14 Normas Iso 14000. Sistema de Gestion Ambiental

 

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KRY_ [DLYIC LG[^DKING

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M GL GLB R I N I N GKI GKI M ^I? ^I? @MH. DCZDRG DCZDRG JIRMDMNI_ JIRMDMNI_ JI KFD NI I M^RI HD ? 19/12/2124 2124

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Ìmn`ki 4.

[@[^IL [@[ ^ILD[ D[ NI HI[^@Û HI[^@ÛM M DLB@IM^DC - @[G 4>111 4>111 ........ ............ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ......... ........ ........ ........ ........ .....4 .4

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@mtrgnukk`û @mtrgn ukk`ûm m .......... ................... ................... ........................ ....................... .................. ....................... ........................ ................... ....................... ........................4 ..........4

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Ym Muivg Imjgq Imjgqui ui d cd Qrgtikk`û Qrgtikk`ûm m Dlb`i Dlb`imtdc mtdc ......... ................... ................... ....................... ....................... ................... ...............4 .....4

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@[G/^K @[G/^ K 218............... 218......................... ........................ ....................... ................... ........................ ....................... .................. ....................... ........................ ...............2 .....2

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Ic lgnic lgnicg g @[G 4>11 4>111 1 ......... .................. ................... ........................ ....................... .................. ....................... ........................ ................... ....................; ...........;

4.9 Ni cd @[G 4>114? 4>114?400: 400: d cd @[G 4>114?21 4>114?211> 1> ......... .................. ................... ........................ ....................... .................. ....................8 ...........8 4.9.4Qirìgn 4.9.4 Qirìgng g ni trdms trdms`k`ûm `k`ûm imtri cds virs virs`gmis `gmis ni 400: y 211> .......... ................... .................. ....................6 ...........6 2.

Bimij`k Bimij `k`g `gss .......... ................... ................... ........................ ....................... ................... ........................ ....................... .................. ....................... ........................ ............6 ..6 2.4.4 2.4. 4 Bimij Bimij`k`gs `k`gs nic [HD... [HD............ ................... ................... ....................... ........................ ........................ ....................... .................. .....................6 ............6 2.4.2 2.4. 2 Bimij Bimij`k`gs `k`gs ni cd jdl`c` jdl`c`d d @[G 4>11 4>111................. 1.......................... ....................... ........................ ................... ....................... ................0 ..0

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@lpcilimtdk` @lpc ilimtdk`ûm ûm n ni i um [`stild ni Hist Hist`û `ûm m Dlb`im Dl b`imtdc....... tdc........... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... .......... ........ .....41 .41

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Kirt` j`j`kdk kdk`û `ûm m .......... ................... .................. ....................... ........................ ................... ....................... ........................ ................... ....................... ....................49 ......49

9.

@mtihr @mt ihrdk` dk`ûm ûm ni cd c d @[G 4>111 y ccd d @[G 0 0111 111 ................... ............................ ....................... ........................ ................... ..............4: .....4:

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Cd @[G @[G 4>11 4>111 1 y cgs pdìs pdìsis is i im m nis nisdrr drrgc gccg cg ......... .................. ................... ........................ ....................... .................. ..................48 .........48

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Kdsgs ni liogris präkt`kds............................................................................................48

8.

Kûlg pub c`kdr c` kdr su kirt kirt`j`j`k `kdk`û dk`ûm..... m......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... .......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ......... ........ ........ ........46 ....46

 

4.

[@[^ [@[^IL ILD[ D[ NI H HI[ I[^@ ^@ÛM ÛM DL DLB@IM B@IM^DC ^DC - @[ @[G G 4> 4>11 111 1 4.4

@mtrgnukk`ûm

Ym [`stild ni Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc ([HD) is pdrti nic s`stild ni hist`ûm hcgbdc n ni i umd grhdm`zdk`ûm5 is um imjgqui s`stilät`kg sgbri cgs dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Ym [HD is umd –firrdl`imtd“ qui pgs`b`c`td qui umd grhdm`zdk`ûm, kudcqu`ird kudcq u`ird qu qui i sid su t`pg g tdldô tdldôg, g, kgmt kgmtrgci rgci ic `lpdk `lpdktg tg ni sus dkt`v dkt`v`ndn `ndnis, is, prgnuktgs g sirv`k`gs sgbri ic lin`g dlb`imti mdturdc. Br`mnd umd istrukturd qui dyund d cd grhdm`zdk`ûm d `nimt`j`kdr dquiccgs dspiktgs ni su mihgk`g qui t`imim t `imim um `lpdktg s`hm`j`kdt`vg sgbri ic lin`g dlb`imti, d istdbcikir gboit`vgs y litds pdrd l`m`l`zdr istgs `lpdktgs y nisdrrgccdr prghrdlds pdrd dckdmzdr litds i `lpcilimtdr gtrds lin`nds ni kgmtrgc gpirdk`gmdcis pdrd dsihurdr cd kgmjgrl`ndn kgm cd pgcìt`kd dlb`imtdc dlb`imtdc istdb istdbcik`n cik`nd d4. Grìhimis Nurdmti cd Kulbri ni cd ^`irrd ni 4002, im Rìg ni Odmi`rg, ic Kgmsiog ni Mihgk`gs pdrd ic Nisdrrgccg [gstim`bci suh`r`û qui cd Grhdm`zdk`ûm @mtirmdk`gmdc ni Mgrldc`zdk`ûm (@[G), qui yd fdbìd icdbgrdng mgrlds pdrd cd kdc`ndn nic d`ri, ic dhud y ic suicg, nisdrrgccdrd mgrlds `mtirmdk`gmdcis sgbri nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc kgm 2

bdsi im 218 ic kgmkiptg ni nisdrrgccg sgstim`bci 400;, cd @[G kriû ic Kgl`tàs ^àkm`kg sgbri Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc, kgm ic j`m .niIm icdbgrdr mgrlds `mtirmdk`gmdci `mtirmdk`gmdcis pdrd firrdl`imtds y s`stilds ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc. 4.2

Ym Muivg Muivg Imjgqui d cd Q Qrgtikk`ûm rgtikk`ûm Dlb`imtd Dlb`imtdcc

Cd [ir`i @[G 4>111 Ym kgmoumtg ni mgrlds `mtirmdk`gmdcis kimtrd cd dtimk`ûm nic lumng imtirg im ic dlb`imti, y ni istd ldmird ldmird jglimtd um lumn lumng g läs c`lp`g, läs sihurg y sdmg pdrd tgngs. Cd ix`stimk`d ni cds mgrlds pirl`ti d cds grhdm`zdk`gmis imjgkdrsi im isjuirzgs dlb`imtdcis kgm bdsi im kr`tir`gs dkiptdngs `mtirmdk`gmdclimti. Cd sir`i ni ni mgrlds @@[G [G 4>111, nisdrrgccdnd pgr ic @[G/^K 218, 218, t`imi im kuimtd ijikt`vdlimti cds mikis`ndnis ni cds grhdm`zdk`gmis ni tgng ic lumng dc br`mndr  umd istrukturd kglÿm pdrd ic ldmiog ni cgs prgbcilds dlb`imtdcis. Istds mgrlds prglitim ijiktudr umd liogrd dlpc`d bdsdnd im cd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc, cg qui d su viz jdk`c`td ic kglirk`g y cd liogrd nic nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc im ic lumng. Cd sir`i @[G 4>111 prisimtd um muivg imjgqui d cd prgtikk`ûm dlb`imtdc pdrd cds grhdm`zdk`gmis im ic lirkdng hcgbdc. Istd sir`i nisdjìd d cds grhdm`zdk`gmis d? ¸

Fdkir um bdcdmki bdcdmki ni su `lp `lpdktg dktg sgbri ic lin`g dlb`imti.

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Istdbciki Istdb cikirr sus prgp`gs gboit`v gboit`vgs gs y litds litds..

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Kglprglitirsi kgm um prgkisg ij`kdz y kgmj`dbci, kgm cd privimk`ûm ni cd kgmtdl`mdk kgmtd l`mdk`ûm `ûm y cd liogr liogrd d kgmt` kgmt`mud. mud.

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@mvgcukrdr d tgngs cgs ilpcidngs y hirimtis im um s`stild ni tgld ni kgmk`imk`d kglpdrt`nd y prghris`std, y ni rispgmsdb`c`ndn pirsgmdc pgr ic

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nisilpiôg ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm k kgm gm rispiktg d dcc lin`g dlb`imti. Cd mgrld @[G 4>114 –[`stilds ni Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc. Ispik`j`kdk`ûm kgm huìd ni usg“ jui pubc`kdnd pgr pr`lird viz im 400: y dktudc`zdnd im 211>, y cuihg jui pubc`kdnd bdog ic tìtucg –[`stilds ni Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc. Riqu`s`tgs kgm gr`imtdk`ûm pdrd su usg. Cd mgrld @[G 4>114?211> dktudc`zdnd kglprimni, imtri gtrds, umd sikk`ûm kglpcitdlimti muivd sgbri cd ivdcudk`ûm ni cd kgmjgrl`ndn ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm kgm cgs riqu`s`tgs sgbri rihcdlimtdk`ûm dlb`imtdc. 4.;

@[G/ @[G/^K ^K 21 218 8

Ic Kgl`tà @[G/^K 218 is ic kgl`tà tàkm`kg ni cd @[G rispgmsdbci ni nisdrrgccdr cd sir`i 4>111 ni mgrlds y huìds ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc.9 Ic kgl`tà mg istdbciki m`vicis cìl`ti m` kr`tir`gs ni nisilpiôg pdrd prgnuktgs u gpirdk`gmis. Qgr ic kgmtrdr`g, sus dkt`v`ndnis istäm bdsdnds im cd j`cgsgjìd ni qui liogrdr cds präkt`kds ni hist`ûm is cd liogr jgrld ni liogrdr ic nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc ni cds grhdm`zdk`gmis y sus prgnuktgs. Cgs subkgl`tàs ([K), Hrupgs ni ^rdbdog (XH) y Hrupgs ni Kggrn`mdk`ûm ni ^irl`mgcghìd (HK^) nic @[G/^K 218 icdbgrdm mgrlds y huìds im cds s`hu`imtis ärids? ¸

[K 4. [`stilds [`stilds ni hist` hist`ûm ûm dlb`i dlb`imtdc. mtdc.

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[K 2. Dun`tgrìd Dun`tgrìd dlb`imtdc i `mvist`hdk`gm `mvist`hdk`gmis is ricdk`gmdnds.

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[K ;. It`quitdng dlb`imtdc.

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[K >. Ivdc Ivdcudk`û udk`ûm m nic nisi nisilpiôg lpiôg dlb`i dlb`imtdc. mtdc.

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[K 9. Ivdcudk`ûm nic k`kcg ni v`nd.

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^KH.. ^àr ^KH ^àrl`m l`mgs gs y nij nij`m` `m`k`g k`gmis mis..

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XH >. Kglu Kglum`k m`kdk` dk`gmi gmis s dlb`i dlb`imtd mtdcis cis,, y

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XH 9. Kdl Kdlb`g b`g kc` kc`lät lät`k `kg. g.

Ic @[G/^K 218 fd trdbdodng pdrd nisdrrgccdr mgrlds `mtirmdk`gmdcis präkt`kds, ÿt`cis y dpc`kdbcis d mihgk`gs ni kud kudcqu`ir cqu`ir tdldôg im pdìsis qui si imkuimtrim i im m kudcqu`ir itdpd ni nisdrrgccg. Cgs l`ilbrgs nic @[G/^K 218, dc `hudc qui ni kudcqu`ir gtrg kgl`tà tàkm`kg ni cd @[G, sgm? L`ilbrgs Qdr L`ilbrgs Qdrt`k`pd t`k`pdmtis mtis (Q) Qdìsis qui nisidm vgtdr, vgtdr, pdrt`k`pdr dkt`vdlimti im cds n`skus`gmis y timir dkkisg d tgnd cd ngkulimtdk`ûm pirt`mimti.  L`ilbrgs L`ilbr gs Gbsi Gbsirvdng rvdngris ris (G) Qdìsis qui mg nisidm vgtdr, s`mg sgcdlimti pdrt`k`pdr im cds n`skus`gmis y rik`b`r tgnd cd `mjgrldk`ûm pirt`mimti. Grhdm`zdk` Grhdm` zdk`gmis gmis ni I Imcdk mcdki i (I)  Cgs riprisimtdmtis ni istds grhdm`zdk`gmis sgm `mv`tdngs d tgldr p pdrti drti im cds n`skus`gmis y si cis pirl`ti rik`b`r tgnd cd `mjgrldk`ûm ni cgs ^K, pirg mg t`imim nirikfg ni vgtdr. Ysudclimti cgs pdìsis istäm riprisimtdngs pgr sus rispikt`vgs grhdm`slgs mdk`gmdcis ni mgrldc`zdk`ûm. 

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Ic ^K 218 is ic kgl`tà ni cd @[G ni ldygr tdldôg. Qdrd ic dôg 2118, cd istrukturd nic kgl`tà tàkm`kg ird cd s`hu`imti? 84 pdìsis pdrt`k`pdmtis, ni cgs kudcis >1 sgm pdìsis im nisdrrgccg, 28 28 sgm pdìsis gbsirv gbsirvdngris dngris y ;0 sgm grhdm`zdk`gmis ni i imcdki mcdki `mtirmdk`gmdcis. Qdrd j`mdcis ni 2119, cd @[G 4>114 ird ut`c`zdnd kglg lgnicg pdrd cd `lpcilimtdk`ûm ni um s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc pgr 444 4:1 grhdm`zdk`gmis ni 4;6 pdìsis, dprgx`ldndlimti. Dpdrti ni istds, läs ni 9: 911 istdbdm kirt`j`kdnds kgm cd cd ÿct`ld virs`ûm n ni i cd mgrld @[G 4>114?211>:. Cd jdl`c`d ni mgrlds @[G 4>111 si imkuimtrd nimtrg ni cds mgrlds @[G läs dlpc`dlimti kgmgk`nds. Cds mgrlds @[G 0111 i @[G 4>111 sgm `lpcilimtdnds pgr 668 881 grhdm`zdk`gmis dprgx`ldndlimti im 4:4 pdìsis. 4.>

Ic lgnicg @[G @[G 4>11 4>111 1 Ic lgnic l gnicg g @[G 4> 4>111 111

Ym [`stild ni Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc vgcumtdr`g is pdrti nic imjgqui himirdc ni umd

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grhdm`zdk`ûm pdrd pdrd cd pcdm`j`k pcdm`j`kdk`ûm dk`ûm istrdtàh`kd ni su mihgk`g. mihgk`g. Cd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc `mkcuyi vdr`gs pdsgs im um prgkisg kgmt`mug n`siôdng pdrd liogrdr ic –pirj`c“ dlb`imtdc ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm y sus kgmn`k`gmis ni gpirdk`ûm. Kglg cg `custrd cd j`hurd dmtir`gr, cds mgrlds @[G 4>111 s`huim cd istrdtih`d Qcdm`j`kdr-Fdkir-Zir`j`kdr- Dktudr, um k`kcg ni dutgliogrd qui `mkcuyi cgs s`hu`imtis pdsgs? ¸

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Qcdm`j`kdr? Qcdm` j`kdr? Il`s`û Il`s`ûm m ni u umd md pg pgcìt`k cìt`kd d kgmj kgmj`rldn `rldnd d pgr cd n`rikk`ûm. Qcdm`j`kdk`ûm ni cgs gboit`vgs im ricdk`ûm ricdk `ûm kgm istd pgcìt pgcìt`kd. `kd. Fdkir? Fdki r? Zir`j` Zir `j`kdr kdr??  Dktudr?

@lp @lpci cili limt mtdk dk`û `ûm m ni cds cds n` n`sp spgs gs`k `k`g `gmi mis s is ispi pik` k`j` j`kd kdnd nds s im ic pc pcdm dm.. Riv Riv`s` `s`ûm ûm y iv ivdcu dcudk` dk`ûm ûm ni ccgs gs ris risuctd uctdngs ngs y prgh prghris risg g dck dckdmz dmzdng dng.. Riv`s`ûm pdrd cd liogrd kgm kgmt`mud t`mud nic s`stild.

 Dumqui cds mgrlds @[G @[G 4>111 istäm n`siôd n`siôdnds nds pdrd dpgydrsi lutudlimti, tdlb`àm si puinim usdr `mnipimn`imtilimti pdrd cghrdr litds dlb`imtdcis. Ioilpcg ni um s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc vgcumtdr`g Ic siktgr ni cd piskd is um buim kdsg ni `lpcilimtdk`ûm ni um [HD (vir cd J`hurd 2). Cds 41 mgrlds mdk`gmdcis imkgmtrdnds im cd Ciy Mgrtidlir`kdmd sgbri Qiskd [gstim`bci, Ciy M± 41>-208 (Y.[. [ustd`mdbci J`sfir`is Dkt (Qubc`k Cdw Mg. 41>208)) sgm pdrt`kucdrlimti dpc`kdbcis. Qgr ioilpcg, ic Kûn`hg ni Kgmnuktd Zgcumtdr`g ni cds Mdk`gmis Ym`nds pdrd umd Qiskd Rispgmsdbci (tfi Ym`tin Mdt`gms Zgcumtdry Kgni gj Kgmnukt jgr Rispgms`bci J`sf`mh) si pgnrìd ut`c`zdr kglg umd ni cds –liogris präkt`kds“ m um hrdm ikgs`stild ldr`mg `mtirmdk`gmdc im ngmni si kdpturd nic 01 dc 09% ni cgs prgnuktgs ni cd piskd kglirk`dc ni tgng ic lumng.

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J`hurd 2? [`stilds ni Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc Ldr`md, ni k kdräktir dräktir vgcumtdr`g (ZI L[ )? Ym k`kcg kgmt`mug

@[G 4>114 Cd mgrld kcdvi pdrd cd `lpcilimtdk`ûm y kirt`j`kdk`ûm nic [HD is cd mgrld @[G 4>114 "[`stilds ni Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc. Riqu`s`tgs kgm gr`imtdk`ûm pdrd su usg“. Ym [HD br`mnd umd istrukturd pdrd dyundr d cds grhdm`zdk`gmis d `nimt`j`kdr dquiccgs dspiktgs ni su mihgk`g qui t`imim um `lpdktg s`hm`j`kdt`vg sg sgbri bri ic lin`g dlb`imti, y d kulpc`r cgs gboitgs y litds dlb`imtdcis pdrd l`m`l`zdr istgs `lpdktgs. Ym s`stild istrukturdng kglg [HD pirl`ti qui umd grhdm`zdk`ûm nioi ni sul`m`strdr rispuistds ridkt`vds y jrdhlimtdnds dmti prgbcilds dlb`imtdcis, y himiri um imjgqui prgdkt`vg qui pirl`td cd `nimt`j`kdk`ûm tilprdmd ni cgs `lpdktgs, rispgmsdb`c`ndnis y gpgrtum`ndnis. Cd @[G 4>114 prgpgrk`gmd d umd grhdm`zdk`ûm cds fdb`c`ndnis riquir`nds y ic s`stild ni hist`ûm mikisdr`g mikis dr`g pdrd cghrdr istämndris ni nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc kdnd viz läs dctgs y dprgvikfdr cds gpgrtum`ndnis qui surhim d rdìz ni cgs prghrdlds dlb`imtdcis trdn`k`gmdcis bdsdngs im cd kgmjgrl`ndn.

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Istg kgmnuk`rä d um um prgkin`l`imtg n ni i dun`tgrìd ni kgmjgrl`ndn läs dhris`vg priv`g d cd gbtimk`ûm ni cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm. Cd mgrld @[G 4>114?211> dktudc`zdnd is läs kglpdt`bci kgm cd @[G 0114?2111, cg kudc jdk`c`tdrä cd `mtihrdk`ûm nic [HD ni cd @[G 4>114 kgm ic [HK ni cd @[G 0114. Cd @[G 4>114 fd rik`b`ng umd hrdm dtimk`ûm y fd s`ng `lpcilimtdnd im tgng ic lumng. Ic imjgqui ni cd @[G 4>114 is ni –hist`ûm ni kdc`ndn“ im ricdk`ûm kgm ic nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc, y istä n`r`h`ng d kridr umd kucturd ni liogrd kgmt`mud im ic nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm qui cd `lpcilimtd. Cd @[G 4>114, oumtg kgm ic Isquild ni Dun`tgrìd y Hist`ûm Dlb`imtdc ni cd Ym`ûm Iurgpid (ILD[), fd prgpgrk`gmdng dctirmdt`vds `mtirmdk`gmdcis d cds pr`lirds mgrlds ni [HD mdk`gmdcis, kglg kglg pgr ioilpcg cd mgrld br`täm`kd B[ 8891 (pubc`k (pubc`kdnd dnd im 4002).42 Cds gtrds mgrlds j`mdc`zdnds y pubc`kdnds ni cd sir`i @[G 4>111 kglprimnim n`riktr`kis, prgkin`l`imtgs y kdc`j`kdk`gmis pdrd dun`tgrìd dlb`imtdc. Im ic Dmixg D ni isti bgcitìm si prisimtd cd c`std kglpcitd ni ngkulimtgs @[G 4>111 ix`stimtis fdstd cd jikfd. Cds mgrlds ni cd sir`i @[G 4>111 si n`v`nim im ngs hrupgs pr`mk`pdcis. Ic prisimti ngkulimtg si imjgkd im ic pr`lirg ni iccgs? ¸ Mgrld Mgrldss

gr`imtdnd gr`imtdndss d cd grhdm`zdk`ûm grhdm`zdk`ûm

Br`mndm dlpc`d gr`imtdk`ûm gr`imtdk`ûm pdrd istdbci istdbcikir, kir, ldmtimir y ivdcudr um s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc ([HD).

¸ Mgrlds

gr`i gr`imtd mtdnd ndss d cgs prgnuktgs

Nitirl`mdm ic `lpdktg dlb`imtdc ni cgs prgnuktgs y sirv`k`gs nurdmti su k`kcg ni v`nd, y cds it`quitds y nikcdrdk`gmis dlb`imtdcis. Cgs icilimtgs kcdvi kcdvi ni um [HD bdsdng im cd @[G 4>111 s sgm? gm?

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Qgcìt`kd dlb`imtdc Cd pgcìt`kd dlb`imtdc y cgs riqu`s`tgs pdrd kulpc`r istd pgcìt`kd pgr lin`g ni gboit`vgs, litds y prghrdlds dlb`imtdcis.

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Qcdm`j`kdk`ûm Ic dmäc`s`s ni cgs dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm grhdm`zdk`ûm (`mkcu`ngs sus prgkisgs, prgnuktgs y sirv`k`gs, dc `hudc qui cgs b`imis y sirv`k`gs usdngs pgr cd grhdm` grhdm`zdk zdk`ûm). `ûm).

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@lpcilim @lpci limtd tdk`ûm k`ûm y gpirdk`ûm gpirdk`ûm

@lpcilimtdk`ûm y grhdm`zdk`ûm ni prgkisgs pdrd kgmtrgcdr y liogrdr cds dkt`v`ndnis gpirdt`vds gpirdt`vds qui sgm krìt`kds nisni umd pirspik pirspikt`vd t`vd dlb`imtdc (`mkcu`ngs cgs prgnuktgs y sirv`k`gs ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm). ¸

Zir`j`kdk Zi r`j`kdk`ûm `ûm y dkk`ûm kgrrikt` kgrrikt`vd vd Cd vir`j`kdk`ûm y cd dkk`ûm kgrrikt`vd `mkcuyim ic sihu`l`imtg, lin`k`ûm y rih`strg ni cds kdrdktirìst`kds y dkt`v`ndnis q qui ui puinim timir um `lpdktg s`hm`j`kdt`vg im ic lin`g dlb`imti.

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Riv`s`ûm Ri v`s`ûm pgr cd n`rik n`rikk`ûm k`ûm Riv`s`ûm nic [HD pgr cd dctd n`rikk`ûm ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm, pdrd dsihurdr  su kgmvim`imk`d, dnikudk`ûm y ij`kdk`d.

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Liogrd kgmt` kgmt`mud mud Ic kgmkiptg ni liogrd k kgmt`mud gmt`mud is u um m kglpgmimti kcdv kcdvi i nic s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc5 kglpcitd ic prgkisg kìkc`kg ni pcdm`j`kdr, `lpcilimtdr, vir`j`kdr, riv`sdr y liogrdr kgmt`mudlimti.

·Kûlg gbtimir kgp`ds ni cds mgrlds @[G 4>1117 Cds kgp`ds j`mdcis pubc`kdnds ni cds mgrlds @[G 4>111 y ngkulimtgs ricdk`gmdngs si puinim gbtimir im su rispikt`vg Grhdm`slg Mdk`gmdc ni Mgrldc`zdk`ûm (grhdm`slg l`ilbrg ni @[G), qu`im mgrldclimti is ic dhimti pr`ldr`g ni vimtd ni mgrlds @[G. Im pdìsis kuyg Grhdm`slg Mdk`gmdc ni Mgrldc`zdk`ûm mg is l`ilbrg ni cd @[G, cgs ngkulimtgs @[G 4>111 si puinim dnqu`r`r n`riktdlimti im cd Grhdm`zdk`ûm @mtirmdk`gmdc ni Mgrldc`zdk`ûm (@[G), 4, kfil`m ni cd Zg`i-Kriusi, Kdsi pgstdci 9:, 4244 H`mibrd 21.

4.9 Ni cd @[G 4>114?400: d cd @[G 4>114?211> ·Kuäcis juirgm cgs kdlb`gs7  Dsì kglg cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm ni s`stilds ni hist`ûm kgm bdsi im cd @[G 0114 fd ccihdng d sir umd mikis`ndn pdrd pgnir mihgk`dr im lukfds ärids nic kglirk`g im Iurgpd, cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm ni s`stilds ni hist`ûm kgm bdsi im cd @[G 4>114 puini ccihdr d sir  ic riqu`s`tg pr`mk`pdc pdrd fdkir mihgk`gs im lukfds gtrds rih`gmis g `mnustr`ds. Cds mgrlds ni 400: y ni 211> sgm s`l`cdris dpdrimtilimti5 s`m ilbdrhg, si nibi pristdr dtimk`ûm dc muivg riqu`s`tg qui si `mtrgnuog, prik`sdlimti pdrd liogrdr cd mgrld. Cds mgrlds sgm riv`sdnds kdnd k`mkg dôgs pdrd dsihurdr qui s`huim v`himtis y sdt`sjdkim cds mikis`ndnis ni cgs usudr`gs. Cd riv`std @[G 0111 + 4>111 Miws pirl`ti ldmtimirsi `mjgrldng sgbri sgbri cds mgrlds ni s`sti s`stilds lds ni hist`ûm.4> Cgs pr`mk`pdcis kdlb`gs sgm cgs s`hu`imtis49? –Qcdm`j`kdr, fdkir, vir`j`kdr, dktudr“? dktudr“? [i `mkcuyû im cd J`hurd 4 (cd isp`rdc isp`rdc ni liogrd nic [HD) y si icdbgrû kgm bdsi im cd qui si imkuimtrd im cd @[G 0114? 2111. Kglpdt`b`c`ndn y kcdr`ndn? si dhrihdrgm si`s muivds nij`m`k`gmis y si kdlb`drgm gtrds. Nij`m`k`ûm y dckdmki nic [HD? si prisimtdm ixpcìk`tdlimti cgs riqu`s`tgs pdr pdrd d istg, pdrd cuihg `mkcu`r tgnds cds dkt`v`ndnis, prgnuktgs y sirv`k`gs qui istäm nimtrg nic dckdmki dckdm ki ni nicc s`sti s`stild. ld.  Dspiktg cihdc? si dkcdrdrgm dkcdrdrgm cgs riqu`s`tgs ni isti t`pg, dniläs ni gtrgs.  Dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis? dlb`imtdcis? dc nisdrrgccdr y ldmtimir ic [HD si dkcdrû qui is mikisdr`g mikisdr`g timir im kuimtd istgs dspiktgs.  Dktudc`zdk`ûm ni mulirdcis y riqu`s`tgs? pdrd dkcdrdr cd `mtimk`ûm y prgpûs`tg ni cgs riqu`s`tgs, dc `hudc qui pdrd liogrdr cd kglpdt`b`c`ndn, si riv`sdrgm y kgrr`h`irgm (kcdusucds) y riqu`s`tgs tdcis kglg ic (su (subb- kcd kcdusu usucds cds n ni i Qrg Qrghrd hrdlds lds)) sgb sgbri ri prghrdlds, riqu`s`tgs sgbri Istrukturd y Rispgmsdb`c`ndn (dmtir`gr), Jgrldk`ûm, tgld ni kgmk`imk`d y kglpitimk`d (dmtir`gr), (Kcdusucds ni Kglum`kdk`ûm) sgbri kglum`kdk kglu m`kdk`gmi `gmis, s, Ngku Ngkulimtd limtdk`ûm k`ûm y kgm kgmtrgc trgc ni ngku ngkulimtg limtgs, s, (Kcdu (Kcdusucd sucd ni) ni  Dun`tgrìd @mtirmd, ivdcudk`ûm ni cd Kgmjgrl`ndn, riv`s`ûm pgr cd N`rikk`ûm, Dmixg D y B.

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4. 4.9. 9.4 4 Qi Qirìgng rìgng ni trdms`k`ûm imtri cds vi virs`gmis rs`gmis ni 40 400: 0: y 21 211> 1> Fdk`d j`mdcis nic dôg 211> si nik`n`û ds`hmdr um pirìgng ni trdms`k`ûm 4: nic 49 ni mgv`ilbri ni 211> dc 49 ni ldyg l dyg ni 211:, pdrd qui cds grhdm`zdk`gmis kirt`j`kdnds kgm cd virs`ûm @[G 4>114?400: f`k`irdm ic kdlb`g d cd virs`ûm 4>114?211>. 2.

Bimij`k`gs 2.4.4

Bimij`k`gs Bim ij`k`gs nic nic [H [HD D

Cgs bimij`k`gs pdrd cds ilprisds himirdngs pgr um s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc sgstim`bci si puinim risul`r ni cd s`hu`imti ldmird? liogrd nic nisilpiôg, rinukk`ûm ni r`ishgs y rispgmsdb`c`ndn k`v`c, icih`b`c`ndn ni vdr`gs prghrdlds ni `mkimt`vgs ni dhimk`ds dlb`imtdcis, liogr `ldhim pÿbc`kd 46 y liogrd ni cd ij`k`imk`d gpirdk`gmdc y gpgrtum`ndnis ni rinukk`ûm ni kgstgs. Im cd dktudc`ndn, cds grhdm`zdk`gmis nibim nilgstrdr kdnd viz läs umd hist`ûm sûc`nd ni sus dspiktgs ikgmûl`kgs, sgk`dcis y dlb`imtdcis. Cd iv`nimk`d suh`iri qui um imjgqui ni –tr`pcis risuctdngs“ trdi vimtdods im ic trdtdl`imtg j`mdmk`irg, ni lirkdnig, sihurgs, rihcdlimtdk`gmis, y gtrds ärids. Cd @[G 4>114 is um imjgqui istrukturdng pdrd liogrdr ic nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc. Cd `lpcilimtdk`ûm ni um [HD dyundrä ddkk`gm`stds, umd kglpdôìd d kridr kgmj`dmzd ni cds pdrtis `mtirisdnds (kc`imtis, ilpcidngs, prgviingris, grhdm`slgs ni rihcdlimtdk`ûm, kglpdôìds ni sihurgs, `mst`tuk`gmis j`mdmk`irds, kglum`ndnis cgkdcis) im qui? ¸

Cd ilprisd imjdt`zd läs im cd privimk`ûm ni cd kgmtdl`mdk`ûm qui im cd himirdk`ûm ni às àstd, td, y

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Quini br`mndr iv`nimk`d iv`nimk`d ni k kgmjgrl`ndn gmjgrl`ndn kgm ccgs gs rihcdlimtgs.

Cgs bimij`k`gs pgtimk`dcis qui cds pylis (piquiôds y lin`dmds ilprisds) puinim gbtimir ni cd `lpcilimtdk`ûm ni um [HD `mkcuyim? ¸

Liogrd Liogr d ic dkkisg d cgs lirkd lirkdngs. ngs.

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[i dsihurd d cgs kc`imtis kc`imtis ic kglprgl`sg kgm u umd md hist`ûm dlb`imtdc nilgstrdbci.

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 Dngpk`ûm ni um prgkisg prgkisg ni liogrd kgmt`mud. Ym liogr nisilpiô nisilpiôg g dlb`i dlb`imtdc. mtdc.  Dngpk`ûm ni um imjgqui imjgqui privimt`vg pdrd ds dsihurdr ihurdr cd kgmjgrl`ndn kg kgm m cgs riqu`s`tgs istdtutdr`gs y gtrgs ri riqu`s`tgs qu`s`tgs dpc`kd dpc`kdbcis bcis d cd kglpdôìd.

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Liogrd ni cd `ldhim y pdrt`k`pdk`ûm i im m ic lirkdng.

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Qrivimk`ûm ni cd kgmtdl`mdk`ûm lin`dmti cd kgmsirvdk`ûm ni rikursgs kglg iciktr`k`ndn, dhud, kdrbûm.

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Liogrd Liogr d cd ij`k`imk` ij`k`imk`d d gpir gpirdt`vd. dt`vd.

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Cd lgrdc ni cgs ilpcidngs liogrd im um dlb dlb`imti `imti ni trdbdog sihurg.

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Krin`b`c`n Krin` b`c`ndn dn pdrd cds pdrti pdrtis s `mvg `mvgcukrd cukrdnds. nds.

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Zimtdods Zimtd ods kglpit kglpit`t`vds `t`vds im ic lirkd lirkdng. ng. Liogr kgmtrg kgmtrgcc ni kgst kgstgs. gs.

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Kulpc`l`imtg ni cgs kr`tir`gs ni kirt`j`kdk`ûm pdrd vimningris.

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Kgmjgrl`ndn cihdc y jdk`c`tdk`ûm ni cd gbtimk`ûm ni pirl`sgs y dutgr`zdk`gmis.

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Ymd liogr `ldhim y ldmtim`l`imtg ni buimds ricdk`gmis kgm ic pÿbc`kg, cgs grhdm`slgs ni rihcdlimtdk`ûm, dkk`gm`stds i `mvirs`gm`stds.

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Ldygr kgmk`imk`d y rispgmsdb`c`ndn ni cgs ilpcidngs fdk`d cgs dspiktgs

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dlb`imtdcis ni sus dkt`v`ndnis. Zimtdod Zimtd od kglpit`t kglpit`t`vd `vd im cd `mvis `mvist`hdk t`hdk`ûm. `ûm.

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@mkimt`vgs pdrd pdrd cd dnl`m`strdk`ûm dlb`imtdc.

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Liogrd ni cds ricdk`g ricdk`gmis mis `mnustr`d-hgb`irmg.

Ymd kirt`j`kdk`ûm kgm bdsi im cd @[G 4>114 liogrd cd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc y pgs`b`c`td um dkkisg iqu`tdt`vg dc krik`imti lirkdng –virni“. Cd @[G 4>114 fd nilgstrdng sir  umd firrdl`imtd ÿt`c pdrd ivgcuk`gmdr ivgcuk`gmdr ni cd kgmjgr kgmjgrl`ndn l`ndn kgm cgs rihcdlimtgs, d umd pgs`k`ûm ni ldygr prgnukt`v`ndn y ldygr vimtdod kglpit`t`vd. Ix`sti iv`nimk`d ni qui cds grhdm`zdk`gmis qui fdkim hist`ûm mg sûcg ni cgs jdktgris ikgmûl`kgs istämndr s`mg tdlb`àm ni cgs jdktgris dlb`imtdcis y sgk`dcis qui djiktdm su mihgk`g, luistrdm um nisilpiôg j`mdmk`irg supir`gr dc ni qu`imis mg fdkim hist`ûm ni m`mhumg ni istgs tris dspiktgs.24.

2.4.2

Bimij`k`gss ni cd jdl`c`d Bimij`k`g jdl`c` d @@[G [G 4> 4>11 111 1

Cd jdl`c`d ni mgrlds @[G 4>111 4>111 br`mnd d cds grhdm`zdk`gmi grhdm`zdk`gmis s firrdl`imtds ni hist`ûm pdrd kgmtrgcdr sus dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis y liogrdr su nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc. Im su kgmoumtg, istds firrdl`imtds puinim br`mndr bimij`k`gs ikgmûl`kgs s`hm`j`kdt`vgs, nimtrg ni cgs qui si `mkcuyim? Rinukk`ûm ni ldtir`ds pr`lds y usg ni rikursgs5 Rinukk`ûm nic kgmsulg ni imirhìd5 Liogrd ni ij`k`imk`d i im m cgs prgkisgs5 Rinukk`ûm im cd himirdk`ûm ni ris`nugs y im cgs kgstgs ni su n`spgs`k`ûm5 Yt`c`z Yt`c`zdk`ûm dk`ûm ni ri rikursgs kursgs rikupirdbcis5 Qr`lds ni sihurgs pgtimk`dclimti läs bdods. Kgm cgs n`jirimtis hrupgs ni mgrlds ni cd jdl`c`d @[G 4>111 gr`imtdnds d cds grhdm`zdk`gmis, àstds puinim gbtimir n`jirimtis bimij`k`gs? ¸

@[G 4>114. –[`stilds ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc. Ispik`j`kdk`ûm kgm gr`imtdk`ûm pdrd su usg“ Istd mgrld dyund d cds grhdm`zdk`gmis d ldmiodr liogr ic `lpdktg ni sus dkt`v`ndnis sgbri ic dlb`imti y d nilgstrdr umd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc sûc`nd mg sgcdlimti ni cgs prgkisgs ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm s`mg ni sus prgnuktgs y sirv`k`gs.  Dniläs, cd ixpir`imk`d fd nilgstrd nilgstrdng ng qu qui i cd @[G 4>1 4>114 14 is umd is istrukturd trukturd qui `msp`rd y kdmdc`zd cd kridt`v`ndn ni cgs l`ilbrgs ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm fdk`àmngcgs dhimtis qui prgluivim dkt`vdlimti cd prgtikk`ûm dlb`imtdc, cd

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kgmsirvdk`ûm ni rikursgs y cd liogrd ni cd ij`k`imk`d. @[G 4>11>. –[`stilds ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc. N`riktr`kis himirdcis sgbri pr`mk`p`gs pr`mk `p`gs,, s`stilds y tàkm`kd tàkm`kds s ni dpgy dpgyg“ g“

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Istd mgrld br`mnd gr`imtdk`ûm sgbri ic istdbcik`l`imtg, `lpcilimtdk`ûm, ldmtim`l`imtg y liogrd ni um s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc y su kggrn`mdk`ûm kgm gtrgs s s`stil `stilds ds ni his hist`ûm. t`ûm. ¸

@[G 4>1;4. –Hist`ûm dlb`imtdc. Ivdcudk`ûm nic nisilpiô nisilpiôg g dlb`imtdc. N`riktr`kis“ Istd mgrld br`mnd gr`imtdk`ûm sgbri kûlg umd grhdm`zdk`ûm puini ivdcudr su nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc. ^dlb`àm trdtd sgbri cd sicikk`ûm ni `mn`kdngris ni nisilpiôg dnikudngs, ni ldmird qui ic nisilpiôg si puind ivdcudr kgm bdsi im cgs kr`tir`gs istdbcik`ngs pgr cd n`rikk`ûm. Istd `mjgrldk`ûm si puini usdr kglg bdsi pdrd cd prisimtdk`ûm ni `mjgrlis `mtirmgs y ixtirmgs sgbri nisilpiôg dlb`imtdc.

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@[G 40144. –N`riktr`kis pdrd cd dun`tgrìd ni cgs s`stilds ni hist`ûm ni cd kdc`ndn y/g dlb`imti. Cds dun`tgrìds dlb`imtdcis sgm firrdl`imtds `lpgrtdmtis pdrd ivdcudr s` um [HD si fd `lpcilimtdng y si ldmt`imi dprgp`dndlimti. Cd mgrld @[G 40144 tdlb`àm is ÿt`c pdrd cds dun`tgrìds ni s`stilds ni hist`ûm dlb` dlb`imtdc imtdc y cds dun`tgrìds ni s`stilds ni hist`ûm ni cd kdc`ndn. Cd sir`i ni mgrlds @[G 4>111 nd d cds piquiôds y lin`dmds ilprisds (pylis) cd gpgrtum`ndn ni kglpit`r d um l`slg m`vic kgm kglpdôìds läs hrdmnis, `mkcusg hcgbdcis, yd qui cd l`sld mgrld is dpc`kdbci d tgng t`pg y tdldôg ni grhdm`zdk`gmis.

@lpcilimtdk`ûm @lpcili mtdk`ûm ni um [`stild ni Hi Hist`ûm st`ûm Dlb`imtdc

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Ic prgkisg prgkisg ni `lpcilimtdk`ûm nic [`stild ni Hist`ûm Dlb`i Dlb`imtdc mtdc mg is um làtg làtgng ng istämndr, yd qui nipimni nipimni nic tdldôg ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm, ni cd dk dkt`v`ndn t`v`ndn qui ccivi d kdb kdbg, g, ni cgs prgnuktgs qui himiri, cgs sirv`k`gs qui gjrizkd y cd hist`ûm. Qdrd pgnir pgnir `lp `lpcdmtd cdmtdrr um [`sti [`stild ld ni His Hist`ûm t`ûm D Dlb`im lb`imtdc tdc sihÿ sihÿm m cd mgr mgrld ld @[G-4> @[G-4>114, 114, si t`imim qui sihu`r cg s`hu`imtis pdsgs? Qcdm`j`kdk`ûm? nij`m`r cd pgcìt`kd dlb`imtdc, `nimt`j`kdr cgs dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis s`hm`j`kdt`vgs, timir im kuimtd cgs riqu`s`tgs cihdcis y nij`m`r tgngs cgs gboit`vgs y litds dlb`imtdc qui si nisidm kgmsihu`r, dniläs ni nij`m`r um prghrdld ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc. rispgmsdb`c`ndnis, s, cd ¸ @lpcdmtdk`ûm? fdy qui timir im kuimtd cds istrukturds y rispgmsdb`c`ndni jgrldk`ûm, sims`b`c`zdk`ûm y cd kglpitimk`d nic pirsgmdc, cd kglum`kdk`ûm, cgs ngkulimtgs qui jgrldm pdrti nic [`stild ni His Hist`ûm t`ûm Dlb`imtdc, kgmtrgc ni n`kfd ngkulimtdk`ûm, kgmtrgc gpirdk`gmdc y cgs pcdmis ni ilirhimk`d kgm su rispikt`vd rispuistd. ¸ Kglprgbdk`ûm? si ridc`zd um sihu`l`imtg y lin`k`ûm ni cgs risuctdngs, si ivdcÿd ic kulpc`l`imtg cihdc, si nibim timir im kuimtd cds mg kgmjgrl`ndnis, dpc`kdr  dkk`gmis kgrrikt`vds y privimt`vds, rih`strdr cgs ngkulimtgs y ridc`zdr cds dun`tgrìds mikisdr`ds dc [`stild ni Hi Hist`ûm st`ûm D Dlb`imtdc. lb`imtdc. ¸

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 Dktudk`ûm? [i ccivd d kdbg cd cd riv`s`ûm pgr cd n`rikk`ûm y cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm kirt`j`kdk`ûm nic [HD.

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RITY@[@^G[ NIC [@[^ILD NI HI[^@ÛM DLB@IM^DC ¸  Dpgyg ni cd hirimk`d pdrd pdrd ixpcgrdr muivgs kd kdl`mgs l`mgs y sir läs kglp kglpit`t`vgs. it`t`vgs. ¸ [gpgrti nic pirsgmdc ni n`rikk`ûm im cd tgld ni nik`s`gmis pdrd prgnuk`r cgs kdlb`gs. ¸  Ds`hmdk`ûm ni cds pirsgmds pirsgmds qui timnräm d s su u kdrhg cd `lpcilimtdk`ûm. ¸ Riv`s`ûm dlb`imtdc `m`k`dc.

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QGCÌ^@KD DLB@IM^DC

Cd dctd hirimk`d nibi nij`m`r cd pgcìt`kd dlb`imtdc ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm y dsihurdr qui iccd Is dprgp`dnd d cd mdturdcizd, iskdcd i `lpdktgs dlb`imtdcis ni sus dkt`v`ndnis, ¸ prgnuktgs g sirv`k`gs5 @mkcuyi ic kglprgl`sg nic liogrdl`imtg kgmt`mug y privimk`ûm ni cd kgmtdl`mdk`ûm5 ¸ @mkcuyi ic kglprgl`sg kglprgl`sg ni kulpc`r kg kgm m cd cih`scdk`ûm y rihcdlimtdk`ûm dlb`imtdc ¸ pirt`mimti, y kgm gtrgs riqu`s`tgs suskr`tgs pgr cd grhdm`zdk`ûm5 Qrgpgrk`gmd ic ldrkg ni trdbdog pdrd istdbcikir y riv`sdr cgs gboit`vgs y litds ¸ dlb`imtdcis5 294098 [id ngkulimtdnd, `lpcilimtdnd y ldmtim`nd, y sid kglum`kdnd d tgngs cgs ¸ ilpcidngs5 [i imkuimtrd d n`spgs`k`ûm nic pÿbc`kg. ¸ 

QCDM@J@KDK@ÛM

Cd pcdm`j`kdk`ûm t`imi pgr gboitg? ¸ Cd `nimt`j`kdk`ûm ni cds kdrdktirìst`kds lin`gdlb`imtdcis, dkt`v`ndnis g prgnuktgs qui `mtirdkk`gmdm kgm ic lin`g dlb`imti.

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¸ Ic dmäc`s`s ni cds gbc`hdk`gmis, cihdcis g vgcumtdr`ds, ni cd ilprisd im istd ldtir`d. ¸ Cd nitirl`mdk`ûm ni cgs gboit`vgs y litds ni n i dktudk`ûm. ¸ Ic istdbcik`l`imtg ni prghrdlds (istrdtih`ds) qui pirl`tdm dckdmzdr cgs gboit`vgs y litds. Nibi `mkcu`r cd ds`hmdk`ûm ni rispgmsdb`c`ndnis y lin`gs, y um kdcimndr`g tilpgrdc, istdmng tgng iccg nib`ndlimti ngkulimtdng. ¸

Riqu`s`tg Ri qu`s`tg s cihdcis cihdcis y gtrgs

Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir um prgkin`l`imtg pdrd @nimt`j`kdr y timir  dkkisg d cgs riqu`s`tgs cihdcis y d gtrgs gt rgs riqu`s`tgs suskr`tgs pgr cd grhdm`zdk`ûm, qui si dpc`quim d cgs dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis ni sus dkt`v`ndnis prgnuktgs g sirv`k`gs. ¸ Gboit`vgs y litds Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir gboit`vgs y litds dlb`imtdcis ngkulimtdngs, im kdnd jumk`ûm y m`vic pirt`mimti nimtrg ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Kudmng istdbcizkd y ixdl`mi sus gboit`vgs, cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi kgms`nirdr cgs riqu`s`tgs cihdcis y gtrgs riqu`s`tgs, sus dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis s`hm`j`kdt`vgs, sus dctirmdt`vds tikmgcûh`kds y sus riqu`s`tgs j`mdmk`irgs, gpirdk`gmdcis y kglirk`dcis, dsì kglg cds gp`m`gmis ni cds pdrtis `mtirisdnds. Cgs gboit`vgs y litds nibim sir kgms`stimtis kgm cd pgcìt`kd dlb`imtdc, `mkcuyàmngsi im àstgs ic kglprgl`sg pdrd privim`r cd kgmtdl`mdk`ûm. ¸ Qrghrdldnibi ni hist` hi st`ûm ûm dlb`imtdc Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm istdbcikir y ldmtimir umg g vdr`gs prghrdlds pdrd dckdmzdr sus gboit`vgs y litds. Ic prghrdld nibi `mkcu`r? Cd nis`hmdk`ûm ni cd rispgmsdb`c`ndn pdrd kulpc`r kgm cgs gboit`vgs y litds im kdnd  jumk`ûm y m`vic pirt`mimti ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm5 Cgs lin`gs y pcdzgs nimtrg ni cgs kudcis si nibim cghrdr.  [` um prgyiktg t`imi ricdk`ûm ricdk`ûm kgm muivgs nis nisdrrgccgs drrgccgs y kgm dkt`v`ndnis, prgnu prgnuktgs ktgs g sirv`k`gs muivgs g lgn`j`kdngs, àc (cgs) prghrdld(s) nibi(m) imlimndrsi, kudmng sid dprgp`dng, pdrd dsihurdr qui cd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc si dpc`qui d tdcis prgyiktgs. 

@LQCDM^DK@ÛM P JYMK@GMDL@IM^G

Im istd jdsi si prgkini d cd `lpcdmtdk`ûm ni cgs prghrdlds y d su puistd im gpirdk`ûm. [u nisdrrgccg si istdbciki im cgs s`hu`imtis s`iti kdpìtucgs? ¸ Istrukturd y ds`hmdk`ûm ds`hmdk`ûm ni rispgmsdb`c`ndni rispgmsdb`c`ndniss [i ds`hmdm rispgmsdb`c`ndnis kgmkritds, istdbcik`imng jumk`gmis, dsì kglg cds n`st`mtds  oirdrquìds. ^dlb`àm nibi `mkcu`r `mkcu`r cgs lin`gs fuldm fuldmgs, gs, tàkm`kgs y ikgmû ikgmûl`kgs l`kgs ds`hmdngs. [i mglbrdm riprisimtdmtis, riprisimtdmtis, pdrd dsihurdr ic k kulpc`l`imtg ulpc`l`imtg ni cd mgrld i `mjgrldr d cd n`rikk`ûm. ¸ Jgrld Jgrldk`ûm, k`ûm, sims`b`c` sims`b`c`zd zdk`ûm k`ûm y kglpitimk`d kglpitimk`d prgj prgjis`gmdc is`gmdc Im isti dpdrtdng, nibim `nimt`j`kdrsi cds mikis`ndnis ni jgrldk`ûm, im jumk`ûm ni cds dkt`v`ndnis ridc`zdnds im kdnd puistg ni trdbdog. Nibi jgrldrsi dnikudndlimti dc pirsgmdc qui ridc`ki tdrids kgm `lpdktg lin`gdlb`imtdc s`hm`j`kdt`vg, kgms`nirdmng tdlb`àm dc pirsgmdc doimg qui ridc`ki tdrids im cd grhdm`zdk`ûm, y dc qui si ci puini pin`r  umd jgrldk`ûm dnikudnd. ¸ Kglum`kdk`ûm Gtgrhdmng umd ispik`dc ricivdmk`d d cd `mjgrldk`ûm sgbri dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis y

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istdbcik`imng prgkin`l`imtgs prgkin`l`imtgs ni kglum`kdk`ûm `mtirmd imtri cgs n`st`mtgs m`vicis ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm y kgm cds pdrtis ixtirmds `mtirisdnds g pgtimk`dclimti djiktdnds. ¸ Ngkulimtdk`ûm Ldmudc nic s`stild ni hist`ûm lin`gdlb`imtdc. Nibirä kgmtimir cd niskr`pk`ûm ni cgs icilimtgs nic s`stild (pgcìt`kd, `nimt`j`kdk`ûm, gbc`hdk`gmis, gboit`vgs y litds, prghrdlds, istrukturd, jgrldk`ûm, kglum`kdk`ûm, itk.) y sus `mtirricdk`gmis. Ldtir`dc`zdng im um ngkulimtg ni rijirimk`d, qui `mkcu`rä s` prgkini, `mjgrldk`ûm sgbri prgkisgs, grhdm`hrdlds, mgrlds y prgkin`l`imtgs, y pcdmis ni ilirhimk`d. ¸ Kgmtrgc ni ngkulimtgs Istdbcik`l`imtg ni prgkin`l`imtgs dktudc`zdngs pdrd ic kgmtrgc ni cd ngkulimtdk`ûm riquir`nd pgr cd mgrld y pdrd cd liogrd kgmt`mud. [i ispik`j`kdm is pik`j`kdm `mn`kdk`gmis sgbri cih`b`c`ndn, jikfdng, `nimt`j`kdk`ûm, drkf`vg, rit`rdnd y dktudc`zdk`ûm, itk. ¸ Kgmtrgc gpirdt`vg Ngmni si istdbcikim cgs prgkin`l`imtgs pdrd cd `nimt`j`kdk`ûm i `mtirvimk`ûm sgbri dkt`v`ndnis kgm `lpdktg lin`gdlb`imtdc, `mjgrldmng d kgmtrdt`stds y prgviingris ni dquiccgs prgkin`l`imtgs qui cis `mkulbdm.

¸ Qcdmi Qcdmiss ni n i ili ilirhimk`d rhimk`d y ni rispuistd Qrgkin`l`imtgs pdrd `nimt`j`kdr dkk`nimtis pgtimk`dcis y s`tudk`gmis ni ilirhimk`d, istdbcik`imng likdm`slgs ni rispuistd y lin`nds ni privimk`ûm. ^gng iccg gr`imtdng d l`m`l`zdr `lpdktgs mihdt`vgs.



ZIR@J@KDK@ÛM P DKK@ÛM KGRRIK^@ZD [i kglpgmi kglpgmi ni kudtr kudtrg g kdpìt kdpìtucgs? ucgs?

¸ LGM@^GRIG P LIN@K@GM Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir prgkin`l`imtgs ngkulimtdngs pdrd lgm`tgridr y lin`r, rihucdrlimti, cds kdrdktirìst`kds kcdvi ni sus gpirdk`gmis y dkt`v`ndnis qui puindm timir um `lpdktg s`hm`j`kdt`vg sgbri ic dlb`imti. Istg nibi `mkcu`r  ic rih`strg ni cd `mjgrldk`ûm pdrd `mvist`hdr ic kglpgrtdl`imtg, cgs kgmtrgcis gpirdk`gmdcis

pirt`mimtis cd kgmjgrl`ndn kgmkdc`brdr cgs gboit`vgs y litds dlb`imtdciscgs nirih`strgs cd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Ic iqu`pg niy lgm`tgrig si nibi y ldmtimir, kgmsirvdmng ni isti prgkisg ni dkuirng kgm cgs prgkin`l`imtgs ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir um prgkin`l`imtg ngkulimtdng pdrd ivdcudr  pir`ûn`kdlimti ic kulpc`l`imtg ni cds ciyis y rihcdlimtgs dlb`imtdcis pirt`mimtis. ¸ MG KGMJGRL@NDN, DKK@GMI[ KGRRIK^@ZD[ P QRIZIM^@ZD[ Isti kdpìtucg trdtd sgbri cd ridc`zdk`ûm y puistd dc nìd ni prgkin`l`imtgs pdrd ic kgmtrgc y cd vir`j`kdk`ûm ni n`skgmjgrl`ndnis, y pdrd ic `m`k`g y ic nisdrrgccg ni cds dkk`gmis kgrriktgrds y privimt`vds qui prgkindm. Dniläs, Dnil äs, nibim niodr kgmstdmk`d sgbri dspiktgs tdcis kglg rispgmsdb`c`ndnis, kdusds, dkk`gmis kgrriktgrds, itk. Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir prgkin`l`imtgs pdrd nij`m`r cds rispgmsdb`c`ndnis y dutgr`ndn pdrd ldmiodr i `mvist`hdr mg kgmjgrl`ndn kgmjgrl`ndnis, is, tgldmng cds lin`nds pdrd dtimudr kudcqu`ir `lpdktg kdusdng y pdrd `m`k`dr y kglpcitdr cds dkk`gmis kgrrikt`vds y privimt`vds. Kudcqu`ir dkk`ûm kgrrikt`vd g privimt`vd qui si tgli pdrd ic`l`mdr cds kdusds ni mg

4;

 

kgmjgrl`ndnis, ridcis g pgtimk`dcis, nibi sir dprgp`dnd d cd ldhm`tun ni cgs prgbcilds y im prgpgrk`ûm dc `lpdktg dlb`imtdc nitiktdng. Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi `lpcilimtdr y rih`strdr kudcqu`ir kdlb`g im cgs prgkin`l`imtgs ngkulimtdngs qui risucti ni cds dkk`gmis kgrrikt`vds y privimt`vds. Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir prgkin`l`imtgs pdrd `nimt`j`kdr, ldmtimir y n`spgmir cgs rih`strgs dlb`imtdcis. Istgs rih`strgs nibim `mkcu`r cgs rih`strgs ni kdpdk`tdk`ûm y cgs risuctdngs ni cds dun`tgr`ds y riv`s`gmis.

RIH@[^RG[ RIH@[ ^RG[ DLB@IM^DCI[ @IM^DCI[ [gm¸Ngkulimtgs quiDLB rijciodm ic jumk`gmdl`imtg nic s`stild y qui pirl`tim kglprgbdr ic kulpc`l`imtg ni cd mgrld y ni cgs gboit`vgs y litds istdbcik`ngs. Nibim istdr sglit`ngs d um s`stild ni kgmtrgc ngkulimtdc, qui hdrdmt`ki su cih`b`c`ndn, `nimt`j`kdk`ûm, dktudc`ndn, itk. Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm istdbciki ic pirìgng ni drkf`vg pdrd istgs ngkulimtgs, kudmng mg isti mg fdyd s`ng j`odng pgr cd cih`scdk`ûm. Cgs rih`strgs dlb`imtdcis nibim sir cih`bcis, `nimt`j`kdbcis y pirl`t`r cd trdzdb`c`ndn ni cd dkt`v`ndn, prgnuktg g sirv`k`g sirv`k`g @mvgcukrdng. Cgs rih`strgs d dlb`imtdcis lb`imtdcis si nibi nibim m dcldkimdr y ldmtimir ni ldmird tdc qui si puindm rikupirdr kgm jdk`c`ndn j dk`c`ndn y istàm prgtih`ngs ni ndôgs, nitir`grg g pàrn`nds. [i nibi istdbcikir y rih`strdr su t`ilpg ni ritimk`ûm. Cgs rih`strgs si nibim ldmtimir, sihÿm sid dprgp`dng dc s`stild y d cd grhdm`zdk`ûm, pdrd nilgstrdr cd kgmjgrl`ndn kgm cgs riqu`s`tgs ni istd mgrld. ¸  DYN@^GR@D NIC [@[^ILD NI HI[^@GM Qrgkin`l`imtg `mnipimn`imti, s`stilät`kg y ngkulimtdng pdrd cd vir`j`kdk`ûm ni qui cds dkk`gmis ilprimn`nds sgm kgmjgrlis d cg pcdm`j`kdng, vdc`ndr cgs risuctdngs gbtim`ngs y kglprgbdr qui cds dkk`gmis si ridc`zdm ij`kdz y ij`k`imtilimti, y sgm dkgrnis d cd pgcìt`kd y cgs gboit`vgs ni cd ilprisd im ldtir`d privimt`vd. Nibi ridc`zdrsi pir`ûn`kdlimti y puini sir `mtirmd g ixtirmd, im jumk`ûm ni qui cd ridc`ki pirsgmdc pirtimik`imti g mg d cd ilprisd5 im kudcqu`ir kdsg, nibi hdrdmt`zdrsi cd `lpdrk`dc`ndn y gboit`v`ndn. Cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi istdbcikir y ldmtimir umg g vdr`gs prghrdlds y prgkin`l`imtgs pdrd cds dun`tgr`ds pir`ûn`kds nic s`stild ni hist`ûm d dlb`imtdc lb`imtdc qui si ijiktÿ ijiktÿim im pdrd d) Nitirl`mdr s` ic s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc 4. Kulpci g mg kgm cds lin`nds pcdmidnds pdrd cd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc, `mkcuyimng cgs riqu`s`tgs ni istd mgrld. Fd s`ng g mg `lpcilimtdng y ldmtim`ng kgrriktdlimti. 2. b) @mjgrldr d cd hirimk`d dkirkd ni cgs risuctdngs ni cds dun`tgr`ds Ic prghrdld ni dun`tgr`d ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm, `mkcuyimng kudcqu`ir kudcqu`ir pcdm, nibi bdsdrsi im cd `lpgrtdmk`d dlb`imtdc ni cd dkt`v`ndn im kuist`ûm ni y im cgs risuctdngs ni dun`tgr`dsicpriv`ds. Qdrd kgms`nirdrsi kglpcitgs, cgs prgkin`l`imtgs dun`tgr`d nibim kglprimnir dckdmki, cd jrikuimk`d y cds litgngcghìds ni cds dun`tgr`ds, dsì kglg tdlb`àm cds rispgmsdb`c`ndnis y riqu`s`tgs pdrd kgmnuk`r cds dun`tgr`ds i `mjgrldr cgs risuctdng risuctdngs. s. 

RIZ@[@ÛM NI CD HIRIMK@D

Cd dctd hirimk`d ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm nibi, d `mtirvdcgs nitirl`mdngs pgr iccd l`sld, riv`sdr  ic s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc, pdrd dsihurdr cd kgmt`mu`ndn ni su kgmvim`imk`d, dnikudk`ûm y ij`kdk`d. ij`kdk`d. Ic prgkisg ni riv`s`ûm ni cd hirimk`d nibi ds dsihurdr ihurdr qui si riÿmd cd `mjgrldk`ûm mikisdr`d pdrd qui cd hirimk`d puind ijiktudr istd ivdcudk`ûm. Istd riv`s`ûm nibi ngkulimtdrsi. d) Cd riv`s`ûm ni cd hirimk`d nibi kgms`nirdr cd pgs`bci mikis`ndn ni kdlb`gs d cd pgcìt`kd, gboit`vgs y gtrgs icilimtgs nic s`stild ni hist`ûm hi st`ûm dlb`imtdc, d cd fd ni cgs risuctdngs ni cd dun`tgr`d nic s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc, ni cgs kdlb`gs ni k`rkumstdmk`ds y nic kglprgl`sg pgr um liogrdl`imtg kgmt`mug.

4>

 

>.

Kirt`j`kdk`ûm

Nispuàs ni qui qui umd grhdm`zdk` grhdm`zdk`ûm ûm fdyd `lpcilimtdng `lpcilimtdng um [HD ni dkuirng kgm cd @[G 4>114 y cg gpiri nurdmti um pirìgng ni t`ilpg dnikudng (himirdclimti ni tris d si`s lisis, y umd viz qui si fdyd ridc`zdng sdt`sjdktgr`dlimti cd dun`tgrìd `mtirmd) is pgs`bci kgmtrdtdr um grhdm`slg ni kirt`j`kdk`ûm pgr tirkird pdrti pdrd vir`j`kdr qui ic [HD ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm kulpci cgs riqu`s`tgs ni cd mgrld, y qui cgs gboit`vgs y litds dlb`imtdcis si istäm kulpc`imng d tgngs cgs m`vicis ni cd gpirdk`ûm. Isticds is ic prgkisg ni dun`tgrìd ixtirmd. Cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm pgr tirkird pdrti `mkcuyi s`hu`imtis itdpds bäs`kds? ¸

N`c`himk`dr cd sgc`k`tun.

¸

Riv`sdr ic ldmudc g pgcìt`kd ni kdc`ndn.

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Ccivdr d kdbg cd pri-iv pri-ivdcudk`ûm dcudk`ûm (gpk`gmdc)

¸

Kirt`j`kdk`ûm.

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[ihu`l`imtg.

Cd @[G 4>114 ix`hi um umd d riv`s`ûm prgjumnd n ni i cd ngkulimtdk`ûm nic s`st s`stild ild ni hist`ûm hist`û m dlb`i dlb`imtdc mtdc ni umd grhdm grhdm`zdk `zdk`ûm. `ûm. Im cd ldygr ldygrìd ìd ni grhdm`zdk` grhdm`zdk`gmis gmis cd ngkulimtdk`ûm istä istä istrukturdnd i im m cd s`hu`imti oirdrquìd ni tris m`vicis? Ic ldmudc nic [HD g cd pgcìt`k pgcìt`kd d dlb`imtdc, g dlbgs5 ¸ ¸

Cgs prgkin`l` prgkin`l`imtgs imtgs gp gpirdt`v irdt`vgs, gs, y

¸

Cgs rih`strgs rih`strgs dlb`i dlb`imtdci mtdcis. s.

Nurdmti umd dun`tgrìd nic [HD si riv`sdm cgs ngkulimtgs pdrd nitirl`mdr s` kulpcim cgs riqu`s`tgs dpc`kdbcis ni cd mgrld @[G 4>114 y kudcqu`ir gtrg riqu`s`tg. Is mikisdr`g nij`m`r kcdrdlimti im cd ngkulimtdk`ûm ni cd kglpdôìd cgs kr`tir`gs kgm bdsi im cgs kudcis lin`r ic [HD. [` istd riv`s`ûm luistrd qui ic s`stild ngkulimtdng ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm mg istä im kdpdk`ndn ni kulpc`r cgs riqu`s`tgs, mg si rikgl`imnd ilpcidr läs t`ilpg im cd dun`tgrìd fdstd kgrrih`r cd s`tudk`ûm. Nurdmti cds dun`tgrìds imkgmtrdlgs mg kgmjgrl`ndn. [` cd mg kgmjgrl`ndn(MK) imkgmtrdnd si `nimt`j`kd umd kglgmg–limgr“, is umlimgr prgbcild qui qui si puini kgrrih`r  jäk`climti. Ysudclimti, kgmjgrl`ndn is dchg mg bcgquid ic prgkisg ni dun`tgrìd. Kudmng si `nimt`j`kd umd mg kgmjgrl`ndn –ldygr", usudclimti s`hm`j`kd qui si nibi fdkir um kdlb`g s`hm`j`kdt`vg dc [HD, kglg pgr ioilpcg dn`k`gmdr um prgkin`l`imtg g kdlb`dr umd präkt`kd. [i nibim tgldr dkk`gmis kgrrikt`vds pdrd ic`l`mdr cd kdusd ni cd mg kgmjgrl`ndn. Cds grhdm`zdk`gmis nibirìdm buskdr cd kdusd ni cd mg kgmjgrl`ndn y iv`tdr qui vuicvd d gkurr`r. Ymd viz qui si kgrr`od cd mg kgmjgrl`ndn, usudclimti si riqu`iri umd ivdcudk`ûm ni sihu`l`imtg c`l`tdnd dc ärid djiktdnd. Im tdmtg fdyd mg kgmjgrl`ndn, tdmtg ldygris kglg limgris, mg is pgs`bci cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm. Ymd viz qui umd kglpdôìd kglpcitd ic prgkisg ni kirt`j`kdk`ûm, rik`bi um kirt`j`kdng y is `mkcu`nd im um rih`strg g n`riktgr`g pubc`kdng pgr ic grhdm`slg ni kirt`j`kdk`ûm. Cd ldygrìd ni kirt`j`kdngris ridc`zd v`s`tds ni sihu`l`imtg umd viz dc dôg. Cd vdc`niz ni um kirt`j`kdng is ni tris dôgs, ni nispuàs ni cg kudc fdki umd nibim muivd kgmt`mudr  dun`tgrìd kglpcitd ni rimgvdk`ûm. Nispuàs cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm, cdssikglpdôìds

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lgstrdmng qui kulpcim kulpcim cgs riqu`s`tgs ni cd mgrld. [` umd kglpdôìd kglpdôìd mg kulpci istd litd, su kirt`j`kdk`ûm si ci puini rivgkdr. Qdrd gbtimir umd kirt`j`kdk`ûm @[G 4>114 si riqu`iri kgmjgrl`ndn im kudtrg ärids grhdm`zdk`gmdcis? @lpcilimtdk`ûm ni um s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc.

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 Dsihurdl`imtg ni qui qui si fdm `lpcilimtdn `lpcilimtdng g prgkin`l`imtgs pdrd ldmtimir 

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cd kgmjgrl`ndn kgm cds ciyis y cds rihcdlimtdk`gmis. Kglprgl`sg Kglpr gl`sg k kgm gm cd liogrd kg kgmt`mu mt`mud, d, y kglp kglprgl`s rgl`sg g kgm cd l`m`l`z l`m`l`zdk`û dk`ûm m ni ris`nugs y cd privimk`û privimk`ûm m ni cd kgmtdl`mdk`ûm.

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@mtihrdk`û @mtihr dk`ûm m ni n i cd @[G 4>11 4>111 1 y ccd d @[G 0 0111 111

9.

^dmtg cd @[G 4>114 kglg cd @[G 0 0114 114 trdtdm sgbri s`stil s`stilds ds ni hist`ûm qui jgr jgrldm ldm pdrti `mtihrdc ni cd hist`ûm hcgbdc ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Dlbgs s`stilds istäm n`siôdngs pdrd kgmtr`bu`r d liogrdr ic nisilpiôg ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Cds mgrlds kglpdrtim lukfgs icilimtgs kglumis nic s`stild, qui si puinim usdr jäk`climti pdrd `mtihrdr ic s`stild ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc kgm ic s`stild ni hist`ûm ni cd kdc`ndn ni umd grhdm`zdk`ûm im cds s`hu`imtis ärids? 

Ngkulimtdk`ûm  Dlbds mgrlds ix`him ic nisdrrgccg ni ngkulimtdk`ûm pdrd dbgrndr sus riqu`s`tgs. Ym pgs`bci làtgng ni `mtihrdk`ûm ni cgs ngkulimtgs is nisdrrgccdr  ldmudcis ni pgcìt`kd sipdrdngs, y, d cd viz icdbgrdr prgkin`l`imtgs ngkulimtdngs kglumis pdrd n`jirimtis riqu`s`tgs ni [HK y [HD.



Rispgmsdb`c`ndn Ri spgmsdb`c`ndn ni cd n`rikk`ûm  Dlbds mgrlds ix`him ic kglprgl`sg ni cd dctd n`rikk`ûm kgm ic istdbcik`l`imtg i `lpcilimtdk`ûm ni s`stilds ni hist`ûm.

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Hist`ûm Hi st`ûm ni ri rikursgs kursgs  Dlbgs s`stilds kgmt`imim riqu`s`tgs sgbri rikursgs, `mkcu`ngs cgs rikursgs fuldmgs, pdrd dpc`kdr cds pgcìt`kds y cghrdr cgs gboit`vgs ni cd grhdm`zdk`ûm. Cgs riqu`s`tgs sgbri kglpitimk`d, tgld ni kgmk`imk`d y kdpdk`tdk`ûm sgm kglumis pdrd dlbds mgrlds.

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Rid Ri dc`zd c`zdk`ûm k`ûm ni nicc prgnuktg

Ic s`stild ni hist`ûm ni cd kdc`ndn bdsdng im @[G 0114 dbgrnd pgr sipdrdng vdr`gs prgkisgs prgkisgs ni ridc`zdk`ûm nic prgnuk prgnuktg5 tg5 is nik`r, pcdm`j`kdk pcdm`j`kdk`ûm `ûm ni cd ridc`zdk`ûm nic prgnuktg, prgkisgs ricdk`gmdngs kgm ic kc`imti, n`siôg y nisdrrgccg, kglprds, prgnukk`ûm y pristdk`ûm ni sirv`k`gs. Im istgs prgkisgs si puinim `mtihrdr cd `nimt`j`k `nimt`j`kdk`ûm dk`ûm y ic kgmtrgc gpirdk`gmdc ni cgs dspiktgs dlb`imtdcis s`hm`j`kdt`vgs.

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Lin`k`ûm, Li n`k`ûm, dmä dmäc`s`s c`s`s y liogrd

Cd ldygrìd ni cgs riqu`s`tgs ni istd sikk`ûm (dun`tgrìds `mtirmds, sihu`l`imtg y lin`k`ûm, kgmtrgc ni mg kgmjgrl`ndnis, dkk`ûm kgrrikt`vd, dkk`ûm privimt`vd, liogrd kgmt`mud) sgm kglumis tdmtg dc [HD kglg dc [HK. Istgs riqu`s`tgs kglumis si puinim dbgrndr s`luctämidlimti im cgs prgki prgkin`l`imtgs n`l`imtgs nic s`stil s`stild d ni hist`ûm. Cgs grhdm`slgs ni kirt`j`kdk`ûm tdlb`àm dkiptdm ccivdr d kdbg dun`tgrìds ni

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kirt`j`kdk`ûm kgmoumtds im kglpdôìds qui fdm `mtihrdng um [HD y um [HK, y ni istd ldmird rinukim cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm pgr tirkird pdrti. Cd @[G 40144 –N`riktr`kis – N`riktr`kis pdrd cd dun`tgrìd ni cgs s`stilds ni hist`ûm ni cd kdc`ndn y/g dlb`imti“ prgpgrk`gmd n`riktr`kis sgbri dun`tgrìds ni s`stilds ni hist`ûm ni cd kdc`ndn y ni hist`ûm dlb`imtdc. Cgs bimij`k`gs ni cd @[G 40144 si puinim risul`r dsì? ¸

Ymd liogr dpc`kdb`c`ndn im cd ridc`zdk`ûm ni cds dun`tgrìds `mtirmds, y tdlb`àm läs imjgkdnds im ic usg pgr cds pylis5

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Ym imjgqui läs jcix`bci im kudmtg d cds kdc`j`kdk`gmis ni cgs dun`tgris y cd sicikk`ûm sicik k`ûm ni nicc iqu`p iqu`pg g dun`tg dun`tgr, r, y

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 Dpc`kdb`c`ndn d cds dun`tgrìds dun`tgrìds kglb`mdnds, y kgm iccg cci ccimdr mdr ic vdkìg imtri cds firrdl`imtds ni hist`ûm ni kdc`ndn y dlb`imtdc.

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Cd @[G @[G 4>1 4>111 11 y cgs p dì dìsis sis im nisdrrgccg nisdrrgcc g

Cds mgrl mgrlds ds istäm n`si n`siôdnd ôdnds s pdrd dbdrkd dbdrkdrr n`virsds kgm kgmn`k`gm n`k`gmis is highr highräj`kds äj`kds,, kucturdcis y sgk`dcis, y si dpc`kdm d tgng t`pg ni grhdm`zdk`gmis ni kudcqu`ir tdldôg. [`m ilbdr ilbdrhg, hg, cd @@[G [G i is s kgms kgmsk`imt k`imti in ni i tg tgnds nds cds n`j`k n`j`kuctdn uctdnis is qui imjri imjrimtdm mtdm cgs pdìsi pdìsis s im nisdrrgccg im ic ärid ni mgrldc`zdk`ûm5 pgr ioilpcg, nib`ng d cd jdctd ni kgmgk`l`imtgs tàkm`kgs ispik`dc`zdngs ispik`dc`zdngs y ni jgmngs, cd pdrt`k`pdk`ûm ni cgs pdìsis im nisdrrgccg im ic prgkisg ni icdbgrdk`ûm ni mgrlds is c`l`tdnd. Qdrd supirdr istds n`j`kuctdnis, cd @[G kriû ic Kgl`tà sgbri Dsu Dsumtgs mtgs ni Qdìsis im Nis Nisdrrgccg drrgccg (NIZKG). NIZKG y ic ^K 218 fdm istdng trdbdodmng istrikfdlimti im ic nisdrrgccg ni firrdl`imtds pdrd dyundr d cgs pdìsis im nisdrrgccg d kglprimnir cd sir`i @[G 4>111 y d pdrt`k`pdr im ic prgkisg ni nisdrrgccg. Istds firrdl`imtds `mkcuyim ic Ldmudc sgbri –Cd hist`ûm dlb`imtdc y cd @[G 4>111“, ic s`t`g wib nic ^K 218 y n`jirimtis sil`mdr`gs y tdcciris. [i rikgmgki qui cgs pdìsis mikis`tdm timir  `lpcilimtdnd umd `mjrdistrukturd ni mgrldc`zdk`ûm, y qui nibirìd nibirì d fdbir n`spgm`bci `mjgrldk`ûm kcdrd y ixdktd pdrd cgs usudr`gs pgtimk`dcis. Cgs grhdm`slgs l`ilbrgs ni @[G im lukfgs pdìsis im nisdrrgccg rikgmgk`irgm prgmtg cd `lpgrtdmk`d pgtimk`dc ni cd sir`i @[G 4>111, y dchumgs ni iccgs fdm s`ng pdrt`k`pdmtis dkt`vgs im ic prgkisg ni nisdrrgccg ni mgrlds. Ic ^K 218 fd ist`lucdng cd pdrt`k`pdk`ûm ni cgs pdìsis im nisdrrgccg. Ic kgl`tà fd ilprimn`ng vdr`ds `m`k`dt`vds pdrd dyundr d dsihurdr qui cds mgrlds kulpcdm su prgpûs`tg y qui sdt`sjdhdm cds mikis`ndnis ni tgngs sus usudr`gs priv`stgs, `mkcu`nds cds pylis y cds ilprisds ni pdìsis im nisdrrgccg. Lin`dmti ic istìlucg d cd pdrt`k`pdk`ûm im ic ^K 218 y sus subkgl`tàs pgr  riprisimtdmtis ni cgs pdìsis im nisdrrgccg, y pgr lin`g ni kgmsuctd kgm gtrgs ixpirtgs, ic ^K 218 kgms`nird cgs riqu`s`tgs pdrt`kucdris ni istgs pdìsis i `mtimtd timir im kuimtd sus mikis`ndnis im cgs ngkulimtgs isimk`dcis nic [HD. :.4

Kdsgs Kd sgs ni liogris präkt`kds pr äkt`kds

Cgs s`hu`imtis ioilpcgs ioilpcgs luistrdm kûlg cds ilpris ilprisds ds (pÿbc`kds, pr`vdnds, g dlbds) dlbds) qui fdm `m`k`dng kdlb`gs im ic s`stild lin`dmti cd dpc`kdk`ûm ni cd @[G 4>111, fdm cghrdng bimij`k`gs ikgmûl`kgs y dlb`imtdcis n`riktgs. Jäbr`kds ni pdpic y pucpd (Cd @mn`d) 48

 

Im cd jäbr`kd ni pucpd y pdpic ni Dsfged (@mn`d) si himirdbdm ixkis`vgs ris`nugs ni pdpic. Dc lgn`j`kdr prgkisgs y iqu`pgs i `mtrgnuk`r muivd tikmgcghìd si risgcv`û isti prgbcild. [i cghrû um dfgrrg dmudc ist`ldng ni 446 111 nûcdris dlir`kdmgs kgm umd `mvirs`ûm ni 29 111 nûcdris, y cd kgmtdl`mdk`ûm nic rìg si rinuog kgms`nirdbcilimti. 8.

Kûlg Kû lg pubc`kd pubc`kdrr su kirt`j`kdk kirt`j`kdk`ûm `ûm

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Mg ut`c`ki ut`c`ki ic ccghg ghg n ni i cd @[G.

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Mg dndpti m` lgn`j`qui ic cghg n ni i cd @[G pdrd su usg.

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[` nisid ut`c`zdr um cghg, sgc`k`ti d su grhdm`slg ni kirt`j`kdk`ûm pirl`sg pdrd fdkircg.

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[` su grhdm`zdk`ûm istä kirt`j`kdnd kgm cd @[G 4>114?211>, usi cd nis`hmdk`ûm kglpcitd kglpc itd (mg sû sûcg cg –@[G 4>11 4>114“). 4“).

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Im ic kgmtixtg ni cd @[G 4>114?211>, –kirt`j`kdng“ (y –kirt`j`kdk`ûm“) y –rih`strdng“ (y –rih`strg“) t`imim um s`hm`j`kdng iqu`vdcimti, pgr cg qui puini usdr kudcqu` kudcqu`ird ird ni cgs ngs.

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Mg n`hd qui qui su g grhdm`zdk`ûm rhdm`zdk`ûm fd s`ng –dkrin`tdnd“.

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Mg usi –kirt`j`kdng kgm @[G“, g –kirt`j`kdk`ûm @[G“. N`hd? kirt`j`kdng kgm cd –@[G 4>114?211>“, 4>114?211>“, g –kirt`j`kdk`ûm @[G 4>114?211>“.

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Mg ixf`bd cgs siccgs ni kgmjgrl`ndn ni cd kirt`j`kdk`ûm kgm cd @[G 4>114?211> sgbri prgnuktgs, it`quitds ni prgnuktgs g ilpdquis ni prgnuktgs, g ni kudcqu`ir gtrd ldmird qui puind sir `mtirpritdnd kglg kgmjgrl`ndn nic prgnuktg.

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Im m`mhÿm kgmtixtg nibi ndr cd `lpris`ûm ni qui cds kirt`j`kdk kirt`j`kdk`gmis `gmis @[G 4>114?211> sgm sgm kirt`j`kdk`gmis n ni i prgnuktg g hdrdmtìds ni prgnuktg.

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Kudmng `mkcuyd umd rijirimk`d d cds kirt`j`kdk`gmis @[G 4>114?211> im `mjgrldk`ûm ricdk`gmdnd kgm um prgnuktg, `mkcu`nd cd pubc`k`ndn, mg cg fdhd ni ldmird qui cds kirt`j`kdk`gmis @[G 4>114?211> puindm `mtirpritdrsi kglg kirt`j`kdk`gmis ni prgnuktg g hdrdmtìds ni prgnuktg.

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[id ixdktg y prik`sg dkirkd nic dckdmki ni su grhdm`zdk`ûm g ni cds kirt`j`kdk`gmis @[G 4>114?211>, im cg qui kgmk`irmi d cds dkt`v`ndnis y ub`kdk`ûm highräj`kd qui kglprimnim cds kirt`j`kdk`gmis.

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