142568200 14 Teach Yourself Zulu

INTRODUCTION

African languages spoken in South Africa SouthAfrica'spopulationcomprisesmany distinctivepeoplesor population groups, each with its own language. There are also a great many dialects especially in the various indigenous or African languages. Four main African language gloups are found in South Africa. Within these language groups nine languages are officially recognised.They are Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi and Southern Ndebele (belongingto what is known as the Nguni languagegroup),Northern Sotho,Tswanaand SouthernSotho- also known as seSotho- forming the Sotholanguagegroup,and finally Vendaand Tsonga. Although some salient phonetic and grammatical differences exist between the various members of the Nguni and Sotho language groups respectively, they are not so comprehensiveas to constitute any great barrier to mutual intelligibility. Thus one finds that speakera of, for instance, the Nguni group have little difficulty in underrtanding one another- a Swazispeaker,for example,has no difficulüy in understandingaZuJu speakerand vice versa.This is, however, noüso for speakersbelongingto different languagegroups.In general, a Zulu-speakingperson cannot understand a speakerbelongingto any of the other languagegïoups and vice versa. 1

ZULU

IN TR OD U C TION

The Ngunilanguages ïhe Nguni languagesare spokenby more than 20 million people,who reside - with few exceptions- in the south-easternpart ofthe country, in an area stretching for about 1000 km in a broad coastal belt from Swazilandin the noúh, right through Kwúulu-Natal, far down into the Eastern Capein the south.

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In the northern parü of this territory (consisting of KwaZulu-Natal) Zulu predominates, while Xhosa is the predomin2filg language in the Eastern Cape.Zulu is also the dominating languagein the sóutheastern paú of Mpumalanga as well as on the Witwatersrand (i.e. Johannesburgand adjacent areas). Zulu and )Orosaare numerically the strongest of the Nguni languages. Swazi, which is the main language of neighbouring Swaziland, is mainly spoken in the Mpumalangain an area that is more or less adjacent to the l(ruger National Park. IsiNdebele is the Nguni language with the smallest number of speakers,and is mainly spoken in the Mprrmnfulga *4 Gautengprovinces.

The Sotho-speakingpeopleoccupythe interior lands to the west and north-west of the main Nguni area. Northenn Sothois mainly spoken in the Northern province,and Tswana in the North-West province as well as in neighbouring Botswana. Southern Sotho is by and large restricted to the Free State. It is, ofcourse, also the national language ofnearby Lesotho.

Vendaand Tsonga lenda is the languagewith the fewest speakersof the four principal Bantu languagegroups in the Republic of South Africa and is spoken mainly in the northem districts of the Northern province. lsonga is spokenin the Northern province as well as in Mpumalanga. It is also the official languageof neighbouringMozambiquõ

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3

IN TR OD U C TION

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

isikole > iskole

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isiSkotilandi > isKotilandi

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i o that, To acquirethe correctpronunciationof Zulu, it is recommended wheneverpossible,the help of a native speakeris enlisted.However, it is goodto rememberthat the main objectiveis not to acquirea perfect accentof Zulu but to be understood;here are a number of techniquesfor studyingpronunciation: r Listen carefully to the cassetteprovided and wheneverpossible try to repeat aloud the sounds and words pronouncedby the mother tonguespeakeron the tape. . Recordyourselfand compareyour pronunciationwith that of the mothertonguespeakeron the tape. o Make a list of wordsthat giveyou pronunciationtrouble and practisethem. The first impoúant rule to remember regarding pronunciation in Zulu is that the penultimate syllable of most Zulu words is lengthened.The lengtheningof this syllableis clearly audiblein wordsthat occuras the final word in the sentence.Comparethe followingexamples on your cassette.Pay specialattention to the pronunciationof the penultimatesyllableof the final word in the sentence: I am still learning (to speak) NgisafundaisiZulu Zulu Wearegoing now Sihamba manje Wheredo the busesdepartfrom? Amabhasi asuka kuphi? A wide variety of vowel elisionsoccurin Zulu, too many to treat in detail here.However,onekind of elisionthat shouldperhapsbe mentioned is the elision of the secondi in the noun prefix isi- in nouns with di- or tri-syllabic stems.For example: 4

is pronouncedsomewhatas in bark; e.g.ubaba (father) has two pronunciations.Ìühen followedby the vowel i or u it is pronouncedsomewhatas in bed; e.g. -thengile (bought).When followedby the vowel a its pronunciationsoundsmuch like that of the a in cat; e.g.-letha (bring) is pronouncedapproximatelyas in see;e.g.-thi (soy) has two pronunciations.It is pronouncedsomewhatas in saw when it is followedby an a; e.g.-bona (see).Whenfollowedby an i or u it is pronouncedmuch as in the northern English no. resemblesthe northern English sound in food; e.g. ufudu (toúoise)

Semi-vowels v w

is pronouncedas in yes;e.g.yebo (yes) is pronouncedas in want; e.g.wena (you)

Consonants Only those consonantsthat may causepÍonunciation problemsare givenbelow. is pronouncedas in fall; e.g.iÍu(cloud) is pronouncedas in van; e.g.vala (close) is pronouncedas in shall; e.g. shaya(hit) is pronouncedsomewhatas the initial ch in church rh is aspiratedand pronouncedmuch like the t in tea; e.g.thatha ftake\ t is pronouncedsomewhatlike the t in steam;e.g.intombi (gllrl) ph is aspiratedand pronouncedmuch like the p in pen; e.g.pheka book) p is pronouncedsomewhatlike the p in spoon but without any aspiration;e.g.impisi (hyena) kh is pronouncedmuchlike the c in can; e.g.ikhanda (head) f v sh tsh

5-

ZU LU

k

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ng ny d b

bh

h hh hl

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has two pronunciations. The 'soÍt-k' is something between English k and g; e.g.ukuvuka (to wake up). The so-called 'sharp-k'has no equivalentin English. It soundssomewhatlike the c in cat but without any aspirationand normally occursafter n, as in e.g.inkunzi (òull) is pronouncedmoreor lessas in gain; e.g.ugogo (erandmother) is pronouncedas in English. However,when it precedesa k or a g it is pronouncedmore or lesslike the ng in sing; e.g.inkomo (beast) is pronouncedas in finger; e.g.ingane (child) is pronouncedas in Vignette; e.g.inyoni (óird) is pronouncedmuchlike the d in duck; e.g.amadoda(men) has two pronunciations.In combinationwith m it soundslike the b in English;e.g.hamba lgo, walk), imbuzi @oat).On its own it is pronouncedwith implosion,i.e. with a slightly ingressiveairstream;e.9.ubaba (father),ubani? (who?) soundslike somethingbetweenb (as for instancein ball) and p (as in pot). Although it is written bh there is no aspiration in this sound;e.g.ibhola (ôoll), ibhokisi (óor) is pronounced as in hand;e.g.hamba @o) is the uoiced equivalent of h and occurs in words such as ihhashi (horse),hhayi (nol) is pronouncedvery much as ll in the WelshLlanelli. This sound is pronouncedby pressingthe tonguejust behindthe upper teeth as if to articulate I then, while holding it there, blow the air over both sidesof the tongue;e.9.-hlala (sll) is the uoicedform of hl. It soundsmuch like d + hl pronounced simultaneously;e.g.-dlala @/oy) is pronouncedas in just; e.g.ukujabula (to beglad)

Ro Du c r t o N To pronounc",nr. ."";,t (i) Press the upper part of the tongue-tip against the part betweenthe teeth ridge and the hard palate. (ii) Raisethe backofthe tonguesothat it touchesthe soft palate. (iii) Depressthe centreof the tongue. (iv) Releasethe tip of the tonguesharplydownwards. This click resemblesthe soundof drawing a cork from a bottÌe: e.g.qala (begin,start) To pronouncethis click: (i) Place the upper part of the tongue-tip against the part betweenthe teeth ridge and the hard palate. (ii) Raisethe backof the tonguetowardsthe soft palate. (iii) Withdraw onesideof the tonguefrom the upper teeth. This soundis generallyused in urgrng a horse;e.g. xoxa (chat, conuerse) Whenaspiratedtheseclicksare written: ch qh xh Nasalisedthey are written: nc nq nx (Note that the nasal and the click are pronouncedsimultaneously as a single sound) With voicing: gc gq gx

Cliek sounds c

To pronouncethis sound: (i) placethe tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth and gum. (ii) Depressthe centreofthe tongue. (iii) Releasethe tip of the tonguedrawing it slightly backward. This click resemblesthe English click of annoyancewritten as tut-tut; e.g.-cela (requestl

7

H OW A R E Y OU ? (GR E E TIN GS )

1 UNJAI\ I? How are you? (Greetings)

Stephen Albert Stephen Albert Stephen Albert Stephen

Ngikhona,wenaunjani? Nami ngikhona.Ulale kamnandina? Yebo. Uyúamba manje? Yebo. Hambakahle. Salakúle. Hamba kahle Go well Sala kahle Stay well yebo yes Unjani? How are you? Wena unjani? How are you? ('you'emphasised)

Sawubona Good day mnumzane sir Ngikhona I'm fine Ufafe kamnandi na? Did you sleep well? Uyahamba manje? Are you leaving/going now?

In this unit you will learn how to o I o .

exchangegxeetingsand addresspeople saygoodbyeto people health ask aboutsomeone's use somepersonalpronouns

Ulimi(Languageusagel 1 Forms of greeting

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tngxoxo(Diatogue)

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Greetingsform an important part of Zulu people'ssocial life. It is highÌy unusual for personsto engagein conversation,no matter how brief it may be, without first greetingeachother and enquiring about eachother'sheaìth. In the following dialogue,Stephen(a tourist) and Albert (a waiter in the hoteÌ where Stephenstays)exchangegreetings.Stephenis about to leaye. SawubonaMnumzane. Albeú Stephen Yebo. Albeú Unjani?

I

The most important greetingword in Zulu when addressinga single person is sawubona which may also be expressedas sakubona. When we greet more than one personwe say sanibona or sanibonani (pronouncedsanbonaan'). Theseforms of greetingcan be used at any time of day and night as they can meangood morning,good afternoon,goodeuening,or simplyhello. In reply to a greeting it is customaryto say yebo (yes)or yebo, sawubona (singular)or yebo, sanibonani (plural).

2

Formsof address

Il is importantto usethe correctform of addresswhen greetingpeople in Zulu. Here are a few commonterms of addresswhich vou as a ntudentof Zulu shouldknow:

I

H O W AR E YOU ? ( GR EET/N GS) mnumzana/e sir nkosikazi madam(a manied woman) nkosazana miss baba sir- used when addressing an older man, is less formalthan mnumzana above

ma nvrdam used when addressing án olderwoman,is lessÍormal than nkorlkrrl above mtowcthu my brother dadcwolhu my sister madoda men mÍana boy, young man mntanaml mv child

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lVhen we greet friends we may, of course,use their personalnames. In addition to their traditional name (igama lesiNtu), most Blacks in South Africa also have a so-calledChristian (i.e. Western or White person's)name (igama lesilungu). Like most other loan-wordssuch narnesare normally adapted to the Zulu sound system. So, Joseplris often pronouncedas Josefa, Dauid as Davidi, Lisbeth as Lisbethe, etr. The original pronounciationmay, however,be retained. In informal situations where a person'sname is not known, Blacks often address each other with mfowethu (in the case of a male person), and dadewethu or simply dade (in the case of a female person). Ma is another favourite greeting form for married female persons.In most metropolitan areas the slang forms bhuti (short for Afrikaans boetie brother) and sisi (sister)are also frequently used.

3

Saying goodbye

When saying goodbyeto someonewho is leaving, you say llamba kahle (Lit. Go well).

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4 Asking about someone's health There are various ways in which to enquire about one another'swellbeing in Zulu. Someof the most frequently usedexpressionsare:

Singular Unjani? Ngikhona Wenaunjani?

How areyou? I'm finz (Lit.I'm thcre.) (And)How areyou?('you' emphasised) Nami ngikhona fm fine too. In addition to Unjani? one may also ask:

Yebo,ngisaphila.

To say goodbyeto more than one personyou simply add .ni to the verb hamba or sala:

Wenauphila njani?

(whenthey are leaving) (whenyou are leaving).

Are you still fine?(Lit. Are you still aliue?) I am still fine. (Lit.Yes, I'm still aliue) How areyou doing?('yort' emphasised)(Lit. How do you liue?)

Usaphila na?

\{hen saying goodbyeto someonewho is staying behind, you say Sala kahle (L1t. Staywell).

Hambani kúle Salani kahle

or: How areyou?(Lit. How do you liue?)

Uphila njani?

10

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11

H OW A R E Y OU ? (GR E E TIN GS )

ZULU

Ngiyaphila

I'm OK. (Lit.I am liuing.)

Kunjani? KuÌungile

How is it (with you)? It's OK (with me).

Plural Ninjani? Sikhona (or Siyaphila)

How areyou? Weare fine.

or: Nisaphila na?

Yebo,sisaphila.

Instead ofusing njani? or -phila in your responseto a question about your well-being you can also say: Ngicelakini?

May I ask haw is it at your hnme?

Sicelakini?

May weask hnw is it at your hnmc?

or:

Sawubonabhut'John,ninjani? GooddnybrothprJohn, howareyou?(pl.) Sikhona.Sicelakini? Wearefine.May weaskhnwis it at your hnme?

5

Personalpronouns

The equivalents of the English pronouns I, you, we, it, helsh.e.artd they arc not completewords in Zulu. They are formatives, or, to use their grammatical name, concords,i.e. they are constituent parts of words. Here are some concordial pronouns that you have already encounteredas well as one or two new oneswhich you will be using soon. ngi- I u- you ni- you (pl.) si- we

u- he/she ba- they ku- it

12

In Zulu there is no grammatical distinction between masculine and feminine. Note also that the pronouns helshe and,you (singular) are both u- in Zulu exceptthat in caseofthe latter the u- is pronounced with a low tone while in case of the former it is pronouncedwith a high tone.

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Umsebenzi(Exercises)Let's practise the material you have studied thus far by exercising the following dialogues. In the first one, Thandi and her friend Fikile (two girls), greet each other. Let's imagine you are Thandi. How would you respondto what Fikile says? Fikile: (a) SawubonaThandi (b) Unjani? (c) Nami ngikhona, sala kúle

Thandi:

In the second dialogue, Sibusiso greets a couple of his (male) friends (amadoda men).Yot are Sibusiso.Try to enacthis role in this dialogueby bearing in mind how his fiends respond. Amadoda: Yebo. Sikhona,wenaunjani?

Sibusiso: @) _ (ó) (c)

How would you say hello to the following people? (o) your bossat the office (ó) your friend Mandla (c) a married woman (in a formal way) (d) an unfamiliar male person (e) an unmarried young woman (in an informal way) A anelderlygentleman How would you say goodbye(you are leaüng) to the following people? (a) yourfriend Raymond (ó) peopleyou havejust met

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ZULU

Y9y _arespeaking to Paul and Mary. Ask them how they are and tell them that you are fine.

2 IryENAUNG UBAI\ü?

How do you sayin Zulu: (a) How are they? (ó) He/Sheis fine. (c) They are fine. (d) We are fine. (e) How are you?(pl.) 0 lt's OK. Correct, rewrite and then translate the following:

Who are yoa? (personal identification)

(a) Sanibonanimfowethu. (ô) Salakúte bafana(boys). (c) Ngiphila. Compleüe the missingdialogue. In this unit you will learn how to o o . o

ask someone'sname and surname ask someone'sidentity and where he or she comesfrom use Zulu praise names form singular and plural nouns

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Asking someone'sname and where he or she comesfrom is something that cropsup regularly in many a conversation,as for instance in the following dialogue between Michael Cohen from England anô Sam Ndlovu from Ladysmith, South Africa. They have met briefly before and now use the opportunity to becomemore closely acquainted. Having first greetedeachother as is customary,they continue by asking eachothels namesand surnamesand where they eachhail from.

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Michael San Michael Sam Michael

Ngubani igama lakho baba? Igama lami nguSam,rìnumzana. Sam bani? NginguSarnNdlovu rrnumzana. Wena ungubani? NginguMichael.

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ZULU

Sam Michael Sam Michael Sam Michael Saml

Michaelbani? MichaelCohen. Uphumaphi? Ngiphumaphesheya. lsomewhat surprised] O! Uphuma phesheya! Kuphi phesheya? NgiphumaeNgiÌandi.WenauphumaphiSam? Mina ngiphumaeMnambithi.

Ngubani igama fakho? What is your name? lgama lami nguSam My name is Sam Sam bani? Sam who? NginguSam Ndlovu I'm Sam Ndlovu Wena ungubani? Who are you? Wena You (emphasised)

Uphumaphl? Wheredo you come from? -phuma come from phesheya Overseas Kuphi? Where? eNgilandi Engtand Mina t (emphàsised) eMnambithi' Ladysmith (a town in KwaZulu-Natal)

WH O A R E Y OU ? (P E R S A N A L

Igama lami nguStephen.

ID E N TIFIC A TION )

My nameis Steph.en.

Or you can put ngrngu- beforeyour name and igama lami after it. NginguStephenigama lami

Lit.lm Stephennxynnnxe.

2 Asking someone'ssurname To ask someone'ssurname(isibongo) you use: Ngubani isibongosakho?

What'syour surnam.e?

Sithini isibongosakho?

What'syour surnnrne?

or: To this you may reply: Isibongosami nguJones

My sumamc is Jones

SinguJones

It is Jonns

NginguJones(isibongosami)

lrn Joncs (my sumame)

or: or:

Ulimi 1 Asking someone'sname To ask someone's name(igama) you say: Ngubaniigamalakho?

Lit.It ís who the nameof you?

or: t ithini igamalakho?

Lit. It sayswhat your name? To this you may reply by addingNgrngu- (I am ...) to your personal name. NginguPeter NginguJohn NginguMandla NginguThandi

To ask a third person'sname or surnâme is similar, except that instead of the possessivepronoun -kho (you sing.) and -mi (zr.y)you usethe third personpossessiveprronoun-lshe (hislhcr). Ngubani igarnalakhe? Igama lakhe nguSamuel. His nanle is Samuel. UnguSamueligama lakhe. He is Samuel his name (that is). Ngubani isibongosakhe? Isibongosakhe nguKhathi. UnguKhathi isibongosakhe.

His surnam.eis Khathi. He is Khathi his surname (thnt is).

3 Asking someonewho (s)heis

Or you may wish to reply more fully by saying:Igama lami ngu ... (My nameis ...).

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To ask someone'sidentity you can simply say Ungubani? (Who are you? Lit. You are who?) as in the following dialogue where Meshack Masondo and Themba Nkosi are introducing themselves to one another.

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ZULU

WH O A R E Y OU ? (P E R S ON A L

ID E N TIFIC A TION )

Every adult male person in Zulu society has a praise name. All eligible male personsbelongingto the samefamily clan (i.e. persons sharing a common surname) have the same isithakazelo. For instance,the isithakazelo of all adult male personswith the surname Iftumalo is lìfintungwa; those whose surname is Ntuli have Mphemba as their isithakazelo, and so on. It is interestingto know that President Mandela, being a member of the Xhosa-speaking group,is alsoknown by the name Madiba which is the praise name of the Mandela clan. Isithakazelos are only used by men folk, women never call men by their praise names. Zulus are without exceptiondelightedwhen they are calledby their isithakazelo and are usually pleasantly surprised if foreigaers know their praise names.It is consequentlystrongly recommendedto find out what a clan'sisithakazelo is. (Youcan do this by first asking any Zulu male personwhat is isibongo (surnamelclanname)is and then what his lrithakazelo is). Make a point of using a person'sisithakazelo as ofïen as possiblein your conversationwith him. The followingare a fflv saamplesof popularZulu surnamesand their isithakazelos: accompanying

4

Sam who?

Cele- Ndosi Dlomo- Mkhabela Buthelezi- Shenge Nkosi- Dlamini Ndlovu- Gatsheni

When a person tells you his or her name and you would also like to know his or her surname, you simply put the interrogative bani? after the person'snameas is donein the abovedialogue.

5

'fo find out what someone'spraise name is, you ask sithini lrlthakazelo sakho?

Theemphatic pronounswena and m,na

ïou Brrn ïou ãrm

Wena is used to emphasisethe secondperson singular, mina to emphasisethe first personsingular: Wenauphumaphi? Mina ngiphumaeNgilandi.

Wheredoyou comefrom? ,('you'emphasised) I comefrom England. ('I'emphasised)

7

Asking someone's praisename

Ngubaniisibongosakho,Sam? NginguKubheka,mnumzana. Sithini isithakazelosakho? SinguKhathide (or NginguKhathide or mnumzana.

NguKhathide),

Dçílnlteand indefinite articles

!t ir imporüantto note at this stagethat Zulu differs from languages rurh a: Flnglishin that it doesn'tdistinguish betweendefinite and lntfeflnite nouns by means of articles such as the and a. In other

Praisenames(izithakazelo) are a prominentfeatureof Zulu culture, and, in fact, of all clans belonging to the Nguni language group.

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ZU LU

w H o A R E y O U ? ( p ER SON AL tD EN T|F|C ATtON )

words,-anoun like inja, for instance,can either meanthed.ogor a d,og dependingon the contextin which it occurs.

Notethat nounsin class11 take their plural in class10,and that only nounssignifting human beingsbelongto classes1 and 2.

8

Initial vowel of nouns

As you will havenoticedabove,ail nounsin Zuru normally beginwith a vowel. However,when we addressa personor persons,tãe noun referring to sucha personor personsdiscàrdsits initial vowel. (u)mfana sawubona sanibonani (a)madoda (u)baba sawubona

9 Thenoun class systemof Zulu A striking feature of Zulu and ail other Bantu languagesis the fact that their nounsare classifiedinto variouscategorieioirrorr'classes. There are 18 such noun classesin Zuru, of whìch someare ri"úu, and others plural classes.There are also two neutral classeslihich are neither singular nor plural. Each noun classhas what is koo*r, as a classprefix which is a formative that is attached to the beginning of the noun, in fact, to the noun stem. The classprefix inarc-aúsìo which noun classa noun belongsand at the sametime arsowhether a noun is a singular, plural or a neutral noun. In most instancesthese prefixesoperatein pairs, one being the singular prefix and d; olh;, the plural prefix. The followingsystemof noun classprefixesis foundin Zulu: Singular preÍixes

plural preÍixes

Class 1 Class 1a Class3 Class 5 Class 7 Class 9 Class11 Class14 Class 15

Class2 Class2a Class4 Ctass6 Class g Class 10

um(u)uum(u)(li)isiin-/imu(lu)ubu. uku-

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abao_ imiamaizi_ izin-lizim-

Let's look at a few examplesof how these class prefixes distinguish betweensingular,plural and neutral nounsin Zulu. person rrmu-ntu people aba-ntu um-lungu Whiteperson abeJungu Whitepeople u-baba o-baba father fathers um-firla riuer imi-fula riuers i(li)-bhayisikili bicycle ama-bhayisikili bicycles isi-kole school izi-kole schools in-dlu house izin-dlu houses u(lu)-debe lip izin-debe lips ubu-ntu hurnannature uku-hamba trauelling Note that when the stem of nouns belongmg to classes 1 and 3 consistsof only one syllable,the classprefix of thesenouns is umu-; and when the stem consists of more than one svllable (which is normally the case)the classprefix is um-. um-lungu

but

umu-ntu

Note also the variant form of the prefix of class 2 in words such as abeJungu. This variant form is, however, confined to only a small numberof nounsin this class. A limited number of nouns in class t have irregular plural forms in class6. indodamnn inkosichief intombazaneglrl

but but but

amadodamen amakhosicãíefs amantombazanagirls

Finally, it is impoúant to know that most loanwords (from, for instance,English and Afrikaans)occurin the ili-class. If onedoesnot know the Zulu name of something one may (as a last resort) 'Zulufy' an English noun by simply putting i- in front of it. iRadio iFour-wheel drive istation

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ZULU

Umsebenzi 1 How would you respondin Zulu if someoneasks/saysto you: (a) Sawubonamnumzane/nkosazana. (ô) Unjani? \c) Usaphiìana? @) Ngubaniigamalakho? \e) Ngubaniisibongosakho? (f) Hambakahle. títl 'ò' Ungubaniwena?

WH O A R E Y OU ? (P Ê H S ON A L

Sawubonaubaba. Uphila njani?Ngiphila. Ubani wena? How will you ask DesmondKhumalowhat his surïìameand what his praise name is? Do you rememberwhat the Khumalo'spraise nameis?

you .Imann-g are JosephGumedeand you meet someoneyou don,t know.How would you; (a) introduceyourselfto him? (ó) ask him his nameand surname? (c) ask him wherehe comesfrom? @) tell him whereyou comefrom? (e) bid him goodbye? Give the plural form. umfazi woman ibhasikidi basket isitolo súore umntwanachild imoto(class9) cor

umuzi uillage iwashi watch indodaman umkhonto speor ubabafather

4 Rewrite the following nouns in the singular: abanta people izinkwa breads amarandi .Bonds(money) izinkomo cattle imimese kniues abeSuthuSothopeople amakamelorooms amantombazanagirls Correct (where necessary)and rewrite each of the following sentences: Hambanikahle Simon. Ngubaniigamalakho?Igamalami Sally. Isibongolami nguPeters.

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ID E N TIFIC A TION )

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C A N Y OU S P E A K E N GLIS H ?

TJYAKWAZIUKUI*IULUMA ISINGISI NA? (irrtt y(,u slrlok F)nglixh?

In th i s u nil,y or rwr ll h' s rn o

lrow t.o rrrrk Ëoltrrroflrr wlrpllu,r ltp ur rhs tl tthle (or not able) to rkrr our r ' l. lr ir r g o how l,ortrk wlrrrtlnrrglr*rgrt .l f{ill,tt rptnhr o wltrtl,l.o xrr.vwlrrn vltt rlrr trnl tttttlprttnntl wlrtrt Ër,fueonc rayH to .yo rrir r Z r r lr r . n o u l ll r k , r r olilr glnr rg rru g rtr o h o w i, or r r h wlt nl u 1 x ' r,rn l 1l n ' xl i o trtl l l y l :

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Ingxoxo Janct, Snril,lrirr rrlxrrrllu lnho rr;r u hrll tlnrt Jtill nnd it cutuidering empkl.yinglr nnlury crrrnlruru+thpp;nrltt nrllrrvrrlrpt ol rrnttt of her houst'lr.klr'lr,r'r f{lrt Inlhr ll lrpr fl'lonrlË*4ÍrI'Ngulrane who knows oÍ'sorrrcon.wlro rrrrglrllrrrilrlerlrrrlrtrl iI llro *otl Arrotrgul,hetr ühings, Janct irr irrlr,ronlerrl lo l.rrnr fi'rrr È4o1rhfu, rlrr,lhrrr t*rllhre'r aequnintancc ig Íirrrrloí'r,ltrlrlrpl,if rlrr,'r mlrrir'rl nlul hartrt hor tl ctxrh,what hcr lrrrrgrrngr' ;rr,linerrrv lr nlrrl lurl u$ilurill!ll ri* hpr tribal nÍlìnit.y),rrrrrlwlrr,rrnlr+'wlll In' ilhh ln rlHrl rllrrtkl ,fnrtr'llls'lde kr euploy hcr.

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Janet Sophie clanet Sophie Janet Sophie .Ianet Sophie Janet Sophie Janet Sophie Janet Sophie Janet Sophie Janet Sophie

Ungubani lo mnganewakho Sophie? UnguGertrude igama lakhe. Uthanda abantwanalo Geúrude? Kakhulu! nkosikazi. Ushadile na? Yebo,ushadile. Uyakwazi ukupheka? Angazi kodwa ngiqinisile ukuthi uyakwazi. Uyakwazi ukúhuluma isNgisi lo mame? Yebo,uyakwazi. IsiBhunu-ke? Uyasazikodwahayikakhulu. Ungumhlobomuni? UngumZuluuGertrude. Angaqalanini? Angazíkodwangizombuza. NgiyabongaSophie. Mtshele uGertrude ukuthi ngithanda ukumbona. Kulungile,ngizomtshela.

Ungubanilo mnganewakho? Whois she(i.e.Whatis thenameof thisfriendof yours? Ungucertrudeigamalakhe Gertrudeis her name(Lit. She ls Gertrudeher name.) Uthandaabantwanalo Gertrude? ls shefondof childrenthis Gertrude? Kakhulu! Verymuch! Ushadilena? Is shemarried? Uyakwaziukupheka? Canshe cook?tr:it.Doessheknowhow to cook?1 Angazi I don'tknow kodwa but Ngiqinisile I'm sure ukuthi that uyakwazi sheknows/car,

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UyakwaziukukhulumaisiNgisilo mame? Can thisladyspeak English?(Lil. Doesthisladyknow how to speakEnglishl Umame (termof respectusedin a marriedwoman) addressing lsiBhunu-ke? (And) Afrikaans? Uyasazikodwahayi kakhulu She knowsit but not much Ungumhlobomuni? What nationalityis she? UngumZufu She'sa Zulu Angaqafanini? Whencan shestaft? Angazikodwangizombuza Idon't knowbut I'll ask her lútsheleukuthingithandaukumbona Tellher that I wouldlike to see her Kufungilengizomtshela OK,I'lt tell her

ZULU

Ulimi 1 Can you ...? (i.e. are you abte to ...?)

C A N YOU S P E A K E N GLIS H ?

1.2

To say you are able to do something,you simply replacethe initial secondpersonsingular concordu- (you)ofuyakwazi by the first personsingularconcordngr- (1),i.e. ngiyakwazi. Uyakwaziukukhuluma isiNgisi Josefa? Yebo,ngiyakwazi Uyakwaziukushayelaimoto Marvin? Yebo,ngiyakwazi mnumzane.

1.1 Do/Canyou speakEnglish? To ask someonewhether he or sheor a third person(in class1 or la) can (i.e. is able tolknows how to) perform a ceúain action,you say Uyakwazi uku...? (Lit. Do you hniw how to...?)followedby ihu.ram* of the actionthe personis to perform. Uyakwaziukukhuluma isiNgisi Do (Can)youspeakEnglish, sir? mnumzane? (_khuluma isNgisi ,p"ok' uyakwazi ukuphekapaulina? UyakwaziukutundaMaria?

Ã"ÍÏ!)"howto cook(i.e. Canyouccnk),Paulirn?(-pheka ;#I know howto 6.e.Can yõò read.,Maria?

Notethat the initial vowelofa noundenotingthe addressee is dropped, as in the caseof mnurnzane, paurina and úaria above.(seeatsoun t 2, Section8.)

1.3

DoesFrqnk know Ìnw to fix the lishts? Dus õorisknowhaw tn iron?

Note that Zulu has no grammatical gender as far as its pronominal f{tem is concerned,i.e. it doesnotaËúnguisÌr between masculine (=he) and feminine (=she) pronouns.both these pronouo. Ã expressedby the sameconcordialpronoun,i.e. u_.

Do you speakEnglish,Joseph? Yes,I da. (=can) (speahEnglish) Canyou driue a car, Maruin? YesI can, sir.

No, I can't (speak English)

In the negative of the first person singular we start with an a. and omit the -ya-. Uyakwazi ukukhuluma isiNgisi?Do you know (howto speak) English? Cha, angikwazi. No,I dnn't. In the negativeof the third personsingular (in class 1 or 1a), you replacethe initial u- with aka- and also omit the -ya.. Umlungu (class1) uyakwazi ukukhuluma isiZulu na? Cha. akakwazi. Ulydia (classla) uyakwazi ukushayelaimoto na? Cha.akakwazi.

Whenthis questionconcernsa third person(in class1 or 1a),the same constructionis used except that the third pensonsingular áoncorduhelshe\ - (i.e. the initial u- in uyakwazi)_'is pronounced with a high tone - the secondpersonsingular concordu$ou) is pronouncedwitËa low tone- while the initial vowerof the p"rron', name(if mentioned)is retained. UFrank uyakwazi ukulungisa izibane? UDoris uyakwazi uku-ayina?

Yes, I can (speak English)

2

Can thc Whitepersonspeak

Zulu? No,hecan't. DoesLydia know how to driue a car? No,shedoesn't.

Do you speak.,,?

2.1 Do you know Zulu? To ask whether someoneknows (how to speak)a language,you use the stem -azi (know)and say Uyasazi... followedby the name of the language. Uyasazi isiZulu na?

Doyou hnowZulu?

This you can answerby saying: Yebo,ngiyasazi.

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Yes,I know it.

-27-

ZUI U

In the negativeyou beginwith a- and omit thc -ya. (nsin l.B above). Cha,angisazi. No, I don't undersíand it. 2.2

Yes, a little. I'm still learning (to speak) it Beginnerswho try to communicatein Zulu are often askedby mother tongue speakerswhether they know Zulu (Uyasazi isiZulu na?). You can respondto suchquestionsby saying: Yebo,ngiyasazikodwahayi kakhulu.

YesI know it, but not uery well.

C A N Y OU S P E A K E N GLIS H ?

3

South Africa is a multilingual country with no less than 11 offrciaì languages.Visitors to this country are often confusedby the multitude of tonguesthey hear and are seldomif ever able to distinguish betweenmost of them. To enquire what languagea person speaks, you can ask: llkhulumani?

Angisikhulumi kahle kakhulu. Ngisacathula.

I do not speakit so well, fm still learningto walk (i.e.I,m still a beginruer).

2.3 Wherehaveyou learnedto speakZulu?

Ukhulumani?Ngikhuluma isilürosa.

What (language)do you speak? I speakXhosa.

Anotherway to gain the aboveinformationis to ask: What (language)do you (people) speakat home?

Nikhulumani ekhaya?

4 Sorry,I do not understandwhatyou are saying Whensomeonespeaksto you in Zulu and you do not understandwhat the personis saying,you may reply: Ngiyaxolisakodwaangiqondi kahle usho ukuthini.

Sorry, but I do not understand what you are saying.

Ifyou want someoneto repeat what he or she has said becauseyou did not understandit very well, you can ask:

Beginnersare also frequently askedwhere they've learnedto speak Zulu (Usifundephi isiZulu?). To this you may reply:

What (language) do you speak?

The answerwill usually be Ngikhuluma... followedby the name of the language.

or: Ngisazikancane.Ngisasifunda. I know it alittle. fm stilt leaming it. Instead of Uyasazi isiZulu na? you can also be asked L]khulurna isiZulu na? (Doyou speakZulu?),to which you can reply: Ngisikhulumakancane. I speakit a little. I'm still Ngisasifunda. learningit. Another and alsovery idiomaticway to say that you are still a beginner as far as speakingZulu is concernedis to use the verbal s[em -cathula (toddle,learnto walh).

What language do you speak?

Awuphinde.Angiqondikúle.

Pleaserepeat.Idn ruotundBrstand (you)uerywell.

or:

Ngisifundeencwadini. Ngisifundeesikoleni. Ngisifundeepulazini.

I'ue learned.it from a book. I'ue learnedit at school. I'uelearned,it on a farm.

Awukhulumekancane,angiqondi Pleasespeak(more)slat)ly,[ 4s kahle.Ngisafundaukukhuluma not understandsowell.I am still isiZulu. learningto speakZulu.

5

Nouns denoting languages

All nounsin Zulu denotinglanguagesbeginwith the prefix isi..

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