14-Section 14A Solids Control

 

    f     w      m

si`teag :=

mreccegk wjsti fjgjkifigt

 

mreccegk wjsti fjgjkifigt hj`lkraugm si`teag :=j - sacems `agtrac si`teag :=h - `agtjegfig `agtjegfigtt si`teag :=` - trijtfigt jgm mespasjc mespasjc

 

Pi`teag

:=

rbiacaky ao mreccegk ﬈uems

mreccegk wjsti fjgjkifigt hj`lkraugm Ga wicc `jg hi mreccim wetbaut tbi tbi kigirjteag ao wjstis. ]bi typis ao wjsti kigirjtim eg`cumi mrecc `uttegks, wjsti wjtir, spigt mreccegk ﬈uems, `afpciteag ﬈uems jgm ﬊ctrjteag ﬊ctrjteag wjstis. ]bi `agtjfegjgts ag tbi wjsti mipigm cjrkicy ag tbi typis ao mreccegk ﬈uems usim ta mrecc tbi wicc. [etb eg`rijsegk cikescjteag, puhce` jwjrigiss jgm fegefuf apirjtar igveragfigtjc stjgmjrms, tbi `agtjegfigt, bjgmcegk jgm trijtfigt ao mreccegk wjsti bjs eg`rijsim eg efpartjg`i jgm gaw rjgls eg efpartjg`i jcagk semi tbjt ao mreccegk ﬈uems eg fjgy `augtreis jraugm tbi warcm.  ]bi trijtfigt pra`issis utecesim ag tbi wjsti kigirjtim vjry oraf `augtry ta `augtry jgm viry fu`b mipigm ag tbi ca`jc cikescjteag. Eg `augtreis wbiri ga cikescjt cikescjteag eag ixests, fjgy apirjtars wecc ojcc hj`l ag fegefuf stjgmjrms usim eg atbir `augtreis ar stjgmjrms sit jt j `arparjti civic.  ]bi  Oaur X―s jri agi ao fjgy wjys ta mis`rehi tbi wjsti fjgjkifigt beirjr`by jppraj`b jgm jri  ]bi  efpartjgt wbig `agsemiregk wbjt aur mreccegk wjsti wjsti fjgjkifigt pramu`t cegi `agsest ao. ]bi oaur X―s jri4 Ƙ  Ximu`i Ƙ  Xiusi Ƙ  Xi`y`ci Ƙ  Xi`avir

Ximu`i ‐ eo wi ma gat kigirjti tbi wjsti eg tbi ﬊rst pcj`i, tbig j rimu`teag es ahveaus. Bawivir, Bawivir, ga wicc `jg hi mreccim wetbaut tbi kigirjteag ao wjsti. Et es passehci tbaukb ta rimu`i tbi vacufis tbraukb tbraukb j gufhir ao fijgs eg`cumegk hittir pcjggegk, j rimu`teag eg baci sezis, fegefesegk wjsbaut tbraukb tbi sici`teag ao jppraprejti mreccegk ﬈uems it`. Xiusi ‐ sacems `agtrac iquepfigt es liy ta tbi riusi strjtiky. strjtiky. Pacems `agtrac io﬊`eig`eis wecc me`tjti baw fu`b mreccegk ﬈uem ﬈uem es ri`avirim eg j suetjhci stjti oar riusi eg ourtbir mreccegks j`teveteis. ^aar sacems `agtrac io﬊`eig`eis wecc cijm ta fari sacems igtiregk tbi j`tevi systif, ourtbir rimu`egk tbier pjrte`ci sezi, jgm uctefjticy risuctegk eg tbi riquerifigt ta mufp ﬈uems js wjsti, ar ta mecuti, tbirihy eg`rijsegk vacufis jgm `asts, jcc ao wbe`b bjvi j gikjtevi igveragfigtjc efpj`t. Atbir spi`ejcest iquepfigt es usim ta ourtbir efpravi tbi ri`aviry ao mreccegk ﬈uems su`b js tbi Aec Orii ^cus Mryir (virte`jc) jgm Ixtrj`tar Mryir (barezagtjc), wbe`b rimu`is tbi risemujc aec ag `uttegks ta j civic gat j`beivjhci usegk trjmeteagjc sacems `agtrac iquepfigt. Cequem wjsti su`b js wjsti wjtir jgm spect mreccegk ﬈uems `jg jcsa hi riusim eg fjgy `jsis pravemim tbiy jri `acci`tim, trijtim eo gi`issjry, jgm `bi`lim prear ta riusi. Xi`y`ci ‐ jotir ri`aviry ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem oar riusi, tbi mrecc `uttegks fjy riqueri ourtbir pra`issegk.  ]bi caw tifpirjturi tbirfjc trijtfigt trijtfigt ao GJMO `uttegks aooirs tbi appartugety ta ri`y`ci tbi ri`avirim hjsi aec ta huecm giw mreccegk ﬈uems. Pefecjrcy, scap wjtir kigirjtim muregk tbi usi ao GJMO `jg hi trijtim wetb `bife`jcs ta ri`avir jgm uctefjticy ri`y`ci fu`b ao tbi GJMO parteag. Xi`avir ‐ bekb tifpirjturi tbirfjc trijtfigt ao mrecc `uttegks wecc kigirjti j ri`avirim bymra`jrhag wbe`b es gat suetjhci oar riusi eg mreccegk ﬈uems mui ta –`rj`legk‖ ao tbi aec `jusim hy tbi bekbir trijtfigt tifpirjturi. Bawivir Bawivir,, tbes bymra`jrhag es aotig suetjhci oar ri`aviry js j ouic aec.  ]bi Mreccegk [jsti Fjgjkifigt pramu`t p ramu`t cegi es misekgim ta bicp fjxefesi `afpcejg`i wetb tbi wjsti

fjgjkifigt beirjr`by preg`epcis, js wicc js igsuregk tbjt ca`jc rikucjteags jgm stjgmjrms jri `afpceim wetb. Yctefjticy Yctefjticy,, mespasjc wecc hi riquerim eg jcc `jsis, hi et sacems jgm / ar cequems. :

 

si`teag :=j

sacems `agtrac

 

si`teag :=j

P`afe Aectaacs

avirveiw

?

saur`is jgm sezis ao sacems

?

efpj`t ao mrecc sacems

;

mrecc sacems rifavjc

;

   

mecuteag krjvety sittcegk fitbam

2 2

 

fi`bjge`jc sacems rifavjc iquepfigt

2

sacems `agtrac iquepfigt

:>

 

sbjci sbjlirs

:>

 

vehrjteag pjttirgs

::

 

j``icirjteag

:0

 

oriquig`y (rpf), strali cigktb

:=

 

mi`l jgkci

:=

 

s`riig ojstigegk jgm suppart

:9

 

tbrii mefigseagjc s`riigs

:?

 

hcegmegk, pcukkegk

:?

 

istefjtegk gufhir ao sbjlirs riquerim

:;

 

suffjry

:;

 

paseteag eg tbi systif

:2

 

sit up

:2

 

bymra`cagi - misjgmir

:5

 

bymra`cagi ‐ misectir

8:

 

P`afe Aectaacs

si`teag :=j  

preg`epci jgm tbiary ao apirjteag

8:

 

oug`teag

88

 

﬈aw rjtis tbraukb bymra`y`cagis

8=

 

paseteag eg tbi systif

8=

   

fum `cijgirs preg`epci jgm tbiary ao apirjteag

8= 8=

 

oug`teag

89

 

paseteag eg tbi systif

89

 

sit up jgm vjrejhcis

89

 

suffjry

8?

 

piroarfjg`i apirjteag

8;

 

`igtreouki

82

 

preg`epci & tbiary ao apirjteag

82

 

oug`teag  oug`teag 

0:

 

`igtreouki usis

0:

 

paseteag eg tbi systif

00

 

`igtreouki sit up

00

   

suffjry sbjci sbjlir s`riigs

=: =:

 

s`riig emigte﬊`jtea emigte﬊`jteag g

=8

 

fisb sezi misekgjteag

=0

 

J^E X^ :0@ Misekgjtea Misekgjteag g

=0

 

`ut paegts

=2

 

Pi`teag :=j

P`afe Aectaacs

 

`jusis ao prifjturi s`riig ojecuri

=2

 

s`riig hcegmegk

=5

 

s`riig pjgics

=5

   

baal strep s`riigs hagmim s`riigs

9> 9>

 

tbrii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgics

9>

 

s`riig i﬎i`tevigiss

9:

 

s`riig misekgjteag misekgjteagss

98

systif cjyaut

90

 

ougmjfigtjcc preg`epcis ougmjfigtj

90

 

tjgl misekg

90

 

`afpjrtfigt iqujcesjteag

9=

 

sjgm trjp

9=

 

iquepfigt jrrjgkifig jrrjgkifigtt

9?

 

ma―ss jgm mag―ts ma―

9?

 

zira mes`bjrki sit-up

9?

 

Pi`teag

sacems `agtrac

: = j sacems `agtrac avirveiw Pacems `agtrac es tbi pra`iss ao `agtraccegk tbi huecm-up ao ugmiserjhci sacems eg j fum systif. ]bi huecmup ao sacems bjs ugmiserjhci iooi`ts ag mreccegk ﬈uem piroarfjg`i jgm tbi mreccegk pra`iss. Xbiacake`jc jgm ﬊ctrjteag prapirteis `jg hi`afi meo﬊`uct ta `agtrac wbig tbi `ag`igtrjteag ao mreccim sacems (cawkrjvety sacems) hi`afis ix`issevi. ^igitrjteag rjtis jgm het ceoi mi`rijsi jgm baci prahcifs eg`rijsi wetb j bekb `ag`igtrjteag ao mrecc sacems. Pacems `agtrac iquepfigt ag j mreccegk apirjteag sbaucm hi apirjtim celi j pra`issegk pcjgt. Eg jg emijc setujteag, jcc mrecc sacems jri rifavim oraf j mreccegk ﬈uem. Ygmir type`jc mreccegk `agmeteags, caw-krjvety sacems sbaucm garfjccy hi fjegtjegim hicaw ? pir`igt hy

vacufi.

saur`is jgm sezis ao sacems  ]bi twa prefjry saur`is ao sacems (pjrte`cis) jri `bife`jc jmmetevis jgm oarfjteag `uttegks. Oarfjteag `uttegks jri `agtjfegjgts tbjt mikrjmi tbi piroarfjg`i ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. Eo tbi `uttegks jri gat rifavim tbiy wecc hi kraugm egta sfjccir jgm sfjccir pjrte`cis tbjt hi`afi fari meo﬊`uct ta rifavi oraf tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. Fast oarfjteag sacems `jg hi rifavim hy fi`bjge`jc fijgs jt tbi suroj`i. Pfjcc pjrte`cis jri fari meo﬊`uct ta rifavi jgm bjvi j krijtir iooi`t ag mreccegk ﬈uem prapirteis tbjg cjrki pjrte`cis. ]bi pjrte`ci sezi ao mreccim sacems eg`arparjtim egta mreccegk ﬈uem `jg rjgki oraf : ta 89> fe`rags (: fe`rag iqujcs :/89, =>> ao jg eg`b ao :/:>>> ao j feccefitri). ]bi oaccawegk tjhci cests tbi jppraxefjti sezis ao `agtjfegjtegk sacems. Fjtirejc

@cjy @accaemjcs Higtageti Pect Hjretis Oegi @ifigt Must Oegi Pjgm

J^E Pjgm @ajrsi Pjgm

Mejfitir (Fe`rags)

P`riig Fisb Xiquerim ta Xifavi

: 9

-

? - ==

:,=;> - =>>

==

089

90 ;= :>9 :=5 9>> :,>>>

8;> 8>> :=> :>> 09 :2

]jhci : ‐ Pacems Pezis (@affag sacems oaugm eg mreccegk ﬈uems rjgki eg sezi oraf : ta :,>>> fe`rags)

 ]bi oaccawegk tjhci mitjecs tbi `affag `affag pjrte`ci sezi `cjsse﬊`jteag4

?

 

J^E @cjss

Pezi Xjgki (fe`rags)

@ajrsi Egtirfimejti Fimeuf Oegi Yctrj Oegi @accaemjc

78>>> 89> ‐ 8>>> ;0 - 89> == - ;0 8 - == >-8

@affag ]irf Pjgm Pjgm Pect Pect @cjy @cjy

P`riig Fisb :> ?> 8:> =?>

]jhci 8 ‐ @affag ^jrte`ci Pezi @cjsse﬊`jteag

efpj`t ao mrecc sacems Mrecc sacems jri tbi fjeg `agtjfegjgt ao jcc mreccegk ﬈uems jgm tbirioari tbier `agtrac es ao tbi utfast efpartjg`i. ]bi efpartjg`i ao kaam sacems `agtrac eg`cumi4 Ƙ  Eg`rijsim ^igitrjteag Xjtis Ƙ  Ximu`im Fum @asts Ƙ  Ciss [jtir Xiquerifigts Ƙ  Ciss Fexegk ^rahcifs Ƙ  Ciss Meooirigtejc Pte`legk Ƙ  Ximu`im Ba Baci ci Mrjk jgm ]arqui ]arqui Ƙ  Cawir ^ufps @asts Ƙ  ^ufps Apirjti Fari Io﬊`eigtcy Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ 

Hittir @ifigtegk Dahs Ximu`im Jggucjr ^rissuris Fegefesi Cast @er`ucjteag Ximu`im Oarfjteag Mjfjki Igveragfigtjc ^rati`teag Ximu`im Mespasjc @asts

 ]bi `agsiquig`is ao paar sacems `agtrac4 Ƙ  Ptu`l pepi Ƙ  Ximu`im Mreccegk rjti Ƙ  ]be`l Oectir `jli Ƙ  Eg`rijsim Mreccegk Ocuem Mecuteag Ƙ  Eg`rijsim @bife`jc `agsufpteag Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ 

Eg`rijsim ]arqui jgm Mrjk Oarfjteag Mjfjki ^rahcifs wetb wicc Ivjcujteag ^aar `ifigt dahs Eg`rijsim surki/swjh prissuris, I@M Eg`rijsim iquepfigt wijr jgm tijr, mi`rijsim mi`rijsim het ceoi

mrecc sacems rifavjc  ]biri jri 0 fjeg wjys ao `agtraccegk `agtraccegk sacems4 Ƙ  Mecuteag Ƙ  Fi`bjge`jc rifavjc Ƙ  Krjvety Pittcegk

;

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

mecuteag Aec fums `jg hi mecutim wetb hjsi aec (ar `cijg aec fum) jgm wjtir fums `jg hi mecutim wetb wjtir (ar `cijg wjtir fum) ta liip tbi `ag`igtrjteag jgm suroj`i jrij ao sacems wetbeg haugms. ]wa jppraj`bis

oar mecuteag jri4 :. Mufp jgm mecuti mecuti `agteguauscy wbeci wbeci mreccegk. ] ]bes bes es tbi fa fast st ixpigsevi jppraj`b ta sacems `agtrac `agtrac eg fast setujteags. 8. Mufp pireame`jccy jgm mecuti wbeci mreccegk. ]bes es fari `ast iooi`tevi tbjg tbi ﬊rst jppraj`b. jppraj`b. @irtjeg prj`te`is `jg hi jppceim ta fjli et ciss `astcy.  ]bi tatjc `asts ao mecuteag jri4 tbi `ast ao tbi wjtir bjucim ta tbi rek, tbi `ast ao `agvirtegk tbjt wjtir egta j fum ao `arri`t migsety, pcus tbi `ast ao mespasjc ao tbi fum tbjt wjs mufpim. ]a fjli mecuteag ciss ixpigsevi, tbisi prj`te`is sbaucm hi oaccawim4 :. fegefezi tbi tatjc vacufi vacufi ao fum ta hi mecutim. 8. mufp (mespcj`i) tbi fjxefuf passehci merty fum hioari j jmmegk mmegk wjtir jgm fjtirejcs, jgm 0. ma js fu`b mecuteag mecuteag js passehci eg j segkci stip- gat j sire sireis is ao sfjcc mecu mecuteags. teags.  ]birioari, js fum hi`afis fari ixpigsevi, mecuteag hi`afis j ciss jttrj`tevi apteag jgm fi`bjge`jc sipjrjteag sbaucm hi pursuim.

krjvety sittcegk fitbam Eg ca`jteags wbiri cjrki, sbjccaw ijrtbig pets `jg hi huect, j fum `jg hi `er`ucjtim tbraukb tbi pets jgm mrecc sacems jccawim ta sittci aut. Et es j rjri setujteag tamjy wbig tbes `jg hi magi< hut, et es jg jctirgjtevi ta hi `agsemirim. Ag reks wetb stiic pets, tbi sjgm trjp (ugmir tbi sbjci sbjlir) es tbi agcy pcj`i wbiri sittcegk sbaucm a``ur.

fi`bjge`jc sacems rifavjc iquepfigt Iquepfigt tbjt rifavis sacems fi`bjge`jccy `jg hi kraupim egta twa fjdar `cjsse﬊`jteags4 Ƙ  P`riig Mive`is Ƙ  @igtreoukjc Pipjrjteag Mive`is.

 ]bi oaccawegk tjhci emigte﬊is tbi pjrte`ci sezis sezis (eg fe`rags) tbi iquepfigt `jg rif rifavi. avi. Pacems @agtrac Iquepfigt

^jrte`ci Pezis Xifavim

P`riig Mive`is

?: fe`rag `ut wetb 89> fisb s`riig

@igtreoukjc - Mi`jgtegkPipjrjteag @igtreoukisMive`is - Bymra`y`cagis

@accaemjc Pacems ta 9 fe`rag 8>-;> fe`rag sacems, mipigmegk ag `agi sezi

]jhci 0 ‐ Pacems @agtrac Iquepfigt jgm Iooi`tevi Apirjtegk Xjgkis eg Fe`rags (tbi pjrte`ci sezi rifavim mipigms ag tbi typi ao sacems `agtrac iquepfigt.

2

 

]jhci = - Puffjry tjhci ao sacems pjrte`ci sezi virsus fi`bjge`jc rifavjc mive`i

 

5

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

P`riig Mive`is  ]bi fast `affag s`riig mive`i es j sbjci sbjlir, wbe`b `agtjegs agi ar fari vehrjtegk s`riigs tbjt fum pjssis tbraukb js et `er`ucjtis aut ao tbi baci. Pbjci sbjlirs jri `cjsse﬊im js `er`ucjr/iccepte`jc ar cegijr fateag sbjci sbjlirs. @er`ucjr/iccepte`jc fateag sbjlir. ]bes sbjlir usis iccepte`jc raccirs ta kigirjti j `er`ucjr ra`legk fateag ta pravemi hittir sacems rifavjc tbraukb tbi s`riigs. Cegijr fateag sbjlir. ]bes sbjlir usis j strjekbtoarwjrm jgm hj`l ra`legk fateag ta liip tbi ﬈uem `er`ucjtegk tbraukb tbi s`riigs. @igtreoukjc Pipjrjtegk Mive`is  ]bi mive`is ricy upag ixirtegk j suhstjgtejc –K‖ oar`i ag tbi ﬈uem ta sipjrjti tbi migsir pjrte`cis oraf tbi cekbtir ﬈uems.  ]biy eg`cumi jcc bymra`cagis, Misjgmirs, Misectirs it`, jgm `igtreoukis. Eg tbi `jsi ao j fum `cijgir tbi twa preg`epcis ao s`riig jgm `igtreoukjc sipjrjteag jri `afhegim.

sacems `agtrac iquepfigt sbjci sbjlirs Oug`teag  ]bi sbjci sbjlirs piroarfjg`i `jg hi ijsecy ahsirvim, jcc jspi`ts ao ets apirjteag jri vesehci. Pbjci sbjlirs pravemi tbi jmvjgtjki ao gat mikrjmegk saot ar orejhci `uttegks. [big wicc apirjtim jgm fjegtjegim, sbjci sbjlirs `jg pramu`i j ricjtevicy mry `uttegks mes`bjrki. Eg ugwiekbtim fums, tbi sbjci sbjlir―s fjeg raci es ta rifavi js fu`b sacems js passehci jgm rimu`i tbi sacems cajmegk ta tbi mawgstrijf bymra`y`cagis jgm `igtreoukis ta efpravi tbier io﬊`eig`y. Eg fums `agtjegegk sacem wiekbtegk jkigts su`b js hjreti, tbi sbjci sbjlir es tbi prefjry sacems rifavjc mive`i. Et es usujccy riceim upag ta rifavi jcc mreccim `uttegks `ajrsir tbjg tbi wiekbtegk fjtirejc. Mawgstrijf iquepfigt wecc aotig rifavi taa fu`b vjcujhci wiekbtegk fjtirejc. Igaukb sbjlirs sbaucm hi egstjccim ta pra`iss tbi igteri `er`ucjtegk rjti wetb tbi kajc ao rifavegk js fjgy mreccim `uttegks js i`agafe`jccy oijsehci. Kevig tbi efpartjg`i ao tbi sbjci sbjlir, tbi fast io﬊`eigt sbjlirs jgm s`riigs sbaucm hi sici`tim ta j`beivi aptefuf i`agafe` piroarfjg`i ao tbi sacems `agtrac systif. Pbjlir piroarfjg`i es j oug`teag ao4 • _ehrjteag pjttirg • _ehrjteag mygjfe`s • Mi`l sezi jgm `ag﬊kurjteag • Pbjlir s`riig `bjrj`tireste`s • Fum rbiacaky (pcjste` ves`asety) • Pacems cajmegk rjti (pigitrjteag rjti, baci mejfitir)  ]bi efpj`t ao ij`b es mes`ussim eg mitjec eg tbes `bjptir. Kuemicegis oar sbjlir jgm s`riig sici`teag jri jcsa pravemim. ^reg`epci ao Apirjteag Pefpcy stjtim, j sbjci sbjlir warls hy `bjggiccegk fum jgm sacems agta vehrjtegk s`riigs. ]bi fum jgm

﬊gi sacems pjss tbraukb tbi s`riigs jgm riturg ta tbi j`tevi systif. Pacems `ajrsir tbjg tbi s`riig apigegks jri `agviyim aoo tbi s`riig hy tbi vehrjtary fateag ao tbi sbjlir. ]bi sbjlir es tbi agcy sacems rifavjc mive`i tbjt fjlis j sipjrjteag hjsim ag pbyse`jc pjrte`ci sezi. Bymra`y`cagis jgm `igtreoukis sipjrjti sacems hjsim ag meooirig`is eg tbier ricjtevi fjss. :>

 

vehrjteag pjttirgs Pbjci sbjlirs jri `cjsse﬊im eg pjrt ao tbi vehrjteag pjttirg fjmi hy tbi sbjlir hjslit ca`jteag avir j vehrjteag `y`ci (i.k. cegijr fateag sbjlirs). ]bi pjttirg wecc mipigm ag tbi pcj`ifigt jgm areigtjteag ao tbi vehrjtars. Oaur hjse` vehrjteag vehrjteag pjttirgs jri passehci, • `er`ucjr • hjcjg`im iccepte`jc fateag • ughjcjg`im iccepte`jc • cegijr @er`ucjr Fateag Js tbi gjfi efpceis, tbi sbjlir hjslit favis eg j ugeoarf `er`ucjr fateag wbig veiwim oraf tbi semi. ]bes es j –hjcjg`im‖ vehrjteag pjttirg hi`jusi jcc rikeags ao tbi sbjlir hjslit favi eg pbjsi wetb tbi emigte`jc pjttirg. Eg armir ta j`beivi –hjcjg`im‖ `er`ucjr fateag, j vehrjtar fust hi ca`jtim ag ij`b semi ao tbi sbjlir hjslit jt ets `igtri ao krjvety (@K) wetb tbi jxes ao ratjteag pirpigme`ucjr ta tbi semi ao tbi hjslit. ]bi Hrjgmt ]jgmif es j `affag ixjfpci ao j `er`ucjr fateag sbjlir.

Pacems @agviyjg`i jgm Ocuem ]braukbput @er`ucjr fateag sbjlirs wecc gat io﬊`eigtcy `agviy sacems upbecc. ]birioari, fast sbjlirs ao tbes typi jri misekgim wetb barezagtjc `ag﬊kurjteags. Ocuem tbraukbput es cefetim hy tbi mi`l jgkci, hut jukfigtim scekbtcy hy tbi bekbir –K‖―s garfjccy usim (sii _ehrjteag Mygjfe`s si`teag). ]bi –saot‖ j``icirjteag pjttirg mais gat tigm ta mrevi saot, ste`ly sacems, su`b js kufha egta tbi s`riigs. Xi`affigmim Jppce`jteags • Kufha ar saot ste`ly sacems `agmeteags • P`jcpegk sbjlirs oar `ajrsi sacems rifavjc Hjcjg`im Iccepte`jc Fateag  ]bi cjtist misekg bjvi tbi fatars pcj`im jhavi tbi hjslit jgm pramu`i j ‒cjzy ‒cjzy―― iccepte`jc fateag

Xi`affigmim Jppce`jteags • Kigirjc sacem sacemss rifavjc. rifavjc. Iqujccy Iqujccy k kaam aam eg wjtir hjsim jgm aec hjsim mreccegk mreccegk ﬈uems ﬈uems

::

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

Yghjcjg`im Iccepte`jc Fateag  ]bi meooirig`i hitwiig `er`ucjr fateag jgm ughjcjg`im iccepte`jc gateag es j fjttir ao vehrjtar pcj`ifigt. ]a j`beivi ughjcjg`im iccepte`jc fateag, tbi vehrjtars jri type`jccy ca`jtim jhavi tbi sbjlir hjslit. Hi`jusi tbi vehrjtar `augtirwiekbts ga cagkir ratjti jhaut tbi sbjlir―s `igtri ao krjvety, es jppceim tbi tbi sbjlir hjslit. ]bes `jusis j ra`legk fateag wbe`b kigirjtis meooirigt vehrjteagtarqui pjttirgs ta a``urag jcagk cigktb ao tbi hjslit, big`i tbi etif –ughjcjg`im‖.

 ]bes ﬊kuri eccustrjtis baw tbi vehrjteag pjttirg fjy `bjgki jcagk tbi cigktb ao tbi hjslit. Jt tbi oiim igm ao tbi sbjlir, jg iccepte`jc vehrjteag pjttirg es `rijtim< tbi jgkci ao vehrjteag es paegtim tawjrm tbi mes`bjrki igm. Eg tbes rikeag, oarwjrm sacems `agviyjg`i es kaam. Bawivir, jt tbi mes`bjrki igm ao tbi sbjlir, jgkci ao tbi iccepte`jc pjttirg es paegt hj`l tawjrms tbi oiim igm. ]bes wecc `jusi tbi sacems ta `agviy hj`lwjrms ugciss tbi mi`l es pet`bim mawgbecc jt j suo﬊`eigt jgkci ta avir`afi tbi upbecc j``icirjteag efpjrtim ag tbi sacems hy tbi sbjlir fateag. Pacems @agviyjg`i jgm Ocuem ]braukbput  ]bi mawgbecc mi`l areigtjteag ristre`ts tbi ughjcjg`im iccepte`jc fateag sbjlir―s jhecety ta pra`iss ﬈uem, fum cassis `jg hi j `ag`irg. Bawivir tbi mi`l areigtjteag es higi﬊`ejc oar rifavegk ste`ly sacems su`b js kufha. Xi`affigmim Jppce`jteags Ƙ  Kufha, a arr saot ste`ly sac sacems ems `agmetea `agmeteags gs Ƙ  P`jcpegk sbjl sbjlirs irs oar `ajrsi sacems sacems rifavjc Cegijr Fateag Cegijr fateag es j`beivim hy usegk twa `augtir ratjtegk vehrjtars wbe`b, hi`jusi ao tbier paseteagegk jgm vehrjteag mygjfe`s, wecc gjturjccy apirjtim eg pbjsi. ]biy jri ca`jtim sa tbjt j cegi mrjwg oraf tbi sbjlir―s `igtri ao krjvety hesi`ts jt 5>˔ j cegi mrjwg hitwiig tbi twa jxes ao ratjteag.

:8  

Hi`jusi tbi `augtirwiekbts ratjti eg appaseti meri`teags, tbi git oar`i ag tbi sbjlir hjslit es zira ix`ipt jcagk j cegi pjssegk tbraukb tbi sbjlir―s `igtri ao krjvety. ]bi risuctjgt sbjlir fateag es tbirioari –cegijr‖. ]bi jgkci ao tbes cegi ao fateag es usujccy jt =9-9>˔ ricjtevi ta tbi sbjlir mi`l ta j`beivi fjxefuf sacems `agviyjg`i. Hi`jusi j``icirjteag es jppceim tbraukb tbi sbjlir @K, tbi hjslit es mygjfe`jccy hjcjg`im< tbi sjfi pjttirg ao fateag wecc ixest jt jcc paegts jcagk tbi sbjlir. Pacems @agviyjg`i jgm Cequem ]braukbput Cegijr fateag sbjlirs bjvi hi`afi tbi sbjlir ao `bae`i oar fast jppce`jteags hi`jusi ao tbier supirear sacems `agviyjg`i jgm ﬈uem bjgmcegk `jpj`ety. Pacems `jg hi stragkcy `agviyim upbecc hy cegijr fateag. ]bi upbecc mi`l `ag﬊kurjteag jccaws j paac ao cequem ta oarf jt tbi sbjlir―s oiim igm ta pravemi jmmeteagjc bijm jgm bekb ﬈uem tbraukbput `jpjhecety. ]bes jccaws tbi usi ao ﬊gi s`riigs ta efpravi sipjrjteag piroarfjg`i. ]bi Mirre`l Oca-Cegi @cijgir es agi ixjfpci ao j cegijr fateag sbjci sbjlir. Agi mrjwhj`l ta cegijr fateag sbjlirs es tbier ricjtevicy paar piroarfjg`i eg pra`issegk kufha.  ]bi sbart vehrjteag strali cigktb wbig `afhegim wetb cagk hjslit cigktbs, upbecc mi`l jgkcis jgm stragk j``icirjteag oar`is tigms ta fjli tbi saot kufha –pjtteis‖ jmbiri ta tbi s`riig `catb. ]bi rifavjc ao kufha es efpartjgt prear ta oiimegk ta j cegijr fateag sbjlir. Xi`affigmim Jppce`jteags •

Jcc jppce`jteags wbiri ﬊gi s`riigegk es riquerim.

j``icirjteag Muregk tbi vehrjteag `y`ci, tbi sbjlir hjslit ugmirkais j``icirjteag wbe`b `bjgkis eg hatb fjkgetumi jgm meri`teag. Js mes`ussim priveauscy, tbi pcj`ifigt ao tbi vehrjtars mitirfegis tbi vehrjteag pjttirg jgm tbirioari tbi git j``icirjteag meri`teag muregk tbi vehrjteag `y`ci. ]bi fjss ao tbi `augtirwiekbts jgm tbi oriquig`y ao tbi vehrjteag mitirfegis tbi fjkgetumi ao tbi j``icirjteag.  ]bi virte`jc `afpagigt ao j``icirjteag bjs tbi fast iooi`t ag sbjlir cequem tbraukbput. [i ricjti tbi virte`jc `afpagigts ao j``icirjteag jgm strali cigktb ta oriquig`y hy tbi oaccawegk iqujteag4 Aec﬊icm ugets K―s 6 strali (eg.) x X^F8    ;>, =5>

P.E ugets K―s6 strali (f) x X^F8 :;5>.=9

wbiri tbi strali cigktb es tbi tatjc virte`jc mestjg`i trjviccim hy tbi sbjlir hjslit jgm tbi K-oar`i es fijsurim oraf fempaegt ta pijl. Jg j``icirjteag ao agi –K‖ es tbi stjgmjrm j``icirjteag mui ta krjvety (02? eg./si` 8  ar 5.2:/si`8). Fast sbjlirs apirjti jt j``icirjteags wetbeg tbi rjgki ao 8.9 - ;.> K―s, mipigmegk upag tbi vehrjteag pjttirg. Oeicm ixpireig`i bjs sbawg tbes rjgki aooirs tbi hist `afprafesi hitwiig tbraukbput `jpj`ety jgm s`riig ceoi. Fjgy fjguoj`turirs ripart tbi j``icirjteag ao cegijr fateag sbjlirs jcagk tbi cegi ao fateag. ]bes yeicms j cjrkir gufhir jgm caals kaam ag tbi spi`e﬊`jteag sbiit. Bawivir, ugciss tbi jgkci ao vehrjteag es jcsa spi`e﬊im, et rivijcs cettci jhaut tbi piroarfjg`i ao tbi sbjlir. Pafi sbjlirs bjvi jmdustjhci `augtirwiekbts ta vjry j``icirjteag. Jctbaukb ﬈aw `jpj`ety jgm `uttegks mrygiss efpravis wetb eg`rijsim j``icirjteag, s`riig ceoi es gikjtevicy jooi`tim. Hy rimu`egk tbi –K‖s wbig ixtrj ﬈aw `jpj`ety es jvjecjhci, s`riig ceoi fjy hi efpravim.

:0

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

oriquig`y (rpf), strali cigktb  ]bi vehrjtar oriquig`y ao fast sbjci sbjlirs es gat garfjccy jmdustjhci. ]bi vehrjtars type`jccy ratjti jt j gafegjc X^F ar :8>> ar :2>> jt ?>Bz. Ptrali cigktb vjreis egvirsicy wetb rpf. J bekbir rpf wecc risuct eg j sbartir strali cigktb jt tbi sjfi j``icirjteag.  ]bi iooi`t ao vehrjtar oriquig`y jgm strali cigktb ag sbjlir pra`issegk rjti bjs hiig ivjcujtim eg tbi cjharjtary. ]bi risucts ao tbisi tists sbaw efpravim sbjlir ﬈aw `jpj`ety eg tbi prisig`i ao sacems wetb mi`rijsim mi`rijsi m rpf (ar `agvirsicy, eg`rijs eg`rijsim im strali cigktb) jt tbi sjfi K civic. ]birioari, tbi tirf –bekb spiim‖ sbaucm gat hi usim ta fijg –bekb piroarfjg`i‖ seg`i tbi appaseti ricjteagsbep es aotig fari `arri`t.  ]bi fjeg mesjmvjgtjki ta cawir oriquig`y sbjci sbjlirs es tb tbjt jt tbi fum tigms ta –haug`i‖ fu`b bekbir aoo tbi s`riigs jgm `avir tbi jrij jraugm tbi sbjlirs wetb j ﬊gi `ajtegk ao fum. Fari oriquigt bausiliipegk es riquerim ta fjegtjeg j sjoi igveragfigt jraugm tbi sbjlirs. Cagkir strali cigktbs jcsa tigm ta rimu`i s`riig ceoi.

mi`l jgkci Hi`jusi cegijr fateag sbjlirs wecc `agviy upbecc, fast pravemi jg ijsecy jmdustjhci mi`l jgkci oijturi ta aptefesi ﬈uem tbraukbput `jpj`ety jgm `uttegks `agviyjg`i vica`ety. Ypbecc mi`l jgkcis jcsa pravemi prati`teag jkjegst avir﬈aw mui ta surkis jt tbi ﬈awcegi. Jt mi`l jgkcis krijtir tbjg 0 a, sacems kregmegk eg tbi paac rikeag `jg hi j prahcif. Jctbaukb ﬈uem tbraukbput eg`rijsis wetb upbecc mi`l jgkci, `uttegks `agviyjg`i mi`rijsis. Pacems `agviyjg`i wetbeg tbi paac rikeag es scawir tbjg aut ao tbi paac mui ta ves`aus mrjk oar`is jgm tbi meooirigtejc prissuri `rijtim j`rass tbi `uttegks cajm hy tbi bymrastjte` bijm ao tbi ﬈uem. Eo tbi mi`l jgkci es taa bekb, j stjteagjry faugm ao sacems `jg huecm up eg tbi paac ivig tbaukb `agviyjg`i es ahsirvim jt tbi mes`bjrki igm. ]bi vehrjtegk j`teag ao tbi s`riig jgm ixtigmim risemig`i tefi wecc tigm ta kregm saot ar orejhci `uttegks hioari tbiy bjvi tbi appartugety ta hi `agviyim aut ao tbi paac. ]bes `agmeteag sbaucm hi jvaemim seg`i tbi kigirjteag ao ﬊gis eg tbi fum es mi﬊geticy gat miserim.

 ]a `bi`l oar tbes prahcif, ahsirvi tbi oiim igm ao tbi sbjlir jt j `aggi`teag effimejticy jotir `er`ucjteag es stappim. ]biri sbaucm gat hi j mespraparteagjti jfaugt ao sacems j``ufucjtim jt tbi oiim igm. ]bi prahcif `jg hi ri`te﬊im hy cawiregk tbi mi`l jgkci ugtec tbi sacems faugm es icefegjtim.

:=

 

s`riig ojstigegk jgm suppart  ]bi typi ao s`riig pjgic me`tjtis tbi typi jgm jfaugt ao suppart jgm ojstigegk systif gi`issjry. ]bi s`riig ojstigegk jgm suppart stru`turi pravemi tbi oaccawegk oug`teags4 Ƙ  ^rivigt cijljki pjst tbi s`riigs Ƙ  Ixpimeti s`riig ripcj`ifigt Ƙ  ^ravemi ivig tigseag ag s`riigs s`riigs ta ixtigm s`riig ceoi  ]bi twa typis ao s`riig pjgics jri `affagcy cjhiccim js –pritigseagim‖ jgm –gagpritigseagim‖ pjgics. Bawivir, tbisi tirfs ma gat ixj`tcy mis`rehi tbi `agstru`teag seg`i fjgy gagpritigseagim pjgics jri, egmiim, pritigseagim. ]bi tirfs –rekem orjfi‖ jgm –baalstrep‖ fari `arri`tcy meooirigtejti tbi twa fjeg pjgic typis. baalstrep s`riig pjgics  ]bes es tbi fast `affag typi ao pjgic, `agsestegk ao agi ta tbrii cjyirs ao s`riig `catb. ]bi `catb es oriquigtcy hagmim ta j tbeg piroarjtim fitjc krem pcjti ar j pcjste` krem. ]bi gixt ﬊kuri sbaws tbi `agstru`teag ao j type`jc baalstrep s`riig. ]bi s`riig pjgic es tigseagim ag tbi sbjlir mi`l hy jg egtirca`lim baalstrep jgm mrjwhjr jrrjgkifigt ca`jtim ag hatb semis ao tbi sbjlir. ]brii ar fari tigseagegk hacts jri usim ta pucc ij`b mrjwhjr mawg jgm tawjrms tbi semi ao tbi hjslit. ]bes sijts tbi s`riig ag tbi sbjlir mi`l jgm mestrehutis ivig tigseag jcagk tbi baalstrep.

Oegi Femmci Cjyir

 ]bisi pjgics jri gat rekem< tbi sbjlir mi`l fust hi `rawgim ta fjegtjeg s`riig :. ]bi s`riig `catb es tigseagim jgm kcuim kcuim meri`tcy ta tbi stiic orjfi. orjfi. Jmmeteagjc kcui kcui cegis fjy hi eg`cumim hitwiig tbi orjfi fifhirs ta pravemi jmmeteagjc suppart. ]bi hagmegk pjttirg mevemis tbi pjgic egta 0 - = eg (;? - :>8 ff) wemi streps areigtjtim pjrjccic ta tbi ﬈aw. ]bes misekg es usim eg tbi ﬈uem systifs Famic 9>>. 8. ]bes pjgic misekg fjxefesis usjhci s`riigegk jrij. B Bawivir, awivir, tbi cjrki cjrki ugsuppartim jrij garfjccy cefets `catb sici`teag ta tbi bijveir krjmis wetb cawir ﬈aw `jpj`ety. ]bi pjgic es gat garfjccy `agsemirim ripjerjhci. 0. Jctirgjtevicy, tbi s`riig `catb fjy hi hagmim hagmim ta j piroarjtim fitjc hj`legk pcjti pcjti sefecjr ta j baalstrep s`riig. ]bi fitjc hj`legk pcjti es tbig hagmim ta tbi suppart oraf ta `rijti j rekem pjgic.  ]bi Hrjgmt J]C-:>>> jgm tbi ]buci _PF-:>> usi tbes typi ao ao pjgic.

:9

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

Ysjhci s`riig jrij es rimu`im hy tbi piroarfim pcjtim misekg, hut tbes es aoosit hy tbi apteag ao usegk bekbir `agmu`tjg`i s`riig `catb, ripjrjhecety jgm hittir h ittir s`riig ceoi ugmir bekb sacems cajmegk `agmeteags.

tbrii mefigseagjc s`riigs Eg ri`igt yijr tbrii mefigseagjc s`riigs bjvi hiig egtramu`im ta tbi aec egmustry. ]bes wjvi misekg eg`rijsis tbi jrij ao tbi s`riig hy =>% avir tbi ﬈jt s`riigs. ]bes eg`rijsi eg `agmu`tjg`i es agcy ricivjgt eo tbi s`riig es `afpciticy suhfirkim eg mreccegk ﬈uem.

hcegmegk, pcukkegk P`riig hcegmegk a``urs wbig krjegs ao sacems hiegk s`riigim camki eg j s`riig baci. ]bes aotig a``urs wbig mreccegk ﬊gi sjgms, su`b js eg tbi Kuco ao Fixe`a. ]bi oaccawegk siquig`i es aotig ahsirvim muregk s`riig hcegmegk. :. [big j giw s`riig es egstjccim, tbi `er`ucjteag `er`ucjteag mreccegk ﬈uem ojccs tbraukb tbi s`riig eg j sbart mestjg`i. 8. Jotir j tefi, tbi ﬈uem igmpaegt trjvics ta tbi igm ao tbi sbjlir. 0. Ag`i tbes a``urs, tbi s`riigs jri `bjgkim `bjgkim ta icefegjti tbi rjpem mes`bjrki ao mreccegk f fum um aoo tbi igm ao tbi sbjlir.

=. Jotir tbi s`riigs bjvi hiig wjsbim, wjsbim, ﬊gi krjegs ao sj sjgm gm tbjt jri camkim eeg g tbi s`riig suroj`i `jg hi ahsirvim. ]bi suroj`i ao tbi s`riig wecc risifhci ﬊gi sjgmpjpir hi`jusi ao tbi sjgm pjrte`cis camkim eg tbi apigegks. Agi `affag sacuteag ta s`riig hcegmegk es ta `bjgki ta j ﬊gir ar `ajrsir s`riig tbjt bi agi hiegk hcegmim. ]bes tj`te` es su``issouc eo tbi sjgm tbjt es hiegk mreccim bjs j gjrraw sezi mestrehuteag. Jgatbir sacuteag es ta `bjgki ta j ri`tjgkucjr s`riig, jctbaukb ri`tjgkucjr s`riigs `jg jcsa hcegm wetb fuctepci krjegs ao sjgm. Hcegmegk ‐ tbi –pcjstiregk‖ ao j saot fjtirejc avir jgm eg tbi fisb, rigmiregk et hca`lim.

Xifimy 6 wjsb wetb bekb prissuri ﬈uem usegk tbi hjsi ﬈uem ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. Eo tbes ojecs, ﬊t `ajrsir s`riigs tifparjrecy. ^cukkegk ‐ tbi hca`legk ao tbi fisb hy j pjrte`ci (usujccy sjgm) ﬊ttegk egta tbi pari tbrajt ao tbi fisb.

Xifimy 6 wjsb wetb bekb prissuri ﬈uem usegk tbi hjsi ﬈uem ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. ]bes es hist magi oraf higijtb tbi s`riig (jotir rifavjc). Et es aotig su``issouc ta pcj`i j ﬊gir s`riig ag ta rimu`i tbi –gijr sezi‖ pcukkegk. Cast @er`ucjteag Fjtirejc Ma gat hypjss tbi sbjlirs ta jvaem s`riigegk aut aut tbi C@F fjtirejc. P`jcpegk sbjlirs `jg hi usim ta ri`avir C@F wbig bekb `ag`igtrjteags jri `agteguauscy riquerim eg tbi fum, pravemim. @uttegks sezi mestrehuteag es suo﬊`eigtcy ﬊gi ta pjss tbraukb tbi s`jcpegk s`riigs. Ƙ  Pacems cajmegk rjtis ma gat gikjtevicy efpj`t tbi piroarf piroarfjg`i jg`i ao tbi mawgstrijf sbjlirs jgm jgm `jusi

sacems huecm-up eg tbi j`tevi systif.

:?

 

istefjtegk gufhir ao sbjlirs riquerim Hjsi tbi gufhir ao sbjlirs riquerim ag tbi i`agafe`s jgm pbyse`jc `agstrjegts ao tbi spi`e﬊` jppce`jteag. J –hjccpjrl‖ istefjti ao sbjlir riquerifigts, hjsim ag jvirjki mreccegk `agmeteags `jg hi fjmi oraf tbi oaccawegk tjhci. ]bes es j viry raukb istefjti jgm sbaucm hi usim agcy js j kuemi. Pbjlirs Xiquerim Jppraxefjti Jpprax efjti Gufhir ao Bekb ^iroarfjg`i Cegijr Fateag Pbjlirs Fjxefuf _es`asety (`^) K^F  0>> 0>> 

9 :

:> :

:9 :

8> :

89 :

0> :

=> 8

9> 8

?> 8

=>>  =>>  9>>   9>> ?>>   ?>> ;>>   ;>> 2>>   2>> 5>>   5>> :>>>   :>>> ::>>   ::>> :8>>   :8>> :0>>   :0>> :=>>   :=>>

: : : 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0

: : 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0

: 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 = =

8 8 8 8 0 0 0 = = =

8 8 8 0 0 0 = = =

8 8 0 0 0 = = =

8 0 0 0 = = =

8 0 0 0 = =

8 0 0 = =

]jhci 9 ‐ Pbjlirs Xiquerim  ]bi kuemi bawivir mais gat ri﬈i`t tbi piroarfjg`i ao tbi fast famirg fjrlit cijmegk sbjci sbjlirs.  ]bi Mirre`l Oca-Cegi @cijgir 9:= wecc aut piroarf sfjccir ugets jgm jccaw ciss ugets ta hi usim wetb ﬊gir s`riigs ta pramu`i tbi sjfi ﬈uem bjgmcegk jhecety.

suffjry Ƙ  ]bi sbjci sbjlir es tbi agcy sa sacems cems `agtrac mive`i tbjt fjlis fjlis j sipjrjteag hjsim ag ag tbi pbyse`jc sezi ao

tbi pjrte`ci. ]bi sipjrjteag sezi es me`tjtim hy tbi apigegk sezis eg tbi sbjlir s`riigs. Bymra`y`cagis jgm `igtreoukis sipjrjti sacems hjsim ag meooirig`is hitwiig tbier ricjtevi fjss jgm tbi ﬈uem. Ƙ  Pbjci sbjlirs wetb cegijr vehrjtary fateag j jri ri prioirrim oar fast jppce`jteags jppce`jteags hi`jusi ao tbier supirea supirearr pra`issegk `jpj`ety jgm ﬊gi s`riigegk jhecety. @er`ucjr fateag ar ughjcjg`im iccepte`jc fateag sbjlirs jri ri`affigmim js s`jcpegk sbjlirs eg `js`jmegk systifs. Ƙ  _ehrjteag ao tbi sbjli sbjlirr hjslit `rijtis K-oar`is wbe`b wbe`b bicp mrevi sbijr tbeggegk ﬈uems su`b js mreccegk fum tbraukb tbi s`riigs. _ehrjteag jcsa `agviys sacems aoo tbi s`riigs. Fast cegijr fateag sbjlirs apirjti eg tbi rjgki ao 0 ta = K―s ta hjcjg`i tbraukbput wetb s`riig ceoi. K-oar`i es j oug`teag ao vehrjteag oriquig`y (rpf) jgm strali cigktb.

Ƙ  –Bekb-Ppiim‖ sbaucm gat hi iqujtim wetb –bekb piroarfjg`i‖. piroarfjg`i‖. Cjharjtary tists egme`jti tbjt, eg tbi

garfjc apirjtegk rjgki oar cegijr fateag sbjci sbjlirs, cawir oriquig`y vehrjteag jgm cagkir strali cigktbs efpravi tbraukbput `jpj`ety. Fast cegijr fateag sbjlirs apirjti jt :8>> ta :2>> rpf. Ƙ  Jvaem mi`l eg`cegjteags jhav jhavi i 0˔. Bekb mi`l jgkcis rimu`i rimu`i sacems `agviyjg`i jgm eg`rijsi tbi resl ao kregmegk saot ar orejhci sacems tbraukb tbi s`riigs. Ƙ  Pbjlirs jri misekgim ta j``ipt ietbir baalstrep ar rekem orjfi s`riig pjgics. Baalstrep s`riig pjgics jri tbi fast `affag jgm jri usujccy `bijpir, jctbaukb `uttegks witgiss `jg hi j `ag`irg mui ta mi`l `urvjturi. Ocjt, rekem orjfi pjgics prafati prafati ivig ﬈uem `avirjki, hut `jg `ast f fari. ari. Ƙ  Pbjlirs fjy bjvi segkci a arr tjgmif s`riigegk mi`ls. Pegkci m mi`l i`l sbjlirs aooir fi`bjge`jc sefpce sefpce`ety `ety jgm oucc j``iss ta tbi s`riigegk suroj`i. Pegkci mi`l sbjlirs fjy hi jrrjgkim ta pra`iss fum siquigtejccy js j –`js`jmegk‖ systif ta efpravi piroarfjg`i ugmir bekb sacems cajmegk `agmeteags.  ]jgmif mi`l sbjlirs aooir efpravim pra`issegk `jpj`ety ugmir bekb sacems cajmegk `agmeteags wbig spj`i es cefetim.

:;

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

Ƙ  Fjgeoacms sbaucm pravemi ivig mestrehuteag ao fum jgm sacems ta ij`b sbjlir. Jv Jvaem aem hrjg`b tii―s.

Xi`affigmim fjgeoacm misekgs jri eccustrjtim. Ƙ  Apirjtegk kuemicegis jri pravemim pravemim oar aptefesegk s`riig ceoi j jgm gm `uttegks mrygiss, bjgmcegk ste`ly sacems, pacyfir fums, hcegmegk jgm C@F prahcifs.

paseteag eg tbi systif ^aseteagim mawgstrijf ao tbi kufha trjp jgm ﬈aw mestrehuteag systif. Fjy `afpresi j segkci sit ar j

mujc sit ar `js`jmi systif.

sit up Ysi igaukb sbjlirs ta pravemi suo﬊`eigt gag-hcjglim s`riig jrij ta rug :>> fisb ar ﬊gir s`riigs. Pbjlir sit up sbaucm hi suo﬊`eigt ta pra`iss sacems-cjmig ﬈uems jt fjxefuf ﬈aw rjtis avir jgy sekge﬊`jgt baci egtirvjc. Oar mauhci-mi`l sbjlirs, rug j `ajrsir s`riig ag tap jgm j ﬊gir s`riig ag hattaf. ]bi `ajrsir s`riig sbaucm hi jt cijst twa fisbis `ajrsir. [jt`b oar j targ hattaf s`riig. Xipcj`i ar pjt`b targ jts`riig ag`i.jrij. @avir ;9% ta pjgs 2>%jri ao ri`affigmim tbi hattaf s`riig wetb fum ta fjxefesi utecesjteag ao tbis`riigs jvjecjhci Ocaw hj`l oar efpravegk `avirjki jgm tbraukbput. t braukbput. Oar j segkci mi`l sbjlir wetb pjrjccic s`riigs, try ta rug jcc tbi sjfi fisb s`riigs. Eo `ajrsir s`riigs jri gi`issjry ta privigt fum cass, ga fari tbjg twa fisbis sbaucm hi ag tbi sbjlir jt agi tefi, wetb tbi ﬊gir fisb s`riig `casist ta tbi passuf hiccy. ]bi twa fisbis sbaucm bjvi jppraxefjticy tbi sjfi sezi apigegk. Oar ixjfpci, usi j `afhegjteag ao :>> fisb (:=>u) jgm 2> fisb (:;2u), gat :>> fisb (:=>u) jgm 9> fisb (8;5u). @avir ;9% ta 2>% ao tbi s`riig jrij wetb fum ta prapircy utecesi tbi s`riig suroj`i jrij. Ysi sprjy hjrs (fest agcy) js giimim oar ste`ly `cjy, it`. Ysi sprjy hjrs agcy wetb ugwiekbtim wjtir hjsim fums. Pprjy hjrs jri gat ri`affigmim oar wiekbtim ar aec hjsim fums. Ma gat hypjss ar apirjti wetb targ s`riigs< tbisi jri tbi fjeg `jusis ao pcukkim bymra`y`cagis. Ysi s`riigs wetb fisb hj`l-up sa tbjt `ajrsir sacems wecc hi s`riigim aut wbig tbi ﬊gir fisb tijrs. Oar efpravim s`riig ceoi wetb gag-pritigseagim s`riigs, fjli suri tbi `afpagigts ao tbi s`riig tigseagegk systif, eg`cumegk jgy ruhhir supparts, guts, hacts, spregks, it` jri eg pcj`i jgm eg kaam sbjpi. Egstjcc s`riigs j``armegk ta tbi fjguoj`turir―s ri`affigmim egstjccjteag pra`imuri. @bi`l tbi hijregk cuhre`jteag j``armegk ta fjguoj`turir―s fjegtigjg`i s`bimuci. Cuhre`jti jgm fjegtjeg tbi uget j``armegk ta fjguoj`turirs egstru`teags. Xek up wetb suo﬊`eigt spj`i jgm wjclwjys wetb bjgmrjecs jraugm tbi sbjlir slem ta pirfet ijsy sirve`i.  ]bi sbjlir slem sbaucm hi civic. @bi`l oar `arri`t meri`teag ao fatar ratjteag oar sbjlirs wetb agi vehrjtar.

:2

 

 ]bi ﬈aw cegi sbaucm igtir jt tbi hattaf ao tbi passuf hiccy ta privigt sacems sittcegk jgm jgm huecm-up eg tbi passuf hiccy. Eo tbi ﬈aw cegi igtirs avir tbi tap ao tbi passuf hiccy, tbi ﬈aw cegi sbaucm hi ixtigmim ta

wetbeg 2 -:> egs (8> - 89 `fs) ao tbi hattaf ao tbi passuf hiccy. Xek up oar iqujc ﬈uem jgm sacems mestrehuteag wbig fari tbjg agi sbjlir es usim. J `ifigt hypjss es miserjhci.

bymra`cagi - misjgmir  ]begl ao j targjma egsemi j hattci jgm yau bjvi j rumefigtjry emij ao baw j bymra`y`cagi apirjtis.  ]bi oaccawegk ﬊kuri eccustrjtis eccustrjtis tbi hjse` `ag`ipts ao bymra`y`cagi apirjtegk preg`epc preg`epcis. is. Bymra`y`cagi Apirjtegk ^reg`epcis J cjrki bymra`y`cagi `jg pra`iss cjrki vacufg ao fum mui ta tbes uprekbt sperjc misekg. CEZYEM MEP@BJXKI

@CIJGIM MXECCEGK FYM (A_IXOCA[)

OIIM GATTCI

_AX]IR OEGMIX

MXECCEGK FYM

PJGM JGM PEC] PEC],, MXE_IG  ]A[JXM [JCC JGM MA[G[JXM EG J@@ICIXJ]EGK J@@ICIXJ]E GK P^EXJC

MXECCEGK FYM FA_IP EG[JXM JGM Y^[JXM JP P^EXJCCEGK _AX]IR

PJGM JGM PEC] (YGMIXOCA[)

Fum igtirs tbi oiim `bjfhir tjgkigtejccy jt j bekb vica`ety pravemim hy pufp prissuri. Js tbi fum sperjcs mawgwjrm tbraukb tbi `age`jc si`teag, `igtreoukjc oar`i jgm egirtej `jusi tbi sacems ta krjvetjti tawjrms tbi wjcc. ]bi sacems sittci j``armegk ta tbier fjss, j oug`teag ao hatb migsety jgm vacufi. Peg`i tbi migsety rjgki ao mreccim sacems es garfjccy queti gjrraw, sezi bjs tbi cjrkist eg﬈uig`i ag sittcegk.  ]bi cjrkist pjrte`cis wecc sittci prioirigtejccy. Js tbi `agi gjrraws, tbi eggirfast cjyirs ao ﬈uem turg hj`l tawjrm tbi avir﬈aw `rijtegk j caw prissuri vartix eg tbi `igtri ao tbi `agi. ]bes caw prissuri jrij `jusis jer ta hi puccim eg oraf tbi ugmir﬈aw autcit. @arri`tcy apirjtegk `agis sbaucm ixbehet j scekbt vj`uuf jt tbi `agi ugmir﬈aw. ]bi jer jgm `cijgim ﬈uem tbig ripart ta tbi avir﬈aw tbraukb tbi vartix ﬊gmir. ]bi purpasi ao tbi vartix ﬊gmir es ta privigt safi ao tbi oiim fum oraf –sbart `er`ucjtegk‖ meri`tcy egta tbi avir﬈aw. Pacems wetb suo﬊`eigt fjss `jggat fjli tbi turg hj`l tawjrms tbi avir﬈aw hi`jusi ao tbier fafigtuf jgm `agtegui aut ao tbi ugmir﬈aw. Fjxefuf `agi wijr usujccy a``urs jt ar gijr tbi ugmir﬈aw ixet, wbiri vica`eteis jri tbi bekbist. Eg `agis wbe`b bjvi j –hjcjg`im misekg‖ wbaci fum cassis aut aut ao tbi ugmir﬈aw jri scekbt. Agcy tbi sacems jgm haugm cequem wecc ripart ta tbi ugmir﬈aw. Eo tbi sacems jri taa ﬊gi ta hi rifavim hy tbi `y`cagi, ga cequem sbaucm hi mes`bjrkim. –Yghjcjg`im‖ bymra`y`cagis wecc mes`bjrki fum wetbaut tbi prisig`i ao sacems eg tbi fum.

:5

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

Hi`jusi ﬊gi sacems bjvi fari spi`e﬊` jrij (suroj`i jrij pir uget vacufi) tbjg cjrki pjrte`cis, tbi jfaugt ao cequem rifavim pir paugm ao sacems es bekbir wetb ﬊gi sacems tbjg wetb `ajrsi sacems.  ]birioari, tbi meooirig`i hitwiig tbi oiim jgm ugmir﬈aw migsety es gat j ricejhci egme`jtar ao bymra`y`cagi piroarfjg`i. ]bi @agi Io﬊`eig`y krjpb sbaws tbi ricjteagsbep hitwiig ugmir﬈aw migsety jgm `agi io﬊`eigtcy oar jg ugwiekbtim fum. Ahsirvi baw avirjcc `agi io﬊`eig`y mi`rijsis js ugmir﬈aw migsety eg`rijsis. @agi Io﬊`eig`y

Oug`teag Misjgmirs `agsest ao j hjttiry ao :> eg`b (89= ff) ar cjrkir `agis. Ivig tbaukb misjgmirs `jg pra`iss cjrki vacufis ao fum pir segkci `agi, tbi fegefuf sezi pjrte`cis tbjt `jg hi rifavim jri eg tbi rjgki ao => fe`rags (wetb ? eg`b ar :98 ff `agis). Ysi  ]a rifavi sacem sezim pjrte`cis oraf mreccegk ﬈uem. Ysim primafegjgtcy eg tap baci si`teags wbiri ﬊gi s`riigs `jggat hi usim ag tbi sbjci sbjlirs jgm wbig s`riigs hi`afi hcegmim hy sjgm pjrte`cis jgm `ajrsi fisb s`riigs bjvi ta hi usim. ^aseteag eg tbi systif  ]bi ﬊rst civics ao sacems rifavjc jotir tbi sbjci sbjlirs. Oim hy j mime`jtim `igtreoukjc pufp jgm sezim jppraprejti oar prissuri mrap eg ﬈uem mygjfe`s.

8>

 

bymra`cagi ‐ misectir preg`epci jgm tbiary ao apirjteag  ]bi `agi sipjrjtar riceis ag prapiccegk mreccegk ﬈uem wjtir prissuri tjgkigtejccy egta j `agi vissic. ]bi meooirigtejc sittegk `rijtis sipjrjteag wetb tbi cekbtir sacems mipcitim ﬈uem hiegk ixpiccim oraf tbi avir﬈aw, tbi migsir sacems cjmig ﬈uem es idi`tim oraf tbi basi.  ]bi mejfitir ao tbi `agi `agtracs tbi `ut paegt jgm pjrte`ci sezi sipjrjtim. ]bi cjrkir tbi `agi mejfitir tbi cjrkir pjrte`ci mejfitir tbjt `jg hi sipjrjtim.

Misectir

Misjgmir

Ysi ao bekb piroarfjg`i sbjlirs rimu`is tbi mreccim sacems cajmegk ag tbi bymra`y`cagis. Bawivir, muregk tbi mreccegk ao cjrki mejfitir bacis, bekb pigitrjteag rjti jgm bekb ﬈aw rjtis (krijtir tbjg 9> ot/br, :9.8 f/br)< :>‖ ar :8‖ (89= ff ar 0>9 ff) bymra`y`cagis jri ri`affigmim ta rimu`i sacems cajmegk ag tbi sfjccir bymra`y`cagis. ]biri sbaucm hi suo﬊`eigt :>‖ ar :8‖ (89= ff ar 0>9 ff) `agis ta pra`iss ::>% ::>% ao tbi fum `er`ucjtegk ﬈aw rjti garfjccy agcy wjtir hjsi fums.  ]bi ugmir﬈aw oraf tbisi `agis, seg`i et es ojercy mry, sbaucm ka ta tbi `uttegks pet. Eo tbi ugmir﬈aw es gat suo﬊`eigtcy mry, et fjy hi ourtbir miwjtirim hy s`riigegk ar `igtreoukegk. Eo miwjtiregk misjgmir ugmir﬈aws es eg`agvigeigt, jg ixtrj sbjci sbjlir fekbt hi usim ta gikjti tbi giim ao tbi misjgmir.  ]bes fjy gat hi trui oar kufha jrijs. J misjgmir fjy hi utecesim wetb j cekbt wiekbtim mreccegk ﬈uem (3:0.> (3:0.> ch/kjc ar :.9? PK) ta mes`jrm sjgm sezi sacems. Hi `jriouc gat ta mes`jrm taa fu`b Hjreti ar cequem fum.  ]bi gixt typi ao sacems rifavjc iquepfigt mawgstrijf ao tbi sbjlirs ar cjrki bymra`y`cagis, bymra`y`cagis, jri usujccy usujccy =‖ (:>8 ff) misectirs, wbe`b fjy hi oaccawim hy 8‖ (9:ff) fe`ra`agis. ]bi 0‖ (;? ff) fjy hi usi oar ripcj`ifigts ao tbi =‖ (:>8 ff) ugets, hjsim ag ﬊gi s`riigegk (3:;9 (3:;9 ¹) jbijm ao tbi `y`cagis.    ]biri sbaucm hi igaukb bymra`y`cagis ta pra`iss jt cijst ::>% ao tbi rek fum `er`ucjteag rjti. Eo bymra`y`cagis jri sezim ta pra`iss suroj`i baci `er`ucjteag rjtis, tbiri wecc hi suo﬊`eigt bymra`y`cagi `jpj`ety oar tbi rifjegegk baci si`teags. J bymra`y`cagis ugmir﬈aw wecc bjvi jg istefjtim :>% ta 89% sacems `agtigt, wbe`b fijgs tbjt avir 0 ta ; hjrric (>.=2 f0 - :.: f 0) ao ﬈uem `jg hi wjstim wetb agi hjrric (>.:95 f 0) ao `uttegks ugmir tbi hist apirjtegk `agmeteags. J 8‖ (9: ff) ar 0‖ (;? ff) `agi es fari io﬊`eigt hi`jusi ao ﬊gir pjrte`ci sezi sipjrjteag hut tbi mes`bjrki es wittir. J giw 0‖ (;? ff) `agi misekg rifavis 9>% fari sacems tbjg j type`jc =‖ (:>8 ff) bymra`y`cagi. ]bi pre`i oar efpravifigt eg io﬊`eig`y es jkjeg pjem eg tirfs ao mes`jrmegk fari cequem wetb tbi sacems. J bekb piroarfjg`i sbjlir fjy hi usim ta mi-wjtir bymra`y`cagi

ugmir﬈aws prear ta hiegk oim ta j `igtreouki. Jcc bymra`y`cagis fust apirjti jt tbier spi`e﬊im Oiit ao Bijm (Ob) oar fjxefuf io﬊`eig`y, kjccags pir feguti `jpj`ety, jgm pjrte`ci sezi `ut paegts.

8:

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

:>‖ (89= ff) Misjgmir :8‖ (0>9 ff) Misjgmir =‖ (:>8 ff) Misectir

Aptefuf Bymra`y`cagi Apirjteag Ob M9>u Fb 2> 02 8=.= ;9 =9 88.5 ;9 8= 88.5

0‖ (;? ff) Misectir 8‖ (9: ff) Misectir

:>> :8>

:> >2

0>.9 0?.?

K^F =9> 9>> 9>

Cetris :;>0 :250 :25

09 89

:08 5=

]jhci ? ‐ Aptefuf Bymra`y`cagi Apirjteag Jgy vjrejg`i eg Oiit ao Bijm (Ob) miceviry ta tbi bymra`y`cagis wecc jooi`t tbi piroar piroarfjg`i. fjg`i. Oar ixjfpci4 Oiit ao Bijm

Fitir ao Bijm

=‖ Misectir (:? `agis) apirjtegk jt 89 pse, oiim fum jt 5.9 ppk   ^   6 Ob   >.>98 x Fwt

:>8 ff Misectir (:? `agis) apirjtegk jt :;8.= l^j oiim fum jt ::02 lk/f0 (PK x :>>>)    

^   6 Fb >.>>528 x Fwt

89 6 9>.? Ob, j`tujc (>.>98 x 5.9 5.9 ch/kjc   ch/kjc )

 

:;8.= 6 9>.? Ob, j`tujc (>.>>528 x ::02 lk/f ::02 lk/f0)

   

Ob j`tujc   x K^F 6K^F pir 6K^F pir `agi Ob

   

Fb j`tujc   x C/feg 6 C/feg 6 C/feg Fb

∔

9>.? x 9> 6 00.; K^F K^F pir  pir `agi ;9

   

∔

:9.= x :25 6:8; cetris pir `agi 88.5

 

∔

   

∔

00.; kpf x :? `agis `agis 6  6  905 K^F

:8;C x :? `agi 6 8>08 cetris/feg  cetris/feg 

Xuci ao ]bufh4 Oiim prissuri sbaucm hi = x tbi fum wiekbt eg ch/kjc. ]jhci ; - Bymra`y`cagis ‐ Apirjtegk ^rissuris Xi`affigmim Apirjtegk Apirjtegk ^rissuri - Misectir Ygets (N ;9 ot. ao Bijm) Fum wiekbt (ch/kjc) 2.00 5.>> :>.>> ::.>> :8.>>

Ppi`e﬊` Krjvety :.>> :.>2 :.8> :.08 :.==

Apirjtegk ^rissuri (pse) 08 09 05 =0 =;

:0.>> :=.>> :9.>> :?.>> :;.>>

:.9? :.?2 :.2> :.58 8.>=

9: 9= 92 ?8 ??

[biri4   ch/kjc 6 ^augms ^ir Kjccag   Ppi`e﬊` Krjvety 6 Fum [iekbt û 2.00   : ^PE 6 8.0>5 Oiit ao Bijm   Apirjtegk ^rissuri 6 \ Oiit ao Bijm û 8.0>5V R \ Fum [iekbt û 2.00V   88

 

oug`teag Bymra`y`cagis, `cjsse﬊im js misjgmirs ar misectirs, jri `age`jc sacems sipjrjteag mive`is eg wbe`b bymrjuce` igirky es `agvirtim ta `igtreoukjc oar`i. Fum es oim hy j `igtreoukjc pufp tbraukb tbi oiim egcit tjgkigtejccy egta tbi oiim `bjfhir. ]bi `igtreoukjc oar`is tbus mivicapim fuctepci tbi sittcegk vica`ety ao tbi bijveir pbjsi fjtirejc, oar`egk et tawjrm tbi wjcc ao tbi `agi. ]bi cekbtir pjrte`cis favi egwjrm jgm upwjrm eg j sperjccegk vartix vartix ta tbi avir﬈aw apigegk jt tbi tap. ]bi mes`bjrki jt tbi tap es tbi avir﬈aw ar io﬈uigt< tbi mes`bjrki jt tbi hattaf eg tbi ugmir﬈aw. ]bi ugmir﬈aw sbaucm hi eg j ﬊gi sprjy wetb j scekbt su`teag jt ets `igtri. J rapi mes`bjrki wetb ga jer su`teag es ugmiserjhci.

Ixjfpci ao Garfjc Mes`bjrki

Ixjfpci ao Xapi Mes`bjrki

Pprjy ^jttirgs

80  

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

 ]bi sezis ao tbi `agis jgm tbi pufp prissuri mitirfegi tbi `ut ahtjegim. Cawir prissuris risuct eg `ajrsir sipjrjteag jgm rimu`im `jpj`ety. ]bi oaccawegk tjhci sbaws tbi ﬈aw rjti `jpjhecety ao meooirigt mejfitir `agis. ﬈aw rjtis tbraukb bymra`y`cagis  

Misekgjteag Misectir Misectir Misectir Misjgmir Misjgmir Misjgmir Misjgmir

@agi Mejfitir (eg`bis) 8 = 9 ? 2 :> :8

@agi Mejfitir (ff)

Ocaw Xjti ]braukb Ij`b @agi (K^F)

9: :>8 :8; :98 8>0 89= 0>9

:> ‐ 0> 9> ‐ ?9 ;9 ‐ 29 :>> ‐ :8> 8>> ‐ 8=> =>> ‐ 9>> 9>> ‐ ?>>

]jhci 2 ‐ Bymra`y`cagi ﬈aw rjtis Misectirs `agsest ao j hjttiry hjttiry ao =-eg`b ar sfjccir `agis. Mipigmegk ag tbi sezi ao tbi `agi, `agi, j pjrte`ci sezi `ut hitwiig ? jgm => fe`rags `jg hi ahtjegim. Ivig tbaukb bymra`y`cagis jri iooi`tevi eg rifavegk sacems oraf j mreccegk ﬈uem, tbier usi es gat ri`affigmim oar ﬈uems tbjt `agtjeg sekge﬊`jgt jfaugts ao wiekbtegk fjtirejcs ar fums tbjt bjvi ixpigsevi ﬈uem pbjsis. [big bymra`y`cagis jri usim wetb tbisi ﬈uems, gat agcy wecc ugmiserjhci mreccim sacems hi rifavim, hut jcsa tbi wiekbt fjtirejc jcagk wetb hjsi ﬈uem, wbe`b `jg hi `ast prabehetevi. paseteag eg tbi systif  ]bi si`agm stjki ao gag-s`riigegk sipjrjteag usim ta rifavi sect sezim pjrte`cis.

fum `cijgirs preg`epci jgm tbiary ao apirjteag Hy j``icirjtegk fum tbraukb j `urvim vissic, sacems jgm fum jri sipjrjtim j``armegk ta Ptalis Cjw.  ]bisi sacems jri pjssim avir j s`riig ta ri`avir ri`avir ix`iss ﬈uem.

8=

 

oug`teag  ]bi fum `cijgir es j sacems sipjrjteag mive`i tbjt `afhegis j misectir wetb j s`riig mive`i. ]bi fum `cijgir rifavis sacems usegk j twa stjki pra`iss. Oerst, tbi mreccegk ﬈uem es pra`issim hy tbi misectir. Pi`agm, tbi mes`bjrki oraf tbi misectir es pra`issim hy j bekb-igirky, ﬊gi fisb s`riig sbjlir. ]bes fitbam ao sacems rifavjc es ri`affigmim oar fums `agtjegegk sekge﬊`jgt jfaugts ao wiekbtegk fjtirejcs ar bjvegk ixpigsevi ﬈uem pbjsis. Gati4 [big ri`aviregk wiekbt fjtirejc wetb j fum `cijgir, hi jwjri tbjt jgy ﬊gi sacems tbjt ka tbraukb tbi `cijgir―s s`riig jri jcsa ritjegim eg tbi fum. Avir tefi, tbi pra`iss `jg cijm ta j ﬊gi-sacems huecm-up. paseteag eg tbi systif J misectir paseteagim avir j s`riig es j fum `cijgir.

sit up jgm vjrejhcis J fum `cijgir es j hjgl ao bymra`y`cagis faugtim avir j vehrjtegk s`riig. Orii cequem jgm pjrte`cis sfjccir tbjg tbi s`riig apigegks jri riturgim ta tbi `er`ucjtegk systif. Pacems rifavim hy tbi s`riig jri mes`jrmim. P`riig sezis hitwiig :>> fisb jgm 089 fisb jri `affagcy jvjecjhci. Fum `cijgirs wiri arekegjccy mivicapim oar usi eg wiekbtim fums ta rifavi mreccim sacems mawg ta tbi sezi ao hjreti (3;= fe`rags) wbig sbjlirs `aucm agcy rug :>> fisb (:=5 fe`rags) s`riigs jt hist. Bawivir, wetb tbi ﬊gi-s`riigegk `jpjhecety ao tamjy―s cegijr fateag sbjlirs, tbi jppce`jteags oar fum `cijgirs jri cefetim. [biri passehci, tbi egstjccjteag ao suo﬊`eigt ﬊gi s`riig sbjlirs es ri`affigmim oar wiekbtim fums eg ceiu ao j fum `cijgir. Pbjlirs iqueppim wetb ﬊gi fisb s`riigs kujrjgtii tbjt jcc ao tbi `er`ucjteag rjti es pra`issim, wbirijs fum `cijgirs fjy trijt agcy j parteag ao tbi `er`ucjteag rjti. Pbjlirs jri fari mipigmjhci jgm tbier s`riigs type`jccy cjst cagkir. Hjreti cassis fijsurim avir fum `cijgir s`riigs jri bekbir tbjg cassis avir sbjlir s`riigs jt tbi sjfi fisb sezi. ]bes es mui ta tbi bekb ves`asety ao tbi `agi ugmir﬈aw jgm tbi ricjtevicy sfjcc s`riigegk jrij ao fast fum `cijgirs. Mirre`l, jfagk atbirs, bjvi jmmrissim tbes hy faugtegk misectir `agis avir j oucc sezi sbjlir mi`l. Mirre`l usis j spi`ejccy misekgim Bekb-K sbjlir wbe`b wecc jcsa efpravi `uttegks mrygiss. Xikjrmciss, avirjcc systif io﬊`eig`y waucm hi hittir sirvim hy jg jmmeteagjc sbjlir jt tbi ﬈awcegi rjtbir tbjg j fum `cijgir eg fast `jsis.

89

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

]rauhci sbaategk Peg`i tbi fum `cijgir es hatb j bymra`y`cagi jgm j sbjlir, fjgy ao tbi apirjtegk kuemicegis cestim oar tbisi mive`is jppcy ta fum `cijgirs. J mi`rijsi eg sacems `afegk aoo tbi s`riig fjy egme`jti j targ s`riig, wbe`b sbaucm hi ripcj`im effimejticy. ^cukkim `agis ar cjrki sacems `afegk aoo tbi s`riig `jg efpcy j prahcif wetb tbi upstrijf sbjci sbjlirs.  ]bi celicy `jusis jri hypjssim s`riigs, targ s`riigs s`riigs ar mufpegk tbi sbjlir hax egta tbi j`tevi systif. systif.  ]bi misectir `agis ag tbi fum `cijgir sbaucm hi ? eg. mejfitir ar sfjccir. ]bi fimejg `uts ao cjrkir `agis jri taa `ajrsi ta hi usiouc. Ygwiekbtim Fums Ƙ  Eg ugwiekbtim wjtir hjsim fums, tbi fum `cijgir sbaucm hi usim js j misectir hy hcjglegk aoo tbi s`riig jgm mes`bjrkegk tbi ugmir﬈aw meri`tcy. Ƙ  Hi`jusi tbi fum `cijgir es apirjtim js j misectir, et fust hi rug eg pjrjccic wetb atbir misectirs (sjfi su`teag jgm mes`bjrki `afpjrtfigts). Js wetb misectirs, tbi su`teag sbaucm hi oraf tbi misjgmir mes`bjrki `afpjrtfigt jgm tbi avir﬈aw mes`bjrkim ta j mawgstrijf `afpjrtfigt. Ƙ  Eo tbi bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aw es ta hi pra`issim hy j `igtreouki, tbi s`riigs fjy hi usim ta rimu` rimu`i i sacems cajmegk ta tbi `igtreouki. Xug tbi ﬊gist s`riigs passehci. Ƙ  Eg `casim caap systifs, rauti tbi misjgmirs ugmir﬈aw agta tbi fum fum `cijgir s`riigs ta bicp mry

tbi mes`bjrki. Gati4 bawivir, tbjt tbi fum pjssegk tbraukb tbi s`riig sbaucm hi pra`issim hy j `igtreouki. Ƙ  ]bi bymra`y`cagis ag tbi fum `cijgir sbaucm hi rug js wit js passehci ta efpravi sacems sacems rifavjc io﬊`eig`y. [iekbtim Fums Ƙ  Ysi tbi fum `cijgirs wbig :9> fisb (:>> fe`ra fe`rag) g) s`riigs `jggat hi rug ag tbi sbjci sbjlirs, (wjtir hjsim fum). Ƙ  Jt bekbir fum w wiekbts, iekbts, tbi s`riig fjy hi`afi avircajmim wetb sacems. Eo tbi s`riig avircajms, rifa rifavi vi igaukb `agis ta liip et oraf mes`bjrkegk ix`iss ﬈uem. Ƙ  Fagetar tbi `afpaseteag jgm rjti ao cassis avir avir tbi s`riigs, ispi`ejccy eg aec hjsim fums. fums. Ysi tbi sjfi pra`imuri js autcegim eg tbi sbjlir si`teag. Ƙ  Oar wjtir hjsim fums, mecuteag wjtir jm jmmim mim jt tbi fum `cijgir s`riig fjy rimu`i hjreti cassis hy rimu`egk tbi ves`asety ao tbi bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aw. Bawivir, tbi jfaugt ao mreccim sacems mes`jrmim fjy jcsa hi rimu`im. suffjry Ƙ  J fum `cijgir es j misectir faugtim avir j vehrjtegk s`riig. s`riig. ]bi misectir ugmir﬈aw es s`riigim. Ocuem jgm sacems ﬊gir tbjg tbi s`riig jri riturgim ta tbi j`tevi systif. Agcy sacems `ajrsir tbjg tbi s`riig apigegks jri rifavim. Ƙ  Fum `cijgirs wiri arekegjccy mi misekgim sekgim oar usi eg wiekbtim fums wbig sbj sbjlirs lirs wiri eg`jpjhci ao s`riigegk mawg ta tbi sezi ao tbi wiekbtegk fjtirejc. [etb tamjy―s ﬊gi s`riig sbjlirs, tbi jppce`jteags oar fum `cijgirs jri cefetim. Ƙ  Oegi s`riig sbjlirs jri ri`af ri`affigmim figmim eg ceiu ao fum fum `cijgirs. P`riig ceoi es hittir, jcc ao tbi `er`ucjteag `er`ucjteag rjti es pra`issim jgm hjreti cassis jri ripartim ta hi cawir. Ƙ  Eg ugwiekbtim fum, tbi fum `cijgir sbaucm hi usim js j misectir. P`riigegk tbi ugmir﬈aw es uggi`issjry ugciss tbi fum `cijgir es usim ta s`riig jhrjsevi sacems tbjt wecc hi pra`issim hy j `igtreouki. Ƙ  Ysi tbi fum `cijgir ag ixestegk sacems `agtrac systifs, wbig :9> :9> fisb (:>> fe`rags) s`riigs s`riigs `jggat hi rug ag tbi sbjlirs eg wiekbtim fum.

8?

 

piroarfjg`i apirjteag Eo j fum`cijgir wiri ta hi utecesim, j gufhir ao jrijs sbaucm hi jmmrissim4 Ƙ  ]bi uget sbaucm hi egstjccim eg su`b j wjy tbjt j``iss, hatb oar fagetaregk jgm fjegtigjg`i purpasis Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ 

es jmiqujti. Et es ixtrificy efpartjgt tbjt tbi `igtreoukj `igtreoukjcc oiim pufp es `arri`tcy fjt`bim ta wbjtivir fum systif es eg usi, sa js ta kujrjgtii tbi `arri`t oiim prissuri. Efpiccir sezi jgm `agmeteag es `rete`jc ta apirjteagjc io﬊`eig`y. Jgy oaugm ta bjvi bjvi sireauscy wjsbim hcjmis sbaucm hi ripcj`im jt tbi ijrceist appartugety. ]bi autput ao tbi ici`tre`jc fatar eg ricjteag ta ef efpiccir piccir sezi jgm fum wiekbt sbaucm hi kevig kevig sireaus `agsemirjteag. Jg ugmir pawirim pufp wecc sireauscy jooi`t piroarfjg`i hy `agstjgtcy `uttegk aut. Eg armir oar tbi systif ta hi iooi`tevi et fu fust st bjvi tbi `jpj`ety ta pra`iss jt cijst :8>% ao tbi fjxefuf fjxefuf `er`ucjtegk rjti, emijccy :9>%. @agi sezis jgm pra`issegk rjtis sbaucm hi `bi`lim j``armegkcy.

Ƙ  Igsuri tbjt jcc `agis jri eg pcj`i sa js gat ta `afprafesi `afprafesi systif `jpj`ety. Ƙ  Eo j systif bjs gat hiig eg usi oar j `agsemirjhci tefi et waucm hi jmvesjhci ta rifavi jcc `agis

jgm `jrry aut j tbaraukb egspi`teag. Jgy pjrts tbjt jri ahsirvim ta hi wjsbim (iramim) sbaucm hi

Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ 

ripcj`im, js sbaucm jgy `cjfps tbjt fjy jppijr ta hi caasi. J prissuri kj kjuki uki sbaucm hi ﬊ttim ta tbi `agi fj fjgeoacm. geoacm. Ygmir garfjc `agmeteags tbi s`riig ﬊ttim ta tbi fum`cijgir sbaucm hi ﬊gir tbjg tbi ﬊gist ﬊ttim ﬊ttim ta tbi sbjci sbjlirs. Yget ugmir﬈aw sbaucm hi rautim ta j `jt`b tjgl ta hi ourtbir pra`issim hy tbi `igtreouki systif. ]bi `jt`b tjgl sbaucm hi ﬊ttim wetb jg avir﬈aw oj`ecety ar iqujcesim wetb jmdj`igt pra`iss tjgls. Muregk apirjteag tbi fum`cijgir fust hi fagetarim ag rikucjr rikucjr hjses. Jgy hca`lim `agis sbaucm hi effimejticy ugpcukkim hy tbi usi ao j wicmegk ram ar sefecjr. Eo gi`issjry, tbi uget sbaucm hi sbutmawg jgm jgy hca`lim `agis rifavim jgm `cijgim aut.

Ƙ  Ƙ 

Apirjtegk tbi fum`cijgir wetb j gufhir ao hca`lim `agis wecc hi ixtrificy mitrefigtjc ta tbi fum systif, suroj`i iquepfigt jgm mawgbaci taacs. Eo s`riig ﬈aamegk es jppjrigt, tbes fjy egme`jti ietbir tbjt tbi orii prissuri es taa caw, risuc risuctegk tegk eg paar sipjrjteag (prj`te`jccy jcc ﬈uem hiegk mes`bjrkim js ugmir﬈aw) ar tbi s`riig es ao taa ﬊gi j fisb. Xifimejc j`teag sbaucm hi tjlig effimejticy. Eo jg jmdustjhci s`riigegk uget es usim, ixtrifi `juteag sbaucm hi ixir`esim ixir`esim eg usegk jgy jmdustfigt ta privigt wbaci fum `jrryavir. P`riig ceoi ao tbi ciss rahust ﬊gir s`riigs wecc hi sireauscy mefegesbim, wetb jgy mjfjki risuctegk eg tbi riegtramu`teag ta tbi systif ao cjrki qujgteteis ao `ag`igtrjtim sacems. Agcy usi wbiri jppraprejti4 - Ygwiekbtim fums - [biri tbi prefjry sacems `agtrac `jggat s`riig sjtesoj`tarecy. Igsuri tbi `agis jri apirjtegk `arri`tcy `arri`tcy - sprjy mes`bjrki Jcwjys igsuri `arri`t oiim prissuri prissuri Xuci ao ]bufh

     

Aec﬊icm ugets = x (F[ eg ch/kjc) i.k. :8 ch/kjc 6 =2 pse riquerim.

Ƙ 

Ƙ 

Ƙ 

    Ƙ 

 

P.E ugets F[ eg PK .>>= i.k. :=02 lk/f06 0?> l^j

(

)

  Ƙ  P`riig jppraprejticy ‐ 80> fisb ar ﬊gir. Ƙ  Jvaem usi eg aec/sygtbite` hjsim hjsim systifs ta jvaem sacems hrijlmawg. Ƙ  Hi jwjri tbjt js ves`asety eg`rijsis, io﬊`eig`y mi`rijsis!

8;

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

`igtreouki preg`epci & tbiary ao apirjteag J `igtreouki warls ag tbi preg`epci ao j``icirjtim sittcegk. Hy efpjrtegk jmmeteag –K‖ oar`is ta tbi `agtigt ao j `igtreouki, sacems (eg j sacems cjmig ﬈uem) wecc sittci fu`b que`lir.

 ]a ugmirstjgm baw j mi`jgtegk `igtreouki warls, ﬊rst caal jt j sefpci simefigtjteag vissic. Pacems eg tbes ﬈uem wecc sittci ta tbi hattaf ao tbi vissic avir j piream ao tefi. Agi wjy ta spiim tbi pra`iss ao sittcegk es ta rimu`i tbi biekbt ao tbi vissic sa tbi sacems ma gat bjvi js ojr ta mrap. Eo j spi`e﬊` vacufi es riquerim, tbi vissics mefigseags `jg hi cigktbigim ar wemigim. Mipigmegk ag tbi rbiacake`jc prapirteis ao tbi ﬈uem jgm tbi sezi jgm migsety ao tbi sacems, sittcegk tefi `jg stecc pravi queti scaw.

Ptalis Cjw ^jrte`cis wecc sittci eg j kevig ﬈uem j``armegk ta Ptalis― Cjw, wbe`b es ixprissim js oaccaws4   -? 8  _:6 jM (^8 ‐ ^:) R :> ::?Y wbiri _t 6 tirfegjc ar sittcegk vica`ety   j 6 hawc j``icirjteag, eg./si`8 6 >.>>9=2:8 x hawc mejfitir x rpf8   M 6 pjrte`ci mejfitir, fe`rag   ^P  6 sacem (pjrte`ci) migsety, krjfs/`f0   ^:  6 cequem migsety, krjfs/`f0  

Y 6 cequem ves`asety, `igtepaesi (mygi-si`/:>> `f8)

Ptalis― Cjw sbaws tbjt js ﬈uem ves`asety jgm migsety eg`rijsis, tbi sittcegk rjti mi`rijsis. Oekuri - Pefpci Pimefigtjteag _issic

b:

Et es efpassehci ta sipjrjti j mreccim sacem pjrte`ci ao iquevjcigt fjss hy sittcegk. m 

ms8  (^ ms ‐ ^:) 6 m  8  ms (^ ms ‐ ^:) wbiri        

mms 6 mh  6 pms 6 ph  6 p 6

mejfitir ao mreccim sacems pjrte`ci mejfitir ao hjreti pjrte`ci migsety ao mreccim sacems pjrte`ci migsety ao hjreti migsety ao cequem

Oekuri ‐ _issic wetb Pfjcc Pimefigtjteag Biekbt

b8

82

 

Jssufegk hjreti bjs j spi`e﬊` krjvety ao =.89 jgm mreccim sacems 8.?9, tbi iquevjcigt mejfitir rjtea oar sittcegk eg j := paugm pir kjccag fum (spi`e﬊` krjvety 6 :.?2) es4 m ms8 =.89 ‐ :.?2 8.9;   6 6 6 8.?9 m ms8 8.?9 ‐ :.?2 >.5;  

ar m ms m m

6 :.?0

Eg j mreccegk ﬈uem wiekbegk := ch/kjc, j 9> fe`rag hjreti pjrte`ci wecc sittci jt tbi sjfi rjti js j jg 2: fe`rag mreccim sacem pjrte`ci. Jcc sacems, eg`cumegk caw krjvety jgm hjreti pjrte`cis 8 fe`rags jgm sfjccir (`accaemjc), `jg bjvi j mitrefigtjc iooi`t ag mreccegk ﬈uem ves`asety. ]bjt es, j caw spi`e﬊`-krjvety pjrte`ci tbjt bjs jg iquevjcigt spbire`jc mejfitir tbjt es :.? tefis tbjt ao j hjreti pjrte`ci, wecc sittci jt tbi sjfi rjti js tbi hjreti pjrte`ci. ]bi caw krjvety sacem wecc bjvi tbi sjfi fjss js tbi hjreti pjrte`ci.  ]bes es tbi rijsag tbjt t bjt j `igtreouki mais gat sipjrjti hjreti oraf o raf caw krjvety sacems.  ]bi pjrte`cis eg j vissic vissi c ixpireig`i jg j``icirjteag ao : –K‖. ]bi oar`i ag j pjrte`ci pjrte`c i es tbi pramu`t ao tbi pjrte`ci fjss jgm tbi j``icirjteag. ]bes es `jccim j –K‖ oar`i. Agi wjy ta eg`rijsi tbi –K‖ oar`i es ta ratjti tbi vissic jhaut jg jxes. Eg maegk sa, j sefpci `igtreouki es `rijtim. Agi prahcif wetb tbes misekg es tbjt js tbi sacems j``ufucjti ag tbi wjccs ao tbi `igtreouki, tbiri es ga wjy ta rifavi tbif wbeci ratjtegk tbi `igtreouki. ]birioari, agcy sfjcc hjt`bis ao ﬈uem `jg hi trijtim trijt im jt agi tefi. Agi fitbam tbjt waucm igjhci tbi `agteguaus rifavjc ao sittcim sacems es ta misekg j tjgl js sbawg.  ]bes uget usis j mrjk `bjeg systif ta rifavi tbi sittcim sacems. Js tbi sacems jri `agviyim aut ao tbi paac jgm up tbi rjfp, ar hij`b, tbiy jri pjrtejccy mreim prear ta mes`bjrki. Js giw ﬈uem es paurim egta tbi tjgl, `cijgir ﬈uem fjy specc aut ao tbi wiers. Ygoartugjticy, agcy :K es jppceim ta tbi pjrte`cis sa sittcegk wecc hi viry scaw. Jgatbir wjy ta rifavi sacems oraf tbi tjgl waucm hi ta usi jg jukir, ar `agviyar, eg tbi tjgl js sbawg. Bawivir, tbes waucm gat rifavi tbi sacems tbjt sittci jwjy oraf tbi `agviyar. ]bes `aucm hi sacvim hy wrjppegk tbi tjgl jraugm tbi `agviyar. ]bes pra`iss risucts eg tbi `rijteag ao j `afpciti `igtreouki. Oekuri ‐ J Pefpci @igtreouki

85

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

 ]bi igteri jssifhcy es ratjtim wbeci eg`rijsegk tbi –K‖ oar`i ag tbi sacems, wbe`b j``icirjtis sittcegk.  ]bi ﬈uem favis wetb tbi autir `ycegmir ao tbi `igtreouki, sa tbiri es ga sbijr wetbeg tbi ﬈uem. ]bes es tbi rijsag tbjt mecuteag ﬈uem es garfjccy jmmim ta tbi egput strijf ao j mi`jgtegk `igtreouki. ]bi caw sbijr rjti ves`asety ao fast mreccegk ﬈uems es eg`rijsim ta jem baci `cijgegk jgm ta pravemi wiekbtegk jkigt suppart. ]bes caw sbijr rjti ves`asety icivjteag wecc jcsa egbehet sittcegk wetbeg j `igtreouki.  ]a `agviy tbi sacems aut ao tbi `igtreouki, tbi `agviyar jgm hawc fust ratjti jt scekbtcy meooirigt spiims. ]bes es j``afpcesbim usegk j pcjgitjry kijrhax oar hict mrevi `igtreoukis. ]ype`jccy tbi igteri jssifhcy ratjtis eg tbi sjfi meri`teag, hut tbi `agviyar ratjtis jt j scekbtcy scawir spim. ]bi `agviyar favis tbi sacems ta tbi sacems mes`bjrki igm jgm tbi cequem, ar io﬈uigt, ifpteis aut ao tbi wiers jt tbi cequem mes`bjrki igm.  ]a `jc`ucjti tbi –K‖ oj`tar, j `igtreouki `igtreouki efpjrts ta sacems, tbi oarfucj es js js oaccaws4 Aec﬊icm ugets 8 K Oj`tar 6 hawc mejfitir (eg) x rpf ;>=88

P.E ugets K Oj`tar 6

hawc mejfitir (`f) x rpf 8 :;22;8

wbiri K es tbi rjtea ao tbi `igtrepitjc j``icirjteag ao tbi hawc `afpjrim ta tbi j``icirjteag ao krjvety. (Gati, tbes es tbi sjfi iqujteag usim ta `jc`ucjti tbi –K‖ oj`tar ao sbjci sbjlir vehrjtars). J `igtreouki pravemis j fitbam ao eg`rijsegk tbi sittcegk oar`i ag pjrte`cis suspigmim eg cequem. ]bi oar`i mipigms ag tbi fjss ao tbi pjrte`ci jgm gat tbi `bife`jc `afpaseteag. ^jrte`cis wetb tbi sjfi fjss, wbitbir tbiy jri j hjreti, caw krjvety sacems, kacm, erag ar secvir wecc sittci jt tbi sjfi rjti. @igtreoukis jri jhci ta sipjrjti sacems jhavi jgm hicaw tbi 8- ta :>-fe`rag sezi rjgki. Eg wiekbtim mreccegk ﬈uems, `igtreoukis jri `jpjhci ao icefegjtegk viry sfjcc pjrte`cis tbjt `jg `jusi mrjfjte` eg`rijsis eg hatb tbi caw jgm bekb sbijr rjti ves`aseteis. Eg ugwiekbtim mreccegk ﬈uem tbiy jri usim js –supir misectirs‖. Oekuri - ]jgl ]jgl oar @agteguaus Xifavjc ao Pacem ^jrte`cis oraf j ^ra`iss Cequem

Oekuri - @igtreouki @igtreouki Hawc @rass Pi`teag

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Pacems

Pacems mes`bjrki wetb jhsarhim cequem agcy

@accaemjc cequem mes`bjrki

Oiim egcit @accaemjc cequem mes`bjrki

Kijrhax ^aac civic `agtraccim hy wier sittegks

Oiim parts

Hij`b

oug`teag  ]bi twa typis ao `igtreoukjc sipjrjteag mive`is mive`is jri4 • •

Mi`jgtegk `igtreoukis Bymra`y`cagis.

J mi`jgtegk `igtreouki `agsests ao j `age`jc, barezagtjc stiic hawc tbjt ratjtis jt bekb spiim usegk j mauhci s`riw typi `agviyar. ]bi `agviyar ratjtis eg tbi sjfi meri`teag js tbi autir hawc hut jt j scekbtcy scawir spiim. J segkci `igtreouki uget sit oar tatjc sacems mes`jrm sbaucm hi usim oar caw-migsety systifs. ]bi prefjry oug`teag ao j `igtreouki es gat ta `agtrac tatjc pir`igt sacems eg j systif, hut rjtbir ta fjegtjeg j``iptjhci jgm miserjhci ﬈aw prapirteis eg tbjt systif. ]wa `igtreoukis apirjtegk eg sireis jri ri`affigmim oar tbi oaccawegk systifs4 Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ 

Egvirt ifucseag (e.i. sygtbite` jgm aec hjsim hjsim systifs) Bekb-migsety, wjtir hjsim systifs [jtir hjsim systifs eg wbe`b hjsi ﬈uem es ixpigsevi (e.i. (e.i. hregis) @casim caap Tira mes`bjrki

 ]bi ﬊rst `igtreouki uget es usim ta sipjrjti hjreti jgm riturg et ta tbi fum systif. ]bi si`agm uget pra`issis tbi cequem avir﬈aw oraf tbi ﬊rst uget, mes`jrmegk jcc sacems jgm riturgegk tbi cequem parteag ta tbi fum systif.

Gati4 @igtreouki io﬊`eig`eis jri hi eg﬈uig`im fum wiekbt jgm fum ves`asety.ao Muregk `igtreouki apirjteag, tbi ugmir﬈aw sbaucm jgjcysim hy rikucjrcy ta mitirfegi tbi jfaugt caw krjvety sacems jgm hjreti hiegk rifavim jgm ritjegim. `igtreouki usis @igtreoukis jri type`jccy usim ta4 Ƙ  Mi-wjtir bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aw<

Ƙ  Xifavi mreccim sacems oraf tbi j`tevi fum fum systif< jgm jgm Ƙ  @agtrac rbiacake`jc prapirteis hy rifavegk `accaemjc pjrte`cis eeg g wiekbtim mreccegk ﬈uems.

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Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

J mi`jgtegk `igtreouki es sa gjfim hi`jusi et mi`jgts ar rifavis orii cequem oraf sipjrjtim sacems. Et `agsests ao j `agviyegk s`riw egsemi j ratjtegk hawc Hy ixirtegk eg`rijsim K-oar`i ag tbi mreccegk ﬈uem, tbi pjrte`cis jri j``icirjtim jgm sittci ag tbi autsemi ao tbi hawc. ]bi orii cequem paac es rifavim jgm tbi sacems jri pusbim jwjy jgm mes`bjrkim oraf tbi hawc. Miwjtiregk Oar ugwiekbtim mreccegk ﬈uem, tbi `igtreouki usi jppijrs `ast duste﬊im wbig tbi mreccegk ﬈uem jgm ﬈uem mespasjc `asts eg`rijsi. ]bes es hjsim sacicy ag tbi i`agafe`s ao miwjtiregk bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aw. Js ﬈uem `asts eg`rijsi, `igtreouki usi es bekbcy ri`affigmim oar rimu`egk `asts. Krijtir parteags ao tbi `er`ucjtegk ﬈aw sbaucm hi pra`issim. ]bi efpravim sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y tbjt `jg hi mirevim oraf wemir usi ao `igtreoukis es ri`affigmim oar rimu`egk mreccegk wjstis. Mreccim Pacems Xifavjc  ]a fegefesi tbi mecuteag rjti eg jg ugwiekbtim fum, tbi `igtreouki es `ast iooi`tevi apirjtegk ag tbi j`tevi fum systif. [etb sacems `agtigt ciss tbjg :>%, j `igtreouki `jg apirjti jt bekb spiims, tbus rifavegk j cjrkir vacufi ao tbi `cjy sezi sacems. Eg safi `jsis, tbes pra`iss `jg hi igbjg`im wetb tbi usi ao j pacyfir ﬈a``ucjteag systif. @agtrac ao Fum ^rapirteis  ]a fegefesi mreccegk wjsti ag wiekbtim fums (aec/wjtir) twa stjki `igtreoukegk es vejhci pravemim tbi `igtreoukis jri prapircy `basig jgm jmdustim. ]bi ﬊rst `igtreouki sbaucm hi jmdustim oar sacems ri`aviry, wetb tbi si`agm `igtreouki pravemegk fjxefuf cequem-sacems sipjrjteag. ]bes pra`iss jcsa `jg hi igbjg`im hy usegk j pacyfir ﬈a``ucjteag systif ag tbi wjtir hjsi fums agcy. ^rapir upstrijf mreccim sacems rifavjc es gi`issjry ta ahtjeg tbi fjxefuf higi﬊ts oraf `igtreoukegk jg j`tevi wiekbtim mreccegk ﬈uem systif. Pbjci sbjlirs sbaucm j`beivi j sacems sipjrjteag eg tbi ;> ‐ ;9 fe`rag rjgki. Peg`i tbi fjdarety ao tbi hjreti mestrehuteag es hicaw tbes rjgki, fjxefuf mreccim sacems `jg hi rifavim wetb fegefjc hjreti cass.

 

Apirjtegk Xjgki ao @igtreoukis Ppiim(Xpf)

K-Oar`i

@jpj`ety(kpf)

@jp C/feg

Ygwiekbtim MI-:>>> :=‖ x =5‖(09? x :8=9 ff) MI-:>>> MH-: 8=‖ x =9‖(?:> x ::=0 ff) MH-8 8=‖ x 02‖(?:> x 5?9 ff)

089> 8=9> 8>>> :2>>

8:>> ::5= :0?= ::>9

:9> :9> :;> :0>

9?; 9?; ?=0 =58

[iekbtim MH-8 MH-0 MP-8 MP-0

:=9> :=9> :59> :59>

;:; 90; ;9? ;9?

89 - 9> :> - 09 :> - 09 :> - 0>

5= - :25 02 - :08 02 - :08 02 - ::0

:2‖ x 82‖(=9; x ;:: ff) :=‖ x 0>‖(09? x ;?8 ff) :=‖ x 88‖(09? x 995 ff)

]jhci 5 ‐ @igtreouki Apirjtegk Xjgki  

K ‐ Oar`i oar j @igtreoukis

Aec﬊icm ugets K Oar`i oar j `igtreouki4 K―s 6 X^F8 x >.>>>>:=8 x Mejfitir ao hawc (eg eg`bis) P.E ugets K Oar`i oar j `igtreouki4 K―s 6 X^F8 x >.>>>>995 x Mejfitir ao hawc (eg ff)

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paseteag eg tbi systif Mipigmigt ag ixj`t jppce`jteag jgm ﬈uem typis. ]ype`jc egstjccjteag bjs su`teag mawgstrijf ao misectir jgm riturg mawgstrijf. Eo j mujc systif es usim, jg egtirfimejti tjgl es usim.

`igtreouki sit up  ]bi iooi`t ao vjreaus misekg jgm oiim pjrjfitirs ag `igtreouki piroarfjg`i bjs hiig ivjcujtim.  ]bi risucts ao tbes stumy jri suffjresim ta jssest eg tbi sici`teag jgm apirjteag ao `igtreoukis. Peg`i fjgy `igtreouki pjrjfitirs jri ricjtim, agi jspi`t ao piroarfjg`i `jggat hi mes`ussim segkucjrcy wetbaut efpce`jtegk atbirs. Bawivir, eg kigirjc, `igtreouki piroarfjg`i es jooi`tim hy tbi oaccawegk pjrjfitirs eg mi`rijsegk armir ao efpartjg`i. –K‖ Oar`i J``armegk ta Ptalis Cjw, pjrte`ci sittegk vica`ety es praparteagjc ta K-oar`i. Peg`i K-oar`i eg`rijsis wetb tbi squjri ao hawc X^F, et es jg efpartjgt pjrjfitir. K-oar`i jcsa eg`rijsis cegijrcy wetb hawc mejfitir. Oekuri : sbaws baw sacems rifavjc io﬊`eig`y efpravis wetb eg`rijsegk K-oar`i. Oar j kevig pjrte`ci sezi jgm ﬈uem prapirteis, tbiri es j fegefuf K-oar`i gi`issjry ta egvali sittcegk. Jctbaukb bekb K-oar`i es miserjhci, tbi `ast es praparteagjc ta tbi `uhi ao tbi hawc rpf jgm tbiri jri sefecjr i`agafe` cefetjteags ag hawc mejfitir js wicc. ]bus, tbi riquerim K-oar`i fust hi ahtjegim oraf j prj`te`jc `afhegjteag ao spiim jgm mejfitir. Fast aec﬊icm `igtreoukis bjvi hawc mefigseags oraf := - 82 eg`bis (09? - ;:: ff) eg mejfitir jgm cigktbs oraf 0> - 99 eg`bis (;?8 - :05; ff). Xatjteagjc spiims rjgki oraf :>>> - =>>> rpf, mipigmegk ag tbi jppce`jteag.  ]bi fari ixpigsevi, bekb –K‖ fj fj`begis `begis `jg pravemi up ta 0,>>> K―s. ]bi spi`e﬊`jteags spi`e﬊`jteags oar ij`b `igtreouki `igtreouki jri cestim eg Iquepfigt Ppi`e﬊`jteags. Gati4 bawivir, tbjt eg`rijsegk K-oar`i ivigtujccy rimu`is sacems `agviyjg`i `jpj`ety mui ta tarqui cefetjteags. Js K-oar`i eg`rijsis, fari sacems jri sittcim eg tbi hawc jgm tbiy jmbiri fari tekbtcy. Fari `agviyar ar tarqui es riquerim ta favi tbi sacems aut. Ag`i tbi tarqui cefetjteags ao tbi fj`begi jri rij`bim, `agviyjg`i `ijsis. Iooi`t ao K-Oar`i ag Pipjrjteag (Bekbir K―s Efpravi Pipjrjteag ^iroarfjg`i)

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Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

_es`asety Oraf Ptalis Cjw, pjrte`ci sittcegk vica`ety es egvirsicy praparteagjc ta ﬈uem ves`asety. ]bi oaccawegk ﬊kuri eccustrjtis tbi higi﬊`ejc iooi`ts ao j oiim fum wetb j caw yeicm vjcui. ]bes sbaws tbi firet ao mecutegk tbi `igtreouki oiim ta efpravi piroarfjg`i. Et jcsa bicps ixpcjeg tbi ricjtevicy paar piroarfjg`i ao `igtreoukis wbig pra`issegk pacyfir ﬈uems wetb `bjrj`tireste`jccy bekb ves`aseteis jt caw sbijr rjtis.

Iooi`t ao _es`asety ag Pipjrjteag ^iroarfjg`i  ^iroarfjg`i  (bekbir yeicm vjcuis mikrjmi `igtreouki sipjrjteag piroarfjg`i) @jli Mrygiss Mes`bjrki mrygiss es `affagcy `agsemirim j meri`t egme`jteag ao `igtreouki piroarfjg`i. Bawivir, tist risucts bjvi sbawg tbjt `jli mrygiss es fari `arri`tcy j oug`teag ao pjrte`ci sezi, jgm tbirioari, es egvirsicy ricjtim ta sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y. ]ist paegts bjvi yeicmim tbi mreist sacems `arrispagmim ta tbi cawist io﬊`eig`y jgm `ajrsist M9> sipjrjteag. Js sbawg eg Oekuri 0, Pacems mrygiss a``urs jt j tbrisbacm K-oar`i civic. Puhsiquigt eg`rijsis eg K-oar`i ma gat rifavi jmmeteagjc cequem. Cigktb ao tbi mry hij`b wetbeg tbi `igtreouki hawc (j oug`teag ao pagm miptb) jcsa bjs cettci iooi`t ag mrygiss. Mry hij`b cigktb rioirs ta tbi mestjg`i oraf tbi sacems mes`bjrki parts ta tbi suroj`i ao tbi ﬈uem pagm wetbeg tbi `igtreouki hawc. Hut tbi sfjcc meooirig`i eg mrygiss fjmi j sekge﬊`jgt meooirig`i eg tbi jppijrjg`i ao tbi sacems. Jt ;:% hy wiekbt, tbi sacems wiri queti ruggy jgm jt ;9% wiekbt, tbi sacems siifim fu`b fari –stj`ljhci‖. Iooi`t ao K-Oar`i ag @uttegks Mrygiss  Mrygiss  (jhavi j `irtjeg tbrisbacm K-oar`i, `uttegks mrygiss mais gat

efpravi)

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^agm Miptb jgm ^ra`issegk @jpj`ety ^agm miptb `agtracs hatb ﬈uem risemig`i jgm mry hij`b cigktb. [etb eg`rijsim pagm miptb, risemig`i tefi eg`rijsis sipjrjteag. Bawivir, hy eg`rijsim pagm rimu`is `igtreouki ﬈aw `jpj`ety. Fjxefuf ﬈aw `jpj`ety es `agtraccim tbi biekbt ao miptb tbi `jli mes`bjrki part. [big tbi ﬈uem miptb eg tbi `igtreouki hawc rij`bis tbes biekbt, mreccegk ﬈uem ﬈aws aut jcagk wetb tbi mes`jrmim `jli. ]bi ﬈awrjti js wbe`b cequem speccs aut tbi `jli mes`bjrki part es `jccim tbi –﬈aam aut‖ paegt. Peg`i agi ahdi`tevi ao `igtreoukegk es ta cefet cequem wjsti, et es ahveauscy gat jmvjgtjkiaus ta rug tbi `igtreouki jt j ﬈aw rjti hiyagm tbi –﬈aam aut‖ paegt. Ocaamegk es `agtraccim hy j `afhegjteag ao pagm miptb jgm ﬈awrjti. ]bi pagm miptb es sit fi`bjge`jccy hy jg jmdustjhci wier. ]bi ﬈awrjti eg`rijsis pagm biekbt j``armegk ta tbi ves`aus mrjk oar`is wbe`b eg`rijsi tbi ﬈uem bijm riquerim ta mrevi tbi cequem tbraukb tbi `igtreouki. ]bi bijm biekbt es jmmim ta tbi ﬊xim pagm miptb ta kevi j tatjc miptb ao ﬈uem ao 0 eg`bis (;? ff) hioari ﬈aamaut (`casim ﬈uem ixet parts). Eo 0>> kpf (::09 C/feg) es tbi fjxefuf ﬈aw rjti jt ﬈aam-aut wetb j : eg`bis (89 ff) pagm miptb sittegk, tbes fijgs 8 eg`bis (9: ff) ao ﬈uem bijm wjs mivicapim. Eo tbi pagm miptb sittegk es jmdustim ta 8 eg`bis (9: ff) tbig agcy : eg`b (89 ff) ao ﬈uem bijm es jvjecjhci hioari tbi 0 eg`bis (;? ff) ﬈aam-aut paegt es rij`bim. Ahveauscy, tbi fjxefuf ﬈awrjti oar tbes pagm miptb sittegk wecc bjvi ta hi fu`b ciss tbjg 0>> kpf (::09 C/feg). Fjxefuf ﬈aw `jpj`ety es j`beivim wbig tbi sbjccawist pagm miptb es usim jt tbi ixpigsi ao sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y. @agvirsicy, miip pagms fjxefesi sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y jt tbi `ast ao ﬈awrjti `jpj`ety. ]bi hist `afhegjteag es mitirfegim hy tbi `ajrsigiss ao tbi sacems ta hi sipjrjtim. Oekuri 0 eccustrjtis baw, oar j ﬊gi sacems sezi mestrehuteag, j miip pagm miptb jt cawir ﬈awrjtis `jg pramu`i jcfast tbi sjfi `jli rjti js j sbjccaw pagm miptb jt bekbir ﬈awrjtis. ]bes es mui ta efpravim sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y ao tbi miip pagm `jsi. Oekuri = sbaws baw, oar `ajrsi sacems, tbi bekbir ﬈aw `jpj`ety ao tbi sbjccaw pagm pramu`is fari sacems rifavjc tbjg tbi miip pagm `jsi. ]bi risucts sukkist tbjt, oar `ajrsi pjrte`ci sezi mestrehuteags js ig`augtirim eg tap baci mreccegk, sbjccaw pagm miptbs jri jmvjgtjkiaus, wbirijs miip pagms sbaucm hi usim oar jcc atbir jppce`jteags.

Iooi`t ao ^agm Miptb ag Oegi Pacems Xifavjc  Xifavjc   (miipir pagms jri fari io﬊`eigt tbjg sbjccaw pagms wbig tbi sacems jri viry ﬊gi)

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Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

Iooi`t ao ^agm Miptb ag @ajrsi Pacems Xifavjc  Xifavjc  (sbjccaw pagm miptbs jri prioirrim oar `ajrsi sacems mestrehuteags)

Hawc ‐ @agviyar Meooirigtejc X^F jgm ]arqui Meooirigtejc X^F es tbi meooirig`i hitwiig tbi hawc X^F jgm tbi `agviyar X^F. ]bi meooirigtejc es pravemim hy tbi kijrhax wbe`b trjgsfets pawir oraf tbi hawc ta tbi `agviyar. Meooirigtejc X^F es sefpcy `jc`ucjtim hy mevemegk tbi hawc X^F hy tbi kijrhax rjtea. Fjgy `igtreouki fjguoj`turirs pravemi j –hj`lmrevi‖ wbe`b `jg egmipigmigtcy jctir tbi X^F. Hj`lmrevi ugets jri, eg iooi`t, bymrjuce` kijr rimu`teag systifs usim ta vjry tbi spiim ao tbi `agviyar ricjtevi ta tbi hawc. Ag –hj`lmrevi‖ ugets X^F mipigms upag tbi ratjteag ao tbi kijrhax pegeag jgm tbi areigtjteag ao tbi ﬈ekbts ag tbi `agviyar. Oar tbisi ugets X^F fjy hi `jc`ucjtim hy4 X^F 6 (Hawc X^F ‐ ^egeag Ppiim)/Kijrhax Xjtea

X^F es efpartjgt hi`jusi et mitirfegis tbi `agviyim tbraukb j `igtreouki. Oar ixjfpci, j X^F ao 9> jgm j ﬈ekbt pet`b ao vica`ety 0 eg`bisjt (;?wbe`b ff) sacems yeicms jri j `agviyjg`i vica`ety ao :9> eg/feg (02:> ff/feg). Jgatbir ixprisseag tjlis tbi ﬈ekbt pet`b jgm gufhir ao cijms ag ag tbi `agviyar egta j``augt ta mis`rehi tbi suroj`i jrij ao tbi hawc swipt hy tbi `agviyar ﬈ekbts pir uget tefi. ]bi ojstir tbi rjti jt wbe`b tbi jrij es swipt, tbi krijtir tbi sacems `jpj`ety. Js

6 8 r `yc x X^F x Pg

[biri4 Js X P G

6 6 6 6

swipt jrij/uget tefi `ycegmre`jc hawc rjmeus ﬈ekbt pet`b gufhir ao cijms ag tbi `agviyar

 ]bes iqujteag sukkists tbjt sacems `jpj`ety `jg hi eg`rijsim hy eg`rijsegk tbi X^F (cawiregk tbi kijrhax rjtea). Caw swipt jrij vjcuis `aucm egme`jti patigtejc tarqui prahcifs. Oar ixjfpci, `igtreoukis wetb :0>4: ar bekbir kijrhax rjteas jgm `igtreoukis wetb 2>4: kijrhax rjteas wetb segkci cijm `agviyars fjy hi cefetim eg ﬈awrjti hy tarqui.  ]ist mjtj egme`jtis tbjt hy eg`rijsegk X^F rimu`is tarqui. Jcsa, tarqui prissuri js oiim fimejg pjrte`ci sezi eg`rijsis. Mispeti tbi `affag `affag hiceio tbjt bekb X^F vjcuis jketjti jketjti tbi pagm jgm egbehet simefigtjteag, tist risucts egme`jti tbjt tbi iooi`t ao X^F ag sacems rifavjc io﬊`eig`y es scekbt, pravemim suo﬊`eigt meooirigtejc ixests ta rifavi tbi t bi sacems.

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@igtreoukegk Ygwiekbtim Fum @igtreoukegk ugwiekbtim fums pravemis twa fjdar higi﬊ts (:) tbi rifavjc ao mreccim sacems tbjt jri taa ﬊gi ta hi rifavim hy jgy atbir sacems rifavjc mive`i, jgm (8) j ricjtevicy mry mes`bjrki. Jctbaukb tbi `igtreouki `jggat rifavi uctrj﬊gi, `accaemjc sacems, et es efpartjgt ta rifavi tbi ﬊gi sacems hioari tbiy mikrjmi egta tbisi suhfe`rag pjrte`cis. Js j ruci, jt cijst 89% ao tbi `er`ucjtegk rjti sbaucm hi `igtreoukim. Et es usujccy ugi`agafe` (jgm cakeste`jccy ugoijsehci) ta pra`iss tbi igteri `er`ucjtegk rjti. Xikjrmciss, tbi higi﬊ts ao `igtreoukegk ta rifavi ﬊gi sacems `jggat hi ugmirstjtim. Bekb-K bekb `jpj`ety `igtreoukis jri ri`affigmim ta fjxefesi sipjrjteag piroarfjg`i. Peg`i sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y vjreis egvirsicy wetb oiim rjti jgm risemig`i tefi, tbi aptefuf oiim rjti es gat gi`issjrecy tbi bekbist passehci rjti. Xjtbir, et es tbi `afhegjteag ao pagm miptb jgm oiim rjti tbjt pramu`is tbi bekbist sacems mes`bjrki rjti.  ]bi fjxefuf io﬊`eigt pra`issegk rjti oar j cjrki aec﬊icm `igtreouki wecc sicmaf ix`iim 89> kpf, ivig oar ricjtevicy `ajrsi mreccim sacems jgm caw ﬈uem ves`aseteis. Eo tbi pjrte`ci sezi mestrehuteag es viry ﬊gi, fari sacems fjy hi rifavim wetb j cawir oiim rjti jgm miipir pagm miptbs. @igtreoukegk Bymra`y`cagi Ygmir﬈aw [big cequem mes`bjrki fust hi stre`tcy `agtraccim mui ta bekb fum `ast, bekb cequem mespasjc `ast ar cefetim risirvi pet `jpj`ety, tbi `igtreouki sbaucm pra`iss tbi ugmir﬈aw ao tbi misectir `agis.

Eg tbes `ag﬊kurjteag, tbi bymra`y`cagis jri usim ta `ag`igtrjti sacems ta tbi `igtreouki wbe`b tbig sipjrjtis tbi mrecc `uttegks oraf tbi orii cequem jgm `accaemjc sacems. Pystif piroarfjg`i `jg hi efpravim hy apigegk tbi `agi jpixis ta mes`bjrki fari cequem. ]bes efpravis tbi sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y ao tbi `agis jgm pramu`is j ciss ves`aus scurry jt tbi ugmir﬈aw. Oekuri 9 kevis jg ixjfpci ao baw `igtreoukegk misectir ugmir﬈aw hi`afis i`agafe` wetb eg`rijsegk fum `ast jgm misectir ugmir﬈aw rjtis. Igaukb `igtreouki `jpj`ety fust hi jvjecjhci ta pra`iss scekbtcy fari tbjg tbi `agi ugmir﬈aw rjti. Jmmeteagjc fjli-up vacufi sbaucm hi pravemim oraf tbi j`tevi systif mawgstrijf ao tbi bymra`y`cagi oiim. Hi`jusi tbi bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aw fust hi sikrikjtim oraf tbi j`tevi systif, j sipjrjti `igtreouki oiim `afpjrtfigt es riquerim. Oekuri ? jgm ; eccustrjtis twa misekgs oar tbi `igtreouki oiim `afpjrtfigt.  ]bi `afpjrtfigt sbaucm hi sfjcc (39> hhc ar 2 f0) ta privigt sacems sittcegk. Hatb bekb jgm caw iqujcesjteag sbaucm hi pravemim. ]bi caw iqujcesir suppceis fjli-up vacufi oraf tbi j`tevi systif muregk garfjc pra`issegk. J vjcvi (garfjccy apig) sbaucm hi egstjccim ag tbi caw iqujcesir. ]bes vjcvi fjy hi usim ta `bi`l tbjt tbi `igtreouki oiim rjti ix`iims tbi `agi ugmir﬈aw rjti. Eo tbi `igtreouki es ta hi usim eg wiekbtim fum ta pra`iss tbi `igtrjti ao tbi hjreti ri`aviry `igtreouki, tbi vjcvi sbaucm hi `casim ta esacjti tbi oiim `afpjrtfigt. ]bi bekb iqujcesir es pravemim ta privigt j``emigtjc avir﬈aw.

I`agafe`s ao @igtreoukegk Bymra`y`cagi Ygmir﬈aw (suhstjgtejc Ygmir﬈aw (suhstjgtejc sjvegks jri passehci hy ri`aviregk tbi cequem oraf `agi ugmir﬈aws)

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Pi`teag

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sacems `agtrac

@igtreoukegk Ygwiekbtim Fum :. [big pra`issegk tbi j`tevi systif, tbi `igtreouki oiim sbaucm hi tjlig oraf tbi misectir mes`bjrki `afpjrtfigt ar mawgstrijf. ]bi `igtrjti sbaucm hi riturgim ta tbi gixt mawgstrijf `afpjrtfigt. 8. ^ravemi igaukb `igtreoukis `igtreoukis ta pra`iss jt cijst 89% ao tbi `er`ucjteag `er`ucjteag rjti, cjrki, cjrki, bekb-K ugets jri usujccy riquerim. 0. Xug jt fjxefuf fjxefuf hawc X^F ta j`beivi bekbist K-Oar`i jgm hist sipjrjteag. =. Apirjti tbi `igtreouki dust dust hicaw tbi ﬈aam-aut ﬈aam-aut paegt. 9. ]bi hist oiim rjti jgm pagm pagm miptb wecc mipigm ag tbi sezi mestrehuteag ao tbi mreccim sacems. Ysi sbjccaw pagms jgm bekb oiim rjtis wbig `ajrsi sacems primafegjti. @agvirsicy, miipir pagms jgm cawir oiim rjtis jri fari io﬊`eigt wbig ﬊gi mreccim sacems jri ta hi rifavim. Oeicm ixpirefigtjteag es gi`issjry ta aptefesi `igtreouki sit-up. ?. Jcwjys wjsb aut tbi `igtreouki ag sbutmawg. (wjtir hjsim fum agcy) ;. Eo tbi `igtreouki es ta hi usim ag hatb ugwiekbtim jgm wiekbtim fums, fums, rek up ta jccaw ietbir apteag. Hatb tbi `igtrjti jgm sacems strijfs sbaucm hi rekkim up ta jccaw ij`b ta hi mes`jrmim ar riturgim ta tbi j`tevi systif.

2. ]bi sacems mes`bjrki `buti sbaucm hi jgkcim jt krijtir krijtir tbjg =9˔ ta priv privigt igt sacems huecm-up. Eo tbes eess gat passehci, j wjsb cegi fjy hi gi`issjry ta jssest eg favegk tbi sacems. Ag cjgm hjsim apirjteags, usi tbi risirvi pet js j saur`i oar wjsb ﬈uem. Ma gat `rijti uggi`issjry risirvi pet vacufi hy usegk rek wjtir. Ocuem Xautegk ta tbi @igtreouki Bymra`y`cagi Ygmir﬈aws (tbi Ygmir﬈aws (tbi misectir ugmir﬈aw es sikrikjtim oraf tbi j`tevi systif oar pra`issegk hy tbi `igtreouki)

Egtirgjc @igtreouki Oiim Misekg  (tbi migsi misectir ugmir﬈aw wecc mespcj`i tbi cekbtir j`tevi systif fum oraf tbi@afpjrtfigt `igtreouki oiimMisekg (tbi `afpjrtfigt)

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@igtreoukegk [iekbtim Fums  ]bi `igtreouki es usim eg wiekbtim fum jppce`jteags ta ri`avir vjcujhci wiekbtegk fjtirejc oraf fum wbe`b fust hi mes`bjrkim mui ta ugj``iptjhci `accaemjc sacems `agtigt. ]bi `igtreouki sittcis aut hjreti jgm `ajrsi mreccim sacems wbe`b jri riturgim ta tbi j`tevi fum systif ta fjegtjeg migsety.  ]bi ricjtevicy `cijg `igtrjti `agtjegegk cequem jgm `accaemjc sacems es mes`jrmim. ]bisi `accaemjc sacems `jusi fjgy mreccegk ﬈uem prahcifs, su`b js bekb surki/swjh prissuris jgm I@M, meooirigtejc ste`legk jgm bekb `bife`jc `asts. Ysujccy tbi vjcui ao tbi wiekbtegk jkigt eg tbisi fum systifs fjlis et i`agafe` ta ri`avir tbi wiekbtegk jkigt oraf tbi wbaci fum hioari et es mes`jrmim.

Emijccy, tbi hjreti ri`aviry pra`iss sbaucm rifavi agcy `accaemjc sacems wetbaut casegk tbi cjrkir pjrte`ci sezis usim js wiekbtegk fjtirejc. Mes`jrmegk patigtejccy riusjhci hjreti eg`rijsis hjreti usi jgm mreccegk ﬈uem `ast. Hjreti cassis `jg hi rimu`im wbig tbi `igtreouki fjlis tbi fjxefuf cequem/ sacems sipjrjteag. Js mes`ussim eg tbi priveaus si`teag, tbes fijgs apirjtegk tbi `igtreouki jt bekb Koar`i. Oekuri 2 sbaws tbi iooi`t ao K-oar`i ag tbi jfaugt ao hjreti mes`jrmim eg tbi `igtrjti. @igtreoukis jri usujccy tarqui cefetim eg wiekbtim fums mui ta tbi bekb sacems `agtigt. ]ype`jccy, tarqui es rimu`im hy scawegk hawc X^F. ]bes rimu`is K-oar`i jgm X^F risuctegk eg ciss iooi`tevi cequem/ sacems sipjrjteag jgm tbi celicebaam ao eg`rijsim tarqui oraf rimu`im sacems `agviyjg`i. Oekuri 2 ‐ Higi﬊ts ao Eg`rijsim K-Oar`i ag Hjreti Xi`aviry (ciss Xi`aviry (ciss hjreti es cast eg tbi `igtreouki `igtrjti wetb eg`rijsim K-oar`i)  

Apirjtegk Kuemicegis, Hjreti Xi`aviry Fami :. ]bi oaccawegk pra`imuris pra`imuris jri ri`affigmim ri`affigmim ta rimu`i ttarqui arqui wbig apirjtegk `igtreoukis eg hjreti ri`aviry fami ta fjxefesi cequem/sacems sipjrjteag4 Ƙ  Oar j kevig ﬈awrjti, ﬈awrjt i, eg`rijsi eg`rijs i tbi pagm mi miptb ptb ugtec ugte c tbi ri`avirim sacems s acems hi`afi hi`a fi –ruggy‖. –ruggy‖. Huayjgt oar`i rimu`is tbi tarqui giimim ta `agviy sacems aut ao tbi `igtreouki. J sbjccaw pagm `rijtis j cagk hij`b si`teag. Ag`i tbi sacems ixet tbi paac, tbi ixtrj igirky riquerim ta `agviy tbisi sacems risucts eg bekbir tarqui. Ƙ  ^ra`iss wiekbtim wiekbtim fum `agteguauscy `agteguauscy jt j rimu`im rimu`im oiim rjti rjti rjtbir tbjg egtirfettigtcy jt jt bekbir oiim rjtis. ]bes rimu`is sacems cajms jgm risucts eg ciss tarqui. Et jcsa eg`rijsis risemig`i tefi wbe`b wecc risuct eg ﬊gir sipjrjteag. Ƙ  Jt bekbir fum wiekbts, usi bymra`y`cagis ta rimu`i tbi sacems cajmegk cajmegk eg tbi oiim fum ta tbi `igtreouki. ]bi `agi ugmir﬈aw es riturgim ta tbi j`tevi systif. ]bi avir﬈aw, `agtjegegk oiwir sacems es oim ta tbi `igtreouki. Peg`i sacems `ag`igtrjteag es rimu`im, tarqui oraf `agviyegk sittcim sacems es rimu`im jgm pirfets bekbir K-oar`i `igtreoukegk.

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Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

8. ^ravemi suo﬊`eigt suo﬊`eigt `igtreouki `jpj`ety ta pra`iss pra`iss 9-:9% ao tbi rek `er `er`ucjteag `ucjteag rjti. @igtreouki `jpj`ety es rimu`im eg wiekbtim fum< tbi 89% tjrkit ri`affigmim oar ugwiekbtim fum es usujccy meo﬊`uct ta jttjeg eg wiekbtim fum.

0. Jmm js fu`b mecuteag ﬈uem js passehci ta tbi `igtreouk `igtreouki i oiim ta rimu`i rimu`i tbi fum ves`asety ves`asety jgm efpravi efpravi `igtreouki sipjrjteag piroarfjg`i. =. Xiturg tbi sacems ta j wicc-jketjtim `afpjrtfigt upstrijf ao tbi su`teag jgm fexegk tjgls. (prioirjhcy dit tbif hj`l eg) 9. Ysi j bekb wier hitwiig tbi hjreti riturg `afpjrtfigt `afpjrtfigt jgm tbi gixt mawgstrijf `afpjrtfigt `afpjrtfigt ta liip tbi ﬈uem civic bekb. ]bes wecc prafati hittir fexegk. ?. wjsb wjsb aut tbi tbi `igtreouki sbutmawg. (wjtir hjsim fums agcy) ;. Jcwjys Xautegicy `bi`l `igtreouki ag piroarfjg`i hy fijsuregk tbi ﬈awrjti jgm sacems `afpaseteag ao tbi `jli jgm `igtrjti. ]wa-Ptjki @igtreoukegk  ]wa-stjki `igtreoukegk es usim eg wiekbtim fums wbig tbi cequem pbjsi `jggat hi mes`jrmim oar i`agafe` ar igveragfigtjc rijsags. ]bi fast oriquigt jppce`jteag es eg wiekbtim, aec hjsim fums wbiri tbi ixpigsevi cequem pbjsi `jggat hi mes`jrmim. ]bi ﬊rst `igtreouki ri`avirs wiekbtegk fjtirejc oraf tbi wiekbtim fum js mes`ussim eg tbi priveaus si`teag ag segkci stjki `igtreoukegk oar hjreti ri`aviry.  ]bi `igtrjti, egstijm ao hiegk mes`jrmim es oim ta j si`agm `igtreouki apirjtegk jt bekbir K-oar`i. ]bes `igtreouki es usim ta mes`jrm tbi sacems jgm riturg tbi `cijgim cequem pbjsi egta tbi j`tevi fum systif. ]wa Ptjki @igtreoukegk (tbi @igtreoukegk (tbi ﬊rst `igtreouki ri`avirs hjreti< tbi si`agm `igtreouki mreis ets `igtrjti jgm ri`avirs vjcujhci ﬈uem)

Oar twa-stjki `igtreoukegk ta hi io﬊`eigt, tbi ﬊rst `igtreouki fust fjli j kaam sipjrjteag seg`i fast ao tbi sacems eg ets `igtrjti wecc hi mes`jrmim. ]bi paarir tbi sipjrjteag, tbi fari hjreti wbe`b wecc hi `jrreim avir eg tbi `igtrjti jgm mes`jrmim hy tbi si`agm `igtreouki. Pefecjrcy, tbi si`agm `igtreouki fust apirjti jt tbi bekbist passehci K-oar`i ta rifavi tbi fast sacems. ^agm miptbs sbaucm jcsa hi miipigim ta dust ugmir tbi ﬈aam aut paegt oar tbi hist sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y. I`agafe`s ao twa-stjki `igtreoukegk jri seti mipigmigt. _jrejhcis su`b js tefi, mreccegk ﬈uem, huy hj`l jkriifigts jgm wicc pcjgs `agtrehuti ta tbi avirjcc i`agafe`s. Oeicm ixpireig`i bjs hiig fexim ag tbi `ast iooi`tevigi iooi `tevigiss. ss. Js j raukb –ruci ao tbufh‖, aec hjsim fums wetb we tb hjreti `ag`igtrjte `ag `igtrjteags ags krijtir tbjg = ch/kjc (e.i. :8 ch/kjc fum) jri usujccy `jgmemjtis oar twa-stjki `igtreoukegk. Hicaw tbes `ag`igtrjteag, `igtreoukegk ta strep jcc sacems eg`cumegk hjreti fjy hi fari i`agafe`jc, ispi`ejccy jt cawir fum wiekbts. Jt egtirfimejti fum wiekbts, –mufp jgm mecuti‖ fjy hi j vejhci apteag mipigmegk upag tbi `agmeteags ao tbi huy hj`l jkriifigt. –Mufp jgm mecuti‖ eg tbes `jsi fijgs trjgsoirregk fum cjmig wetb caw krjvety sacems oraf tbi j`tevi fum systif ta starjki tjgls oar riturg ta tbi fum `afpjgy. @cijg wbaci fum es usim ta ripcj`i tbi –mufpim‖ fum eg tbi j`tevi systif. Jgatbir apteag es ta –ma gatbegk‖ ix`ipt s`riig tbi fum jgm mecuti wbig passehci ta fjegtjeg fum prapirteis.

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 ]bi mi`eseag ta ifpcay tbes jctirgjtevi sbaucm hi fjmi dume`eauscy. Et es usujccy hittir ta irr ag tbi semi ao `juteag. Avir tefi, caw krjvety sacems wecc hi`afi j cjrki pir`igtjki ao tbi wiekbtegk fjtirejc. Oectir`jli tbe`lgiss, fum ves`asety jgm fjtirejc `agsufpteag jcsa fjy eg`rijsi. Bawivir, tbes fjy hi tbi cijst ixpigsevi jctirgjtevi wbig mreccegk tefi es sbart jgm baci sezis jri sfjcc. Aec hjsim fums jri queti –sacems tacirjgt‖ jgm `jg wetbstjgm safi huecm-up ao caw krjvety sacems. ]bes apteag es gat kigirjccy ri`affigmim oar wjtir hjsim ﬈uems. suffjry Ƙ  [etb tbi ifpbjses ag rimu`im wjsti vacufis jgm efpravim sacems rifavjc io﬊`eig`y, tbi

`igtreouki bjs hi`afi jg egtikrjc pjrt ao tbi mreccegk sacems rifavjc systif. @igtreoukis jri `jpjhci ao rifavegk viry ﬊gi sacems tbjt `jggat hi rifavim hy jgy atbir fi`bjge`jc sacem rifavjc mive`i.  ]bi sacems mes`bjrki es ricjtevicy mry. mry. Ƙ  Cjharjtary tists egme`jti tbjt `igtreouki piroarf piroarfjg`i jg`i es `bei﬈y j oug`teag ao K-oar`i, pagm miptb, hawc `agviyar meooirigtejc rpf jgm fum ves`asety. K-oar`i, j oug`teag ao hawc rpf jgm mejfitir bjs tbi krijtist efpj`t ag sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y. ^agm miptb `agtracs hatb ﬈uem risemig`i tefi jgm ﬈aw `jpj`ety. Meooirigtejc rpf es j oj`tar eg sacems `agviyjg`i jgm tarqui cefetjteags. Eg`rijsegk yeicm vjcuis mitrefigtjccy jooi`t sipjrjteag io﬊`eig`y. Ƙ  Ag`i j fegefuf tbrisbacm K-oar`i es rij`bim, `jli mry mrygiss giss es ricjtevicy ugjooi`tim hy K-oar`i. Bawivir, j fegar meooirig`i eg mrygiss fjy `bjgki tbi jppijrjg`i ao tbi sacems oraf ruggy ta stj`ljhci. Ƙ  Cjrki, bekb K-oar`i fj`begis jri ri`affigmim oar `igtreou `igtreoukegk kegk ugwiekbtim fums. Ysi miip pagm miptbs jgm cawir ﬈aw rjtis oar ﬊gm sacems mestrehuteags. @ajrsi sacems mestrehuteags fjy hi fari io﬊`eigtcy pra`issim usegk sbjccaw pagm miptbs jgm bekbir ﬈aw rjtis. Ƙ  @igtreoukegk bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aws hi`afis eg`rijsegkcy i`agafe` js fum oarfucjteag jgm wjsti mespasjc `asts eg`rijsi. ]bi `igtreouki sbaucm pra`iss eg ix`iss ao tbi bymra`y`cagi ugmir﬈aw rjti. J caw-K, bekb `jpj`ety `igtreouki es ri`affigmim oar tbisi `ajrsi sacems. Ƙ  ]bi `igtreouki es usim eg wiekbtim fum ta ri`avir vj vjcujhci cujhci wiekbtegk fjtirejc oraf f fum um wbe`b fust hi mes`bjrkim mui ta ugj``iptjhci `accaemjc sacems `agtigt. ]bi i`agafe`s ao hjreti ri`aviry `igtreoukegk es usujccy pasetevi wbig tbi cequem pbjsi es egixpigsevi jgm mespasjc `asts jri gat prabehetevi. K-oar`i sbaucm hi fjxefesim ta efpravi hjreti ri`aviry. Ƙ  ]wa-stjki `igtreouk `igtreoukegk egk es gi`issjry eg wiekbtim fums wbig cequem mes`bjrki fust hi fegefesim.  ]bi ﬊rst `igtreouki ri`avirs hjreti, ets io﬈uigt es oim ta j si`agm `igtreouki apirjtegk j fjxefuf Ks, wbe`b mes`jrms sacems jgm riturgs tbi cequem pbjsi. @accaemjc sacems jri gat rifavim. ]bi i`agafe`s ao twa-stjki `igtreoukegk jri seti mipigmigt. Ƙ

  Xi`affigmim ag j `igtreouki eg`cumi (:) J``icirjtar tbi jgm oiim,(=)(8)stjegciss ]ugkstig ]ugkstig `jrhemi oiim part igtreisoijturis jgm `agviyar tecis (0) ugevirsjccy jmdustjhci pagmoar mjfs stiic hawc jgm `agviyar. Bawivir, qujcety ao sirve`i es pjrjfaugt.

sbjci sbjlir s`riigs Pbjci sbjlirs rifavi sacems hy pra`issegk sacem-cjmig mreccegk ﬈uem avir tbi suroj`i ao j vehrjtegk s`riig. ^jrte`cis sfjccir tbjg tbi s`riig apigegks pjss tbraukb tbi s`riig jcagk wetb tbi cequem pbjsi ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. Cjrkir pjrte`cis jgm trjppim ﬊gir pjrte`cis jri sipjrjtim egta tbi sbjlir avir﬈aw oar mes`jrm. Oar jgy pjrte`ucjr sbjci sbjlir, tbi sezi jgm sbjpi ao tbi s`riig apigegks bjvi j sekge﬊`jgt iooi`t ag sacems rifavjc. Oar tbes rijsag, tbi piroarfjg`i ao jgy sbjlir es cjrkicy `agtraccim hy tbi s`riig `catb usim. Miserjhci Miserjhci `bjrj`tireste`s oar sbjlir s`riigs jri4 Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ  Ƙ 

I`agafe`jc mreccim sacems sacems rifavjc rifavjc Cjrki cequem ﬈aw ﬈aw rjti rjti `jpj`ety `jpj`ety ^cukkegk jgm hcegmegk risestjg`i J``iptjhci sirve`i ceoi Ijsy emigte﬊`jteag

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Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

 ]bi ﬊rst oaur etifs eg tbi jhavi cest jri cjrkicy `agtraccim hy tbi j` j`tujc tujc s`riig `catb usim jgm tbi s`riig pjgic ti`bgacaky. Efpravifigts eg sbjci sbjlir piroarfjg`i pir oarfjg`i jri j meri`t risuct ao efpravim s`riig `catb jgm pjgic ojhre`jteag.  ]bi pcjeg squjri jgm ri`tjgkucjr wijvis jri sefpci avir/ugmir wijvis eg hatb meri`teags. ]bisi wijvis `jg hi fjmi oraf tbi sjfi mejfitir weri eg agi ar hatb meri`teags. ]bi squjri wijvi es fjmi hy fjlegk tbi spj`egk hitwiig tbi weris tbi sjfi eg hatb meri`teags. ]bi ri`tjgkucjr ar ahcagk wijvi es fjmi hy spj`egk tbi weri eg agi meri`teag cagkir tbjg tbi weri eg tbi appaseti meri`teag.  ]bi jmvjgtjki ao pcjeg squjri jgm ri`tjgkucjr wijvis es tbjt tbiy pravemi j ﬈aw pjtb tbjt bjs caw risestjg`i ta ﬈aw. Cjyirim s`riigs wiri egtramu`im egtramu`im ta tbi egmustry eg tbi cjti :5;>―s. ]biy jri aotig `basig hi`jusi tbiy pravemi j bekb cequem tbraukbput jgm j risestjg`i ta hcegmegk oraf mreccim sacems camkegk eg tbi apigegks. J cjyirim s`riig es tbi risuct ao twa ar fari weri `catbs jgm avircjyegk ij`b atbir. Hatb squjri jgm ri`tjgkucjr `catbs `jg hi cjyirim, jgm rimu`egk tbi mejfitir ao tbi weris eg`rijsis cequem tbraukbput. J cjrki jssartfigt ao apigegk sezis jgm sbjpis jri pramu`im hy tbi fuctepci s`riig cjyirs jgm tbi mejfitir ao tbi s`riig weri. Hi`jusi ao tbes, j wemi vjreity ao pjrte`ci sezis pjss tbraukb tbi s`riig. Eg :550, j tbrii mefigseagjc suroj`i s`riig, tbi –pyrjfem‖ wjs egtramu`im. ]bi s`riig suroj`i es `arrukjtim, suppartim hy j rekem orjfi oar usi prefjrecy ag cegijr fateag sbjci sbjlirs. Js mreccegk ﬈uem ﬈aws mawg tbisi s`riigs, sacems jri trjgspartim eg tbi vjcciys jgm tbi virte`jc suroj`is pravemi jmmeteagjc jrij oar mreccegk ﬈uem ta pjss. ]bes eg`rijsis tbi ﬈uem `jpj`ety ao j pjrte`ucjr fisb sezi wbig `afpjrim wetb j ﬈jt suroj`i s`riig.

s`riig emigte﬊`jteag  ]bi gafig`cjturi usim ta mis`rehi s`riigs es efpartjgt eg ahtjegegk jg j``urjti riprisigtjteag ao tbi s`riig piroarfjg`i. Avir tbi pjst oiw yijrs, fjgy giw s`riig misekgs jgm typis bjvi `rijt `rijtim im fu`b `agouseag eg tbi mreccegk egmustry.  ]rjmeteagjccy tbi fisb `augt, apigegk sezi jgm pir`igt apig jrij bjvi hiig usim ta `bjrj`tiresi j  ]rjmeteagjccy s`riig. Bawivir, Bawivir, tbes mis`repteag, jc jcagk agk wetb j fuctetumi ao meooirigt s`riig `catbis cim ta `agouseag avir tbjt j`tujc s`riigegk jhecety ao jg egmevemujc pramu`t. Eg 8>>9 j giw ri`affigmim prj`te`i wjs j``iptim jgm essuim lgaw js J^E X^ :0@ wbe`b mais jwjy wetb tbi trjmeteagjc fisb sezi mis`repteag jgm ripcj`is et wetb j qujgtetjtevi sit ao tistegk `retirej ta j``urjticy mis`rehi tbi s`riig `ut paegt (m:>>) jgm `agmu`tjg`i. Bawivir, jt tbi tefi ao wretegk, gat jcc s`riig fjguoj`turirs wecc hi usegk tbi giw ri`affigmim prj`te`i jgm sa tbi fjrlit pcj`i wecc `agtjeg s`riigs usegk hatb tbi arekegjc fisb sezi cjhiccegk systif jgm tbi giw J^E X^ :0@ stjgmjrm cjhiccegk systif.  ]bi oaccawegk mis`rehis tirfs prisigtcy usim wetbeg tbi egmustry, ricjtegk ta tbi priveaus fisb sezi misekgjteags.

=8

 

fisb sezi misekgjteag ^cjeg squjri jgm ri`tjgkucjr wijvis jri aotig rioirrim ta hy tbi gufhir ao weris (ar apigegks) eg ij`b meri`teag pir cegijr eg`b. ]bes es lgawg js tbi fisb `augt. ]bi fisb `augt es mitirfegim hy stjrtegk jt tbi `igtri ao agi weri jgm `augtegk tbi gufhir ao apigegks jcagk tbi s`riig krem ta tbi gixt weri `igtri, agi cegijr eg`b jwjy. Oar ixjfpci, jg 2-fisb s`riig bjs 2 apigegks eg twa meri`teags jt rekbt jgkcis ta ij`b atbir. [big `augtegk fisb, j fjkgeoyegk kcjss s`jci misekgim spi`e﬊`jccy oar tbes purpasi es bicpouc. Ysi ao j segkci gufhir oar mis`rehegk s`riigs efpceis j squjri fisb. Oar ixjfpci –8> fisb‖ usujccy mis`rehis j s`riig bjvegk 8> apigegks pir eg`b eg ietbir meri`teag jcagk tbi s`riig krem. Ahcagk fisb s`riigs jri kigirjccy cjhiccim wetb twa gufhirs. J –?> x 8> fisb‖, oar ixjfpci es usujccy ugmirstaam ta bjvi ?> apigegks eg agi meri`teag jgm 8> apigegks pir eg`b eg tbi pirpigme`ucjr meri`teag. Xioirregk ta j –?> x 8> fisb‖ s`riig js jg –ahcagk 2> fisb‖ es `agousegk jgm egj``urjti.  ]bi j`tujc sipjrjteag tbjt j s`riig es `jpjhci ao es cjrkicy mitirfegim hy tbi sezi ao tbi apigegks eg tbi s`riig. ]bi apigegk sezi es tbi mestjg`i hitwiig weris fijsurim jcagk tbi s`riig krem jgm es ixprissim eg ietbir orj`teags ao jg eg`b ar eg fe`rags, jctbaukb et es fast aotig stjtim eg fe`rags. Agi eg`b iqujcs 89,=>> fe`rags. Liip eg fegm, spi`eoyegk tbi fisb `augt mais gat spi`eoy tbi apigegk sezi. ]bes es hi`jusi hatb tbi gufhir ao weris pir eg`b jgm tbi sezi ao tbi weris mitirfegis tbi apigegk sezi. Eo tbi fisb `augt jgm weri mejfitir jri lgawg, tbi apigegk sezi `jg hi `jc`ucjtim js oaccaws4 Aec﬊icm ugets    C M 6 8=,=>>(( )-m  )-m ) g [biri M 6 apigegk sezi (fe`rags)   g 6 fisb `augt, gufhir ao weris pir eg`b (c/eg`b)   m 6 weri mejfitir (eg`b)

P.E ugets M 6 8=,=>>((

89.= C   m )g 89.=

)

[biri M 6 apigegk sezi (fe`rags)   g 6 fisb `augt, gufhir ao weris pir ff (C/ff)   m 6 weri mejfitir (ff)

 ]bi jhavi iqujteag egme`jtis tbjt s`riigs wetb tbi sjfi fisb `augt fjy bjvi meooirigt sezi apigegks mipigmegk ag tbi mejfitir ao tbi weri usim ta wijvi tbi s`riig `catb. Pfjccir mejfitir weri risucts eg cjrkir s`riig apigegks, tbirihy jccawegk cjrkir pjrte`cis ta pjss tbraukb tbi s`riig. Pu`b j s`riig wecc pjss fari mreccegk ﬈uem tbjg jg iquevjcigt fisb s`riig fjmi ao cjrkir mejfitir weris. Eg suffjry, spi`eoyegk tbi fisb `augt ao j s`riig mais gat egme`jti s`riig sipjrjteag piroarfjg`i seg`i s`riig apigegk sezi, gat fisb `augt, mitirfegis tbi pjrte`ci sezis sipjrjtim hy tbi s`riig. @afpjregk tbi apig jrij wetb tbi jhecety ao j s`riig ta trjgsfet ﬈uem, j hittir fijsuri es tbi s`riig―s `agmu`tjg`i (ar iquevjcigt pirfijhecety ao tbi s`riig `catb). @agmu`tjg`i tjlis egta j``augt hatb tbi apigegks jgm tbi mrjk ao tbi ﬈uem ag tbi weris.

J^E X^ :0@ Misekgjteag

J^E X^ :0@ ]istegk jgm Cjhiccegk ^ra`imuri J^E X^ :0@ es j giw pbyse`jc tistegk jgm cjhiccegk pra`imuri oar sbjlir s`riigs. ]a hi J^E X^ :0@ `afpcejgt, j s`riig fust hi tistim jgm cjhiccim eg j``armjg`i wetb tbi giw ri`affigmim prj`te`i.  ]bi tists mis`rehi j s`riig wetbaut prime`tegk ets piroarfjg`i jgm `jg hi piroarfim jgywbiri eg tbi warcm. Egtirgjteagjccy, J^E X^ :0@ wecc hi`afi EPA :09>:.

=0

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

 ]bi cj`l ao `affagcy j``iptim s`riig cjhiccegk pra`imuris p ra`imuris jgm krijt mespjrety eg s`riig misekgjteags tbraukbaut tbi aec jgm kjs mreccegk egmustry cim ta tbi mivicapfigt ao J^E X^ :0@. ]bi giw pra`imuri es j riveseag ao tbi priveaus J^E X^ :0I, wbe`b wjs hjsim ag apte`jc fijsurifigts ao tbi s`riig apigegk usegk j fe`ras`api jgm `afputir jgjcyses. Ygmir J^E X^ :0I, s`riig misekgjteags wiri hjsim ag egmevemujc fjguoj`turir tist fitbams, pramu`egk eg`agsestigt cjhiccegk. Oaccawegk j riveiw ao cjhiccegk prj`te`is ugmir J^E X^ :0I, tbi J^E stjgmjrms `affettii `ag`cumim tbjt pbyse`jc tistegk waucm hi prioirrim oar s`riig misekgjteags. J^E X^ :0@ wjs tbig mivicapim js jg ahdi`tevi fitbam ao mis`rehegk sbjlir s`riigs. ]wa tists wiri mivesim4 `ut paegt jgm `agmu`tjg`i. P`riig @ut ^aegt Mitirfegim hy JP]F* Peivis  ]bi J^E X^ :0@ `ut paegt tist es hjsim ag j tefi-pravig tistegk fitbam usim hy JP]F ta `cjsseoy pjrte`cis hy sezi. ]bi pra`imuri utecezis j sireis ao stjgmjrm-sezi s`riigs (seivis), wbe`b bjvi hiig usim oar su`b jgjcyses seg`i :5:>. ]bi J^E stjgmjrms `affettii sefpcy jmjptim tbi usi ao tbisi seivis ta misekgjtegk sbjlir s`riigs. ]bi sbjlir s`riig misekgjteag es emigte﬊im hy fjt`begk tbi s`riig―s `ut paegt ta tbi `casist JP]F seivi `ut paegt.  ]bi `ut paegt tist usis jcufegeuf axemi, j Xatjp, j sit ao JP]F seivis, j tist s`riig, jgm j meketjc s`jci oar wiekbegk tbi qujgtety ao tist pjrte`cis ritjegim hy tbi tist s`riig. ]bi m:>> `ut paegt es usim oar jssekgegk s`riig misekgjteags. m:>> fijgs tbjt :>> pir`igt ao tbi pjrte`cis cjrkir tbjg tbi tist s`riig wecc hi ritjegim, jgm jcc ﬊gir pjrte`cis wecc pjss tbraukb. Jotir `agmu`tegk tbrii Xatjp tists, tbi risucts jri jvirjkim, jgm tbi s`riig es kevig jg J^E gufhir ao tbi tist seivi bjvegk tbi `casist m:>> `ut paegt. Oar ixjfpci4 Ysegk tbi tjhci hicaw, ]jhci 9 ao J^E X^ :0@, pjkis => jgm =:, tbi jvirjki ao tbrii Xatjp tists 6 ::=.22 fe`rags. ]birioari, tbi J^E misekgjteag 6 J^E :=>. ]jhci 9 M:>> Pipjrjteag jgm J^E P`riig Gufhir                  

M:>> Pipjrjteag (Fe`rags) 7;2>,> ta 589,> 7?99,> ta ;2>,> 799>,> ta ?99,> 7=?8,9 ta 999,> 705>,> ta =?8,9 708;,9 ta 05>,> 78;9,> ta 08;,9 780:,> ta 8;9,> 7:5?,> ta 80:,>

J^E P`riig Gufhir J^E 8> J^E 89 J^E 0> J^E 09 J^E => J^E =9 J^E 9> J^E ?> J^E ;>

                         

7:?9,> ta 7:0;,9 ta 7::?,9 ta 752,> 728,9 7?5,> 792,> 7=5,> 7=:,9 709,> 782,9 788,9 7:2,9

ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta

:5?,> :?9,> :0;,9

J^E 2> J^E :>> J^E :8>

::?,9 52,> 28,9 ?5,> 92,> =5,> =:,9 09,> 82,9 88,9

J^E :=> J^E :;> J^E 8>> J^E 80> J^E 8;> J^E 089 J^E =>> J^E =9> J^E 9>> J^E ?09

]JHCI :> ‐ JXE X^ :0@ P`riig Misekgjteag ==

 

JP]F* seivis faugtim ag Xatjp wetb tbi tist s`riig eg tbi `igtri. Peivis usim oar tbes tist rjgki oraf ;> ta :=>. @ut paegt es mitirfegim hy `afpjregk qujgtety ao tist pjrte`cis trjppim hy tist s`riig wetb qujgteteis eg JP]F seivis jhavi jgm hicaw tist s`riig. * Jfire`jg Pa`eity oar ]istegk jgm Fjtirejcs @agmu`tjg`i ]ist Mitirfegis ^irfijhecety @agmu`tjg`i es j fijsuri ao tbi jhecety ao j ﬈uem ta pjss tbraukb j s`riig. ]bes prapirty es mitirfegim hy ﬈awegk 9[0> fatar aec tbraukb j s`riig sjfpci jgm tbig jppcyegk tbi prissuri meooirigtejc ta j oarfucj ta `jc`ucjti tbi `agmu`tjg`i. Fatar aec wjs sici`tim hi`jusi et aec-wits tbi s`riig jgm bjs j bekb ves`asety. J cjrki vacufi ao fatar aec es giimim ta jccaw iquecehreuf jgm ta privigt cjrki tifpirjturi `bjgkis.

P`riig Pbjpi jgm @agmu`tjg`i @arrukjtim s`riigs bjvi up ta :89 pir`igt fari suroj`i jrij tbjg `agvigteagjc ﬈jt s`riigs. Krjvety oar`is tbi sacems egta tbi `arrukjtim s`riig―s traukbs, tbus jccawegk fari ﬈uem ta pjss tbraukb tb raukb tbi tap ao tbi s`riig. [etb `agvigteagjc ﬈jt s`riigs, `agmu`tjg`i es rimu`im js sacems oarf j `agteguaus him tbjt efpimis ﬈uem ﬈aw. =9

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

Xiquerim P`riig Cjhic Egoarfjteag Jotir emigteoyegk tbi `ut paegt jgm `agmu`tjg`i, `afpcyegk wetb J^E X^ :0@ riqueris jppce`jteag ao j pirfjgigt tjk ar cjhic ta tbi s`riig eg j paseteag tbjt wecc hi hatb vesehci jgm cikehci. Hatb `ut paegt ixprissim js jg J^E gufhir: jgm `agmu`tjg`i sbawg eg lM/ff jri riquerim ag tbi s`riig cjhic. ^riveauscy, s`riigs wiri cjhiccim eg j``armjg`i wetb fjguoj`turir spi`e﬊`jteags.

 ]bi J^E misekgjteag tixt FYP] hi jt cijst cijst twe`i tbi sezi ao jgy atbir tixt ag tbi cjhic.

:

Egmipigmigt Cjh ]ist Xisucts @ut paegt jgm `agmu`tjg`i wiri tistim ag oaur sbjlir s`riigs hy jg egmipigmigt cjh oar J^E―s ]jsl Kraup 9. @afpjrim ta jg JP]F JP]F 8>> s`riig, et es ahveaus tbjt agi s`riig wecc bjvi j vjstcy meooirigt `ut paegt tbjg tbi atbir. ]bi pbatakrjpbs hicaw jri fjkge﬊im 8>>x jgm `cijrcy sbaw tbjt `ut paegts vjry sekge﬊`jgtcy jfagk s`riig fjguoj`turirs.

=?

 

J^E X^ :0@ (EPA :09>:)

  J^E X^ :0@ Misekgjteag J^E P`riig Gufhir J^E 8>> J^E :;> J^E :=> J^E :=>

Fjstir ]jk Xioirig`i @bjrt GI[ ^jrt # ACM ^jrt # J``armegk ta J^E X^ :0@

P`riig ^jgic M:>> @ut ^aegt Misekgjteag (Fe`rags) MR-J8>> ;2 MR-J:;> 5; MR-J:=>O :>; MR-J:=> ::9

Giw @agmu`tjg`i #

J``armegk ta J^E X^ :0I

P`riig ^jgic Misekgjteag MR 89> ‐ MR 8:> MR :;9

J``armegk ta J^E X^ :0@

  ^[^ℨ        

>.;5 >.52 :.>> :.:>

^FMℨ

^FM+ℨ

:.0> :.=2 :.?8 :.?;

:.9? 8.>: :.52 8.8=

J^E :8> J^E :>> J^E 2> J^E ;>

MR-J:8> MR-J:>> MR-J2> MR-J;>

:8> :9= :2= 88:

‐ MR :=> MR ::> MR 2=

       

:.05 :.0? :.90 8.8:

:.;2 8.0> 8.=9 0.9?

8.:= 8.29 0.>2 =.;:

J^E J^E ?> 9> J^E =9 J^E => J^E 09

MR-J?> MR-J9> MR-J=9 MR-J=> MR-J09

89; 0:= 0?> =90 9>0

MR‐;> MR 9> MR == MR 02

        

8.;: 0.89 0.2> 9.:? 9.5:

=.:0 9.=8 ?.;8 2.>0 5.;?

9.2; ?.?8 ;.02 :>.9= ::.?0

J^E 089 J^E 8;> J^E 80> J^E 8>> J^E 8>> J^E :;> J^E :=> J^E :8> J^E :>> J^E 2> J^E ;>

B^-J089 B^-J8;> B^-J80> B^-J8>>O B^-J8>> B^-J:;> B^-J:=> B^-J:8> B^-J:>> B^-J2> B^-J;>

=0 9> ?9 ;; 2: 20 :>0 :8> :9: :2= 8>0

B^ 0:> ‐ ‐ B^ 8?9 B^ 80> B^ 8>> B^ :2> B^ :9> B^ :89 B^ :>> B^ 2>

                     

>.?? >.?; >.?2 >.?5 >.;8 >.50 :.>? :.89 :.=? :.5= 0.=?

>.2? >.5> >.50 >.5? :.:: :.=? :.29 8.00 8.9; 0.8> =.09

:.80 :.8; :.0> :.00 :.9= 8.>9 8.9> 8.5= 0.?0 =.09 9.00

J^E ?> 9> J^E =9 J^E => J^E 09

B^-J?> B^-J9> B^-J=9 B^-J=> B^-J09

899 8;? 00? 058 =55

B^ ;> ?> B^ 9> B^ =9 B^ =>

       

=.== 9.>: ?.?: ?.;: 2.95

=.52 9.8? ;.?; ;.02 5.0?

9.?5 ?.2> 5.?? ;.;: ::.9;

J^E 089 J^E 8;> J^E 80> J^E 8>> J^E :=> J^E :8> J^E :>> J^E 8>

MO-J089 MO-J8;> MO-J80> MO-J8>> MO-J:=> MO-J:8> MO-J:>> MO-J8>

== 90 ?; ;? :>= :8: :=0 28:

‐ ‐ MO 82> MO 80> MO 8>> MO :?9 MO :=9 MO 8=

               

>.05 >.=; >.?= >.;= >.;2 >.22 :.8: :=.>9

>.9: >.?8 >.29 :.>; >.5= :.:; :.=2 :9.=?

>.;: >.25 :.88 :.=> :.8> :.9= 8.>2 8>.?:

]JHCI :: ‐ J^E X^ :0@ Fjstir ]jk ]jk Xioirig`i @bjrt - XF (:/:?/8>>2 Xiv::)

=;

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

`ut paegts Eg kigirjc, s`riigs ag sbjci sbjlirs ridi`t sacems cjrkir tbjg tbier apigegk sezis jgm ritjeg tbi mreccegk ﬈uem jgm sfjccir sacems. Mreccegk ﬈uem prapirteis, js wicc js s`riig `agmeteags fjy jooi`t s`riig piroarfjg`i. Oar ixjfpci, bekb kic strigktbs jgm bekb suroj`i  ]igseags tigm ta hremki sfjcc s`riig apigegks jgm privigt s`riigs oraf pjssegk sfjcc sacems jgm cequem<  ]igseags ﬊ctrjteag `agtrac jmmetevis, su`b js stjr`b, tigm ta pcuk s`riig apigegks jgm privigt sfjcc sacems jgm cequem oraf pjssegk< jgm eg jg aec hjsim mreccegk ﬈uem, wjtir wit, ﬊gi fisb s`riigs fjy ridi`t j cjrki parteag ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem oraf ﬈awegk agta tbi s`riig. [big 9>% ao tbi fjss ao j pjrte`ucjr sacem sezi es oaugm eg tbi ugmir﬈aw ao j s`riig jgm 9>% ao tbi fjss ao tbjt sezi es oaugm eg tbi avir﬈aw, tbjt sezi es sjgm ta hi tbi m9> ar 9>% `ut paegt. @ut paegt `urvis, ar j pir`igt sipjrjtim `urvi, es j krjpbe`jc riprisigtjteag ao tbi j`tujc fijsurim sipjrjteag ao sacems fjmi hy tbi s`riig. Oar ixjfpci, j m8> `ut paegt waucm hi tbi sezi wbiri 2>% ao tbi fjss ao sacems ao tbjt sezi jri riturgim ta tbi mreccegk ﬈uem (pjss tbraukb tbi sbjlir s`riig) jgm 8>% ao tbi fjss ao tbjt sezi sacem es ridi`tim oraf tbi systif (mes`jrmim).

`jusis ao prifjturi s`riig ojecuri

Pivirjc oj`tars fjy `agtrehuti ta prifjturi s`riig ojecuri. Fast ojecuris risuct oraf efprapir s`riig egstjccjteag ar mjfjki ta tbi sbjlir etsico. @rj`lim ar wjrpim sbjlir hims, wbe`b fjy risuct oraf fjgy yijrs ao `agteguaus usi ar efprapir fjegtigjg`i, wecc `jusi paar vehrjteag pjttirgs. ]bes fjy `jusi efprapir fjegtigjg`i, wecc `jusi paar vehrjteag pjttirgs. ]bes fjy `jusi efprapir sacems `agviyjg`i, wbe`b eg turg, fjy `jusi sacems ta kjtbir ag `irtjeg jrijs ao tbi s`riig, wijregk bacis eg tbjt si`teag. Mjfjkim hims fjy jcsa jooi`t tbi tigseagegk jhecety ao tbi tigseag systif, egmu`egk ﬈ixuri eg tbi s`riig. ]bes eg`rijsi eg ﬈ix `jusis tbi s`riig etsico ta vehrjti sipjrjticy oraf tbi hjslit jkjegst tbi s`riig suppart stregkirs, s tregkirs, mjfjkegk tbi spat ag tbi s`riig wbiri tbes es a``urregk. Jg eg`rijsi eg s`riig ﬈ixuri uctefjticy risucts eg fast `jsis ao ijrcy s`riig ojtekui. Jcc s`riig tigseagegk `afpagigts fust hi eg prapir warlegk armir ta icefegjti s`riig ﬈ixuri jgm fjxefesi s`riig ceoi. Pafi ao tbi s`riig tigseagegk tigseagegk systif fjtirejcs tbjt fust hi fjegtjegim eg`cumi tbi `rass `rass jgm semi supparts, `bjggic ruhhirs, jgm tigseag hacts. Js pracagkim usi ao tbi sbjlirs `agteguis, tbi suppart ruhhirs ‐ ruhhir cegirs tbjt `avir tbi suppart stregkirs ‐ wecc hikeg ta wijr. Eg armir oar tbi suppart ruhhirs ta tigseag tbi s`riigs prapircy, tbiy fust hi jcc tbi sjfi tbe`lgiss< bawivir, tbes es rjricy tbi `jsi ag`i tbisi ruhhirs hikeg ta wijr. Ocixuri mivicaps eg tbi jrijs wbiri tbi krijtist jfaugt ao wijr bjs a``urrim ag tbi ruhhirs, rimu`egk tbi s`riig ceoi. ]bi semi jgm `rass supparts ‐ ﬊hrikcjss streps ag wbe`b tbi s`riigs rist jcagk tbi egsemi ao tbi sbjlir him ‐ wecc wijr eg j sefecjr fjggir. ]bes egtiroiris wetb tbi jhecety ao tbi hacts ta jppcy tbi prapir jfaugt ao tigseag ag tbi s`riigs, wbe`b wecc jkjeg `jusi caasi s`riigs jgm rjpem ojecuri. Higt stiic supparts tbjt egtirca`l wetb baal streps ag tbi s`riigs ta ojstig tbi s`riigs meri`tcy ta tbi sbjlir him ‐ wecc gat jccaw tigseag ta hi jppceim ivigcy tbraukbaut tbi oucc cigktb ao tbi s`riig, jcsa risuctegk eg ijrcy s`riig ojecuri.  ]a j`beivi fjxefuf s`riig ceoi, jcc tigseag hacts fust hi apirjtegk prapircy. Eo ijrcy s`riig ojecuri a``urs, `bi`l ta fjli suri tbjt agi ar fari ao tbi tigseag hacts jri gat fessegk jgm tbjt tbiy jri tekbtigim `arri`tcy. ]bi tigseag hacts sbaucm hi tekbtigim ta fjguoj`turirs ri`affigmjteags. Hioari egstjccegk jgy s`riigs, tbi sbjlir him fust hi wjsbim `cijg ao jgy mihres. ^rapir tigseagegk ao tbi s`riig `jggat hi j`beivim eo jgy suhstjg`i `afis hitwiig tbi s`riig jgm tbi him. Efprapir egstjccjteag ar fjegtigjg`i ao tbi tigseagegk mive`is risucts eg prifjturi s`riig ojecuri.

=2

 

Ix`issevi sacems j``ufucjteag eg `agdug`teag wetb paar sacems `agviyjg`i, `jusis eg`rijsim wijr ag tbi s`riigs wbiri es a``urregk. ]bes prahcif fjy jresi, pjrte`ucjrcy wetb tbi tbrii mefigseagjc s`riig, eo tbi s`riig es gat eg jcekgfigt. [biri fesjcekgfigt a``urs, sacems tigm ta j``ufucjti jgm wijr s`riigs eg tbjt jrij. Jgatbir passehci `jusi ao efprapir sacems `agviyjg`i, jgm tbirioari, s`riig wijr es tbi cegijr fateag vehrjtars ruggegk eg tbi sjfi meri`teag, wbe`b `jusis jg efprapir vehrjteag pjttirg. ]bes risucts eg fjssevi jfaugts ao sacems j``ufucjtegk ag tbi ﬊rst s`riigs, `jusegk tbif ta wijr que`lcy. ]bes `jg ijsecy hi rifimeim hy rivirsegk tbi ici`tre` weregk ta tbi fatars. ]bi vehrjtars ao tbi sbjlirs sbaucm hi tistim hioari spummegk bi wicc. Jcsa, hi `irtjeg tbjt hatb vehrjtars jri apirjtegk. Eo gat, ripcj`i tbi egapirjhci vehrjtar.

s`riig hcegmegk

P`riig hcegmegk a``urs wbig krjegs ao sacems hiegk s`riigim camki eg j s`riig baci. ]bes aotig a``urs wbig mreccegk ﬊gi sjgms, su`b js eg tbi Kuco ao Fixe`a. ]bi oaccawegk siquig`i es aotig ahsirvim muregk s`riig hcegmegk. :. [big j giw s`riig es egstjccim, tbi `er`ucjteag `er`ucjteag mreccegk ﬈uem ojccs tbraukb tbi s`riig eg eg j sbart mestjg`i. 8. Jotir j tefi, tbi ﬈uem igmpaegt trjvics ta tbi igm ao tbi sbjlir. 0. Ag`i tbes a``urs, tbi s`riigs jri `bjgkim ta icefegjti tbi rjpem mes`bjrki ao mreccegk mreccegk fum aoo tbi igm ao tbi sbjlir. =. Jotir tbi s`riigs bjvi bjvi hiig wjsbim, ﬊gi k krjegs rjegs ao sjgm tbjt jri camkim camkim eg tbi s`riig suroj`i `jg hi ahsirvim. ]bi suroj`i ao tbi s`riig wecc risifhci ﬊gi sjgmpjpir hi`jusi ao tbi sjgm pjrte`cis camkim eg tbi apigegks. Agi `affag sacuteag ta s`riig hcegmegk es ta `bjgki ta j ﬊gir ar `ajrsir s`riig tbjt bi agi hiegk hcegmim. ]bes tj`te` es su``issouc eo tbi sjgm tbjt es hiegk mreccim bjs j gjrraw sezi mestrehuteag. Jgatbir sacuteag es ta `bjgki ta j ri`tjgkucjr s`riig, jctbaukb ri`tjgkucjr s`riigs `jg jcsa hcegm wetb fuctepci krjegs ao sjgm. sao t fjtirejc avir jgm eg tbi fisb, rigmiregk et hca`lim. Hcegmegk ‐ tbi –pcjstiregk‖ ao j saot Xifimy 6 wjsb wetb bekb prissuri ﬈uem usegk tbi hjsi ﬈uem ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. Eo tbes ojecs, ﬊t `ajrsir s`riigs tifparjrecy. ^cukkegk ‐ tbi hca`legk ao tbi fisb hy j pjrte`ci (usujccy sjgm) sjgm ) ﬊ttegk egta tbi pari tbrajt ao tbi fisb.

Xifimy 6 wjsb wetb bekb prissuri ﬈uem usegk tbi hjsi ﬈uem ao tbi mreccegk ﬈uem. ]bes es hist magi oraf higijtb tbi s`riig (jotir (jo tir rifavjc). Et es aotig su``issouc ta pcj`i j ﬊gir s`riig s`rii g ag ta rimu`i tbi –gijr sezi‖ pcukkegk.

s`riig pjgics Pbjci sbjlir s`riigs `bjgkim js mifjgms ag tbi sbjci sbjlir eg`rijsim. Pbjlir s`riigs bjvi tbrii prefjry riquerifigts4 Ƙ  Bekb cequem jgm sacems sacems bjgmcegk `jpj`ety Ƙ  J``iptjhci ceoi Ƙ  Jhecety ta hi ijsecy emigte﬊im jgm `afpjrim. Ijrcy sbjci sbjlir s`riigs riquerim murjhecety. ]bes mifjgm wjs `agsestigt wetb tbi sbjlir misekgs jgm sacems rifavjc pbecasapbeis ao tbier piream. ]bisi sbjlirs `aucm agcy rifavi tbi cjrki `ajrsi sacems oraf tbi mreccegk ﬈uem wbeci tbi sjgm trjp, risirvi pet jgm mawgstrijf bymra`y`cagis rifavim tbi hucl ao tbi mreccim sacems.

=5

 

Pi`teag

:=j

sacems `agtrac

@bjgkis eg mreccegk ﬈uems, igveragfigtjc `agstrjegts, jgm j hittir ugmirstjgmegk ao sacems/cequem sipjrjteag bjvi fame﬊im tbi raci ao tbi sbjci sbjlir. Kigirjccy, tbi fari sacems rifavim jt tbi ﬈aw cegi, tbi bekbir tbi iooi`tevigiss ao mawgstrijf iquepfigt. ]bi risucts eg`cumi risirvi pets tbjt `jg hi sfjccir (ar icefegjtim jctakitbir), cawir `cijg-up `asts, `asts , jgm eg`rijsim mreccegk io﬊`eig`y. Js efpartjgt js tbi fi`bjge`jc jspi`ts ao giwcy misekgim sbjci sbjlirs fjy hi, efpravifigts eg s`riig pjgics jgm s`riig `catb bjvi jcsa sekge﬊`jgtcy eg`rijsim sbjlir piroarfjg`i. Acmir sbjlirs

bjvi higi﬊tim oraf tbisi efpravifigts, js wicc. ]wa misekg `bjgkis bjvi hiig fjmi ta ixtigm tbi i`agafe` cefet ao ﬊gi s`riig apirjteag4 ta suppart tbi ﬊gi fisb `catb(s), `catb(s) , jgm Ƙ  J `ajrsi hj`legk s`riig ta Ƙ  ]ig ]igseagim seagim `catb hagmim ta j s`riig pjgic (pritigseagim s`riig pjgic). baal strep s`riigs Baal strep s`riigs jri jcsa jvjecjhci. Hi`jusi ao tbi supirear ceoi `bjrj`tireste`s ao tbi pjgic faugt ugets, tbiy bjvi hiig ricikjtim ta j fegar raci ag cegijr fateag fj`begis, jctbaukb tbiy jri usim ixtigsevicy ag `er`ucjr jgm iccepte`jc fateag fj`begis. ^rapir tigseagegk (jgm oriquigt ritigseagegk) ao jcc s`riig typis es kaam s`riig fjgjkifigt jgm `jg sekge﬊`jgtcy eg`rijsi s`riig ceoi. Egmevemujc fjguoj`turirs apirjteag fjgujcs sbaucm hi `agsuctim ta ahtjeg tbi prapir egstjccjteag fitbams jgm tarqui riquerifigts, wbiri jppce`jhci, oar spi`e﬊` s`riigs/pjgics. hagmim s`riigs Pivirjc typis ao hagmim s`riigs jri jvjecjhci. ]bi ripjerjhci piroarjtim pcjti s`riig bjs agi ar fari cjyirs ao ﬊gi fisb `catb sbiit apigegk ao fitjcsezis ar pcjste` wetb pug`bim, bacis. ^iroarjtim pcjti misekgs jrihagmim jvjecjhcitaegjvjreaus jgm pjttirgs. Jmmeteagjcpjttirgim misekgs eg`cumi j spi`ejc jppce`jteag wbiri hj`legk jgm ﬊gi s`riig(s) fjtirejcs jri hagmim takitbir, icefegjtegk tbi giim oar piroarjtim pcjtis. Ocjt-suroj`im, pritigseagim s`riig pjgics jri hi`afegk papucjr hi`jusi ao tbier ivig tigseagegk, ijsy egstjccjteag, jgm tbi ivig mestrehuteag ao cequems jgm sacems j`rass tbi s`riig mi`l. tbrii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgics  ]brii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgics wiri egtramu`im eg tbi fem :55>―s. :55>―s. ]bisi type`jccy aooir fari s`riigegk jrij tbjg ﬈jt-pjgic, ripjerjhci pcjti s`riigs wbeci ritjegegk tbi jhecety ta hi ripjerim.  ]bes typi ao s`riig pjgic jmms j tberm mefigseag ta tbi priveaus twa-mefigseagjc t wa-mefigseagjc s`riigs. ]bi s`riig suroj`i es reppcim jgm suppartim hy j rekem orjfi. Fast tbrii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgics risifhci tbi fitjc usim eg j `arrukjtim teg raao. @agstru`teag `agsests ao j `arrukjtim, pritigseagim s`riig `catb jgm hagmim ta j rekem orjfi. Celi hagmim ﬈jt s`riigs, tbi tbrii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgic giims agcy ta hi bicm ﬊rfcy eg pcj`i wetb j baalstrep ar atbir fijgs ta privigt sipjrjteag hitwiig tbi sbjlir him jgm tbi s`riig pjgic muregk vehrjteag. ]brii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgics `jg hi usim ta suppart jgy typi ar styci ao weri `catb jgm `jg hi usim wetb jgy typi ao fateag.  ]brii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgics jccaw sacems ta hi `agviyim mawg egta tbi traukb si`teags ao tbi s`riig pjgic. [big suhfirkim eg j cequem paac, tbes prioirigtejc sacems mestrehuteag jccaws oar bekbir ﬈uem tbraukbput tbjg es passehci wetb ﬈jt s`riig pjgics hy liipegk tbi pijlim jrijs `cijr ao sacems. J tbrii-mefigseagjc s`riig pjgic efpravis mestrehuteag ao ﬈uem jgm sacems j`rass tbi s`riig pjgic. ]bes rimu`is tbi `bjrj`tireste` –barsisbai iooi`t‖ `jusim hy sbjlirs usegk `rawgim s`riig hims.

9>

 

s`riig i﬎i`tevigiss  ]wa oj`tars tbjt mitirfegi tbi iooi`tevigiss ao j s`riig jri jri fisb sezi jgm s`riig misekg.

Fisb Pezi. ]bi s`riig apigegk sezi mitirfegis tbi pjrte`ci sezi j sbjlir `jg rifavi. P`riig fisb es tbi gufhir ao apigegks pir cegijr eg`b js fijsurim oraf tbi `igtri ao tbi weri. Oar ixjfpci, j ;> hy 0> ahcagk fisb s`riig (ri`tjgkucjr apigegk) bjs ;> apigegks jcagk j agi eg`b cegi agi wjy jgm 0> apigegks jcagk j agi eg`b cegi pirpigme`ucjr ta tbi ﬊rst. J`tujc sipjrjteag sezis jri mitirfegim hy oj`tars su`b js pjrte`ci sbjpi, ﬈uem ves`asety, oiim rjtis jgm pjrte`ci `abisevigiss. Pafi fums `jg oarf j bekb suroj`i tigseag ﬊cf ag tbi weris ao tbi s`riig jgm rimu`i tbi iooi`tevi apigegk sezi ao tbi s`riig. ]bi ]bi oaccawegk tjhci cests spi`e﬊`jteags oar meooirigt s`riig sezis jgm fisb sbjpis. ]jhci :8 ‐ Pqujri jgm Ahcagk Fisb P`riigs ]jhci P`riigs ( (]bes ]bes tjhci pravemis spi`e﬊`jteags oar squjri fisb s`riigs ao meooirigt sezis) Pqujri Fisb P`riigs Fisb

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