14.8.1. Expresiones para efectuar reclamaciones o quejas: Unidad Didáctica . That’S English. Módulo 8

UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.1. Expresiones para efectuar reclamaciones o quejas I´ve got a problem with... Tengo un problema con… This tap is driving me mad,… Ésta llave me vuelve loco,... I´m writing to complain about… Estoy escribiendo para quejarme sobre… I´m very disappointed with / because… Estoy muy decepcionado con… I´m upset about… Estoy molesto/ disgustado por… I´d like to make a complaint about… Me gustaría hacer una queja sobre… I would appreciate it if … Apreciaría si usted...

...my car. It’s broken down. …mi coche. Se ha averiado …It’s keeps dripping because the washer is worn out. … está continuamente chorreando porque la arandela está desgastada. …this clock. It works for about 45 minutes, then it stops and to wind it up again. …este reloj. Trabaja sobre 45 minutos, entonces se para y empieza de nuevo. …this chair is damaged. One of the leg is broken. …esta silla, está dañada. Una de las patas está rota. …this blouse. When I took it home, I realised the collar was torn. …está blusa. Cuando me la llevé a casa, me di cuenta de que el cuello estaba roto. …the service in this restaurant. I had to wait nearly an hour for my first course. …el servicio de este restaurante. He tenido que esperar cerca de una hora para el primer plato. ...you ...you could deal with this matter at your earliest convenience. ...tratara este asunto a la mayor brevedad posible.

14.8.2 El artículo “The” Se usa the para referirse a lo siguiente: - Algo que ya se ha mencionado. Which tie do you want? The striped one. / Cual corbata quiere? La rayada. - Algo que se conoce bien. I´ll meet at the pub or the cinema. / Nos encontraremos en el bar or el cine. - Se usa con un adjetivo para indicar todas las cosas o personas del mismo tipo. Only the rich can afford to live in this area./ Solo los ricos pueden vivir en esta zona. - Cuando la referencia es de tipo general se suele omitir el articulo determinado.... Wine is my favourite drink. / El vino es mi bebida favorita Life is a dream. / La vida es un sueño Beautiful things, money, skiing, expensive clubs, holistic medicine. - ...pero se incluye en afirmaciones específicas. The wine I usually drink is Rioja. / El vino que usualmente tomo es Rioja. In the summer months I go to London. / Los meses de verano voy a Londres. One of the most expensive clubs in London. / Uno de los más caros club de Londres. The aromatherapist I go is very good. / El aromaterapeuta al que voy es muy bueno. - El articulo no se usa con nombres de persona, cargos, calles, paises o continentes. Mrs Thatcher, Queen Elizabeth, Oxford Street, Spain, Africa. - Sin embargo, algunos nombres no siguen esta regla, como los plurales... The Unites States, The Philippines, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands, The south of England.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.3 Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are defined as multiword verbs which usually consist of a main verb ( take, look, go,...) followed by a particle: particle: prepositions (on, in, for..) or adverbs ( out, down, off,…) Some examples: turn on, take in, look for, put out, break down, go off,… However, we may come across a number of phrasal verbs consisting of a main verb followed by two particles. Examples: run out of, look forward to, catch up with, stand up for,… When a phrasal verb is followed by a Direct or Indirect Object we can have the following situations: a) They decided to put off the meeting because of the bad exam. b) They decided to put the meeting off because of the bad weather. c) They decided to put it off because of the bad weather In sentences A and B the Direct Object can be placed after the phrasal verb ( put off meeting) or between the verb and its particle ( put the meeting off) In sentence C we have substituted the Direct Object “ the meeting” by the Object Pronoun “it”. When we use an Object Pronoun it can only be placed after the particle, so we can’t say put off it, it would be grammatically incorrect.

Prepositional Verbs / Phrasal Verbs La combinación de verbo y partícula es un rasgo muy característico de la lengua inglesa. Prepositional verbs, verbs, son aquellos en los que la partícula funciona como una preposición. Carmen is looking for her dog. dog. La particula siempre va acompañada de un complemento que Normalmente lo precede: precede: Let´s talk about the weather. En ciertos casos, se coloca al final de la oración. -Oraciones en voz pasiva: I hate being laughted at. -Oraciones de relativo: that´s the boy Nuria is going out with -Oraciones que empiezan con particulas interrogatives y exclamativas (wh-words): Who are you going out with? Phrasal verbs, son aquellos en los que la particula funciona como un adverbio. Angel Hill put up tomorrow right. Angel Hill se aloja mañana. La particula puede ir acompañada de un complemento o no. I´m going to turn the radio off in a minute. Javier, get down, please!! En el primer caso, la particular puede ir delante o detrás del complemento, siempre y cuando no se trate de un pronombre. Throw away that record! Throw that record away! Tira ese disco de música! Tira ese disco de música! Put out that fire, Rafa! Put it out, please! ( no*put out it)

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

PUT Put away: to keep things in their right place. Guardar, poner en su sitio. Put away your clothes, your room is in an absolute mess!!! Put by: to save money. Ahorrar We put by some money for holidays but I decided to buy a new car. Put off: to postpone, postpone, to change the date. Posponer The President had an accident so they had to put off the meeting. Put on: to wear clothes. Ponerse Put on your jacket because it´s too cold outside. Put out: to extinguish, to quench (fire, flames). Apagar, también significa Sacar fuera. This is a non-smoking area, Please, put out your cigarette before entering. Put up: to raise, to elevate ( hand, curtain…). Levantar, montar If you have any doubt, put up your hand and I´ll explain it again. Put up with: to tolerate, to stand, to bear. Aguantar I can’t put up with those students who behave so badly. Put down: to leave, to let go of. Soltar, dejar (phone) GO Go ahead / Go on: to continue, to proceed. Continuar I can´t go ahead / go on. I´m too tired today. Go around / Go round: to revolve, to turn, to visit. Visitar, dar vueltas. If I had a lot of money, I would go around the world. Go away: to leave a place, to depart. Marcharse, Irse de vacaciones. We are going away for a few days. Go off: a) to explore, be fired. Explotar / b) stop functioning or operating. Apagarse a) The bomb went off in a crowed street. b) The lights went off while the students were doing an exam. Go through: to examine or study something closely. a) Repasar, b) Pasar por, atravesar a) She went through the company’s accounts, looking for evidence of fraud. Go up: to rise, to become higher in price, level. Subir, elevarse, estallar The price of petrol has been going up in the last years. TAKE Take after: to resemble. Parecerse a He takes after his father. Take away: to carry off ( used for restaurants where you can buy food and take it outside) Llevarse. Is your hamburger to eat here or to take away?. Take in: to give home to somebody, to lodge. Acoger She takes in tourists during the summer.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

GET Get along: to progress, to have a good relationship with somebody= to get on. Llevarse bien, también irse, Marcharse. Nowadays, students and teachers don’t get along very well. Get away: to escape, to leave, to go away. Irse, escapar He managed to get away from work earlier than usual. Get back: to return, to regain possession. Recobrar, devolver We complained but we never got back our money. Get on: to climb on board US Get off: to dismount. (Get on / get off used with means of transport ). Subir o bajar del transporte público. También llevarse bien = to get along, To go to Trafalgar Square get on bus number 7 and get off at Prince Street. Get over: to recover ( from an illness, tragedy, loss…) Reponerse de It was too hard for him to get over his wife’s death. COME Come across: to meet or find somebody or something by chance. Encontrarse con Having a look at the newspaper this morning, I came across the bad news. Come back: to return. Volver, regresar You came back very late last night. Come down: a) to fall, to become lower, to descend. / b) to collapse, to fall down, to crash. a) Bajar de valor. Houses are coming down in price. b) Derrumbarse, estrellarse. The Twin Towers came down after the plane crashes. Come out: a) to become visible, to appear. / b) to become know or revealed. a) Salir de. The rain stopped and the sun came out. b) Mostrarse, divulgarse. The full story came out at the trial. Come over: to move from one place to another. Venirse Her grandparents came over from Germany during the war. Come up: to occur, to raise, to appear. Sugir ( algon urgente), aparecer. I´m afraid, I can’t go. Something urgent has come up. BREAK Break down: a) to stop working (for vehicles, machines) / b) under pressure. pressure. ( for people) a) Averiarse. Our car broken down in the middle of the highway. b) Derrumbarse. During the court he broke down and confessed his crime. Break into: to enter a house or building without permission to rob. Entrar a robar The burglars broke into our house at midnight and stole my video cam. Break out: to escape ( from prison). Fugarse, escaparse Alcatraz Prison was closed because danguerous prisioners broke out. Break through: to penetrate. Abrirse paso, atravesar Finally, the sun broke through the clouds and we had a lovely day.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

LOOK Look after: to take care of, to protect. protect. Cuidar, vigilar He’s too old, he needs someone to look after himself. Look for: to search for, to seek. Buscar I’m looking for my sunglasses but I can`t find them. Look forward to: to wish, to desire. Esperar con impaciencia, deseo. We look forward to hearing from you soon. Look through: to examine, to revise, to go through. Revisar, mirar detenidamente The police are looking through the evidences. Look up: to try to find (words in a dictionary, encyclopedia…) Buscar en el diccionario. You have to look up the words in the dictionary if you don’t know their meanings. Look at: to observe, to consider, to check. Estudiar, examinar, revisar Look out: to take care. Tener cuidado Look into: to examine. Estudiar, examinar TURN Turn back: to return the way somebody or something has come. Volver, desandar el camino The weather was so bad that we had to turn back. Turn down: to reject or refuse an offer, a proposal. Rechazar He asked Jane to marry him but she turned down his proposal. Turn off: to stop the flow of ( electricity, gas, water) = switch off. Apagar o apagar el deseo Turn off the volume of your radio because the neighbours are sleeping. Turn on: a) to excite or stimulate somebody sexually. / b) to star functioning by pressing a switch. ) = switch on. Encender a) She’s often turned on by tall men. b) Turn on the gas and light the fire to heat the water. Turn out: to appear, to attend, to be present at an event. Asistir, presentarse. He was the first one to arrive at the meeting but nobody turned out. Turn up: to show up. Aparecer, sacar a la luz, revelar. Turn over: Dar la vuelta, voltear. RUN Run away: to leave a place suddenly, to escape. Escaparse, fugarse, correr He ran away from home at the age of thirteen. Run into: to meet somebody by chance, to encounter. Tropezar, contrarse con We ran into an old school friend at the supermarket. Run out of: to be finished. Acabarse, quedarse sin They are running out into of time. Run over: a) to knock somebody or something down and pass over. b) durar más de la

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.4 Voz Pasiva Forma La voz pasiva se forma con el tiempo correspondiente del verbo be más el participio pasado del verbo principal. Los tiempos verbales que admiten la voz pasiva, así como las reglas que siguen, son los que se utilizan en la voz activa. English is spoken in many countries. El inglés es hablado en muchos paises. Most of these houses have been rebuilt. La mayoría de estas casas han sido reconstruidas. You will be called tomorrow. Tu serás llamado mañana. También los verbos modales pueden ir seguidos de una construcción en vos pasiva. En estos casos, el auxiliar be se utiliza en infinitivo. She wouldn’t be invited to that party. He can’t be imitated. Ella no sería invitada a esa fiesta Él no puede imitarse. En verbos que pueden ir acompañados por dos complementos ( directo e indirecto), como send, give, show, pay, tell, promise, generalmente el complemento indirecto pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración en voz pasiva. Activa Pasiva She give me a kiss. I was given a kiss. kiss. Ella me da un beso. Yo fui dado un beso. Observa cómo cambian los tiempos verbales: Active

Passive

Present

He does it.

It is done.

Present continuos

He’s doing it

It’s being done.

Past simple

He did it.

It was done.

Present perfect

He has done it.

It has been done.

Past perfect

He had done it.

It had been done.

Future

He will do it

It will be done

Conditional

He would do it

It would be done.

Uso Además del uso característico que tiene en español, la voz pasiva inglesa se utiliza cuando queremos resaltar lo que se hace, no quien lo hace, ya sea por que lo desconocemos, no queremos o no nos interesa mencionarlo. De esta forma, la voz pasiva inglesa recoge los usos de la pasiva refleja y las oraciones con sujeto omitido del español. A new cinema has just been opened near my house. Acaban de abrir un nuevo cine cerca de mi casa. He was killed in the middle of the street. Le mataron en mitad de la calle. It is rumoured that she is virgin. Se rumorea que ella es virgen. I was told the answers of the exam. Me dijeron las respuestas del examen.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.5 Maneras de expresar interés, temor y preocupación Interés

Temor

Preocupación

I’m interested in… I’m interested in the environment. (Estoy interesado en el medio ambiente.) Environment/ Ecology interestes me. (El medioambiente/ la ecología me interesa) I’m afraid that… I’m afraid that earth’s resources are running out. (Me temo que los recursos naturales se están agotando.) I’m afraid to… I’m afraid to swim in the sea because of the pollution. (Me da miedo nadir en el mar por la contaminación) I’m afraid of… I’m afraid of the sun’ rays because the ozone layer is getting thinner. (Me da miedo los rayos del sol porque la capa de ozono cada vez está más delgada) I’m worried about… I’m worried about living near a chemical factory. (Me preocupa vivir cerca de una fábrica de productos químicos) I’m worried about air pollution. (Me preocupa la contaminación atmosférica.)

14.8.6 Maneras de expresar ignorancia, ayuda, descripciones. Ignorancia

I don’t know… I don’t know how to say… in English?

Ayuda

What do you call... What do you call... in English? What’s the English/Spanish for…? How do you say…in English/Spanish?

Hablar más despacio o alto

Can you speak more slowly, please? Not so fast, please! (con humor) Can you speak louder, please?

Descripciones específicas

…a bird with a red beak. …an animal with black and white stripes.

14.8.7 Maneras en la redacción de e-mails, cartas, etc. Encabezamiento Dear Sir/Madam,

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.8 Boring Us. Bored En inglés hay muchos adjetivos con dos posibles terminaciones, pueden acabar en –ing en –ing o –ed. –ed. Los adjetivos acabados en –ing en –ing se usan para describir cualidades de una persona o cosa. La traducción está ligada al verbo “ser”. His speech was confusing for me. / Su discurso era confuso para mí. Windsurfing is a challenging sport. sport. / El windsurf es un deporte desafiante. The Eye is a frightening movie. / El ojo es una película de miedo. The football match was boring / El partido de fútbol fue aburrido. Los adjetivos acabados en –ed en –ed se usan para indicar como se siente una persona. La traducción está ligada al verbo “estar” I was annoyed by his attitude. / Estaba aburrido de su actitud. She was confused by my explanation. explanation. / Ella estaba confusa con mi explicación. They were tired after the marathon. / Estaban cansados después de la maratón. Quality Boring Interesting Astomishing confusing annoying tiring frightening challenging

Feeling Bored Interested Astonished Confused annoyed Tired frightened challenged

traducción Aburrido Interesante Asombrado Confundido Molesto, fastidiado Cansado aterrador desafiante

La confusión aparece cuando nos referimos a personas: My boss is boring / Mi jefe es aburrido. My boss is bored / Mi jefe está aburrido. He is interesting. interesting. / Él es interesante. (persona interesante) He is interested. interested. / Él es un interesado. (aprovechado)

14.8.9 Maneras de expresar indiferencia o aprobación Indiferencia

I don’t care. No me preocupa

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.10 El Futuro. Usos mas frecuentes de los tiempos verbales en futuro Forma futura “going to”. La expresión going to se usa para hablar de intenciones o planes futuros, sin saber exactamente que va a pasar tras esas intenciones o planes.

•

When I finish reading this novel, I’m going to buy another one by the same author. Cuando termine de leer este libro, me compraré otro del mismo autor. The advertisers aren’t going to like it if we make the newspaper more multiracial A los anunciantes no les va a gustar si hacemos el periódico más multirracial. •

Presente continuo: To be + verbo-ing. Se usa también para hablar de intenciones o planes futuros, pero sabiendo exactamente cuando se van a realizar y que va a pasar. I’m doing my washing on Tuesday and I’m taking the cat to the vet on Wednesday. Haré la colada el Jueves y llevaré al gato al veterinario el viernes. I’m taking my exams next year. year. ( observa que se dice next year, no the next year.) Tendré mis exámenes el próximo año.

•

Futuro simple: will. a) Se usa para hacer predicciones o promesas, es decir, lo que el hablante piensa que va a suceder. People of different races will live together harmoniously. Gente de diferentes razas vivirán juntos en armonía. b) Se usa también para describir acciones futuras imprevistas. Ring, ring (sound the phone)…I will answer the phone. Suena el teléfono…responderé yo Tock, tock, ( at the door)...I will open the door. door. Llaman a la puerta, la abriré.

•

Futuro continuo: will + be + verbo-ing a) Se usa para indicar algo que va a suceder durante un periodo de tiempo en el futuro. Next month I’ll be finishing my exams. El próximo mes estaré terminando mis exámenes. I’ll be having the dinner when you arrive. Estaré tomando la cena cuando tu llegues. Se diferencia del futuro simple en la importancia que da al transcurso de la acción, no solo al hecho de que la acción se produzca.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.11 Maneras para describir algo Descripción física

It looks like a …

Descripción de categoría

It’s a type/sort of...

Descripción de materiales

It’s made of...

Descripción de función

It’s used for... It’s something that...

Descripción de sentimientos

It’s how you feel when...

It’s small, It’s made of metal and It’s used for holding pieces of paper. It’s a sort of flower. It’s how you feel when someone does something bad to you.

14.8.12 Pronombres Indefinidos Se pueden combinar los términos every, some, any y no con body, thing, one y where para formar las siguientes palabras compuestas: Everybody

Everything

Everyone

Everywhere

Somebody

Something

Someone

Somewhere

Anybody

Anything

Anyone

Anywhere

nobody

nothing

No one

nowhere

En cuanto al significado, los pronombres indefinidos compuestos de every- implican la totalidad, los compuestos de some- y any- una parte y los de no- excluyen todo. Body y one se refieren a personas, thing alude a cosas y where a lugares. Cuando estos pronombres funcionan como sujeto, el verbo de la oración va en singular. Everybody was smart. Todo el mundo iba muy elegante. Los compuestos de some- se usan en frases afirmativas y los de any- en frases negativas e interrogativas. Forma afirmativa Something is happening somewhere. Algo esta pasando en algún lugar.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.13 Los Números Al leer los números en inglés, la conjunción and sólo se utiliza antes de las decenas y/o unidades, incluidas las decenas y unidades de millar y de millón.

355,624,897 605

Six hundred and five.

2,317

Two thousand, three hundred and seventeen.

43,209

Forty-three thousand, two hundred and nine.

487,921

Forty hundred and eighty-seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-one

355,624,897

Three hundred and fifty-five million, six hundred and twenty-four thousand, eight hundred and ninety-seven.

En inglés, el separador de miles es la coma y no el punto. 3,590 37,001 1,345,980 Los términos hundred, thousand y million solo se utilizan en plural al hablar de cantidades indefinidas. Hundreds of people. Cientos de personas Thousands of birds. Miles de aves Millions or records. Millones de discos Estos tres números se pueden utilizar en singular con a o con one, pero nunca solos. I’ll love you for a hundreds years. I’ve paid one thousand pounds for this. La lectura de números redondos entre 1,000 y 1,900, se puede simplificar de la siguiente forma. 1,100 eleven hundred en lugar de one thousand, one hundred 1,900 nineteen hundred en lugar de one thousand, nine hundred. Para leer fracciones sencillas se utilizan los números ordinales. 1/7 (one seven) 2/6 (two six) La expresión ¾ hour se lee three quarters of an hour, hour, y 1 ½ se lee one and a half. half. Los sustantivos que le acompañan va en plural. Last night Peter drank one and a half pints of beer. La última noche Pedro bebió una pinta y media de cerveza. Al leer números decimales se menciona cada una de las cifras individualmente. La separación se realiza por medio de un punto, no de una coma.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.14 Obligación, Necesidad o Prohibición Must / have to / needn´t / don’t have to / not be allowed to Tanto must como have to pueden usarse para expresar obligación o necesidad, pero existen algunas diferencias: Must. Con must, la obligación no es objetiva, sino subjetiva, expresa la opinión del hablante. Have to. Al utilizar have to, sin embargo, el hablante se limita a constatar el hecho de que existe una obligación externa a él, con la que puede o no estar de acuerdo.. The Americans must investigate immigrants carefully. ( I think this is important) The Americans have to investigate immigrants carefully. (it’s the law). Must (+ infinitivo sin to) se usa solo para hablar del presente y el futuro inmediato. inmediato. Para los demás tiempos verbales se usa have to. to. The first settlers had to adapt to the New World quickly. Needn’t y don’t have to se usan para expresar la ausencia de obligación. ( no es necesario...) Canadians needn’t apply for a visa to enter the United States. Mexicans don’t have to produce a visa to enter the Unites States Mustn’t se usa para indicar que no debe hacerse algo, porque el hablante opina de ese modo. Not be allowed to, sin embargo, se usa cuando el hablante se limita a informar de la existencia de una prohibición. ( por ley o algo parecido) You mustn’t tell anybody about it. ( I think this is important) You are not allowed to enter the United States without going through Immigration. ( It’s the law) Mustn’t (+ infinitivo sin to) se usa solo para hablar del presente y futuro inmediato. Para los demás tiempos verbales se usa not be allowed to.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.16 Oraciones Condicionales Tipo 3 Oraciones condicionales tipo 1 If + Presente Simple, Will + Infinitivo sin to If it’s a nice day, we’ll go to the beach. Oraciones condicionales tipo 2 If + Pasado Simple, Would + Infinitivo sin to If he won the prize, he would (he’d) be really happy Oraciones condicionales tipo 3 Forma If + Past Past Perfect, Would have + Participle (If + had / hadn’t participle, would / wouldn’t have + participle) El verbo de la oración introducida por if va en Past Perfect o Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto, mientras que el verbo de la oración principal va con would seguido de have más el participio del verbo principal. principal. Uso Se utiliza el tercer tipo de oraciones condicionales cuando se expresa lo que habría sucedido si se hubiera cumplido una determinada condición (lo que es completamente imposible, ya que se refiere al pasado).

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.17 Maneras para referirse a algo •

Regarding... Regarding that report, I’m very disappointed to see that the number of runaway children has increased. En cuanto a aquel informe, estoy muy decepcionado al ver que el número de niños fugados de casa han aumentado.

•

Concerning... He contacted me concerning the problem with may bank statement Él se puso en contacto conmigo en relación al problema con el extracto de cuenta.

•

As regards… As regards bulling at school, I believe we can do something to improve the situacion. En cuanto a la intimidación en la escuela, creo que podemos hacer algo para mejorar el situación.

•

As for... Michael and Philip are very welcome to come. As for Arthur, I don’t care if I never see him again. Michael y Philip son muy bienvenidos. Así como Arthur, no me preocupo si nunca lo veo otra vez.

•

As far as... is concerned,... / As far as I’m concerned,... As far as the figures for unemployment are concerned, there is no chance. En lo que se refiere a las cifras del paro, no hay oportunidades, ó: En lo que a las cifras del paro se refiere, no hay oportunidades.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

Si en la frase inicial hay más de un verbo auxiliar, en la frase con So/Nor/Neirher se utiliza el primero de ellos en la forma que corresponda. I’ve been looking for a good novel for ages. - So have I. He estado buscando una buena novela por años.- Yo también. Mike will be sent to the new offices in Leeds. – So will I. Mike será enviado a la nueva oficina de Leeds.- Estoy de acuerdo Si no hay ningún verbo auxiliar en la frase inicial, se usa la forma correspondiente del verbo do: do: do, does o did, did, según el tiempo verbal que se requiera. He likes swimming. – So do I. A Él le gusta nadar.- A mi también She got engaged in Turkey. – So did he. Ella se comprometió en Turkia.- Él también. Recuerda que existen palabras que aportan un significado negativo a la frase y por lo tanto, hay que utilizar nor o neither para expresar que se está de acuerdo con ellas. Martha never reads poetry. – Neither does he. Martha nunca lee poesía.- Él tampoco Nobody thinks he’ll pass. – Nor do I. Nadie piensa que él aprobará.- Yo tampoco •

Desacuerdo. Expresiones Para expresar disconformidad se puede decir lo siguiente: You’re 30. You were in Italy. You didn’t do it.

No, I’m not. I’m 25 No, I wasn’t. I was in Spain. Yes, I did.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.19 Verbos que no admiten la forma continua Los tiempos continuos del verbo como sabemos se forman con el verbo be y la forma -ing. No obstante, algunos verbos no se suelen usar en tiempos continuos. Es el caso de los verbos de percepción, percepción, los que expresan sentimientos y los de opinión. Tipos Percepción

Sentimientos

Opinión

verbos Hear See Taste Smell Sound And so on. Love Want Hate Like Dislike Prefer And so on. on.

Believe Understand Imagine Think Know Remember And so on.

Excepciones / observaciones See y hear suelen usarse con el verbo modal can y no en la forma continua. continua. I can see an eagle on that rock. ( no *I’m seeing…) Puedo ver un águila sobre esa roca. ( no estoy viendo...) I can hear a very strange noise. ( no * I’m hearing…) Puedo oir un estraño ruido. ( no estoy oyendo ...) Taste y smell también admiten la forma continua si la percepción es voluntaria. Why are you smeeling the milk. The milk smells bad. ¿Por que estás oliendo la leche? La leche huele mal. I’m tasting the soup to see if it need some salt. Estoy probando la sopa para ver si necesita sal. Think admite la forma continua cuando significa pensar y no la admite cuando significa creer. He is thinking about it. Él está pensando en eso. I think Mary is here. Creo que Mary está aqui.

It smells terrible and it doesn’t taste very nice. Huele fatal y no sabe muy bien. I don’t want this book. I prefer that one.

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.21 Estilo Indirecto. Expresar afirmaciones y negaciones Si al contar algo reproducimos literalmente lo que alguien dice, estamos utilizando el estilo directo y, si lo contamos con nuestras palabras, estamos empleando el estilo indirecto. Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

She said, “ You’re going too far” She said I was going too far.

Para expresar oraciones en estilo indirecto para afirmar o negar, el verbo que introduce este estilo suele ser say o tell, tell, y generalmente va en pasado. Al introducir la frase por uno de estos verbos en pasado suele producirse un cambio en los tiempos verbales al igual que en español: ESTILO DIRECTO Presente simple I love Tanya

ESTILO INDIRECTO Past Simple He said that he loved Tanya.

Present continuous I’m dating Tanya

Past continuous He told me that he was dating Tanya.

Past simple I argued with her.

Past perfect He said that he had argued with her.

Present perfect

Past perfect

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8 •

En las oraciones de estilo indirecto, hay que cambiar no solo el tiempo si no también los pronombres y los adverbios.

PRONOMBRES I we my our ADVERBIOS here now today tomorrow yesterday This week/ year Last week / year Next week / year

he/ she They His/ her their

there Then That day The next day The day before That week / year The week / year before The following week / year

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UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA XIV. THAT’S ENGLISH. MÓDULO 8

14.8.22 Obligación y permiso Forma A parte de otras expresiones antes estudiadas. Son muy comunes las siguientes: Sujeto He He

Verbo made let

Complemento me me

Infinitivo sin to get up early. go to the party

Sujeto He He I

Verbo forced alowed was allowed

Complemento me me -

Infinitivo con to to get up early. to go to the party to go to the party

Uso Para decir que se obliga a alguien a hacer algo se utiliza make y force, force, siendo force mucho más violento que make. make. He made me stand up for an hour. Me hizo estar de pie una hora. He force me to stand up for an hour. Me forzó a estar de pie una hora.