13493317-Zf Transmatic Service Manual-Zf Transmatic Service Manual
February 1, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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WZI =66 ear 25 Z 2>2, 2>2, 25 Z 002 WZI ==6 ear 25 Z 0>2 =2:6 7>2 26:b
Zu`onjt ta bctnrbtdaks dk mnsdgk
Japyrdglt `y _E ]lnsn rnpbdr dkstrujtdaks dkst rujtdaks brn pratnjtnm `y japyrdglt. Bky Bky rnpramujtdak bkm mdssnhdkbtdak mdss nhdkbtdak dk wlbtnvnr earh ‚ bcsa dk bmbptnm, pbrbplrbsnm ar nxtrbjtnm earh ‚ dk pbrtdjucbr bs b rnprdkt, platahnjlbkdjbc ar ncnjtrakdj rnpramujtdak ar bs b starbgn dk mbtb-prajnssdkg nqudphnkt ar mbtb kntwaris wdtlaut bppravbc bppravbc `y tln lacmnr ae tln japyrdglt japyrdglt ds prald`dtnm prald`dtnm bkm wdcc `n prasnjutnm ukmnr ukmnr jdvdc bkm jrdhdkbc cbw cbw. Vrdktnm dk Gnrhbky
Nmdtdak? 60.66
=2:6 7>2 26:b
WZI =66/==6
Jaktnkts Vbgn
.......... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... ....... .. Vrnebjn ..... Dhpartbkt Dhpart bkt dkearh dkearhbtdak btdak ..... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... ....... .. Dkstrujtdaks Dkstruj tdaks ear ear jbrrydkg aut rnpbdrs rnpbdrs ............ .................. ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .....
= > 5
]dg ]dgltnkd ltnkdkg kg tarquns ........... ..... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ...... Jaksuhb`cns ........................................................................ ................................. ............................................................................. ...................................................................... ................................ Bmousthnkt Bmoust hnkt mbtb ..... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ...... Zprdkg tb`cn ................................... .......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................................................... ................................ Zpnjdbc taacs ................................... ......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................................................... ...............................
< 26 22 25 27
2
Mdssbs Md bsssnh nh` `cy bk bkm bs bssn snh h`cy ae ae WZI /nk /nkg gdk dknn ........................................................................................... 2-2
0
]rbkshdssdak ha hauktdkg ................................. ........................................................................ ............................................................................. ................................................... ............. 0-2
:
Jnkt Jn ktrb rbcc wdr wdrdk dkg g lbr lbrkn knss ss ‚ WZ WZI I =66/== =66/==6 6 ................................................................................................. :-2
=
Adc rn rnsnrvadr ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ...................................... ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ...................................... =-2
>
Jcutjl jy jycdkmnr WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ................................... .......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................... >-2
5
WZI / trbkshdssdak WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 .................................. ......................................................................... ....................................................................... ................................ 5-2
7
Znc ncnj njta tarr jc jcu utj tjl l ‚ WZ WZI I =66/= 66/==6 =6 .................................. ......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................... 7-2
.......................................................................... .............................................................................. ............................................. ...... Jakvnrtnr ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ................................... Jakvnrtnr Jakv nrtnr dkstbccbtdak mnptl –J‘ ........................................................ .............................................................................................. ........................................................ .................. Bxdbc pcby ae tbpnrnm raccnr `nbrdkg –G‘ ...................................... ............................................................................ .............................................................. ........................ Dkmujtdvn snksar mdstbkjn (–k nkgdkn‘) ......................................... ............................................................................... .............................................................. ........................ =2) 77-6 Ebx? (6 7> =2) 77->705
=
Mbhbgn rnsuctdkg erah wari pnrearhnm `y kak-_E pnrsakknc dk bk dhprapnr bkm ukpraenssdakbc hbkknr bkm bky jaksnqunktdbc jasts brn nxjcumnm erah tln jaktrbjtubc cdb`dcdty bgrnnhnkt. Nxjcusdak ae cdb`dcdty bcsa bppcdns de gnkudkn _E spbrns brn kat usnm.
Dhpartbkt dkearhbtdak ZBEN]T KA]DJN
G N K N P B C D K E A P H B] B] D A K
Jahpbkdns rnpbdrdkg _E ukdts brn rnspaksd`cn ear tlndr awk wari sbenty sbent y.
Pnbm tlds hbkubc jbrneuccy `nearn stbrtdkg bky tnsts ar rnpbdr wari.
] a bvadm dkoury ta bkm pnrsakknc bkm mbhbgn ta pramujts, sbenty rngucbtdaks cngbc rnqudrnhnkts wldjl bppcybcc ta rnpbdr bkm hbdktnkbkjn wari hust `n bmlnrnm ta. @nearn stbrtdkg wari, wari, hnjlbkdjs hust ebhdcdbrdzn tlnhsncvns wdtl tlnsn rngucbtdaks. Vnrsakknc rnqudrnm ta jbrry aut rnpbdrs ak _E pramujts hust rnjndvn bppraprdbtn trbdkdkg dk bmvbkjn. Dt ds tln t ln rnspaksd`dcdty ae nbjl jahpbky ta nksurn tlbt tlndr rnpbdr stbee ds prapnrcy trbdknm.
JB^]DAK Vdjturns, mrbwdkgs bkm jahpaknkts ma kat bcwbys bcwbys rnprnsnkt tln ardgdkbc a`onjt, `ut brn usnm ta dccustrbtn dccustrbtn waridk waridkg g prajnmurns. Vdjturns, mrbwdkgs bkm jahpaknkts brn kat ta sjbcn. Jakjcusdaks b`aut sdzn bkm wndglt slaucm kat `n mrbwk (nvnk wdtldk b jahpcntn dccustrbtdak). Bcwbys Bcwb ys eaccaw tln waridkg stnps bs mnsjrd`nm dk tln tnxt.
]ln eaccawdkg sbenty dkstrujtdaks bppnbr dk tlds hbkubc?
Betnr jahpcntdak ae rnpbdr wari bkm tnstdkg, sidccnm stbee hust sbtdsey tlnhsncvns tlbt tln pramujt ds eukjtdakdkg jarrnjtcy.
KA]N Pnenrs ta spnjdbc prajnssns, tnjlkdquns, mbtb, usn ae buxdcdbry nqudphnkt, ntj.
JB^]DAK ]lds ds usnm wlnk dkjarrnjt, dkjarrnjt, ukpraenss ukpraenssdakbc dakbc waridkg prbjtdjns jaucm mbhbgn tln pramujt.
!
MBKGNP ]lds ds usnm wlnk cbji ae jbrn jaucm cnbm ta pnrsakbc dkoury ar mnbtl.
!
]LPNB]Z ]A ]LN NKUDPAKHNK] ! ]LPNB]Z Cu`rdjbkts bkm jcnbkdkg bgnkts hust kat `n bccaw bccawnm nm ta nktnr tln sadc, graukm wbtnr wbtnr ar snwbgn systnh. • Bsi yaur yaur cajbc cajbc nkvdra nkvdrakhnkt khnkt bgnk bgnkjy jy ear ear sbenty dkearhbtdak ak tln rncnvbkt pramujts bkm bmlnrn ta tlndr rnqudrnhnkts. • Jaccnj Jaccnjtt usnm adc adc dk b sudtb` sudtb`cy cy cbrgn cbrgn jaktbdkn jaktbdknrr. • Mds Mdspas pasnn ae usn usnm m adc, adc, mdrt mdrty y edctnrs edctnrs,, cu` cu`rdj rdjbkt bktss bkm jcnbkdkg bgnkts dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl nkvdrakhnktbc pratnjtdak gudmncdkns. • Wlnk war waridkg idkg wdtl cu`rd cu`rdjbkts jbkts bkm jcnbk jcnbkdkg dkg bgnkts bcwbys rnenr ta tln hbkuebjturnr—s dkstrujtdaks.
JB^]DAK ]ln trbkshdssdak hust KA] `n lukg `y tln dkput slbet KAP `y tln autput ecbkgn.
>
Dkstrujtdaks Dkstruj tdaks ear ear rnpbd rnpbdrs rs Dk jbsn ae mau`t bcwbys turk ta tln rncnvbkt mnpbrthnkt wdtldk wdtldk _EBetnr-Zbcns _E Betnr-Zbcns Znrvdjns ear bmvdjn. Bcc wari ak trbkshdssdaks ds ta `n pnrearhnm nxpnrtcy bkm ukmnr jcnbk jakmdtdaks. jakmdtdaks. ^sn spnjdednm taacs ta mdshbktcn bkm bssnh`cn trbks-
G B Z I N ]Z ] Z , C A J I D K G V CB C B] N Z
Vbrts wldjl jbkkat `n rnhavnm wdtlaut `ndkg mbhbgnm hust bcwbys bcwbys `n rnpcbjnm wdtl knw pbrts (n.g. gbsints bkm cajidkg pcbtns).
hdssdaks. Betnr rnhavdkg tln trbkshdssdak erah tln vnldjcn, jcnbk tlarauglcy wdtl b sudtb`cn jcnbkdkg bgnkt `nearn apnkdkg. Vby pbrtdjucbr bttnktdak ta tln praonjtdaks bkm rnjnssns ae lausdkgs bkm javnr javnrss wlnk jcnbkdkg. Vbrts oadknm wdtl Cajtdtn brn nbsdnr ta snpbrbtn de wbrhnm wdtl b ebk lnbtnr.
ZLBE] ZNBCZ
Bcwbys jlbkgn slbet snbcs wdtl raugl, rdppnm ar Bcwbys lbrmnknm pbjidkg wbslnrs. Znbc jaktbjt surebjns hust `n tatbccy jcnbk bkm dk pnrenjt jakmdtdak.
PNWAPIDKG JCNBK DKG VBP]Z VBP]Z
Pnwari Pnw ari hby `n jbrrdnm aut ak snbc jaktbjt surebjns sureb jns Pnhavn rnhbdks ae acm gbsints Pnhavn gbs ints ak bcc snbc-ebjns. Jbrneuccy rnhavn rnhavn `urrs ar sdhdcbr s dhdcbr pbtjlns ae rauglknss usdkg bk adc-stakn.
usdkg pcukgn-jut grdkmdkg akcy akcy,, knvnr usn bk nhnry jcatl. Nksurn tlbt tlnrn brn ka trbjns ae grdkmdkg ar rdeecdkg.
Cu`n `arns bkm graavns hust `n ernn ae bktd-jarrasdak bgnkts bkm earndgk hbttnr9 jlnji ear pnrenjt pbssbgn.
De rnwari ds knnmnm ak mdstbkjn wbslnrs, sldhs ntj. `njbusn ae jcnbrbkjn jcnbrbkjn snttdkgs, nksurn tlbt tln rnwarinm rnwarinm brnbs jaktbdk ka ebjn rukaut bkm lbvn tln sbhn surebjn qubcdty.
Jbrneuccy javnr javnr apnknm trbkshdssdaks ta prnvnkt earndgk hbttnr erah nktnrdkg.
]PBKZHDZZDAK BZZNH@CT PN^ZDK G VBP]Z VBP]Z
Vbrts sujl bs `bcc ar raccnr `nbrdkgs, huctd-mdsjs, tlrust wbslnrs ntj., hust `n dkspnjtnm `y b jahpntnkt pnrsak, wla slaucm mnjdmn wlntlnr ar kat tlny jbk `n rn-usnm. Pnpcbjn pbrts wldjl brn mbhbgnm ar lbvn sueenrnm erah nxjnssdvn wnbr.
5
Edkm b jcnbk sdtn ta bssnh`cn tln trbkshdssdak. Gbsints brn dkstbccnm wdtlaut tln usn ae snbcdkg jahpaukm ar grnbsn. Wlnk hnbsurdkg sdcdjak-jabtnm gbsints, tbin jbrn kat ta dkjcumn tln tln sdcdjak cbynr dk tln hnbsurnhnbsurnhnkt. Murdkg bssnh`cy, bssnh`cy, jahpcy wdtl bcc bmousthnkt mbtb, jlnjidkg mbtb bkm tdgltnkdkg tarquns dk tln Pnpbdr Hbkubc.
Dkstrujtdaks Dkstruj tdaks ear ear rnpbd rnpbdrs rs @NBPDKGZ
De `nbrdkgs brn hauktnm dk lnbtnm jakmdtdak, tlny brn ta `n lnbtnm nvnkcy (n.g. lnbtdkg jb`dknt). ]nhpnrbturn slaucm `n bt jb. ¶J bkm hust kat nxjnnm 206 ¶J. Nbjl apnrbtdkg adc. hauktnm `nbrdkg hust `n adcnm wdtl
ZNBCDKG
De b spnjdedj snbcdkg bgnkt* ds ta `n usnm ear snbcdkg, jahpcy wdtl tln hbkuebjturnr—s hbkuebjturnr—s mdrnjtdaks ear usn. Bppcy b tldk cbynr ae snbcdkg bgnkt ta tln surebjns bkm sprnbm nvnkcy. nvnkcy. Ma kat bccaw snbcdkg ta nktnr adc mujts bkm `arns. Ak adc-jbrrydkg mujts bkm `arns, wdpn aee tln snbcdkg bgnkt ak tln surebjns ta `n snbcnm knbr bpnrturns ta nksurn tlbt ka snbcdkg bgnkt nktnrs tln adc ennms wlnk tln surebjns brn snbcnm.
m) Mubc slbet slbet snbcs snbcs lbvn lbvn twa twa snbcdkg snbcdkg cdps. ]ln must-praae snbcdkg cdp (\) hust ebjn autwbrms. \
n) Edcc tln gbp gbp `ntwnn `ntwnnk k tln snbcdk snbcdkg g cdpsBrbc sa dtsujl ds 56% edccnm wdtl (n.g. pramujnm `y bs Brbcu` LC0grnbsn ar `y MNB sujl bs Zpnjtrak EA 06). e) De passd`cn, passd`cn, lnbt lnbt slbet slbet snbc `arns `arns ta `ntwnnk `ntwnnk =6 bkm bkm >6 ¶J (hbins edttdkg nbsdnr). Vrnss tln snbc slbet wdtl hauktdkg ar ebjnpcbtn akta tln rncnvbkt dkstbccbtdak mnptl pcbk.
PN]BDKDKG BGNK]Z Pntbdkdkg bgnkts* hby akcy `n usnm dk pcbjns bs spnjdednm dk tln pbrts cdst. Bcwbys Bcwb ys jahpcy wdtl hbkuebjturnr—s hbkuebjturnr—s mdrnjtdaks ear usn wlnk usdkg rntbdkdkg bgnkts (n.g. Cajtdtn). Murdkg bssnh`cy, bssnh`cy, jahpcy wdtl bcc bmousthnkt mbtb, jlnjidkg mbtb bkm tdgltnkdkg tarquns.
ZLBE] ZNBCZ
b) Bppcy Bppcy b cdglt jabt jabt ae snbcdkg snbcdkg bgnkt* ak autnr autnr nmgn nmgn ae slbet snbcs wdtl –stnnc surraukm‘. ] P B K Z HD Z Z D A K A D C `) Knvnr bppcy snbcdkg snbcdkg bgnkt ta slbet snbcs wdtl –ru``nr surraukm‘, `ut bppcy b tldk jabt ae Ubsncdkn Ubsncdkn : 75
=: 50 0: =5
0: := 5<
0< =6 74
H 26 x 2.0> H 20 x 2.0> H 20 x 2.>
=4
H H2 20 = H 25
27 04 > 24>
2 22 > 0 > ::6
H H2 2= 5x x2 2..> > H 2< x 2.>
2 0: 6> > :26
0 :6 66 6 ==6
0 :: 5> 6 >06
H 2< H 06 H 00
0:6
:46 >56 7>6
=56 5>6
046 =:6 >6 00>6
H 0= x 2.> H 0= x 0 H 07 x 2.>
756 7:6 2266
2266 26>6 2566
20>6 2066 26
H 07 x 0 H :6 x 2.>
26>6 2>>6
2>66 0066
2>6
H :6 x 0
2>66
0266
0>66
Nmdtdak? Bugust 2442 / jlnjinm 2447 <
]dgltnkdkg tarquns Zjrnw pcugs MDK 46, _EK 2=, _EK 2= H 2< x 2.> H 06 x 2.> H 00 x 2.> H 0= x 2.> H 05 x 2.> H 07 x 0 H :6 x 2.> H :6 x 0 H :: x 0 H :5 x 2.> H :< x 2.> H =0 x 2.> H =0 x 0 H => x 2.> H => x 0 H =< x 2.> H =< x 0 H >0 x 2.> H 56 x 0 H 5= x 0
^kdak sjrnws (MDK75=:)
]dgltnkdkg tarqun sjrnwnm dkta stnnc/grby jbst Bc bccay 06 0> / :6* :> :> =6 >6 >> 56 / 6 2=> 256 2>6 276 256 2 06>
26 2> / 06* 0> 0> :6 :> => >6 / 5>* 56 76 / 46* 76 46 / 2:6* 226 22> 206 2:6 20> 2=6 2:6 2=> 2:> 2>6 25>
Vdpn autnr mdbhntnr
]lrnbm
]dgltnkdkg tarqun HB dk Kh
=->
H
5
H 26 x 2
0> - :>
<
H 20 x 2.>
:6 - =6
26
H 2= x 2.>
:> - =6
20
H 25 x 2.>
=>
2>
H 2< x 2.>
>6
2<
H 00 x 2.>
56
00
H 05 x 2.>
46
0<
H :6 x 2.>
2:6
:>
H :< x 2.>
2=6
27>
* MDK 756= Earh J
Ztbtus? Ajta`nr 244> 4
Jaksuhb`cns
Mnsjrdptdak _E rne. ka
WZI =66/==6
Kbhn
Bpprax. qubktdty
Bppcdjbtdak
Pnhbris
Oadktdkg jahpaukm 6555 546 627 Cajtdtn ka. 0=2
:6 hh:
H:x0 H: x00 0 jyc jyc.. sjr sjrnnw / wd wdrd rdkg kg lb lbrk rkns nsss
Jlbp Jl bptn tnrr 2: 2:
Znbcdkg jahpaukm 6555 746 627 WNUA C 266
06 g
Adc ennm ecbkgn Gnbr puhp
Jlbptnr 2: Jlbptnr 2:
Grnbsn 6572 246 6>6
Acdstb Cakgtdhn :N@
7g
Znpbrbtdkg jcutjl
Jlbptnr 7
Grnbsn 6572 24> 625
Hacyjatn @P0 pcus
=g
Pncnbsn mnvdjn
Jlbptnr 7
Grnbsn 67>6 244 662
Ear nxbhpcn ? Brbcu` LC0
- Zpcdt rdkg / jakvnrtnr - Knnmcn scnnvn / tur`dkn slbet - Zlbet snbc / rntbrmnr lausdkg - Zlbet snbc / jakvnrtnr lausdkg
Jlbptnr < Jlbptnr 4 Jlbptnr 20 Jlbptnr 2:
Jakvnrtnr jnktrdkg oaurkbc
Jlbptnr 2
Grbpldtn grnbsn
>6 g >g 0g 0g
KA]N? Dkqudrn b`aut tln sdzn ae `ukmcns tlbt jbk `n mncdvnrnm mncdvnrnm `nearn pcbjdkg bky armnrs !
26
WZI =66/==6
Bmousthnkt mbtb
Mnsjrdptdak
Mdhnksdak
Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn
Pnhbris
62.. 62
WZI =66
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g tar tarqu qunn ae ae bktd-ebtdgun `act ak jakvnrtnr
246 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
65.. 65
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqu qunn H:x00 ak wdrdkg lbrknss
2.: Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
67.. 67
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqu qunn H26x25 ak wdrdkg lbrknss
=5 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
6 sjrnw pcug bt jaktrac ukdt
:> Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
^sn knw snbcdkg rdkg
22
Bmousthnkt mbtb
WZI =66/==6
Mnsjrdptdak
Mdhnksdak
Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn
26. 26.
4.> Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
>.> Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H5x=6 bt vbcvn
Pnhbris
lausdkg 22. 22.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H>x20 bt sacnkadm vbcvn
20. 20.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H5x2< H5x20 bt javnr / jaktrac ukdt
]arqun wrnkjl 2= Kh 26 Kh
2:. 2:.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H, H H >> bt prnssurn pcbtn
=5 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
2>. 2>.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x2 H2 6x25 5 bt spbjnr pcbtn
=5 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
25. 25.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ttar arqu qunn ae ae H0= x2 x2.> .> sjrnw pcug ak adc rnsnrvadr
56 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
27. 27.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x H2 6x56 56 bt adc rnsnrvadr
=5 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
2 H20x226 H26x226 Mawnc pdks H20x27> H26x27> Kuts H20 H26 H20 (0x) ------Lnx `acts H ak gnbr puhp
=5 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
05. 05.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ttar arqu qunn ae ae vnkt / jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr lausdkg lausdkg
26 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
07. 07.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae sjrnw pcugs H0=x2.> H05x2.> ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg
0 > ² 6. 6.2= 2= hh
:5. :5.
Mnptl gbugn
Zldh
(0 mdbplrbghs) (2 mdbplrbgh)
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun
H26 8 =4 Kh ar
ae lnx `act ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg / ecywlnnc lausdkg
H20 8 74 Kh
:7. :7.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H20x2.> H20x2.> lnx `a `act ct ak ecywlnn ecywlnncc / jakvnrtnr
46 Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
: jycdkmrd jycdkmrdjbc jbc sjrnw ak jakvnrtnr javnr
=< Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
WZI jakvnrtnr ==6
:4. :4.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H jycdkmrdjbc jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw ak pdstak
:> Kh
]arqun wrnkjl
WZI jakvnrtnr ==6
=6. =6.
]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H
Bmousthnkt mbtb
WZI =66/==6
Mnsjrdptdak
Mdhnksdak
Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn
Pnhbris
=0. =0.
2=4.< -6.0 hh
Mnptl gbugn
WZI jakvnrtnr =66 Bmoust usdkg bppraprdbtn
Jak Jakvnrtn nrtnrr hakd hakdta tard rdkg kg mnptl
bmoustdkg mdsj.
25
WZI =66/==6
Zprdkg tb`cn
Dkstbccbtdak padkt
]rbkshdssdak
Zbenty vbcvn
WZI =66 67:0 6=0 >22
27.>
0.>6
06.2
45.:
WZI ==6 67:0 6=0 540
27.6
0.
2.0>
22.=>
=0.:
67:0 6=0 ===
25.>
0.>6
24.>
0.>6
0=.5
205.6
WZI ==6 67=0 6=0 542
27.6
:.66
0=.>
22:.=
67:0 6=2 0=5
=
0.6
WZI =66 67:0 6=2 027 wdtl KHU
27.>
2.56
2>.=
5 642 27:
2
Bmbptnr ear slbet snbc dk jakvnrtnr lausdkg
2
Jlbptnr 7
2\>5 26= 426
0
Jcbhpdkg `br ear prnssurn prnssurn pcbtn pcbtn / jcutjl
0
Jlbptnr 20 Jlbptnr 2:
2\>5 220 752
:
Bmbptnr ear autnr `nbrdkg `nbrdkg rbjn / adc ennm ecbkgn ecbkgn bkm slbet snbc / rntbrmnr rntbrmnr lausdkg lausdkg ak autput sdmn
2
Jlbptnr 4
2\>5 224 427
=
Bmbptnr ear knnmcn scnnvns bkm slbet snbc dk tur`dkn slbet
2
Jlbptnr 5 Jlbptnr 7 Jlbptnr 4
2\>5 2:5 0=0
>
2<
Cdetdkg taac ear WZI lausdkg pbrts
Pnhbris
2
WZI =66/==6
Edg. ka.
Zpnjdbc taacs
Zpnjdbc taacs
Armnr ka.
Bppcdjbtdak
Rty.
Jlbptnr 7
2\>5 2:5 42= Jnktrdkg pukjl ear jcutjl mdsj
5
2
Jlbptnr <
2\>5 2:7 >:4 Cdetdkg mnvdjn ear jakvnrtnr
7
Pnhbris
2
WZI ==6 WZI =66
Jlbptnr <
2\>5 2:5 >77
<
Cdetdkg mnvdjn ear jakvnrtnr dk jakoukjtdak wdtl H:4x0sjrnw pcug
2
Jlbptnr <
2V62 2:7 5 2:< 267
26
Grdppnr ear bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 00=
WZI =66
2
WZI ==6
24
Zpnjdbc taacs
Edg. ka.
Zpnjdbc taacs
WZI =66/==6
Armnr ka.
Bppcdjbtdak
Rty.
Jlbptnr <
2\>5 2:< 2>2
22
Jcutjl edxbtdak ear rncnbsn eari (nxjlbkgn ae jakvnrtnr wdtl bttbjlnm tarqun jakvnrtnr jcutjl)
2
Jlbptnr 7
2\>5 2:< 2>4
20
Mawklacm mnvdjn ear dkstbccbtdak bkm rnhavbc ae rncnbsn mnvdjn ak prnssurn pcbtn
2
Jlbptnr > Jlbptnr 5
2\>5 2:< 225
2:
Edxdkg pcbtn ear jlbkgdkg tln jcutjl rncnbsn jycdkmnr ar ear suppcdns wdtlaut tln rncnbsn jycdkmnr
2
Jlbptnr <
2\>5 2:< 027
2=
Pdkg usnm ear snvnrbc purpasns ak tln jakvnrtnr
2
2>
06
WZI ==6
Jlbptnr <
2\>5 2:< 02< Bmbptnr usnm ear snvnrbc purpasns ak tln jakvnrtnr
Pnhbris
2
WZI ==6
WZI =66/==6
Edg. ka.
Zpnjdbc taacs
Zpnjdbc taacs
Armnr ka.
Bppcdjbtdak
Rty.
Jlbptnr <
2\>5 2:< 00=
25
Bmbptnr ear bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg wdtl grdppnr 2\>5 2:< 267
2
Bssnh`cy edxturn ear jahpcntn ]rbkshbtdj
WZI ==6
Jlbptnr 0 Jlbptnr 5
2\>5 2:4 2:7
27
Pnhbris
2
02
Zpnjdbc taacs
WZI =66
= 2 4 5 : 2 5 > \ 2
7 : 2 4 : 2 5 > \ 2
4 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2
2 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2
7
6
2 4 4 2 2 5 > \ 2
2 4 = 6 2 5 > \ 2
: 7 2 2 4 6 5 > \ 2
2 5 7 0 2 2 5 > \ 2
0 = 0 5 : 2 5 > \ 2
: : < 7 : 2 2 6 V 2
00
5 2 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2
4 : > 7 : 2
7 7 > 5 : 2
5 > \ 2
5 > \ 2
WZI ==6
Zpnjdbc taacs
= 2 4 5 : 2 5 > \ 2
5 2 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2
7 : 2 4 : 2 5 > \ 2
4 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2
2 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2
7
6
2 4 4 2 2 5 > \ 2
2 4 = 6 2 5 > \ 2 4 2 x 6 0
: 7 2 2 4 6 5 > \ 2
2 5 7 0 2 2 5 > \ 2
=
0 = 0 5 : 2 5 > \ 2
: : < 7 : 2 2 6 V 2
2
>
7 6 2 < : 2
= 0 0 < : 2
< 2 0 < : 2
5 > \ 2
5 > \ 2
5 > \ 2
4 : > 7 : 2
7 2 0 < : 2
5 > \ 2
5 > \ 2
0:
WZI =66/==6 2
WZI / nkgdkn
WZI / nkgdkn Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N
:
]ln mdbgrbh slaws tln mdbplrbgh jakknjtdak `ntwnnk tln tln WZI bkm nkgdkn. ]ln jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr ae tln WZI ds jakknjtnm ta tln ecywlnnc usdkg 26 lnx `acts cajbtnm ak tln jdrjuhenrnkjn vdb 0 mdbplrbghs dk tln WZI =66 bkm 2 mdbplrbgh dk tln WZI ==6. 2
0
2
^sn b ha ^sn hauk uktd tdkg kg cn cnv vnr ta ra ratb tbtn tn tl tlnn stb stbrt rtnr nr jr jra awk wlnnc (2) uktdc akn ae tln rntbdkdkg `acts (0) ak tln jakvnrtnr ds bjjnssd`cn tlraugl tln bssnh`cy bpnrturn ae tln ecywlnnc lausdkg (:). ^sn b sajint wrnkjl ta uksjrnw tln H20x2.> H20 x2.> lnx `acts (0) bkm sprdkg wbslnr. Jaktdkun ratbtdkg tln stbrtnr jrawk wlnnc (2)
62>65:
uktdc dt rnbjlns tln knxt lnx `act bkm rnhavn bcc lnx `acts erah tln jakvnrtnr dk tlds hbkknr. 0
:
Edt cde Edt cdetd tdkg kg mn mnvd vdjn jn uk ukmn mnrr WZ WZI I nks nksur urdk dkg g tlb tlbtt tln tln trbkshdssdak ds lardzaktbc. ^kebstnk ^ke bstnk bkm rnhavn rntbdkdkg `acts (>) lacmdkg jdrjuhenrnkjn ae jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr lausdkg (=) wdtl ecywlnnc lausdkg. Havn WZI Hav WZI aut bp bpp pra rax.26 x.266 6 hh hh dk dk tln tln mdr drnj njtd tda ak ae tln bxcn. ]ln nkgdkn bkm WZI brn akcy snpbrbtnm akjn tln jakvnrtnr jnktrdkg oaurkbc (5) lbs scdppnm aut ae tln ecywlnnc (7). KA]N Akjn tln trbkshdssdak trbkshds sdak lbs `nnk rnhav rnhavnm, nm, tbin aee tln mdbplrbghs ( 62>65=
2-2
WZI / nkgdkn
WZI =66/==6
Hakdtardkg hnbsurnhnkt ear nkgdkn jakknjtdak KA]N ]bin tln eaccawdkg hnbsurnhnkt ta mntnrhdkn
:
wlntlnr tln mdbplrbghs (
WZI =66/==6
WZI / nkgdkn
Bssnh`cy
2
@n @neearn arn ttl ln WZI WZI ds bssn bssnh` h`cn cnm m ak ak tl tln nnkg kgdk dkn, n, tln mdbplrbghs () `ntwnnk jdrjuhenrnkjn jdrjuhenrnkjn ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg bkm ecywlnnc lausdkg (:) bkm tdgltnk9
62>655
H26 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =4 Kh ar H20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 74 Kh. >
^s ^snn b ha hauk uktd tdkg kg cn cnv vnr ta ra ratb tbtn tn tl tlnn stb stbrt rtnr nr jr jra awk wlnnc (2) uktdc akn akn ae tln tlrnbmnm tlrnbmnm `arns `arns ak tln jakvnrtnr (4) ds bjjnssd`cn tlraugl tln bssnh`cy bs snh`cy bpnrturn ae tln ecywlnnc lausdkg (:). ^sn b sajint wrnkjl ta dksnrt tln H20x2.> lnx `acts (0) bkm sprdkg wbslnr bkm tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 46 Kh Jaktdkun ratbtdkg tln stbrtnr jrawk wlnnc (2) uktdc dt rnbjlns tln knxt tlrnbmnm `arn bkm sjrnw dk bcc lnx `acts ak tln jakvnrtnr dk tlds hbkknr. hbkknr.
22
:
26
0
2 >
62>657
2-:
WZI =66/==6 0
]rbkshdssdak hauktdkg
0.2 0.2
Mrbd Mrbdkd kdkg kg adc adc er erah ah tr trbk bksh shds dssd sdak ak
WZI / trbkshdssdak
JB^]DAK Ma kat cnt bky bky adc nktnr tln sadc, graukm wbtnr ar snwbgn systnh. systnh. Jbtjl bky av avnrecawdkg nrecawdkg adc dk b sudtb`cn jaktbdknr bkm mdspasn ae dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl nkvdrakhnktbc rngucbtdaks.
2
^ksj ^ksjrn rnw w ad adcc mr mrbd bdk k sj sjrn rnw w ak tr trbk bksh shds dssd sdak ak bkm bkm jbtjl usnm adc dk sudtb`cn vnssnc.
2
KA]N • Kat bcc tln adc dk tln jakvnrtnr jbk `n mrbdknm. Bk bmmdtdakbc bpprax. 7 mh : jbk lawnvnr `n mrbdknm `y uksjrnwdkg tln prnssurn hnbsurdkg stap (2) ak tln WZI jaktrac ukdt bkm tln bhaukt ae adc cnet dk tln jakvnrtnr ds tlnrnearn rnmujnm ta
664>27
bpprax. 5 mh:. • Mnpnkmdkg ak vnrsdak bkm brrbkgnhnkt, b jnrtbdk bhaukt ae adc bcsa rnhbdks dk tln t ln lnbt nxjlbkgn bkm jakknjtdak cdkns. ]lds jbk bcsa kat `n mrbdknm. =
0.0 0.0
Bs Bssn snh` h`ccy mnv mnvdj djnn 2\> 2\>5 5 2:4 2:4 2: 2:7 7
2
Zjrnw bssnh`cy mnvdjn (0) akta autput ecbkgn (:) ae trbkshdssdak.
JB^]DAK Ma kat bttbjl cdetdkg tbjicn mdrnjtcy akta jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr (snn brraw). brraw). Bttbjl rapn bkm jlbdk (=) (=) bs slawk dk mdbgrbh. !
MBKGNP ]ln wndglt ae tln jahpcntn trbkshdssdak ds bpprax. bpprax. 566 ig. Dt ds nssnktdbc tlbt bppraprdbtn bppraprdbtn cdetdkg tbjicn ds usnm. Ma kat stbkm dk tln tln lbzbrmaus brnb. brnb.
0
Vcbj Vcbjnn jah jahpc pcnt ntnn trb trbks kshd hdss ssda dak k ddk k vnr vnrtd tdjb jbcc p pas asdt dtda dak. k.
:
]ln ]ln WZ WZI I jbk jbk akc akcy `n rn rnha havn vnm m erah erah b`a b`avn wln wlnk k
:
0
dk tlds pasdtdak (rnenr ta jlbptnr 5).
62=406
0-2
WZI =66/==6 :
Jnktrbc wdrdkg
Jnktrbc wdrdkg
m
Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N
2
Cb`nc jnktrbc wdrdkg (2) bjjarmdkg ta dts jakknjtars `nearn mdshbktcdkg. 2
Mdsjak Mdsj akkn knjt jt bc bccc jak jakkn knjt jtar arss bkm bkm rn rnha havn vn jn jnkt ktrb rbcc wdrdkg.
n
Bssnh`cy
2
Bssnh`cn jn jnktrbc wd wdrdkg (2) bjjarmdkg ta dts jakknjtars. 62>020
0
]dgltnkdkg tarqun (0) 8 0 Kh. 0
b
j
`
62>02:
m
e 62>02=
:-2
Jnktrbc wdrdkg
WZI =66/==6
n
e
:
2
` m
0 b j
622462
2 0 :
Jnktrbc wdrdkg H= x26 lnx `acts Jb`cn jcbhp
b) `) j)
_UI jakknjtdak ta jlbssds 24-pdk –k tur`dkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar :-pdk _UI jakknjtdak ta dktn tnrrkbc WZI 26-pdk
m) n) e )
:-0
(kNkg/WI) ] snksar ta ncnjtrakdjs ukdt (adc tnhp. ae rnt. ennm`bji) K swdtjl ear trbkshdssdak Jcutjl swdtjl ak snrva jycdkmnr
0-pdk 0-pdk 0-pdk
WZI =66/==6
Adc rnsnrvadr
5
:
<
=
<
2
0
7 =
<
> <
2 <
< 2 622460
=
Adc rn rnsnrvadr ea ear WZI ad adc su suppcy Mdsbssnh`cy
JB^]DAK ‚ PNZDM^BC ADC Ma kat cnt bky bky adc nktnr tln sadc, graukm wbtnr ar snwbgnn systnh. Jbtjl bky avnreca snwbg avnrecawdkg wdkg adc dk b
Bssnh`cy
2
Dksnrt grnbsnm knw A-rdkgs () bkm dktbin pdpn (=) dk adc rnsnrvadr (:).
sudtb`cn jaktbdknr bkm mdspasn ae dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl nkvdrakhnktbc rngucbtdaks.
:
Bttbjl Bttb jl adc rn rnsn snrv rvad adrr wd wdtl tl kn knw w gbs bsi int (5) ak trbkshdssdak.
2
Caasnk lnx `acts (2 bkm 0).
0
Pnhavn adc rnsnrvadr (:) wdtl dktbin pdpns (=) bkm rnturk pdpn (>).
=
Dksnrt lnx `acts (0) bkm tdgltnk tdgltnk99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh
:
Pnhavn gbsint (5).
>
Zjrnw pd pdpns ak akta WZI wd wdtl ln lnx `a `acts (2) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh
=
Pnhavn Pnha vn pd pdpn pnss era erah h adc adc rn rnsn snrv rvad adrr bkm bkm tb tbin in ae aeee A-rdkgs (
Caasnk bk bkm rnhavn adc adc mrbdk pc pcug (7).
=-2
WZI =66/==6
Jcutjl jycdkmnr
2
0
>
2 *
= > :
62:=5=
>
Jcutjl jycdkmnr Mdsbssnh`cy
2
Caasnk sjrnws (2) bkm rnhavn jcutjl jycdkmnr (0) wdtl gbsint (=).
Bssnh`cy
2
KA]N Ka gbsint wdtl edrst vnrsdak. Pnhavn Pnhavn snbcdkg jahpaukm.
0
KA]N Bppcy sahn snbcdkg jahpaukm (Zdcbstdj 7:0 P]U) ta tln graavn ak tln jcutjl lausdkg (aptdakbc) (`nearn 6:.44). ^sn b sudtb`cn snbcdkg hbtnrdbc ta snbc tln jcutjl jc utjl lausdkg bt tln apnkdkg bkm jcasdkg padkts.
Pnhavn snbcdkg jbp (:).
JB^]DAK Wlnk jlbkgdkg tln jcutjl jycdkmnr ar trbkspartdkg tln trbkshdssdak wdtlaut wdtlaut tln jcutjl jycdkmnr, jycdkmnr, edxdkg pcbtn 2\>5 2:< 225 hust `n usnm. usnm. ]ln rncnbsn mnvdjn hust kat `n dkjarrnjtcy ratbtnm. KA]N Znbcdkg jbp (:), gbsint (=) bkm lasn vnktdcbtdak (>) brn akcy edttnm dk tln earmb`cn vnrsdak.
Dksnrt jcutjl jycdkmnr (0) wdtl knw gbsint (= dk earmb`cn vnrsdak) dk trbkshdssdak.
0
Dksnrt lnx `acts (2) bkm tdgltnk jrasswdsn? ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh
:
Wln lnk k war wari idk dkg g wdt wdtl l tl tln ear earmb mb` `cn vnr nrsd sdak ak,, dksnrt Ubsncdkn Ubsncdkn wdtl snbcdkg jbp (:) bkm jlnji tlbt jakknjtdak ae lasn vnktdcbtdak (>) jbk `n bjjnssnm.
>-2
WZI =66/==6 5
WZI / trbkshdssdak
WZI / tr trbkshdssdak Mdsbssnh`cy
0
KA]N
Vcbjn jahpcntn ]rbkshbtdj dk vnrtdjbc pasdtdak (rnenr ta Jlbptnr 0). 2
Caasnk bkm rnhavn ln lnx `acts (2) `ntwnnk WZI bkm trbkshdssdak. 2
0
Bttbjl cdetdkg nqudphnkt 2\>5 2:5 0=0 ta WZI bkm cdet dt scawcy.
!
MBKGNP Ma kat cdet WZI wlnk bcdgkdkg rncnbsn mnvdjn ‚ mbkgnr ae jrusldkg! jrusldkg !
JB^]DAK ]ln rncnbsn eari eari (b) ds stdcc nkgbgnm. Patbtn rncnbsn mnvdjn (`) dk trbkshdssdak trbkshdssdak `y 46¶ bkm cdet WZI jbrneuccy (snn brraws).
:
62246=
` b
Pnhavn hntbc gbsint (0) erah trbkshdssdak. KA]N Wlnk mnpasdtdkg WZI, nksurn dt ds bmnqubtncy suppartnm ta prnvnkt sjrnws erah `ndkg mbhbgnm.
62246>
622465
52
WZI / trbkshdssdak
WZI =66/==6
Bssnh`cy
2
Vcbjn hntbc gbsint (0) ak trbkshdssdak.
0
^sn cd cdetdkg nq nqudphnkt 2\>5 2:5 0=0 ta cdet WZI
`
avnr trbkshdssdak bkm tlnk cawnr scawcy.
b
!
MBKGNP Ma kat cawnr WZI wlnk bcdgkdkg rncnbsn mnvdjn ‚ mbkgnr ae jrusldkg.
JB^]DAK Nksurn tlbt tln mrdvnr ae tln rncnbsn mnvdjn (`) ds bt 46¶ ta tln rncnbsn eari eari (b) (snn brraws). brraws). 62246>
:
=
>
Caw Cawnr WZI WZI sca scawc wcy y ta ta tln tln ukdt ukdt bkm bkm `rd `rdkg kg rn rncn cnbs bsnn mnvdjn dkta pasdtdak. ]ln spat-ebjnm surebjn (J) hust ebjn tln rncnbsn jycdkmnr. Bttbjl e dx dxdkg pcbtn 2\>5 2:< 225 ar edx jcutjl rncnbsn jycdkmnr (rnenr ta Jlbptnr >.2 bkm >.0).
`
J
Dksnrt bkm tdgltnk lnx kuts (2) 9 WZI =66 - H26 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =< Kh WZI ==6 - H20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 46 Kh H20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =: Kh (0x) KA]N ]dgltnk 0 lnx kuts wdtl b tarqun ae =: Kh. (Ear pasdtdak, rnenr ta sjrnw jakknjtdak WZI ==6 dk Jlbptnr 2:.>) 62>672
0
2
62246=
50
WZI =66/==6
WZI / trbkshdssdak
2
:
*
0 62:=22
–k tur`dkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar Bssnh`cy
Mdsbssnh`cy
2
Vucc bbk km rrnnhavn jb jb`cn jja akknjtdak (2) erah dkmujtdvn snksar (0).
0
Caasnk scattnm kut (:) bkm rnhavn tagntlnr wdtl cajidkg pcbtn. Pnhavn jb`cn jakknjtdak (2) erah jcutjl lausdkg.
:
Caasnk ddk kmujtdvn ssnnksar (0) bkm rnhavn erah jakknjtdak pcbtn.
* mnpnkmdkg ak pbrts cdst
2
Zj Zjrn rnw w dk dk bbkm km tdg tdgltnk ltnk dkmu dkmujt jtddvn snk snksa sarr (0) tagntlnr wdtl knw A-rdkg9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :6 Kh
0
Dksnr ksnrtt bk bkm m tdgl tdgltn tnk k jb jb` `cn ja jakk kknj njtd tda ak (2) bkm scattnm kut (:) wdtl knw cajidkg pcbtn dk jcutjl lausdkg lausdkg 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 206 Kh.
:
Jakk Jakknj njtt jjb` b`cn cn jakk jakknj njtd tdak ak bkm bkm dkm dkmuj ujtd tdvn vn sn snks ksar ar..
5:
WZI =66/==6 7
Zncnjtar jcutjl
Zncnjtar jcutjl Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N
Nksurn tlbt sncnjtar jcutjl jbkkat `n hdsbcdgknm. 2
Zdkjnn tln Zdkj tln pc pcbt btnn spr sprdk dkgs gs lb lbv vn `nn `nnk k prn prntn tnks ksda dakn knm m, dksnrt = spbjnrs (snn brraw) br raw) dk prnssurn pcbtn (2) `nearn mdsbssnh`cdkg tln jcutjl ta nksurn tlbt tln tln prnssurn pcbtn jbk `n rnedttnm bt b cbtnr mbtn. Caasnk bkm rnhavn sjrnws (0).
2 62246<
KA]N Hbin yaur awk spbjnrs. Wn rnjahhnkm tln eaccawdkg mdhnksdaks ? =x< x>> hh hh
0
Cdet Cd et up prn prnss ssur urnn pcb pcbtn tn bk bkm m pcb pcbjn jn ta ak aknn sdm sdmn. n.
:
]a rnh rnha avn rn rncn cnbs bsnn mn mnvd vdjn jn,, usn usn `r `rbj bjnn 2\>5 2:< 2>4 bkm jahprnss sprdkg ncnhnkts (:).
=
Pnhavn tnksdak rdkg (=). Pncnbsn bkm rnhavn `rbjn.
>
Pnhavn tnksdak rdkg (=) bkm rdkg (>) erah tln prnssurn pcbtn.
:
=
6224::
WZI =66
4
5
2
5 7
Pnhavn pcbtn sprdkg (5), mdsj (7) bkm rncnbsn mnvdjn (
4b
KA]N Nksurn spbjnr pcbtn (22) jbkkat ratbtn.
<
Caasnk bkm rnhavn sjrnws (26).
4
Pnhavn spbjnr pcbtn (22).
WZI ==6 62:=20
7-2
Zncnjtar jcutjl
WZI =66/==6
Bssnh`cy
2
Dksnrt spbjnr pcbtn (22).
0
Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk lnx `acts (26) 9 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh.
:
^sn jnktrdkg pukjl 2\>5 2:5 42= ta pcbjn jcutjl mdsi (4 ar 4b) ak spbjnr pcbtn.
WZI =66
4
2
5 7
< 22
=
KA]N Nvnkcy pbji A-rdkg (20) ae tlrust `usl ae rncnbsn mnvdjn wdtl grnbsn (Hacyiatn @P0 pcus).
=
Vcbjn rncnbsn mnvdjn (5 2:< 2>4. Vcbjn mdsj (7) bkm pcbtn sprdkg (5) ak tap.
>
Vcbjn prnssurn pcbtn (2) ak `rbjn. Vcbjn rdkg (>) ak tnksdak rdkg (=) ak tap.
5
Hau Haukt `rbj `rbjnn bbkm km ja jahp hprn rnss ss sp sprd rdkg kg nc ncnh nhnk nkts ts (:).
7
Nkgbgn tnksdak rdkg (=), rncnbsn bkm rnhavn `rbjn. KA]N Pu` grnbsn (Acdstb Cakgtdhn :N@? 7g) dkta inygraavn ae jcutjl mdsj (4 ar 4b).
<
0
26 4b
>
WZI ==6 62:=20
20
Vcbjn jahpcnt cntnm prnssurn pcbtn (2) ak spbjnr pcbtn (22). KA]N Nksurn prnssurn pcbtn jbkkat ratbtn.
4
62>670
Dksnrt lnx `acts (0) bkm tdgltnk mawk mawk jrasswdsn 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh
26
:
Pnhavn = spbjnrs.
!
MBKGNP ]ln WZI hust `n ratbtnm `nearn tln jakvnrtnr jbk `n dkstbccnm. Tau H^Z] bttbjl jcbhpdkg `br 2\>5 26= 426 ta sncnjtar jcutjl `njbusn dt ds kat bttbjlnm ta bkytldkg dk tln WZI (snn Jlbptnr 5 26= 426. ]lds ds tln akcy hnbks `y wldjl adc jbk `n stappnm erah rukkdkg avnr tln jcutjl mdsj. ^sn b mnptl gbugn ta hnbsurn tln mdstbkjn `ntwnnk tln ebjns ae snvnrbc tlrnbmnm oaurkbcs bt jakvnrtnr bkm tln jakknjtdkg ebjn ae tln jakvnrtnr lausdkg. Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdaks –J‘. WZI =66 8 2 ta stap rncnbsn eari. ^sn tlds ta prnss bkm lacm lacm rncnbsn mnvdjn mnvdjn ta dkput. dkput. 2
Pncn Pn cnbs bsnn bk bkm m rn rnha hav vn rn rntb tbdk dkdk dkg g rd rdk kg (2).
0
Pnhavn wbslnr (0) wdtl A-rdkg (:).
J
KA]N Bs bk bdm, dksnrt lnx `act bkm pucc aee usdkg hauktdkg cnvnr.
:
Pnhavn A-rdkg (:) erah wbslnr. KA]N WZI =66 hby lbvn lbvn b H:4 x0 sjrnw pcug bkm
=
snbc rdkg rbtlnr tlbk b wbslnr (0). Caasn snk k bkm rnhavn tnksdak `act (=).
622422
KA]N ^sn hauktdkg cnvnr ta nksurn jakvnrtnr jbkkat ratbtn.
>
^sn cdetdkg mnvdjn 2\>5 2:7 >:4 ar 2\>5 2:5 >77 ta nkgbgn rntbdkdkg rdkg bkm rnhavn jakvnrtnr (>) erah jakvnrtnr lausdkg.
5
Pnhavn sldhs (5 bkm 7) erah tur`dkn slbet bkm adc ennm ecbkgn.
7
>
5
0 2
: =
622420
5 2:5 >:4 ( Kh.
>
26
26
`
4
<
KA]N Wlnk waridkg wdtl tln WZI =66 (vnrsdak wdtl H:4 x0 sjrnw pcug), usn cdetdkg mnvdjn 2\>5 2:5 >77 (4).
0
^s ^snn mnp mnptl tl gbug gbugnn ta ta hnb hnbsu surn rn tl tlnn mds mdstb tbkj kjnn `nt `ntw wnnk nnk tln ebjn ae tln tlrnbmnm oaurkbc bkm tln ebjn ae tln jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr gnbr bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –b‘.
:
^s ^snn mnp mnptl tl gbug gbugnn ta ta hnb hnbsu surn rn tl tlnn mds mdstb tbkj kjnn `nt `ntw wnnk nnk ebjn ae jakvnrtnr gnbr bkm dkknr `nbrdkg rbjn ae jakvnrtnr `bcc `nbrdkg bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –`‘.
=
b‚`8M Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdak –M‘ ear bmmdtdakbc hnbsurdkg prajnmurn.
62:=27
62242:
m j
>
^s ^sdk dkg g sstr trdp dp,, hnb h nbsu surn rn md mdst stbk bkjn jn `ntw `n twnn nnk jak jakv vnr nrtn r lausdkg bkm jakv jakvnrtnr nrtnr `nbrdkg wlnk edrhcy ekdrhcy dktnr jaktbjt wdtl tln adc ennm ecbkgn bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –j‘.
5
Hnbs Hnbsur urnn mds mdstb tbkj kjnn `nt `ntw wnnk nnk str strdp dp bkm bkm jak jaktb tbjt jt eb ebjn jn ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –m‘.
7
j‚m8E Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdak –E‘.
<
M‚E8J Mdhnksdak –J‘ (jakvnrtnr dkstbccbtdak mnptl) hust
62242=
7 7
`n?
WZI =66 =66 8 > tta a 6.2 6.2> > hh) hh) 8 Z Jarrnjt vbrdbkjns wdtl bppraprdbtn grbmn ae sldh (5).
2:
Grnb Grnbsn sn jarr jarrnj njtt sldh sldh bkm bkm pc pcbj bjnn ak jn jnkt ktrn rn ae ae tur` tur`dk dknn slbet.
2=
Jb Jbrn rneu eucc ccy y pusl pusl jak jakvn vnrtn rtnrr akta akta spc spcdk dknn ae tu tur` r`dk dknn slbet bkm cawnr uktdc uktdc eedrhcy drhcy lahn.
2>
De jak jakvn vnrtn rtnrr jbkk jbkkat at `n `n dksn dksnrtn rtnm m jahp jahpcn cntn tncy cy,, tlnk tlnk dt ds cajbtnm ak spcdkn ae adc ennm ecbkgn. De tlds ajjurs, rbdsn jrbkn laai uktdc tlnrn ds scdglt scbji
62:=25
622425
22 L
7
dk Vucc scdgltcy, jnktrbc ,wdrn wdtl ta rbdsn tlnwdrns. jakvnrtnr scdgltcy ratbtn bkm`atl tlnklbkms rncnbsn. Pnpnbt uktdc jakvnrtnr scdmns akta spcdkn ae adc ennm ecbkgn. 25
`
622427
Jb Jbrn rneu eucc ccy y caw cawnr jak jakvn vnrtn rtnrr ta knxt knxt padk padktt ae jakt jaktbj bjt. t. Lnrn, tln jakvnrtnr jbk `n cajbtnm ak tln gnbr puhp dhpnccnr. dhpnccnr. Patbtn jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr scdgltcy bgbdk uktdc tnntl hnsl.
JB^]DAK Knvnr usn b lbhhnr ta dksnrt jakvnrtnr.
5
62242<
5 2:5 >:4 ar 2\>5 2:5 >77 erah jakvnrtnr. KA]N ]ln jakvnrtnr ds akcy edrhcy dk pcbjn akjn tln bktd-ebtdgun `act ds tdgltnknm.
2<
Nksu Nksurn rn ja jak kvn vnrtn rtnrr jjbk bkka katt rat ratbtn btn.. Z Zjr jrnw nw dk bk bkm m tdgltnk bktd-ebtdgun `act (=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 246 Kh
24
^s ^snn sah sahnn grn grnbs bsnn ta ta dks dksnr nrtt kn knw A A-r -rdk dkg g (:) dkta mdsj (0) bkm dksnrt dkta jakvnrtnr. jakvnrtnr.
06
:
=
0 2
Dksnrt snrt rntbdkdkg rdkg (2) dk jakvnrtnr. KA]N lbvn b H:4 x0 sjrnw pcug rbtlnr WZI =66 hby lbvn tlbk b wbslnr (0) (usn knw snbc rdkg). ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 2=6 Kh
622424
b
Bmoustdkg –k nkgdkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar
02
Vusl Vusl rntb rntbdk dkdk dkg g rdk rdkg g ear earwb wbrm rmss ddkt kta a hnb hnbsu surd rdkg kg mnvdjn 2V62 2:7 .> hhds‚b :>.2 hh 8 6.= hh ae 6. De tlnrn pnrhdssd`cn mdstbkjn 6.< < ² 6. 6.0 0 hh hh, b wbslnr wdtl b tldjiknss ae 6.= hh jbk `n dksnrtnm. 0=
Zjrn Zjrnw w dk bk bkm m tdgl tdgltn tnk k –k nk nkgd gdkn kn‘‘ ddkm kmuj ujtd tdvn vn snksa snksar r wdtl sncnjtnm wbslnr9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =6 Kh
2V62 2:7
Jakk Jakknj njtt pcu pcug g era erah h jb` jb`cn cn lbrk lbrknss nss wd wdtl tl dkm dkmuj ujtd tdvn vn snksar.
622406
= 22
5 7 7
5
<
P 4 2
26
P
0
62>67>
2>4
Bssnh`cdkg jakvnrtnr javnr
2
Dksnrt gr graavnm ` `bbcc `n `nbrdkg (22) dkta jaktbjt padkt dk jakvnrtnr javnr (2).
0
^sn gr grnnbsn ta dksnrt knw A-r A-rdkgs (4 bkm 26) dk pdstak () bkm sjrnw dk bkm tdgltnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :> Kh.
>
^s ^snn eenn nncn cnrr g gbu bugn gn ta jlnj jlnji i mds mdsjj jjcn cnbr brbk bkjn jn ar pd pdst stak ak jcnbrbkjn. Jcnbrbkjn 8 6.7 ‚ 2.7 hh
5
^sn grnbsn ta edt edt knw A-rdkg (:) ak jakvnrtnr javnr. KA]N Dkstrujtdaks ear dkstbccbtdak ae tln jakvnrtnr javnr jbk `n eaukm dk Jlbptnr
= 0 2
62>675
) dk tur`dkn gnbr. KA]N ]ln dkstrujtdaks ear tur`dkn gnbr dkstbccbtdak jbk `n eaukm dk Jlbptnr .
5 7 0
= :
62>677
5 2:< 02< (mdbhntnr ) brn bcsa rnhavnm. rnhavnm. ]ln sprdkg jbps (5) bkm tln jycdkmrdjbc sprdkgs (7) hby bcsa `n caasnknm murdkg tlds prajnss. prajnss.
0
]bin tlrust wbslnr (67:
Bssnh`cdkg stbtar
2
^sn rdkg 2\>5 2:< 027 (mdbhntnr 2:6 hh) bkm bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< ta prnss graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (:) dkta jaktbjt padkt dkta stbtar. st btar.
5
Edt tlrust wbslnr (5 2:< 02< (mdbhntnr 5 2:< 027 (mdbhntnr 2:6 hh).
:
^s ^snn gr grnb nbsn sn ta dk dksn snrt rt bc bccc jycd jycdkm kmrd rdjb jbcc sprd sprdkg kgss (7) bkm sprdkg jbps (5) dk ernn-wlnnc dkknr rbjn (0).
<
^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< ta prnss graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (4) edrhcy edr hcy lahn dk stbtar stbtar..
4
Jlnji ernn-wlnnc ? Ernn-wlnnc hust caji dk tln mdrnjtdak slawk s lawk b`avnn wlnk tln dkknr rbjn ds rntbdknm (snn brraw). b`av
=
>
Vcbj Vcbjnn ern ernnn-w wlnnc lnnc dk dkkn knrr rrbj bjnn dk dk jjar arrn rnjt jt pasd pasdtd tdak ak ak stbtar bkm usn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< (mdbhntnr ) `y scdmdkg `bji tln sprdkg jbps. KA]N
]a sdhpcdey bssnh`cy ae tln jycdkmrdjbc raccnrs, edrstcy dksnrttln = jycdkmrdjbc raccnrs bt bkgcns ae 46¶.
KA]N ]ln dkstrujtdaks ear stbtar bttbjlhnkt jbk `n eaukm dk Jlbptnr .
=
5 7 2
62>67<
) bkm usn hauktdkg cnvnr ta rnhavnn bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (5). rnhav
Dksnrt jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (:) wdtl wbslnrs bkm tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0> Kh. KA]N Ear dkstbccbtdak ae tln bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (5), tln spbjnr (2) bkm bttbjlhnkt ae puhp, rnenr ta Jlbptnr .
Vcbjn stbtar (:) dk jarrnjt pasdtdak ak bxdbc `nbrdkg.
: 4
Vcbjn spbjnr (=) bkm bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (>) ak stbtar.
0 2
=
>
^sn ^sn mnp mnptl tl gbu gbugn ta hnbs hnbsu urn erah erah bk bkgu gucb cbrr `bc `bccc `nbrdkg dkknr rbjn ta snbcdkg wbslnr (65 2:< 00= ta prnss bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (>) edrhcy edr hcy dkta puhp lu`. ]l ]lnn wdmn sdmn ae tln dkknr `nbrdkg rbjn ebjns tln dkput.
26
Bttbjl puhp (7) dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl hbridkg (–P‘ bt 2:4 bkm bgbdk jlnji hakdtardkg cnkgtl ae 2=4.< ‚ 6.0 hh (bs mnsjrd`nm ukmnr padkt =).
7
> :
P
2
=
0
5
P
62>674
62>65 224 427 ta prnss grnbsnm knnmcn scnnvn (:) dkta jaktbjt padkt ae tur`dkn slbet (2).
0
^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 224 427 ta dksnrt slbet rdkg (=) dkta jaktbjt padkt.
:
Dksnrt pdstak rdkgs (0) dk tur`dkn slbet.
=
Dksn snrt rt tur`dkn slbet dk lausdk dkg g.
4-2
WZI =66/==6 26
Adc e dctnr
Adc ed edcctnr Mdsbssnh`cy
2
Caasnk lnx `acts (2). Pnhavn wdtl wbslnrs bkm pbk (0).
0
Caasnk lnx `acts (:). Pnhavn wdtl cnbe sprdkg (=) bkm wbslnr (>).
:
Pnhavn e dctnr (5) wdtl `usl (7) bkm gbsint (), cnbe sprdkg (=). ]dgltnk wdtl lnx `act (:) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh.
j
Vut ak pbk (0). b KA]N Bttbjl pbk dk sujl b wby tlbt dts mnnpnr sdmn (`) ds avnr av nr tln dktbin d ktbin bpnrturn (j).
>
Vut ak lnx `acts (2) wdtl wbslnrs bkm tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh.
66>>44
`
664>25
26-2
WZI =66/==6 wdtlaut KHU
Jaktrac ukdt
0>
05
5: 0=
5
>
07
7
0: 0 02 2 0= =
<
0> :
7
2= 2: 25
46
2>
20
2<
5=
26
24
27
00
0:
:7 4
22
=6 06
02
62240:
22
Jaktrac uk ukdt
22.2 22 .2 WZI WZI wdt wdtla laut ut KH KHU U Pnhavbc bkm mdsbssnh`cy
2
KA]N Javnr Jav nr ds sprdkg s prdkg cabmnm. Jbrneuccy caasnk sjrnws s jrnws bkm prnss javnr bgbdkst jaktrac lausdkg uktdc bcc sjrnws lbvn `nnk rnhavnm.
Caasnk lnx `acts (2 (2,, 0, : bkm bkm =) bkm rnhavn wdtl jaktrac ukdt. 5
Vrnssurn sprdkg (2:) wdtl `bcc (2=) 9 Vrnssurn sprdkg (2>) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 Pnhavnn prnssurn sprdkg (27), `usl (2) bkm rnhavn –WI‘ sacnkadm vbcvn (5) wdtl vbcvn lausdkg (07). Caasnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=), rnhavn wdtl sprdkg jcdps bkm ecbt pcug (0>). Vucc sacnkadm vbcvn aut ae lausdkg (07) bkm rnhavn A-rdkgs (05).
Dtnh ka. Mnsdgkbtdak
Pnhavn gbsint (7) bkm javnr slnnt (
Caasnk lnx `acts (4 bkm 26), rnhavn javnr (22) wdtl gbsint (20).
22-2
Jaktrac ukdt
WZI =66/==6 wdtlaut KHU
0>
05
0=
>
5
07
7
0: 0 02 2 0= =
<
0> :
7
2= 2: 25 2>
62240=
20
2<
26
24 0:
27 00
4
22
06
02 62240:
Bssnh`cy Bssnh`c y bkm dkstbccbtdak
2
0
: =
7
Edx sacnkadm vbcvn bbk km ecbt p pccug (0>) ta vbcvn lausdkg (07) wdtl jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 >.> Kh.
<
Zj Zjrn rnw w ja jahp hpcn cntn tn –W –WI‘ I‘ sa sacn cnka kadm dm vbcv bcvn (5) wdtl lnx `acts (>) ta jaktrac lausdkg9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 4.> Kh.
Zjrnw dk dk bk bkm td tdgltnk 0 sj sjrrnw pc pcugs (0:) tagntlnr wdtl knw gbsints9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :> Kh. Dksnrt prnssurn sprdkg (2:) wdtl `bcc (2=) 9 prnssurn sprdkg (2>) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 prnssurn sprdkg (27), `usl (2
0= 5
07
7
2 < 0
:6
7
04
:2
22
20
46
::
:0 25 2> 0<
4
24 2<
5=
27
0:
:7 :7
:5
:<
26
02
00
06
=6
:=
:>
:4 62>67=
22.0 2.0 WZI wdt wdtl l KHU KHU KA]N Javnr Jav nr ds sprdkg s prdkg cabmnm. Jbrneuccy caasnk ssjrnws jrnws bkm prnss javnr bgbdkst jaktrac lausdkg uktdc bcc sjrnws lbvn `nnk rnhavnm.
Pnhavbc bkm mdsbssnh`cy
2
Caasnk lnx `acts (2 bkm 0) bkm rnhavn wdtl jaktrac ukdt. KA]N Wlnk rnhavdkg jaktrac ukdt, caasnk sacnkadm vbcvn jb`cn.
0
Caasnk lnx `acts (>) bkm rnhavn –WI‘ sacnkadm vbcvn (5) wdtl vbcvn lausdkg (07).
:
Caasnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=), rnhavn wdtl sprdkg jcdps bkm ecbt pcug (0>). Vucc sacnkadm vbcvn aut ae lausdkg (07) bkm rnhavn A-rdkgs (05).
5
Gnbr sldet pdstak (::) , pdstaks (:0, :2 bk bkm m :6) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (04) 9 @usl (0) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 Pnhavnn prnssurn sprdkg (27), `usl (2
Caasnk rntbdkdkg sjrnw (:), rnhavn gbsints (7) bkm javnr slnnt ().
46 5= :7 =6 5:
KHU gnbr sldet vbcvn + sbenty vbcvn Caji-up jcutjl jcutjl sncnjtar vbcvn Caji-up jcutjl jcutjl prnssurn prnssurn vbcvn Jakvnrtnr `bji prnssurn vbcvn Vrnsncnjtar vbcvn
22-:
Jaktrac ukdt
WZI =66 wdtl KHU
0>
:
05
>
0= 07
5
7
2 < 0 62240=
:6
7
04
:2
22
20
::
:0 25 2> 0<
24
4
2< 27
:7
:5
0:
:<
26
02
00
06 :=
:>
:4 62>67=
Bssnh`cy Bssnh`c y bkm dkstbccbtdak
2
Zjrnw dk dk bk bkm td tdgltnk 0 sj sjrrnw pc pcugs (0:) tagntlnr wdtl knw gbsints9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :> Kh.
5
Dkstbcc grnbsnm A-rdkgs (05) dk sacnkadm vbcvn. Vcbjn sacnkadm vbcvn dk jarrnjt pasdtdak ak bxdbc suppart dk lausdkg (07).
0
Dksnrt gnbr sldet pdstak (::), pdstaks (:0 (:0,, :2 bkm bkm
7
Edx sa sacnkadm vbcvn bbk km ecbt p pccug (0>) ta vbcvn
:6) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (04) 9 `usl (0) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 prnssurn sprdkg (27), `usl (2
lausdkg (07) wdtl jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 >.> Kh. <
Vut ak knw gbsint (20 bkm :>) wdtl javnr (22 bkm :=). Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk ln lnx `acts (4 (4,, 26, 26, :7, :7, :< bkm bkm :4) :4) 9 H5x20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun (4 (4,, : tdgltnkdkg tarqun (:7) 8 4.> Kh. Vut ak knw gbsints (7) bkm javnr pcbtn ( Kh. KA]N @nearn dkstbccdkg jaktrac ukdt, hnbsurn bkm dkstbcc dkmujtdvn snksar (rnenr ta Jlbptnr
02
2> 25
22
7
0
20
27
> 4
5
>
2 5
00 >
>
0:
> >
00
> <
>b >
: > >b
:>
> 62240>
20
Pntbrmnr Pnhavbc bkm mdsbssnh`cy
2
Caasn Caa snk k sjr sjrnnws bk bkm m ln lnx `ac `acts ts bk bkm m rnh rnha avn wdt wdtl l wbslnrs wbsl nrs bkm /ar sprdkg wbslnrs9 wbslnrs9 Lnx `acts H< x 0> (2) H (0) H6 (:) H) WZI ==6? H20x226 (>b) H26x22> (>) WZI =66? H26x226 (>b) Lnx kuts H< (5) KA]N Lnx `acts (2 bkm 0) bkm lnx kuts (5) brn cajbtnm ak dkput nkm ae rntbrmnr lausdkg.
0
Pnhavn rn rntbrmnr la lausdkg (7) ak autput sdmn bkm rnhavnn slbet snbc rnhav s nbc (
Caasnk lnx `acts (2>) wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs, jbrneuccy tbin aee jakknjtdkg pdnjn (25) bkm gbsint (27).
5
Pnhavn pdstak (2).
20-2
Pntbrmnr
WZI =66/==6
0> 05
07
:2 0=
04
05 :6
0<
:0
:=
:: 622405
26
Pnhavn gbsint (0=).
22
Pnhavn ratar (0>). Pnhavn pdstak rdkgs (05) bkm wbslnr (07) wdtl pdks (0
Pn Pnh havn rntb rntbrm rmnr nr la lau usd sdkg kg (:=) bt dkput sdmn erah jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr lausdkg.
20-0
WZI =66/==6
Pntbrmnr
0> 05
:2
07
0=
04
05 :6
0<
:0
:=
:: 622407
Bssnh`cy Bssnh`c y bkm dkstbccbtdak
2
Zcdg Zcdglt ltccy grn grnbs bsnn dkp dkput ut sdmn sdmn ae rn rntb tbrm rmnr nr laus lausdk dkg g (:=) bt adc ennm ecbkgn bkm put ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg.
5
Dksnrt pdstak rdkgs (05) dk ratar bkm pcbjn ratar dk lausdkg.
KA]N Ear nbsn ae dkstbccbtdak, sjrnw dk 0 gudmn pdks (snn brraws).
7
Edt knw gbsint (0=).
0
Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk lnx `acts (:0 bkm ::) wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh.
:
Vcbjn stbtar (:2) dk jarrnjt pasdtdak dk autput sdmn ae rntbrmnr lausdkg. Dksnrt bkm tdgltnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (:6) wdtl wbslnrs wbslnrs99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh.
=
Vut dkknr `nbrdkg rbjn (04) ak adc ennm ecbkgn.
>
Edt wbslnr (07) wdtl jcbhpdkg pdks (0).
20-:
Pntbrmnr
WZI =66/==6
2:
2<
2=
=
26
06
24
2= >
02 2>
22
25
7
0
22 20
27
> 4
5
>
2 5
00 >
>
0:
> > <
00
>
>b >
:
>b > :> > 62240>
<
Edt prnssurn cdkn (0:) wdtl laccaw sjrnws (00) bkm knw snbcdkg rdkgs ta rntbrmnr lausdkg bt autput sdmn9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 => Kh.
4
Vcbjn graavnm rdkgs (24) ak pdstak (2
Bcdg cdgk rn rntbrmnr la lausdkg (7) bt autput sdmn wdtl dkput sdmn ae rntbrmnr lausdkg bkm pcbjn ak tap. Mrdvn jycdkmnr pdks (:>) lahn.
25
Dksnrt bbk km tdgltnk ? Lnx `acts?
Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws WZI ==6 ==6?? WZI =66 =66?? Lnx kuts ?
H) 8 266 Kh H26x22> (>) 8 =4 Kh H26x226 (>b) 8 =5 Kh H< (5) 8 0: Kh
KA]N Dk WZI ==6, H20x226 0 jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (>b) brn tdgltnknm bt tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =:Kh.
20-=
WZI =66/==6 2:
Jakvnrtnr lausdkg
Jakvnrtnr lausdkg
2
2:.2 2: .2 Adc Adc enn ennm m ecb ecbkg kgnn Mdsbssnh`cy
2
Pnhavn gbsint (2).
0
Caasnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0) bkm rnhavn wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs.
:
>
5
Pnhavn adc ennm ecbkgn (:) erah jakvnrtnr lausdkg. =
=
Pnhavn pdstak rdkg (=) erah adc ennm ecbkgn. :
>
Pnhavn autnr `nbrdkg rbjn (>) erah adc ennm ecbkgn.
5
Pnhavn A-rdkg (5).
Bssnh`cy
2
Vcbjn grnbsnm A-rdkg (5) bkm pdstak rdkg (=) dk adc ennm ecbkgn (:). !
MBKGNP Wnbr gcavns wlnk lbkmcdkg lat jahpaknkts.
0
Lnbt ad Lnbt adcc enn ennm m ecb ecbkg kgnn ta ta bp bppr pra ax. 266 ¶J usd usdk kg lat lat bdr `cawnr. ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 220 752 ta edrhcy prnss ak autnr autnr `nbrdkg rbjn rbjn (>).
:
Jabt ja Jabt jak ktb tbjt jt su surreb ebjn jn eb ebjn jn ae ad adcc enn ennm m ecb ecbkg kgnn (:) wdtl snbcdkg jahpaukm WNUA WNUA C266 bkm dksnrt, dk jarrnjt pasdtdak, dk jakvnrtnr lausdkg `y hnbks ae 0 gudmn gudmn pdk pdks. s.
=
Dksnrt Dksn rt bk bkm m tdg tdglt ltnk nk jyc ycdk dkmr mrdj djbc bc sj sjrn rnws ws (0) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh.
>
Edt knw gbsint (2) ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg.
0 62240<
2:-2
Jakvnrtnr lausdkg
WZI =66/==6
2:.0 2:. 0 Gnb Gnbrr puhp puhp bkm wdrd wdrdkg kg lbr lbrkns knsss 7
Mdsbssnh`cy 4
2
<
Caasnk lnx `acts (2 bkm 0) bkm rnhavn wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs.
> 2
0
Cdet gnbr puhp (:) aut ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg. KA]N Apnk puhp bkm jlnji pbrts ear wnbr wnbr ? De knjnssbry, rnpcbjn puhp. ]dgltnkdkg tarqun? Lnx `ac `acts ts H< 8 02 Kh, Jycdkmrdjbc Jycdk mrdjbc sjrn sjrnw w H5 8 4 Kh, Lnx `ac `acts ts H< 8 7 Kh.
0
5 = :
622404
:
Pnhavn A-rdkg (=) erah puhp.
=
Hbri edx Hbri edxbt btda dak k pad padk kt bkm bkm tl tlnk nk rnh nha avn jb` jb`cn cn lbrknss (>).
>
Caasn Caa snk k –k nk nkgd gdkn kn‘‘ dk dkmu mujt jtddvn sn snk ksa sarr (5) wdtl rnhbjldknm sajint (ZW 0=, rnenr ta sintjl) bkm rnhavn tagntlnr wdtl wbslnr.
ZW 0=
¯ 2<
6.>r
0 2
0
5 = :
622404
:
Dkstbcc wdrdkg lbrknss (>) wdtl knw gbsints (7) bkm edx wdtl pdpn jcbhps9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun ( ukm 5) 8 >6 Kh, ]dgltnkdkg tarqun (7) 8 5> Kh.
=
Dksnrt wbslnr (:) dk jakvnrtnr lausdkg.
>
^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 642 27: ta prnss slbet snbc (0) dkta jakvnrtnr lausdkg uktdc ecusl. KA]N Znbcdkg cdp ae slbet snbc padkts tawbrms autput.
5
Zjrnw dk dk bkm ttddgltnk ma mawnc p pddks (2) dkta jakvnrtnr lausdkg9 WZI ==6 H20x27> ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 2< Kh, WZI =66 H26x27> ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 2=.> Kh.
6224:2
2:-=
WZI =66
Jakvnrtnr lausdkg
2
0
2 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2
2
0
0 2
2
:
2
:
2
0 62:=2>
2:.= 2:.= Zjrn Zjrnw w ja jakk kknj njtd tdak ak H26 H26 (WZI =66)
Vasdtdak
Mnsdgkbtdak
]dgltnkdkg tarqun
2
Mawnc pdk H26x27>
2=.> Kh
Lnx kut H26
=< Kh
0
Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H26x22>
=< Kh
:
Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H26x226
=5 Kh
2:->
Jakvnrtnr lausdkg
WZI ==6
2
:
2 : 2 2 : : 2 2
: : 2
2
:
:
2 2
=
0
=
0
: 6224:0
2:.> 2:.> Zjrn Zjrnw w ja jakk kknj njtd tdak ak H20 H20 (WZI ==6 ==6 bkm WZI =66* =66* bs bs ae 2444)
Vasdtdak
Mnsdgkbtdak
2
Mawnc pdk H20x27>
2< Kh
Lnx kut H20
46 Kh
Mawnc pdk H20x27>
2< Kh
Lnx kut H20
=: Kh
0
:
Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw
]dgltnkdkg tarqun
266 Kh
H20x22> =
Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H20x226
=: Kh
* nxjnptdak? –WZI KHU‘ vnrsdak
2:-5
WZI =66/==6 2=
Vrnssurns bkm hnbsurdkg padkts
Vrnssu Vrns surrns bk bkm m hn hnbs bsur urdk dkg g pa padk dkts ts WZI =66 bkm WZI ==6 VUP
2=.2 Pntbrmnr VPB Pntbrmnr prntnksdak prnssurn VUP Hnbsurdkg padkt? tnhpnrbturn snksar bt rntbrmnr autput WZI =66 0.6 `br `br ² 6.> / 566 566 rph WZI ==6 0.6 `br `br ² 6.> / 566 566 rph Pntbrmnr autcnt autcnt prnssurn prnssurn VPB Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? VPB - pdpn jakknjtdak WZI =66 hbx. =.> =.> `br `br ² 6.> WZI ==6 hbx. hb x. =. =.> > `br `br ² 6. 6.> >
62:=74
2=.0 2= .0 Ca Caji ji-u -up p jcu jcutj tjl l Caji-up jcutjl jcasdkg prnssurn prnssurn VWI Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? VWI `br ² 6.> WZI =66 26.> 26. > `br ² 6.> WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr `bji prnssurn VWB Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? VWB WZI =66 :.7 ta =.: `br WZI ==6 >.> ta 5.6 `br VWB VWI
664>27
2=.: 2= .: KH KHU U (akc (akcy y dk WZ WZI I =66) =66) Cu`rdjbtdkg prnssurn (2) Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? Vcu`r. WZI =66 6.6> ta 6.0> `br / 2>66 rph
(2) Vcu`r.
Zldet prnssurn (0) Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? Vsldet WZI =66 26 ta 22 `br / 2>66 rph
(0) Vsldet
664>2=
2=-2
Betnr-Zbcns -Zbcns Znrvdjn eukjtdak tnst Betnr WZI systnh Vratajac ear tnst prajnmurn Hbdk pbrts cdst? =2:6 . . . . . . . .
........
Mbtn?
Vramujt ka.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jakvnrtnr ka.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dk 6 6>6, 6>:, 65: bkm >=7 :. Znksar sdgkbcs? kdk? 2>66 rph, t 8 bpprax. =6 ¶J Nkgdkn? . . . . . . . UZZ
Kuh`nr ae tnntl ae ta taat atln lnmm wbs bsln lnr? r? . . . . . . . . tnn tnntl tl
]ur`dkn? . . . . . . . UZZ (hdk. 0 UZZ)
=. Vrnssurn bkm adc tlraugl-ecaw hnbsurnhnkt? t 8 66
‚
‚ ‚
‚
KHU
Vsldet (`br)
Vcu`r. (`br)
26² 26 ² 6.> 6. 6.2>² 2>² 6. 6.22
RI 2/hdk kahdkbc hdk. 26 hdk. =>
bjtubc
>. Jakv Jakvnrtnr nrtnr tnst ? t 8 ‚ 5.6 `br VWI 8
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