghas.

763

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

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Gdg`xa ha laiök`ta bx`stbl ruìigs b kgd`rìtas bsfaih`has, kgfrgiha sgdb-sb kç qub t`pas hb jarrarbs ha pgssgha. Tularbs h`zbl qub kucgrbs gss`l pbrtbifbl ga Hbus Grgijg. Rl crupa hb iølghbs qub vgcg pbkg rbc`æa tbl a jçd`ta hb gssgr cgtgs sbkvgcbis sadrb ul oaca bspbf`gk b sb gk`lbitgr hg fgrib. Wub t`pa hb Hbus bkbs bstæa tbitgiha gpgz`cugr1 Ia luiha sbkvgcbl, sb kvgcbl, cgtgs crgihbs bstæa î bsprb`tg= t`crbsgs, pgitbrgs, b gtà lbsla kbags. Væa bkgs pgrbitbs iæa halbst`fghgs bl faitgta fal Ousstgr-Gskgi, a Hbus hgs cgtgs hbfbitbs, au sbrç qub bkgs vbibrgl Jgstpurr b qubrbl tahas as julgias lartas1

_bkjg Xarrb ha Cgta Fbrfg hb fìqubitg qu`kølbtras hg f`hghb hb Kaihrbs, ulg glçvbk papukgãæa hb cgtas v`vb ig Ri`vbrs`hghb Sj`segtai`f, ig vbkjg `crbmg ha fglpus. G tarrb ha sìa, fuma ialb brg, ar`cìgklbitb, ulg jalbigcbl g ul tgk Xalgs gkcu74 lg fa`sg, pgssau g tbr a gpbk`ha hb ‛arrb ha Cgta A ialb sb hbvb îs cbrgãòbs hb cgtas qub v`vbl kç hbshb qub a crgihb “.sìa oa` rblav`ha b glu`tgs `crbmg hbsfaisgcrghg pgrg usa gfghíl`fa. âràl, ibl tuha sæa fflarbs. G tarrb oa` pkgibmghg pbka sadrbigturgk`stg b grqu`tbta Fjr`stapjbr Srbi ia sàfuka Z_@@, fuma psbuhøi`la bv`hbif`g qub bkb bstgvg sad gs gsgs ha Hbus ^çssgra. A qub bkb faistruù, fala gh`ãæa î vbkjg `crbmg, à ul biarlb faihutar hb bibrc`g fösl`fg, br`c`ha ig ìtbrsbfãæa hb hugs Kìjgs hb Kby 76, ìfarpargiha gkculgs oarlgs cbalàtr`fgs hbvbrgs bstrgijgs. Wubl faitrakgr g tarrb pahb faihuz`r r`tug`s ia bstrgija fglpgiçrà, fal bob`tas oartbs b `lprbv`sìvb`s. As cgtas passubl ul pgpbk gifbstrgk, hbsfaijbf`ha pgrg as julgias hg ui`vbrs`hghb, qub à afupgr g arrb ha Cgta b prbvbi`r autras Fuktas Gi`lg`s hb g ut`k`zgrbl. As pçssgras g fais`hbrgl sug prapr`bhghb b trgdgkjgl faitrg as cgtas, tbitgiha rbtalgr g tarrb t arrb pgrg prapös`tas sæa hb ulg kìjgcbl git`cg hb cgtas hg rbc`æa. rbc`æa .G Gkculgs kculgs hbsgcrghçvb`s. gvbiturgs= As jbrö`s •

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Rl gfghíl`fa, gpgrbitblbitb gpgrbitblbitb dbl ìtbifàigha, hbf`hb qub as cgtas hbvbl sbr cbit`klbitb rbgkafghas par rgzòbs hb ‛j`c`bib lahbrig“. gkvbz  gkvbz gkcuis cgtas hhgg oglìk`g hg tarrb bstbmgl pkgibmgih pkgibmgihaa usgr a pràhà pgrg gcrghgr a Crgihb Cgtjukju1 A hbpgrtglbita hb zaakac`g bstç fr`giha ogkfòbs b saktgiha-as bl vaas ig fflarbstg.

74 ‘ I. . Ia ar`cìgk, ‛alfgt awbr“. alfgt hbs`cig cgtas lgfjas, iarlgklbitb iæa fgstrghas b, ibstb fgsa bl bspbf`gk, falpòb ul maca hb pgkgvrgs fal acbacrç﬇fa ialb ar`cìgk hg  arrb. arrb. 76 ‘ I. I.. . Kìjgs qub k`cgl hòbrbitbs kucgrbs hb ìtbrbssb b j`stör`fa.

76:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

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Vb as pçssgras faisbcu`rbl bitrgr, a qub væa ogzbr1 Gs lat`vgãòbs ha Hbus ^çssgra sæa adsfurgs, lgs fbrtglbitb pçssgras ahb`gl cgtas b sugs gt`tuhbs prbhgtör`gs. As cgtas hbsfadrbl qub g D`dkàtbfg hg Ri`vbrs`hghb, ha autra kgha ha fglpus, ghqu`rù ulg föp`g hb ul k`vra lgk`cia fjglgha Cgtaial`fai. Rl praobssar hb bstuhas bstkaufa uhasbafuktas. Wugkqubr ul qub auãg pkgibmg as vbrsasusç-ka k`hasbl blul vazfursa gktg ﬇fg pass` vbklbitb fg` ia faitrakb lbitgk hb ul pahbr hbsfaijbf`ha. A k`vra prbf`sg sbr hbstruìha! As jbrö`s bifaitrgl fupìs5 pahb sbr qub bkbs bstbmgl gpbigs rabiha g lghb`rg, au tgkvbz bkbs sbmgl ulg oarãg gvgiãghg ha Hbus @isbta (qub, tahas sgdbl, hblgihg sgfròìfàs julgias). Vb as cgtas faisbcu`rbl, hb gkculg oarlg, lastrgr as fupìs pgrg gs pbssags, g tarrb sbrç hbsìsbt`zghg ‘ lgs biqugita `ssa gfaitbfb, as cgtas iæa pahbl ﬇fgr bl sugs pas`ãòbs, b fukt`stgs pahbl tbitgr bitrgr pgrg faihuz`r ul T`tugk Lgàr (p. (p. 24 24).).

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ul lalbita hb fr`sb, cgtaspgrg gif`òbs ﬇fgl h`v`h`has= Vbrç qub gBl oglìk`g cugrh`æ hbvb usgr gastarrb ìvafgr Ousstgr-Gskgi, au sbrç qub as cgtas iæa hbvbl sb lbtbr ias gssuitas has hbusbs1

A Gdr`ca Gs Macghargs gssulbl a pgpbk hb cgtìjgs qub gcugrhgl ghaãæa bl ul crgihb gdr`ca hb ulg lbtröpakb. Bkgs tahgs sæa gdsakutglbitb gharçvb`s, b iæa hbvbl ﬇fgr kç lg`s qub gkcuis h`gs… lgs gkca pgrbfb gogstgr as julgias. Bl autrgs sgkgs b cgàkgs, papukgãòbs hb fæbs, rgtas, fadrgs, pçssgras b gtà pb`xbs gcugrhgl pgf`bitblbitb. Ga lbias ul hbssbs crupas tbl lçs ìtbiãòbs. Væa as fæbs qub bstæa supk`fgiha g ^kutt‐tja pgrg lgitbr gs cgtgs bl fgt`vb`ra1 Bstæa as rgtas faihuzìha bxpbr`lbitas tbrrìvb`s1 Au oa` a pröprà gdr`ca faistruìha sadrb ul git`ca tblpka hb sgfròìfàs pgrg Jgstpurr, rbpbkìha lgc`fglbitb g prbsbiãg julgig1 (_bmg ‛Crglg Lg`s _brhb“, p. 742 742).). Fbrtglbitb, g bqu`pb luhg rgp`hglbitb, bxfbta g vbkjg lukjbr qub cbrbif`g a kucgr, qub pgrbfb lu`ta bsqu`s`tg. Gkculgs cgtgs lg`s vbkjgs faitgl qub pgssgrgl g v`hg tahg igqubkb kucgr. Obk`zlbitb, à ul gdr`ca qub iæa prgt`fg g butgiçs`g, lgs sb gs ghaãòbs iæa gulbitgrbl, tgkvbz bkbs gfgdbl luhgiha hb `hb`g. Bstb fbiçrà pahb sbr macgha fala ulg gvbiturg kbvb pgrg Macghargs lg`s mavbis, pgrg qub bkgs passgl ìvbitgr truqubs h`vbrt`has b pasbs oaogs, cgijgr gtbiãæa has v`s`tgitbs, b bvbitugklbitb tahgs sbrbl ghatghgs par ul crupa hb `rlæas (`rlæas ia lbsla iýlbra hb Cgtgs Macghargs).

760

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Cgtìslautj Ibijul fgfjarra larg ibssg pbqubig f`hghb ig fastg hg Iavg @ickgtbrrg, b as kafg`s mç hbs`st`rgl hb tbitgr. rgzbr ul ﬇kjatb pgrg fç sbr`g sbitbif`ç-ka g ulg lartb l`stbràsg au g ul hbsgpgrbf`lbita. Gs cgtgs v`vbl igs hafgs b sb gk`lbitgl dbl hasgsprbsbitbs ìýlb ìýlbras dgrfas pbsfg, b hurgitb as kaicas ìvbrias as julgias rbfakjblhaspgrg v`vbrrasigs kamgs hb b tgvbrigs. Vbr`g ul pgrgìsa obkìa, lgs bsqublgs saldràs bsprb`tgl. A Fukta g Haurgcai cavbrig gs çcugs kafg`s, b pgrg cgijgr g v`hg as pbsfgharbs pbsf gharbs hb Cgtìslautj ﬇zbrgl gfarhas habitàs fal a Hbus ^b`xb. Bitrb autrgs fa`sgs, gs fr`gturgs sudgquçt`fgs iæa takbrgl fæbs b as ut`k`zgl fala sgfròìfà qugiha bkbs gpgrbfbl. B, fkgra, a fukta bstç sblprb prafurgiha ulg ogkjg ia gfarha fal as jgd`tgitbs hg supbroìf`b, ulg qub as pbrl`tg faivbrtbr g papukgãæa bl bsfrgvas falpkbtas. Gkcuis julgias (qub pgrbfbl tbr crgihbs akjas hb pb`xb larta b ulg pgpghg fflçf`hg) iæa sb apòbl g bssb pkgia. Gs cgtgs jbraìigs hbvbl gfgdgr fal as pkgias hb Haurgcai qub dusfgl sudmucgr tahg g f`hghb, sbl grruìgr gs pbsfgr`gs hgs qug`s as julgias hbpbihbl.

Crgihbs Cgtìjas ig ^bqubig Fjìg Gs cgtgs largl ias ouihas hb ul rbstgurgitb fjìís ig i g Fjìgtawi hb Væa Orgif`sfa. Vad g f`hghb, hbløiàs, ogitgslgs b laistras fjìbsbs, trgz`has ha _bkja Luiha par lgc`g ibcrg, gssaldrgl týib`s sbfrbtas b tblpkas bsfaih`has. Cgicubs hb gi`lg`s sb bifaitrgl bl kutgs hb rug gfradçt`fgs pgrg rbfkglgr pgrtbs ha tbrr`törà pgrg sbus pröpràs fuktas. Rl Favbi hb fgfjarras hb ^kutt‐tja bstç usgiha lbàs sbfrbtas pgrg ìfflubif`gr julgias ‘ sudl`ssæa, sudsbrv`íif`g b gpgrbitb ghargãæa ‘ pgrg qub as iavas fjbobs vaktbl g fais`hbrgr g vbkjg trgh`ãæa hb falbr cgtas. G﬇igk hb faitgs, fgrib à fgrg. Gs cgtgs auvbl ogkgr hb ulg v`sàiçr`g `crbsg Vaijgharg , hb crgihb `hghb b sgdbhar`g. sgdbhar `g. Bkg pahb gmuhç-kas fal sbus ýkt`las pradkblgs, lgs bkg larg bl Jg`cjt-Gsjdury, ha autra kgha hg f`hghb. A falpgrt`kjglbita hb gias hb ìfbisa b autrgs sudstäif`gs fal sbus julgias hbrgl g bkg v`sòbs `lprbssàigitbs b prbf`sgs. Gs cgtgs prbf`sgl gtrgvbssgr fbrfg hb fìfa qu`kølbtras hb ulg f`hghb lav`lbitghg b gf`hbitghg, `hg b vaktg. Ig Fjìg git`cg, Cgtjukju tìjg autra ialb, lgs bkb à btbriglbitb b tbriglbitb a lbsla. Rl sgfbrhatb julgia hb Fjìgtawi bstç tbitgiha gdr`r ul partgk b pbh`r g Cgtjukju ul bxàrf`ta hb cgtgs hblaiìgfgs pgrg gtgfgr sbus r`vg`s, ulg falui`hghb falui`hghb pgfì﬇fg hb laicbs Duh`stgs qub fu`hg hb hb vçr`gs cgtgs gl`cçvb`s. A ogl`k`gr ha sgfbr sgfbrhatb hatb ﬇fg gkbrtg pgrg passìvb`s •

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78>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

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bsoarãas hb ìtbrrupãæa ìtbrrupã æa ha r`tugk par pgrtb hb gk`ghas hb Ousstgr-Gskgi. Vbrç qub gs cgtgs faisbcu`ræa pbibtrgr ia sudluiha b ìtbrralpbr bssb pkgia lgk`cia1 Rlg prgcg hb gssaldrgãòbs lgfjufau tur`stgs bl Fjìgtawi, b a rbstgurgitb qub gdr`cg gs cgtgs pahb tbr qub ob obfjgr fjgr.. G Gutar`hghbs utar`hghbs julgigs hbsfgrtgrgl as dagtas hb rbg`s. v`sòbs Autras hb ogitgslgs b supbrst supbrst`ãæa. `ãæa. bkjas fjìbsbs sgdbl qub bkbs sæa iæa tbl fbrtbzg. Gs_cgtgs jbraìigs hbvbl hbsfadr`r qub t`pa hb gktbrgãæa ia sudluiha bstç fgusgiha g gpgr`ãæa hb julgias b autras gi`lg`s lartas, b rbsakvbr `ssa. G gvbiturg ‛Wubhg ha Faslaigutg Kaufa bl Dgy F`ty!“ (p. ( p. 774 774)) tgldàl sb pgssg bl Væa Orgif`sfa. Bob`tas sbfuihçràs has bvbitas afarr`has bl 70?8 pahbl surc`r igs rugs b bscatas has h`gs gtug`s.

Fjbw`b, bl dusfg hb faijbf`lbita. ‘ Gpa`ghar Lçrfà Gzbvbha

787

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gppbih`x G J`stör`g A @iìfà= A Luiha Bsp`r`tugk ahg fr`gturg v`vg sb lgiòbstg, bl bspìr`ta, ga lbias hb oarlg tæa pahbrasg ahg qugita sugs pgrtìfukgs oìs`fgs bspgrsgs. ahg faisf`íif`g blbrcb b à pgrtb hb ulg oarlg pr`l`t`vg, fala fbitbigs hb ogfbtgs ìh`v`hug`s hb ulg pbhrg prbfàsg ogdukasg, fghg ulg fìt`kgiha v`s`vbklbitb par ul ìstgitb b hb ul ýi`fa paita hbahgs v`stg. ulgtahas oarlgasfìbstàs`fg b sbl qub pgkgvrgs, tahgshggsFg fflarbs qubulg sæa  ahgs gs Hb Okarbs5 cak﬇ijas sgdbl sæa pgrtb Fgiãæa iãæa sgdbl hg Dgkb`g5 fr`gturg cbkgtìasg sbl`trgispgrbitb qub vag b sb gk`lbitg ha dr`kja hgs bstrbkgs sgdb qub sæa à ulg fr`gturg cbkgtìasg sbl`trgispgrbitb qub vag, hg lbslg oarlg qub a oakìfuka hb ul ýi`fa d`cahb à pgrtb hb ulg cgtg. Bxfbãòbs ìobk`zbs, bldarg rgrgs ig j`stör`g fösl`fg, gfaitbfbl. Wugiha ulg bspàf`b au ulg oarãg v`tgk ralpb fal sbu bspìr`ta hb ar`cbl, sbus ìh`vìhuas sb tarigl vukibrçvb`s g iaãòbs gk`biìcbigs, ìtbiãòbs prbhgtör`gs b oarlgs pbisgitbs ìobffàsgs. Wugita lg`s falpkbxg oar g lbitb ha arcgi`sla, lg`s orçc`k à g faibxæa ga rbìa prà-faisf`bitb, b lg`s susfbtìvbk bkb sb tarig î faiousæa, sbmg gf`hbitgk au `lpastg par oarãgs bxtbrigs. Bstb à a fgsa hg julgi`hghb. Vgktgiha pgrg oarg hg kìjg has lglìobras tbrrbstrbs, pr`lgtgs bl cbrgk hbsbivakvbrgl jgd`k`hghbs sug bspbf`gk`hghb hb sadrbv`víif`g= fàrbdras crgihbs fgpgzbs hb hb ghgptgãæa pbrfbdbr gfala luhgiãg hgs f`rfuistäif`gs, gktbrgr sbus falpartglbitas hbpbihbiha hg s`tugãæa, b falui`fgr bssgs ghgptgãòbs gas sbus falpgijb`ras. Fukturg à cbiàt`fg, lgs ias cbibs has pr`lgtgs sb hbsbivakvbu ulg pbrvbrsg lbtg-jgd`k`hghb hb fr`gr fukturgs vbrdg`s b v`rtug`s5 iæa gpbigs safàdàkac`g, lgs saf`bhghbs5 iæa gpbigs cbibs, lgs lblbs. Bobt`vglbitb, g kìcugcbl falpgrt`kjghg sb tariau ulg sbcuihg cbiàt`fg. ^grg gulbitgr g prapgcgãæa hb ul crgihb aiìvara (paràl sbl cgrrgs), bvakuãæa saf`gk sb pravau bxtrblglbitb dbl-sufbh`hg. Bkg tgldàl fràu g fgpgf`hghb hb falpartglbitas iæa igturg`s, fal iarlgs saf`g`s qub kbvgl as ìh`vìhuas g gc`r faitrg as sbus ìtbrbssbs cbiàt`fas. Fal a surc`lbita has jalììhbas, fàrbdras gìhg lg`s falpkbxas hbsbivakvbrgl grtòìfàs fala halgr gi`lg`s, bsfrgv`zgr sbus pgrbs, hbobihbrpahbrasas grd`trgr`glbitb crupas tbrr`tar`g`s bspbfì﬇fasg köc`fg b `lpar adr`cgãòbs g ìh`vìhuas iæa rbkgfàighas. Hbsbivakvbiha

784

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

ha pahbr, a fàrbdra pr`lgtg fal fgpgf`hghbs ýi`fgs hb usgr obrrglbitgs kbvau as ìh`vìhuas g usgr ul ga autra fala admbtas. A Jala sgp`bis  gpgrbfbu, gpgrbfbu, brrgh`fau au gdsarvbu gs autrgs bspàf`bs falpbt`t`vgs b pracrbhù ig fr`gãæa hb `hb`gs fala pgtràt`sla, sgfbrhöfà sgfbrhöfà,, oglìk`gs rbg`s jbrbh`tçr`gs b sbrv`hæa bfaiøl`fg. Bssbs t`pas hb falpartglbitas v`rg`s b lblàt`fas trauxbrgl pbhgãas fghg vbz lgàrbs ha luiha oìs`fa sad a muca hg læa julgig. j ulgig. Hbsfflarbstglbita Hbsfflarbstglbita,, bxtìãæa, halbst`fgãæa hb gi`lg`s b fr`gãæa hb autrgs bspàf`bs gulbitgrgl, ìobftgiha lg`s b lg`s ha luiha iæa julgia fal g köc`fg julgig. Ga lbsla tblpa, gs oarlgs saf`g`s qub sb oartgkbfbl, rbprahuzbl b sb pbrfbdbl hb oarlg gutøialg glpk`grgl b ralpbrgl g faib xæa ha bspìr bspìr`ta `ta fal g Oarlg ^r`lgtg pr`larh pr`larh`gk, `gk, ffala ala ulg tb`g hb grgijg sb hbslgifjgiha. G Julgi`hghb sb tariau gkca iava, faibftghg ga sbu pgssgha gpbigs pbkas ﬇as lg`s orgfas b saktas. Fal g bspàf`b gss`l gk`bighg, gs lbitbs has ìh`vìhuas sb tarigrgl orgclbitghgs, pbhgãas hb faisf`íif`g fflutugiha sazìjgs, gpbigs orgfglbitb gifarghgs î Crgihb Oarlg qub fghg ulg hbkgs hbv`g ogzbr pgrtb. Bldarg rçp`hg, vakulasg b bkàtr`fg, g lbitb julgig à sak`tçr`g. A `lpuksa psìqu`fa hb autrgs bspàf`bs b bspìr`tas lg`s bqu`k`drghas faisbcub vgcgrasglbitb blpurrgr bssb t`pa hb lbitb, fala ulg pbhrg rakgiha ia kb`ta ha afbgia, bl h`rbãòbs gkbgtör`gs b hbsfaijbf`hgs pgrg g pröpr`g lbitb. lb itb. Bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju, `sta à faijbf`ha fala prbssæa psìqu`fg   (p. (p. 22 22).). Fala as julgias faiqu`stgrgl a luiha oìs`fa, bkbs usgl oarlgs saf`g`s pgrg bxpkargr gs orgqubzgs hb bspìr`ta uis ui s has autras, sbl sgdbr qub fr`gturgs iæa julgigs pahbl ogzbr g lbslg fa`sg hb oarlgs lg`s sut`s.

Vb vafí iæa pahb vbifí-kas… H`gitb hb ul luiha oìs`fa fghg vbz lg`s h`starf`ha pbkas falpartglbitas julgias, autras gi`lg`s sb hbpgrgrgl fal g fjgifb hb faioraitgr g julgi`hghb aihb bkg à lg`s orçc`k= ia bspìr`ta. Fg Fgfjarras, fjarras, qub gk`lbitgl s`lpgt`g pb pbkgs kgs oarlgs saf`g`s b sugs pröpr`gs pr`lb`ra, sb julgi`hghb, lg`s hbjulgigs 4> l`k gias gtrçs. G Gaa ui`rlgt`kjgs, ooarãgs, arãgs, bitrbtgita bitrbtgita, as ghgptgrgl fgfjarras sbî tarigrgl sb sbrr vas, pa`s a fæa, bl ýkt`lg ìstäif`g, tbl a hbsbma hb sbrv`r, b a julgia, a hb halìgr.. G prbssæa bsp`r`tugk fgiìg ig hbk`fghg lbitb julgig tariau gs pbssags lg`s igr ghbptgs îs lgt`kjgs, lgs sblprb fal julgias ia tapa. Biqugita `ssa, julgias gprbihbrgl fal bssgs iavgs faibxòbs g sb sudlbtbr g julgias lg`s pahbrasas, gmuhgiha sugs saf`bhghbs g sb tarigrbl gìhg lg`s bstrgt`﬇fghgs b falpkbxgs. Vblprb lg`s rçp`has qub as hblg`s, oargl gs cgtgs qub surc`rgl fal ul pkgia rbgk. ^bqubigs b pbkuhgs b qubitìjgs5 ighg glbgãghargs, lgs rbspb`tçvb`s5 bvakuìhgs pgrg fgpturgr b hbstru`r ìsbtas qub gs pbssags gfjgvgl ìfølahas= gss`l gs cgtgs gvgiãgrgl bl sbu fglìja pgrg a fìrfuka hb kuz b hb oaca b sb gpra x`lgrgl hg julgi`hghb. Fgfjarras iæa castgrgl hbssg ìtral`ssæa, lgs fala as julgias kìhbrbs hg l lgt`kjg gt`kjg gpravgrgl, as fgfjarras sö puhbrgl adbhbfbr. Hb

786

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

ogta, oa` g ìffluíif`g fgiìg qub faih`fàiau as julgias g sb sudlbtbrbl g fr`gturgs qub gpgrbitgl tatgk hbsìtbrbssb. Gtà as h`gs gtug`s, as julgias faiouihbl g gutassu﬇f`íif`g obkìg par ulg g﬇rlgãæa hb supbr supbràr`hghb. àr`hghb. Tbgãòbs sæa vçr`gs.

G Crgihb @hb`g H`gitb hg faifkusæa hb qub g lbitb julgig rblahbkgr`g a luiha, gs cgtgs oarlgrgl (au rbfbdbrgl) g hbtbrlìgãæa hb bstgdbkbfbr fala bssg luhgiãg gfaitbfbr`g. Bstg à g Crgihb @hb`g , g dgsb hb tahg ìtbrgãæa bitrb julgias b obkìas ias ýkt`las 7> l`k gias. @i`f`gklbitb, taha pbisglbita obkìa h`v`h`g as iæa-cgtas bl ì`l`cas au prbsgs5 pgrg lu`tgs cgtgs, lbsla autrgs cgtgs pahbr`gl sbr fais`hbrghas ì`l`cgs. G Crgihb @hb`g   oa` oa` fr`ghg par Ousstgr-Gskgi, a Dal ^g` (ga lbias à a qub faitgl gs j`stör`gs hgs `c `crbsgs rbsgs Vaijghargs). Oa` g Crgihb @hb`g  qub qub gh`fàiau g fgtbcar`g hb gk`ghas au, fala gs cgtgs castgl hb fjglgr, hb sbrvas. Bspbf`﬇fglbitb, g Crgihb @hb`g  fr`g fr`g ulg gk`giãg praouihg b hurghaurg fal as julgias, fumgs lbitbs bicbijasgs b læas jçdb`s luhgl a luiha lu`ta lg`s ha qub qugkq ugkqubr autrg obrrglbitg pgrg a pravb`ta hgs cgtgs.

G Cubrrg Cubrr g ha âkbcgr âkbcgr Ibl tahas gs cgtgs gpravgl g `hb`g hb k`cgr a hbstìa has obkìas g autrgs bspàf`bs. Ia Ia Luiha Bsp`r`tugk b ia rbìa oìs`fa, g bspàf`b obkìg sb h`v`hb bl b l ogfãòbs s`d`kgitbs bl faiffl`ta. `pas pbqubias b bspbrtas hb obkìas murgrgl sbcu`r Ousstgr-Gskgi b usgr g Crgihb @hb`g  bl bl dbiboìfà hb pbt`sfas btbrias b fafj`kas ia saoç. Obkìas lgàrbs b lg`s sbkvgcbis rbmb`tgl bssg iaãæa, sb `sakgiha ig igturbzg sbkvgcbl ìtafghg. Lu`tgs cgtgs sbkvgcbis vaktgrgl g vbibrgr a Crgihb Cgtjukju (p. (p. ?4 ?4),), ul bspìr`ta pracbi`tar hb trblbiha b hbvgstghar pahbr, v`sta (pbkgs cgtgs, pbka lbias) fala ulbrgs obkìa c`cgitbsfaharlìha b laistruasa. Cgtjukju bstbvb gusbitb ha luiha oìs`fa par ìfaitçvb`s, igs oraitb`rgs ha bspìr`ta, b iæa bsfakjbu bstb lalbita pgrg hbspbrtgr. Lgs ul kìhbr b sbcu`har hbvata hb Cgtjukju blbrcù= Jgstpurr, ul cgta glgrbka hb bspàf`b hbsfaijbf`hg, pahbrasa hb farpa b gklg. Vad a falgiha hb Jgstpurr, ul bxàrf`ta hb cgtas pgrt`fukgrlbitb gcrbss`vas trauxb vàkíif`g faitrg as sbcu`harbs hb Ousstgr-Gskgi b sbus sbrvas sbr vas julgias orçcb`s. Gss`l falbãau g Cubrrg ha h a âkbcgr âkbcgr.. Julgias, sbl sgdbr gs rgzòbs par trçs has gtgqubs, faitrg-gtgfgrgl fal oaca b kgiãg. Cgtgs gk`ghgs usgrgl g sgdbhar`g has saijas b g prbssæa psìqu`fg pgrg cu`gr, hgs saldrgs, as julgias ìafbi ìafbitbs. tbs. Ia Tbìa Bsp`r`tugk, Ousstgr-Gskgi kutau ias saijas faitrg ul sbr fgöt`fa fjglgha L`gukgtjatbp, bspìr`ta has sbkvgcbis. Ia ﬇igk, gs cgtgs hb Ousstgr-Gskgi b as bspbrtas julgias fgusgrgl crgihb lgtgiãg bitrb as sbkvgcbis, qubdrgiha sug orçc`k h`sf`pkìg, as goucbitgiha pgrg

788

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

as fgitas lg`s bsfuras. Jgstpurr pbrhbu ul akja, b bitæa sug ýkt`lg v`hg, lgs g sbhb hb sgicub hb sbus sbcu`harbs sb cu`harbs a sustbitgrç b bkb sb tariau ul hbus= ul bspìr`ta pahbrasa, bx`kgha bx`kgha ha luiha oìs`fa, lgs gk`lbitgha par hbvaãæa b r`tug`s. _`taràsgs, gs cgtgs hg Crgihb @hb`g  `lpkblbitgrgl `lpkblbitgrgl sbu kaica prambta= bifglìjgr gs tr`das hb julgias vgcgitbs b fgãgharbs, ﬇xgiha-gs bl ul ýi`fa kucgr, fr`giha v`kgs hb pbsfgharbs b oacub`rgs, faistruìha tbkjghas, fasturgiha trgvbssb`ras, lgtgiha lgtgiha prbhgharbs b fakaf fakafgiha giha sbus fàrbdras b læas pgrg trgdgkjgr bl prak ha faioarta has cgtìjas. Julgias sb kbldrgl hbssb `lpuksa pgrg a trgdgkja b halbst`fgãæa fala Tbvakuãæa Gcrìfakg, g Brg Ibakìt`fg au, tgkvbz, g Wubhg ha Àhbi.

Fuktas @ialìçvb`s Bitæa gtà as h`gs h `gs hb jamb gs cgtgs faibftghgs gas julgias vbi vbibrgl brgl Ousstgr-Gskgi. As sbcu`harbs hb Jgstpurr (p. (p. ?7) ?7) b autrgs oàs apastgs pbrlgibfbl fala fuktas bsfaih`has par l`kíiàs, pgssgiha faijbf`lbita pra`d`ha b pkgibmgiha hbstru`r g Crgihb @hb`g . Fr`gturgs qub iæa sæa cgtas saijgl pkgias pgrg `lpbh`r g halìgãæa julgig luiha oìs`fa, au fr`grFkgra ul ,bsqublg pgrggbsfrgv`zgr g bibrc`g julgig pgrg sbus ha prapös`tas iæa-obkìas. Fkgra, qugita lg`s rgãg julgig, orgfg hb bspìr`ta, hbsbivakvb sbu halìià oìs`fa b psìqu`fa, lg`s vukibrçvbk bkg sb tarig pgrg g prbssæa hb bspìr`tas gk`biìcbigs. ^àr= gkcuis ìh`vìhuas, bl tahgs gs bspàf`bs, ìbv`tgvbklbitb sb tarigl hbsbshb sbspbrghas a su﬇f`bitb pgrg pbh`r a hbspbrtgr ha Crgihb Crgih b Cgtjukju, pgrg qub bkb k`lpb a luiha b bitbrrb a pgssgha fala k`xa iigg prg`g. G Gss pgkgvrgs ha Fukta hb Cgtjukju, hb gkculg oarlg, gkfgiãgl bstbs i``k`stgs hbsfaitrakghas, b vbkjas r`tug`s faitìugl. À bl apas`ãæa gas trgdgkjas hbssbs fuktas qub bstæa iassgs jbra`fgs Cgtgs Macghargs bl Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju. ayg, fjgrlb `rrbs`stìvbk. ‘ Gpa`ghar Kufgs Lgrfbka

782

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gpíih`fb J A K`vra Has Hugs-^brigs Gpös l`kíiàs hb bstuhas, g lgàr`g hb oarlg ﬇s`fglbitb pröx`lg, gs cgtgs faisbcubl bitbihbr dbl g julgi`hghb. Bstuhàsas obkìas lgitàl ulg tgxaial`g has julgias, gs bifgrigãòbs faitblparäibgs hb gkcuis grquàt`pas git`cas. Gkculgs cgtgs castgl hb sgdbr sadrb g lgàr qugit`hghb passìvbk hb vgr`bhghbs julgigs, falbitgiha bitrb bkbs sadrb gs gharçvb`s fgrgftbrìst`fgs hgs ýkt`lgs bspàf`bs5 bstb jaddy à faijbf`ha fala ‛Fakbfàigr Cbitb“. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ   pahb pahb ogzbr usa hbssbs t`pas fala ul bstaqub hb pbrsaigcbis ia maca, dbl fala lalbitas hb fr`sb ias qug`s gs Cgtgs Macghargs pahbl ìtbrv`r ia hbsbivakv`lbita julgia. âr bxblpka bxblpka,, sb ul Cakpbghar pahb sbr `lpbh`ha hb frbsfbr b sb hbsbivak hbsbivakvbr vbr bl ul Far Fartghar tghar,, tahas gs cgtgs sb sbræa ræa dbib﬇f`ghgs, dbl fala g sgýhb psìqu`fg bl cbrgk ha luiha falpgrt`kjgha has Vaijas. Cgtgs fgtbcar`zgl as julgias fal dgsb bl sugs `hghbs b, pgrg as t`pas lg`s vbkjas, gìhg gìhg sb g vgr`bhghb à Dag au Lç. Fghg t`pa tbl ul ialb ìh`fgih ìh`fgihaa a pgpbk qub tgk julgia tbl tb l ig v`hg hb ulg cgtg. Fala gs cgtgs cgstgl dag pgrtb hb sbu h`g saijgiha muita has julgias, `lpkblbitgiha pbqubias pkgias b g Crgihb @hb`g , fghg fgtbcar`g g sbcu`r ìfku` ulg hbs hbsfr`ãæa fr`ãæa hb fala g lbitb hbssb t`pa hb julgia gpgrbfb ia Luiha Bsp`r`tugk. `c `crbsgs rbsgs Vaijghargs ìtbrgcbl fal tg`s lgiòbstgãòbs lg`s orbqubitblbitb. Vb ulg cgtg, saijgiha, faijbfb dbl ul julgia bl pgrt`fukgr, b bkbs bst`vbrbl pröx`las ia luiha oìs`fa, iæa à hòìf`k bifaitrgr g lbitb fbrtg b tafç-kg5 qugkqubr h`stäif`g, bsp`r`tugk au oìs`fg, falpk`fg g s`tugãæa, pa`s a Vaija à papukasa, `lpbrob`ta b lutçvbk.

78?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Dbdís @hghb gpra. (bl lbsbs) ^rà-igtgk Tbfàl-igsf`ha >-2 Bicgtìjghar ?-77 Gihghar 74-48 Ogsb

^gpbk

Kìcugcbl

gldar Ograk ^gtrukjb`ra Gcgrrghar

Blpgt`g Blpgt`g Kìicug hgs cgtgs Arbkjg hg cgtg

Ia Vaija

âita Ograk K uz Iuvbl

gldar= Lbsla gitbs ha igsf`lbita, g lbitb julgig rbssag ia Vaija. gldar= Ga ﬇igk hg crgv`hbz, gs cgtgs sbitbl g tbisæa tb isæa frbsfbitb, b v`fb-vbrsg. Rlg cgtg qub sb giìjg pröx`lg î dgrr`cg hb ulg lukjbr prbstbs g hgr î kuz pahb gfbssgr ulg falui`fgãæa rairaigitb b rbfaioartgitb rbfaioart gitb fal a dbdí qub bbstç stç par v`r. @sta gfgklg gldas b tarig a iava julgia lg`s prapbisa g sbr daihasa fal gs cgtgs hurgitb sug v`hg. G k`cgãæa hgs faisf`íif`gs sb lgiòbstg fala ul paita dr`kjgitb ia luiha has saijas, hb oarlg sbcurg hbitra hg tíiub Iuvbl hb ckör`g hg læb. Ograk= Rl julgia rbfàl-igsf`ha ﬇fg lu`ta faiousa b, par ul tblpa, iæa faisbcub sb falui`fgr fal ibijulg autrg fr`gturg g iæa sbr pbkas lg`s dçs`fas fjaras hb hbsfaioarta. Bitrbtgita, a pahbr bxtrgarhìçrà hg hbk`fghg lbitb julgig, bl sbus lalbitas lg`s gt`vas, dr`kjg ia Vaija fala ul oartb Ograk. `crbsgs `c rbsgs Vaijghargs V aijghargs pbrh`hgs ias saijas, b îs vbzbs cgtgs pbrh`hgs ia luiha oìs`fa, pahbl sbit`r g kafgk`zgãæa hb ul dbdí faijbf`ha b sb ar`bitgr gtà bkb hb h`stäif`gs fais`hbrçvb`s. âhbrbs âhbrbs ha fgas sæa rbpbk`has pbkg purg kuz hg lbitb sbl lçfukgs b iæa faisbcubl sb gprax`lgr gprax`lgr.. ^gtrukjb`ra= Gss`l qub a tgkbita kìcuìst`fa gktglbitb ghgptgha ha fàrbdra julgia sb tarig gt`va, dbdís pahbl ogf`klbitb sb falui`fgr fal gi`lg`s hb tahas as t`pas par lbà hgs lbslgs ìtbiãòbs psìqu`fgs, kìcugcbl farpargk b pbqubias sais usghas ig Kìicug hgs Cgtgs. Hurgitb bstg btgpg, a julgia rgstbmgitb pahb sbr ul gk`gha vgkàsa, gkbcrblbitb faihuzìha pbqubigs l`ssòbs prapastgs pbkgs cgtgs gl`cçvb`s. Tbpkbta hb faijbf`lbita, a ograk has saijas falbãg g sb bxpgih`r b sb tarigr trgiskýf`ha, sb tarigiha ulg s`lpkbs kuz cu`g. Gcgrrghar= Gcgr rghar= Faioarlb a julgia ghqu`rb kìcugcbl vbrdgk julgig, bstruturghg b ui`h`lbisàigk, g ogkg ìtu`t`vg has gi`lg`s à bsqubf`hg. Bitrbtgita, par ul drbvb pbrìaha, g iavg fr`gturg dìpbhb gìhg faisbcub bitbihbr gs cgtgs, bldarg iæa fais`cg rbspaihbr. Bstb à a bstgha hb Arbkjg hg Cgtg. Fgpgz hb gihgr, bsfgkgr b gcgrrgr gcgrrgr,, bkb sb lastrg hhbb vgkar ìbst ìbst`lçvbk, `lçvbk, fulp fulprìha rìha tgrbogs qub gqubkbs sbl pakbcgr gfjgl hòìfb`s hblg`s. Ia Vaija, g lbitb sb bxpgihb bl ulg Iu vbl b falbãg g talgr g oarlg qub bkb tbrç fala Fglìjghar.

783

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Lgàrbs Fbha hblg`s as dbdís sb tarigl fr`giãgs, qub sb falui`fgl dbl fal autras julgias, lgs mç iæa faisbcubl ìtbrprbtgr as pbh`has b gv`sas hgs falpgij`gs obkìgs. A Ograk sb h`spbrsg bl ulg tíiub Iuvbl ia luiha has saijas, biæa-julgigs bitæa talg ulg iavg oarlg lghurg, ogf`klbitb gcrbh`hg par faisf`íif`gs gcrbss`vgs. G lgàr prbafupgãæa hgs cgtgs à sb ul hbtb hbtbrlìgha rlìgha julgia sbrç gl`cçvbk. âr `ssa as lg`s git`cas pralukcgl ulg tgxaial`g hbtgkjghg has Dais b has Lgus. Gkcuis Gkcuis julgias sæa Ibutras= ghuktas (b gkcuis mavbis) qub iæa i æa k`cgl pgrg cgtgs au autras gi`lg`s, lgs tgldàl iæa sæa lgkhasas pgrg fal bkbs. ^grg bssbs julgias, ulg cgtg iæa à hòbrbitb hb ul pracrglg hb tbkbv`sæa au hb ul tgpbtb ia fjæa. Gs v`hgs hbssgs pbssags sæa sbl crgãg, lgs ga lbias bkbs iæa sæa ulg glbgãg, b bkbs iæa rbfbdbl ul bstuha bspbf`gk ibl sæa fgtbcar`zghas par ialbs. Hb oarlg s`l`kgr îs j`stör`gs hgs cgtgs (@, ( @, p. 7? 7?),), pgpà`s hb julgias sæa cbibrgk`zghas5 ul ìh`vìhua pahb ìtbrprbtgr ul pgpbk iarlgklbitb hbs`cigha pgrg ulg autrg `hghb, au gtà lbsla l`sturgr gs fgrgftbrìst`fgs hb lg`s hb ul pgpbk.

Oarlgs ia Vaija Bssgs hbsfr`ãòbs hæa gpbigs ulg `hb`g cbrgk hb fala ulg lbitb pahb gpgrbfbr ia Vaija5 pgrg oarlgs iæa julgigs, vbmg g p. 8:-80 8:-80.. Rlg lgiòbstgãæa ìh`v`hugk, faioarlb pbrfbd`hg par ulg cgtg saijgharg, pahb vgr`gr, pa`s tahgs gs lbitbs sb lavbl b luhgl, lastrgiha fflgsjbs b hbsfgrcgs hb pbisglbitas fakar`has, gfbkbrgiha b hbsgfbkbrgiha sugs ratgãòbs b, îs vbzbs, lbrcukjgiha b gvgiãgiha rgp`hglbitb pbka àtbr. Gs farbs vgr`gl lg`s pgrg gs lbitbs daihasgs b sguhçvb`s5 pbssags lçs tbihbl g lastrgr g lbslg bsfgkg hb vbrlbkjas ìfgihbsfbitbs b prbta. Rl Falbtg à ulg dakg hb faisf`íif`g dr`kjgitb, faihuzìha sug Iu vbl hg ìoäif`g fala ulg fguhg faioarlb bkg sb lavb hb pbisglbita pgrg pbisglbita. Rlg Dakg hb Oaca pgrbfb fal ul Falbtg, lgs sbu iýfkba hb sbit`has qub`lg ga ìvàs hb dr`kjgr5 g h`stìãæa pahb sbr sut`k. Rlg Dakg fgrrbcg ulg pbqubig gurg b passu` ulg supbroìf`b apgfg, fkgrglbitb hb﬇i`hg. Rlg Bsp`rgk passu` lýkt`pkas drgãas furvghas, fala ulg cgkçx`g, b c`rg faioarlb sb lavb pbka Tbìa has Vaijas, tgkvbz sucgiha autrgs lgiòbstgãòbs bl sug örd`tg. G Bsp`rgk hb ul Fargãæa Oartb pahb gcrbcgr taha ul sàqu`ta, qub sb lav`lb lav`lbitg itg ga sbu rbhar fala kugs. •

•

•

•

78:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Rl Tbhblaìja à fala ulg Bsp`rgk, lgs gfjgtghg, fal ul orgclbita ibcra ia lbà qub pahb prbihbr pbisglbitas. Ghakbsfbitbs passubl Iuvbis lg`s bsfurgs b lbiarbs qub gs fr`giãgs lg`s iavgs, b ulg pbrfbpãæa lg`s orgfg. Lbitbs ghuktgs, bl rbcrg, iæa sb lav`lbitgl lu`ta, lgs ﬇fgl bstçt`fgs, c`rgiha faitbitbs au `rr`tghgs ias vgparbs lgktrgp`•

kjas hb sugs Iuvbis.

^bssags Dags Fgtbcar`g

@hghb gprax. (bl gias)

Fglìjghar

4-8

Fr`giãg

2-77

Ghakbsfbitb

74-4>

Ghukta

4>-?>

^gpbk

Falbtg sgkt`tgitb (rasg, drgifa) Falbtg bl gktg vbkaf`hghb Vupbr-Jbrö` (drgifa, glgrbka, kgrgimg) ^rìfbsg ha Fjç Falbtg grfa-ìr`s qu`f g (gzuk, Hbrrudghar hb Fgrib Dakg qub qu`fg vbrhb) Bsp`rgk vgcgitb (rasg, Glgitb hgs Cgtgs drgifa) Dakg bl ratgãæa (fìzg Faãghar hb Arbkjg bsfura, gzuk, glgrbka apgfa) bl c`ra kbita Fargãæa Wubitìja Bsp`rgk (drgifa b haurgha) Gfgr`f`ghar

Fafj`kghar V í i ` ar

Ia Vaija

?>+ Kaufa hgs Cgtgs

Tbhblaìja saiakíif`g (lgrral fkgra,hbhaurgha bsfura) Tbhblaìja cruhbita b bsogrrgpgha (fìzg bsoulgãgha, drgifa)

780

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

^bssags Lçs Fgtbcar`g

@hghb gprax. (bl gias)

Fglìjghar

4-8

Fr`giãg

2-77

Ghakbsfbitb

74-4>

Ghukta

4>-?>

Víiàr

?>+

^gpbk

Ia Vaija

Grrgifghar Lgrtbkghar Lgihæa

Dakg hb oaca bl z`cub-zgcub Dakg hb oaca Bsfgkhgitb Dakg hb oaca Fìt`kgitb Dakg drgifg fal oaca ^bkaoöd`fa puksgitb Cakpbghar Dakg hb oaca Bxpkas`vg Bs i a d b Dakg bl ratgãæa (prbta) Dakg bl ratgãæa (glgrbka Grrblbssghar ìfgihbsfbitb) Fartghar Fjglg prbtg Gãa`tghar Dakg vbrlbkjg oasfg fìzg Kaufa has ^çssgras Tbhblaìja pbrpbih`fukgr

Hbsfr`ãæa hgs ^bss ^bssags ags Dags Gfgr`f`ghar= Bstg fr`giãg castg hb ogzbr fgrìja bl cgtìjgs b iuifg gs lgfjufg hb prapös`ta. Îs vbzbs a pbqubiìa gpbrtg ul paufa hblg`s au gf`hbitgklbitb gfgr`f`g ulg pgrtb lgfjufghg, lgs ulg cgtg sçd`g rbspaihb gpbigs fal ulg pgifghìjg au ul rasigha, lgs iuifg fal gs cgrrgs. Vupbr-Jbrö`= A Vupbr-Jbrö` bstç sblprb ul ulg l`ssæa jbra`fg hb sug pröpr`g `lgcìgãæa, b cgtgs pröx`lgs prbf`sgl sbr rbscgtghgs hb pbr`cas sblprb qub passìvbk. Îs vbzbs ulg cgtg glghg à gtà lbsla fais`hbrgiha ulg ‛‛Gmuhgitb“ Gmuhgitb“ b a gfalpgijg igs l`ssòbs, qub pahbl hblgihgr fbrta crgu hb takbräif`g g fgpgs ob`tg hb tagkjgs vbkjgs. L`ssòbs dbl-sufbh`hgs orbqubitblbitb tbrlìgl bl castasgs rbfalpbisgs. ^rìfbsg/^rìif`pb ha Fjç= A kgha dal ha Lgihæa (gdg`xa), g ^rìfbsg ìfku` gs cgtìjgs ig bkgdarghg v`hg saf`gk hb gi`lg`s hb pbkýf`g b daibfgs. Rlg cgtg takbrgitb vg` drìfgr muita par ul tblpa b tbitgr iæa gtrgpgkjgr g lbsg hb fjç, biqugita bv`tg falpartglbitas qub fkgrglbitb hgi`﬇fgl sug h`ci`hghb. Hbrrudghar hb fgrib= Faioarlb frbsfbl b bitrgl ig muvbituhb, as julgias pgssgl g tbr fghg vbz lbias tblpa pgrg gs cgtgs. As hbrrudgharbs hb fgrib, bitrbtgita, gìhg glgl b gfgr`f`gl sugs obkìgs, b hbobihbl gs cgtgs hb gkcazbs b fæbs. Vblprb qub passìvbk, a hbrrudghar hb ffgrib grib cugrhg gkcuis rbstas hgs rbob`ãòb rbob`ãòbss b as hbrrudg aihb gs cgtgs pahbl falbr falbr..

72>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Glgitb hgs Cgtgs= Cgtgs= Bstb ghakbsfbitb hb dal fargãæa vg` `lpkargr pgrg sbus pg`s ghatgrbl tgitgs cgtgs qugita passìvbk, hgiha g bkgs gtbiãæa bl bxfbssa, gk`lbitgiha-gs hblg`s b cgstgiha dag pgrtb hb sug lbsghg fal rgtìjas rbfjbghas hb brvg hb cgta, dakìjgs fal cu`za b qugkqubr autrg fa`sg qub tbijg g hbfargãæa au g oata hb ulg cgtg. À ulg v`hg oçf`k pgrg qugkqubr cgtg qub bitrb ig v`hg hb ul Glgitb hgs Cgtgs. Faãghar hb Arbkjgs= Afupgha fal sug pröpr`g v`hg, a Faãghar hb Arbkjgs pravgvbklbitb iæa tbl ibijul gi`lgk hb bst`lgãæa. Bitrbtgita, qugiha bifaitrg ulg cgtg, a Faãghar sb kbldrg fal fgrìja has gi`lg`s qub tbvb ig ìoäif`g b gcb hb oarlg ìhukcbitb, gfgr`f`giha ghbqughglbitb b rbspb`tgiha a bspgãa pbssagk. Rl Faãghar hb Arbkjgs pahb gtà lbsla hgr bsfaih`ha ul pbhgãa hb fgrib au autra pbt`sfa ha bstaqub hb ul autra julgia. Fargãæa Wubitìja= Bldarg fjbà hb rbspaisgd`k`hghbs b afupgha, bstb t`pa hb julgia bstbihb sug fgr`hghb pgrg taha t`pa hb pbqubig fr`gturg. Ibijulg cgtg pgssg oalb ig sug fgsg, ibl à lgihghg bldarg hg vgrgihg, ibl tbl sugs ibfbss`hghbs dçs`fgs `ciarghgs par lu`ta tblpa. A Fargãæa pravgvbklbitb tgldàl gk`lbitg as pçssgras b fu`hg hb ul au ha`s fæbs, b fr`giãgs julgigs hb tahgs gs `hghbs víl b væa muita hb autras lbldras hg oglìk`g `lbh`gtas, bitæa g fgsg pahb sbr fgöt`fg, lgs à sblprb fjb`g hb glar. Fafj`kghar= Bstb julgia `hasa bstç h`lìuìha a r`tla. Bldarg gkcuis tbijgl s`ha Grrblbssgharbs qugiha lg`s mavbis, as Fafj`kgharbs gcarg mç gtìc`rgl ulg pgz ìtbràr b iæa prbf`sgl lg`s gssustgr pbqubigs fr`gturgs. Lbsla iæa sbiha ulg pbssag tæa ìfkìghg g tbr cgtgs, a Fafj`kghar gprbf`g gs falpgijb`rgs pbkuhgs qub castgl hb fakas qubitbs, fadbrtarbs b sassbca bl cbrgk. Kaufa hgs Cgtgs= Iæa `lpartg a lat`va, taha a glar b hbvaãæa hbstb julgia à hbstìgha îs cgtgs. Lbsla as obkìas lg`s glçvb`s b ìtbk`cbitbs iæa faisbcubl hbvakvbr a lbsla t`pa hb glar qub autra julgia faisbcu`r`g, b par `ssa as Kaufas hgs Cgtgs bstæa pbrpbtuglbitb ìsgt`sob`tas. G sakuãæa= lg`s cgtgs. A rbsuktgha à ulg fgsg falpkbtglbitb katghg b ulg saf`bhghb obkìg qub ouifàig prgt`fglbitb g hbspb`ta hb sbu prapr`btçrà, fal fkæs b pkgias b pravgvbklbitb ul fìrfuka hb hbh`fghas fukt`stgs hb Ousstgr-Gskgi. Autras julgias pbrfbdbl qub a kafgk iæa pbrtbifb lg`s î sug bspàf`b, b sb lgitíl h`stgitbs.

Hbsfr`ãæa hgs pbssags lçs Grrgifghar= Bstg fr`giãg gprbihb k`ãòbs ruìs has ghuktas qub bstæa ga sbu rbhar b gfjg h`vbrt`ha h`vbr t`ha ìffl`c`r har. Jçd`tas tìp`fas ìf ìfkubl kubl puxgr a rgda, grrgifgr pbkas b puxgr d`cahbs b hbrrudgr admbtas bl cgtgs qub bstæa harlìha. G lbias qub sbmg rbbhufgha hb gkculg oarlg, a Grrgifghar pravgvbklbitb `rç ah`gr cgtgs par tahg g sug v`hg b pass`vbklbitb iæa tbrç blpgt`g par autras julgias tgldàl. Lgrtbkghar= G oarlg bvakuìhg ha Grrgifghar, a Lgrtbkghar ìffl`cb har b fgusg lbha igs cgtgs hbk`dbrghglbitb, grlgiha grlgh`kjgs, glgrrgiha sìas

727

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

au kgtgs bl sbus rgdas b gfbrtgiha, h`rbtglbitb, fal dkafas au fal ul lgrtbka hb drìqubha, ulg cgtg qub bstç harl`ha. A Lgrtbkghar bstç hbstìgha g ulg v`hg hb frubk frubkhghb, hghb, b gpbig gpbigss bsoa bsoarãas rãas oarg ha falul pahbl trgis trgisoarlç oarlç-ka -ka bl ul sbr julgia hbfbitb. Lgihæa= Vupbr﬇f`gklbitb lu`ta pgrbf`hg fal a/g ^rìif`pb/^rìfbsg ha Fjç par sug ogsfìgãæa par macas saf`g`s, a Lgihæa iæa takbrg ibijulg oucg. As sbus macas bivakvbl vbst`r g cgtg fal raupgs gpbrtghgs, oarãgiha-g bl gssbitas hb dbdí b fgrras hb drìqubha, trgifgiha-g bl fgsgs hb daibfg, gcgrrgiha sugs pgtgs hg orbitb b oarãgiha-g g ulg hgiãg bxgust`vg, adr`cgiha as gi`lg`s g hbsblpbijgrbl pgpà`s qub g fr`giãg qubr, sbl sb `lpar `lpartgr tgr fal sbu faio faioarta, arta, prbobríif`gs au, gtà lbsla, sbcurgiãg. ^bkaoöd`fa= Bstb julgia prbf`sg qub tuha bstbmg k`lpa, arcgi`zgha b gtrgbitb a tblpa taha. uha gqu`ka qub a ^bkaoöd`fa iæa faisbcub faitrakgr à gkva gk va hb bsfçrià fçust`fa. À ìgfb`tçvbk g `hb`g hb ul gi`lgk qub saktg pbka, faspb dakgs hb pbka, falb fal`hg obh`hg, prbf`sg hb ulg fg`xg hb grb`g b, a pàr hb tuha, tbl sugs pröpr`gs `hb`gs. A ^bkaoöd`fa ^bkaoöd`fa gìhg bv`tg bv `tg g fgsg hb gl`cas qub tíl gi`lg`s, b tbitg faivbifí-kas g sb k`vrgr k`v rgr hbssgs fa`sgs. Cakpbghar= Gcarg bitrglas ia luiha hg frubkhghb. A Cakpbghar gt` vglbitb vglbi tb gtarl gtarlbitg bitg gs cgtgs (b tahgs gs autrgs fa`sgs v`vgs qub iæa sæa rçp`hgs au bspbrtgs a su﬇f`bitb pgrg bsfgpgr). As prgzbrbs pghræa hb ul Cakpbghar ìfkubl glgrrgr daldìjgs ga rgda hb ulg cgtg b gfbihí-kgs, bifjgrfgr gs hbsgtbitgs fal çcug cbkghg, hbrrudgr ulg p`kjg hb tglpgs hb pgibkg iulg cgtg harlìha, au qugkqubr autrg fa`sg qub fgusb iæa gpbigs hbsfaioarta, lgs s`l tbrrar. A Cakpbgh Cakpbghar ar iæa fjb fjbcg cg g lgtgr au lut lut`kgr `kgr ulg cgt cgtg… g… gìhg. Bitrbtgi Bitrbtgita, ta, prçt`fgs sgicrbitgs pahbl gfaitbfbr bivakvbiha fr`gturgs ‛lbiarbs“ fala sgpas b ìsbtas. Vb iæa oar gfalpgijgha, bstb ghakbsfbitb pahb frbsfbr b sb tari tarigr gr a pàr t`pa hb julgia= a Fartghar. Bsiadb= Rlg oarlg lg`s vbkjg hb ^bkaoöd`fa, fal tahg g gkbcr`g hb v`vbr sucghg. A Bsiadb ahb`g cgtgs, b tgldàl fr`giãgs, a luiha bxtbràr bxtbr àr,, b as julgias lbias goartuighas. A Bsiadb dusfg gpbigs g pbrob`ãæa bxtbràr a tblpa taha b sb uib gpbigs îqubkbs qub pahbl gmuhgr g gulbitgr gìhg lg`s g pgrbhb hb hìjb`ra hì jb`ra b zaldgr`g bitrb bkbs lbslas b g tbrrìvbk dgcuiãg ha luiha rbgk. Vb g lahg gss`l hbtbrlìgr, ul Bsiadb pahb fgrrbcgr ul pbqubia b l`lgha fgfjarra, fal ul tblpbrglbita frai`fglbitb ibrvasa. A Bsiadb k`hg fal ulg cgtg ìbspbrghg fala k`hg fal ul laitb hb bxfrblbitas= fal iama, vàkíif`g b lgihgiha gkcuàl sb k`vrgr hbkb. Grrblbssghar Grrb lbssghar== Bl gkculgs pgrtbs hg saf`bhghb julgig, bstb à a tìp`fa jalbl ghukta. Iarlgklbitb ul glgit glgitbb hb ffæbs, æbs, ul Grrblbssghar iæa sb `lpartg fal cgtgs, bxfbta pgrg hbsfadr`r gkca `rr`tgitb sadrb sug gutassu﬇f`íif`g. A Grrblbssghar iæa supartg sbr `ciargha, bitæa faisbcub g gtbiãæa hb ulg cgtg gssustgiha-g= hgiha p`sòbs, cr`tgiha, rìha hb rbgãòbs hb lbha au grrblbssgiha pbqubiasfal admbtas. A Grrblbssghar hb Grrblbsogta, lgs bifaitrg sgt`sogãæa ul grrblbssa fbrtb`raiæa b adusfg susta lgfjufgr hg obkìg. A

724

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

sghar pahb tbitgr bitrgr ia kgr hb ulg Fargãæa Wubitìja, a qub pahb kbvgr g faiffl`tas bl patbif`gk. Fartghar= Bstb ìh`vìhua gktglbitb pbrturdgha fgpturg falpuks`vglbitb pbqubias gi`lg`s pgrg tarturç-kas, ga paita hb ogzbr bxpbr`lbitas làh`fas, bi vbibiglbita, v`v`ssbfãæa b lartb. Rlg marighg î sgkg hb trgdgkja hb ul Fartghar pgrbfb ulg v`sæa ha h a ìobria. g`s julgias (o (obk`zlbitb bk`zlbitb rgras) bstæa passuìhas pbka pura lgk. G lartb hb sugs vìt`lgs sb trghuz bl sgfròìfàs hb sgicub b fjglg g gtbiãæa hb hbusbs lgkbvakbitbs. Orbqubitblbitb a Fartghar sb fgisg hb usgr cgtgs, paldas b autras pbqubias gi`lg`s, b fu`hghasglbitb pkgibmg bvaku`r pgrg gtgfgr autras julgias. alb fu`hgha. Gãa`tghar= A apasta ha Fafj`kghar, bstb julgia sb tariau glgrca fal a pgssgr has gias, b gtgfg fal gias hb oýr`g gfulukghg qugkqubr fa`sg qub sbmg kb kbvbvblbitb ìfølahg. Gdusgiha hg ìhukcíif`g qub autras julgias tíl pgrg fal as `hasas, a Gãa`tghar dgtb bl fr`giãgs b gi`lg`s fal ul dgstæa au dbicgkg, rbprbbihbiha-as biqugita `ssa. Rlg avbrhasb hb glar pahb faivbrtbr ul Gãa`tghar bl ul Fafj`kghar, lgs qugsb iæa jç lg`s tblpa pgrg `ssa. Kaufa has ^çssgras (Kaufa has @isbtas, btf)= Hbvatgha, sbl pbrfbdbr, ga Hbus ^çssgra, bstb julgia lgitàl ul mgrh`l bspgãasa fal vçràs falbhauras pgrg pçssgras. Fghg bstgãæa trgz ul hòbrbitb crupa hb gvbs v`s`tgitbs, b tahgs rbfbdbl lu`tg fal`hg. A Kaufa has ^çssgras iæa castg hgs cgtgs fgãgiha as pçssgras, b gs goucbitg rgp`hglbitb hg çrbg, lu`tgs vbzbs hgiha gkcuis cakpbs fal ulg vgssaurg, grrblbssgiha tarròbs hb tbrrg au gtà lbsla hgiha gkcuis t`ras fal ulg grlg hb prbssæa. Rlg oarlg lbias falul hbstb pgpbk à a Kaufa has @isbtas, sbrva ha Hbus @isbta, qub lgitàl ul mgrh`l hb fflarbs bsfakj`hgs pgrg gtrg`r dardakbtgs b autrgs bspàf`bs, b tgkvbz gtà faklb`gs hb gdbkjg. G lbrg v`sæa hb ulg cgtg tbitgiha pbcgr ulg dardakbtg bifjb a Kaufa has @isbtas hb öhà. Julgias gìhg lg`s rgras pahbl sb hbvatgr, hb oarlg s`l`kgr, g rgtas, pb`xbs, b autras gi`lg`s b sbus hbusbs.

726

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gpíih`fb E A K`vra Has Fæbs âr Maji H. Ebiibhy

728

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

@itrahuãæa Rlg hgs Lbtgs Bstbih`hgs ha Oìgif`glbita Fakbt`va ar`cìgk hb Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju brg aobrbfbr rbcrgs supkblbitgrbs pgrg macgr fal pbrsaigcbis fgiìas. Wugiha gtìc`las bstb bst b admbt`va, t`vblas g sartb hb faitgr fal Maji Ebiibhy Ebiibhy== ul vbtbrgia qub mç tìjg fakafgha sug sugss pgtgs bl rbscgtbs rbg`s hb fgfjarras b ia T^C HGSC . G pgrt`f`pgãæa hb Maji ia ui`vbrsa hb Cgtjukju ias hç g pbrspbft`vg ha lbkjar gl`ca ha jalbl, gkàl hb sugs pröpr`gs `hb`gs gssustghargs hb hbusbs, laistras b fr`sbs sadrbigturg`s. G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hb hb ulg fglpgijg iarlgk pahb usgr bstb Gpíih`fb fala ul cu`g pgrg ìfku`r ul ffæa æa iæa macçvbk pgrg qub gs cgtgs a bifaitrbl au ‘ fala g Ghbstrgharg hb Fæs ‘ faihuz`r ul crupa hb Fæs Macghargs gtrgvàs hb sugs pröpr`gs fæavbiturgs. Gpravb`tb! Gpravb`tb! Lr. Mabk

Maji H. Eb Ebiibhy iibhypgrg trgdgkjau fal T^C lu`tas gias, tgita fala b orbbkgifbr qugita g gs blprbsgs Aiyxpar ^gtj ûdk`sjìc, Ebizbrfa, X`rh Byb Cglbs. W Wugiha ugiha iæa bstç hbsbivakvbiha iavas macas, bkb pgssg sbu tblpa rbscgtgiha fgfjarras pbrh`has ig çrbg hb @ih`giçpak`s b kbiha b bsfrbvbiha qughrìjas. Bitrb sbus trgdgkjas bstç ‛G brrìvbk uldg hb Giejgttbi“, Giejgttbi “, gvbiturg pgrg a s`stblg hb T^C HGSC  (p. (p. 732).

722

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

^brsaigcbis fgiìas Fgfjarra s, gss`l fal Fgfjarras, falaa gs cgtgs, kutgl faitrg as pah pahbrbs brbs saldr saldràs, às, lgs iæa sæa, hb oarlg gkculg, gk`ghas. Fgfjarras vbbl gs obkìgs fala usurpghargs hb sbu pgpbk hb Lbkjar Gl`ca ha Jalbl, ul tìtuka faifbh`ha gas ^r`lb`ras Fæbs hurgitb as H`gs Ibcras ia falbãa ha luiha. Fgfjarras Fgfjarras sbrvbl g julgi`hghb j ulgi`hghb fal kbgkhghb b pg`xæa, b kutgl obrazlbitb par sbus gl`cas.

As fìfa pgpà`s ^brcuitb g qugkqubr haia hb fgfjarra sadrb as gi`lg`s qub bkbs mç t`vbrgl b bkbs ogkgræa qub ha`s fæbs iæa sæa `cug`s. Gkcuis sæa fargmasas b gvbiturb`ras, biqugita autras pgssgl sugs v`hgs bifakj`has ias i as drgãas hb sbu haia, h aia, fal lbha hg pröpr`g saldrg. Bl tbrlas hb maca, gs macghargs falbãgl hb﬇iìha sbu fæa bsfakjbiha ul has fìfa pgpà`s.

Fæa hb Cugrhg

Gcrbss`va, pratbtar b pbr`casa, ul Fæa hb Cugrhg à a tbrrar hb sbus ì`l`cas b pratbtar ha qub kjb pbrtbifb. Væa, iarlgklbitb, fæbs hgs bspàf`bs hb lgàr tglgija b tapgl qugkqubr dr`cg, rgrglbitb oucìha hb ulg. Lgs à prbf`sa gkcuis fu`hghas, pa`s a bifaitra fal ul gi`lgk tæa drutgk pahb hb`xgr as julgias gssustghas. A kgha dal à qub g lbrg v`s v`sæa æa hb ul fæa hb gtgqub tæa vàkbita vàkbi ta gss`l pahb ogzbr lbsla a apaibitb lg`s `lpgssìvbk farrbr par sug v`hg.

Fæa hb Faka Oa﬇ija, fgrìjasa b gcrghçvbk= tahgs bssgs pgkgvrgs hbsfrbvbl ul fgfjarra qub pgssg lgàr pgrtb ha sbu tblpa gfaifjbca hasb julgias. À `lpassìvbk iæa dgmukgrg ul fgfjarrìja hbssbs, fumaiafgr`slg igturgk gpgríif`g oa﬇ijg pbrl`tbl qub tbijg ulg v`hg hb lu`ta faioarta. Bstbs fgfjarras iarlgklbitb tíl sug pröpr`g fglg b ulg ì﬇i`hghb ì﬇i `hghb hb fakb`rgs hg lahg pgrg usgr. Bkbs pahbl gtà sgdbr ul truqub au autra pgrg cgrgit`r qub as julgias drìqubl fal bkbs, cgijgiha tahas as pbt`sfas qub qu`sbr qu`sbr..

Lbkjar Gl`ca Gpg`xaigha, kbgk b fai﬇çvbk, a Lbkjar Gl`ca à gqubkb falpgijb`ra faistgitb, Gpg`xaigha, sbmg pgrg ulg fr`giãg julgig au gtà pgrg autra fgfjarra. Bkb à ìsbpgrçvbk hb sbu julgia, pgssgiha as h`gs ga gkfgi gkfgifb fb hgs læas hb sbu gl`ca, faistgitblbitb gkbrtg pgrg qugkqubr pbr`ca bl patbif`gk. Lbkjarbs Gl`cas prbobrbl sb lg-

72?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

fjufgr g hb`xgr qub gkca gfaitbãg ga sbu julgia, b sblprb gv`sgl b gpaitgl glbgãgs bl patbif`gk.

Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl Bstbs fæbs sæa as lg`stíl bsqu`s`tas bitrb hb as t`pas fgfjarra `ssa fais`hbrgiha qub gkcuis fgfjarras g tbihíif`g falbrhbsbu pröprà(bfafø!). A Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl sbitb g trgh`ãæa dgtbiha bl sbu pb`ta b hbsbmg pahbr rbtarigr î igturbzg sbkvgcbl pgrg bstgr pbrta hb sbus gifbstrg`s. Bkbs sbitbl g brrg sb lavbr sad sbus pàs b faisbcubl pbrfbdbr crgihbs bvbitas fösl`fas bl sbus saijas b sbit`r pbrturdgãòbs ig arhbl igturgk. Rl Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl auvb g Fgiãæa hb ^kutt‐tja. Vbmg ul Vbl Tgãg Hb﬇i`hg (ul VTH) v`vbiha ia luiha sbkvgcbl au ul Fj`jugjug hbtbrlìgha, ul Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl pahb sb tarigr ul crgihb v`sàiçrà bitrb g bspàf`b fgiìg.

A ^bh`crbb Bstbssæa fgfjarras sæahas a bxblpka dags rbprahuãòbs b rb﬇iglbita, b `ssa àha v`sìvbk! Bkbs a bxblpka lbkjarbshbtrgãas hb sug rgãg, sbmg g àt`fg hb trgdgkja ^gstar Gkblæa, g crgãg ràc`g hb ul Cgkca @ickís, au g igturbzg pbfuk`gr hb ul ûc. Îs vbzbs sæa lbiasprbzghas par autras fgfjarras par sugs kìjgcbis `lpartgitbs, `lpart gitbs, lgs bkbs iæa sb `lpartgl. A qub qubr qub bkbs ogãgl, sbmg farrbr par ul fglpa au hb`tgr bifakj`ha pröx`la hg tbkbv`sæa, tbkb v`sæa, bkbs a ogzb ogzbl l fal crgãg b dbkb dbkbzg, zg, bxgtglbitb fala sug igturbzg rbgk hbtbrlìg.

J`stör`gs ahass as fgfjar aha fgf jarras ras pbr pbrtbi tbifbl fbl g ulg lbs lbslg lg crgi crgihb hb ogl oglìk` ìk`g, g, iæa `lp `lpart artgg sb igsfbrgl iul dbfa bsfura au bl ulg fgsg glarasg. G pgrt`r hgì, g v`hg hb fghg fgfjarra sbcub ul rula r ula hòbrbitb. Bl qub t`pa hb oglìk`g bssb bss b fgfjarra bstç ìsbr`ha1 Wugiha bkb oa` rbt`rgha hg prax`l`hghb hb sbus pg`s1 Hb﬇i`r g j`stör`g hb ul fgfjarra jbrö` hç î Mac Macghar gharg g  (b (b î Ghb Ghbstr strghar ghargg hb Fæbs ) lg`s apãòbs pgrg trgdgkjgr a pbrsaigcbl hurgitb a maca. Hbtgkjbs pahbl vgr`gr hbpbihbiha ha fbiçrà, lgs fbrtgs ìoarlgãòbs cbrg`s sadrb a pgssgha ha fgfjarra sæa rbkbvgitbs pgrg g J`stör`g.

Bst`ka hb _`hg Fæbs sbkvgcbis igsfbl ha kgha hb oarg b sug igturbzg iæa halbst`fghg as cu`g hbshb a igsf`lbita. Bkbs v`vbl ig igturbzg sbkvgcbl au igs rugs, b bstæa faistgitblbi-

tb kutgihabkbs pgrgsæasadrbv`vbr. Bldarg `ciarbl g tbfiakac`g b gs gi`lg`s kb`s hgs sbkvgcbis. saf`bhghbs julgigs, bspbf`gk`stgs bl fakbtgr gk`lbitas b k`hgr fal

723

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Fæbs halàst`fas  v`vbl v`vbl bl ulg fgsg b, bxfbta gqubkbs qub tíl gfbssa î rug, bkbs iuifg sb gogstgrgl lu`ta hb sbu kgr. @ssa kjbs hç ulg vgitgcbl qugiha k`hgl fal julgias, par bstgrbl sblprb pbrta hg tbfiakac`g b sgdbrbl fala bkg ouifàig. Ga Ga faitrçrà hb autras fgfjarras, g lgàr`g has fæbs halàst`fas à fgstrghg. Fæbs hb falpbt`ãæa v`vbl ulg v`hg hb faioarta, sbmg par gpgrbfbrbl hb ogta bl sjaws hb fgfjarras, au par sbrbl fais`hbrghas bxfbkbitbs gi`lg`s hb rbprahuãæa. Bkbs iarlgklbitb iiæa æa sgdbl lu`ta sadrb a luiha sbkvgcbl, lgs bitbihbl lu`ta dbl as julgias, sgdbl sb v`rgr b sgdbl fala bv`tgr b v`tgr g fukpg par sbus gtas.

Vadrbv`vbiha G Macgharg  hbvb hbvb hbf`h`r fala sbu fgfjarra sadrbv`vb ia luiha. Bkb à ul fgãghar, gtgfgiha bsqu`kas hbsgv`sghas b fabkjas bl quìtg`s1 Rl fgri`fb`ra hb pr`lb`rg, qub sblprb bifaitrg ul hbk`fàsa tbsaura ia ouiha hgs kgtgs hb k`xa1 A fgfjarra kutg fal cgtgs b rgtas pgrg faisbcu`r sadrgs hb fal`hg macghgs par rbstgurgitbs, au sbrç qub bssb pbrsaigcbl ﬇fgr`g tatgklbitb pbrh`ha sbl g daihghb b gs crgãgs hb haias qub a gk`lbitbl1

Hbsfrbvbiha Tgãgs Macghargs hb cgtgs pahbl hbsfrbvbr sugs pbrsaigcbis hg oarlg fala qu`sbrbl, hbshb qub g fr`gturg ﬇igk gìhg passg sbr fjglghg hb ‛cgtg“. Bx`stbl lu`tgs rgãgs hb cgtgs, hbshb Glbr`fgi Vjartjg`r ga ^brsg, lgs tahas bkgs tíl lg`s au lbias gs lbslgs fgrgftbrìst`fgs. @ssa iæa gfaitbfb fal fgfjarras. Ig vbrhghb, hbshb a sàfuka 73 a iýlbra b g vgr`bhghb hb rgãgs hhbb fgfjarra uktrgpgssgrgl ulg fbitbig. Tgãgs hb fgfjarra vgr`gl bl gkturg, ppbsa, bsa, far far,, oarlgta hgs arbkjgs, oarlgta ha oafìja, b gtà lb lbsla sla gs fgrgftbrìst`f fgrgftbrìst`fgs gs cbrg`s ha farpa. Bldarg tahgs falpgrt`kjbl gs lbslgs fgrgftbrìst`fgs oìs`fgs cbrg`s (tbr 8 pbrigs, 4 akjas, 4 arbkjgs btf.), pahb sbr hòìf`k hbsfrbvbr ul fgfjarra sbl tbr bl lbitb gkcul t`pa hb rgãg ogvar`tg.

Tgãg ûrg au L`sturgha Rl fgfjarra hb Tgãg ûrg pahb sbr ogf`klbitb `hbit`﬇fgha ia pr`lb`ra akjgr, b tbrç tahgs gs fgrgftbrìst`fgs oìs`fgs qub farrbspaihbl g ulg hgs rgãgs hb fgfjarra faijbf`hgs. ^grg ul Hacub Gkblæa, pahblas pbisgr igs kaicgs pgtgs, a oìs`fa gkta b a oafìja gkaicgha. ^grg a Fj`jugjug, tbrblas sbu tglgija lìýsfuka, a rgdìja furta b a oafìja ﬇ia. As hb Tgãg ûrg sæa lu`ta vgkar`zghas par gkcuis julgias, b bkbs trafgl lu`tas has pbhgãas hb pgpbk qub bkbs gfjgl tæa vgkarasas par ul hbssbs fæbs. Bssbs fgfjarras sæa lgit`has sad faistgitb v`c`käif`g par sbus haias, fal lbha hb qub bkbs oumgl au sbmgl raudghas. Gìhg, bldarg gkculgs rgãgs sbmgl lu`tgs vgkar`zghgs par sbus pas`t`vas, jgd`k`hghb pgrg fgãgr vbkaf`hghb, tíl fala kghatrgãas ibcgt`va ogtarbsfala cbiàt`fas qub pahbl kbvgraug

72:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

pradkblgs outuras, faioarlb a gi`lgk bbivbkjbfb. ivbkjbfb. Gkcuis hb rgãg purg pahbl igsfbr fbcas au sbl a sbit`ha ha akogta, a qub pahb sb sbrr ul crgihb hb hbsg﬇a. sg﬇a. Tgãgs ûrgs lu`tgs vbzbs sæa bsfakj`has fala Fæbs hb Cugrhg par sb bifg`xgrbl igs fgrgftbrìst`fgs bspbfì﬇fgs qub as julgias dusfgl ibssgs rgãgs. Autras v`vbl v`hgs obk`zbs hb kuxa fala A ^bh`crbb, aihb sug kìjgcbl iadrb à rbfaijbf`hg ogf`klbitb. A fgfjarra Tgãg ûrg  pbrl`tb pbrl`tb î macgharg ìtbrprbtgr a fgfjarra hb sbus saijas, dbl fala sb hbsfrbvbr pbka ialb hb gkculgs rgãgs glghgs, fala a Cakhbi Tbtr`bvbr au a Lgkglutb ha Gkgsfg. Mç as L`sturghas iarlgklbitb passubl fghg pg` hb ulg rgãg hòbrbitb, au as pröpràs pg`s mç sæa, bkbs lbslas, ulg l`sturg. Fal rgrgs bxfbãòbs (fala a ûcckb78 au a Farc`paa72), tblas ul fgfjarra qub faldìg as trgãas hb sbus pg`s, rbsuktgiha bl ul farpa hb Kgdrghar fal fgdbãg hb ^`t Dukk, au fgfjarras qub faldìgl as trgãas hb lg`s hb hugs rgãgs. Rl L`sturgha pahb sb pgrbfbr bxgtglbitb fal ul ^`t ^ `t Dukk au sbr lg`s ulg l`sturg bicrgãghg b icrgãghg hb fgrgftbrìst`fgs, b macghargs sæa bifargmghgs g hgr hbsfr`ãòbs oìs`fgs hb h b sbus pbrsaigcbis pgrg gmuhgr gs autrgs g bitbihbr bitb ihbr fal a qub bkb sb pgrbfb. L`sturghas iuifg pahbl tbr a pgpbk hb A ^bh`crbb, lgs bkbs passubl lu`ta glar, as tarigiha bxfbkbitbs Fæbs hb Faka au Lbkjarbs Gl`cas. Gqubkbs fal farpas lgàrbs pahbl sbr Fæbs hb Cugrhg , lgit`has bl quìtg`s au ia mgrh`l hb crgihbs fgsgs pgrg lgití-kgs sbcurgs.

^bka Furta, ^bka Hura, ^bka Kaica1 ^grg Tgãgs ûrgs, a pbka pahb sbr qugkqubr ul has gfb`tçvb`s pgrg g rgãg, lgs pgrg L`sturghas vgkb qugkqubr fa`sg. Gkcuis fgfjarras tíl ^bkas lu`ta Furtas, pgrbfbiha qub a gi`lgk qugsb iæa tbl ighg fadrìha sbu s bu farpa. Bssbs pbkas iuifg ﬇f ﬇fgl gl sbl dr`kja au bldgrgãgl, b sæa oçfb`s hb k`lpgr k`lpgr,, lgs tarigl a fgfjarra lg`s susfbtìvbk ga orà. Fgfjarras hb ^bka Hura passubl ulg fgpg hb pbkas lu`ta hbsgcrghçvbk ga taqub, lgs qubsbrpahb kjbs hgr ulg fbrtgtrgtghg, pratbãæa faitrgbldgrgãgr, a gld`bitb. Bitrbtgita, bkg prbf`sg lgi lgit`hg t`hg k`lpg b dbl au pahb oarlgiha crgihbs dakgs hb pbka. Gqubkbs fal ^bka Kaica passubl fgpgs ckaràsgs qub, fal a fu`hgha ghbqugha, pahbl rbgklbitb dr`kjgr b gtrg`r g gtbiãæa b rbspb`ta has julgias. Bssgs fgpgs hb`xgl a gi`lgk qubitìja, lgs sbl a hbv`ha fu`hgha pahbl sb tarigr cruhbitgs, sumgs b bldakgr. Gss`l, à ibfbssçrà hb hbsbldgrgãgr sbldgrgãgr b bsfavgr h`gr`glbitb.

78 72 ‘ ‘ I. I. . . ulg ulg l`sturg l`sturg bitrb bitrb ûc Farc`b âahkb b âahkb

720

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Far ha pbka1 Wugk g far ha pbka ha sbu fgfjarra1 Bkb à ul Kgdrghar fal gqubkb tal glgrbkgha, fgpgz hb sb fglufflgr iul l`kjgrgk, lgs sb hbstgfgiha ig ibvb1 Au vafí à ul fgfjarra lgrral bsfura, fumg far ha pbka sb l`sturg fal a saoç qub sbrvb hb fglg1 Vug pbkgcbl à prbtg fala g ia`tb, a qub à bxfbkbitb pgrg ul fgfjarra hb rug qub fglìjg pbkg v`zìjgiãg fgãgiha faàtbs b laistras1 Gs farbs ha pbka hb ul fgfjarra pahbl vgr`gr hb ul gzuk gfìzbitgha g haurgha v`drgitb, b gtà lbsla gkcuis Tgãgs ûrgs gprbsbitgl pbkgcbl hòbrbitb hb tblpas bl tblpas.

Far has akjas As akjas has fgfjarras pahbl sbr glgrbkas, lgrrais au gzu`s, au pgrg gqubkgs Macghargs qub qubrbl gkca g lg`s (b fal g pbrl`ssæa hg Ghbs Ghbstrgharg trgharg hb Fæbs), bkbs pahbl sbr hb qugkqubr far. Farbs hb akjas hòbrbitbs surcbl qugiha sb bstç tbitgiha bstgdbkbfbr g hòbrbiãg bitrb ha`s fgfjarras. Bkbs sæa hgqubkb lgrral gvbrlbkjgha, qub gmuhg a fgfjarra g sb l`sturgr gas hblg`s hg lbslg rgãg1 Au sbr`gl sbr `gl dr`kjgitbs akjas gzu`s, qub gmuhgl sbu haia g bifaitrç-ka ia lbà hg lukt`hæa1

7?>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

As Crgihbs Fjboòbs As fgfjarras v`vbl ia lbsla luiha qub gs cgtgs b sb hbpgrgl fal gs lbslgs fr`gturgs ia h`g g h`g. Bkbs k`hgl fal cgtgs b sugs hb`hghbs, k`hgl fal as sbcu`harbs ha Fukta hb Haurgcai qub dusfgl k`dbrtgr a luiha hg ìffluíif`g hb autras gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa. Bx`stbl autras gi`lg`s ia luiha hb ul fgfjarra, b bssgs fr`gturgs sæa ulg glbgãg, tgita pgrg fæbs, qugita pgrg cgtgs. Bkbs sbcubl sbus pröpràs hbusbs b passubl sbus pröpràs admbt`vas qub, îs vbzbs, sæa dbià﬇fas pgrg as fæbs (lgs, iarlgklbitb, iæa sæa). Lgt`kjgs hb fgfjarras mç sb hbpgrgrgl fal bstrgijas r`tug`s igs fflarbstgs, aihb fabkjas ogiçt`fas tbitgl ìvafgr ul hbus git`ca qub pralbtb bkbvç-kas ga pasta hb gi`lgk hb bst`lgãæa lg`s ghargha pbkg julgi`hghb, biqugita autras fukt`stgs dusfgl g gdsakutg hbstru`ãæa hb tahgs gs fr`gturgs v`vgs ia i a pkgibtg.

^kutt‐tja ^kutt‐tja, a Fæa Laistruasa, ^kutt‐tja, a K`dbrtghar, a qub Tbýib gs Lgt`kjgs, a Gkog Vuprbla, b ^ ^kutt kutt‐tja ‐tja,, a Dal Lbiìa, sæa tahas gspbftas hg lbslg bit`hghb qub tahas as fgiìas, ìfkuìha kadas b fæbs sbkvgcbis, vbibrgl fal rbspb`ta. Hb gfarha fal a git`ca Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl faijbf`ha fala Oafìja Falpr`ha, ^kutt‐tja bstgvb par gqu` hbshb a ììfà hg julgi`hghb, b bl fbrta paita ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja b a pr`lb`ra julgia fglìjgrgl pbkg tbrrg muitas. Fal a pgssgr has gias, rbzgl gs kbihgs, gvgtgrbs hb ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja gpgrbfbrgl vçr`gs vbzbs pgrg sbus sbcu`harbs, kbvgiha ga íxaha hb sbu pava pgrg tahas as fgitas ha ckada b pbrl`tìha a surc`lbita ha Fæa Vbkvgcbl hg Çor`fg, ha Hìca Gustrgk`gia, b has Kadas ig Glàr`fg ha Iartb. Hbtgkjbs sadrb a Fukta g ^kutt‐tja, ig pbrspbft`vg hgs cgtgs, gpgrbfbl ig pçcìg ?2. ?2. âhb sbr qub as sbcu`harbs fgiìas tgldàl tbijgl pgssgha par ulg h`v`sæa, s`l`kgr gas fuktas obkìas pgrg Ousstgr b pgrg Gskgi. gkvbz as Favbis hb ^kutt oaqubl tatgklbitb tatgklbi tb ia `hbgk ha Dal Lbiìa b g lgiutbiãæa has fæbs pbrta pbr ta has julgias, biqugita gs lgt`kjgs hb kadas b autras fgiìas sbkvgcbis vbibrbl Xa, a Tasigha, g bifgrigãæa ha lbsla `hbgk hb kbgkhghb, lgs sbl rbobríif`g gas Hugs ^brigs ‘ Lr. Mabk.

Cgtgs Cgtgs gfrbh`tgl qub cavbrigl a luiha julgia, lgs as fgfjarras sgdbl qub ig vbrhghb sæa bkbs qub hbtíl a vbrhghb`ra pahbr. Gs cgtgs ﬇fgrgl fal ìvbmg has ogvarbs qub as julgias prbstgvgl gas fæbs, b tbitgrgl bicgigr as jalbis g gfb`tç-kgs, kbvgiha g julgi`hghb g faistru`r tblpkas pgrg gs cgtgs b trgtç-kgs fala ogksas ìhakas. Ousstgr-Gskgi, a Hbus Cgta, pralavb ul faioraita btbria

7?7

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

fal ^kutt‐tja pbkg gtbiãæa hg julgi`hghb, kbvgiha gldas as kghas g pas`fàigr fu`hghasglbitb sbus macgharbs ia C Crgihb rgihb  gdukb`ra gdukb`ra pgrg vbr qubl `rç vbifbr vbifbr..

Cugxììs G @rlgihghb Ckör`g ^rgtbghg à ulg faistgitb glbgãg pgrg tahas as fgfjarras, pa`s trgtg-sb hbhgulg cu`khg hb cugxììs kghròbs adfbfghas bl faiqu`stgr tbsauras b ìvgh`r kucgrbs qub iæa hbvbr`gl bitrgr, tatgklbitb faisf`bitb faisf`bitbss hb qub, ig lgàr`g hgs vbzbs, sbrç a gi`lgk hb bst`lgãæa qub kbvgrç g fukpg par qugkqubr dgcuiãg ob`tg ig fazìjg. Vbrvìha Vbrvì ha sbu l`stbràsa K Kbc`skghar bc`skghar,, g @rlgihghb faiv`hg gpbigs as kghròbs lg`s jgd`k`hasas, b sugs læas qugsb julgigs as hb`xgl sblprb ul pgssa î orbitb has fgfjarras.

Cgldçs Vbrvìha ga gvgtgr hg Lartb faijbf`hg fala Acaib, Fukt`stgs Cgldçs sb vbbl fala grgutas hb ulg crgihb luhgiãg ia luiha. Bkbs prbobrbl v`vbr v`hgs laiçst`fgs b sak`tçr`gs, bldarg tgldàl sbmgl faijbf`has par fakbtgr sbcrbhas b ìoarlgãòbs hb autras gi`lg`s. H`zbl qub sug prax`l`hghb fal g Lartb as tarig rbs`stbitbs î Kaufurg hb Vgicub, V gicub, lgs sbus làtahas sumas b sug tbihí tbihíif`g if`g g ìvgh`r kucgrbs aihb iæa sæa dbl vìhas as tarig ì`l`cas has fæbs.

Lg`s hg _`hg Vbkvgcbl Gi`lg`s iæa halbst`fghas hb tahas as t`pas passubl sbus pröpràs Fuktas, iarlgklbitb gkculg vbrsæa hg Igturbzg Vbkvgcbl (p. (p. 38 38).). g`s fr`gturgs pahbl dusfgr vìcgiãg par tbrbl s`ha fgãghgs f gãghgs par fgfjarras ia pgssgha5 bl falpgij`g has julgias, fæbs fgãgrgl hb tuha, t uha, hb kbdrbs g rgpasgs b ursas. Bl autras lalbitas, Fukt`stgs pahbr`gl dusfgr gmuhg fgiìgapgrg as pkgias has julgias Vbkvgcbis qub, fgsa faitìugssbl, bivbibigr`gl lbàìtbrralpbr gld`bitb pgrg fæbs b julgias, dbl fala autrgs fr`gturgs. As julgias, pr`vghas hg sgdbhar`g sgdbhar `g hb bspìr`ta, pahbl iæa vbr gs faisbquíif`gs, au tgkvbz fukt`stgs julgias hb Lgllai (p. ( p. 38) dusqubl kufras gpbsgr has r`sfas.

G Kaufurg hb Vgicub aha fgfjarra faijbfb ul autr aha autraa fgfjarra qub oa` vìt`lg hbssg bstrgijg habiãg, b taha fgfjarra tbl lbha hb qub ulg larh`hg hb ul gi`lgk sbkvgcbl passg oarãç-ka g ulg v`s`tg ga _-B-. G Kaufurg hb Vgicub sb bspgkjg gtà qub a fgfjarra iæa fais`cg lg`s pbisgr h`rb`ta, b sais b fjb`ras sb tarigl vìv`has hblg`s pgrg supartgr. Vb iæa trgtgha, g padrb fr`gturg ﬇fg kaufg, bspulgiha, praitg pgrg lar-

7?4

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

hbr qugkqubr fa`sg par pura lbha. Iìcuàl sgdb sb g Kaufurg hb Vgicub à gkca igturgk au ulg lgkh`ãæa fr`ghg par ulg bspàf`b b spàf`b pgrg bk`lìgr tahgs gs autrgs, lgs g Kaufurg hb Vgicub fgusg h`sfarhäif`g b lbha aihb qubr qub sbmg bifaitrghg.

Lgu Lbiìa!

Rl sbcrbha qub as fæbs tbitgl bsfaihbr has autras à a ogta hb qub ibl tahas as fgfjarras sbcubl g Crgihb ^ralbssg hb ^kutt‐tja. Gkcuis sb vaktgrgl faitrg g julgi`hghb b sug pröpr`g bspàf`b, b sb tarigrgl ulg hgs glbgãgs lg`s pbr`casgs pgrg autras fgfjarras. @ssa sb salg îs glbgãgs rbprbsbitghgs par Cgtjukju b sbus autras sbrv`harbs. GBIÃÆ GBIÃÆA A= Bssgs oarãgs iæa i æa sæa dagzìjgs. Macghargs iavgs, au Ghbstrghargs hb Fæbs qub iæa qubrbl lgifjgr sug sbssæa fal a faijbf`lbita ha Fgas, pahbl prbobr`r pukgr bstg pgrtb.

Gstrgfaptj a Jalbl ha Gdr`ca Ibl tahgs gs hb`hghbs qub as fæbs f æbs tblbl gpgrbfbl fala sbu gl`cas au ogl`k`grbs. Gstrgfaptj à gqubkb qub pbrsbcub fgfjarras ìafbitbs qub bstæa kaicb hb fgsg b tbitg fgpturç-kas pgrg trgzí-kas pgrg sbu kgr bl autrg h`lbisæa, ul Gdr`ca hb Fgfjarras tæa tbrrìvbk qub gs sugs kbihgs kbih gs sæa faitghgs pgrg ﬇kjatìjas pgrg lgití -kas ig kìjg. Bkb surcb fala ul sbr julgia c`cgitbsfa, fumgs fgrgftbrìst`fgs sæa iarlg`s pgrg autras julgias, lgs à v`sta pbkas fgfjarras fala tbiha ulg pbkb birucghg b raxg b ul fìta ob`ta hb fakb`rgs hb vçràs gi`lg`s.

O`kjatìjas Îs vbzbs, ul fgfjarra iæa à a qub pgrbfb. A Afgsàigklbitb fgsàigklbitb fgi fgi`s `s væa rbfbdbr ul ﬇kjatìja hb rug qub pgrg iæa ogz ibijul dgrukja, adsbrvgfal tahavçr`gs a gld`bitb fal fu`hgha, gpbigs hbsgpgrbfbr ig lgijælgs sbcuìtb cgàkgs vgz`gs ga sb sbuu rbha rbharr. @ssa gfait gfaitbfb bfb parqub a fg fgi`k i`k ooa` a` ìv ìvgh`ha gh`ha par ul Fæazì Fæazìja, ja, ulg fr`gturg hb ulg oalb ìsgf`çvbk. Ig sug oarlg igturgk hb ulg caslg sbl oarlg g fa`sg pgrbfb ìaobis`vg, lgs sbu taqub qub`lg fala çf`ha b bkb faisbcub fap`gr g oarlg hb qugkqubr fr`gturg qub bifaitrg, cgijgiha farpa bstruturg hgqubkbs qub faisalb.

G Crgihb Tgãg hb P`pp Rlg rgãg git`cg fal lgquìgãòbs qub uktrgpgssgl brgs, g Crgihb Tgãg hb P`pp P` pp iæa bx`st bx`stbb ia luiha oìs`fa ia lalbi lalbita ta gtugk. B Bkg kg tbl a pahbr hb v`gmgr par l`kjòbs hb gias, ìstgkgiha g lbitb hb ul lbldra hg Crgihb Tgãg ia

7?6

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

farpa hb ul fgfjarra, biqugita g lbitb ha fæa trafghg pgssg g afupgr a farpa ha gk`biìcbig bl ulg f`hghb outurìst`fg b `lprbssàigitb fjglghg P`pp. A farpa hgqubkbs hg Crgihb Tgãg à fgiìa, lgs fal ulg pbkb glgrbkghg b sbl pbkas, crgihbs akjas prbtas, pbrigs qub sb pgrbfbl tbitçfukas qub pbrl`t pbrl`tbl bl ul lav`lbita dìpbhb au qughrýpbhb, b ulg kìicug qub pahb sb bst`fgr par lu`tas lbtras, fal ulg paitg fgpgz hb gcgrrgr. Gvbiturgs= Rl `lpartgitb fgfjarra iæa macçvbk hb rbpbitb falbãg g gc`r bstrgija, pa`s ulg lbitb hg Crgihb Tgãg talau passb hbkb, tbitgiha bsfaihbr sug prbsbiãg biqugita bxpkarg a lçx`la passìvbk as h`gs gtug`s. Au taha ul crupa hb Fæs Macghargs pahbl sbr trgisobr`has pgrg P`pp, k`vrbs pgrg fglìjgr pbkg f`hghb bl sbus farpas bstrgijas, b hbvbl hbsfadr`r fala rbvbrtbr a prafbssa, au ﬇fgræa kaicb hb sbus julgias pgrg sblprb.

A Drìqubhìja qub _bà ha Bspgãa Afgsàigklbitb, bitrb as drìqubhas trgz`has pbka julgia glarasa, as fgfjarras bifaitrgl ul falpkbtglbitb hòbrbitb has hblg`s. Bssbs iæa sæa drìqubhas, lgs s`l faifjgs hb fr`gturgs jarrìvb`s autrgs fakar`hgs h`lbisòbs.dgstgitb Ga bitrgr ia ui` vbrsa, suggspbkb qub`lg, bitæa bkbs fr`gl hb faifjgs bkgdarghgs. Bldarg pgrbãgl ìaobis`vas, bstbs arcgi`slas dusfgl sb gk`lbitgr hg har julgig b sb fakafgl bl pas`ãòbs pgrg fgusgr gf`hbitbs. Wugiha sugs fgsfgs sb ralpbl, bkbs surcbl fala çcugs-v`vgs hb farbs dr`kjgitbs, `lpassìvb`s hb hbsfrbvbr, b saktgl tbrrìvb`s cuìfjas lartg`s gitbs hhbb gtgfgr.

ûccbis b sbus Fæbs hg Ia`tb7? Rl git`ca fgfjarra gkog, ûccbis v`vb bl bspìr`ta fala ul crgihb fgãghar b rgstrbghar,, sb lastrgiha igs fgãghgs b halìgih trbghar halìgihaa crgihbs prbsgs. Wugiha bkb sb lgl giòbstg, talg g oarlg hb ul ûc c`cgitbsfa fal akjas hb oaca b fjglgs fj glgs sgìha hb sug cgrcgitg. Vug lgt`kjg hb Fæbs hg Ia`tb sæa fr`gturgs gkghgs qub sb lavbl sbl s bl ogzbr sais b rgstrb`gl gs prbsgs pgrg sbu hbus. Afgsàigklbitb, ûccbis biv`g ul Fæa hg Ia`tb pgrg gmuhgr as kbg`s Fukt`stgs hb ^ ^kutt kutt‐tja ‐tja qub tbitgl ìvafgr gmuhg.

Gs Lgt`kjgs Vbkvgcbis Kadas, faàtbs b autras fgiìas crgihbs, supastglbitb, sbcubl ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja.. Gkculgs lgt`kjgs, bitrbtgita, bsfakjbrgl sbu pröprà fglìja, v`rgiha sugs fastgs pgrg fgfjarras qub v`vbl fal julgias (b, îs vbzbs, gtà lbsla gtgfgiha bssbs fæbs). Bssgs lgt`kjgs pahbl vbibrgr g Igturbzg Vbkvgcbl (p. (p. 38 38)) b sæa susfbtìvb`s îs lgiòbstgãòbs hb L`gukgtjatbp (p. (p. ?3 ?3),), qub pahb gpgrbfbr fala ul 7? ‘ I. . ‛ûccbis gih j`s i`cjt rbtr`bvbrs“ ia ar`cìgk. Rlg pravçvbk rbobríif`g g Iahbis gih j`s I`cjt-cguits.

7?8

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

gvgtgr kupìa bl ul Fukta fal ìtbiãòbs hb rbui`r lgt`kjgs sbkvgcbis bl ul gtgqub faitrg g julgi`hghb.

Hbsgoàs tìp`fas Bstbs bxblpkas pahbl gmuhgr g Ghbstrgharg hb Fæbs Fæbs g hbf`h`r qugk tgrbog à gprapr`ghg pgrg fghg ^gpbk, b quæa hòìf`k fghg hbsg﬇a hbvb sbr. ^grg fghg ^gpbk tblas pr`lb`ra k`stg fal tgrbogs qub sæa oçfb`s5 g sbcuihg k`stg bkbifg tgrbogs lg`s hòìfb`s lgs, gìhg gss`l, lg`s oçfb`s pgrg gqubkb ^gpbk ha qub pgrg qugkqubr autra.

Rl Fæa hb Cugrhg.... •

•

Faisbcub ogf`klbitb gkfgiãgr ul julgia farrbiha, pukgr ulg fbrfg, ìt`l`hgr autras fal sbu rasigha, sbit`r a fjb`ra hb ìtrusas. Fal gkculg h`﬇fukhghb faisbcub sb lgitbr fgkla gpös sbit`r a fjb`ra hb ìtrusas, pgrgr gdruptglbitb, sb ar`bitgr par tbrr`törà tbrr `törà hbsfaijbf`ha, sbr h`pkalçt`fa fal autras fæbs.

Rl Fæa hb Faka… •

•

Faisbcub ogf`klbitb pbh`r gmuhg gas julgias, `lpkargr par fal`hg, bitrgr sbl sbr pbrfbd`ha bl ul qugrta, sbr h`pkalçt`fa fal autras fæbs. Fal gkculg h`﬇fukhghb faisbcub ìt`l`hgr autra fæa, kgt`r b rasigr glbgãgharglbitb, gkfgiãgr ul fæa gtkàt`fa, dusfgr fal`hg pbkgs rugs.

Rl Lbkjar Gl`ca... •

•

Faisbcub ogf`klbitb lblar`zgr glbgãgs bl patbif`gk ia gld`bitb, faivbifbr sbu gl`ca ha pbr`ca, rbscgtgr ul ﬇kja prbsa, hbsfadr`r fala gdr`r partgs, sbr fargmasa bl ogfb ha pbr pbr`ca. `ca. Fal gkculg h`﬇fukhghb faisbcub gdgihaigr sbu lbkjar gl`ca, `ciargr glbgãgs bl patbif`gk, pbrhagr ul lgu falpartglbita, ìtbrprbtgr gs ìtbiãòbs hb ul fæa sbkvgcbl.

7?2

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Rl Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl... •

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Faisbcub ogf`klbitb sb kbldrgr hb kbihgs bsqubf`hgs qub mç tbijg au v`ha, pukgr pukgr par fbrfgs, sgktgr sadrb ul dgkfæa, farrbr lu`ta rçp`ha par kaicas pbrìahas, sadrbv`vbr ig igturbzg sbkvgcbl. Fal gkculg h`﬇fukhghb faisbcub rbs`st`r î tbitgãæa hb sb grr`sfgr par fglìjas pbr`casas, sb lgitbr `lövbk par kaicas pbrìahas, gtrgvbssgr sarrgtb`rglbitb ul quìtgk, faivbifbr as hblg`s hb sbus pröpràs tgkbitas.

Rl ^bh`crbb… •

Faisbcub ogf`klbitb cgijgr rbspb`ta has julgias b hb autras fæbs, pgrbfbr bkbcgitb lbsla sad prbssæa, sbr gktglbitb vgkar`zgha par julgias, bstgdbkbfbr gl`zghb fal fr`giãgs. fr`giã gs.

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Fal gkculg k`hgr fal ftbr æbspradkblgs sbkvgcbis, igs bv`tgr ﬇fgr habitb, farrbrh`﬇fukhghb farrbr par kaicas faisbcub pbrìahas (lgs pahbfæbs grt`fukgãòbs), bsfgpgr hb haias passbss`vas.

7??

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

A luiha pgrg a Fæa Xarigiha-sb ul Fæa Fæbs bitrb s` pgssgiha b fal autras gi`lg`s. Fgfjarras tbl gldàl ulg kaicgbiv`gl trgh`ãæa hbfaivbrsgl faitgr j`stör`gs, hb ul fgfjarra pgrg autra. lbisgcbis g kaicgs h`stäif`gs par lbà hb kgt`has b u`vas. Vbu sbcuiha làtaha, bldarg fais`hbrgha vukcgr pbkas pghròbs julgias, à lgrfgr a tbrr`törà. Bstb gta (urìgr bl ul admbta) pbrl`tb ga fæa pgssgr ìoarlgãòbs s`lpkbs g autras fæbs ig sug çrbg. Bstg ìoarlgãæa iarlgklbitb sb rbsulb g ulg orgsb fal, ia lçx`la, hugs pgkgvrgs, lgs gìhg gss`l, bkg pahb trgisl`t`r ìoarlgãòbs `lpartgitbs `lpar tgitbs fala ‛O@WRB KAICB“, ‛DBL-_@IHA“ b ‛LBR ÂVB!“. Mç ia gspbfta sadrbigturgk, g lgàr`g has fæbs sgdb gkculgs j`stör`gs dçs`fgs trgisl`t`hgs qugiha bkbs brgl ﬇kjatbs. Bkbs pravgvbklbitb auv`rgl ogkgr hb ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja,, lgs iæa sgdbl qubl à ûccbis b sbus Fæbs hhgg Ia`tb. G bxfbãæa sæa as Fargãòbs Vbkvgcbis, fumg faibxæa fal gqu`ka qub iæa pahblas vbr rbvbkg crgihbs l`stàràs qubb autras fæbs hgr pahbl iæa tbr tb r h`fgs G Ghbstrgharg usgr saijas v`sòbs pgrg î Macgharg pbrfbd`ha. h`fgs au p`stgs ha l`stàrà.hb Fæbs pahb

Ogkg Julgig G rbkgãæa bspbf`gk fal as julgias pbrl`tb qub fæbs bitbihgl tbrlas dçs`fas, hb ulg oarlg qub cgtgs mglg`s faisbcu`ræa. Biqugita cgtgs faisbcubl gpbigs auv`r gs blaãòbs qub sgbl hg dafg hb ul julgia (p. ( p. :3), :3), ul fgfjarra `rç auv`r pgkgvrgs-fjgvb qub sb tarigrgl faijbf`hgs b bspbrghgs. Bxblpkas ìfkubl ‛Dal lbiìa“, ‛Obà ‛Obà““ b ‛Iæa“, b autrgs orgsbs qub tbijgl s`ha lu`ta rbpbt`hgs iiaa lbsla tal. Fæbs gtà faisbcubl gprbihbr g gssaf`gr bssgs orgsbs fal gãòbs au admbtas bspbfì﬇fas. Rl fgfjarra qub auvb sbu julgia ogkgr ‛dusqub  dkç dkç dkç dkç fakb`rg  dkç dkç dkç dkç“s`tugãòbs sgdb a qub hbvb prafurgr, pahb gssul`r qub bkbs væa sg`rdags pgrgaupgssbgr. Autrgs faibftgl gkculgsb pgkgvrgs g bxpbr`íif`gs lu`ta lu`ta ruìs, fala a tbrrìvbk _-B--B-T-@-I-Ç-T-@-A b a glgha ^-G-T-W-R-B.

Vbit`has A luiha à ul kucgr dbl crgihb pgrg ul fgfjarra. Iæa sb trgtg gpbigs ha tglgija b has gspbftas oìs`fas. A qub as julgias iæa bitbihbl à quæa paufa bkbs faisbcubl sbit`r! Fæbs tíl a akogta tæa pahbrasa g paita hb hbtbftgr luhgiãgs ia jular has julgias, taxìgs ia gld`bitb b gtà lbsla habiãgs bl autras gi`lg`s. A igr`z hb ul fgfjarra rbfbdb ulg faistgitb bixurrghg hb fjb`ras, b fæbs sæa rçp`has bl `hbit`﬇fgr gralgs bstrgijas, fala g prbsbiãg hb ulg fr`gturg laistruasg ia gld`bitb.

7?3

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gkàl ha akogta, tblas g guh`ãæa! Fæbs pahbl auv`r lu`tgs a`tgvgs gf`lg hg fgpgf`hghb julgig. Îs vbzbs `ssa pahb sbr ru`l, b lu`tas fgiìas tblbl dgrukjas hakarasas, fala gqubkbs tbrrìvb`s gp`tas qub sæa usghas fala pui`ãæa. âr autra kgha, `sta pahb sbr ulg crgihb vgitgcbl, b fæbs pahbl auv`r v`drgãòbs sut`s ha ui`vbrsa, b lu`tgs vbzbs sæa as pr`lb`ras g sgdbr qugiha gkculg fa`sg hrglçt`fg bstç pgrg gfaitbfbr. Bkbs pahbl auv`r a fjara hb ulg fr`giã fr`giãgg pbrh`hg g qu`kølbtras hb h`stäif`g au a sal ha ogrogkjgr hgs gsgs hb ul L`gu-Ca sb gprax`lgiha hb sug prbsg.

Hìäl`fgs hg Lgt`kjg gkvbz g fa`sg lg`s `lpart gkvbz `lpartgitb gitb pgrg ul fgfjarra qugiha bkb ssbb uib g ul crupa à bstgdbkbfbr qubl à a kìhbr. G hblafrgf`g iæa à prgt`fghg bitrb fæbs, b qugiha julgias iæa bstæa par pbrta bkbs prafurgl gqubkb qub sb lastrg iæa gpbigs a lg`s oartb, lgs tgldàl a lbkjar kìhbr pgrg g lgt`kjg. Wugkqubr dr`cæa pahb kutgr b faiqu`stgr g pas`ãæa lg`s gktg, lgs bx`stb sblprb a r`sfa has autras fgfjarras sgìrbl ha crupa qugiha a gkog v`rgr gs fastgs. As fgfjarras prbf`sgl sbit`r fai﬇giãg ia sbmg kìhbr, a fgfjarra lg`ssbmg pahbrasa vg` hbsfadr`r ulg oarlg hb talgr a faitrakb, parb sug oarãg oìs`fg, pbkg h`pkalgf`g.

Lartb Fæbs rgrglbitb pbisgl sadrb g lartb, gtà qub bkg gfaitbfb fal ul hb sbus `rlæas, sbus pg`s, au sbus julgias. ^grg ul fgfjarra, g v`hg à lu`ta lg`s h`vbrt`hg gcarg ha qub hbpa`s. Wugk a sbit`ha hb sb prbafupgr fal a h`g bl qub vafí vg` larrbr1 À lbkjar gpravb`tgr g v`hg tbitgiha hbsfadr`r fala faisbcu`r a lbkjar rgà hb sak ia saoç, au fala prbvbi`r qub ul L`gu-Ca sbqubstrb autras gi`lg`s. Gkcuis fgfjarras gfrbh`tgl qub væa v`gmgr pgrg ul pgrgìsa pröprà qugiha g lartb fjbcgr, aihb tahas as julgias gl`cçvb`s bstgræa bspbrgiha bl ul fglpa sbl ﬇l hb fal`hg b fglgs faioar faioartçvb`s, tçvb`s, ffala ala ulg dbkg rbfalpbisg par sug kbgkhghb.

G Crgihb ^ralbssg G lgàr`g has fæbs mç auvù a dçs`fa g rbspb`ta hg Crgihb ^ralbssg hb ^kutt‐tja, qub oarlg g dgsb hb sug fukturg. G Crgihb ^ralbssg oa` ul murglbita ob`ta bitrb ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja b a crgihb ^r`lacíi`ta has Julgias qugiha a luiha gìhg brg mavbl b rbpkbta hb tbrrarbs qub raihgvgl î ia`tb. A ^r`lacíi`ta harl`g b ^kutt‐tja v`c`gvg sbu saia5 b qugiha bkb gfarhgvg, ^kutt‐tja ^kutt ‐tja gmuhgvg bkb g pr pratbcbr atbcbr sug fgsg b prafurgr fal`hg. Bl trafg hb sbus sbrv`ãas kbg`s, a ^r`lacíi`ta murau g ^kutt‐tja b sbus sbcu`harbs qub, fal a pgssgr ha tblpa, sugs v`hgs sb tarigr`gl lg`s oçfb`s, b bkbs cgijgr`gl fglgs qubitìjgs b lu`tg fal`hg pgrg falbr, b bkbs iuifg, MGLG@V sbr`gl sudst`tuìhas par autras gi`lg`s. Oa` Oa` gss`l qub tahg g bspàf`b fgiìg

7?:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

cgijau a tìtuka hb Lbkjar Gl`ca ha Jalbl, ul tìtuka qub as fæbs tí tíl l pratbc`ha hb oarlg o arlg dgstgitb fùlbitg hb hbshb shb bitæa. Cgtgs sæa gs usurpghargs, gi`lg`s pgrgs`tg qub hb gkculg oarlg sb ì﬇ktrgrgl ias fargãòbs hb lu`tas julgias, gpbsgr hb sbus crgihbs hbob`tas obkìas. Cgtgs rgrglbitb sæa kbg`s g sbus haias, b bspbrgl sbrbl vbibrghgs b gharghgs pbkas julgias, ga faitrçrà has fæbs qub rbspb`tgl b sbrvbl sb rvbl sbus haias. @ssa qub ì`fàu g crgihb r`vgk`hghb bitrb bkbs b, biqugita gs cgtgs sb tarigl lg`s papukgrbs bitrb as julgias, as fæbs sb lgitíl bl sbus pastas, sb rbfusgiha g gdgihaigr a pasta hb Lbkjar Gl`ca ha Jalbl.

Fbiçràs & Gvbiturgs A faiffl`ta gifbstrgk pahb gfaitbfbr bl qugkqubr kucgr. Bstg sbãæa faitàl vçr`gs h`fgs pgrg gvbiturgs, bitæa à `lpartgitb qub gs Macghargs faisuktbl g Ghbstrgharg hb Fæs gitbs hb kbr bstg pgrtb.

^grqub J`kkfrbst A ^grqub J`kkfrbst à ul crgihb bspgãa vbrhb kafgk`zgha ig pgrtb rbs`hbif`gk hg

f`hghb. À ul kucgr git`ca, ppgrtb grtb hb ulg hbisg vbcbtgãæa igt`vg qub oa` hbrr hbrrudghg udghg pgrg g urdgi`zgãæa hg rbc`æa, b bstb pbqubia pbhgãa hb tbrrg à tuha qub rbstau. As julgias trgzbl sugs oglìk`gs pgrg a pgrqub pgrg gpravb`tgr tgrhbs rbkgxgitbs au pgrg gss`st`r î prçt`fg hb bspartbs ig qughrg pröx`lg. Ia vbræa bkb aobrbfb ul bxfbkbitb kafgk pgrg gs fr`giãgs drìfgrbl, b à ul ogitçst`fa paita pgrg gss`st`r î qub`lg hb oacas hg v`rghg ha gia gi a (qub gfaitbfb ha autra kgha hg f`hghb). Fgfjarras iarlgklbitb pgssb`gl gqu` fal sbus haias î ia`tb b vçràs gi`lg`s gstutas faisbcubl bsfgpgr hb sugs fgsgs pgrg vgcgr pbkg rbc`æa fal sbus gl`cas pbkgs laitgijgs fjb`gs b crglg b u`vgr pgrg g kug. A qub gtrg` tgitas fgfjarras hb tgitgs fgsgs hòbrbitbs1 Lu`tgs gvbiturgs. H`zbl par gì qub bx`stb ul durgfa ia fjæa pbrta ha r`gfja qub iæa tbl ﬇l, b hgk` blgig a fjb`ra hg lartb î ia`tb. gldàl pgrbfb qub ul trakk larg hbdg`xa hg paitb pröx`lg ga kgca, b bkb pbrsbcub qugkqubr ﬇kjatb qub iæa h`cg ‛âr Og Ogvar“ var“ gitbs hb gtrgvbssgr g paitb. Mç hg qughrg hb bspartbs, rbzg g kbihg qub a ogitgslg hb ul lbiìa pbrh`ha pahb sbr v`sta sbitgha bl ul has dgifas, bspbrgiha sbu pg` gpgrbfbr pgrg dusfç-ka ha trbìa. Cgtgs fukt`stgs lgk`cigs= ^grbfb qub g v`zìjgiãg oa` talghg par gharçvb`s cgtìjgs bxfbpfàigklbitb oaogs ias ýkt`las tblpas. Julgias sb sbitbl falpbk`has g pbcç-kgs b kbvç-kgs pgrg fgsg, f gsg, b as fgfjarras falbãgrgl g sbi sbit`r t`r g ogktg hb gtbiãæa b gobta. go bta. Î ia`tb gs cgtgs rbtarigl pgrg a pgrqub fgrrbcgiha `tbis furàsas fur àsas fal bkgs= gs gklgs has haias! Gs cgtgs sæa fukt`stgs pbrturdghgs, gharghargs ha tbrrìvbk b sgdbl qub, fgsa a sbu sbijar, Cgtjukju bitæa pahbræa ìvafç-ka pgrg fais`cgl a rbìa hassgfr`﬇fgr lartg`s.bssgs Vbrç gklgs qub aspgrg fgfjarras

7?0

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

faisbcu`ræa sgkvgr sbus haias b g v`hg hb autras julgias ga rbhar ha pgrqub1 B qubl à a l`stbràsa Hgre Vfjiguzbr, qub pgrbfb sbr a ýi`fa qub sgdb fala k`dbrtgr gs gklgs has haias has fgfjarras1 ^bqubia ﬇kjatìja pbrh`ha= À ia`tb, b ul pbqubia ﬇kjatìja prbta bstç vgcgiha pbka pgrqub sazìja, gpgrbitblbit gpgrbitblbitbb sbl qub as julgias a vbmgl. G `lgcbl lbitgk ha ﬇kjatìja bstç gssaldrgiha as hblg`s, qub iæa faisbcubl harl`r sgdbiha qub bkb bstç sazìja kç oarg. Wugiha g lgt`kjg hbf`hb `r dusfgr a ﬇kjatìja pbrh`ha, bkbs hbsfadrbl g sug j`stör`g= Bkb à ul has ﬇kjatbs has Fæbs hg Ia`tb hb ûccbis, qub oa` biv`gha par sbu sbijar pgrg sug pr`lb`rg l`ssæa, lgs iæa faisbcub kbldrgr pgrg aihb hbvbr`g `r au a qub hbvbr`g ogzbr. Rl cug xì`l frubk raudau as pahbrbs ha ﬇kjatìja, b bstç usgiha-as pgrg gtbrrar`zgr g v`zìjgiãg pröx`lg b rbìgr sadrb gs autrgs obrgs. Iæa à tgr tgrbog bog oçf`k rrbfupbrgr bfupbrgr bssbs pahbrbs, pa`s pa`s a cugxì`l ﬇fau ha tglgija hb ulg aiãg, fal gsgs b cgrrgs g﬇ghgs. Fgsa sbmg hbrratgha au faivbif`ha g hbvakvbr as pahbrbs raudghas, g lgt`kjg faisbcub ul gk`gha ig oarlg hb ul Fæa hg Ia`tb5 au sbrç qub iæa1 ûccbis falbãg g sb ìtbrbssgr pbkg lgt`kjg b sudlbtí-kg g pravgs, vbr`﬇fgiha sb bkbs sæa sbrvas vgkarasas… au ulg fgãghg bl patbif`gk!

A gdr`ca bitrb ha`s luihas Igs rbhaihbzgs hg f`hghb bx`stb a Gdr`ca pgrg Gi`lg`s Fgsg Obk`z. Afupgiha a pràhà rboarlgha hb ulg git`cg bsfakg, gi`lg`s hb tahas as tglgijas b oarlgtas mç pgssgrgl pbka gdr`ca bl tahas bssbs gias. Gs pbssags qub trgdgkjgl kç ﬇fgl obk`zbs qugiha faisbcubl bifaitrgr ul iava kgr pgrg ul has gi`lg`s, b ﬇fgl lu`ta tr`stbs qugiha prbf`sgl butgigs`gr gkcuis has sbus. Bkbs prbstgl ul crgihb sbrv`ãa sbr v`ãa pgrg g rbc`æa. A gdr`ca oa` faistruìha sadrb ulg crgihb h`vbrcíif`g ia luiha bsp`r`tugk. @i`f`gklbitb ul jasp`tgk, hbpa`s ulg bsfakg, a kafgk mç pgssau par lu`ta saor`lbisaor `lbita b lu`tg gkbcr`g. As t`makas hg faistruãæa faistr uãæa bstæa fgrrbcghas hb bibrc`g psìqu`fg, a qub afgsàiau surc`lbita lu`tas durgfas ias daksòbs hb rbgk`hghb ga rbhar ha pràhà. @sta agfgrrbtau ulghbsàr`b hb bstrgijas bob`tas igqubkbs qub largl par pbrta, pa`s g dgrrb`rg bitrb as luihas iiuifg uifg bstbvb tæa orgfg gqu`, b lu`tg bibrc`g psìqu`fg faitìug g sbr grlgzbighg igs pgrbhbs ha gdr`ca. Gpös macgr g gvbiturg ‛Crglg Lg`s _brhb“ (p. (p. 742 742),), bstgs `hb`gs pahbl sbr usghgs pgrg faitìugr fal ulg fglpgijg dgsbghg bl gdr`cas. Gs rgtgzgigs sæa lu`ta arcgi`zghgs ia gdr`ca, lavbiha-sb bl pbkatòbs arcgi`zghas pgrg pbcgr fal`hg b kbvç-kg pgrg gs tafgs. Bitrb as gi`lg`s, bx`stbl rularbs pbrs`stbitbs hb ul ‛Cbibrgk`ss`la“, b lu`tas falbitgl qub bkb bstç faistruìha ul bxàrf`ta pgrg kgiãgr g pbstb b habiãgs ias julgias. •

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Bx`stb ul ^gstar Vjbtkgih qubasoaòuifàiçràs ghl`t`ha iaprgt`fglbitb gdr`ca jç gkcuis gias gtrçs, lgs parhbgkculg rgzæa a `ciargl. Bkb rbfbdb fal`hg b, afgsàigklbitb, gtbiãæa, lgs à qugsb

73>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

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fala sb bkb iæa bst`vbssb gk`. A ^gstar hb Vjbtkgih à ul pahbrasa lgca julgia, sb bsfaihbiha ig oarlg gi`lgk pgrg sb pratbcbr hb ì`l`cas pbr`casas. Rlg lgr`pasg bitrg vagiha pbkg mgibkg ulg ia`tb b pausg ig pgrtb bxtbrig hg cgàkg hb ul has Fæs Macghargs. Bkg ogz ulg sýpk`fg, fgitgiha ulg fgiãæa fgiã qubrbìa gpbigs as fgfjarras f gfjarras gkbcg sbr a prìif`pb hbæaul h`stgitb qub bstçfaisbcubl sad gtgqub auv`r. hb ulBkg bxàrf`ta hb oarl`cgs, qub prbf`sg hg gmuhg has fgfjarras pgrg rbscgtgr sbu pava hg trgcàh`g. Bkb pahb pralbtbr gmuhgr as fgfjarras faitrg as bxàrf`tas has pbqubias Fukt`stgs ha Hbus @isbta (pukcgs, fgrrgpgtas, bitrb autras), qub gtgfgl taha vbræa. Rl iava fgfjarra fjbcg ia gdr`ca, lgs bkb pgrbfb tbr hbs`st`ha hb v`vbr, bldar bldargg sbmg mavbl b sguhçvb sguhçvbk.k. Wu Wugiha giha qubst qubstàigha àigha sadrb a lat`va hb tgitg tr`stbzg, bkb faitg g j`stör`g hb fala sug oglìk`g ﬇fau kaufg b a gdgihaiau. Bkb bstgvg drìfgiha fal ul bstrgija admbta, ia oarlgta hb ul assa hb darrgfjg, lgs ìfr`vbklbitb hura, qugiha sbitù a fjb`ra hb lgc`g, b rbpbitìglbitb sug oglìk`g pgrbf`g iæa lg`s rbfaijbfí-ka. Hbsfaijbf`ha pgrg a fgfjarra, a ad mbta brg ul grtbo grtbogta gta hg Crgihb Crgih b Tgãg hb P`pp, P` pp, b lbitb lbitbss P`pp`gigs P` pp`gigs afupgrgl as farpas hb sug læb b `rlæas. Gs Fæs Macghargs pahbl faisbcu`r bifaitrgr a drìqubhìja hb iava… Rl crgihb bxàrf`ta hb fæbs sbkvgcbis surcb ig fflarbstg pröx`lg b biv`g dgtbharbs pgrg gv`sgr gas gi`lg`s qub bstæa hbitra ha gdr`ca qub, bl drbvb, bkbs `ræa gtgfgr, ig bspbrgiãg hb hbstr hbstru`r u`r a pràhà gitbs qub a partgk sb gdrg. Bkbs gkbcgl qub `ssa oa` prbv`sta par ul hb sbus crgihbs lgcas, ul âahkb Fargãæa Vbkvgcbl qub prbvù ulg crgihb fgri`﬇fìg sb ibijulg gt`tuhb oassb talghg. Vbrç qub g lgt`kjg faisbcu`rç faivbifbr a âahkb, au hb gkculg autrg oarlg `lpbh`r g hbstru`ãæa hb sbu kgr1

Hbløiàs ia Jatbk Jgrt Japb À öt`la sbr ul fgfjarra ia sàfuka ZZ@. Iæa gpbigs bx`stbl fgsgs gqubf`hgs b tahas as t`pas hb fal`hgs pgrg dgdgr, lgs haias pgrt`fukgrlbitb dbl hb v`hg kbvgl sbus fgfjarras bl v`gcbis, b lu`tas jatà`s pgssgrgl g gfb`tgr jöspbhbs hb qugtra pgtgs. A Jatbk Jgrt Japb à ul hbssbs kucgrbs, ul se` rbsart qub iæa gpbigs bifargmg sbus jöspbhbs g trgzbrbl sbus gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa, fala tgldàl prapòb gt`v`hghbs bspbfì﬇fgs pgrg bkbs. Hb V^G fgiìa g gt`v`hghbs bl crupa ia pgrqub hbitra ha jatbk, a Jatbk Jgrt Japb aobrbfb ulg hgs bxpbr`íif`gs lg`s kuxuasgs pgrg gi`lg`s ias Bstghas Ri`has.

737

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

A jatbk, bitrbtgita, tbl gkculgs fa`sgs lg`s sì`st sì`strgs rgs gfaitbfbiha. A pràhà oa` ob`ta bl f`lg hb ul s`stblg hb fgvbrigs git`cgs, ut`k`zghgs par gkcul fukta hbsfaijbf`ha. Gcarg, Gcarg, gk gkcuàl cuàl faisbcuù lgi lgi`pukgr `pukgr as julgias pgrg faistru`r bbstb stb rbsart fgrìss`la, fal bstçtugs bspbf`g`s b grqu`tbturg bsatàr`fg qub pbrl`tbl g fgigk`zgãæa hb bibrc`g bib rc`g bsp`r`tugk. A jatbk sb gk`lbitg hg blaãæa has sbus jöspbhbs, b sug obk`f`hghb b gkbcr`g ﬇fgl grlgz grlgzbighgs bighgs bl ul faorb ia sudsaka. A jatbk prap`f`g qub fgfjarras hb tahas as t`pas sb rbýigl. Fgfjarras hb rug vgcgl pbkg çrbg hb fgrcg b hbsfgrcg ha jatbk, aihb julgias macgl oarg crgihbs qugit`hghbs hb rbstas hb fal`hg. As ^bh`crbbs b autras fæbs ogvar`tas sæa trgz`has pgrg a jatbk pgrg gpravb`tgr a kuxa (îs fustgs hb sbus haias), b g bibrc`g qub pg`rg sadrb a pràhà gtrg` as Fargãòbs Vbkvgcbis, Vbk vgcbis, qub tíl pbsghbkas sö hb pbisgr ia kafgk. Cgtgs tgldàl pahbl sbr bifaitrghgs ia jatbk. Bldarg as ouifàiçràs ogãgl hb tuha pgrg lgitbr as ha`s crupas sbpgrghas, î ia`tb as fgfjarras pahbl bifaitrgr cgtgs fglìjgiha pbkas farrbharbs, b cgtgs hb rug ﬇fgl î bsprb`tg ig çrbg hb fgrcg b hbsfgrcg. G falpbt`ãæa à hurg ia jatbk, pa`s as ha`s crupas passubl sbus pröpràs admbt`vas gqu`. G Crgihb @itbrsbfãæa= Gpravb`tgiha g kafgk`zgãæa `sakghg ha jatbk, ul bstrgija crupa gfgdg hb fjbcgr= g Fabkjafai, ul bvbita c`cgitb qub c`rg bxfkus` vglbitb ga rbhar hb haias hb fabkjas. As crupas hb fgfjarras b cgtgs gcarg prbf`sgl gfb`tgr sbus julgias dgmukgiha bssbs gi`lg`s sbl blaãæa, gfalpgijghas hb julgias bstrgijglbitb obk`zbs. Faioarlb gs cgtgs b as fgfjarras rbkgxgl î ia`tb, bkbs pbrfbdbl ulg bstrgijg fr`gturg vbst`hg fal ul lgita fglìjgiha pbkas farrbharbs b pbka pgrqub gquçt`fa, raudgiha fal`hg has gi`lg`s b ìtbrobrìha bl gkcuis bqu`pglbitas ha jatbk, fgusgiha ulg sàr`b hb pradkblgs b hgias î bstruturg. Bstrgijas fgitas pahbl sbr auv`has î ia`tb, paitughas par cr`tas dgstgitb gcuhas. Rl sbisa hb prblai`ãæa hb qub gkca ru`l bstç pgrg gfaitbfbr à sbit`ha pbkas gi`lg`s, b bkbs vbbl sbus julgias gcìha hb oarlg o arlg bstrgijg pbrta has iiavas avas gi`lg`s. As fabkjas vbibrgl ul hbus h bus sbl ialb. Bkbs fjbcgrgl bl Jgrt Japb pbkg orgqubzg has luras h`lbisàig`s hg çrbg, b dusfgl falpkbtgr ul T`tugk Lgàr fjglgha @itbrsbfãæa. As Fukt`stgs fabkjas gfrbh`tgl qub bssb T`tugk trgrç ulg ﬇curg laistruasg pgrg a luiha, qub qub `rç gfgdgr fal gs rgãgs prbhgtör`gs, fa fala la as fgfjarras, b fr`gr ul pgrgìsa pgrg as fabkjas. Bitrbtgita, a rbsuktgha lu`ta pra vgvbklbitb sbr`g ulg hbstr hbstru`ãæa u`ãæa ìh ìh`sfr`lìghg `sfr`lìghg b hbsfaitrakghg. Bitrb as haias hb fabkjas, lu`tas julgias bstæa sad faitrakb lbitgk, lb itgk, usghas usghas pgrg gmustgr gs oarigkjgs, as f`rfu`tas bkàtr`fas b aut autras ras s`stblgs ha jatbk, gtà qub sb fais`cg gtìc`r g cbalbtr`g pbrob`tg pgrg a faitgta trgish`lbisàigk. As fabkjas, gmuhghas pbkas rgtas ha jatbk, rbýibl lgtbr`g`s b brvgs hurgitb a h`g pgrg as r`tug`s î ia`tb. Vbrç qub cgtgs b fgfjarras faisbcubl hb`xgr sug r` vgk`hghb hb kgha pgrg ìtbrralpbr bssgs faisp`rgãòbs1 faisp`rgãòbs1 ^grg ulg rbv`rgvaktg rbv`rgvaktg g lg`s bl macassadrb pgrt`fukgrlbitb saldràs, fukta has fabkjas lbitgk ul au lg`s haias has aFæs Macghargs . pahb bstgdbkbfbr faitrakb

734

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Bl ulg hgtg gusp`fàsg, ul bfk`psb kuigr `rç praparfàigr a gkìjglbita qub pbrl`t`rç gas fukt`stgs falpkbtgr sbu T`tugk Lgàr (p. ( p. 24 24),), fr`gr ul durgfa ig rbgk`hghb b k`dbrtgr k`dbr tgr Gkca Tu`l hb sug pr`sæa git`cg. As fgfjarras iæa pahbl hb`xgr `ssa gfaitbfbr gfaitbfbr..

Jalbis-Fgfjarra

Bstgs sæa j`stör`gs lg`s saldr`gs b h`rbfàighgs g Mac Macghar ghargs gs lg`s lghuras. Gqubkbs qub dusfgl ul tal lg`s mav`gk pahbl hbf`h`r par gkculgs gktbrgãòbs pgrg biqughrç-kgs bl gkca lg`s kbvb, lgs as tblgs hb gl`zghb b a hbsbma hb sgkvgr gkcuàl g taha fusta hbvbl pbrlgibfbr oartbs. Ibstbs fbiçràs, ul bstrgija fgfjarra larhb a haia au ul julgia gl`ca hb ulg hgs Fæs Macghargs. Bstb qub larhbu, hbsfr`ta gpbigs fala ul gi`lgk lu`ta crgihb, hbsgpgrbfb5 a julgia, kbvgha ga jasp`tgk b tr trgtgha gtgha fal a lbkjar hg lbh`fìg lb h`fìg julgig, sb rbfupbrg rçp`ha, b pgrbfb qub bkb bstç falpkbtglbitb rbfupbrgha… gtà g pröx`lg kug fjb`g. A haia hb ul has ^bh`crbbs hbsgpgrbfb, sug lbitb sufuldìha ga öhà dbst`gk qub a prbbifjb gcarg. A fgfjarra bstç prbsa bl fgsg b prbf`sg, fal g gmuhg has autras Fæs Macghargs, bsfgpgr. Ob`ta `ssa, as fgfjarras faisbcubl hbsfadr`r pgrg aihb a haia v`gmau1 Fala bkbs pahbl hbrratgr a haia, qub gcarg sb tariau ulg tbrrìvbk lçquìg hb lgtgr1 A Lbkjar Gl`ca hbstb crupa hbsfadrb qub sbu lbiìa pgssau g gprbsbitgr bstrgijas sìtalgs. Bkb mç iæa qubr lg`s drìfgr drìfgr,, pr prbobrìha bobrìha ﬇﬇fgr fgr sbitgha ia quìtgk b adsbrvgr g fflarbstg. Bkb iæa harlb lg`s bl sug fglg, b fakafg a fadbrtar ia fjæa, fala sb oassb ul iìja. Bitæa, ul h`g, gkca gkca ìgfrbh`tçvbk gfaitbfb= a lbiìa pgssg g bitbihbr pbrob`tglbipbro b`tglbitb a qub as gi`lg`s ogkgl! Ibstb fbiçrà, as fgfjarras hbvbl gmuhgr a lbiìa g k`hgr fal sug faih`ãæa, b hbvbl gmuhç-ka g lgitbr ulg faibxæa fal g julgi`hghb biqugita tuha qub bkb faijbfb hbsgpgrbfb. Rl laistra pgrbf`ha fal ul fgfjarra, fjglgha hb Cr`ll Ibcra, gpgrbfb ig brrg, ul Vbrva Lgàr hg Igturbzg Vbkvgcbl. G fr`gturg dusfg sudst`tu`r g julgi`hghb fal kadas gtrgvàs hb k`fgitrap`g ìobffàsg, hbvargharg hb lbitbs. Kaca, trgisoarlgãòbs pgssgl g afarrbr tahgs gs ia`tbs. Lgt`kjgs hb fgfjarras prbtas c`cgitbs vgcgl pbkgs fflarbstgs bsfurgs, ìfkuìha gkcuis haias, b as pbrsaigcbis hbvbl ìtbrralpbr g trgisl`ssæa sbl lgfjufgr as julgias. A làtaha lg`s h`rbta à lgtgr a Cr`ll Ibcra, lgs bkb bstç bsfaih`ha, b sbrç hòìf`k hbrratç-ka. •

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736

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gpíih`fb Ogtb Xurda Ghgptgãæa hb Tbcrgs âr Fbzgr Fgpgfkb b Oçdà V`kvg Ogtb urda urda à ul s`stb s`stblg lg cbiàr`fa fr`gha par Fb Fbzgr zgr Fgpgfkb b Oçdà V`kvg dgsbgha ia ar`cìgk Ogtb Dçs`fa b Ogtb Gfbkbrgha, fr`gha par Orbh J`fes b Tad Haiacjub, pudk`fgha pbkg Bv`k Jgt. s`stblg has à ulg vbrsæa s`lpk`﬇fghg ha Ogtb Dçs`fahbb Gfbkbrgha, lahbkgha pbkgBstb bxpbr`íif`g gutarbs fal g falui`hghb Drgs`kb`rg Ogtb ga kaica has gias. Bstg ghgptgãæa oa` bsfr`tg pgrg gtbihbr gs ibfbss`hghbs dçs`fgs ha maca Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju ut`k`zgiha gs rbcrgs s`lpkbs hb fr`gãæa hb pbrsaigcbis b talghg hb hbf`sòbs.

A qub bu prbf`sa pgrg macgr1 ^grg macgr Ogtb urda urda vafí vg` v g` prbf`sgr hb hhugs ugs g sb`s pgrt`f`pgitbs, fal ulg hbkgs gtugiha fala Lahbrgharg , rbspaisçvbk par faitgr g j`stör`g b ìtbrprbtgr tahas as gi`lg`s b pbrsaigcbis qub iæa tíl Macghargs, ul hgha hb sb`s kghas, lgs tbr ul hgha pgrg fghg pgrt`f`pgitb pahb tarigr gs fa`sgs lg`s çcb`s, ulg föp`g hg ﬇fjg hb pbrsaigcbl qub sb bifaitrg ga ﬇l hbssg ghgptgãæa, pgpb`s b kçp`s.

738

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

A qub sæa Gspbftas Gspbftas sæa pgkgvrgs au orgsbs furtgs qub hblaistrgl gkca bspbf`gk sadrb cgtgs, kucgrbs, fa`sgs b s`tugãòbs hg sug j`stör`g. Rlg cgtg pahb sbr Tçp`hg fala ulg kbag au bstgr Fadbrtg hb kglg. Rl sgkæa hb obstgs pahb sbr L`stbràsa b bsfura au bstgr Bl fjglgs. Gspbftas sæa sblprb ulg vbrhghb. uha qub à `lpartgitb pgrg a luiha, sbmg hb lgib`rg tblparçr`g au pbrlgibitb, à hb﬇i`ha par ul gspbfta. Gspbftas hurgl a qugita pgrbfbr ogzbr sbit`ha ig j`stör`g. Bkbs pahbl hbsgpgrbfbr sazìjas au hbv`ha hb v`ha g gãæa hgs cgtgs, fal au sbl rakgcbl hb hghas. Gkculgs vbzbs, a gspbfta vg` bstgr bsfr`ta, sbmg ig ﬇fjg hb ulg cgtg, bl ul lgpg, au bl ul pbhgãa hb pgpbk qub tahgs passgl vbr. Autrgs vbzbs, bkbs væa sbr gpbigs ul hbtgkjb hbsfr`ta hurgitb a maca.

^grg qub sbrvbl as gspbftas1 •

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Hbsfrbvbr a luiha, sbus jgd`tgitbs b sugs prìf`pg`s fgrgftbrìst`fgs. fgrgftbrìst`f gs. Hgr au rbt`rgr pbrl`ssæa pgrg ogzbr gkca. Rl gspbfta Cgtìjg julgiakac`stg tb hç pbrl`ssæa pgrg sgdbr fala apbrgr gkcuis gpgrbkjas julgias s`lpkbs. Rl gspbfta Gcgrrgha pbka pbka car`kg c`cgitb tb t`rg g pbrl`ssæa hb sg`r farrbiha. arigr  arigr a sufbssa lg`s oçf`k bl gkculgs gãòbs. Vb ul gspbfta sb gpk`fgr g ulg s`tugãæa, vafí rbfbdb ul døius hb +7 bl sbu tbstb. @isp`rgr gs gãòbs b sucbr`r lgib`rgs hb supbrgr sugs Glbgãgs. Falpk`fgr g v`hg hg sug cgtg b rbfupbrgr sug Bibrc`g.

Fr`gãæa hg Cgtg Fr`gr cgtgs à ulg gt`v`hghb fakgdargt`vg. Bl crupa, vafís væa h`sfut`r qubl sæa gs

pratgcai`stgs hbssg j`stör`g, a qub bkgs ogzbl b ha qub sæa fgpgzbs. Gitbs lbsla hb pbcgr g ﬇fjg hg cgtg pgrg giatgr sugs fgrgftbrìst fgrgftbrìst`fgs, `fgs, g fr`gãæa falbãg fal ulg trafg fakbt`vg hb `hb`gs dgsbghg ig pbrcuitg ‛B gì, qubl vafís væa qubrbr sbr1“ Bssg btgpg ouifàig fala ulg faivbrsg ìoarlgk. Gs Macghargs talgl iatgs hb gkculgs `hb`gs qub lg`s castgrgl b trafgl sucbstòbs. Hbbl g apartui`hghb pgrg tahgs sb bxprbssgrbl b hblaistrbl ìtbrbssb cbiuìia igs hblg`s cgtgs. G Lahbrgharg  tgldàl tgldàl hbvb talgr iatgs b gmuhgr gs Macghargs ibssg btgpg, fkgrbgiha as paitas b h`v`hìha a oafa bitrb bkgs. bst`vbrbl bl falulg ulgcgtg `hb`gmacçvbk, cbrgk kbvblbitb sadrb sugs cgtgs,Wugiha à jarg hbtahgs trgisoarlç-kg `sta à, faloarlghg gs sugs fgrgftbrìst`fgs giatghgs bl sug sug O`fjg hb Cgtg.

732

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Fghg Macgharg `rç= Fr`gr bitrb 6 b ? Gspbftas qub hbsfrbvbl g cgtg Fr`gr gtà 6 Ogãgijgs qub hbsfrbvbl sugs jgd`k`hghbs bspbf`g`s H`str`du`r g paitugãæa bitrb 8 Oafas •

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Giatgr sug Bibrc`g b sug Bxpbr`íif`g Bl pgrt`fukgr, as sbus Gspbftas væa gmuhgr g faistru`r a qub à vbrhghb b a qub à ìtbrbssgitb hb sbr bxpkargha ibssg j`stör`g.

Gspbftas ^grg faistru`r sug cgtg, vafí prbf`sg fr`gr ì`f`gklbitb 6 gspbftas= 7. ^gpbk 4. Hbsfr`ãæa 6. J`stör`g

^gpbk ^r`lb`ra, hbf`hg a ^gpbk hg sug cgtìjg. Rlg ýi`fg orgsb qub rbsulb sug cgtg h`zbiha qubl qub l vafí à, a qub ogz au qugk à sug ‛pbcghg“. ‛pbcghg“. ^grg ogf`k`tgr, pbisb ia pgpbk fala ulg orgsb qub falbãg fal ‛Bu sau ulg…“ Bxblpkas= Bu sau ulg julgiakac`stg5 julgiakac`stg5 `crbsg saijgharg prbcu`ãasg5 Crgfàsg glghg par tahas5 Dr`caig vgkbitb5 Cgfradgtg bspbrtg. _bmg bxblpkas hb ^gpà`s pgrg sb ìsp`rgr b fr`gr sugs orgsbs igs pçcìgs 77-76.

Hbsfr`ãæa G Hbsfr`ãæa ogkg sadrb g ar`cbl b gpgríif`g cbrgk hg cgtg. H`cg sb bkg à rrgãg gãg purg au l`stg, t`pa hb pbka, far has akjas b qugkqubr autra hbtgkjb ìtbrbssgitb. ^grg ogf`k`tgr, pbisb ig Hbsfr`ãæa fala ulg orgsb qub falbãg fal ‛Bu sau ulg…“ Bxblpkas= Bu sau ulg cgtg hb rgãg l`stg b akjas lbk5 ^^bka bka kaica hb rgãg purg5 Akjas fakar`has hb rgãg l`stg. _bmg bxblpkas hb Hbsfr`ãòbs pgrg sb ìsp`rgr b fr`gr sugs orgsbs igs pçcìgs 78 b 72.

73?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

J`stör`g G J`stör`g à ulg ýi`fg orgsb qub hbsfrbvb ul paufa sadrb a pgssgha, bst`ka hb v`hg, ar`cbl au pbrsaigk`hghb hg cgtg. ^grg ogf`k`tgr, pbisb ig J`stör`g  fala fala ulg orgsb qub falbãg fal ‛Bu sau ulg…“ Bxblpkas= Bu sau ulg cgtg hb rug gstutg5 Cgtg sbl tbta hbstbl`hg5 Vau ulg dbkbzg ibrvasg. _bmg bxblpkas hb J`stör`gs pgrg sb ìsp`rgr b fr`gr sugs orgsbs igs pçcìgs 7?-44.

Ogãgijgs Ogãgijgs sæa ‛pahbrbs bspbf`g`s“. Bkgs sæa vgitgcbis, jgd`k`hghbs au dbiboìfàs h`rbtglbitb gssaf`ghas au hbr`vghas hb ul Gspbfta. Bl cbrgk rbprbsbitgl ulg lgiadrg, bspbf`gk`zgãæa `hb`g lg`s gdrgicbitb a Gspbfta _afítruqub cgijgau 6 Ogãgijgs crçt`shgpgrg falbãgr a maca, lgsqub vafí tgldàltrgz. pahb hb`xgr pgrg fr`gr ulg Ogãgijg qugiha prbf`sgr hbkg hurgitb a maca. Gs Ogãgijgs qub vafí fr`g pahbl sbr tahgs sad a lbsla Gspbfta au bl Gspbftas hòbrbitbs. Wugiha vafí fr`g ulg Ogãgijg, bkg falbãg ia Iìvbk 7 (pìtb a pr`lb`ra fìrfuka pgrg rbprbsbitgr `ssa). H`sfutg fal a crupa a qub sb bspbrg qub vafí fais`cg ogzbr fal g Ogãgijg ibssb iìvbk. ^grg fr`gr ulg Ogãgijg, vafí hbvb= Hb﬇i`r hb qugk Gspbfta bkg hbr`vg. H`cglas qub bu tbijg ul Gspbfta Vau ulg dr`caig vgkbitb. Gfja qub sbr`g kbcgk tbr ul ‛cakpb bspbf`gk“, bitæa hbf`ha fr`gr ulg Ogãgijg pgrg bssb gspbfta. •

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Bsfrbvbr t`pa hbblpahbr, lgiadrg, truqub au jgd`k`hghb rbprbsbitg. qub Bu pbisa ulg Ogãgijg pgrg faisbcu`r lb k`vrgr bkg hb julgias ìhbsbmghas sblprb qub bst`vbrbl par pbrta, bitæa frà g Ogãgijg ‛Vg`g hgqu`, sug dbstg“, b bsfrbva `ssa ig lìjg ﬇fjg sad lbu gspbfta Vau ulg dr`caig vgkbitb. Faivbrsgr fal a crupa sadrb a k`l`tb hbssb pahbr b sadrb fala bkb pahb bvaku`r. Hb﬇ia fal lbu crupa qub, ia iìvbk 7, bu fais`ca bxpuksgr ul julgia ghukta, sb bkb bst`vbr sazìja ia gld`bitb, au ul pbqubia crupa hb fr`giãgs. Ia Iìvbk 4, tgkvbz bu fais`cg bxfukpgr ul crupa hb julgias ghuktas. Ia Iìvbk 6, gtà as vbtbrìçràs tblbl g lìjg pgtg ouràsg!

733

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Oafas Oafas ìh`fgl gs lgib`rgs fala ulg cgtg ogz gkculg fa`sg. Iæa sb trgtg hb sug falpbtíif`g bl ulg çrbg hb gtugãæa, lgs s`l hg sug gt`tuhb, ha laha fala bkg biorbitg sbus adstçfukas. X ahas as Oafas pa pahbl hbl ooìs`fgs, ìs`fgs, lbitg`s au saf`g`s. H`str`dug +6, +4, +7, sbr b +>usghas bitrb bl as 8gãòbs Oafas= •

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_`car Kbvbzg ^brsp`fçf`g Ogsfìià

_`car Gc`r fal _`car s`ci`﬇fg iæa sbr sut`k ‘ à ulg hblaistrgãæa hb gcrbss`v`hghb, oarãg drutg, vàkíif`g, ìt`l`hgãæa b pahbr. Dr`cgr fal ul fæa, hbrrudgr ul drutglaitbs, fgrrbcgr gkca pbsgha, ìt`l`hgr ul ìtbrracgha.

Kbvbzg Gc`r fal Kbvbzg K bvbzg s`ci`﬇fg gc`r fal hbstrbzg, gc`k`hghb, pr prbf`sæa, bf`sæa, rgp`hbz, crgfàs`hghb au ourt`v`hghb. o urt`v`hghb. Bsqu`vgr-sb hb ulg pbhrg, bqu`k`drgr-sb bl ul lura bstrb`ta, ourtgr gkca, bscub`rgr-sb, ﬇itgr bl ulg kutg ias dbfas, hbrrudgr admbtas fal prbf`sæa, usgr ul falbitçrà sut`k.

^brsp`fçf`g Gc`r fal Bifaitrgr ^brsp`fçf`ggs`ci`﬇fg ut`k`z gr sug ìtb ìtbk`cíif`g, k`cíif`g, rg rgfàfìià, fàfìià, sgcgf`hghb. orgqubzgut`k`zgr bl ul ì`l`ca, kafgk`zgr ul paitapbrfbpãæa oçf`k bl bulg fgsg obfjghg, ìvgh`r ul faisuktörà vbtbrìçrà, rbsakvbr bi`clgs, trgãgr ulg ratg fbrtb`rg, adsbrvgr gtbitglbitb, gtb itglbitb, pbrfbdbr fa`sgs ga rbhar rbhar..

Ogsfìià Gc`r fal Ogsfìià s`ci`﬇fg usgr hb sug bxprbss`v`hghb, bkaquíif`g, blpgt`g, bst`ka au fjgrlb. Hgr ul h`sfursa ìsp`rghar ga sbu dgiha, bivbrcaijgr sbu apaibitb bl ul hubka, fgusgr ulg dag `lprbssæa, rbgk`zgr p`rubtgs j`piat`zgitbs. Bifgitgr, fjglgr g gtbiãæa, `lprbssàigr, faivbifbr.

73:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Bibrc`g Bibrc`g rbprbsbitg g fgpgf`hghb hb sbcu`r sb cu`r bl orbitb, gcubitgr as obr`lbitas, f`fgtr`zbs blafàig`s b autrgs fa`sgs qub sug cgtg saorb hurgitb sbu maca. Bkg tgldàl à a gk`lbita hb sugs jgd`k`hghbs lg`s bspbf`g`s. cgtg passu` ? fg`xgs hb Bibrc`g, qub gdsarvbl tgita hgias oìs`fas qugitaFghg blafàig`s. Vblprb qub gkca fgusgr hgia g ulg cgtg, s`lpkbslbitb lgrqub ulg fg`xg hb Bibrc`g.

Bxpbr`íif`g Bxpbr`íif`g (au Z^) rbprbsbitg a qugita sug cgtg sb gvbiturau b sb grr`sfau ia luiha. ahg cgtg falbãg fal > Z^, lgs `rç cgijgr lg`s g fghg sbssæa, hbpbihbiha ha quæa h`spasta g gssul`r r`sfas b `r gtrçs hb sbus admbt`vas bkg bstç.

Bitrgiha bl Gãæa

Wugiha sug cgtg ﬇zbr gkculg gãæa fuma rbsuktgha à ìfbrta b patbif`gklbitb hrglçt`fa, vafí vg` prbf`sgr rakgr a hgha pgrg hbsfadr`r a qub gfaitbfb. ^grg `ssa, s`cgl gs btgpgs gdg`xa.

Hbfkgrgãæa (a quí, fala b pgrg quí) Bl cbrgk, bssg hbfkgrgãæa falbãg fal ‛Bu vau...“ au ‛Bu vau tbitgr...“. G Macgharg   sb fakafg ig pas`ãæa hg sug cgtg b h`z a qub bkg qubr ogzbr. Hbpbihbiha hg lgib`rg fala g Macgharg  hbfkgrg hbfkgrg sug gãæa, jgvbrç ul Oafa lg`s ghbqugha pgrg g s`tugãæa. Ia fgsa hb pgrbfbr qub jç lg`s hb ul gpk`fçvbk, bsfakjg gqubkb qub pgrbfb sbr a lg`s s`ci`﬇fgt`va. Vb g sug cgtg gc`r… ... Fal gcrbss`v`hghb, bibrc`g, bxpkasæa au rbs`stíif`g= Takb +_`car. ... Fal rgp`hbz, hbk`fghbzg au ourt`v`hghb= Takb +Kbvbzg. … Fal sgcgf`hghb, faijbf`lbita au pbrfbpãæa= Takb +^brsp`fçf`g. ... Hb laha faivìfbitb, ìsp`rghar au fjglgt`va= Takb +Ogsfìià. Kbldrb-sb qub Oafas iæa rbspaihbl ‛a qub“ g cgtg bstç ogzbiha, lgs s`l ‛fala“ bkg a ogz.

730

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Autrgs _gitgcbis Gitbs hb Takgr Bssb à a lalbita hb pgrgr ul ìstgitb b akjgr ga sbu rbhar bl dusfg hb f`rfuistäif`gs vgitgmasgs qub passgl tb gux`k`gr. Bl cbrgk, bkgs sæa= Gspbftas Ogãgijgs Gmuhg hb gl`cgs •

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Gspbftas Fghg gspbfta hg sug cgtg, hg fbig au gtà has Hbsg﬇as qub oar pbrtìbitb ga qub vafí bst`vbr ogzbiha b tb gmuhb g rbgk`zgr sug gãæa tb faifbhb +7 î sug rakgcbl. Iæa jç k`l`tbs hb gspbftas qub vafí pahb gfàigr bl ul lbsla tbstb.

Ogãgijgs Vb aptgr par usgr ulg Ogãgijg, kbldrb-sb hb cgstgr 7 paita hb Bibrc`g gcarg lbsla, gitbs hb rakgr as hghas. _afí pahbrç rbrrakgr a hgha 7 vbz hbpa`s ha tbstb b bsfakjbr a lbkjar rbsuktgha rbsuktgha.. _afí pahb usgr gpbigs 7 Ogãgijg par gãæa.

Gmuhg hb gl`cgs Gtà hugs autrgs cgtgs pahbl tb t b gmuhgr g rbgk`zgr ulg gãæa, sb `ssa ﬇zb ﬇zbrr sbit`ha ig fbig. ^grg fghg gl`cg tb gmuhgiha, gh`fàib +7 î sug rakgcbl. Lgs kbldrb-sb= sb gkca hbr brrgha, bkgs tgldàl pahbl sb falpk`fgr!

Autrgs vgitgcbis

Bl hbtbrlìghas lalbitas, pahb jgvbr gkculg `hb`g hg Macgharg au gkca bl fbig qub iæa bstbmg rbprbsbitgha par ul Gspbfta, lgs qub gìhg gss`l pahb sbr usgha bl sbu dbiboìfà. Vb g Macgharg  tbl tbl ulg `hb`g ìtbrbssgitb hb fala usgr a fbiçrà au gs f`rfuistäif`gs bl sbu dbiboìfà, g Lahbrgharg  pahb pahb oaribfbr +7 pgrg sug rakgcbl.

Falpk`fgãæa (a qub pahb hgr brrgha) Gitbs lbsla hb as hghas dgtbrbl ig lbsg, g Macgharg  qub qub hbfkgrau g gãæa hbvb sgdbr a qub pahb hgr brrgha sb bkg iæa gtìc`r a rbsuktgha bspbrgha.

7:>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Bl Ogtb urda, bssg à ulg tgrbog fakbt`vg. Ibssb lalbita, tahgs gs Macghargs sæa faiv`hghgs g faitr`du`r fal sugs `hb`gs sadrb qugk sbr`g g falpk`fgãæa ia fgsa hb as hghas iæa sbrbl ogvarçvb`s. Rlg rbcrg LR@A `lpartgitb= gs falpk`fgãòbs iæa prbf`sgl bstgr h`rbtglbitb rbkgfàighgs fal g gãæa bl fursa.

@ssa lbsla. A qub pahb hgr brrgha iæa à ibfbssgr`glbitb ulg faisbquíif`g h`rbtg ha qub g cgtg bstç ogzbiha, lgs s`l ulg gutar`zgãæa igrrgt`vg pgrg g Lahbrgharg  tblpbrgr tblpbrgr g fbig fal rbv`rgvaktgs, iavgs glbgãgs, surprbsgs hbsgcrghçvb`s, bitrb autras truqubs kbcg`s. _afís pahbl sb dgsbgr bl gkculgs hgs `hb`gs hb falpk`fgãòbs gdg`xa pgrg g fbig= Gkcuàl saorb hgia au autrg faisbquíif`g Gkcuàl pbrhb ul rbfursa au ulg apartui`hghb Gkcuàl hbvb ogzbr ulg bsfakjg hòìf`k au pgcgr ul fusta G s`tugãæa pàrg, sg` hb faitrakb au sb ìtbis`﬇fg ìtbi s`﬇fg Rlg vbrhghb ìfaivbi`bitb à rbvbkghg •

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Apas`ãæa (a quæa hòìf`k vg` sbr ogzbr `ssa) G Lahbrgharg  gcarg gcarg hb﬇ib a Hbsg﬇a b hb﬇ib g +H`﬇fukhghb dgsbgha bl sug hbfkgrgãæa. uha  uha gqu`ka qub apòb gs gãòbs hg cgtg bl Ogtb  urda urda à ul Hbsg﬇a= adstçfukas, laistras, bi`clgs, tgrbogs, h`sputgs, glbgãgs ‘ sb rbprbsbitg ulg ghvbrs`hghb g sbr supbrghg, à ul Hbsg﬇a.

Iýlbra hb Vufbssas Gkcuis hbsg﬇as pahbl sbr supbrghas bl gpbigs ulg rakgcbl hb hghas, autras prbf`sgræa hb lg`s sufbssas. ^g ^grg rg hb﬇i`r `ssa, gs Macghargs muitgs hbvbl fais`hbrgr a ‛tblpa hb tbkg“ qub bkbs qubrbl hgr pgrg bssb Hbsg﬇a. Vb tahas bst`vbrbl ìtbrbssghas bl bxpbr`bif`gr bxpbr`b if`gr lg`s gqubkb hbsg﬇a, bkb pahb hurgr lg`s tblpa. ûkgr ul lura pgrg fjbcgr ga quìtgk hb ulg fgsg (aihb g gãæa prg vgkbr vg` gfaitbfbr) pahb sbr rbsakv`ha bl gpbigs ulg gãæa, ga pgssa qub g bsfgkghg hb ul pràhà qub sbmg a paita prìf`pgk hb ulg gvbiturg pahb sbr lg`s h`vbrt`hg fal vçr`gs rakgcbis. B gì vg` ul sbcrbha= vafí iæa prbf`sg bst`pukgr qugitas sufbssas prbf`sg pgrg supbrgr ul hbsg﬇a. Gpbigs hb`xb rakgr biqugita tahas bst`vbrbl ìtbrbssghas ig gãæa. Wugiha sbit`rbl qub mç à jarg ha pröx`la hbsg﬇a, pgrtg pgrg g pröx`lg fbig.

7:7

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Hò`fukhghb Bl Ogtb urda, urda, bx`stbl 6 iìvb`s hb h`﬇fukhghb= Oçf`k +> ^ghræa +4 Hòìf`k +8 Wugkqubr vgkar ìtbrlbh`çrà (+7, +6) au supbràr (+2, +?...) g bssbs hbvb sbr usgha fala bxfbãæa. Crgihb pgrtb ha tblpa g Lahbrgharg  bsfakjbrç bsfakjbrç +4 pgrg g sug H`﬇fukhghb. G Lahbrgharg   hbvb bsfakjbr ulg h`﬇fukhghb pgrg gqubkb lalbita, qub kbvb bl fais`hbrgãæa= G `hb`g hg Macgharg A laha fala g cgtg bstç gdarhgiha g gãæa Gs f`rfuistäif`gs hg gãæa •

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G falpkbx`hghb ha hbsg﬇a

Tbsakuãæa (qugiha as hghas dgtbl ig lbsg b vblas as rbsuktghas) Takgiha as Hghas Hb﬇i`has tahas as døius, g Macgharg `rç rakgr 7h? b salgr a vgkar ha Oafa bsfa kj`ha, lg`s qug`squbr autrgs vgitgcbis qub tbijg faisbcu`ha. G Lahbrgharg , par sug vbz, `rç rakgr 7h? b salgr a vgkar hg H`﬇fukhghb

bsfakj`hg. rakgl as hghas GA Iatg `lpartgitb= g Macgharg b g Lahbrghar Lahbrghargg VBL^TB  rakgl LBVLA XBLÂ.

Wugiha ulg Macgharg  vg` vg` rakgr as hghas, AHAV AV HBLG@V hbvbl pgrgr hb ogkgr b hgr gtbiãæa pgrg g rakgcbl. À ul lalbita hb tbisæa b g fjgifb hb g cgtg hgqubkg Macgharg  bstgr bstgr sad a oafa. Iæa raudbl bssb lalbita hhbkg. bkg.

Fjbfgiha as Tbsuktghas Fal gldas as hghas rakghas, à jarg hb falpgrgr as rbsuktghas. A vgkar qub g Macgharg  faisbcuù faisbcuù fal 7h?+Oafa, lg`s autras døius, à falpgrgha fal a vgkar qub g Lahbrgharg  faisbcuù faisbcuù fal 7h?+H`﬇fukhghb. Vb a rbsuktgha hg Macgharg  oar oar a LG@AT, tblas ul VRFBVVA. @ssa qubr

7:4

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

h`zbr qub bkg faisbcuù sbu admbt`va. Wugita lgàr g hòbrbiãg bitrb a rbsuktgha hg Macgharg b hg Lahbrgharg , lbkjar à a rbsuktgha pgrg g Macgharg . Vb a rbsuktgha hg Macgharg  oar oar LBIAT AR @CRGK, tblas ulg FAL^K@FGÃÆA. Gs fa`sgs iæa sgìrgl fala a prbv`sta. Vug cgtg gìhg pahb tbr faisbcu`ha a qub qubr`g, lg lgss gs falpk`fgãòbs giuif`ghgs `ræa gfaitbfbr gfaitbfbr..

B sb bu iæa castgr ha lbu rbsuktgha1 Vb vafí vù a rbsuktgha b iæa bstç sgt`sob`ta, vafí gìhg tbl ulg fjgifb hb luhç -ka! Vb vafí usau ulg Ogãgijg, vafí pahb rbrrakgr  a a hgha b ﬇fgr fal a lbkjar rbsuktgha.

Vufbssa Vb sbu rbsuktgha oar LG@AT qub a hg Lahbrgharg, tblas ul VRFBVVA. _afí faisbcuù a qub qubr`g . @ssa s`ci`﬇fg qub gqubkg ìt ìtbiãæa biãæa qub vafí bbxpøs xpøs ig ogsb hb hbfkgrgãæa sb faifrbt`zg. faifrbt`z g. Wubr`g glgisgr a fæa drgva1 Faisbcuù. Wubr`g lat`vgr sugs fakbcgs1 Vufbssa. Vb ag ogzbr! Hbsg﬇a prbf`sgvg hb tb trgdgkja G Lahbrgharg lg`s tb h`rçsufbssas `ssa. pgrg sbr supbrgha, gìhg jç lg`s

Vufbssa fal Bst`ka Vb vafí adtbvb sufbssa rakgiha ul ? ia sbu hgha, vvafí afí tbl ul VRFBVVA FAL BV@KA. @ssa s`ci`﬇fg qub sug gãæa oa` lg`s bobt`vg qub a bspbrgha, ìfkus`vb fal vgitgcbis gh`fàig`s! _afí pahb gh`fàigr ul hbtgkjb vgitgmasa ig fbig, pgrg gkàl hb tbr faisbcu`ha gqu`ka qub qubr`g. Bssb hbtgkjb pahb au iæa v`rgr ul Gspbfta hb fbig, sb vafís prbf`sgrbl sb kbldrgr hbkb hbpa`s. Gkculgs `hb`gs ha qub ogzbr fal sbu sufbssa fal bst`ka= Fgusgr ul bob`ta lgàr Gmuhgr ulg gl`cg Gpravb`tgr ulg apartui`hghb @isbr`r ulg faìf`híif`g ogvarçvbk Gk`v`gr ulg f`rfuistäif`g hbsogvarçvbk @itbis`﬇fgr ulg f`rfuistäif`g ogvarçvbk Gobtgr sbus ghvbrsçràs ibcgt`vglbitb Gobtgr vafí au sugs gk`ghgs pas`t`vglbitb •

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7:6

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Falpk`fgãæa Vb a rbsuktgha hg Macgharg  oar oar LBIAT AR @CRGK ga hg Lahbrgharg , tblas ulg FAL^K@FGÃÆA. Gs fa`sgs iæa sgìrgl fala vafí bspbrgvg. Rl brra hb fçkfuka, ul cakpb hb gzgr, ulg tgrbog lg`s hòìf`k ha qub pgrbf`g, ulg f`rfuistäif`g ìbspbrghg ‘ sbmg a qub oar, a rbsuktgha hg sug gãæa vg` ttbr br faisbquíif`gs hbsogvarçvb`s (dgsbghgs ia qub vafís hbf`h`rgl gitbs hb rakgr). Gpbsgr h`ssa, g Lahbrgharg  gìhg gìhg hbf`hb sb vafí pahb faisbcu`r au iæa a qub qubr`g.

@ssa à lu`ta `lpartgitb, bitæa vglas rbpbt`r= sb sbu rbsuktgha oar lbiar au `cugk ga hg Lahbrgharg , `ssa iæa rbprbsbitg ibfbssgr`glbitb ulg ogkjg. _afí gìhg pahb tbr faisbcu`ha rbgk`zgr a qub qubr`g, g fr`tàrà hg Lahbrgharg , lgs jgvbrç ul fusta, ulg falpk`fgãæa, ulg bsfakjg hòìf`k au ulg rbv`rgvaktg.

Igrrgãæa (fala g fbig luhg hbpa`s hbssg gãæa) Igrrgiha sbu sufbssa Hbpa`s hb bsfakjbr a qub ogzbr fal sbu sufbssa, igrrb pgrg tahgs hg lbsg fala oa` g sug gãæa bx`tasg. Gtbitb pgrg iæa ouc`r ha bsfapa qub jgv`g s`ha faldìgha pgrg sug gãæa. Vb sbu admbt`va brg bsfgpgr ha gdrgãa hg sbrpbitb, vafí faisbcuù `ssa ‘ sug igrrgt`vg iæa hbvb ìfku`r fala vafí grrgifau a sbu faura ia prafbssa. G Lahbrgharg  b b gs hblg`s Macghargs pahbl tb gmuhgr g kbldrgr as k`l`tbs ha sbu sufbssa.

Igrrgiha ulg falpk`fgãæa _glas rbtalgr 6 prìfìpàs `lpartgitbs sadrb falpk`fgãòbs= 7. G Macgharg  gìhg gìhg pahb faisbcu`r au iæa a qub qubr`g (ulg falpk`fgãæa iæa rbprbsbitg ibfbssgr`glbitb ulg ogkjg) 4. Gs falpk`fgãòbs iæa prbf`sgl bstgr h`rbtglbitb rbkgfàighgs fal g gãæa bl fursa. 6. G s`tugãæa sblprb luhg gpös as hghas sbrbl rakghas. Gkculgs `hb`gs hb falpk`fgãæa=

Gkcuàl hbvb ogzbr ulg bsfakjg hòìf`k au pgcgr ul fusta Bsfakjgs hòìfb`s sblprb hb`xgl gs Macghargs ig paitg hgs fghb`rgs. Fgpturgr a v`kæa oucìha au bv`tgr qub a ﬇kjatb ffg`g g`g hg mgibkg1 Brrgr a sgkta au sbr gv`stgha1 Macub ulg hbssgs bsfakjgs b vbmg gs Macghargs faãgiha g fgdbãg pgrg talgr g

7:8

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

hbf`sæa. ^gcgr ul fusta, par sug vbz, pahb tgldàl s`ci`﬇fgr pbrhbr 7 paita hb Bibrc`g, cgijgr ul Gspbfta, sgfr`﬇fgr gkca vgkàsa, falpralbtbr-sb fal ulg pralbssg, ul ogvar au ulg l`ssæa, aobrbfbr au rbvbkgr lg`s ha qub castgr`g, bxpar orgqubzgs, pkgias au sbcrbhas, sb crbhas, fakafgr gkcuàl bl pbr`ca, bitrb autras.

G s`tugãæa pàrg, sg` hb faitrakb faitrakb au sb ìtbis`﬇fg Falpk`fgr g s`tugãæa pahb s`ci`﬇fgr fr`gr ul Hbsg﬇a, gulbitgr as bx`stbitbs, gh`fàigr hbtgkjbs hbsogvarçvb`s b autrgs lgib`rgs hb surprbbihbr gs cgtgs b gs Macghargs. A v`kæa sb rbfupbrg, lastrg sbu vbrhghb`ra pahbr au fjglg rboarãas, a fk`lg fgst`cg gs cgtgs, a r`tugk lçc`fa sg` hb faitrakb, g ibcaf`gãæa hb pgz v`rg ul trafgtgpgs, gs çcugs ha rà ﬇fgl lg`s turdukbitgs, ul tbrrblata fjgfagkjg as p`kgrbs hg `crbmg, g saldrg hb ulg crgihb gvb fadrb taha a crupa, ulg partg sb obfjg, as julgias fjbcgl b falpk`fgl g s`tugãæa. Bssg apãæa à qub pbrl`tb lg`s k`dbrhghb pgrg g Lahbrgharg  bitrbcgr bitrbcgr faisbquíif`gs qub iæa tbl rbkgãæa h`rbtg fal g gãæa bl fursa, b pahbl cgrgit`r rbv`rgvaktgs au Hbsg﬇as ìbspbrghas pgrg a crupa! Rlg vbrhghb ìfaivbi`bitb à rbvbkghg A cakpb iæa à b﬇f`bitb faitrg a ghvbrsçrà, a gk`gha ig vbrhghb brg ul v`kæa, g cgtg rboàl bstç bl autrg fgsg, a autra crupa fjbcau gitbs, g rgãæa sgdarasg tìjg fgklgitb, ul sbcrbha saldrà à rbvbkgha, brg ulg grlgh`kjg, gkca bstç oarg ha kucgr,, hugs s`tugãòbs hòbrbitbs bst kucgr bstæa æa faibftghgs, gs lat`vgãòbs hb ul faghmuvgitb sæa pbrturdghargs, ul iava pahbr au jgd`k`hghb à rbvbkgha, gkcuàl hbsgpgrbf`ha rbgpgrbfb. Bssg apãæa pahb ìtrahuz`r crgihbs surprbsgs au rbvbkgãòbs ibcgt`vgs. Ga bsfakjbr bssg apãæa, fbrt`﬇qub-sb hb qub as hbshadrglbitas sæa hbsogvarçvb`s, hb sogvarçvb`s, paràl h`vbrt`has= ibcgr g pass`d`k`hghb hb faifkusæa hb ulg l`ssæa pgrg gs cgtgs au ìsbr`r lu`tgs p`stgs ogksgs b fglìjas qub iæa hæa bl ighg pahb sbr lu`ta orustrgitb pgrg gs Macghargs. Rlg vbrhghb ìfaivbi`bitb dbl ut`k`zghg hbvb ogzbr ogz br as akjas hgs Macghargs sb grrbcgkgrbl b sbus qub`xas fgìrbl, b iæa fgusgr fgrbtgs hb hbsfaitbitglbita. Gs faisbquíif`gs hg gãæa Fala rbsuktgha hb ulg rakgcbl hb hghas, gkàl hb g s`tugãæa luhgr ia luiha hb maca, lbfgi`fglbitb gkculgs hbssgs fa`sgs pahb pahbl l gfaitbfbr= ulg cgtg pahb pbrhbr Bibrc`g ul Hbsg﬇a pahb ﬇fgr lg`s pröx`la hb sbr supbrgha ul Gspbfta pahb sbr fr`gha, hbsfadbrta, bk`lìgha au lah`﬇fgha •

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Fal tuha `ssa rbsakv`ha, g Lahbrgharg  hbsfrbvb hbsfrbvb g iavg s`tugãæa b g fai-

7:2

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

vbrsg rbtalg. Gtà a lalbita bl qub gs fa`sgs ﬇f ﬇fgrbl grbl hrglçt`fgs iavglbitb...

Bibrc`g Bibrc`g rbprbsbitg g fgpgf`hghb hb sbcu`r sb cu`r bl orbitb, gcubitgr as obr`lbitas, f`fgtr`zbs blafàig`s autrgs fa`sgslg`s qubbspbf`g`s. sug cgtg saorb hurgitb a maca. Bkg tgldàl à a gk`lbita hb sugsb jgd`k`hghbs Fghg cgtg passu` ? fg`xgs hb Bibrc`g, qub gdsarvbl tgita hgias oìs`fas qugita blafàig`s. Vblprb qub gkca fgusgr hgia g ulg cgtg, s`lpkbslbitb lgrqub ulg fg`xg hb Bibrc`g. Vb bkg lgrfgr tahgs gs fg`xgs, f g`xgs, bkg à t`rghg ha faiffl`ta (vbmg gdg`xa). Iatb qub g Bibrc`g hg cgtg à tgita lbitgk qugita oìs`fg. Hbssg oarlg, taha t`pa hb hgia saor`ha hbvb sbr gdsarv`ha pbkg Bibrc`g hg cgtg.

Rsgiha bibrc`g Vug cgtg cgstg Bibrc`g sblprb qub= Gkculg glbgãg kjb fgusgr hgia oìs`fa au lbitgk _afí qu`sbr usgr gkculg Ogãgijg bl ul tbstb _afí qu`sbr ìsbr`r gkcul hbtgkjb ig j`s j`stör`g tör`g au ig fbig •

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Tbfupbrgiha bibrc`g ^grg rbfupbrgr Bibrc`g, dgstg g Macgharg  prapar prapar pgrg a crupa ulg `hb`g hb ulg falpk`fgãæa qub passg gfaitbfbr ig fbig bl fursa, au hb fala sug cgtg talg ulg gt`tuhb (au hb`xg hb talgr ulg gt`tuhb!) qub tarib gs fa`sgs s`ci`﬇fgt`vglbitb lg`s hrglçt`fgs. Gkca gt`vglbitb luhg g fbig. G bsfakjg à sblprb hg Macgharg ‘ a rbsta ha crupa pahb sucbr`r falpk`fgãòbs pgrg qub g Macgharg  sb sb k`vrb hb sugs fg`xgs hb bibrc`g lgrfghgs, lgs g hbf`sæa ﬇igk à bxfkus`vg hg Macgharg . Vb g Lahbrgharg  b b gs hblg`s Macghargs faifarhgrbl qub g falpk`fgãæa à hrglçt`fg a su﬇f`bitb, h`vbrt`hg b ìtbrbssgitb pgrg g j`stör`g, g falpk`fgãæa à ìsbr`hg ig fbig b g Macgharg  pahb pahb k`lpgr tahgs gs fg`xgs hb bibrc`g lgrfghgs. Bssg hbf`sæa afupg taha sbu turia, bitæa bkg hbvb pgssgr g vbz pgrg autrg Macgharg  hbpa`s hbpa`s hb sb falpk`fgr. Gcarg a crupa prbf`sgrç k`hgr fal gs faisbquíif`gs hbssg hbf`sæa!

A qub gfaitbfb qugiha g Bibrc`g fjbcg g zbra Lgrfgr g ýkt`lg fg`xg hb Bibrc`g tbl h`vbrsgs faisbquíif`gs=

7:?

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

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G cgtg à t`rghg ha faiffl`ta G Lahbrgharg  ìsbrb ìsbrb ulg iavg falpk`fgãæa G cgtg rbfupbrg 7h? hb Bibrc`g ig fbig sbcuìtb G cgtg cgijg ul iava Gspbfta qub rbprbsbitg gs faisbquíif`gs hg

fbiglgrfg gitbràr Wugiha g cgtg g ýkt`lg fg`xg hb Bibrc`g, bkg à t`rghg ha faiffl`ta. @ssa s`ci`﬇fg qub bkg ﬇fau ìfaisf`bitb, oucù, oa` fgpturghg, pbrhbu a ìlpbta, au a qub oar lg`s ghbqugha pgrg a faitbxta. G Lahbrgharg   `rç ìsbr`r, hb sug bsfakjg, ulg falpk`fgãæa gprapr`ghglbitb hrglçt`fg pgrg a lalbita hg j`stör`g. Bssg falpk`fgãæa pahb sbr gpbigs igrrgt`vg, au pahb sb lgtbr`gk`zgr bl ul iava Hbsg﬇a pgrg gs cgtgs qub rbstgrgl bl fbig tbrbl qub k`hgr. G cgtg vaktg ig fbig sbcuìtb, fala 7h? paitas hb Bibrc`g rbfupbrghas, b fal ul iava Gspbfta qub rbprbsbitg gs faisbquíif`gs ha qub gfaitbfbu fal bkb ig fbig gitbràr. G cgtg prbf`sgrç hbsfadr`r ulg lgib`rg hb sb k`vrgr hb (au k`hgr fal) bssb Gspbfta ‘ a qub pravgvbklbitb aobrbfb ul cgifja pgrg ulg rbv`rgvaktg ig sug j`stör`g.

Bvakuãæa hg Cgtg Gs Macghargs cgijgl paitas hb bxpbr`íif`g par gssul`rbl r`sfas, bitrgrbl bl birgsfghgs b pbrsbcu`rbl sbus admbt`vas.

Hurgitb g Vbssæa Hurgitb g sbssæa, ulg Macgharg  lgrfg lgrfg ul paita hb bxpbr`íif`g qugiha= bl  bl ul Vufbssa usgiha sbu Oafa +> bl  bl ulg Falpk`fgãæa usgiha sbu Oafa +6 •

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Ga O`l hg Vbssæa Ga tàrlìa hg sbssæa, ulg Macgharg lgrfg ul paita hb bxpbr`íif`g pgrg fghg Admbt`va hb Vbssæa qub tbijg s`ha gtìc`ha (vbmg gdg`xa). Rlg Macgharg  pahb pahb cgijgr gtà ul tatgk hb 6Z^ par sbssæa, bl qugkqubr faldìgãæa (au rbpbt`ãæa) has làtahas gf`lg (hurgitb au ga ﬇l hg sbssæa). Lgrqub ul A ig sug ﬇fjg pgrg fghg f ghg paita qub cgijgr.

7:3

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Rsgiha sbus âitas hb Bxpbr`íif`g G Macgharg  cgstg cgstg sbus âitas hb Bxpbr`íif`g pgrg falprgr au gktbrgr Gspbftas b Ogãgijgs. Wugiha usgr sbus paitas, traqub a Z ig ﬇fjg par ul fìrfuka prbbifj`ha. _afí pahb= •

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Falprgr ul iava Gspbfta par 6Z^ Falprgr ulg iavg Ogãgijg par 6Z^ Gulbitgr a iìvbk hb ulg Ogãgijg bx`stbitb par 6Z^ Tbbsfrbvbr ul Gspbfta par 7Z^ Tbbsfrbvbr ulg Ogãgijg par 7Z^

Admbt`vas hb Vbssæa Gitbs hb fghg f ghg iavg sbssæa hb maca, fghg Macgharg  bst`pukg bst`pukg hb ul g trís Admbt`vas hb Vbssæa. Bssbs admbt`vas sæa bspbfì﬇fas b iæa prbf`sgl tbr rbkgãæa h`rbtg fal aigradmbt`va hg gvbiturg bl fursa. Bkbs sbrvbl pgrg hugs fa`sgs= gmuhgl g h`rbfàgs bsfakjgs hg Macgharg b hg Lahbrgharg b , b cgrgitbl paitas hb bxpbr`íif`g qugiha sæa gtìc`has

Bxblpkas hb Admbt`vas hb Vbssæa Bssg k`stg iæa à bxgust`vg b hbvb sbr pbrsaigk`zghg pgrg a ìtbrbssb hb fghg Macgharg . bstgr  bstgr lbu iava tgkbita Faivbrsgr fal QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Hbsfadr`r a qub QQQQQQQQQQQQQ s`ci`﬇fg Dusfgr ulg sakuãæa pgrg QQQQQQQQQQQQQ Bitrgr bl ulg dr`cg Bv`tgr ulg dr`cg Bifaitrgr ul QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Tbsakvbr ul faiffl`ta usgiha QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Faijbfbr ul QQQQQQQQQQQQQ Gpraouihgr lbu rbkgfàiglbita fal QQQQQQQQQQQQQ br  br ul lalbita hb faitblpkgãæa •

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Harl`r bl ul kafgk faioartçvbk _br ul kaf kafgk gk hbskuldrgitb _`gmgr hb/pgrg/fal QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

^gpbk

Bxblpkas hb ^gpà`s igs pçcìgs 77-76

Ogãgijgs hb ^gpbk @H

Iìvbk AAA

Ialb hg(a) Cgtg(a)=

Iìvbk AAA ^grt`f`pgitb=

Hbsfr`ãæa Bxblpkas hb Hbsfr`ãòbs igs pçcìgs 78 b 72

OAFAV

_`car

^brsp`fçf`g Ogãgijgs hb Hbsfr`ãæa Iìvbk AAA

Kbvbzg

Ogsfìià

Iìvbk AAA

J`stör`g

Bxblpkas hb J`stör`gs igs pçcìgs 7?-44

BIBTC@G

Ogãgijgs hb J`stör`g

BZ^BT@ÍIF@G

Iìvbk AAA Iìvbk AAA

Iatgs

Ogtb Xurda ^kgi`kjg hb ^brsaigcbl ©4>47 ^kulg ^rbss âhb sbr `lprbssa b fap`gha pgrg usa pbssagk.

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gpíih`fb Cgtgs @ivbst`cghargs pgrg Fjglgha hb Ftjukju 3 Bh`ãæa âr Oçdà V`kvg Vb vafí à oæ hb Fjglgha hb Ftjukju 3ª Bh`ãæa, bstg ghgptgãæa vg` kjb gux`k`gr g fr`gr ulg pbrsaigcbl obkìg. ^grg macgr Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju usgiha gs rbcrgs hg 3ª Bh`ãæa, vafí prbf`sgrg ha K`vra ha Cugrh`æa hb Fjglgha hb Ftjukju 3ª Bh`ãæa pudk`fgha pbkg Bh`targ Ibw Arhbr.

Cgtgs @ivbst`cghargs b gs Tbcrgs Gvgiãghgs Gs rbcrgs ha Fjglgha hb Ftjukju oargl pbisghgs pgrg pbrsaigcbis @ivbst`cgharbs julgias, iæa gi`lg`s. G lgàr`g hgs rbcrgs, hb oarlg cbrgk, ouifàigræa pbrob`tglbitb, fal gkculgs paufgs bxfbãòbs, pgrg ul maca hb Fjglgha hb Ftjukju aihb gs cgtgs sæa gs pratgcai`stgs ‘ faldgtb, pbrsbcu`ãæa, sgi`hghb, sartb, bitrb autrgs. Vbiha gss`l, gkculgs hbkgs tgkvbz iæa ogãgl ogã gl sbit`ha ig sug lb lbsg sg b g Cugrh`æ  sbit`rç sbit`rç `ssa hurgitb gs pgrt`hgs pgr t`hgs ‘ qub hbvb mukcgr qug`s rbcrgs ouifàigl lbkjar b qug`s iæa ogzbl sbit`ha. Igs rbcrgs hb fr`gãæa hb @ivbst`cghargs cgtgs iæa jç g k`stg hb pbrìf`gs, g﬇igk bssbs sæa fglpas hb faijbf`lbita b jgd`k`hghb julgig. Gkculgs paufgs bxfbãòbs fala Vgktgr, Igtgãæa, Igvbcgãæa, jgd`k`hghbs saf`g`s, bitrb autrgs, qub gs cgtgs pahbl usgr bitrb s` au fal autras gi`lg`s, pahbl sbr rbprbsbitghgs ogf`klbitb gtrgvàs hgs fgrgftbrìst`fgs. G rbcrg qub ogkg sadrb ulg pbrsaigcbl usgiha ulg grlg hb oaca rbfbdbr ul døius ig ì`f`gt`vg  à à gkca qub iæa ogz sbit`ha bitrb gi`lg`s ‘ dbl fala tahgs gs rbcrgs pgrg grlgs hb oaca b faldgtb g h`stäif`g. âitas hb Lgc`g  iæa iæa sæa gpk`fçvb`s g iæa sbr qub g Cugrh`æ  fr`b fr`b r`tug`s hb l`ghas, grrgijòbs grrgijòbs b farbacrg﬇gs qub gs cgtgs sbmgl fgpgz fgpgzbs bs hb rbgk`zgr. Vb bssb oar a fgsa bl sug lbsg, h`v`hg a vgkar ﬇igk hb âhbr par 2 ‘ bssg à g qugit`hghb hb âitas hb Lgc`g hg cgtg.

70>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

G Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb oaribfbr hgha hb vgitgcbl au rbhuz`r g h`﬇fukhghb hb ul tbstb sblprb qub gkculg ìoarlgãæa `lpartgitb sadrb a ^gpbk, Hbsfr`ãæa au J`stör`g hg cgtg bxpk`fgr fala gqubkg tgrbog sb tarig lg`s oçf`k pgrg bkg (fala a fgsa hb ulg cgtg qub à g C Cgtg gtg Fbrtg pgrg g grbog, grbog, par bxblpka). B bssbs sæa gpbigs gkcuis bxblpkas hb lah`﬇fgãòbs, au lbsla bxfkusòbs, hb rbcrgs qub g Cugrh`æ , muita fal a crupa, hbvbl ogz ogzbr br hurgitb g pgrt`h pgrt`hg. g.

Fr`giha g Vug @ivbst`cgharg Obkìg Jç gkculgs oarlgs ìtbrbssgitbs hb fr`gr ulg Cgtg @ivbst`cgharg bl Fjglgha hb Ftjukju. _afí pahb aptgr par akjgr gs bxpk`fgãòbs has pgpà`s (pçcìgs 74 b 76), hgs hbsfr`ãòbs (pçcìgs 78 b 72) b J`stör`gs (pçcìgs 7? g 44) b pbisgr sadrb g sug cgtg gitbs   hb hb rakgr as hghas pgrg hb﬇i`r as vgkarbs has Gtr`dutas. gldàl, vafí pahb kgiãgr as hghas pr`lb`ra, cugrhgr as rbsuktgr b pbisgr sadrb g sug cgtg î lbh`hg qub h`str`du` as iýlbras ig pkgi`kjg. Iæa jç ulg oarlg fbrtg au brrghg5 jç gpbigs g oarlg qub vafí sb sbitb lg`s î vaitghb.

Cbrgiha as Gtr`dutas Fghg Gtr`duta rbprbsbitg ulg fgpgf`hghb hg cgtg. G faldìgãæa hb hòbrbitbs vgkarbs fr`g pbrsaigk`hghbs ýi`fgs. G Macgharg hbvb bstgr gtbitg pgrg rbprbsbitgr a pgpbk, hbsfr`ãæa b j`stör`g hb sug cgtg usgiha as iýlbras h`str`duìhas hg lgib`rg qub lbkjar sb biqughrg pgrg g `hb`g qub tbl bl lbitb. As Gtr`dutas sæa cbrghas hb lgib`rg gkbgtör`g, rakgiha-sb ha`s au lg`s hghas hb sb`s kghas b lukt`pk`fgiha a rbsuktgha par 2 pgrg cbrgr ul vgkar bitrb 72% g 0>%. A K`vra ha Cugrh`æa hb Fjglgha hb Ftjukju gprbsbitg gktbrigt`vgs î bssb pghræa hb fr`gãæa.

Oar (Oarãg)= Takb 6h? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb Oarãg. G Oarãg lbhb a pahbr lusfukgr hb ulg cgtg. Wugiha lgàr g Oarãg, lg`s gkta ulg cgtg pahb pukgr pukgr,, fgrr fgrrbcgr bcgr pbsas fal g dafg au blpurrgr admbtas fal gs pgtgs. Vb g oarãg hb ulg cgtg oar rbhuz`g g > bkg fg` ia fjæa ìvçk`hg. Cgtgs Dr`caigs tíl tbihíif`g g tbr gktas vgkarbs hb Oarãg, dbl fala gs Cgfradgtgs, pgrg tbr ul farpa lgàr b lg`s rbs`stbitb. Blpurrgfbkukgrbs, tglpgs bfapas labhgs hb f`lghb hbf`lg ulg hb lbsg. 2% gg72%= Oarãg 7?% 2>= Blpurrg b tgkjbrbs ulg lbsg. Oarãg 27% au lg`s= Blpurrg `lprbssargs b iatbdaaes hb f`lg hb ulg lbsg.

707

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Fai (Faist`tu`ãæa)= Takb 6h? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb Faist`tu`ãæa. G Faist`tu`ãæa rbprbsbitg g sgýhb oìs`fg b v`car ha far farpa. pa. Wugita lg`s gkta a vgkar hb Faist`tu`ãæa, lg`s rbs`stbitbs faitrg vbibias, habiãgs b ghvbrs`hghbs ha h a tblpa g cgtg à. gldàl, gldàl, g Faist`tu`ãæa ìfflubif`g h`rbtglbitb ig qugit`hghb hb paitas hb v`hg qub ulg cgtg tbl. Vb par gkculg rgzæa g Faist`tu`ãæa oar rbhuz`hg g >, g cgtg larrb. G Faist`tu`ãæa à iarlgklbitb pràr`zghg par cgtgs Dr`caigs b Cgfradgtgs, pa`s sug v`hg hb pbr`cas b gc`tas bx`cb lgàr rbs`stíif`g. Faist`tu`ãæa 2% g 72%= Rlg farr`hìjg mç hb`xg g cgtg fgisghg. Faist`tu`ãæa 7?% g 2>= Gcubitg gkculgs dr`cgs, oucgs b `lprbv`stas. Faist`tu`ãæa 27% au lg`s= âhb gcubitgr gkculgs qubhgs, dr`cgs fal gi`lg`s lgàrbs b lbsla pbãaijbitas.

gl (glgija)= gl (glgija)= Takb 4h?+? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb glgija. A glgija lbhb g bstruturg b pbsa hg cgtg bl ul ýi`fa vgkar. Rsb glgija pgrg sgdbr qubl à crgihb a su﬇f`bitb pgrg ulg tgrbog au pbqubia pgrg sb bsfaihbr fal lg`s ogf`k`hghb. glgija tgldàl gmuhg g hbtbrlìgr g qugit`hghb hb paitas hb v`hg b a vgkar hb h b Farpa. Cgtgs qub tíl a sbu vgkar hb  glgija glgija rbhuz`ha g zbra s`lpkbslbitb hbsgpgrbfbl! Dr`caigs fastulgl sbr lgàrbs, pgrg tbr ul farpa radusta, biqugita Crgfàsgs fjglgl g gtbiãæa has julgias par sug oaourg. glgija  glgija 2% g 72%= G cgtg à pbqubig b pahb sbr ogf`klbitb faiouih`hg fal ulg ﬇kjatb (sb mç iæa oar ulg). glgija  glgija 7?% g 2>= G cgtg tbl ul tglgija b pbsa hbitra hg làh`g pgrg g sug `hghb. glgija  glgija 27% au lg`s= G cgtg à crgihb, crgih b, gktg b, au, carhg, sbiha adv` adv`glbiglbitb ulg cgtg lgàr qub g làh`g, r`vgk`zgiha fal fgfjarras‘ a qub fjglg g gtbiãæa has akjgrbs.

Hbs (Hbstrbzg)= Takb 6h? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb Hbstrbzg. G Hbstrbzg hg cgtg rbprbsbitg g sug rgp`hbz, gc`k`hghb b fflbx`d`k`hghb oìs`fg. G cgtg ogz tbstbs hb Hbstrbzg qugiha qubr farrbr lg`s rçp`ha ha qub ul apaibitb, rbgk`zg sgktas gfradçt`fas au pgrg rbgk`zgr tgrbogs hbk`fghgs. Vb a vgkar hb Hbstrbzg hb ulg cgtg oar rbhuz`ha g zbra, bkg iæa tbl faarhbigãæa su﬇f`bitb pgrg rbgk`zgr tgrbogs oìs`fgs.

704

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

G Hbstrbzg à iarlgklbitb pràr`zghg par Cgfradgtgs pgrg rbgk`zgr sugs lgiadrgs ausghgs b Crgfàsgs pgrg lgitbr g fkgssb b bkbcäif`g ias lav`lbitas prbf`sas. Hbstrbzg 2% g 72%= G cgtg à hbsgmb`tg b tbl h`﬇fukhghb pgrg rbgk`zgr tgrbogs oìs`fgs ia cbrgk. Hbstrbzg 7?% g 2>= G cgtg faisbcub rbgk`zgr g lgàr`g hgs tgrbogs oìs`fgs dçs`fgs fal ogf`k`hghb b pahb tbitgr gkculgs tgrbogs oìs`fgs ausghgs fal gkcul r`sfa. Hbstrbzg 27% au lg`s= G cgtg passu` crgihb faarhbigãæa b à fgpgz hb rbgk`zgr tgrbogs oìs`fgs ausghgs fal fbrtg fbrt g ogf`k`hghb.

Gpg (Gpgríif`g)= Takb 6h? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb Gpgríif`g. G Gpgríif`g lbhb g gtrgãæa oìs`fg b pbrsaigk`hghb hg cgtg. Rlg cgtg fal Gpgríif`g gktg fastulg gtrg`r gqubkbs qub g fbrfgl, sbmg par sbu pbka bxöt`fa, akjas fjgrlasas au mb`ta s`lpçt`fa. Rlg cgtg fal Gpgríif`g zbra iæa fu`hg hb sbu gspbfta oìs`fa b gprbsbitgãæa au à git`pçt`fg b grracgitb. Crgfàsgs, `crbsgs Vaijghargs b Julgiakac`stgs falulbitb fu`hgl hg sug gpgríif`g pgrg fjglgr g gtbiãæa has julgias b tbr lg`s faitrakb sadrb bkbs. Gpgríif`g 2% g 72%= Bssg cgtg iarlgklbitb iæa fjglg g gtbiãæa hb autrgs cgtgs, gi`lg`s b julgias. Gpgríif`g 7?% g 2>= G cgtg fu`hg hg pröpr`g gpgríif`g b falulbitb fgt`vg autras ga sbu rbhar fal g sug pbrsaigk`hghb. Gpgríif`g Gpgrí if`g 27% au lg`s= Bssg cgtg ogz gl`cas fal ogf`k`hghb par aihb pgssg.

@it (@itbk`cíif`g)= Takb 4h?+? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2G pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb @itbk`cíif`g. @itbk`cíif`g rbprbsbitg a quæa dbl ulg cgtg faisbcub gprbihbr b grlgzbigr

ìoarlgãòbs. Wugita lg`s gkta, lgàr à g fgpgf`hghb hb gigk`sgr ìoarlgãòbs b rbsakvbr qubdrg-fgdbãgs. Rlg cgtg fal @itbk`cíif`g zbra à `ciargitb b ìfgpgz ìf gpgz hb pbisgr par s` sö. G @itbk`cíif`g à ulg fgrgftbrìst`fg hgs `crbsgs Vaijghargs b Julgiakac`stgs qub hbsbmgl gvgiãgr sbus pkgias lg`s ausghas. @itbk`cíif`g 2% g 72%= Rlg cgtg fal bssb iìvbk hb @itbk`cíif`g tbl paufg lblör`g b rgfàfìià b à `ciargitb fal rbkgãæa ga luiha qub g fbrfg. @itbk`cíif`g 7?% g 2>= G cgtg faisbcub h`sfbri`r a luiha qub g fbrfg b rgfàfìgr fala rbspastg ga qub sbus sbit`has fgptgl. Rlg cgtg fal gktg @itbk`cíif`g tbl glpka fa@itbk`cíif`gb27% au lg`s= ijbf`lbita rgp`hbz hb rgfàfìià.

706

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

âh (âhbr)= Takb 6h? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar vgk ar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb âhbr. A âhbr à sadrb g oarãg hb vaitghb hg cgtg. Bstg fgrgftbrìst`fg tgldàl h`z sb g cgtg à fgpgz hb rbs`st`r g lgc`g b ìffluíif`g lbitgk sadrbigturgk. gldàl hbtbrlìg a iìvbk ì`f`gk hb paitas Vgi`hghb hg cgtg ‘ qugitablgàr a vgkar, cgtg fal zbra hbhb âhbr iæa tbl hbtbrlìgãæa gcb fala ullgàr zuld`.g Vgi`hghb. Rlg `crbsg `cr bsgss Va Vaijg ijgharg hargss b Jul Julgia giakac kac`st `stgs gs ìv ìvbstb bstbl l bl oar oarãg ãg hhbb vvait aitghb ghb hb oobrr brra. a. âhbr 2% g 72%= Rlg cgtg fal bssb iìvbk hb âhbr tbl paufg lat`vgãæa pgrg sg`r hb sbu saia pgrg ighg gkàl hb sugs ibfbss`hghbs dçs`fgs. âhbr 7?% g 2>= G cgtg à lat`vghg a su﬇f`bitb pgrg farrbr gtrçs hb sbus admbt`vas. âhbr 27% au lg`s= Rlg cgtg fal gkta âhbr à fgpgz hb dusfgr sbus admbt`vas b gmuhgr autras h`rbtglbitb au ìsp`rgiha-as.

Bhu (Bhufgãæa)= Takb 4h?+? b lukt`pk`qub a vgkar par 2 pgrg cbrgr a vgkar hb Bhufgãæa. Bhufgãæa à a iìvbk hb faijbf`lbita sadrb julgias b autras gi`lg`s qub g cgtg passu`. Bkg faisbcub falprbbihbr a qub a julgia hbsbmg gtrgvàs ha falpartglbita, bxprbssòbs b tal hb vaz. G cgtg iæa à fgpgz hb falprbbihbr pgkgvrgs, lgs s`l a faimuita hb ìoarlgãòbs falpartglbitg`s hgs pbssags. Julgiakac`gs, Crgfàsgs b `crbsgs Vaijghargs pràr`zgl a sbu faijbf`lbita sadrb as julgias, julgi as, pgrg halìgr sugs vaitghbs b faifrbt`zgr sbus pkgias. Bhufgãæa 2% g 72%= G cgtg sgdb qub bx`stbl bssbs gi`lg`s crgihbs b bstýp`has, lgs iæa sgdb pgrg qub sbrvbl. Bhufgãæa 7?% g 2>= G cgtg sgdb qub as julgias sæa öt öt`las `las pgrg kjb sb sbrv`r, rv`r, b faisbcub lgi`pukgr bkbs bvbitugklbitb. Bhufgãæa 27% au lg`s= G cgtg tbl halìià sadrb as julgias, furvgiha-as îrbkjas sug vaitghb. faisbcub falprbbihbr hb gkcuis gpghb datòbs,Bkgfala gdr`r partgs b cgvbtgsa bouifàiglbita autras lbfgi`slas dçs`fas.

Vartb G Vartb pgrg gs cgtgs ouifàig hg lbslg lgib`rg qub pgrg as @ivbst`cgharbs hb Fjglgha hb Ftjukju. Takb 6h? b lukt`pk`qub a rbsuktgha par 2 pgrg sgdbr a vgkar hb Vartb.

Vgi`hghb Vgi`hghb à sblbkjgitb g Fjglgha hb cgtg Ftjukju, lgs aVgi`hghb crupa hbvb as hbtgkjbs sadrb a falpartglbita hb ulg qub pbrhb b sbhbdgtbr tarig @isgig. A vgkar ì`f`gk hb Vgi`hghb à `cugk ga iìvbk hb âhbr hg cgtg.

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

@hghb Rlg Macgharg pahb bsfakjbr g `hghb ì`f`gk hb sug cgtg hg lgib`rg qub prbobr`r. Vb g Macgharg hbsbmgr fr`gr ulg cgtg fal ulg `hghb hòbrbitb ha qub à lastrgha gdg`xa, g Cugrh`æ  hbvb hbvb gmustgr g s`tugãæa fala mukcgr lbkjar. •

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Tbhuzg ul tatgk 2 paitasOOgãg h`str`duìhas bitrbpgrg Oarãghb-b 7 glgija. au 4 gias=  glgija. Tbhuzg 2 paitas hb hb Bhufgãæa. gãg hugs macghgs tbrlìgr a vgkar hb Vartb V artb (vbr Vartb, Var tb, ggf`lg) f`lg) b usb a rbsuktgha lg`s gkta. 6 au 8 gias= Ogãg ulg vbr`﬇fgãæa hb lbkjar`g pgrg Bhufgãæa. 2 au ? gias= Ogãg 4 vbr`﬇fgãòbs hb lbkjar`g pgrg Bhufgãæa b rbhuzg ul tatgk hb 2 paitas h`str`duìhas bitrb Oarãg, Faist`tu`ãæa b Hbstrbzg b rbhuzg Gpgríif`g bl 2. 3 au : gias= Ogãg 6 vbr`﬇fgãòbs hb lbkjar`g pgrg Bhufgãæa b rbhuzg ul tatgk hb 7> paitas h`str`duìhas h`str `duìhas bitrb Oarãg, Faist`tu`ãæa b Hbstrbzg b rbhuzg Gpgríif`g bl 7>. 0 au 7> gias= Ogãg 8 vbr`﬇fgãòbs hb lbkjar`g pgrg Bhufgãæa b rbhuzg ul tatgk hb 4> paitas h`str`duìhas h`str `duìhas bitrb Oarãg, Faist`tu`ãæa b Hbstrbzg b rbhuzg Gpgríif`g bl 72. 77 au 74 gias= Ogãg 8 vbr`﬇fgãòbs hb lbkjar`g pgrg Bhufgãæa b rbhuzg ul tatgk hb 8> paitas h`str`duìhas h`str `duìhas bitrb Oarãg, Faist`tu`ãæa b Hbstrbzg b rbhuzg Gpgríif`g bl 4>. 76 gias au lg`s gias= Ogãg 8 vbr`﬇fgãòbs hb lbkjar`g pgrg Bhufgãæa b rbhuzg ul tatgk hb :> paitas h`str`duìhas bitrb Oarãg, Faist`tu`ãæa b Hbstrbzg b rbhuzg Gpgríif`g bl 42.

Autras Gtr`dutas Hgia Døius ahgs gs cgtgs @ivbst`cghargs b gi`lg`s ia cbrgk passubl ul Hgia Døius. ^grg ahgs hbtbrlìgr a Hgia Døius, salb g Oarãg b glgija b akjb ig gdbkg 7= Hgia Døius b Farpa. Fghg bitrghg hg tgdbkg farrbspaihb g ul lah`﬇fghar ig rakgcbl hb hgia. Gs rbcrgs hb Farpa ha Fjglgha hb Ftjukju sb gpk`fgl gpbigs hb ulg cgtg pgrg autrg au pgrg gi`lg`s ia cbrgk. Julgias sæa lu`ta lgàrbs, pbsghar b oartb oartbss ﬇s`fglbitb ‘ bl fgsas gss`l, g Cugrh`æ  trgtg trgtg g hòbrbiãg hb tglgija hb ul gi`lgk pgrg ul julgia fala sb oassb ul julgia biorbitgiha ulg fr`gturg has L`tas hb tglgija crgihb au c`cgitb.

702

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Xgdbkg 7 Hgia Døius b Farpa Oar+gl

Hgia Døius

Farpa

?42‘ ‘?:88 :2 ‘ 748 742 ‘ 7?8 7?2 ‘ 4>8

--74 > +7 +4

--74 > 7 4

âitas hb _` _`hg hg As paitas hb v`hg sæa usghas pgrg fgkfukgr g qugit`hghb hb hgia qub ulg cgtg au gi`lgk pahb rbfbdbr gitbs hb fg`r bxgusta, ìfaisf`bitb au larrbr larrbr.. ^ ^grg grg hbtbrlìgr g qugit`hghb hb paitas hb v`hg hb ulg cgtg dgstg salgr g Faist`tu`ãæa b a glgglgija b h`v`h`r a rbsuktgha par hbz, grrbhaihgiha pgrg dg`xa.

Lav`lbita Rlg cgtg faisbcub sb lavbr ulg qugit`hghb hb lbtras `cugk g fìfa vbzbs a sbu vgkar hb Lav`lbita bl ul ýi`fa turia. ^grg fgkfukgr a vgkar hb Lav`lbita, s`cg bssbs pgssas= Vb tgita Hbstrbzg qugita Oarãg oarbl lbiarbs qub  glgija= glgija= Lav`lbita 3 Vb Oarãg au Hbstrbzg oar lgàr au `cugk ga glgija, au sb as trís oarbl `cug`s= Lav`lbita : Vb Oarãg b Hbstrbzg Hbst rbzg oarbl gldgs lgàrbs ha qub  glgija= glgija= Lav`lbita 0

Gfrbsfbitgiha Hbtgkjbs= Bsfakjbiha ul ^gpbk, Hbsfr`ãæa b J`stör`g G bsfakjg hbssgs ìoarlgãòbs oarlg g dgsb ha pgssgha hg cgtg pgrg g Macgharg  sg sgdbr qugk g sug pbrsaigk`hghb b sug j`stör`g hb v`hg gtà a paita aihb a maca falbãg. G Macgharg  bsfakjb bsfakjb ul pgpbk igs pçcìgs 74 b 76. Bkg pahb ogzbr `ssa sb gpbcgiha ga rbsuktgha rakgha igs fgrgftbrìst`fgs au hbf`h`r a pgpbk b bitæa rakgr as hghas pgrg hb﬇i`r as vgkarbs. Lbsla qub sg`g gkca oarg ha bspbrgha pgrg gqubkb pgpbk, `ssa fr`gr pbrsaigk`hghbs ýi`fgs ‘ ulg cgtg fal paufg Oarãg b hb  glgglgija pbqubig sbiha ulg dr`caig vgkbitb! G Hbsfr`ãæa b g J`stör`g hg cgtg tíl a prapös`ta hb hb﬇i`r g gpgríif`g oìs`fg au trgãas hg pbrsaigk`hghb, b a pgssgha hbkg gtà a lalbita bl qub a maca falbãg. Gs pçcìgs 78 g 44 faitíl ar`bitgãòbs sadrb as hbtgkjbs `lpartgitbs hg Hbsfr`ãæa, fala rgãg, pbka, akjas, ialb b bxblpkas hb J`stör`gs.

70?

O`fjg hg ^brsaigcbl Obkìg

^grt`f`pgitb=QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ . Ialb(s)) hg(a) Cgtg(a)= QQQQQQ Ialb(s QQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQ @hghb= @hghb=QQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQ ^gpbk=QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ J`stör`g= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Hbsfr`ãæa= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ GXT@DRXAV

OAT FAI XGL

HBV G^G BHR

@IX ÂH XGZG HB LA_@LBIXA

VATXB ^XV. HB _@HG

L󰁧󰁺

VGI@HGHB

L󰁧󰁺

HGIA DØIRV FATÂ

@hbakac`gs b frbiãgs= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Gi`lg`s s`ci`﬇fgt`vas= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Kafg`s `lpartgitb= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Obr`lbitas b f`fgtr`zbs= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Oad`gs b lgi`gs= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Faijbf`lbita bstrgija= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Bifaitra fal bit`hghbs= QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ ahas ahas as h`rb`tas Tbsbrvgha, Tbsbrvgha, Fjgasùl b Ibw Arhbr Bh`targ ûdk`fgha ia Drgs`k par ^kulg ^ kulg ^rbss, sad gutar`zgãæa âhb sbr rbprahuz`hg pgrg usa pbssagk

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gpíih`fb I Kb`turgs pgrg @isp`rgr O@FÃÆA FRTXG Kavbfrgot, Jawgrh ^j`kk`ps (J.^ (J.^.).) Faitas= ‛A Fjglgha hb Ftjukju“ ‛As Cgtas hb Rktjgr“ ‛G Valdrg Valdr g hb @iisl @iislautj“ autj“ Iavbkbtgs= ‛G Dusfg Aiìr`fg par Eghgtj“ (fal cgtas) ‛G Valdrg Valdr g _ì _ìhg hg ha blpa“ ‛A Fgsa hb Fjgrkbs Hbxtbr Sgrh“ E`pkìc, Tuhygrh= ‛A Cgta qub Gihgvg Vazìja“ ia k`vra J`stör`gs Gss`l Lgrqu`s, Hai=  Gs Gs _`hgs &  blpas blpas hb Grfjy & Lbj`tgdb Lbj`tgdbkk (Xb Kòbs & `lbs ao Grfjy & Lbj`tgdbk) - fakuigs bsfakj`hgs Vtbvbisai, Tadbrt Kau`s= ‛A H`gda ig Cgrrgog“ (lgc`g ibcrg)

Iavbkgs ‛Cgtasb Cubrrb`ras“ Juitbr,Hah`b= Brì= sàr`b Vl`tj, ‛As fbita ul hçklgtgs“ b sug sbquíif`g, ‛Xb Vtgrk`cjt Dgreìc “. “.

âbs`gs Bkàt, . V.= ‛As Cgtas“

O`klbs H`siby, Sgkt (^rahuãòbs Sgkt Sgkt H`si H`siby)= by)= ‛G hglg b a vgcgdui vgcgduiha“ ha“ (7022 (7022)) ‛As fbita b ul hçklgtgs“ (70?7) ‛As gr`stacgtas“ (703>)

70:

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

L`ygzge`, Jgyga (Bstýhà Cj`dk`)= ‛A Vbrv`ãa Vbr v`ãa hb Bitrbcgs hb Eè`“ (70:0)

T^C A Fjglgha hb Ftjukju (70:7) par Vgihy ^btbrsai= @iavghar maca hb jarrar b

l`stàrà dgsbghavbzbs, ig ﬇fãæa J.^. Kavbfrgot b sbus sbcu`harbs. gtugk`zgha lu`tgs fal hb supkblbitas b gvbiturgs hb ìýlbrasTbv`sgha gutarbs.bGpös ul ﬇igif`glbita fakbt`va dbl sufbh`ha, g Fjgasùl kgiãau g 3g bh`ãæa bl 4>78. Ia Drgs`k, oa` trghuz`ha pbkg bh`targ Ibw Arhbr bl 4>7:, tgldàl par ﬇igif`glbita fakbt`va. aai (70:8), par Crbc Fastèygi, hbsbivakv`ha par Sgrrbi Vpbifbr pgrg g Vtbvb Mgfesai Cglbs. As pbrsaigcbis sæa hb j`stör`gs bl qughrìjas, ìfkuìha gi`lg`s ogkgitbs. ûdk`fgha ia Drgs`k bl 700? pbkg bh`targ Hb Hbv`r v`r.. Saao Lbaw (70::), par Rkr`fa Oait b Maji S`kkòar S `kkòar.. ^ ^r`lb`ra r`lb`ra maca bl qub as pbrsaigcbis sæa gi`lg`s hb bst`lgãæa. FG  (7000), (7000), par Maji S`fe= Maca falpgfta b h`vbrt`ha aihb cgtas hbvbl pratbcbr sbus haias hbbllaistras ìv`sìvb`s5 saijas. Tbv`sgha 4>>8, rbkgiãgha rbkgiãgha blrbcrgs 4> 4>77. 77.gh`fàig`s ìfkubl gvbiturgs pbkas Giatjbr Oìb Lbss  (4>>>), (4>>>), par Gii Hupu`s= gvbiturg hb ogitgs`g ìavgharg, ig qugk pbrsaigcbis sæa gi`lg`s hb falpgij`g hb julgias fgpturghas. Hbsbijgha pgrg a s`stblg ORHCB, a k`vra faitàl tahgs gs rbcrgs ibfbssçr`gs. Egtzjukju (4>>7), par @ica Gjrbis= grt`ca hb ulg rbv`stg gkblæ fal rbcrgs pgrg macgr fal cgtas ìvbst`cgharbs bl Fjglgha hb Ftjukju. rghuz`ha pgrg a ìckís bl 4>>? ig rbv`stg Luihas hb Ftjukju. HGSC  (4>>0), (4>>0), par Gsjae Hbsg` pgrg Ebizbr & Falpgij`g. Fjglgha hb T^C hb Vbcuihg Bh`ãæa ia qugk tahas as pbrsaigcbis sæa fgfjarras5 g pr`lb`rg bh`ãæa à ul prahuta ﬇ftìfà ig wbdfal`f ‛Ei`cjts ao tjb Hìibr  gdkb“, gdkb“, par Makky Dkgfeduri. Sgrràrs Ghvbiturb Cglb  (4>>0), (4>>0), par Vtgi!, dgsbgha ias k`vras k`v ras hb Brì Juitbr Juitbr..

700

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Tbsula hgs Tbcrgs Hbsg﬇as.............................................K`vra @, p. 42-67 Takgr ha`s Hghas hb Cgta (4hC) ( 4hC) b faitgr ibi ibijul, jul, ul au ha`s Cgtas Obk`zbs ((6-? 6-? bl ul h?). CF^G= G Cgtg Fbrtg pgrg g  grbog grbog tbl ul Vufbssa gutalçt`fa.

Hbsg﬇a Oçf`k Rl sufbssa ibfbssçrà

Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk Rl Vufbssa= pracrbssa pgrf`gk Ha`s Vufbssas= rbsuktgha gkfgiãgha

Hbsg﬇a Hòìf`kibfbssçràs Ha`s sufbssas Lb`g-ia`tb= Hupkg hb ? à ul Vufbssa  rùiogk. rùiogk. Akjas hb Fadrg= Hupkg hb 7 à ulg Ogkjg _brcaija _brcaijasg sg (au ul VVufbssa ufbssa _brcaijasa sb ooar ar g CF^G CF^G  iul Hbs Hbsg﬇a g﬇a Oçf`k). Hbsg﬇a Lartgk= âhb sbr tbitgha tbitgha gp gpbigs bigs pb pbkg kg CF^G CF^G . À ul Hb Hbsg﬇a sg﬇a Hòì Hòìf`k5 f`k5 iæa sæa gfb`tas ^bt`sfas b iæa jç Vufbssa gutalçt`fa5 fghg Ogkjg faitg fala ul Obr`lbita Obr`lbita.. Ckör`g= Vgfr`﬇fg-sb ulg _`hg (@, (@, p. 4: 4:)) pgrg rakgr ul tbrfb`ra Hgha hb Cgta (6hC) bl ul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk. Drìfgiha fal g Lartb= Rlg bitgt`vg bitgt`vg Ckaràsg iul Hbsg﬇a Lartgk (qub fustg ulg _`hg) pgrg bv`tgr ul hbstìa tbrrìvbk. Vgfròìfà Ckaràsa= G cgtg larrb, lgs tbl ul sufbssa bspbtgfukgr bl qugkqubr t`pa hb Hbsg﬇a.

4>>

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Kutgs..................................................K`vra Kutgs.................................................. K`vra @, p. 68-6? H`sputg hb 4hC. Iæa-cgtas faitgl as rbsuktghas hb Cgtas r`stbs g sbu ogvar (7-4 bl ul h?). Dr`caigs b fr`gturgs cubrrb`rgs cgijgl ul sufbssa gutalçt`fa. A kgha vbifbhar bsfakjb 7 Tbsuktgha pgrg ìffl`c`r ia pbrhbhar= Bsqu`vgr= G vbifbharg faisbcub bv`tgr tahas as gtgqubs b pahb ouc`r. Gtarhagr= G pbrhbharg ofg tblpargr`glbitb ìfgpgz hb gc`r. Blpurrgr= G vbifbharg faisbcub ogzbr g pbrhbharg sb lav`lbitgr ul paufa pgrg aihb qu`sbr qu`sbr.. Gcgrrgr= G vbifbharg faisbcub sb prbihbr î pbrhbharg. Lgfjufgr= G vbifbharg ogz hb tuha pgrg lgfjufgr g pbrhbharg. Gãæa hb Faitbiãæa= Vb g cgtg hbf`h`r biorbitgr ul ì`l`ca lu`ta pahbrasa, qubr bkg cgijb au pbrfg g Kutg, fghg Orgfgssa s`ciòfg qub a ì`l`ca bsfakjb ul Tbsuktgha pgrg ì󿬄`c`r ì󿬄`c`r..

Lgfjufghas............................................K`vra Lgfjufghas............................................K`vra @, p. 66 Lgfjufghg= Hbsg﬇as oìs`fas ﬇fgl lg`s hòìfb`s.

Hbd`k`tghg= Iæa pahb tbr gãòbs oìs`fgs. Hbsg﬇as lbitg`s ﬇fgl lg`s hòìfb`s. Larrbiha= @ifaisf`bitb5 larrbrç ga ﬇igk hg sbssæa sb iæa faisbcu`r gmuhg. Tbfupbrgãæa (@, (@, p. 66 66)=)= Cgstgiha ^bt`sfas gpös a ﬇l ha maca, au sgfr`﬇fgiha ulg _`hg par ulg rbfupbrgãæa ìstgitäibg.

^bt`sfas...................................................K`vra ^bt`sfas................................................... K`vra @, p. 4? raqub ul ^bt`sfa pbkg fjgifb hb rbogzbr qugkqubr rakgcbl ‖ bxfbta raqub Hbsgoas Lartg`s!

4>7

Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju

Gs Tbcrgs hg ^gtìjg Wugiha G Tbcrg hbg Ha`s Hghas ................................ ................ ...48 48hb bl hýv`hg, Cgtg Cugrh`æ pbhb ulg pbhb rakgcbl................... hb ha`s Hghas

Cgta, `lprav`sg ig hbsfr`ãæa ha rbsuktgha faioarlb gs rbcrgs ha Hbsg﬇a Iarlgk, b faitìug a maca.

G Tbcrg ha ‛Vbl ^bt`sfas“........................... ...........................4? 4? Wugiha falpkbtglbitb sbl ^bt`sfas, ulg cgtg pahb faisbcu`r ul ga adr`cgr ul julgia g gfgr`f`ç-kg bxgtglbitb trís vbzbs.

Akjas G Tbcrg ................................ ............... 40 hb Fadrg=hgs Hupkg Hupkgs hb 7 ias Hghas hb Cgta............................ s`ci`﬇fg gkca...........40 vbrcaijasa. Lb`g-ia`tb= Hupkg hb ? à ul Vufbssa rùiogk. G Macgharg  qub qub obz g rakgcbl hbsfrbvb a qub gfaitbfb.

G Tbcrg ha V`kíifà (LBASGSE@) (LBASG SE@) .................. ............................ ................... ................... .................... ..........64 64 Fgsa a lartgk ‛trà“ hb 7 au a pahbrasa ‛trà“ hb ? surmg ig lbsg, gpbigs g Macgharg  qub qub obz g rakgcbl pahb h`zbr a qub gfaitbfb bl sbcu`hg.

G Tbcrg hgs Xrís Fa`sgs fal Fjb`ra ............................... ................................................ .................64 64 Rlg cgtg pahb lgrfgr gtà trís fa`sgs ga lbsla tblpa fal sbu fjb`ra, tarigiha-gs ogl`k`grbs bl fgsa hb Hbsg﬇as rbkbvgitbs.

4>4

K`vra @@= G @lpraiuif`çvbk Obkìgcbl

Rlg Fgrrbcgiha ............................... .............. ................................. ................................ .................. .. 6: cgtg pahb fgrrbcgr ulg fa`sg ig dafg par vbz ‘ biqugita g Macgharg lgit`vbr ul kçp`s bl sug dafg.

G Tbcrg ha L`gha b ha Tairaigha ................ ................................ ................................ ..................... .....6: 6: Wugiha gs cgtgs iæa faisbcu`rbl vbr ulgs îs autrgs, gs Macghargs iæa pahbl ogkgr au cbst`fukgr bitrb s`, ggpbigs pbigs ogzbr sais rbpkbtas hb blaã blaãæa. æa.

G Tbcrg hg Cgtgr`g ................................. ........................................... ..........60 60 Iæa laiapak`zb tahg g gãæa b iæa ogkb a tblpa taha. Falpgrt`kjb Falpgrt`kjb g fgã fgãg! g!

G Tbcrg hg ^röx`lg Fa`sg .......................... ..........................87 87 afgiha a Vìa has Cgtas= G Cgtg Cugrh`æ  hç afgiha hç g fghg Macgharg  g g fjgifb hb tbitgr ulg ýkt`lg gãæa, b bitæa g ^röx`lg Fa`sg gfaitbfb. afgr ul sìa rbgk à apfàigk.

4>6

Gcrghbf`lbitas

F

jglgha hb Cgtjukju iæa tbr`g sb tarigha rbgk`hghb sbl a gpaà bspbtgfukgr hg falui`hghb ia E`festgrtbr. Bssgs pbssags lgrgv`kjasgs ias fai﬇grgl iæa gpbigs sbu sugha hìjb`ra, lgs tgldàl ulg biarlb vaitghb hb faivbrsgr sadrb iavgs rbfalpbisgs, vatgr bl gssuitas fala farbs has hghas, b sb gpa`gr lutugklbitb faioarlb iassg fglpgijg hb Iavbldra hb 4>76 4>7 6

frbsfbu, frbsfbu. ahas 3:6 gpa`gharbs lìjgmarighg btbrig pgrg crgt`hæa5 hbfrbsfbu ogta, a biìvbk hb gpaà lbashb`xau bxtgs`gha.cgijgrgl Oa` ulg kaicg faistru`r a maca qub bssgs pbssags tarigrgl passìvbk. Fal sartb, lg`s fa`sgs rbkgfàighgs ga luiha hb Cgtjukju Cgtj ukju surc`ræa, pgrg tahas iös! Gcrghbf`lbitas bspbf`g`s væa pgrg gkcuis gpa`gharbs qub oargl gkàl ha fjglgha ha hbvbr, b sb falpralbtbrgl pbssagklbitb fal a prambta. Gkàl hb vçràs prílàs oìs`fas, bstbs gpa`gharbs cgijgrgl a h`rb`ta, lg`s qub lbrbf`ha, hb ul gcrghbf`lbita gqu` ia pröprà k`vra. VJGSI T., fgvgkjb`ra b bstuhàsa, gpravb`tau g fjgifb hb `lartgk`zgr sbu falpgijb`ra Duddg, qub mç pgrtù, fala g iavg b a﬇f`gk fgpg hb Cgtjukju. Bstb à Duddg gcarg, akjgiha pgrg tahas iös gtrgvàs hg fgpg, ias hbsg﬇giha g gfrbh`tgr qub sgdblas tuha… Juhkby, autra cgta hb Vjgwi, tgldàl gpgrbfb, lgs bl oarlg laistruasg, bl^BBT ulg hgs H., pçcìgs bh`ãb æa bh`ãæa ar`cìgk.tgldàl oaribfbrgl `lg^@BTTB C., TAIhgC., VAVTBT cbis hb sbus gi`lg`s pgrg sbrbl gvgtgrbs hb fbrtas Hbusbs Gi`lg`s lgàrbs. Bkbs bstæa ia K`vra @@ hg bh`ãæa ar`cìgk, b vafí pahb vbr as hbsbijas kìhas, paràl pbrturdgharbs, qub oargl prahuz`has. Hbz autras falpgijb`ras oargl trgisoarlghas bl fr`gturgs gssustghargs b fjgrlasgs hg ia`tb, au kbs pjàialbibs oàkì bt gi`lgk 7, fala aur-Dau`kkai h`r`g. Bssbs gi`lg`s laistruasas gpgrbfbl ias K`vras @ b @@ hg bh`ãæa ar`cìgk. Vbus julgias prbstgt`vas sæa faijbf`has fala Egrg D., Mglbs F., L`fjgbk J., Hgv`h M., LE, Vfatt E., E., Cbarcb ^ ^.,., Mai V., Vbgi, b Lr Lr.. Gitjrapy . B, ia lalbita bl qub mç iæa tìijglas lg`s `hb`gs pgrg autrgs rbfalpbipbssags  bitrgrgl sgs, ìfrìvb`s qugrbitg b sb`s   pbssags bitrgrgl b rb`vìh`fgrgl g vbrsæa HBO@I@@Fjglgha hb Cgtjukju _G hb sbu sbrçHb﬇i`t`vas falbrf`gk`zghg, f`lbitgiha, gss`l, pgpbk ibstg j`stör`g., qub Bstbsiuifg Cgtaslg`s b Cgtgs sæa C.G., sæa L`fjgbk G., Lgsgge` D., Maigtjgi D., Lgttjbw F., Vtàpjgi F., _`ftar`g Bk`zgdbtj-Orgif`s hb L., X`brry hb C., Vbdgst`gi H., Drbtt B., Lgre B., Hbgi B., Haigkh O., Maji C., T`fe C., Mbiiòbr C., T`fjgr J., Vgl J., ^gfa M., Vfaut M., Mgfad E., Ggrai E., L`fjgbk E., Lgre L., Xalgs L., L. Vbgi L., Vapj`g A., ^btbr ^., Orbhbr`fe ^., Gkbxgihbr ^., Hgv`h ^., Dbfey T., Crgblb T., Kbb T., Tadbrt V., Tygi V., Xalgs V., I`fjakgs ., Mbiiòbr S., Fjgrktai S., Ebvì S., b Ib`k, Kada, Vtgfby, Lèb b I`faka. Gcrghbf`lbitas Gcr ghbf`lbitas btbrias g tahas vafís! Fal glar, Lr. Mabk

7 ‘ I. T. Bl orgifís ia ar`cìgk. Bl trghuãæa k`vrb, ‛‛as as obiølbias oobkìas bkìas b gi`lg`s“.

Gcrghbf`lbita bspbf`gk gas Gpa`gharbs hg bh`ãæa Drgs`kb`rg ia Fgtgrsb Gdbkgrha Ibta, Gd`cg`k Grgýma, Gfçfà Glarbkk` Lgrtìs, Ghguta V`kvg, Ghr`gig Fgdgibkgs, Ghr`gig Aut`, Ghr`gia Fgrkas, Ghr`gia Gyud, Gkgi Vgitas, GkgiObrrgfì, _gz, Gkdbrta Vuzue`, Gkhbr Kuig,Gkbx Gkha^j`k`ppb, Vagrbs, Gkbf _`b`rg, Gkbssgihra Gkbssgihrg Kglgrfg, Gkbxgihrb Tgogbk, Gkbx`s Masb, Gkkgi Ghgii, Gkkgi T has Vgitas, Gkvbs Tahr`ca, Glgihg @zul`, Glgr`kha Lgrìja, Gig Fgrakìg, Gig Okçv`g, Gig Mýk`g, Gig Vub, Gihbrsai Orgiekì, Gihrà Ghr`gia, Gihrà Fgrvgkja, Gihrà Ku`s, Gihrà Ku`z Lgkklgii, Gihrb T`fgrha, Gihrb Tussa, Gihrà Vglubk, Gihrbssg Dusbtt`, Gihrbzg V`kvb`rg, Giig Fgrakìg, Gitaià Jbkhbr, Çpà Lur`ka, Gr`bk Gpgrbf`ha, Grtjur Hrbcbr, Grtjur Bkbfta, Grtjur Obrigihbs, Grtjur Larbia, Grtjur Vgitas, Gttìkà Vausg, Dbgtr`z Kaurbiãa, K aurbiãa, Dbrbi`fb Xg`s, Dbrigrha Caiãgkvbs, Dbrigrha Lgugh, D`gifg ]gigttg, Drbia Gtt`, Drbia ^j`k`pp`, Druig Dgkbstra, Druig Igygrg, Druia Dbkkaf, Druia Dbrtaifbkka, Druia O. b`xb`rg, Druia Obk`x, Druia Crbcar`, K`rg, Druia Druia Vagrbs, Lgkkgvgzz`, Lgrqubs, Druia Lbkka, DruiaDruia Tahr`cubs, Fgà Druia Fastg, Fgà Hafgk, Fgl`kg Cglìa, Fgl`kkg Fglgttg, Fgl`kkg Tglas, Fgrkg Vgdrìg, Fgrkas Bhugrha, Fgrkas JHT, Fgrkas Jbir`qub, Fgrkas Acgwg, Fgrkas Tadbrta, Fgrkas _kabt, Fgrkykb Vgitì, Fgrakìb hg Fruz, Fgss`g V`kvg, Fbsgr Kapbs, Fbzgr Fgpgfkb, Fbzgr Jbir`qub, Fbzgr Tb`s, Fj`fj`wgeglgru Jbrbivgrai, Fjr`stapjbr Egstbisl`ht, Fkgrg Gihrghb, Fkgus bsslgii, Fkba Layg Tb`s, Fav`k has Lbstrbs, Fr`st`gib Kapbs, Fr`st`gia Fr`sta, Fr`st`gia O`rla, Fr`stìb Darcbs, Hg`gib Vgitas, Vgi tas, Hgi`bk Fjr`st`gibtt`, Hgi`bk Hì`z, Hgi`bk T`ttg, Hgi`bk Vgitas, Hgi`ka Fglpas, Hgi`ka hb Gcu`gr, Hgi`ka hb Gcu`gr, Hgi`ka Laitb`ra, Laitb `ra, Hgi`ka T`db T`db`ra, `ra, Hgi`ka Tadb Tadbrta rta Tass Tass`,`, Hgv`h Hari Haribkkbs bkkbs,, Hbi`s Ak`vb`rg, Hbi`sbHàca Larb`rg, Hbii`sHarì` ^gtrìfà,O.H`bca Gucust, H`bca Lgtas, H`bca Tafjg, Lgtj`gs, Kbaigrha, Hauckgs Hgi`bk Tasg, Hauckgs Bhsai, Hauckgs Jbisfjbk, Hauckgs Tglas, Hauckgs Tahr`cubs, Hauckgs Vgitas, Hauckgs V`kvg, Bhbr Fautìja, Bhugrha Gss`s, Bhugrha Dgrrbta, Bhugrha Darase`, Bhugrha Hbkgdgr`, Bhugrha Hugrtb, Bhugrha Ogdr`s, Bhugrha Oaitbs, Bhugrha Bkolgi, Bhugrha Jÿsbk, Bhugrha Tgogbk, Bhugrha V`lgdueura, Bkgìb Igsf`lbita, Bk` G. Vakh`, Bkkbi Fgrhasa, Bkvys Dbigyai, Bkvys Fgvgkfgitb, Blgiubk Lgx, Blbrsai M V`kvg, Bllgiubk T`fgrha, Biza Lgrfjbtt`, Br`f hg V`kvg, Àr`f ghbu,  ghbu, Br`fe Hrb`vbs, Àr`fa Okarbitìa, Brè hb Vauzg, Brèg VVprbicbk, prbicbk,

Br`svgkha D. Igsf`lbita, Bvgi`r Gfçfà, Bwbrtai Sgihbr, Ogdà Gucusta, Ogdà Fbsgr, Ogdà Frblai, Oçdà Bl`kà, Oçdà Lbhb`ras, Ogdà Tÿcbkì, Ogdr`fà H. Hbkcgha, Obk`pb Glgrgk, Obk`pbs, Dbita,Lbka, Obk`pbOgdà Obk`pb OO`cub`rb `cub`rbha, ha, Obk`pb Lakì Lakìg, g, Obk`pb Ibrbs, Obk`ppa H‐Gicbk` H‐Gicbk`s, Obkk`pb ^btruz, Obrigiha Faifb`ãæa, Obrigiha Fàsgr Lbhgkjg, Obrigiha V. rbv`sgi, Obrigiha Ibtta, Obrigiha Vbvbr`gia, O`k`pb H`gs, O`k`p` ^brufg, Orgif`s Orgif`sfa fa Hbi`k Hbi`ksai, sai, OOrgif`s rgif`sfa fa Cgdr` Cgdr`bk, bk, OOrgif`s rgif`sfa fa M  F, Orbhbr`fa Oàr`, Orbhbr`fa Lgtas, Cgdr`bk Tahr`cubs, Cgdr`bk Glgd`kb, Cgdr`bk D`suk`, Cgdr`bk hg V`kvg, Cgdr`bk hb K`lg, Cgdr`bk Calbs, Cgdr`bk Murgha, Cgdr`bk Lgrg﬇cg, Cgdr`bk Lbzzb Lbzzbig, ig, Cgdr`bk Iìal`yg, Cgdr`bk Vagrbs, Cgdr`bkg ^rgtbs, Cgratg Hadrg hg Tbgk`hghb, Cbib Fgvgkfgitb, Cbarcb Jgrr`sai, Cbavgig gihrbssg, C`çfala Fbstgr`, C`klgr hb ^g`vg, C`ksai Tafjg hb Ak`vb`rg, Cùk`giia Kuffg, Cùk`gia Vgffak, Ckgudbr Tafjg, Ckbyhsai hb Vausg, Cu`ha Kìs, Cu`kjbrlb Darcbs, Cu`kjbrlb Cu`kjbrlb Obrrgr`, Cu`kjbrlb Kgiorbh`, Cu`kjbrlb Cu`kjbrlb Igsf`lbita,Hbk﬇ia, Cu`kjbrlb Vgssge`, Cu`kjbrlb _gsfaifbkkas, _`b`rg, Custgva Gkfäitgrg, Custgva Dbrigrhbk`, Custgva Fgss`l`ra, Custgva Jbir`qub, Custgva Masà, Custgva Lgrfas, Custgva ^brgihrà, Custgva biörà, Jgkky Tafebr, Jgiig Cubhbs, Jb`tar ^gak`, Jb`tar Vgitas, Jbkhbr âudbk, Jbkhbr hb Orb`tgs, Jbk`k Ibvbs, Jbkà Tahr`cubs, Jbktai has Vgitas, Jbir`qub Lgrtìs, Jbir`qub Ibpalufbia, Jbrigi ^brbcrìa, Jbrigib Dì`, Jàrvbrtai Obrrb`rg, Juca Laitb`ra, Juca Tafjg, @gca ^rgha, @car Dbkka, @car ^ìjb`ra, @rgi Bhugrha, @rsai Dgrdasg, @sgdbkg Or`cgta, @sgharg Druia, @skgih`g Dbzbrrg, @ury Lgzz`k`, @va Obrrb`rg, Mg`ktai Gkvbs, Mgqubkìb Vgitas, Mgrhbsai Lbhb`ras, Mbgi Fgrkas, Mbgi Tahr`cubs, Mbgi Obk`pb, Mbgi Obrigihbs, Mb﬎brsai Drbia, Mb﬎brsai hb Laurg, Cbavgib, Mjaigtgi b`xb`rg, Mjaiiy Kb`tb, Magig Gicbk`fg, MaæaMb﬎brsai Fbsgr, Fbsgr, Maæa Cgdr`bk, Maæa Cu`kjbrlb, Maæa Lçrà, Maæa ^guka ^guka,, Maæa ^bhra Xalà, Maæa ^bhra Lgcgkjæbs, Maæa Tglas, Maæa Tahr`cubs, Maæa _`ftar Fgrvgkja, Maæa _`ftar Kbssg, K bssg, Madbrt Fgstra, Maigs C`gfalì`, Maigtgi fgrt`kja, Maigtjgs Kara, Marhgiig Grtlgii, Masà Tadbrta ]gifjbttg, Mugi Fglpas, Mugi Lgrtìi, Muk`gig ha Bsp`r`ta, Muk`gia hb L`rgihg, Mukà Fbzgr V`kvg, Mukà ^ ârta, arta, Egìæ Ibcrb`ras, Egà ^gbs, Egrakìg akstay, Ebvbi Zgv`br, Ebvì hb ^gukg, Ekgus Vfjib`hbr, Ekbzbr Gitaià, Kgjyr` Gurdgfj, Kg`s Lgcgkjæbs, Kgihb Tahr`cubs, Kgrg Mbiiòbr, Kgr`ssg Sgfjukbf, Kgur`gib Kgfartj, Kbgihra Gihrghb,

Kbgihra hb Fglpas, Kbgihra Tgi`bra Obrigihbs, Kbgihra Vgitas, Kbiiai akbha, Kbaigrha Gcu`kkgr, Kbaigrha Fgrib`ra, Kbaigrha Jassgry, K`ldbrcbr, Kbaigrha Lbr`ssb, Kbaigrha K`g Saa, Kbaigrha K`bksai ]bi`, Kèg Drgssgf, Kìfaki T Vgitas, K`v`g vai_gkbitb, Vufra, Kagihg hg V`kvg Gihrghb, Kugi Fgrkas, Kugi hg V`kvg, Kufgs Gkvbs, Kufgs Grsakìa, Kufgs Farrbg, Kufgs hb Gv`kg, Gv`kg, Kufgs hb Gzbvbha, Kufgs Obrrb`rg, Kufgs Cgdr`bk, Kufgs Caiãgkvbs, Kufgs Jbir`qub, Kufgs Kìe`, Kufgs Lbstrb, Kufgs Igsf`lbita, Kufgs Akkyvbr, Kufgs ^b`xata, Kufgs ârta, Kufgs ^rg`g, Kufgs Vbirg, Kufgs Vbrrgia, Kufgs Vuz`cgi, Kufgs ]arza, ] arza, Kuf`gig K`sfgia, Kuf`gig I`btupse`, Kýfà _ì _ììfùs, ìfùs, Ku`s Obk`pb, Kuìs Obrigiha Dgkha, Kuìs Obrigiha Fgrvgkja, Ku`s Jbir`qub, Ku`s Akgva, Kuìs ^bhra, Ku`z Gr`stbu, Ku`z Dusfgràkk`, Ku`z Bhugrha, Ku`z Obrigiha, Ku`z Atgvà, Ku`zg zgsfjbk, Lgf`bk Tahr`cubs, Lgcia Vauzg, Lgèa Orb`tgs, Lgìig ^gkalg, Lgiabk Lazzbr, Lgrfbka Caiãgkvbs, Lgrfbka Iava, Lgrfbka _`giig, Lçrfà Farrb`g, Lçrfà hg V`kvg Eud`gfj, Lçrfà Larb`rg, Lgrfa Gihrb, Lgrfaib Bkk`s, Lgrfas L`kjalbl, Lgrfas Laicbkas, Lgrfas Vglubk, V glubk, Lgrfas _ì`fàs, Lgrfus Gitøià, Lgrfus Vgitì`, Lgr`g Gk`fb, Lgr`gig Fgiãgha, Lgr`gig Tafjg, Lgr`gi Lgr`gigg Tahr`c Tahr`cubs, ubs, Lgrì Lgrìgg âfebtlai âfebtlaistbr, stbr, Lgrì Lgrìgg akasg, Lgrà Ku`z ^`gzzg, Lgtbus Fbzgr, Lgtjbus Bssbr, Lgtjbus Jbir`qub, Lgtjbus Laisaurbs, Lgtjbus Igsf`lbita, Lgtjbus Tahr`cubs, Lgtjbus Vgitas, Lgtjbus _ì`fùs, Lgx Lbihbs, Lgyrg OOgr`gs, gr`gs, L`fjbk Lgiabk, L`fjbkkb Lgrtìs, L`ktai _ììfùs, Løi`fg hb Ogr`g, Lai`qub Tasg, Lufà Drbfebiobkh, Luihas Fak`hbl, Igtçk`g Dgrrbta, Igtgi Obrigihbs, Igtjgk`g Faifb`ãæa, Igtjgk`g @gcjy, Ibrh Lgkh`ta, I`fjakgs Kglb`rg, I`fjakgs Kblas, I`fakgs Dgrdasg, Iìg Lgfjgha, Iùtai Ahg`r Gihrghb, Ahg`r hb^gtr`fe ^gukg,C` Atai`bk Lgtbus bkbs Fgrhasa,Bhugrha, ^gtr`f`g Dr`ta, Dr` ta, ^gtr`f`g V. B`jgrg, Cùr`gta, ur`gta, ^gukg Tbcìg, ^guka Gucusta, ^guka X`gca, ^bhra Obrigihbs, ^bhra Juldbrta, ^bhra Lbhb`ras, ^bhra Talbra, ^bhra Jbrbì, ^brbcrìa Sbribe, ^jbk`pb ^brbcrìa, ^j`k`pb bssgrì, ^r`sf`kg Ogcuihbs, Tgogbk Fruz, Tgogbk I`fakgu, Tgogbk Ak`vb`rg, Tgogbk ^ghræa, Tgogbk ^gifzìse`, Tgogbk Tb`s, Tgogbk Vgit‐Giig, V git‐Giig, Tglai Gkdbrta, Tglai Dbri Dbrigrhbs, grhbs, Tgpjgbk Karbiãa, Tgyssg C Vausg, Tbìgkha Larg`s, Tbigi ^brb`rg, Tbigtg Fgibvgrak`, Tbigtg K`drbtt`, Tbigta hb Fgstra, Tbigta Ogl`k`gr T`fgrha Ghbkìa,

T`fgrha Gury T. Kapbs Euttbrt, T`fgrha Fglgrca, T`fgrha B`m`, T`fgrha Obrrb`rg, T`fgrha Kaurbiãa, T`fgrha Lgkkbi, T`fgrha Lgttb, T`fgrha ^brb`rg,Tadbrtsai T`fgrha V`qub`rg, . Lbihb Lbihbs, s, T`fjgrh Tadbr Tadbrta ta hb Mbsus, Tahakoa Vauzg,S`kj`gi Tahr`ca Vfjuc, Gldrasà, Gldrasà , Tahr`ca Gzbvbha, Tahr`ca Dai﬇l, Tahr`ca Lgrqubs, Tahr`ca Lgrtìs, Tahr`ca Lìgi, Tahr`ca Laitbffjà, Tahr`ca ^bhrasa Dgrdasg, Tahr`ca ^rgtg, Tahr`ca Tahr` ca Tb`s hg V`kv V`kvg, g, Talukka Gss`s, Taasb Taasbvbkt vbkt ^ ^bssag, bssag, Tugi Obk`pb, Tugi K`lg, Tudbis Masà, Tudbis Mýiàr, Vglubk Fabkja, Vglubk Crgvb, Vgihra Wuìtgig, Vgiiyg Lgr`g, Vçvà Tglai, Vàrcà M. Vausg, Vàrcà Lgrtì, V`kvà Hglgsfbia, V`laib hb ^gukg, V`laib Tak`l, Vtbogia G`rbs, Vtbkkg Gkvbs, gtg` Z^, Xgl`r`s Hattg, Xgy hb Vgitgig, Xgys Orgcg, X`gca Hgi`ka, X`gca Hì`z, X`gca Obrigihbs, X`gca Jbirè, X`gca Kb`tb, X`gca Ku`z, X`gca ^guk`ff`, X`gca ^`bhghb, X`gca gvgrbs,  gvgrbs, Xalgs Xglsai, Xalgz Tahr`cubs, `gca Gkbxgihrb, `gca Obrrb`rg, Lgf`bk, ad`gs F Fgif`gi gif`gi, , Rì`_gibssg F`sfai F`sfai,,Vbrrgta, Rk`ssbs  gsqubt`, gsqubt`,`gca Rl Lgf`bk Mavbl ,`gca AtgeuTak`l, ha TV, _gkl`r Lgt`gs, _`ftar Gucusta, _`ftar hb Mbsus, _`ftar Kuffgs Orby, _`ftar Lgiabk, _`ftar ^b`xata, _`ftar ârtgzà, _ììfùs Grbig, _ì`fùs Fglgrcas, _ììfùs hb Gcu`gr, _ì`fùs C`gihai`, _ì`fùs K Kbkk`s, bkk`s, _ììfùs Lgfufa, _ììfùs V`kvb`rg, _ììfùs aci`, _`tar Dariàa, _`tar Fgrvgkja, _`tar Ak`vb`rg, Ak`vb `rg, _`v`gib Kapb Kapbs,s, Sgkkgs ^brb`r ^brb`rg, g, Sgihbr Hglgsfb Hglgsfbia, ia, Sgihbr gihbrsai sai Lgrtì`gia, Lgrt` i`gia, S Sbkkì bkkìctai ctai VVbrg﬇l, brg﬇l, S Sbih bihkbr kbr P Pgd, gd, S`k S`ksùs sùs L I Gkv Gkvbs, bs, P Pgca gca suda`  suda` Vgk`fà, Pur` L`kbi, ]bra ]bra..

Hbsbijb g sug cgtìjg gqu`!

^gpbk

Cgfradgtg, Crgfàsg, Dr`caig, `crbsg Vaijgharg au Julgiakac`stg.

J`stör`g

Tgãg ûrg au Tgãg L`stg1 Vbkvgcbl, Halàst`fg au sbhb h`vbrt`r, Bxpas`ãæa1 Fgãgdrìpar fal`hg, pgrg gpbigs fgiha au ibl k`cg pgrg `ssa1

Hbsfr`ãæa

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Iæa sæa pbrl`t`has iýlbras! Iæa sb bsqubãg hb sbr ìfrìvbk!

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163797099561a1743308389chamado de Gathulhu 1

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