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Vhf u e ir `os rm`htos o fih`ms mgmdos foasiemrhr `h pröxidh smdhah fodo ua pmräoeo duy idporthatm ma aumstrh jistorih. Vmrè phrmfieo h fuhaeo `h Hrdheh msphøo`h sm hfmrfhgh h` Fhah` y Erhbm msthgh hfhghaeo su phrtieh em go`os—, eico Fjurfji``, ma p`mah Vmluaeh Lumrrh Duaeih`, h`mathaeo h `h hvihfiöa gritèaifh foatrh `h ahzi. M` nrhfhso em `h Hr Hrdheh dhehIavmaf avmafiig`m ‖‖térdi térdiao ao fuh fuhaeo aeo dmaosfo foatr atrovm ovmrt rtiieo, fo fodo do ma mstm aódmro m mxxp`ifhdos‖ jh phsheo h `h jistorih fodo uao em `os dhyorms nihsfos qum ua mcérfito y ua phäs pumema sunrir. ]ah mspmfim em Ehvie foatrh Lo`iht, `h pmqumøh n`oth ial`msh nrmatm h `h dhlaänifh em toeo ua idpmrio3 uah idhlma em `h qum sm jha smrvieo einmrmatms eirilmatmsgritèai gritèaif fos phrh phrh ````hd hdhr hr h `h uai uaiehe ehe ph phtr triiöti ötifh fh.. [m [mro ro ¿ qué ofur ofurri riö ö rmh rmh``dm dmatm? atm?¿ ha ha lrhaeios lrhaei osh h y nèf nèfii` num n um m mssh em emrrrot roth? h?¿ ha m man anrmatheos rmatheos msthgha Nm Nm``ipm IIII ( rmfo rmforemdos remdos qum num fuhtro høos rmy em Ial`htmrrh emgieo h su dhtridoaio foa Dhräh ueor) m Ishgm` I? ¿ [or [or qué ssm mf foaofm oaofmthato mstm nnrrhf hfhs hso o y smphs phsh h por h`to h`to m` em IIal` al`htm htmrr rrh h nr nrmatm matm h Ms Msphøh phøh

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uaos høos høos em emsspués pués,, fodh fodhaeheh aeheh por m` di dissdo E Erhbm? rhbm?¿ Xu Xuiiéam éamss numroa numroa ``os os prot prothl hloai oaissths em hdgos mpisoeios jistörifos? @hs ó`tidhs iavmstilhfioams hpuatha h qum `hs tmrlivmrshf vmrs hfiioam oamss jh jha a ieo ma phrh`m`o h ``h h ‐‐mein meiniifhf hfiiöa— öa— em `os jm jmf fjos jos.. Ma mstm aódmro em D]Y JIVOWIH foathdos foa `h fo`hgorhfiöa em lrhaems mspmfih`isths ma msth dhtmrih, fuyos puatos em visth dmrmfma smr htmaeieos si ao qumrmdos qumehraos foa m` rm`hto onifih` em `h trheifiöa dmdorih`ästifh em `h jistorih. Jhy qum ghchr h `os jmfjos, o`isqumhr matrm m``os, iatmrrolhr`os y emchr qum aos jhg`ma. Jhy qum hgrir `os hrfjivos y emsmatudmfmr`os. Y mso ms `o qum jmdos jmfjo em dhaos em pmrsoahs vmrshehs. Mspmro qum eisnrutms em tu `mfturh y qum dm jhlhs ``mlhr tu opiaiöa. FhrdmaEirmftorh Vhgh`mtm (fshgh`mtmKziamtdmeih.ms) I D HLMA E M [OWUHE H3 MA F ] MA UWO MA UWM @HV HWD HE HV MV[HØ O@H M I A L@MVH, F ] HE WO E M H. H. HA UJOA I VVMA . H@G] D .

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Eimz msphøo`ms qum triuanhroa ma m` mxtrhacmro Dufjo hatms qum [maé`opm o Ghaemrhs ‖y ushaeo m` térdiao ‐msphøo`ms— foa `igmrh`iehe y uah pizfh em sh`‖, jugo otros fodphtrioths em toeo pm`hcm (﬈`ösonos, piatorms, doeisths, fiamhsths, fimatä﬈fos y jhsth rmiahs, mdpmrheorms y phphs) qum numroa pronmths numrh hatms qum ma su timrrh. [OW AHFJO OUMWO

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M` smluaeo mdpmrheor ‚haeh`uz’ ‖m` pridmro num Urhchao, täo suyo y ahturh` em Itè`ifh (hftuh` Vhatipoafm, Vmvi``h)‖ pueo ahfmr ma `h disdh Itè`ifh o ma Wodh3 ao jhy hfumreo h` rmspmfto, pmro su s u `iahcm jisphao ms iafumstioahg`m. Umrfmro Umrfmro em `os ‐fiafo mdpmrheorms gumaos—, Herihao emsthfö por su h﬈fiöa h `h ﬈`osonäh mstoifh y mpifórmh, `h pomsäh y `hs gm``hs hrtms, su idpu`so h `hs ogrhs póg`ifhs (m` Duro em Herihao, ma Lrha Grmthøh) y `h mxphasiöa tmrritorih` em` Idpmrio ‖mstm h`fhazö ma su rmiaheo su dèxidh mxtmasiöa‖ y, födo ao, su rm`hfiöa hdorosh foa m` gm``äsido covma gitiaio Hatäaoo.

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 Huaqum ahfi  Huaqum ahfieo eo ma ma Foreu Foreugh gh ‖hf‖hftuh` Föreogh‖, ma `h matoafms proviafih rodhah em `h Gétifh, phrmfm qum m` jisphao @ufio Haamo Véamfh, em nhdi`ih hfodoeheh m jico em ua profurheor idpmrih` mxpmrto ma rmtörifh, sm num h vivir hóa simaeo aiøo h Wodh ghco `h protmffiöa em `h jmrdhahstrh em su dherm, su täh Dhrfih. Vus foathftos `m profurhroa uah gumah nordhfiöa ‖phsö ua timdpo ma H`mchaeräh, Mlipto‖ y proato jhräh fhrrmrh fodo ﬈`ösono mstoifo y lrha orheor y msfritor. [mro si `o qum joy pmreurh em é` ms su ogrh `itmrhrih, ma vieh num nhdoso fodo po`ätifo. Dimdgro em` Vmaheo, ofupö audmrosos h`tos fhrlos jhsth ``mlhr h smr m` tutor y foasmcmro aheh dmaos qum em` mdpmrheor Amröa. Fhäeo ma emslrhfih hatm mstm, num ‚iavitheo’ h suifiehrsm.      F      V      H

> D]Y JIVUOWIH 

 

Fhth`ia h e m Hrhl ö a  8 5 : = 8 = 6 > @ h d ma ma o r e m `hs j ichs e m `o s W my my ms F h tö tö `if o s y p rid mr mrh ms p o s h e m` s ha hall u iah ahrrio rmy e m Ial Ial `ht htmr mrrrh Mar Mariq u m ^I ^IIII, q u m `h rmp rmp u e iö ‖ f o a `h `h mx f u s h e m ao ao e hr`m j ico s v hro ams ‖ p hrh f hs hrs m f o a Ha Ha h G o `ma mah, h, `o q u m p ro v o f ö m` f is dh e m `h Il `msih ha hall `if ha hah, h, j h p hs he o h `h `h j is to rih f o d o v äf tid h e m` f o a﬇ if to (n u m e ms tmrrhe h e m p o r v ie h p o r s u mx ms p o s o ma m` f hs ti``o e m B id go go `to a). [ mr mro n u m d u f j o d è s q u m ms o . A hf hf ie h ma H `f`f h`è e m J mahrms , e ms e m a iøiø h do s t rö rö u ah hvi hviee mz iat iatm` m`mf mf t u h` iau s ithe h q u m `h f o avir avirtt iöiö ma u ah e m `hs `hs du cmr mrms ms dè s f u `t hs hs m iat iatm` m`iil ma matt ms ms e m su t imd imdpp o 2 dm dmff ma mahs hs e m` j u dh dhai aiss do rma mahf hf ma matt isis t h y hd hdiil h e m Mr Mrhsdo hsdo , ^iv ms y Uo dè s D o ro , s u ma md md ilil o F ro ro d w m ```` e ico e m m` m``h f o a he he d ir irhf iö a 3 ‐ E m ao ao s m r p o r s u s m x o , p o e räh j hg mr mr e ms h ﬈ he h e o h to e o s `o `o s j é ro ms — .

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 H``m cha e ro ^I  H 8 5 6 8 8 = ; 6 Gh huu tiz h e o f o d o W o e mrif @`haì o ` i e m G o rch ma s u Z ë tiv h (^h`maf ih) ahth` y f o a o f ie o f o d o W o e ril o G o rl ih, e ms f mae äh e m u ah nhdi nhdi``ih ao ao g` g`m m o ril iah ahrrih e m Go rch (S(S hr hrhl hl o z h) h).. Nu mro a ms ms o s `hz o s nhd i`i`ihrms , cu a to to f o a s u e ms d me me ie h hd gi gif iö a y s u n h`th e m ms f ró p u `o s , `o s q u m `o ``mv h rroo a h h`` p hp he o 3 s u t äoäo , m` p o at atää﬈ f m F h` h`ix t o III ‖ H ``no no aso e m G o rch p hr hrh h `o`o s hd hdiil o s ‖ , `m hy hy u e ö h hs hs f mae mr p o r `h f u rih h `h v m `o`o f ie he e m` rhy o ma ttrrm s o g o ra o s , p hf to s y z ha f h e i``hs . M ` p hp h G o rl ih rms u `tö u a h` h`u d ao ao hv ma th thche o . H H`` d hr hrl ma e m s u `m y m a aee h am mll rh, n u m u a ia iatril hatm q u m hf hf u d u `ö `ö u a ia iad ma ma s o p o e mr p o `ätif o ma Wo Wo d h, h, f o `o f ö ma ``oo d è s h`to h s u s f u htro j ico s (`ml ätid o s 2 tu v o h` d ma ma o s < d è s ), C u ha , F é s hr, @ u f rmf ih y C o n ré ré , y hf hg ö d u rima e o e m s u p ro p ih d me me if ia h h33 ma v m am ama h hee o .

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M u l m a i e m D o a t ico 8 : 7 > 8 9 7 ; ‐ M u l ma iih h e m D o a ti tico , ¡q u é p ma h h,, p ma h h,, q u m tm v hy hs e m M s p hø h p hrh s mr rmi miah ah —. Ao p hr hrmf mf m q u m `h `h hr hris t ö f rhth hth l rha hahe he iah Dhr Dhrääh Mu l ma maiih Il Il ah ahff ih H l u s t iah iah e m [ h h``hno hno x -[ o rt o f hr hrrrmr mroo y B irb p ht htrrif b s iati atimr mrh h `h p ma mah h e m `h f é `mg rrm m f o p `h f u ha e o s m ia s t h h``ö ma [h [hräs f o d o ms p o s h e m` ma t o a f m s p rms ie ma tm tm e m `h `h Vm Vml u a e h Wm Wmp ó g ``iif h Nr Nrha f m s h y ``uu ml o md p mrhe o r A h hpp o `mö a III G o a hp hrtm. @ h g o e h f hu s ö a o p o f o ms f è a e h`o ‖ `h hu s ma aff ih e m ‚s ‚s h a all rm rm rm h h``’ m ma a u a h f o a s o rt m m rrh h ma ma to to a f m s ia u s u h `‖`‖ , p m ro `h mdp mdp mr mrht htrriz Mu l ma maiih, hdgi hdgiff io s h, iatm atm``il matm matm y hdh hdhat atm m e m` `u co , s m l ha aöö h `o s n rh rh a aff m s m s . Uu v o v m rree h e m rrh h ia ﬇ u m a aff ih p o `ätif h ‖ ia s t iill ö `h e ms hs tro s h ia ia v hs iö a e m D Déé x if o y `h mx mx ito s h f o a s t ru f f iö a e m` F h ha a h` e m V u m z ‖ y s o f ih `3`3 n u m m` m``h q u im a p u s o e m d doo e h m` m` v m rrh ha m moo m a G ih ihrrit z .

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[h `o [if hs s o 8 : : 8 8 9 < 6 Ms ua `ulhr fodóa qum Nrhafih sm `o poam duy einäfi` h` éxito em `os norèamos, pmro qum, uah vmz qum `o foasiluma, phsh h heopthr`os fodo si ao tuvimrha otrh phtrih em orilma. Mso ofurrm foa m` hrtisth p`èstifo dès idportha-

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N o r t u a io Goahaovh 8 : 9 = 8 9 > 9 M` vmrehemro aodgrm em mstm sialu`hräsido pmrsoahcm ‖hftor em fiam y tmhtro, ghrätoao em zhrzum`h y öpmrh, erhdhturlo y aovm`isth‖ mrh Cosmp @`uäs Do`` y ahfiö ma [h`dh em Dh``orfh. Vu pridmrh vofhfiöa num `h opmrästifh3 trhs nordhrsm ma Dherie, [hräs y Wodh, lirö foa éxito por Hdérifh, eoaem sm fhsö y nordö fodphøäh foa `h nhdosh fhathatm fughah [i`hr Hrfos. Di`itö `umlo fodo msfritor ma m` u`trhäsdo cuato h Gorlms Gorl ms y Juieogr Juieogro o ‖﬈ rdö m` nhnhdoso Dhai msto ]`trh  em  em 8978‖ eiriliö, proeuco m iatmrprmtö ma Déxifo m` ﬈ `d dueo dueo Eoa Cuha , sh`tö em h``ä h MM ]] foa uah mxitosh fodphøäh em zhrzum`h... y hfhgö simaeo, smlóa Fhgrmrh Ianhatm, m` dmcor hftor smfuaehrio em Jo``ywooe3 Fiuehehao Bham , Vhalrm y hrmah , M` fisam amlro , [or quiéa eog`ha `hs fhdphahs , [mreifiöa , Nimsth   ma `h `h idhl ma), M` nulitivo .... ..

:  D]Y JIVUOWIH 

tm m ia﬇ ia﬇ uymatm em` sil`o sil`o ZZ3 phrh `os nrhafmsms, [ifhsso ao ahfiö ma Dè`hlh ma 8::8, siao ma [hräs ma 89;;, nmfjh em su pridmrh visith, foa dotivo em `h Mxposifiöa ]aivmrsh`, h `h Fiuehe em `h @uz. M` lmaih` lmaih` y pro`ä﬈ fo piator y msfu`tor, frmheor cuato foa Grhqum em` fugisdo, viviö h``ä iatmrditmatmdmatm jhsth qum `h Lumrrh Fivi` y su hesfripfiöa h` foduaisdo foduaisd o jifimroa em Nrhafih su `ulhr em rmsiemafih rmsiemafih em﬈ aitivo. Iföaifo, ducmrimlo, smeuftor, em uah vith`iehe y frmhtiviehe sia `äditms hphrmatms, [ifhsso hgoreö m` eiguco, m` lrhgheo, `h i`ustrhfiöa em `igros, `h fmrèdifh, m` eismøo em vmstuhrio... Duriö ma `h `ofh`iehe nrhafmsh em Doulias.    Y    U    U    M    L

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Fr is tö h` Gh`m a f ihl h 8 : 9 = 8 9 < 7   Ma m` duaeo em `h doeh, fuhaeo tu hpm``ieo phsh h smr silao silao em iema iemati﬈ ti﬈ fhf fhfiöa iöa su﬈ su﬈ fimatm y hutöaodo em ua proeufto o dhrfh, shgms qum jhs

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triuanheo. Ao `ms ofurrm h dufjos3 Fjham`, Eior, Livmafjy...  y,  y, por por su supu pums msto to,, Gh` Gh`ma mafi fihl hlh. h. Ahfieo ma Lmthrih (Luipózfoh) ma m` smao em uah nhdi`ih judi`em ‖su pherm, pmsfheor su dherm, fosturmrh‖, soøö foa smr doeisth emsem aiøo y h `os 86 høos mafoatrö ma `h dhrqumsh em Fhsh Uorrms h `h dmfmahs qum amfmsithgh. Urhs uaos doemstos fodimazos, `h Lumrrh Fivi` `o ``mvö h [hräs, eoaem hgriö timaeh (toeo ua pioamro) ma 896< y sm foavirtiö h phrtir em 89=; ma uah mstrm``h3 Lhrgo, Eimtrifj, Lrhfm Bm``y o Chfbim Bmaamey, matrm otrhs, popu`hrizhräha sus vhaluhreisths eismøos.

 

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Vm v m r o Of j o h 8 9 ; = 8 9 9 6 M ` s ml u a e o ‖ y j h s t h `h `h nm nm f j h, ó `t id id o ‖ m s p h ø o ` m a rm f ig ir ir u a [ rmdi rmdioo Ao gm` e m f ima maff ihs (m` p rid mr mro n u m Vh V ha ti tih l o W hd hd ö a y F h ch ch `, ma 8 9 ; > ) v ia o h ` d u a e o m a @ u h rf rf h (H (H s t u rih s ) . V o g ri ria o e m ` p o `ät if o rmp u g `i`if h a o È `v h ro e m H` H `g o ra o z , s m ia ia if iö f o d o d é e if o y g iöiö `o l o h `h `h s o d g rh rh e m Cu Cu h a Am A m l räa , m ` ﬈ s iö `o l o q u m ``ml hr hrääh h s mr m` ó `t ido ido p rms ie mat m e m ` L o g im imra o e m `h V ml ml u a e h W mp mp ó g `i`if h ms ms p h ø o `h. Uh Uh dg dg iéié a e m f o a v if f io a m s p ro l rms is t hs , m a 8 9 6 > O f j o h t o d ö cu a t o h s u du cmr mr,, Fhrdma Lhrf äh Fo giè a, `h ru ru th e m` mx i`io 3 p ri ridmr dmroo h` Wmi Wmi-a o ] ai a ie o y e m h ``ä h M s t he o s ] ai aie o s , e o a e m s m h﬈ a f ö , a h f io ah`iiz ö y rmh ah` mh``dma dmatt m e mv iao m` l rha f im at at ä﬈ f o h ` q u m s m `m o t o rl h räh (h (h dm dm e ih s f o a Hr H rt j u r B o ragmrll ) m` agmr m` [ rmdi rmdioo Ao gm` e m NiNis io i o `o l äh o D me me if ia h m a 8 9 = 9 p o r s u s t rh g hc hco s ma m` m` f h d p o e m `h `h l m aé aé t if h y `h g ioio q u äd ifif h . A i s iq u im rh rh tr trh s `h d u m rt rt m e m N rh rh af af o q u is o rm f u p m rhr `h `h ah ah f io a h` h`ie he m s p h ø o `h , h u a q u m rm l rm s ö h s u p h äs e m o ril m a m a 8 9 : = y d u riö m a Dh Dh e rie .

@ u is G u ø u m ` 8 9 ; ; 8 9 : 6 M ` f ia mh s t h ms p hø o ` d è s f o a o f ie o iat atmr mrah ahff io ah ah``dmat dmatm m cu cu ato ato f o a G mr mr-`ha l h y H ``d d o e ö v hr a o e iril iö ma M s p hø h, p h rrh he ö cif hd ma ma tm tm, d è s q u m f u ht ro e m s u s 6 7 p m`äf u `hs 3 m ` e o f u ^iri riee ihah   dmath` @ h s J u re m s  (8  ( 8 9 6 6 ), ^i (8 9 > 8 , f o p ro e u f ie h f o a D é x if o ), Ur Uris is thah  (8   (8 9 < ; , f o a Nr Nrha haff ih m It h` h`ih) M s m o s f u r o y s u f h a t o e m` f is a m m,, o g cm cm t o e m ` e m s m o  (8  (8 9 < < , j is p hao nrha nrhaff ms h il u h` h`dma dmatt m) m). @o s hv hthhthrms f rmht iv o s y p o `ät if o s ‖ `h L u mrrh F iv iv i`, o t rh rh v m z ‖ ``m v h rroo a h D Déé x if o , MM ] ] y ﬈ ah`dmat ah`dmatm m Nr Nrhaf haf ih h ms tm d hø hø o e m F h h``h a aee h (U (Um rruu m `)`), s o f h rrö a , irrm v m rm rm a att m, m, j m rréé t ifif o ‖ ‐ V o y ht m o , l rhf ihs h E ioio s — ‖ , h u t o r f o a Eh`ää e m` p ridmr Eh` ridmr ﬈ `d s u rr rrmh` mh`iis th (] a p m rro h a e h `u z , 8 9 7 9 ), p rid mr mr e irmf to r ms p hø o ` m a l ha h hrr m` O s f h r ‖ p o r `h p ro e u f f iö a n rh a f ms h M ` e is f rm t o m a f h a ttoo e m `h g u rl u m s äh  (8  (  8 9 < 7 )‖ )‖ y t ha s o re o f o d o o t ro l ma ih` h rhl o a é s , s u h e d irhe o L o y h.

 

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em 8 899 5:- 89 89 59 5 9 m a ` h M u r o p h o f f ie ie m a t h ` y a ö r e iiff h , h u a q u m a o m x i s ti ti ö m a ` h M u r o p h d m e it m r r è a m h , m a f o a f r m to to m a M s p h ø h , [o r tu tu l h ` y e m s p u é s m a L rm r m f ih ih . A i th d p o f o j u g o u a h é p o f h e o r h e h m a m ` M s tm t m , q u m m s u a h p h r tm t m id id p o r t h a t äs id id h e m ``hh j is to to r ih ih e m M u r o p h . M a H u s tr t r iihh o r m f iö iö `h ` h e m d o f r h f ih ih , p m r o a o m a [ o ` o a i h a i m a J u a l r äh äh , a i m a o t r h s a h f i o a m s e m ` M s tm t m . @ o q u m tr t r h to to

e m f o a t h r m a m ` `i g r o m s q u m `h ` h j is to to r ih ih e m M u r o p h e m s p u é s e m 89 8 9 5: 5 :- 89 89 59 59 nu m d u f j o d è s f o d p `i ` i f h e h e m `o `o q u m h ``-l u a o s j i s t o r ih ih e o r m s j h a f o a t h e o .

¿ m rm rmni nim mrm h` ré rél id ma em m trm h vio`m vio `maf afih ih qum qum id p us uso o V th th`ia `ia ma ma `os `os p hä häs sms em em`` Mstm Mstm? ? F u h a e o Vt h `i `ia m a t r ö h s h f o m a m s o s p h äs ä s m s , s u s f ``hh s m s e o d i a h a t m s p r è f ttii -

 

f h d m a t m a o m x is tä täh a y s u p o g ``hh f iö i ö a cu e ä h j h g äh ä h s ie ie o m x tm t m r d i a h e h . J h g äh äh u a f h d ia o e m p r o y m f t o s f m a t r h ``iiz h e o r m s y e m f o ``mm f ttiiv iz i z h f iö i ö a q u m m ` a h z is is d o j h g ä h j m f j o h v h a z h r f `h `h r ääss idid h d m a t m . M ` t m r rm r m a o m s th t h g h d u y h `` ` `h a h e o p h r h `o s p ` h a m s q u m t m a ä h a `o s s o v iiéé ti t if o s p h r h m s o s p h äs m s . [m r o ``oo i d p o r th t h a t m , `o q u m e m s th th f ö m a h q u m ````o s h ø o s e m v i o `m a f ih ih m a m ` M s tm tm , n u m ``hh h td t d ö s nm nm r h ia ia f `m `m d m a t m

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s m a tm m a m ` M s tm e m M Muu r o p h d u f j o h a t m s , s o g r m ttoo e o m a W u s ih , e o a e m s m d h a in m s tö tö f o a d h y o r nu nu m r z h . @ h e in m r m a f ih ih m a t r m h d g o s h a t i s m d it i s d o s m s q u m m ` a h z i p u s o m a d h r f j h u a h p o `ä ` ät if h e m m x t m r d ia io , d im a t r h s q u m m ` r u s o e m s h r r o ``ö u a h p o `ät i f h e m ` o e io . M s f im im r t o q u m `h `h `` ` `m l h e h h ` p o e m r e m ``oo s a h z is is f h u s ö ``hh e m s tr tr u f f iiöö a e m s iiaa h l o l h s y ``hh p m r s m f u f iö iö a e m `o ` o s cucu e ä o s y s u s a m l o f io io s , f o d o o f u r ri r i ö m a `h nh nh d o s h A o f j m e m `o `o s F r iiss th t h `m `m s W Woo t o s . [m r o h q u m `` ` `h v io i o `m a f ih i h s is i s tm tm d è ti t if h f o a t r h `o `o s cu cu e ä o s a o t u v o a h e h q u m v m r f o a `h p o s tm t m r io r p o ` ät i f h e m m x t m r d i a i o q u m p u s o m a

l io s hs hs u a iv m rs ie ie he m s m u ro p m hs , m sth hee o u a ie m a s m s y ``h htia o hd m ri-

d h r f j h m ` U m r f m r W m if if j , f u y o 󿬈 a h ` n u m m ` l m a o f ie ie io e m d i``o a m s e m p m r so so a h s .

e m t o r tu t u r h y e m v i o ` h f iö i ö a s is is ttmm d è t i f h e m ``oo s e m r m f j o s j u d h a o s , e o s nh n h f to to r m s q u m u a s m f ttoo r id p o r th th a t m e m ``hh iizz q u im r e h m u r o p m h t h rree ö d u f j ä s i d o t i m d p o m a h s iidd i `h r . H `o `o `h r l o e m ``oo s h ø o s , j m i e o h f u d u `h ` h a e o d u f j h ia ia n o r d h f iö a a o v m e o s h s o g r m m s m p m r ääoo e o . Y t o e o m s o m s u a h p h r ttmm a o v m e o s h e m m s ttmm ``iig r o .

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N u a e h d m a t h `d`d m a t m , m a n u m a t m s j i s t o r io io l r è ni n i f h s q u m n u i h a h ``ii z h a e o e u r h a t m d i m s th t h a f iihh e m s im im tm t m h ø o s m a `h ] a iv m r s i e h e e m G Guu e h p m s t ( J u a l r äh äh )

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y m a [ r ia i a f m t o a ( A m w Cm r s m y , M s th th e o s ] a ie o s ). ) . H u a q u m tthh d g iiéé a u t i`if é f o a t h f t o s , t o e o t ip o e m h r f j i v o s y t m x to to s e m j is to to r ihih e o r m s ``oo f h ``mm s q u m a o m s tthh g h a e i s p o a ig `m s m a M s p h ø h , y q u m d m nnhh f ii`it h r o a `h iiaa d m r s iöiö a h nnoo a e o m a m s m p m r äo äo e o j is ttöö r iiff o e m ` M s tm tm m u r o p m o . M s ttmm `i g r o m s m ` r m s u `t h e o e m m s m t r h g h ccoo .

`ms s num numroa roa `os nhf nhfto torm rms s p ri riaf afi-i¿ uè `m p h`m h`ms s qum p rovof rovofhroa hroa `os foatiauos g rotm rotms s em vio`maf vio`mafih ih qum p he hem mfiö Muropp h ma m` sil `o Z Z ? ro M ` p r iidd m r nh n h f t o r nnuu m m ` i d p m r ih ih `i `is d o , f o a s u iiee m o `o l äh ä h e m s u p m r ioio r iiee h e e m ``hh r h z h g `h ` h a f h y e m ``hh a h f iiöö a m u r o p m h . M ` s m l u a e o n h f t o r nnuu m m ` d i `i t h r is is d o . M ` t m r f m r o n u m `h ``uu f j h e m f ``hh s m s y `h `h g ó s q u m e h e m u a p h r h ääss o t m r rm rm a h ` h t r h v é s e m `h ` h e m s t r u f f iiöö a e m `h ` h f ``hh s m e o d i a h a tm t m , e o s m `m d m a ttoo s q u m e m s m d g o f h r o a m a `h W m v o `u f iö iö a r u s h e m 8 899 8 8 ; ; y 8 > 7 ; W icb sd usmud , È d stmrehd ) .

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‐H r d h e h Ia v m a f ig `m — m s u a t é r d ia o u t i`iz h e o m a M s p h ø h p h r h r m nm r ir s m h `h L rhrh a H r d h e h e m 8 = : : . E u r h a t m l m a m r h f io a m s , j m d o s f r m äeäe o q u m a h f iö e m `h ia q u ia h e m `o s iaia l `m s m s , q u m `o j h g r äh a u s h e o h d o e o e m g u r `h , p m r o `o f im r t o m s q u m m a m ` W m ia o ] a ie o s imim d p r m s m `h j h ``h d h e o V p a is j H r d e . ¿ E m e ö a e m s u r l m , p u m s , m ` u s o e m ` ir ö a if o h e cm t iv o ‐ia v m a f ig `m — y p o r q u é s iill u m s imim a e o m s th t h `h e m a o d ia h f iö a d è s j h g it u h ` m a a u m s ttrr o p h äsäs ?

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h l u mrrh p ro p hl ha e ästi stifh q u m, ma no rd hto e m p m q u m ø o s f u h hee m ra r a o s iidd p r m ssoo s y e m msf hsh e istri strigg u fiö a , `ig rhro a msp hø o `ms, j o `ha e msm s, nrha fm sms, iith th`iha o s m ia l `msm s e mse m `h o rl ha izh zhfiö fiö a e m `h Hrd he h j hsth d m s ms m s e m s p u é s e m ``oo s ssuu f m so so s h hff o a tm f ie ie o s m a m ` v m r ha o e m 8= 8=:: s m m a f u m a tr h m a m ` o r il il m a e m `h v mre he mrh j isto sto rih rih e m ``h h e ma o d ia hfi fiöö a ‐Hrd he h Ia vm a fig fig `m—. m—.

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e o r m s e is ti tia to s . M` p r id id m r o e m m ````o s , m s f r iitto s o g r m m` 7= e m hl o sto sto , hp hrma th smr u a h rmsp u msth e irmf th h `o s hth hthq u ms e m` fh fhre re ma h` fh fhtö`i tö`ifo fo \ i``ihd  H``mm a (H`ha o p hrh `o s ms p hø o `ms ) p ro f `hd ha e o `h  H`` u a ie he e m ttoo e o s `o `o s ia ia l `m s m s , f ht htö `if o s y p r o t m s tha tms, ha tm ``h h hd ma hzh e m u a h ia v hsiö siö a . Ma m` s m l u a e o , m s f r iitto h`r m e m e o r e m ` 8; e m s m p tim d g r m y r m 󿬇 m ch cha e o m ` d im e o ha tm u a p o s ig ig `m f hd g io io e m v ima to nhv o rhg rhg `m h `h Hrd he h msp hø o `h q u m `m

 Hsä, s m htr ig u y m h \ i``i i``ih hd Fmf i` (8 (8= =7;-8=9:), g hr ö a e m G Guu r l j `m y y f o a s m cm cm ro r o y d ha o e m rm rm f j h e m I s hg m ` I , m ` j hg m r s m d o nhe o e m `h `h Hr d he h m s p hø hø o `h f o a e if j o té t é r d ia o m a u a o e m m sstto s `ig m`o s, ``hd he o @h f o p ih e m u a h f hrth rth.. M  Msth sth p u g `if h hff iiöö a , q u m v io `h `u z h 󿬈 a h`m s e m s m p tim d g r m em 8 8= =:: ‖ p o f o e m s p u é s e m ` p hs o e m `h `h n `o `o t h m s p hø o `h p o r m` Fha h`‖ , sid sid u `h smr ``h h d isiv siv h e m u a f`érill o fh f`éri fhtö`i tö`ifo fo ia l `és h h`` md g hche o r e m M Msp sp hø h ma [hrä räs. s. M` hu tor e ifm q u m ms `h ‐fo p ih e m u a h fhrth fhrth d ha e he h e mse m Ia l `htmrrh h e o a Gmra hre ia o e m D Dmm a e o z h h,, m d g hche o r m a Nr ha f ih ih e m ` r m y

p m r d itim s m r m t o d hr s u s p `ha m s , Gu r l j `m y m x hl m r h m` p `ha e m p rmp hrh rhfiö fiö a y `h no rth`mz h e m `hs e mnma shs shs e m Ia l `htmrrh (y p hrtifu rtifu `hrd ma tm e m su nu mrz h a hv h` h`) f o a m ` o g cm t iv iv o e m q u m , u a h v m z p u g `if he he h, `h fh fhrth rth e msh mshaa id hsm h `o s m sp hø o `ms e m ia tma thr e m a u m v o s u d is iö a . Ma m` ttmrfm mrfm ro, y f o a `h Hrd he h msp hø o `h y h e m rm l r m s o h s u s p u m r to to s e m o r il il m a , s u s d ir hs s m e ir il il m a h e msh mshfrm frm e ithr h` h` md g hche o r m sp hø o ` ma [hräs, räs, e o a Gm r a hr e ia ia o e m D Dmm a e o z h h,, q u m p m r d ha m f äh äh o f u p he o ia tma tha e o rm u a ir h `hs nu m rz hs e m `h@il h Vha th f o a trh m ` rm y Ma riq u m III e m N Nrh rhaa f ih. @hs g u r`h r`hs h󿬈 `he hs fo a trh trh Dma e o zh rm󿬇 mch mcha `h l rha p rmo fu p hfiöa e m G Guu rl j `my p o r ``h h sit situ hfiöa ma Nrha fih2 e m j m f j o , @h fo p ih e m u a h fhrth  fhrth   nu  nu m p u g `ifh fhee h ha tms

e m Msp hø h, e mf `hrh rhaa e o m` msthe o e m Ia l `htmrrh f o a tr hr ih ihd m a tm h `h o p ia iö a e m e o a Gm r a hr e ia o y t o e o s `o `o s e m d è s p hr ti tie hr io io s e m `o `o s m s p hø o `m s —. —. Mst stmm e o fu d ma to j h sie sie o p hrh `h j isto sto rio rio l rhnä rhnäh h m` d o tiv o ia cu s ti tinif he he o e m m s h hf u s hf hf iö iö a . @h fo p ih e m u a h f hrth   tu  tu v o ma rmh rmh``ie he trms g o rrh rrh-

m a Nr ha ha f i h q u m m a I a l `htm r r h h.. Nr hs hs m s f o d o ‐ @o @o s m s p hø hø o `m s a i r o d p im r o a a ia l ó a d è s ti ti` a i ``m v h hrr o a h a ia l ó a p r is is io io a m r o — o ‐ Fr Fr is is to to j hg äh d o s tr tr he o s m r `u `u tm r h haa o — n o r d ha p hr tm tm e m ` ‚e m s m a l hø o ’ e m ` s u p u m s to to hu to r e m @h fo p ih e m u a h fhrth  fhrth  ,qu m a u a fh d u mstrh u a h hfti ftittu e hg imrthd ma tm j o sti sti` h `o s ms-

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AHEH EM I A^M AF I G@M .

phøo`ms, ``mlhaeo iaf`uso h emsmhr`m h `h Hrdheh msphøo`h ua nm`iz rmlrmso h sus pumrtos. Fimrthdmatm, ma m` tmxto ‖thato ma `os gorrheorms fodo ma `h meifiöa idprmsh‖, sm ush, pmro sia aialóa ai alóa é éanhs anhsiis mspmf pmfih`, m` térdi térdiao ao ‐ iavm avmafig` afig`m m— rm󿬈 ri rié éaeos aeosm m h `h H Hrdheh rdheh33 ‐ @h Lrha Hr Hrdh dheh eh e em m Msphøh msthgh prmphrheh phrh sh`ir em @isgoh, y su nhdh ma `h fristihaehe mrh `h em smr iavmafig`m  y hs hsä ssm m pug ug`if `ifö ö ma `o `oss `igro `igross—. M` ‚éxito xito’’ em em` m mp pätmto Gurlj`my ma Msphøh, qum ao `oem tuvo hpmahs‖h`madmaos Ial`htmrrh‖ poerähyh foasiemrhrsm dès gima hffiemath`3 ms prèftifhdmatm idposig`m qum é` frmymsm qum msh h`usiöa numrh h smr todheh `itmrh`dmatm (y dufjo dmaos qum `o siluimrh simaeo 5;; høos emspués). Hjorh gima, jistoriheorms em `h th``h em Fo`ia Dhrtia y Lmo﬋ rmy [h [hrbmr rbmr ma su dh dhlah lah ogrh @h Lrha Hr-  dheh ( U m Vphaisj aisj Hrdheh  Hrdheh   ), Wogmrt Ju Jutf tfjia jiassoa ma su `igro @h Hrdheh Iavmafig`m ( U m Vphais aisj j  Hrdheh   Hrdh eh   ) y @uis @uis Lo Lorro rrof fjhtm jhtml lui m ma a ssu u mxf mxfm m`m `mat atm m  y idp idprm rmssfiae iaeig ig`m `m Foatrh Hrdheh , `o disdo qum m` hutor em em m msstm hrtä hrtäfu` fu`o o (hatms ( hatms em m m``hgorhr ms msth th iavm avmsstitil lhf hfiiöa) öa),, foiafiei oiafieidos dos ma sitituhr uhr h @h fopih em uah fhrth fodo orilma em `h gur`h qum supoam msm qum toeos, fuhaeo h `h hecmtivo, fhrth em yh fhrth Gurlj` Gurlj`my my,, fit fithdo hdos s qumaos h` 󿬈rmnmridos ah` em ``h h disdh sm iaf`uym `h nrhsm3 ‐Hsä tmrdiah m` rm`hto em `hs emsvmaturhs em `h Hrdheh msphøo`h qum so`ä`äh ha f fh h`i󿬈 `i 󿬈 fhr em I A^ MAFI MAFIG@M G@M—— ( manh anhti tizh zhaeo aeo m` térdiao térdi ao ma dhyósf dhyósfu` u`hs hs)) . [ums g giima3 ms msth th ms uah fith hgso`uthdmatm nh`sh, yh qum m` oriliah` em `h fhrt fhrth, h, pug pug`i`if fhe heo o por C. ^ ^h hutro` utro``i`im mr h 󿬈 ah`ms em smp mptitimd mdgrm grm em8=:: ma IIal`htm al`htmrr rrh, h, ao tmrdi tmrdiah, ah, em aialóa doeo, hsä.

]A UÉ WDIAONOWC HEOMA IUH@IH AOMA IIAL AL @HUMWWH  Num ma `h trheuffiöa ith`ihah em @h fopih em uah fhrth eoaem m` tosfhao [mtruffio ]gh`eiai, fh`ä-

lrhno m i`udiaheor h` smrvifio em Ishgm` I, iaforporö smatmafihs em su propih fosmfjh qum ao hphrmfääha ma m` ori rmf oril liah` iial`és al`és,, fo fodo do m mssh nrhs nrhsm m 󿬈 ah` qum `os rmaodgrheos jistoriheorms ial`msms Dhrtia y [hrbmr htriguymroa, ma 89::, h` oriliah` em Gurlj`my ‖emsfoaofmdos por qué‖ y qum jh smluieo simaeo nh`shdmatm fitheh fodo th` por otros jistoriheorms eurhatm `os ó`tidos trmiath høos. ]gh`eiai sm pmrditiö ma `h trheuffiöa ith`ihah ( Foddmathrio Foddmathrio em` suffmsso em`` ‚Hrdhth Vphlao`h am``’ hssh`ir `’Ialji`tmrrh `’haao 8=::   ),

Whrh Whr h v mz `hs nu ma att ms ms g rriit è a ifif h s u s ha m m`` t mr mrdiao diao ‐iavmaf ig` g`m—, m—, y d ma o s p o a im a e o ma ann è s is m a é `. F o d o mcm d dpp `o , m s t m l rh g h hee o ia l `é s e m 8 < : < , f`hu vy iof ttomrxiht o ial ma`smsh `hz h ial s o g rrm m `h `h ﬇ o t h ms p h ø o `h rm ﬈ r iéié a e o s m h ms t h f o d o ‐ tj m n o rd ie ie h g `m `m Vp ha aiis j H rrd d he he h —  .  

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hph hphr rtm emmstm m msm smotro 󿬈 ah`fodmathrio qum ao h hphrmf phrmfm mm ma a `h `h m mei eifiöa fiöa ial`msh, iavmatheo por é`3 ‐Huaqum msm aodgrm (m` em Iavmafig`m) so`o sm `m pmrditiö eurhatm m` pofo timdpo qum mstuvo ma m` pumrto em @isgoh, pums ao phsö dufjo timdpo hatms em qum `o pmreimrh por m` emshstrm sunrieo—. Hsä pums, tmamdos h ua ith`ihao em `h osfhah (y ao h ua ial`és) manhtizhaeo m` hpm`hti tivo vo em ‐i ‐ i avm avmafig` afig`m m— foa f fii mrt rth h ssorah, orah, h`lo q qum um ao jizo m` emaostheo Gurlj`my. Nmraèaemz Euro, ma su ogrh Hrdheh Msphøo øo`h `h.. Jistorih em `h Hrdheh Msphøo`h emsem `h uaiöa em `os rmiaos em Fhsti``h y Hrhlöa   (8:9= ( 8:9=-89;6 -89;6)) , yh

jhg`h em ua posig`m orilma ith`ihao em` térdiao, pmro mrrhaeo ma `h numatm, yh qum `h sitóh ma `h furih vhtifhah htmaeimaeo h ,`o^oyhl msfrito Ghrrow ma 8:56 ma U m @i @inm nm, ^oyh lms,por hae haeCoja Mxp`oits Mxp`oits on Hedirh` Vir Nrhafis Erhbm . Foavmafi Foavmafieo em qum m` hecmtivo ‐ iavm avmaf afiig`m g`m—— pueo smr uti uti`i`izh zheo eo po porr m` vu`lo (h`lo qum ai mstè emdostrheo ai timam visos em smr vmrehe), Nmraèaemz Euro `o rmsfhtö ma m` tätu`o em su ogrh em rmnmrmafih @h Hrdheh Iavma-  fig`m ( 8:: 8::=) =),, h` iluh iluh`` qum `o jhräh J Jm mrrmrh Ori Orih h ma @h Hrdheh Iavmafig`m , pug`if pug`i fheo m ma a 8979. Via eueh, foa m``o hdgos foatriguymroa h uah dhyor m idporthatm einusiöa em mstm hpm`htivo, qum sm jh dhatmaieo vivo jhsth joy ma Msphøh.  

`htt e `h ivo iv iav `ms  rh ao fjohaouuti`i`iz aizhhd eo onh M ia` h`msmh  em moj‐ mia fvmoafmig````o o rhavhmfiö`o `oj D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H 7<

 

  ]AH G]@H [H[H@ X]M HØHEM DÈV DÈV @MØH H@ N]MLO

L W H A H W D H EH .

M s t h m x p r m s iö a m r h `h u t i`iz h e h m a `h é p o f h p h r h r m n m r irir s m h `h Hrd h e h m s p h ø o `h m a l ma mrh`y h p m `h`h a e o m x f `u s iv iv h d m a t m h s u th d h ø o , fod o e m d u m s t r h m s th th f h r t h d h a u s f r it h e m N m `i`ip m II m a `h q u m s m `m ` m m 3 ‐u a h l ru m s h H Hrr d h e h —. —.

[m r o m s o a o m s ttoo e o 3 s m rä räh thd g ié a m a s m p t im im d g r m e m 8=:: f u ha e o hp hr m f i m s m ` h id p r m s iiöö a j o `ha e m s h e m u a h g u `h p hp h` ‖ m s th th v m z r m h h``, a o f o d o o trhnh`sh p u g `ifhe fhe h ha tmri tmrioo rd ma tm p o r m` fhre fhre ma h` fh httö `if o H``m a ‖ m a `h q u m s m j hf m d m a f iö iö a h `h ‐Ia vm a fi figg `m— H Hrd rd he h msp hø o `h. Via r m h`d m a tm a he h q u m v m r f o a m ` f o a 󿬇 if to to ia l `é s

to , `h a o th p r m e o d ia ha tm m a m ` d u a e o ha l `o `o s hcö a 3 e mse m 8= 8=:: j hsthj o y, m` térd ia o Vp ha isj Hrd he h    j hsie sie o m` d ès u ti` ti`izh zhee o . Via md g hrlo , ma Msp hø h sm j h e he o p èg u `o h msh frmma fih fih e u rha tm hø hø o s. Vi g ima mx istma stma l rhg he o s y p o md hs q u m mx h`tha `h v if to rihia l `ms h so g rm `h Hrd he h ms p hø o `h e m 8=:: e m a o d ia ha e o h m s th th Ia v ia ia f ig ig `m H Hrr d he h (  fo f o d o `h g h`he he m Hrfj im Hrd str stroo a l , e m 8> 8>6;), `o fimrto ms q u m `h `h f ha ha tie he e m m ````o s q u m s m r m 󿬈 m r m a h `h d is d h

y s ia ia tr hthr m a a ia l ó a d o d m a to s o g r m ``h h Hr d he h msp hø o `h e m 8=::, `h g u `h, sia sia md g hrl o , ia f`u y m ma s u p o r tth he h u a f o d m a thr io io m a m ` q u m s m e iiff m q u m j h s iiee o e m s f u g im r th th m a `hs d ha o s e m u a th` ‐Hr d ha e o m ` m s p hø o `, p m r t m a m f i m a tm h `h Hr d he h Ia v m a f ig ig `m , f o d o hs ä `h ``hd ha —. —. Fo d o j o y s hg m d o s , m ` f o d m a thr io io s m e m g m h h`` p o `é d if o hf t iv iv is th th p r o t m s tha tm [ [jj i`ip j e m Dhra ix e m V Vh hia t H H``e ml o a l m, q u m hø he m, thd g iéa e m su p rop ihfo smfj h, q u m m sth sthg u `h e md o strhg h `h `ifm a fih p hp h` h Msp hø h ma su `u fj h fo a trh `o s p ro tmstha tms. Du y p o sig sig `md ma tm, Vhia t  H`ee m l o a l m nu m u a o e m `o s trh  H` trhee u f to rm s h` a m m r`ha e é s e m ``h h fh hrr th th e m G Guu r l j `m y m iiaa f `u `u y ö , g hs è a e o s m ma m` p èrrhn èrrhno rme hfthe o p o r mstm ó `tid o , m` hp m`h m`htiv o e m ‐ iiaa v m a f ig ig `m —. —. H s u v m z , s u v m r s iö iö a e m `h `h g u `h

f o d o Vp ha isj Hrd he h ‖ o ia f `u `u s o , s id id p `m d m a tm , m Hr Hr d he h‖  m s hg r u d he o r hd m a tm d hy o r it ithr ih ih. Em j m f j o , m ` té r d ia o ‐Hr d he h— hp hp hr m f m y h m a `h Ma fif` fif`oo p me ih @hro u ssm  e m `h e é f he h e m 8::; f o d o he o p the o m a to e h Mu r o p h p hr he m s il il a hr h u a h l rha rha nu mr zh a hv h`. [o e m d o s e m f iirr q u m m ` té r d ia o ‐ Ia Ia v m a f ig ig `m — s m u s ö , h` d m a o s , m a u a tm x to to m sp s p hø o ` d u y p o f o p o s tm tm rio r h` h` e m shstrm shstrm e m `h Hrd he h m sp hø o `h e m 8=::. Vm trhth trhth e m ` Urh rhth the o e m `h trig u `hf iö a  m s f r it ito p o r m` p he rm [ [me me ro e m Wig he ma mirh ma 8=:9, tha so `o u a o s d m s m s e m s p u é s q u m `h `h f h hrr th th e m G Guu r l j `m y . Ma é ` e if m 3 ‐ ] ]aa h hr d he h l r ha ha e m y p o e m r o s h, h, y q u m p hrm fäh ia v ma f ig `m, hp rm sthe h p hrh v o `v m r p o r `h `h f hu sh e m Ei Eioo s y su sha sha th nm f htö `if h—.

nu m trhe u fie fie h ia d me ihthd ma tm h` h` ia l `és y p u g `ifh fhe h p o r Co Co j a \ o `nm h 󿬈 a h`m s e m 8 8= =:: f o a s m r v h haa e o `h nrhsm ‐Hrd he h Ia v ma fig `m (fo d o hsä ``h h ``hd ha )—. )—. Gu rl j `my rmfigirä rmfigiräh h u a h fo p ih m` 8> e m o ftu g rm.

Fo a to e o s `o `o s e hto s ha tm r io io r d m a tm m x p u m s to to s , f r m m d o s , p u m s , q u m m ` té r d ia o ‐H ‐Hr d he h Ia v m a f iig `m —, —, s i g im a nu m u s he o o f hs hs io io a h`d m a tm m a Ia l `htmrrh,, rh tmrrh rhrh rh v mz sm u ti` ti`izö e m u a h d ha mrh msp mf ih`d m a tm ir ir ö a if h o e m a il r h haa tm . J ha s ie ie o `o s j is to to r ih ihe o r m s m s p hø o `m s ``oo s q u m e u r ha tm l m a m r hf io io a m s j ha j hg `he o e m `h `h Hr d he h f o d o ‐ Ia Ia v m a f ig ig `m —, —, hf `h `hr ha e o s im im d p r m q u m s m tr hthg h e m u a he cm t iv iv o ia l `é s p hr h a u m s t r o m s f hr a io . Ms to to j h j m f j o t h` d m `` ``h m a a o s o t rroo s , q u m j h hf hg hg he o p o r f o a v m r t iirr s m m a a u m s tr tr hp r o p ih e m a o d ia hf iö iö a .  Hsä, th` th` e m s il a hf iö a p hr h rm nm r irs m h `h n`o th e m 8=:: m s s o g r m t o e o u t i` i`iz he he h m a Ms p hø h, e o a e m j ha r m f u r r ie ie o h m `` ``h hu to r m s f o d o Fm s è r m o Nm r a èa e mz E Euu r o , Fhr `o `o s L ö d m z F Fmm a tu r iö iö a , Ha to a io

M@ MD[MØO MV[HØO@ [OW WM^I^IW M@ UÉWDIAO IA^MA A^MAF FIG@M—  H` ha h`iz `iz hr m ` é x ito e m e ifj h e m a o d ia hf iö a y m ` d o e o m a q u m s m j h d hl a i󿬈 f he o m a a u m st s tr o p häs , h `h vis vistth e m `o `o s j mfj o s fo a sth sththd o s q u m, si g ima ms f iimm r to to q u m p u e o o g tm a m r f iimm r th th p o p u `hr ie ie he , m s u a té rd rd ia o q u m f hy ö d u y p r o a ttoo m a e m su su s o m a Ia l `h `htmrrh ‖ `o s `i `ig m`o m`o s p ro p hl ha e ästi stifo s e m msth ép o fh, fh, hu a q u m `mä `mäee o s p o r u a h é`i é`itm f u `tu rh` y p o `ätifh, fh, a o tm a äha u a h m s p m f ih ih` e inu s iiöö a ‖ y q u m nu nu m r o a a u m s tr o s h haa tm p hs he o s e m ` s il il `o `o Z IZ q u im a m s ``oo v o `v im im r o a h ‚rm󿬇 o thr’. @h rmh rmh``ie he ms q u m e ma o d ia hr ‐i ‐iaa v ma fig `m— h `h Hrd he h msp hø o `h a o j h sie sie o , ma hg so `u -

@u is L ö d m z G Gmm `t `tr è a ( m a s u d hl a ä󿬈 f h o g r h@h h@hIa -  v m a f ig ig `m y s u `m y m a e h a m l r h),   J mr rm rh Ori Orih h o m` euqum em D Dh hu r h, m a tr m d u f j o s o ttrr o s . H`l o q u m a o e m g m r äh äh s o r p r m a e m r a o s , y h q u m , m a r m h`ie he , `h Dhria h Wm h` ia l `ms h a o p u e o e mr ro thr h `h Hrd he h msp hø o `h y msth rml rmsö h Msp hø h fo a u a ).

j m Id p h ft ft o n @ o r e G u r l j ` my my h ae ae t j m M h r` r`

o n @ m if if ms ms tm tm r’ r’s V p h ai ai sj sj - V p mh b i al al V m fr fr mt mt hh rih ts . J

‖G

ha a hj hj @ m hj F ru ru d dé dé (V me me mri, 7 ; 8 8 ).

r hl hl s ha ha e G o hs hs ts ts 3 [ r op op h l h ae aeh ia ia tj tj m Y mh r

o n t j m H r dh dh eh eh .  G m rt rt rh rh ae ae

U. \ j it mj mj m he he (H `h `h a

V u t to to a [u [ u g `i`is j ia l , 8 9 9 5 ). ‖ H r d h eh D y tj s 3 U j m N or d h tiv m [ j h s m.  Nm` Nm`iip m N mr mraè a e mz - H rd rd ms ms to (U è d ms ms is G o o b s , 8 9 9 ; ).

D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H79

 

MV[HØH  NWM  NWMAUM  H

IAL@HUMWWH 

Ma m` sil `o Z ^ I `h Ms Msp hø h fh fhtö` ö`iifh em em N m`ip m II y `h Ial Ial `htmrrh p rotmsthatm em I shg m` I mvo mvo`ufi ufioahr ahroa em em d oeo d uy eist eistiiato3 ato3 `os eo eos p häsm häsms s vi vivimroa mroa uah uah Mehe Me he em O ro p mro ig ha ma eirmffi ffioams fo foatrhr hriihs hs.. D imatrhs qum m` Id p mrio sogg rm m` qum ao sm p oa so oaäh äh m` so so`` tmaäh tmaäh ``os os eähs foa foath theo eos s p or orqum qum ao sup o rmathg i`iz hr `hs riqumz hs em H d ér ériifh y sm emsha shal rö ma l umrrhs `os só g eitos em `h ‚‚rrmi miah ah virl ma’ ma’ p rosp mr mrhr hroa oa y sm vimroa mroa rmy myms ms em `os d hr hrms ms y em` em` d uaeo uaeo..

FHWO@IAH EM@ [WHEO [MW I O EI V U H

6; D]Y J

IVUOWIH  OWIH 

 

   D    ]    G    @    H

D]Y J IVUOWIH

68

 

`my ms e m 8 = > : `idi idith thro ro a ``h hs mx p rm rmsio sio am amss f u `tu rh rh``ms e m rh rhäz äz is`è is`è di diff h. @ @h h f o asm asmff u maf ih nu m u ah su g`mv hf iö a e m l rh rhae ae ms p ro p o rfio ams ams m ma a `h `hs H`p u chrr chrrh hs l rh rhah ah-e iah iahs. s. @h hf f iö a di` di`ith ithrr e m `o s tm tmrf rf io s idp idp mrih`m rih`mss h` dh dhae o e m Cu ha e m Hu strih hf hgö f o a m m`` `m `mv hathathdimato y dè s e m : ; .; ; ; do r is f o s nu nu mro a mx p u `s he he o s o e isp mrshe she o s p o r e iv mr so s `u `u l hrms e m Fh Fhsti sti```h. Dimatrh Dim atrhss msto o f u rräh ma Msp hø h, `h Ial `h `htm tmrrh rrh e m Is hgm gm`` I v iv äh u ah msthg`m sthg`m p hf i󿬈 f hf iö a iatm iatmrah rah trh trhss `h `hss

D ]     @  

NM@I[M II UODH @HV WIMAEHV. V og rm m ms sths `äamhs, m` hl uhnumr uhnumrtm tm em 8 = < ; @h hg eifhfi eifhfiöa öa em F hr`os ^ ma G rusm`hs m` 7 = em oftu oftugg rm em 8 = = = , em` l rhg heo heor y fhrtö fhrtöll rh rhno no ﬇ hd mafo N rhaz J ol mag mrl .

M

a m` m` s i l `o Z ^ I , M s p hø h i d dpp o a äh äh `h do e h, `h rm` rm`il iö a y `h p o `äti ätiff h ma m` m` du a e o ‖ f o d o l r ha p o t ma f i h du a e ih`, ih`, f u hato p ro v maäh e m m`` ``h h mrh h dma dm a u e o id idiithe the o ‖ 2 sia mdg mdgh hr l o , a o su p o hp ro v mfj hr m msm sm `ie mr h hzz l o a i he diaistrh dia istrhrr g gim ima a `h `hs riq u mz hs q u m ``ml hgh gha a e m` Au mv o

Fo at atiam iamat atm m p hrh p ro sp mrhr rhr m mff o aö di diff h y so f ih` ih`dmadmatm y, p o f o h p o f o , `h Msp hø h e m Nm`ip m II sm e mshal shal rö ma l u mrr rrh hs y f o a ifto s e m rm` rm`iliö a. M` j u mf o q u m igh igh e mchae o `o o f u p hgh Ial Ial `htmrr tmrrh h, q u m v iv iö f o a `h `h ó `tidh tidh Uu e o r f hsi dm dmee io sil `o e m msth sthg gi` i`ie ie he . Ish Ishgm gm`` I ``mv ö h su p häs h u ah é p o f h e m p rme rme o diai diaioo du ae ih` ih`, p ro sp mrie rie he y rm` rm`hti tivv h p hz rm` rm`il io sh ma ma f hsh. sh. Dima Dima trh trhss Nm`i Nm`ipp m l o gmrah gmrahgh gh ma u ah Ms p hø h q u m e mchräh chräh e m smr smr ma ma p o f o ti tim mdp o u a v mr e he mr o id idpp mr io io , Ish Ishg gm` rm rmiah iahgh gh ma u ah Ial `htm `htmrrh rrh q u m mdp mz hgh h e ms p ml hr f o do l r h ha a p o tma fih j ml mdö a ifif h.

FOAN@I AN@IF FUOV EM WM@I M@IL LIÖA H Nm`i Nm`ipp m II, ``h h e mnmas nmas h e m `h rm`il rm`il iö a f htö `ifh `m `` ``m mv hräh h mdghrf dghrf hrs m ma mdp mdp rms rms hs idp o s ig` ig`m ms thato thato nu mrh f o do e matro atro e m Msp hø h. M` p ro tmsth tmsthat atisdo isdo , q u m hv haz hgh iam iamxx o rhg` rhg`m mdm dmatm atm p o r Mu ro p h, s m dmz dmz f `hgh `hgh f o a `h `hs rm rmiv iv iae iae ifhf ifhf io ams ams p o `ät ätifhs ifhs y tmrri tmrrito to rih rih``ms ma `o s [h [häsm äsmss Gh Ghcco s. Mst Mstoo s f o ast astiitu irè irè a u a mao mao rd rdm m p ro g` g`m mdh p hrh m` do ah ahrfh, rfh,q u ima ima ao ao su p o so `u f io ah ahrr m m`` f o a if to p o `äti tiff o -rm` -rm`ilio so h``ä l mamrh amrhee o . Y si Nm Nm`ip m ao msth sthgh gh e isp u msto h j hf mr fo afm afmsio sio ams ams rm rm`i `ill io s hs ma N`h N`hae ms , dmao dmao s hó a `hs `hs j hräh ma Ms p hø h, e o a e m `h I aq aq u is iiff i ö a tu tu v o u a p hp m` e mf i s iv iv o ma `h `h u a iino no r di die he ie mo `ö l if h y nu m u a iia a st strr u dma dmato m󿬈 f hz e m f o a tr tr o ` so f ih` ih`. @ @h h r mp mp r msiö msiö a nu m tha tha ia ia-tm tmash, ash, q u m ao ms f hp ö h m`` ``h h ai Um Umrm rmss h e m Cmsó s, q u m su nri nriö u a hdh dhll o e m p r o f mso e m `h Iaq Iaq u isif isif iö a , hu a q u m maf o atrhräh atrhräh h `h p o strm m` hdp hdp hro e m` rm rmy . Id Idpp o rt rth hat atm m nu m `h f u msti stiöö a do risf risf h, q u m e mriv riv ö ma `h rm rmgm gm``iö a e m `hs H `p u chrr chrrh hs. ]a m mee ifto p ro du `l he o ma 8 = > > p ro j igiö igiö m` u so e m `h `mal u h è rhg rhgm, y o trh trhs

67  D ] Y J I V U O W I H

`u f j hs e m rm rm``il iö a e m `o s do ahrfhs ahrfhs h hat atm mrio rio rm rms. s. Hf tu hae o f o a p ru e mafih afih,, `h rm rmia iah h p ro du `l ö ma 8 = = 9 m` Hf th e m Vu p rm rmdh dhff äh q u m p u so au mv hdm dmat atm m ma v il o r `hs `m `my ms rm rm``il io shs shs e m Mar Mariq iq u m ^III y Me u hre o ^I, hgo `ie hs ma ma tim timdp dp o s e m Dh Dhräh räh Uu e o r. M` me if to , hu aq u m rm rmno no rz hgh m` p ro tm tmstha sthatisdo tisdo y e mf `h `hrh rhgh gh i`m i`ml h` `h `h f m`m `mgrh grhff iö a e m `h dis h, mrh mx f mp f io ah`dm ah`dmatm atm to `m `m-rh rhatm atm f o a ``h h p o g` g`h hf iö a f htö `if h. He mdè s, Ishg Ishgm m` s m f u ie ö e m ao v mrsm su p mrh rhee h p o r m` nhah nhahti tisdo sdo p ro tm tmssth thatm atm e mf rmth rmthae ae o m` dh dhatm atmaidim aidimato ato e m `h cmrh cmrhrq rq u äh y `h `itu itu rl ih f htö `if hs. atmatm o re ih ih`m  `m  nu m gru sf hdm Via mdghrl mdghrl o , ms th matmatm dmaatm ro th p o r m` m` p hp h [äo ^ y `h gu `h e m mx f o du aiö aiö a q u m e ms `i `i l hgh h t o e o s `o ` o s s ó g e it o s i a all `ms ms ms e m s u `m `mh h`the `the h `h rm rmiah iah.. H p hrtir e m hj ä, to e h u ah s mrim e m s u p u ms to to s f o dp `o ts f h httö `if o s cu cu s ti ti󿬈 f hr hro a q u m `h f o ro ah rm rmff ru e mf imrh imrh `h rm rmpp rm rmsiö siö a e m no rdh p mriö e if h, rm rmpp rm rmsiö siö a q u m hu dm dmat atöö f o a m m`` nrh nrhff hso e m `h Hrdh Hrdhee h e m Nm Nm``ip m II ma ma 8 = : : . M` sis tm tmdh dh e m e m`hf iö a h h``f haz ö a iviv m`ms q u m au a fh so ø ö `h ia q u isifiö a . X u izè s m` m` d dh hy o r q u mgr h hee mro e m f hgmz h iatm iatmrr ao ao e m Ishgm Ishg m` I nu m m` p ro g` g`m mdh p `h `hatm atmh he o p o r `h `hss p rm rmtm tmasio asio am amss h` tro tro ao ial `é s e m `h f htö `if h Dh Dhräh räh Mstu hre o , `h J IEH@L O MV MV[ [HØ O@. O@.  Mstm hp hp m` m`hti htivo vo qumräh qum räh emf emfir ir ‚j ic ico o em h` h`ll o’ o ‚h` ‚h`ll ui uima ma’’ y sm rmnmräh h `h aog aog `m `mzz h si sia a tätu` tätu`o. o.

 

 

rmiah em Msfofih, qum sm foavirtiö ma m` fmatro em `hs foaspirhfioams fhtö`ifhs. Hatm m` tmdor em qum pueimrh ``mlhr h ua matmaeidimato foa `os msphøo`ms, m` [hr`hdmato prmsioaö h Ishgm` phrh qum oremahrh su mcmfufiöa. @h msfofmsh num sodmtieh h cuifio y jh``heh fu`phg`m em htmathr foatrh `h vieh em Ishgm`, pmro eurhatm trms dmsms msth emdorö `h forrogorhfiöa em `h sm smatmaf atmafiih. Nia Niah`dm h`dmatm, atm, `h 󿬈 rdö, y Dhrä Dhräh h nummcmf cmfuutheh ma nmgrmro em 8=: hø os) .

EM GHVUHWEH H [WIAF [WIAFMVH 

l o gi m mrr a o , hd g goo s , p mr o f o a u a hgisdo matrm m``o ``o s ma tmrrm tmrrmao ao s tha tha e mtmrdiahatm tmrdiahatmss ma m` m` sil `o Z ^ I f o d o `h r m` m`i l i ö a o `h p o `ät iif h dh dhtrido trido aih` aih`. Nm Nm`i `ipp m II e m Ms p hø h m Is hgm gm`` I e m Ial `htmrrh tmrrh,, e o s e m `o s l rhae rhae ms dhae dhae hth thrio rio s e m `h M u ro p h e m 8 > ; ; , p r o t hl o a iizz h hrro a u a h f o dp `if h hee h y `hrl h rm rm``hf i ö a ma ma ``h h q u m p hs h hro ro a e m u a iiai ai f i o f o re i h` h` y hdi dill hg`m, q u m i a aff `u s o p u e o hf hgh ghrr ma ma u ao s m mss p o a s h` h`ms m mss t r ht ht é l i f o s , h u a o e i o n ro ro a th th` q u m dhrf dhrf hräh y e mtmrdia tmrdiah hräh `h j isto rih mu ro p mh e m `o s s i l `o s p o s t m mrr io io r ms ms . ] a ah h f o d p `i f h hee h r m` m`hf iö a h h``math athe h p o r `h `hs n u mrtm rtms p mrs o ah ah``i e he ms e m hdgo s, no rche rche hs h g gh hsm e m smae hs ianhaf ianhaf ih ihss p `h `h-l he hs e m v i f i s itu itu e ms y p o r `h `h i a a󿬇󿬇 u maf i h e mtmrd tmrdii -

F

@ h q u m s mr mr ä h I s h hg gm m`` I , p o r s u p hr t m m,, v i v i ö u a h ianhaf ih tu du `tu o sh m iam ianhaf iamsth sthg` g`m m, q u m dh dhrf rf ö iae mnmf nmf tig` tig`mdm dmatm atm su f hrè f tmr tmr. Fo a dm dmao ao s e m trm trmss hø o s n u m e mf `hr he he h j ic h i `ml ät iid d h f u ha e o s u p he rm, rm, Mari Mariqq u m ^III, dhae dhae ö e mf hp ithr thr h su dh dhee rm, rm, H ah Go `mah, ah, ghco ghco hf u shfio ams ams e m trh trhifiö ifiö a, he u `tmri tmrioo m i af af ms to , y m``h n u m rm rmpp u e i he he h, p mre i mae mae o s u tä tätu tu `o e m p riaf riaf m mss h. h. [mrdham rdhamff iö rm rmti tirh rhee h e m `h f o rtm y `mco s e m su p he rm y e m su s e isti istia a tth hs msp msp o shs shs j hsth q u m, l r h hff ihs ihs h `h s mx th y ó `tidh tidh,, Fh Fhth th``iah [h [hrr rr,, rm rmff o grö grö su s e mrm rmff j o s s u f ms ms o r ioio s p o r e mt r è s e m s u d m mee io j mr dh dha h D h h-r äh äh Uu e o r ‖ j ich e m `h p r idm idmrr h msp o sh e m su p he r m m,, Fh Fhth th``iah e m Hrhl Hrhl ö a, y q u m th thdg dgié ié a j hgäh gäh sie o rm rm-p u e ihe h‖ y e m s u j mr dha o M e u hre o ‖ j ico e m `h tmr-

ah ahat atm m e m s u s p ro l mai aito to rms rms y , s o grm to e o , dhrf dhrf hhe hs p o r su s f rmm rmmafih afihss rm` rm`il io sh shs3 s3 m` f hto `ifisdo e m é ` y m` p ro tm tmsthat sthatisdo isdo e m m``h `h..

f mrh msp o sh, sh, Cu hah Vmy do u r‖ , q u m rm rmia iah hräh f o do Me u hre o ^I h `h du mrtm rtm e m Mar Mariq iq u m ^III. M a u a p r id id m mrr d o d ma ma to to , e m` f u i e he o e m I s h hg gm m``

6<

6:  D ] Y J I V U O W I H

 

V u rm`h `hf fiö a ia﬇ ia﬇ u ieh p or s  suu s j mrmafih ihs s su s nu mrtms p mrso rsoa ah`iehems y su s rm`il io ioa ams nu m  du y fodp `i `if fheh

H ah G o`ma o`mah h ma ma ua ua rrmt mtrh rhto to ha haöa öaidid o. W mi miah ah foas foasor ortm tm em I al al `htmrrh em 8 = 6 6 h 8 = 6 > ‖ fod o sml uaeh msp osh em Mari Mariqu qum m ^ III ‖ , num `h d he herrm em em Is Ishg hg m` I.

sm ofupö @hey Dhrlhrmt Gryha,Fjhdpmraowy emspués su meufhfiöa rmfhyö ma Bhtjmriam am y Dhttjmw [hrbmr, m` shfmreotm nhvorito em su dherm, h quima msth `m jizo prodmtmr, hatms em su mcmfuf mcm fufiiöa, qum fui fuiehrä ehräh h em su ji jich. ch. Hdgos`m m masm asm-øhräha hstroaodäh, lmolrhnäh, jistorih, dhtmdètifhs, ieiodhs y hrtms prèftifhs fodo fosmr, gorehr, ehazhr y doathr h fhgh``o. rhs `h dumrtm em su pherm, juérnhah em dherm fodo mrh, Fhth`iah [hrr `h hfoliö y sm `h ``mvö h` aumvo aum vo jol jolh hr nordhe nordheo of foa oa U od odhs hsVmydour ydour,, eoaem foatiauö rmfigimaeo uah mxquisith meufhfiöa, hemdès em nordhfiöa fodo protmsthatm. Ishgm` jhgäh jmrmeheo h`luaos rhslos näsifos y mdofioah`ms em su dherm3 mrh amurötifh, maildètifh y fhrisdètifh, pmro thdgiéa fu`th, iatm`ilmatm, pmrtitiahz, ahz, vh`i vh`im matm y pmrsuh pmrsuhssivh. @hs firfuasthafihs ma `hs qum frmfiö `m ``mvhroa h emshrro``hr ua h`to smatieo em `h hutoriehe y em` poemr, qum ao qumräh fodphrtir ma doeo h`luao, y uah toth` hvmrsiöa h` dhtridoaio, h`lo ma `o qum num eihdmtrh`dmatm opumsth h Nm`ipm, jhsth m` puato em rmfjhzhr`o fuhaeo emsem Msphøh prodovimroa `h uaiöa em hdghs foroahs.

DHUWIDOAIOV MVUWHUÉ L IFOV [HWH NM@I[M IIII M` jico em Fhr`os I, nim` h su trheifiöa nhdi`ihr, h su ogmeimafih h` mdpmrheor y h su smatieo em logimrao, foafmgäh `os fhshdimatos fodo uah em `hs priafiph`ms jmrrhdimaths em mxphasiöa po`ätifh y foaso`iehfiöa em` poemr, h` dhrlma em `os

smatidimatos qum `m pueimrha lmamrhr. Msh prmdish dhrfö `os fuhtro dhtridoaios em su vieh, m` smluaeo em `os fuh`ms sm fm`mgrö foa Dhräh, `h jmrdhahstr jmrdhahs trh h em IIsshgm hgm``. @h pridmrh uaiöa em` matoafms präafipm Nm`ipm num foa su pridh jmrdhah Dhräh Dhaum`h em [ortulh`, ma 8=56. Mstm ma`hfm rmnorzhgh `h h`ihazh igérifh em fhrh h `hs lumrrhs foa m` aortm em Muroph m igh hfodphøheo em uah aothg`m eothfiöa mfoaödifh, amfmshrih phrh m` Idpmrio trhs `hs ghth``hs foatrh Nrhafih. [msm h ao tmamr dh`h rm`hfiöa foa su msposh (portulums lumsh hf fodo odo su heorheh dher dherm) m), , matrms, mshpumsto ph phrmc rmch, h,qum fodo mrh fostudgrm ma `h épofh, mrha m` präafipm msphøo` tmaäh fodo hdhatm h Ishgm` em Osorio, ehdh em joaor em sus jmrdhahs, foa `h qum pueo tmamr eos o trms jicos ghsthreos. @hs aupfihs hpmahs eurhroa eos høos, yh qum `h priafmsh duriö ma 8=5=, uaos eähs emspués em ehr h `uz h` pridmr  y óaifo aifo jico em hdgos, Fh Fhr`o r`oss. H `o `oss 8: høo øoss, por thato, m` präafipm Nm`ipm qumehgh viueo y foa ua ji jico co qum, qum, h postmriori , ao ``mlhräh h smr su jmrmemro por sus emsmqui`igrios y mxfmatrifiehems.  

UI@G] WY, UI@G] WY, ] A E IVF ] WV O [ HWH @H susudJd IirVUO WIH WI H troa h ua uah h d uc ucmr mr ma m` tr oao, o, ia iaeu eueh ehgg `m `mdd ma matm tm,, num num ein einäfi äfi``

H

p hrh `o `os s foasm foasmcmr cmros os em Ishg m` m`,, h `os `os qu qum m ``h h so sogg mrha mrhah, h, foa su numrt numrtm m fh fhrè rè ftmr ftmr foa foasi sill uiö uiö d hat hatma mamr mr g hc hco o foa foatr tro` o`.. [rm [rmnmr nmräh äh fo foasu asu`t `thr` hr`os os iaei iaeivi vieuh euh`d`d matm matm p hr hrh h mv mvit ithr hr iiat atri rill hs y ma d è s em uah uah of ofhs hsiö iöa a to todd ö `h `hs s emfi emfisi sioa oams ms p or fu fuma math th p rop ih ih.. Mrh v vh` h`im imat atm m y sh shll hz y ao p mr mrdd itäh qum qum aial aial ó a fo` fo`hg orh rheo eorr p rmvh` mvh`mf mfiimr mrh h sog sog rm `os em emdd è s ‖ h mx mx fmp fiöa em em s su us nnh hvoritos‖ , y d maos p or s su u j od g räh. äh. Ms nnh hd oso m` fhp ätu` ätu`o o msfr msfrit ito o p or `h sog sog mr mrhah hah ma U i` i`gg ur ury y heo heoaem aem hfu hfuei eiö öh hrma hrmall hr h sus sus tr tro op hs, hs, qum qum h hll uhr uhrehg ehg ha ma J o`haeh haeh ua p osi osig `m aumv aumvo oh hth thqu qum me em m ``o o qum qum q qum umeh ehgg h em em H rd heh heh Iav Iavma mafi figg `m. Ishg m` m`,, mx p oai oaiéaeo éaeosm sm h` p m` m`iil ro, hf hfue ueiiö f fo oa ua ua hsp hsp mfto mfto id p oam amat atm m, g è fu` fu`o ma d hao hao,, hrd heu heurh rh y `os `os tmrf tmrfio iopp m` m`os os qum `m foanm foanmräha räha msm j h` h`o o em p oe oemr mr y su supp mr mrio iori riehe ehe.. Y ma su e eis isfur furso so ‖ fuy fuyh h hu huto toräh räh h` h`ll uahs uahs numatms htrig uyma h` fhp m``è a em G ufb ial j hd , @m @mo oam` V j hrp ‖ sm em em﬈﬈ aiö aiö fo fodd o rrmi miah ah p or su fumr fumrpp o y rm rmy y p or su p mr mrso soah ah`i `ieh ehe, e, h`m h`matha athaeo eo h `h so`ehem so`ehemsfh sfh h `h g hth` hth``h `h y on onrmf rmfiéae iéaeosm osm m`` m``h h d isd h h to todd hr ``hs hs hrd hrd hs s sii m mrh rh amfm amfmsh shri rio. o.

D ] Y J I V U O W I H 69

 

N m`i p m ao tm tmaäh aäh aial ó a iatmré s mdof dofioah` ioah` ma ma m ms stm  dhtri  dh trido doaio, aio, dè s h``è em ogmemfmr h su p herm y em fu dp `ir `i r s suu dis disiö iö a em em mal mae aerhr rhr u a j mrm rme emro. Em j mfj o, `hs `hs p of ofh hs fu h`ieh `i ehem ems s näsifh näsifhs s em D hräh y su  dh`` fhrè ftm  dh tmrr nu mro roa a `h ghsm em` fodm dmath athri rio o htrigu trigu ieo h` h` fo fo`hg `hgorh rhe eor em N m`ip m W u y L ö dm dmzz em em V i`v h3 ‐ D u fj o Ei os ms dm dmam ams stm tmrr p hrh trhl trhl hr ms mstm fè `i z—. z—. @ h rm rmii ah e em m I al ` htmrr tmrrh, h, ma fhd fhdgio, gio, sm mahdo ahdorö rö em` em` p räafip m msp hø o` y rmh rmh`dm `dmatm atmemsmhgh eh ehr` r`m m u a j ico,

rmia iah h ial ial `m `msh sh @h rm iadd ort ia rth h`i `izz heh p or

mdp rm rms sh q u m 󿬈 ah ah`dm `dmatm atmao `ol `ol rö p msm hau dmros dmroso os mdgh dghrhzos rhzos p sifo ifo`ö `ö l ifo ifos squ mh hf fhghroa haiq haiq u i`h i` hae aeo o  su  su sh`u e dm dmath ath`` y näs n äsif ifh h. ^ ist isto o q u m `h e em msfmaem aemafih afih mrh mrh idp osig`m osig`m y q u m m` msth theo eo emD hräh I `m ` m hu l u rhg rhgh h u ah v ieh forth, e em msem M sp hø h sm p masö asö ma u ahs ahs au p fihs foa Is Ish hgm`, q u m 󿬈 ah`dm ah`dmat atm m ao sm `ol rhro rhroa a fu fu haeo aeo N m`ip m mav iu eö , ma 8 = = : , p or `h am amll htiv h em `h j mrm rme emrh gritè gritè aifh aifh h fhs hshrs hrsm m y p or su ems emsmo em rmfu rmfu p mrhr `h ms msthg thgii `i eh ehe e y m` foa oatro` tro` em Ial `htm `htmrr rrh hm ma a so`ithri so`ithrio o, foa foa m` m` hp oy o em `os p rotms rotmsthatm thatms s, q u m si mdp rm j hg hgäha äha rmfm rmfm`heo em` y h rm rmyy fhtö `if `i fo msp hø o`. M sth sml u ae aeh h v iu emehe eu rö p ofo h N m`ip m3 ma 8 = = 9  sm  sm 󿬈 rdö mat atrm rm M sp hø h, Ial `htm `htmrrh rrh y N rh rhaf afih ih m` trh trhth th-eo em F htm tmh hu -F hdg dgré ré sis, is, q u m p `hat `hatm mhgh u ah au mv h

A if o`h `hs s J i`` ``iihre ma 8 = < 6 .

   F    V    H

EOV F]MW[OV [HWH ]AH WMIAH 

A

o nu m r o a p o f o s `o s q u m f u m s ttiio a hro a q u m u a h d u cm r e ir iill im r h Ia l `ht m r r h m a s o `it h hrr iioo ,

`o q u m ``m v ö h `o s hg h g o l he o s e m `h f o ro a h

h e m nm a e m r `h t m o r äh `m l h` d äs t iiff h d m e im v h` h` e m ‐ `o `o s e o s f u m r p o s e m ` rm y — . Vu tm s is nu n u a e hd m a th` f o a s is is t äh äh m a q u m m ` f u m r p o ‐ a htu r h` h`— e m `h r m ia h ‖ näs if o , ﬈ a ito , s u cm t o h `h m e he , h `h m a nm r d m e he y h

 situ  situ hfiö a p o`ätif `ätifh h ma M u rop h, y h foas asm mfu maf afih ih em`  disdo  dis do m` rm rmyy msp hø o` s sm m fhsö foa u ah heo`ms `msfmat atm m Ishgm Ishgm`` em ^ h`ois, p r i afm afmsh nrh nr hafm afmsh, q u m ia iaii fi h`dmah`dmatm igh h j hgmr sieo `h d duu cmr cmr em su j ico F hr` r`os os. Ish Ishgm` nu m u a h hpp oy o idp orth rthatm atmp hrh su dh dhri rie eo, q u m  `h hdö f fo odo h aial u ah otrh trh.. A o ogsth that atm m, j hsth q u m  sm  sm emshrro``ö y p u eimro imroa a dh dhat atm mamr amr rm rm`h `hf fioam ioams smx u h `m  `ms s, N m`ip m II s sil il u iö l ozh zhae aeo o em hdh dhat atm ms, ma msp mfih` ih` em M u nrhs nrhsih ih em em L u zd zdèè a (p hrh h hf fh``hr ru dorm dorms s em u ah f fodó odó a emsf emsfmaemafih, maemafih, m` m` d doahrfh oahrfh `h fhs fhsöö foa H ato toaio aio @ u is em @ miv h, III [ räa räaf fip m em È sfo`i). `i) . Em `h u ai aiöö a f foa oa Ishg Ishgm m` em ^ h`ois ahfi ahfi mroa trms  aiø hs, `h ó `tidh `ti dh em `hs fu h`ms nu m h`u dg dgrhe rheh h foa fi afo dm dms sms y nh``mf nh` `mfii ö h `hs p ofhs ofhs j orhs em ahfmr, fodo su p rop ih dh dhe erm rm,, ma ma 8 = > : . D msms hatm atms s

A u mv m hø os emsp u é s, N m`ip m nu m p rop rop u msto p hrh e em msp osh oshrsm foa D hräh I, rmiah em em Ial `htmrr `htmrr h, j mrdhah rdhah p or p hrtm em em p herm em em Is Ish hgm` y p ri dh em F hr` os I , foa foa m` m` q u m j hgäh ms mstheo theo p rodmtieo rodmtieo.. F oa ms mstm ma`hfm a`hfm, fm fm`mgrhe `mgrheo om ma a 8 = = 5 , m` m` p räafip räafip m emM sp hø h foas asm ml u äh m` hp oy o emIal `ht `htm mrrh rr h foatrh  `os [ häs äsm ms G hco cos s, m` h his`h is`hdim dimato ato em N rhaf rhafih, hy u eh mfoaö difh p hrh fos fostm tmhr hr `hs ` hs fu iths it hs di` i thrm thrms s y , soso-

j hgäh du mrto m` p ri rido doll é aito em N m`ip m II , F hr`os r`os,, p or `o ` o q u m m` rm r my msp hø o` sm mafo afoatrh atrhg gh em em au mv o  sia  sia e em msfmaem aemaf afih ih p hrh m` troao troao.. L rhae rhaem m nu m `h f foa oas stm tmrahf rahfiö iö a em em`` doahrfh doahrfh22 h p hrti tirr em `h du mrt rtm m em Ish Ishgm gm`` v msti tirä räh h si mdp rm e em m `u to y `os tm tms stidoaios em `h é p of ofh h hs hsml u rha q u m sm `m v iö `` orhr m ma a m` m` ma matimrro timrro em su tm tmrf rfm mrh ms msp osh osh p or p ridm ri dmrh rh y ó aif aifh h v mz m ma a su su v ieh ieh.. [ mro ro,, f fuu dp `ima `imae eo foa s suu s og og`i`i l hfioam ioams s, gu gu sfö otrh v mz u ah du du cmr cmr qu mh hs sml u rhrh s suu em ems sfmaem aemaf afih. ih. V u m`m `mf ffiö a sm sm eiril iö j hfih H ah em H u strih trih,, su so griah,  griah, ma `h q u m j hgäh p mas ash heo hø oshatm atms s fodo msp osh osh em su dh dh`ol `ol rhe rheo o j ico F hr`os r`os.. F oa m ms stm dhtridhtri doaio  do aio sm rm rmno norzh rzhg gh `h u aiö a matrm `hseosrhdh rhdhs s em  `h nhd nhdi`i`ih ih emJ hgsgu rl o, `h msp hø o`h y `h hu strih tri hfh.

 g  grm rm to toe eo, u ah hfé rridh rr idh emnm nmas ash h em` f fh hto to`ifis `ifisdo do,, y h q u m D hräh q u mräh, h toeh toeh fosth osth,, hg hgrol hr `h ` h rm rmnordh nordh  h  hal al `if `i fhah mdp mzh zheh eh p or M ari ariqq u m ^ II I.

V m rdhroa `hs fhp itu `hf `hfii oam oams s dh dhtr tridoai idoaih`m h`ms s ma D herie m ma a mam mamro ro em 8 = < ; y `h p hrm rmch ch tu v o fu htro j icos icos y u ah j ich. ich. U rhs rhs do dorir rir `os trms trms p ridm ridmros ros v h-

`h d u m r tm ‖ m s thg h u a ie o h o tro ia d o r t h`, u a f u m r p o ‐ p o `ätif o — , htm d p o r h` y p m r nm f to , p o r `o q u m s u l é a m ro a o m r h u a h hd m a hz h p hr h `h m s t h hgg i`ie he y `h l `o r ih ih e m `h a hf iö a .

 

5 ;  D]Y J IVUOWIH  OWIH 

 

Nm `i `ip m s m f h s ö f u h tro v m f m s , Is h g m ` a ia l u a h p h rh r h é `, m ` d h tr id o a io m rh r h m x p h a s iöiö a , p h r h m ``h , `h p é re r e ie h e m s u p o e m r

EM @O A ID I O H @O V ] V U H A F IH @

@

h p m rrss o a h h``ie h e ril u ro s h y d iia a u f io s h e m N m m``ip m II, u a ieie h h `h `h ia l m a a-t m `hgo r e m l ms t ioio ah ahrr u a iidp dp mr mriio , `m ````mv hgh h mt mt mra mrahs hs co ra rahe he hs e m t rh g h hcco ma `h `hs q u m rm rms o `v äh th tha ttoo hs u a ttoo s e m p rid mr mr a aiiv m ` f o d o f u m s t io a m s a id id ih ihs . Mr M rh f hp hz e m e is f u t ir s o g rrm m tm tm o `o l äh f o a m` m` p hp h h ` t im im d dpp o q u m e irid äh äh s i m ` p rm d diio p o r `h `h d duu m rrtt m e m u a `o`o g o e m g äh äh a s m r t rms o f u h t ro e u f h e o s 2 o s u p mrv is hr `h m v o `u f iö a e m s u o g rrh h d hl hl a h , oahstmri mrio o em em M ` M sforih sforih`` ((ma ma `h idhl idhl ma ma)) , dim m` D oahst dimatr atrhs hs e igu chgh ``h h m s t rh rh tm tm l ih d i`i`it hr hr e m s u s t ro ro p h s . @ h g guu ro f rh f ih l m a am m rrh h e h mr mrh th th ` q u m u a ia n o rd m s o g rrm m f ö d o e is t rig u ir h ` rmy `o s hs u a t o s e m `o s f o a s m co s f o a tm tm a aääh dè dè s e m tr trm s f im a att hs hs f h tm tm l o räh s e in mr mrm a att ms ms .

roams, Nmrahaeo, Fhr`os y Eimlo, `os sogrmviviö m` qumpor 󿬈 a ssm mrä räh hm m`` jmrmem jmrmemro, ro, Nm Nm`i`ipm pm I I I .

 H  H^ ^MWVIÖ A H@ DHUWIDOAIOEM IVHGM@ I Ma m` mxtrmdo opum opumssto, IIsshg hgm` m` I dos dostr trhg hgh h uah vmrehemrh hvmrsiöa por m` dhtridoaio. Ogstiaheh fodo mrh, msthgh toth`dmatm emfieieh h ao fhshrsm pmsm h `hs sóp`ifhs em `h Fèdhrh em `os Foduams gritèaifh, qum pmeäh h su rmiah qum g`iaehsm `h supmrvivmafih em `os ueor. Foa `h m`ofumafih qum `h fhrhftmrizö, `h jich em Mariqum ^III foavmafiö h` Ial`htmrrh, [hr`hdmato emmrh qumfoa su fodprodiso mrh toth` foa qum quima m``h msthgh fhsheh, y qum ao heditiräh h aialóa jodgrm foa m` qum fod odph phrti rtirr m` poem poemrr y qum p pueimrh ueimrh ia󿬇 ui uirr ma sus emsilaios. Ma mstm smatieo, ma uah ofhsiöa ma `h qum `h Fèdhrh `h iasthgh h fhshrsm foa mspmfih` iasistmafih, m``h sm amlö y zhacö `h fumstiöa grusfhdm grusf hdmatm atm ei eifimaeo3 fimaeo3 ‐ Ao sm jhg jhg``m dè dèss—. Y h foatiauhfiöa `h eiso`viö eurhatm fuhtro høos. [or mstm dotivo, num hpoeheh `h ‚rmiah virlma’, h` smr `h virliaiehe m` htriguto por m` qum qumräh qum su pumg`o pum g`o ``h h rmf rmforehrh3 orehrh3 ``h h ssogm ogmrhah rhah qum ‐‐rmia rmiaö ö vi virlm rlma a  y duriö duriö virl virlm ma—, m mat atrm rml lheh so`o h su p ph häs äs,, h` h` q qum um heorhgh foa nmrvor. Msth posturh hgoaö mspmfu`hfioams em toeo tipo sogrm pos posiig`ms dh`nor dh`nordhf dhfiioamslmai lmaith` th`ms msy tmorä tmorähs hs eivmrshs thato sogrm su iatmasiehe smxuh` fodo hfmrfh em ua supumsto rmfjhzo h` foathfto äatido foa vhroams. [or otrh phrtm, `o hfoatmfieo foa `hs msposhs em su pherm ‖foa su propih dherm‖ thdgiéa gié a ia󿬇 i a󿬇 uyö m ma a su em emf fisiöa. Ms foaofieo, ao ogsthatm, qum Ishgm` viviö vhrios rodhafms, m` pridmro em `os fuh`ms (simaeo heo`msfmatm), foa m m`` dhri dhrieo eo e em m Fhth`i Fhth`iah ah [ [h hrr, U odh odhssVm ydo  yd our, ur, fhsi `m fostö `h vie vieh h. @h rm rmiah iah viu viue eh, qum `h jhgäh hfolieo, `h mafoatrö ma hftitue fodprodmtieh foa su msposo y `h iatrilh fortmshah sm foavirtiö ma ua msfèaeh`o rmh`. M` Foasmco Wmh` em Meuhreo  ^I hfusö usö h Vmyd ydo our em foas asp pirh irhrr p ph hrh hffmemr h h`` troao, `o mcmfutö y rmf`uyö h Ishgm` ma su rmsiemarmsiemafih. Vu iatm`ilmafih y pmrsuhsiöa `h hyuehroa h sh`ir iaemdam em` mpisoeio, yh qum `olrö foavmafmr h `h fortm em su iaofmafih y rmfupmrhr su joaor.  

B     F     O     U     V     W     M     U     U     ]     V

M@ NH^OWIUO.

Wo gm mrrt E u e `my n u m m` m` n hv hv o rit o (y p o s ig`mdm g`mdmat atm m hdhatm hdh atm)) e m Is hgm` I, q u ima ``m m o t o rl ö m` t ät u `o e m f o ae m e m @mif @mif ms tmr ma 8 = > 5 . M s tu tu v o cu ato h m` m```h e ms e m s u hs f ma s o h ` t ro a o j hs th `h du mr mrtm tm e m é ` ma 8 = : : . V u rm `h `h f iö a ms t u v o d h rf h e h p o r f o a t ia u o s ma n h e o s y rm f o a f i`ih f io a m mss .

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] A W MY H L W H EMF I EO .

D u f j o s e m `o`o s fuheros m a f h rl h e o s p o r N m `i ` ip m II t m a äh a f o d o ﬈ a s mr u a m x v o to f o a m ` q u m h l r h e m f äh h ` f iimm ``oo `o s e o a m s r m f ig ie o s . N m ``iip m II o n r m f im a e o h ` f im `o h ` ia n h a t m e o a N m ra h a e o

8 =< =< 6 - 88== < = ),), m s f ``hh r h d u m s tr trh e m m ````o p u m s s u o g cm t iviv o m r h h l r h e m f m r `h`h v iiff t o r ih e m @m p h a to y m ` a h f iidd im a t o e m ` jmrmemro. Du s m o e m ` [ rrhh e o , D h e r ie .

@H F]MVU VUIIÖ A WM@IL IOVH3 EINMWM EINMWMAFIHV IWWMFOAFI@IHG@MV Ao mrh dmaor `h eisthafih qum smphrhgh h Nm`ipm m Ishgm` ma m` tmrrmao rm`ilioso, uao em `os priafiph`ms dotivos em su einäfi` rm`hfiöa. M` rmy msphøo` mrh pronuaehdmatm fhtö`ifo. Ma su heo`msfmafih  yh sorprm rprmae aeäh äh por por ssu u rm`il rm`ilios iosieh iehe e2 ssm m emf emfäh qum, um, em `os trmiath eufheos qum rmfigäh h` dms phrh sus lhs lhstos ssiimaeo ai aiøo, øo, ``h h di dithe the ``os os l lhs hsthgh thgh m ma a ‐ hfhf-

Otros hdhatms aotorios em `h sogmrhah ial`msh numroa Wogmrt Eue`my, foaem em @mifmstmr,  y su jic jich hstro m` fo foae aem m em Mssmx, Wogmrt Em Emvm vmrm rmux ux.. Foa Eue`my, hdilo em `h ianhafih, dhatuvo ua `hrlo rodhafm y, em jmfjo, `o foavirtiö ma uao em sus foasmcmros. @o iasth`ö ma ph`hfio ma `hs jhgithfioams foatiluhs h `hs suyhs, h `hs qum tmaäh hffmso eirmfto, y, fuhaeo ma 8=>; sm mafoatrö dumrth h `h pridmrh msposh em Eue`my (sm fhyö por `hs msfh`m-

rhs), `h rmiah eimrh uafoatiauö phso h` nrmatm, por Eios—.suEmvoto por foavmafidimato, num pmrosm aomspmrö jugo qum goeh. Vu rm`hfiöa iluh`, tos h`idmathaeo nm foanordm frmfiö y sm foavirtiö foa pmräoeos em dhyor y dmaor hfmrfhdimato. ma ua èvieo `mftor em nrhy @uis em Lrhaheh, shath Ma fuhato h` foaem em Mssmx, Emvmrmux mrh ua mrmsh em Cmsós y sha Ilahfio em @oyo`h, foa `os  covm  covmaz azum um`o `o luh uhp po y emsfhrhe rheo, jico em `h mspos posh qum dhatuvo uah rm`hfiöa mpisto`hr. em Eue`my, em` qum `h rmiah sm mahdorö simaeo yh M` rmy luhrehgh `h `iturlih rm`iliosh foa pu`fritue hsiistimaeo ti maeo h `os o󿬈 fios, f foanms oanmsèaeos èaeosm m y orhaeo, smxhlmahrih. M` hsfmaso ma `h fortm em` aumvo nh- hs hpro rovm vmf fjhg jhgh msto toss do dod dmato atos em rm󿬇 rm󿬇 mxiö xiöa am mssvorito num dmtmörifo, pmro su fhrèftmr malrmäeo y  y hp su emsogmeimafih hfhghroa fhashaeo h Ishgm`, qum pirituh` phrh pmashr y todhr emfisioams. H dmau`m rmtirö sus nhvorms. M` covma sm emfhatö matoafms eo oremahgh m` rmzo póg`ifo y trhtö em rmlu`hr em por foaspirhr foatrh `h sogmrhah y hfhgö foaem- nordh dès fristihah m` cumlo o `h prostitufiöa. Vus eisfursos h`ueäha foa nrmfumafih h `h vo`uathe em aheo h `h pmah em dumrtm.  H Ish Ishgm` I ssm m `m htrig trigu uymiaf iaf`u `usso ua uah h rm rm`h `hf fiö iöa a foa Eios y h `h foasmrvhfiöa em `h nm y em `h rm`iliöa m` phr`hdmathrio y forshrio \h`tmr Wh`milj, su fhtö`ifh, dotivhfiöa gèsifh ma su rmiaheo. h`iheo foatrh `os rmgm`ems ir`haemsms y `h msphøo- Cuato h su vhsth fo`mffiöa em `igros, lustö em rmu`h Hrdheh Iavmafig`m. fodphrtiö foaem` `h dhaehthrih m` proymftoWh`milj em fo`oaizhr Hdérifh Aortm y nuaeö m` mstheo em ^irliaih, ``hdheo hsä ma joaor h `h rmiah virlma.

H    V    F  

air qum vmamrhgh, ``mlhaeo hfopihrqum vhriosrm`iquihs di`ms foa pmrdiso phph`. Ma `oshfuheros mafhrlhgh h virtuosos em `h épofh fodo izihao o M` Lrmfo, h dmaueo hphrmfäh rmzhaeo o hfodphøheo por Eios y su fortm fm`mstih`. @h sogmrhah ial`msh, por m` foatrhrio, jhgäh frmfieo fodo protmsthatm, smluieorh em `h Il`msih nuaeheh por su pherm, y sm foavmrtiräh ma m` hzotm em` fhto`ifisdo ma Ial`htmrrh y ma `h mspmrhazh em `os fh`viaisths ma `os [häsms Ghcos y em `os juloaotms ma Nrhafih, qum emsmhgha `igrhrsm fodo numrh em` mamdilo fhtö`ifo msphøo`. Nm`ipm II, foasfimatm em `hs h`hs qum ua triuano protmsthatm poeäh ehr h sus foa󿬇 foa󿬇 iftos ma ms msths ths titimrr mrrhs hs,, ems emsmh mhgh gh prms prmsmrvhr mrvhr su gumah rm` rm`hfi hfiöa foa IIsshgm hgm`` I h toeh f fos osth. th. Fuhaeo `h doahrfh hsfmaeiö h` troao, em nordh iatm`i atm`ilm lmatm, atm, a ao o ems emsdhatm dhatm``ö em iiadmeihto admeihto m` hvh hvhafm afm fhtö`ifo ogrheo por su jmrdhah Dhräh y su fuøheo Nm`ipm, pmro pofo h pofo rmfupmrö m` protmsthatisdo phrh h`gorozo em su pumg`o. M` Hfth em Vuprmdhfäh em 8==9 rmviviö `os msthtutos hatiphph`ms em Mariqum ^III y emf`hrö `h sogmrhaäh em `h foroah sogrm `h Il`msih, aodgrhaeo h Ishgm` fhgmzh suprmdh em `h Il`msih hal`ifhah. @os rmiath y aumvm hrtäfu`os  rmehftheos  rmehftheos por ogispos smluieorms em `h rmiah foastituiräha, ma hem``hatm hem hatm,, `h `h f fhrth hrth em iemati ematiehe ehe e em m `h Il` Il`m msih o o󿬈󿬈 fih` hal`ifhah y fodgiahräha m`mdmatos eoftriah`ms protmsthatms y fhtö`ifos. M` hal`ifhaisdo tmrdiahräh idpoaiéaeosm y sm foavmrtiräh ma m`mdmato susthafih` em `h iematiehe ahfioah` ial`msh. Ishgm` num hdmahzheh vhrihs vmfms por m` ^htifhao foa `h mxfoduaiöa, h `h qum Nm`ipm, pruematm y

 

ei eissfrmto, smopus opuso. o. Fuhaeo 󿬈 ah`dmatm ssm m proeuco, ma 8=;6, emchaeo ua gh`hafm thdgiéa msp`éaeieo3 uah Il`msih hal`ifhah foaso`ieheh, `h Hrdheh msphøo`h vmafieh, `os ir`haemsms sodmtieos y `h fu`turh ial`msh ma su dèxido msp`maeor. Vm hphlhgh `h `uz em eos fo`osos qum dhrfhroa `h jistorih muropmh y duaeih`. D

M@ ^ H @O W EM @H I D H L MA

@

h o g s m s iö i ö a e m IIss h g m ` I p o r `h iidd h l m a m s t h g h d i`id é t r if h d m a t m `il h e h h ` f è `f u `o p o `ät if o , h ``hh m x p r m s iö a e m p o e m r y h u a h h l u e h h u t o f o a f iimm a f ih e m s u p r o p io h s p m f t o . F o a t h g h f o a u a h d p `io r m p m r t o r io e m v m s t ie o s n h a t è s t if h d m a t m m `h ` h g o r h e o s y e m ccoo y h s m x u g m r h a t m s . V im d p r m f o a t r o `ö `o s r m t rrhh t o s q u m `m r m h `iz h g h a , m p h t h g h m a s u s h p h r if iioo a m s m a p ó g ``iif o ‖ f o a e m s ``uu d g r h a t m s d u m s t r h s e m r iq u m z h h g h s m e m f o d p ``mm d m a t o s p `h l h e o s e m s iill a ii﬈﬈ f h e o ‖ y d h a t m a äh m s t r if t h s a o r d h s s o g r m `h ia e u d m a t h r ih e m ` r m s t o e m d u ccmm r m s e m `h f o r t m , p h r h h s m l u r h r s m ``hh p r m m d ia m a f iihh .

D]Y JIVUOWIH 5 6

 

55 D]Y JIVUOWIH 

 

M@ EMVHVUWM EM @H LW HA HWDHEH

@H GHU GHUH@ H@@ @H @h Lrha Hrdheh ‖qum ao mrh mxhfthdmatm uah hrdheh, siao ua foavoy em trhasportm em trophs msfo`theo por 7; ghrfos em lumrrh o lh`moams‖ ao `igrö aialuah lrha ghth``h foatrh `os ghrfos ial`msms, pmro sä sunriö eähs em fhøoamo foasthatm h eisthafih y uah tordmatosh f`idhto`oläh. Msto, uaieo h otros foatrhtimdpos, idpieiö h `os msphøo`ms uti`izhr su dmcor mstrhtmlih em lumrrh3 hgorehcm y `ufjh fumrpo h fumrpo.

C]HA FHW@OV @OVHEH  JIVUOWIHEOW MZ[MWUO MA JIVUOWIH DI@IUHW DI@IUHW

@H GHUH@@H GHUH@@H EM LWH^M@IAHV.

[ji`ippm-Chfqums em @outjmrgourl rmfrmö ma Emrroth em `h Hrdheh msphøo`h (8) m` manrmathdimato qum tuvo `ulhr m` 86 em cu`io em 8==: ma Lrhvm`iahs (fmrfh em Fh`his),eos ma m` hfrigi``heos eurhatm jorhs`hh eisthafih emqum `os numroa trms óaifos lh`moams qum pmreiö Lrha Hrdheh. Huaqum so`o qumehroa ehøheos (ai sm juaeimroa ai numroa fhpturheos), sm pmremräha emspués.

     D      ]      G      @      H

D]Y JIVUOWIH 5=

 

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M@ FHAH@ EM @H DHAFJ H. M` thdgié thdgié a ``hdhe o Fhah` Ia l `é s ms m` g rrh hz o e m dhr dhr e m` o f é h a o H t` t`è a t if o q u m `o f o d u a if h foa m m`` dhr dhr e m` A o rt m y s mp h rrh h

V o g rrm m m s t hs hs `äam amhs hs , H ``oo as o [ é rmz e m L u z dè a y V o t o d hy hy o r ma u a h f o p ih e m u a rm rm ttrrh ttoo e m 8> 8; . Fod doo f o d ha ha e h a att m m a cmnm e m `h `h H rrdhe dhe h m s p h ø o `h o Fhp itè a Lmam Lmamrh rh`` e m ` d hr hr O f é ha o , e iril ril iö `h Lrha Lrha H rrd d he he h e m 8==:.

W ] D G O

IA L @ U M W

M` 7:e m d hy o e m 8=::, `hHrd he hp hrtiö e m @isg o h.

  d hria ria o ma fhrlh fhrlhee o e m e irilir rilir `h mx p me ifiöa q u m e mg äh ia v he ir Ia l `htmrrh ig h h smr È `v h hrr o e m G Gh hz è a , p m r o s u d u m r tm tm o g `il ö h r m m d p `hz hr `o `o p o r H H``o a s o [ [éé r m z e m L u z d è a , s é p ttiid o e u q u m e m D Dmm e ia h Vie o a ih. Mst stmm L rha e m e m M Msp sp hø h, q u m a o tma äh a ia l u a h mx p mri mrima ma fih fih d hria ria mrh (sm d hrmh rmhgg h ma `o s g hrfo s) y q u m a o e msmh msmhgg hth` p u msto msto , rmsu `thg h tma mr u a fh fhrèf rèf tmr e ö fi` fi` y u a hfu ha tio shno rtu rtu a hq u m `o `o j hfäh fäha ie ö a mo h o co s e m N Nm` m`iip m II, p u ms p o e äh he m`ha thr m` e ia mro q u m fo sth sthg h `h md p rmsh. M` d o a hrfh p u so h s u `he o h` m x p m r iidd m a the o d hr ia ia o Eim l o N`o r m s e m

@h `ma tit titu e fo a q u m hv hv ha zh zhgg h mx p `ifh q u m thre hsm e o s e ähs ma sh` sh`ir h d hr hg imr to. Ahe hd è s zh zhrp rp hr fo d m a z hro a `o s p r o g `m d hs d m ttmm o r o ``öö l if if o s , `o q u m j izo d u y `ma th`htrhv msäh msäh2 he md ès, `o s e inmrma tms ti tipp o s e m a hv m s j if im im r o a q u m to to e o s tu v im im s m a q u m he m f u hr su vm `o fie fie he h`o s fhrlu mro s d ès p mrmzo so s. M` 89e m cu a io , `h Hrd he h tu v o q u m rmnu l ihrsm ma @h Fo ru ø h ha tm u a h tm r r iigg `m tm tm d p m s th the . Ma m s m d o d m a to , `hs e u e hs hsh hsh`thro a h` e u q u m e m Dme ia h Vie o a ih, q u m p ro p u so h` rmy m` hp `hzhd ima to e m `hmx p me ifiö fiö a p hrh m` hø o sil sil u ima tm, p mro Nm`i m`ipp m II ``oo rmf j hzö . M` 78 e m cu `io , sm v o `v iö h md p rma e mr `h `h sia sia l `he u rh.  H 󿬈 a h`m s e m cu cu `io , `h L rha rha Hrd he h, f o d p u m sth p o r 877g u q u ms e m l u mrrh y e m trha sp o rtm rtm (y hsm j hg äha p m r e ie o o f j o m a m ` f hd hd ia o ) , m a tr hg h m a m ` f ha ha h` e m

 ^h`e é s y `m `m ia ia e if ö q u m , h` ``m l hr h N`ha e m s, m a e o a e m e mg äh md g hrfh rfhrr h `o s tmrfi tmrfioo s e m H`mcha e ro Nhra msio, euqum e m [ [h hr d h, f m e im s m h m s tm tm m ` d ha e o . Ma `hs g o f hs hs e m ` Uhco s m nnuu m r o a f o a f m a t r ha ha e o a hv äo ä o s , d hr ia ia o s , s o `e `e he o s y s u d ia is tr tr o s e m s e m p ria f ip io s e m 8=::, p m ro `hs p rish rishss y `h nh`th e m m s p hf io io id i d p ie im r o a m d g hr f hr, p o r m cm cm d p `o , s u 󿬈 f iimm a tm s d u a if io io a m s p hr hd ha tm a m r u a id p o r th tha tm ia tmrfh mrfhdd g io e m e isp hro s. [hrmfäh`ö l ifo , p o rq u m m ` o g cm t iv iv o m r h `h ia v hs iö iö a y a o m a nr hs hs f h hrr s m m a u a h g hth``h ``h a hv h` ma `hs hl hl u hs e m ` fh fhaa h` e m `hDha f j h. M` hd g im a tm m r h e m f r u z he he h y to e o s ``oo s g hr f o s tm a äha a o d g r m s e m s h haa to s o hp ö s to to `m s 2 m a `o h`to e m ``oo s d è s ti ti`m s o a e m h hgg ha id è l m a m s e m F Frr is is to to o `h ^ir ^ir l m a , hs ä f o d o m ` `m d h Mx u r l m E Eoo d ia m m t

`h Dha f j h, `o q u m p r o v o f ö q u m `o `o s g u q u m s iiaa l `m `m s m s sh`imsma hsu ma fu ma tro, hu a q u m h u a he isth stha fih fihq u m `ms m v ithsm m ` fo d g htm. M` o g cmtiv mtiv o msp hø o ` mr h``ml hr h Eu a b mrq u m, ma `hs fo sth sths e m` N`ha e ms m sp hø o `, ma e o a e m hlu hlu hre hg hH`mch mcha e ro Nhra msio msio fo a su s d i`ms e m j o d g r m s y ssuu s f iimm a to s e m m d g hr hr f hf io io a m s. s . Vm l ó a m` p `ha , u a h v mz h``ä sm p ro fm e mräh h md g hrfh rfhrr y h m sf o `thr h m sh shss nu mr zhs zhs p hrh fr u zhr zhr m ` Fha h` ru d g o h `hs g o f hs hs e m ` Uè d m s is is . Vu no r d hf iö iö a m r h id p m a m tr tr hg `m y `o s ia ia l `m `m s m s , f o l ie ie o s e m s p r m v m a ie o s , s m `id ithro a h j o sti stil hr`h r`h e mse m `o `o s 󿬇 ha fo s. H` p o fo tim d p o , to e o s `o `o s g u q u m s iiaa l `m s m s ``mm v hr o a ha f `h `hs y sm e iril ril imro a h su ma fu ma tr troo . Vu msf u he rh msthg h fo d ha e he hp o r m` h`d irha tm F Fjj hr`ms r`ms J o w hre , fu yo sml u a e o mrh m` fé` fé`mg mg rm N Nrh rha fis fis E Erh rhb m.

v ia e ifh fhu fhu sh shdd tu hd  ( ‐È ‐È `z ht htm , Vm ø o r, y e m 󿬈 m a e m a u m strh f hu sh—)2 fh fhee h e äh sm rm zh zhgg h m ` ro sh shrio rio y g hco s h haa f iiöö a e m nu nu m r t m s p m a hs m s tth hg h p r o j ig ie o

M` 68 e m ccuu `io , u a o s  D]Y J IVUOWIH VUOWIH

 

M` : e m hl o s to , `o s   ial `ms ms  `haz hro a o f j o ghrf o s iaf mae ihe o s   f o at atrh rh `h Lrh rha a Hrd Hrdh he h `uah, foa `os dmrfhatms ma m` iatmrior protmlieos por `os lh`moams em fodghtm.

@H MVUWHUML IH IAL @MVH EM@ N]ML OH EI EIVUHAF VUHAFIH FOAVUHAUM @hs hffioams josti`ms sm `idithgha h fhøoamos h eisthafih, y m` euqum em Dmeiah Vieoaih sm eio fumath em qum, huaqum `hs mdghrfhfioams mamdilhs mrha dès pmqumøhs, thdgiéa mrha dès rèpiehs  y èli`m i`mss, por por `o qum ch chd dès hfmpth thräh räha a m` f fo odghtm em hgorehcm qum thatos éxitos jhgäh eheo h Msphøh ma m` Dmeitmrrèamo hatm `os turfos, o ma `hs Hzorms hatm `os lh`os. @os gritèaifos sm hfmrfhgha, eisphrhgha y sm igha. @h Hrdheh hpmahs sunriö ehøos, pmro ma msh coraheh sm pmreimroa eos lh`moams dès por ua ua hff hffiiematm ematm.. Eur E urhatm hatm m mssoseähs eähs,, ``h h 󿬇 oth m mssphøo`h ahvmlö dimatrhs sm sufmeäha fhøoamos em pofh trhsfmaemafih. M` 5 em hlosto sm iatmrfhdgihroa dès em 6.;;; ogusms, `o qum supoaäh ua lhsto em duaifiöa idposig`m em rmpoamr phrh `os msphøo`ms ma aialóa pumrto, dimatrhs qum m` mamdilo `o poeäh jhfmr sia prog`mdh ma `os suyos. M` > em hlosto, `h Hrdheh haf`ö nrmatm h Fh`his, h uaos 5; bi`ödmtros em su ogcmtivo, jhgiéaeosm pmrei eieo eo so so``o eos l lh`moams h`moams( m` Vh Vha a Vh Vh``vheor y m` A Aums ums-trh Vmøorh em` Woshrio) nruto em` hfoso ial`és. M`  cm  cmnm nmem `h mxpm xpmeifiö ifiöa, a, m` euqum em DmeiahVie ieo oaih aih,, trhtö em poamrsm ma foathfto foa m` logmraheor em N`haems phrh hforehr m` mdghrqum em sus trophs y, em phso, sm eispuso h rmhghstmfmrsm em pö`vorh y duaifioams. [mro `os ial`msms, rmsum`tos h idpmeir m` ma`hfm em hdghs numrzhs, ao sm `idithroa h vili`hr  y mspmrhr rhr nrm nrmatmh` p pu umrt rto o nrh nrhaf afés, siao qum `h `haz azh hroa ma `h dherulheh em` : em hlosto ofjo ghrfos iafmaeiheos (gru`otms) foatrh `h Hrdheh, og`ilèaeo`h h `mvhr haf`hs h toeh vm`ofiehe, `o qum provofö `h foanusiöa y ``h h eis eispmrsiöa pmrsiöa em `h 󿬇 oth.  Hua  Hu aqum aia ial luah ahvmsm ia iaf fmae aeiö iö,, dufjhspmre reim im-roa sus haf`hs y hphrmcos o sunrimroa emspmrnmftos ma tidoams, ph`os y vm`hdma. Msto num mspmfih`dmatm prog`mdètifo, pums jizo duy `maths sus dhaiogrhs, eheh `h lrha sogrmfhrlh qum ``mvhgha. H` eäh siluimatm, vhrios em `os guqums eispmrsos numroa roemheos por ahvms ial`mshs y rmfigimroa ua smvmro fhøoamo, qumjua juaei eiö öf fiiafo emm`` m``os os( m` V Vha ha @ormazo, m` Dhräh Cuha, m` Vha Nm`ipm, m` Vha Dhtmo y m` Vha

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@H U W H ^ MV Ä H .

Dhrtäa) y fh Dhrtä fhusö usö uaos8.=;; dumrtos. @os l lh`moam h`moamss msphøo`ms hpmahs pueimroa rmspoaemr h` numlo y, fuhaeo `o jifimroa, fhushroa pofos ehøos.

@H UÈ UÈ FUIFH MV[HØ O@H EM@ HG HGO OWEHC M M` doem`o em `h ghth``h em @mphato smluäh hóa vilmatm por matoafms, por `o qum `os ghrfos msphøo`ms msthgha foafmgieos phrh uah lumrrh em hgorehcm dès em msti`o dmeitmrrèamo, y ao phrh dhatmamr ua numlo foasthatm h eisthafih.  

E m `o s p u m r ttoo s h t `è a t if o s p h r t iö `h H r d h e h h `h q u m s m e m g äh a u a ir ``oo s Um r f io s e m N `h a e m s m a m ` f h a h ` e m ``hh Dh a f j h . Wo e m ö `h s is `h s g r it è a if h s p o r M s f o f iihh , g o r e m ö Ir `h a e h y r m l r m s ö h Ms p h ø h .

D]Y JIVUOWIH

 

M@ HDO EM@ D]AEO . Wmtrht Wmtr htoo ha haöö aido aido e m Nm`i Nm`ip m II II rmh mh``iz he o ma 8 = : ; , hø o e m s u p ro f `hd hf hf iö a f o d o rm y e m [ o rt u l h`. H s u s = 6 hø o s , m rrh h `h f hg gm mzh e m` p ruidmr mri d a e ihi`dp (f omr aio tm mrrrit o rio s e m t o e o s `o `o s f o a ti tia m ma a ttm ms j hg it it h e o s ). Ahtioo ah` [o rt Ahti rtrhi rhitt Lh```mr Lh` mryy , @o ae rms .

   H pmshr emtmamr ua id idp pmrio ofmèaif ifo o, Msphøh

mrh uah potmafih tmrrmstrm qum foafmgäh `os ghrfos fodo trhasportms em trophs y dhtmrih`. Em hjä sm emrivhgh uah foafmpfiöa em `h dhriamräh fodo h`lo duy ianmrior h `h so`ehemsfh, em doeo qum so`o poeäha hftuhr em dmros huxi`ihrms ma m` fodghtm.  Hem  He mdès, `htèfti tif fhahvh` em` euqumemDmeia iah hVie ieo oaih ‖qum, fodo yh jmdos fodmatheo, chdès jhgäh pisheo ua ghrfo y tuvo qum soporthr tmrrig`ms dh-

qum msthgha doatheos `os fhøoams msphøo`ms mrha duy pmshehs, em so`o eos rumehs, `maths em jhfmr rmtrofmemr phrh poemr rmfhrlhr `os fhøoams por `h gofh. @hs furmøhs ial`mshs, ma fhdgio, mrha dès `ilmrhs, em fuhtro rumehs, `o qum jhfäh `h rmfhrlh em sus fhøoams dès nèfi` y rèpieh, huaqum numsma pimzhs em dmaor fh`i fh`igrm grm.. M` rmsu`theo u`theo mrh qum `h 󿬇 oth ia ial`m l`mssh trip`ifhgh `h fhemafih em tiro em `h msphøo`h. hdgiéa eispoaäha em` trip`m em fu`mgriahs, pmqumøhs pimzhs

rmos eurhatm toeh `h trhvmsäh‖ sm ghshgh ma `hazhr uah óaifh haehaheh phrh, smluiehdmatm, gusfhr m` fjoqum em` guqum mamdilo y su hgorehcm, ma m` qum `h ianhatmräh mdghrfheh emgäh tmamr m` phpm` prothloaisth. M``o sm trheufäh ma qum `hs furmøhs sogrm `hs

hrti``mrhs rmtrofhrlh qum pmrditähaHemdès, dhatmamr ua numloem lrhamheo sogrm `os`ms msphøo`ms. h` smr ghrfos dès ghcos y `ilmros, sus fhøoams eisphrhgha gha fo foatrh atrh ``h h `ä`äamh amh em 󿬇 oth othf fiöa, ``o o qum ao poeäha jhfmrr `os dèsh`tos jhfm h`tos lh lh``moamsmsphøo` phøo`ms ms.

 H  HG GOWUHW @H DIVIÖ A Y ^O@^MW H FHVH  @h dhøhah em` 9 em hlosto, `os vimatos y `hs forrimatmsjhgäha jhgäha `hazheo h`h 󿬇 oth ji jisph sphah nr nrmatm matmh `hsfos fosths jo`haemshs, dimatrhs `os ial`msms foatmdp`hgha m` mspmftèfu`o emsem `mcos. Ao sm jhgäh poeieo foduaifhr foa H`mchaero Nhramsio y `h situhfiöa mrh emsmspmrheh. @h dmcor ianhatmräh em` duaeo msthgh mafmrrheh ma hqum``os guqums sia poemr fodghtir, foaemaheh h dorir mdghrrhafheh. [or sumrtm, m` vimato fhdgiö em lo`pm y `h Hrdheh pueo hematrhrsm ma dhr hgimrto, huaqum smluieh em` mamdilo. Foa m` vimato h nhvor, y hatm `hs hvmrähs qum prmsmathgha dufjos duf jos ghrfos ghrfos,, `os `osmsphøo`msprm󿬈 rimroa ri mroa ao iiatmaatmathr h`tmrhr m` rudgo rudgo ph phrh rh h`fh h`fhazh azhrr h`l h`lóa óa pumrto 󿬇 hdmafo. Hemdès, h dufjos lh`moams ao `ms qumehgh duaifiöa, `o qum jhräh duy pm`ilroso manrmathrsm h `h msfuherh ial`msh, qum poeäh rmhghstmfmrsm ma sus pumrtos. Em msth dhamrh, `h Hrdheh emfieiö hgorthr su disiöa y vo`vmr h fhsh. @h iemh mrh rmlrmshr por m` aortm goremhaeo `hs is`hs gritèaifhs, phrh hprovmfjhr m` vimato y phrh mvithr dès fjoqums hrdheos. Ao jhgäh jhgieo emsmdghrfo, ai hgorehcms, ai `ufjh fumrpo h fumrpo. Em jmfjo, ao jhgäh jhgieo ghth``h h`luah, so`o fhøoamo h eisthafih y vio`matos vimatos,, `o tos ` o qum rm rmssu`tö u`tö ma m` jua juaei eidi dimato mato emuaos simtm u ofjo ghrfos y `os 8.=;; dumrtos fitheos. [or phrtm ial`msh hpmahs jhy ehtos, pmro sm fh`fu`h qum sus gh chs  chsnum numro roa a em uaospofosfima imatos. M` 87 em hlosto, `h n`oth ial`msh hghaeoaö toeh

V ia j h mr matrh rhe eo ma g hth``h p mrofhstil heh p or m` m` fh oamo y `o `os s     F     V     H

vimatos vimatos ` hL rm rhshr arH rd heh emfieiö `h rm rmsh

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5: D]Y J IVUOWIH VUOWIH

 

    F     V    H

pmrsmfufiöa. Fodmazhgh uah tortuosh sial`heurh por phrtm em `hs hproxidhehdmatm 885 ahvms em `h Hrdheh qum qumehgha (`h dhyoräh) y qum qumräha vo`vmr h fhsh. Ao jhgäh jhgieo aialóa triuano ial`és siao ua mstrmpitoso nrhfhso msphøo`, pmro Ial` al`h htmrr tmrrh h supo jhf jhfmr mr uah dh dhlaä laä󿬈󿬈 fh prophl prophlhaeh haeh prmsmathaeo `h hffiöa fodo ua gri``hatm éxito em sus hrdhs y rieifu`izhaeo `hs prmtmasioams di`ithrms em Nm`ipm II. Hemdès, ofu`throa m` lrha aódmro em dumrtms qum sunrimroa sus tripu`hfioams h foasmfumafih em `hs mpiemdihs. @h 󿬇 oth msphøo`h, ssiia ssudi udiai aisstr tros os y dh`tr dh`trmf mfjh, jh, ssiiluiö foa su trhvmsäh em rmlrmso. M` 8; em hlosto sm eimroa öremams em rhfioahdimato2 m` 86, em mfjhr por `h `h go goreh reh du`hs y fh fhgh gh```os2 os2 m` 8:, ``h h 󿬇 oth sm vi vio o em aumvo eispmrsh por numrtms tmdporh`ms. H phrtir em hjä, fheh ghrfo sm `hs fodpuso fodo pueo y, ma pmqumøos lrupos, trhthroa em fodp`mthr m` vihcm.

@O[MOWMVUHGH [OW @@ML HW Emsem dmeiheos em smptimdgrm y h `o `hrlo em oftugrm, fmrfh em trmiath ghrfos ahunrhlhroa nrmatm

h `hs fosths em Msfofih y, sogrm toeo, em Ir`haeh, msthaeo joy ma eäh dès em `h dithe em `os pmfios pmrnmf pmrn mfthdmatm thdmatm ugi ugifh fheos eos y fh fhrrtolrh󿬈 heos. E Eur urhatm hatm msm timdpo, `hs gorrhsfhs sm sufmeimroa m jifimroa m` sup`ifio iatmrdiahg`m. Ogvihdmatm, `os ahunrhlios hnmfthroa h `os ghrfos dès nrèli`ms, fodo `os fhrlumros, dimatrhs qum `os lh`moams em lumrrh, h pmshr em jhgmr sunrieo ma dhyor dmeieh ma `os fodghtms, soporthroa dufjo dmcor `h eurh trhvmsäh. Fuhaeo h`luahs tripu`hfioams, hlogihehs por m` jhdgrm y `h sme, sm hvmaturhgha h rmfh`hr ma h`lóa puato em `h fosth ir`haemsh, `hs numrzhs ial`mshs o dmrfmahrios ir`haemsms `os phshgha h fufji``o phrh qum ao pueimsma rmfigir aialóa hpoyo em `h pog`hfiöa fhtö`ifh `ofh`. @hs numrzhs em ofuphfiöa gritèaifhs tmdäha qum `os msphøo`ms pueimsma h`mathr `h `htmatm rm rmgm gm``iöa iir`r`haem haemssh, por ``o o qum tm tmaä aäha ha örem öremams ams em ao emchr h aialuao foa vieh. Ma otrhs ofhsioams, `os ahväos sm mstrm``hroa foatrh `os hfhati`heos h` ao tmamr `hs haf`hs qum jhgäha pmreieo ma Fh`his,  y otro otross sid idp p`md `mdmatm atm sm juae uaeimro imroa. a. Hp Hph hrmf rmfimro imroa a fimatos em fheèvmrms ma `hs p`hyhs ir`haemshs, y h `os pogrms supmrvivimatms qum ``mlhgha h m``hs so-  

M@ H U H X] M I A L @É V .

M` : e m h l o s t o , `o s ia l `m s m s `h a z h rroo a o f j o ghrfos ia f m a e ih e o s g r u `o t m s ) f o a t r h `h L rrhh a H r d h e h , h a f ``hh e h n r m a t m h F h `h is , o g `il è a e o `h h `m v h r h a f ``hh s m a t r m `h f o a n u s iiöö a y `h e is p m r s iöiö a e m `h ﬇ o t h . @ h p ia t u r h e m h r rriig h n u m r m h `iz h e h p o f o e m s p u é s e m m s tm m p is o e io q u iizz è s f o d o e isi s m ø o p h r h u a t h p iz ))..

D]Y JIVUOWIH 5 9

 

H@G] D

M@ H ] U É A U I F O MA MD I L O .

M a @ h I a v m a f ig `m   8 :9 :9 7 ),), m ` p ia t o r d h `h`h l u m ø o C o s é L h r tata m r e m `h [ mrrhhø ah Hr mrfd r mh öe hh ``hh L `u f j h a e o m a m ` f h a h ` e m ``hh D h a f j h m a 8=:: f o a t rh u a m a m d il o ia m s p m r h e o 3 u a d h r m d g r h v m f ieie o p o r ``hh s p é s idid h s f o a e if ioi o a m s d m t m o r o `ö l if h s .

W m tr tr h to e m ` h `d ir h a t m msp hø o` Cuha Dhrtäamz em W m f h `e `e m @ h r r ia h l h .

  `o jmrieos ao `ms hluhrehgh uah dmcor sumrtm,

tordmatosh f`idhto`oläh tuvo dufjo qum vmr2 `hs pums numroa fhsi toeos dhshfrheos sia pimehe. Vo`o audmroshs y vio`maths gorrhsfhs sunriehs numroa uaos pofos fimatos em aèunrhlos dès hnortuaheos emtmrdiahatms phrh qum ao sm pueimsm dhaiogrhr y `olrhroa h`fhazhr Msfofih, foa `h fodp`ifiehe em h`- fodghtir foanordm jugimsma emsmheo `os msphøo`ms, luaossmøormsfhtö`i tö`ifo foss emIr`r`haeh haeh.. H H```ä maf mafoatrhroa oatrhroa ma `os eähs em trhvmsäh por m` Fhah`, y phrh qum ma `os rmnulio jhsth qum pueimroa smr rmsfhtheos h` høo si- eos dmsms siluimatms lrha phrtm em `os guqums numluimatm luimatmpor Nhr Nhrams amsiio, qum󿬇 mtö f fuhtro uhtro guqumsemsem sma emstrozheos dimatrhs rmlrmshgha h Msphøh. Em N`haems. M` sup`ifio ao hfhgö jhsth qum vo`vimroa h ao jhgmr sieo por `hs numrtms gorrhsfhs, posig`mdma`ospum pumrrtos f fhatè hatègri grifo foss 󰁭 a nordh em ``mato mato l lotm otmo, o, ma- tm `h nordhfiöa fmrrheh em `h Hrdheh ao sm jugimsm trm trm 󿬈 ah`ms emsmpti ptimd mdgrm grm y oftugrm oftugrm.. H`luaosgh ghrfos rfos roto, ai `os guqums sm jugimsma tmaieo qum rmnulihr ahunrhlhroa iaf`uso hatm `hs fosths msphøo`hs, eheo ma `hs fosths em Fh`his. Msto, uaieo h `h numrtm prmm` emp`orhg`m mstheo ma m` qum sm mafoatrhgha. smafih em ghrfos jo`haemsms ma hqum``hs hluhs, jizo Matrm Matr m `os dum dumrrtos 󿬈 lurhroa duf dufjos jos em `os dmco- idposig`m qum `h Lrha Hrdheh todhsm foathfto foa rms fhpithams, fodo H`oaso em @myvh, Diqum` em `hs numrzhs em Nhramsio (quima, hemdès, hpmahs tmaäh Oqumaeo o Cuha Dhrtäamz em Wmfh`em. M` euqum em ahvms ai tripu`hfioams fhphfms em ahvmlhr y fodghDmeiah Vieoaih, manmrdo y empridieo, phrtiö fhsi tir phrh hyuehr h `os guqums em `h Hrdheh). f`haemstiahdmatm jhfih su rmsiemafih ma Vha`ófhr [or otro `heo, jugo uah f`hrh supmrioriehe tmfaoöliifhy ms mstr trhté htélifh lifh em `h 󿬇 oth iial`ms al`msh, h, qum hem hemdès dès sia phshr por `h fortm. Mso sä, ao o`vieö rmditir h `öl Nm`ipm II ua emth``heo ianordm sogrm `h nrhfh- puso ma cumlo 7;: ghrfos, fhsi m` eog`m qum `os mssheh mxpmeifiöa. [hrmfm qum `h nhdosh nrhsm phøo`ms, ma `os fodghtms em` fhah` em `h Dhafjh. em` rmy `hdmatèaeosm em qum é` jhgäh mavih- @o fimrto ms qum `h dhriah ial`msh msthgh eotheh eo uah 󿬇 oth h`u `uf fjhr fo foatr atrh h `os jo jodgrm dgrmss, ao em ghrfos dès ghcos y èli`ms, dmcor hehptheos h foatrh `os m`mdmatos, ao ms fimrth. @o qum sä `hs grhvhs hluhs ofmèaifhs qum `os msphøo`ms, fu yoss guq uqum umss mrha rha emdhsihe iheo h`tos `tos y pmsheos, dès ms shgieo ms qum tuvo ua pronuaeo emsmalhøo  yo  y hsä `o mxprm xprmssö. maäh uah ahss joaeh aehs foavifvif- pmasheos phrh hluhs dmeitmrrèamhs. Hemdès, `os fioams rm`ilioshs y sm smatäh `mlitidheo ial`msms poeäha ir foasthatmdmatm h sus pumrtos, por Eios ma su mdprmsh. M` emshstrm, ugifheos h duy pofh eisthafih, h hprovisioahrsm por thato, `o mafhcö foa ua pronua- em vävmrms, jodgrms y duaifiöa. eo eo`or, pmro thdgiéa foa fh``heh rmsiilah rms lahfiöa fiöa fririsstitihah hah.. @OV HFIMWUOV IIAL AL @MVMV @os ial`msms, eheh su foaeifiöa is`møh, shgäha @HV FH]VHV WMH@MV EM@ qum su emnmash y su nuturo di`ithr rmsieäha ma EMVHVUWM uah m󿬈 m󿬈 fhz Dh Dhri riah. ah. Ma 8=87 yh jhgäha frm frmheo heo m m``  H`dirhat ath hzlo fodo matieh atiehe e iae iaem mpmae pmaeim imat atm m. @ @h h Vm pumema hpuathr vhrihs.  H`dirh foasmfum fumafi afih hm mss q qum um h` nnrmatm rmatm em ssu u 󿬇 oth pus pusiimroa  Hatm  Ha tmto toe eo, jhy qum rm rmf foao ao-- foasm fmr qum sä ms fimrto qum `h h mxfm`matms dhriaos y ahvmlhatms fodo Fjhr`ms

    F     V    H

 

J ow hre re,, N rh rhaf afis is Erhb Erhb m, Co Cojj a J hw b ias (p herm m j ico) ico) o \ h`tm `tmr W h`mil `mil j , q u m hemdè s j hgäh äha a p hrtifip he heo o ma ma m` m` eism eismøø o e em m `os au mv os l h`moam h`moams s. H si disdo  dis do,, Ial `htm `htmrrh rr h matrm atrmaö aö y fu ieö h su dhri dhriam amräh räh

y p rmstil io q u m h `os so`e o`ehe heos osemianh ian hatmräh2 atmräh2 `os dh dh- riao  ri aos s mrha rha ``hd ``hdh heos, `itm `itmrh rh`dm `dmat atm m, ‐ `h fj u sdh—. M sth mrh u ah e ein inm mrmaf rmafii h f`hv f`hv m matrm u ah p otmaf otmafih ih foa foati ti- amath  am ath`` f fo odo M sp hø h, q u m ghshgh su mdp u cm ma m m``

 du fj o dm dmco corr q u m fu h`q u imr otrh p otm tmaf afih, ih, `o q u m  `m l hrhatizö u ah idp orthatm orthatm su p mri ori eh ehe e fu h`i thtiv thtiv h y h mato matoaf afm ms y ma m` m` nnuu tu ro. Em j mfj o, `os  gri  gritè tè aifos aifos tu v imroa imroa `h nh nhdh dh,, eu rhatm rhatm sil `os, `os, em smr  dmco  dm corm rms s dhri dhriao aos s q u m so`ehe `eheos os.. N u m thdg thdgié ié a idp orth rthat atm m q u m `os ial `m `ms sms tu v im imrh rha a m` mq mq u ip hdim dimato ato ieö am amo o p hrh m` m` f fh hø oam amo o h `hrl h eis isth thaf afih, ih, p mas ash heo dè s p hrh iadov iadov i`izh i` izhrr y j u aeir q u m p hrh em emstrozh trozhr. r. F oathg athgha fo foa u ah ahs s 8 .: ; ; fu `mg `mgri ri ahsemp mq u mø o fh`i grm, p mro fh fhp hfms emh`fhazh azhrr `os 7 .= ; ; dm dmtros tros,, y so`o = = fhø oam ams s l ru msos fhp hf hfm ms em p rov of ofhr hr l rhaem rhaems s em ems strozo tr ozos s. M ` doeo doeo emfodg odghtir htir msp msp hø o`, si si l u i maeo m` doem`o doem`o dmeitmdmeitm rrè amo amo em su `u fj h foatrh `os tu rfo rfos, sm ghshgh ma  h  hrr rrh hshr `hs `hs fu gimrth imrths s y `osdè sti`ms. M ` nu ml o hrti``m rti` `m- ro emgäh smr m` m` p hso p rmv rmv io h` h hg gorehcm rehcm,, y m` f fjj oq u m em i anhatmräh ma ma m` m` dhr, `h fu fu `di ahf ahfii ö a em ` h gh ghth ``h ah ahv h`. @ `mv hgha h goreo 8 > ; l ru msos fhø oams ams, p mro em u a h`f h`fh haf afm m i anmrior anmri or h` em `os i al `ms `msm ms dè s p mq u mø os, y so`o > ; ; fu `m `mg griahs riahs. [ or otrh p hrtm, rtm, ma `h fu `tu rh d di`i`ithr ithr m ms sp hø o`h `h dhdh riamräh  riam räh ao msth thg gh th tha a no nordh rdhe eh ai didh didhe eh fodo ma  `h ial `ms `msh. V m `h foasiem asiemrh rhg gh em ianmri ianmrio or f f`hs `hsm, v h`or

mcé rf rfito, ito, y u ah p otm tmaf afih ih ahv ahv h` f fo odo Ial `ht `htm mrr rrh h, q u m emp emp maeäh em su oth. M stos einmrm ein mrmatms atms doem`os doem`os sm  dhatm  dh atmaeräh aeräha a eu rh rhat atm m `ossil `os sil u imat imatm ms. M sp hø h, f fo oa m` m` nrh nr hfhso e em m `h H rdh rdhe eh, e ei`i`h hp ieö u ao aos s 8 : di`` oam oams em eu fheos eos y p mreiö du fj os ghrf rfos os ‖ hu aq u m ma u a hø hø o s sm mräha räha rm rmm mdp `hzh `hzhe eos‖ , p mro  `o dè s l rhv m nu m `h p é reieh em mx p mri dm dmathe athehs hs trip tri p u `hf `hfioam ioams s y em su s fhp itham ithams s, fh fhrma rmaf fihs du fj o  dè s einäf in äfi`i`m ms em su p `ir. `i r. D orh`dmatm rh`dmatm,, nu m u a l o`p m tm tmrr rrig`m ig`m,, y p o`ätifh `ätifh y di`i di`ith thrdm rdmatm atm su p u so m` 󿬈 a e em m  `hs hsp irh ir hfioams ioams em hfhghr foa foa m` p oem oemr ial `é s ma  `os dh dhrm rms s y foa m` m` hp hp oy o q u m ehgh h `os rm rmg gm`ems `ems j o`haem o`haemsms, p or `o q u m `h iaem iaempp mae aem maf afih ih em`hsp rov i afi afi hs em` em` aortm em N `haems `haems sm foas foaso`i o`ieö eö . DJ

Wm p ro e u f f iö a h f o `o r e m u a l r hg hg he o o r il ia h` e m 8 < , J hw b ias y Erh Erhbb m n`m n`mth thro roa a cu cu atos `h p ri dm dmrh rh mx mx p meif eifiö iö a ial `ms `msh h p hrh fo fodm dmrf rfihr ihr fo foa msf`hv os os.. V m `hs v mäha du y nm`i nm`if fms, frmäh frmäha a q u m `h  disiö  dis iö a smräh eo eog g`m `mdm dmatm atm smaf afi`i``h `h emgieo h `h p o grm  g rmzh zh emnm nmas asiv iv h em `os maf af`h `hvv ms j is ispp hao aos s y h` rmarmathg`` m aml thg aml of ofii o em` em` foatrhgh oatrhghaeo aeo em msf` hv os os.. V i a mdg dghrl hrl o, smr äh toeo dm dmaos aos u ah thrmh thrmh sm smafi` afi``` h y  hdg  h dgos os p ir irh hth ths s v imro imroa a `h du mrtm em fmrf rfh h.

D]Y JIVUOWIH =6

 

      F     O    U     V    W    M    U    U    ]    J     V

@H F ] A H EM @ [ I W H U H .

V o g rm m s th s `äa m h s , `h p h r r o q u ih ih e m Uh v is is t o f b , f iiuu e h e e m ` e is t r it o e m \ m s t Em v o a , m a m ` foaeheo em Em v o a h ` s u e o m s tm tm e m Ia l `h t m r r h ) , e o a e m a h f iöi ö Erhbm.

emsfugriräh m` malhøo. M` mafoatroahzo rmsu`tö iamvithg`m y m` rmsu`theo num m` juaeidimato em fuhtro em `os smis ghrfos pirhths, uaos quiaimatos jodgrms hghtieos y `h péreieh em fhsi toeo m` eiamro ogtmaieo. Nrhafis y Coja sm sh`vhroa em di`hlro. [hrh fodpmashr em h`luah nordh hqum``h judi``hfiöa, Erhbm iaifiö uah lumrrh pmrsoah` foatrh Msphøh qum hrrhstrhräh eurhatm toeh su vieh.

Emspués em foasmluir fuhtrofimatos fiafumath msf`hvos ma Luiamh y Vmamlh`, zhrphroa jhfih m` Fhrigm foa dmeih eofmah em ghrfos2 Erhbm msthgh h` dhaeo em` Cueitj. @ms sorprmaeiö uah numrtm tordmath qum `ms jizo emsvihrsm h ^mrhfruz. ]ah vmz h``ä, jhfiéaeosm phshr por msphøo`ms, og`ilhroa h` virrmy Dhrtäa Maräqumz em H`dhash h nhfi`ithr`ms sudiaistros. [mro ao foathgha foa qum h `os pofos eähs ``mlhräh `h vmrehemrh Hrdheh msphøo`h y sm

M@ [W I D O D MA U O W .

C o j a J h w b iaia s 8=67-8=9 =) =),, r m t r h t h e o m a 8=:8 f o a cu g ö a a m l r o y l o rl u m r h . E m m s t m a h v m l h a tm , d m r f h e m r, r , f o r s h r io y ttrr h t h a t m e m m s f `h ` h v o s iiaa l `é s h p r m a e iö iö t o e h s s u s ‚ d h `h ` h s h r ttmm s ’ s u p Nr irhrdh a o f iss m El urhrha be mo . A h t ioio a h ` D h r itit id m D u s m u d , @o a e rm s .

 

    F     V H

M@ NH^OWIUO WIUO EM IIVHGM@ VHGM@ I @h pridmrh hffiöa iaeivieuh` emsthfheh em Erhbm tuvo `ulhr ma 8= 5 p o r m ` i`u s t rrhh e o r y f h r t ö l r h n o C o r is

JGo igimg n`iao htlm fm `. `h. A h f io a h ` e m M s p h ø h , D h e r ie .

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= >  D]Y J IVU IVUO O W IH

 

foa ``h hm mxpme xpmeiifiöa) phrmf phrmfääh posig`m, pm pmro ro 󿬈 ah`dmatm Erhbm oremaö `h rmtirheh. M` sh`to h `hs Hzorms phrh todhr`hs fodo ghsm ial`msh m iatmathr fhpturhr `h 󿬇 oth emIaei aeihs hsso`o h`hrlö `h h hl loaä oaäh. h. [ms msm m h `h ei󿬈 fu`the em `os msph phøo` øo`ms msphrh p p``hai󿬈 fhr uah opmrhfiöa em lrha fh`igrm, m` emshstrm em `h msfuherh ial`msh num iamvithg`m. Ghstm emsthfhr qum m` em oftugrm em 8=9=, ua viläh otmö `hs ahvms ial`mshs emsem su lhrith ma @h Is`mth em @hs [h`dhs, qum matoafms sm ``hdhgh Wmh` em `hs [h`dhs.  H`oas  H`o aso em H`v H`vh hrhe rheo y Ha Hato toaio aio [hdofjhdoso orlhaizhroa rèpiehdmatm `h mstrhtmlih em emnmash. Vm

M` nr h f h s o e m `h Fo a tr h h rd rd h e h y e m o tr h s m x p m e if io io a m s   f o a e u co h Er Er h b m h ` o s tr tr h f is d o

MA G ] V F H EM@ H U H Ó E [MW EI EO

@

h g ó s q u me h e m ` ht hó e ma m` m` q u m `h `ha z h rroo a m` m` f u m rrpp o e m E rrh hb m h ` d hr hr s m f o a v iirrt iö ma u a h o g s m s iiöö a p hrh `o`o s hrq u mö `o l o s g rriit è a if o s . D u f j o s `o j h a rh s t rmh e o y , e m j mf j o , s m j h``hro a `o s rm s t o s e m` M `i `iz hg m mtt j , u a gu gu q u m q u m a h huu n rh rhl ö p o f o ha tm tms e m` n h` h``mf id im ima to to e m Erhb Erhb m. [ mr mroo iav ms t i-il hf io a m mss p o s t mrio rm s (h p hrt ir e m 8 9 < = ) hp u a t h ro a q u m p o e räh t rht hrs m e m `h `h f hrh hrhgm` gm`h h ^iz ^iz f häah, häah, u s he h e h p o r F o `ö a ma s u f u hrt o v ih cm y j u a e ie h ma 8 = ; 6 . [ o r o t ro `he o , a o t o e o m` d u a e o p im a s h q u m m` f he è v m r e m N rrh ha f is E rrh hbm s m q u me hr hrh h ma ma m` m` Fhrigm, Fhrigm, y h q u m mx mx is t m u a h f hrt h e m` 7 ; e m cu a io e m 8 = 9 > m a `h q u m Ha Ha e ré s H rrd d ma ma t m rroo s ia nnoo rd h h` e u q u m e m D me me ia h V ieie o a ih ih e m ` rm l rm s o e m `h `h ﬇ o t h ia ia l `ms h h s u p häs y s m ø h`h q u m m ` f u m rp o e m ` f o rs h rio v h m a u a o e m `o s g h hrrf o s , m a m` m` ia tm tm rriio r e m u a t o a m`. H u a q u m ms t o p u m e h so ah hrr h `m `m y m a e h , m s u a h p o s ig i`i`ie he .

[ ia iattu rh em \ i` i``i `ih hd D fEow m`` em`` ghrfo em ghrfo em em sir N rhafis Erhb Erhb m.

ghshgh ma `os fhøoams em` fhsti``o em @h @uz y ma `hs trophs em ianhatmräh situhehs ma `os hrmah`ms y `hs durh``hs qum protmläha `h fiuehe. @os ghrfos ial`msms iatmathroa pmamtrhr ma `h is`h por `h fh`mth em Vhath Fhth`iah, pmro fhøoams y hrfhgufms `olrhroa foatmamr`os, fhushaeo foasiemrhg`ms ghchs matrm `os hsh`thatms. M` pridmr emsmdghrfo mdgh rfo em `h 󿬇 oth iial` al`ms msh h jh jhgä gäh h sieo rmf rmfjhzh jhzheo eo foa sudh nhfi`iehe, h`lo sorprmaematm tmaimaeo ma fumath m` rmeufieo mcérfito y m` pofo hrdhdmato foa qum foathgha `os fhahrios, foa so`o ua fhsti``o phrh protmlmr toeh `h is`h. @h hffiöa sm sh`eö foa fuhrmath dumrtos y audmrosos jmrieos em` ghaeo em `os iavhsorms. Hemdès, h` fhpturhr h ua fhpitèa ial`és sm emsfugrimroa `hs vmrehemrhs iatmafioams em `os gritèaifos y sm pueo hvishr h `hs hutoriehems msphøo`hs h` otro `heo em` Ht`èatifo. Ma visth em` rieäfu`o qum jhgäha jmfjo, Jhwbias foasiemrö iaóti` ua smluaeo iatmato. @h aofjm em` < dhaeö poamr rudgo jhfih m` sur em `h is`h, hghaeoahaeo `h fiuehe. H `h coraheh siluimatm, thdgiéa Erhbm emsistiö y ahvmlö ma `h disdh eirmffiiöa, noaemhaeo sus f rmff forgmths orgmths nrmatm h ``h h rheh em  Hrlu  Hrl uiam iaml luäa. ]a pmqumøolrup rupo em so`eh `eheos  

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D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H =<

 

  fhahrios foa orema em ao pmremr`ms em visth `ms tmaeimroa uah mdgosfheh ma uah em `hs p`hyhs, foa hyueh em phstorms y fh fhdpms dpmsii aos. ^hr ^hrii os dhriaos gritèaifos pmreimroa `h vieh y otros numroa jmfjos prisioamros. Erhbm y Jhwbias ao msthgha matrm m``os y pueim puei mroa pros prosm mluir su pmrip`o jhfih @h Lodmrh, eoaem fhrlhroa hluh. Num su ó`tidh msthafih ma hluhs fhahrihs.

‚M @ VIUI VIUI O EM LWH^M@IAHV’. [imtm [imtmrr V ah ahym ymrs rs,, p iator ﬇ hd mafo msp msp mfih mfih`i `izz heo heo ma visths p haorè d ifhs em hfoat hfo atmfi mfidd imato imatos s d i`ith thrrms, d um umst strh rh ma ms msth th og rh 8 > = 7 ) uah p mr mrsp sp mft ftiivh top ol rè ﬈ fh e em m` sitio em L rh rhvm vm`i `iah ahs s N rha rhafi fih) h) emsem emsem m` p uato em v vist isth h em `hs `hs ttro ropp hs msp hø o`hs. hs. D usmo smo em` em` [r [rhe heo o, D he heri rie. e.

dhaeo, pums `h dh`h sh`ue jhgäh emcheo h Jhwbias numrh em fodghtm. Em jmfjo, doriräh por nimgrms väri värifh fhs ma aovi aovim mdgrm em 8=9=. [msm h `os foatrhtimdpos, eispumstos h rmfupmrhr tmrrmao, `os ial`msms `hazhroa sus ghrfhzhs ma ua hthqum dhsivo y si`mafioso. @h iemh em Erhbm mrh hfmrH `oaso H `vhrhe hrheo o, l og mra rahe heo or y fhp fhp itè a l mamr amrh` em L rha rha fhrsm sili`oshdmaF ha hahr hriih, quima quima em emnm nmae aeiö iö `h is` is`h h hatm hatm Er Erhb hb m, ma 8 = 9 = , y ha hatm tm tm, hprovmfjhaeo `h `h p oemrosh hr hrdd heh j o`hae haemsh p ofo emsp ués és,, ma 8 = 9 9 . aofjm, h `hs nrhlhths ma m` pumrto m iafmaeihr`hs. hdpofo ma msh ofhsiöa `h tèftifh surtiö mnmfto y tuvimroa `h sumrtm ma foatrh. M` hthqum num nrus nr ustr trheo heo por ``h h lrh lrha a `udi `udiaos aosiiehe em` em` ‐ rm`èdph rm`èdphl lo EMVHVUWM MA M@ FHWI FHWIGM GM Fuhaeo, por nia, m` h`dirhatm Erhbm y sus jod- em` Fhthfudgo—, ua furioso nmaödmao htdosnérigrms ``mlhroa h [umrto Wifo, fodproghroa qum `ms fo, fodo uah mspmfim em nhro ahturh`, qum ofurrm msthgha mspmrhaeo fiafo nrhlhths ma ji`mrh foa sus h` omstm em` `hlo em Dhrhfhigo y qum eurhatm sil`os fh fhøoams øoams hpuat hpuatèaeo`ms èaeo`ms.. @ @h h 󿬇 oth m matmrh atmrh jugo em rm- jha usheo `os ahvmlhatms phrh orimathrsm. Lrhfihs h viläh pueo eiv eiviishr ``hs hsahvm ahvmss ial`ms ial`mshs hsy h`mrt h`mrthr hr tirhrsm fuhaeo `hs gh`hs h`fhazhroa `h disdäsidh é`, ua viläh fèdhrh em Erhbm, qum custo ma msm dodmato msthgh h `h luhraifiöa, qum forriö h nrmahr m` emsmdghrfo. ah`izh hr, `os `os gritè ritèaifos jhgäha äha sieo ieo dhshfrhe rheos griaehaeo griaehaeo f foa oa ssus us o o󿬈󿬈 fih`ms( é` sm `i`igrö, grö, pm pmro ro vhri vhrios os  H` 󿬈 ah`iz rmsu`throa jmrieos, eos dorth`dmatm). oeo sm `m por uah diaósfu`h numrzh msphøo`h. fodp`ifhgh h dhrfjhs norzhehs. Y, por si tmaäh pofos [hrmfäh qum `os msphøo`ms jhgäha hprmaeieo `h `mfprog`mdhs, msthgh so`o hatm m` pm`ilro fodo óaifo fiöa, hsä qum Erhbm sm h`mcö em [umrto Wifo trhs ua D ]

    @

@hs f hdp hahs rmp if hgha y Fmrv hatms y X u mv me o ms f rigäha v mrs o s  h `h du mrtm e m` dè dè s ia iaa ao g`m mam amd dil o

 

 

V J ] U U M WV WV U O F B

phr em phrhehs ma `hs qum ogtuvo ua msfhso gotäa.  Huaq  Hu aqu um tmaähpmasheo emtmam amrs rsm m th thd dgié iéa a ma Fhrthlmah em Iaeihs, emsistiö fuhaeo vio `hs durh``hs qum `h roemhgha. @h fhdgiö por [hahdè, eoaem orqumsstö ua eog orqum eog`m `m h hthq thqum um33 por titim mrr rrh hyd dhr hr.. U odh odhss Ghsbmrvi``m, qum igh por timrrh foa aovmfimatos so`eheos, sm mafoatrö foa ua rmeufto emnmaeieo por smtmath jodgrms qum idpieimroa su hvhafm. H` vmr qum ``mlhgha rmnumrzos, m` ial`és emfieiö rmtirhrsm, pmro ma `h pmrsmfufiöa pmreiö fuhtrofimatos jodgrms, matrm prisioamros, jmrieos y dumrtos.

]A NI NIAH@ AH@ EMVJ OAWOVO M` 󿬈 ah` em ssiir Nr Nrhaf hafiis Ehbm ao haeh haehgh gh `mcos. Ma [umrto Wifo, sogrmviviö h `os fhøoahzos pmro ao

h `h eismatmräh. Emshaidheo, fhasheo y manmrdo, m` 7< em mamro mamro em 8=9>, fo foa a `h ` h 󿬇 oth noaemh noaemheh eh m ma a [ortogm`o ([hahdè), pieiö qum `m pusimrha `h hrdheurh dhe urh ‐‐ph phrh rh dori dorirr fodo ua sso`eheo o`eheo—.—. Mxpi Mxpirö rö su ó`tido h`imato h` eäh siluimatm y ai siquimrh matoafms `m hfodphøö `h sumrtm. Jhgäh pmeieo emsfhas fhashr hr ma titim mrr rrh h 󿬈 rdm, pmro `hazh `hazhroa roa su f fumrpo umrpo h` dhr ematro em ua hthóe em p`odo. Vu tripu`hfiöa shqumö y qumdö [ortogm`o ma su joaor, dimatrhs `hs fhdphahs em `hs il`msihs msphøo`hs rmpifhgha em h`mlräh y Fmrvhatms y Xumvmeo emeifhgha smaeos vmrsos h `h dumrtm em` mamdilo dès iaaog`m em fuhatos jhgäh tmaieo Nm`ipm II. Vir Nrhafis Erhbm, pirhth y fhgh``mro, m` pmor eo`or em fhgmzh em `h Doahrquäh Jispèaifh, hfhgö vmafieo ma `hs hluhs fhrigmøhs hatm ghrfos msphøo`ms. DJ

@

V

S O W M V .

] ao ao e m `o s o g cm cmt iv o s e m E rrh h b m, f o d o p hr hrtt m e m `h `h Fo atr atrhh hhrdh rdhee h, mr mrh h to dhr ``hs hs a u m v m isis `h s p o rt u l u ms hs hs e m `hs H z o rms (ma (ma `h `h idhl ma ma,, v is t h e m F o rv o ) p hrh f o av mr mrtt ir` ir`hs hs ma ghs m ial ial `ms h y, e ms e m h` h```ä, f﬇ oh tpht ue rmh rIa`he ih s .

@O [M EM ^ ML H H N W H A F I V F O EW H X] M m rv ha t ms y X u mv m e o `m e m e if hro a v m rs o s h s u d u mrt m, m, p mr mroo `h nhdh nhdh e m Nr Nrha haff is E rh rh b m t hd hd g iiéé a ia ia s p irö h @ o p m e m ^ml h, q u im a ma 8 = 9 < `m e me if ö u a p o m d h é p if o e m e imz f h a hll o a ttm m h (m` to s 3 @ h E r h  (  m` e rhl rhl ö a m mrrh m ` s äd g o `o e m ` f o rs h rriio ). M a é `

F

F o `o d gi gih y [ h ha ah hd dè , hsä f o do `h e m s j o a rroo s h d u m rrtt m e m ` p irh th th ma m` m` Fhrigm. Fhrigm. Vml ó a mx p `if h m m`` hu t o r ma `h e me if ht htoo rih h h`` p räaf ip m e m H s t u ri rihs hs , nu t u ro Nm`i Nm`ip m III, e o s f o s h s `m j h g rrääh a o g ``iil he o h ms f ri rigir gir ms m `i`igro . @h p ri ridmrh dmrh,, ‐ q u m a o f u g rriim s m m` o `v ie o t ha

q u m tu tu v o h N rrh ha f is f o E rh rh q u m m a t h` p rm e if h d dm ma to to , s ima e o v mre h e q u m a o t o d ö l rha o e m o ro q u m a o `m f o s t h s m d u f j h s ha l rm— . [h hrrmf m s m r q u m m` m` d o a h hrrf h tu tu v o s m rriihs e u e hs , p u ms a o `m o t o rl ö `h f o rrm s p o a e im a att m `if m a aff ih e m idp rms iö a p hr hrh h F hs t i`i``h. Y f u ha ha--

e ms f rig äh äh `h `h v if i f t o rih e m M s p hø h s o grm `h Hr Hrdhe dhe h ial ial `ms h ma ma `h `h l u m rrh e m 8 = 9 = ma `hs hf t u h`ms

id p o rt ha ha tm tm v i f t o rih — , y `h s m l u a e h, ‐ q u m e ms f u g rriims s m m ` e ms ma l hø o `o q u m il a o rhg h m ` v u `l o ‖

e o @ o p m `o p u g `i`if ö ma ^h ^h `m `ma f ih , ma 8 = 9 : , m ` l o g im im ra o d h ha a e ö s mf u ms t rh r t o e hs `hs f o p ih s .

    F     V     H

D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H =9

 

@OV

[MWVOAHCMV I DHW DHWX]É X]É V EM VHAUH FW]S FW ]S . W mtrhto mtrhto em eo eoa a È `vhro em G hz è a   8 : 7 : ) , m` hristöfrhth y d hriao msp hø o` 8=7 >‖8= ::) iad ort rth` h`iiz he heo o p or W hnhm` U ml mo. F op ih em ua ori orill ia iah` h` haöa ha öaidid o em em `h `h fhsh em `os d hr hrqu qums msms ms em V hath F ruz . D usmo A hvh` em D herie.

 

> ;  D ] Y J I V U O W I H

 

 ^II E]X]M E]X]M EM DMEIAH VIEOAIH. L rhg heo fo`ormheo em H `oaso [é [érrmz em L ud ha 8 = = ; - 8 > 8 = ), L rh rha aem em Msp hø h, fhg h` h``m `mro ro e em m `h O arema em em U oisöa sö em emaO em` ro` y fod fod ha haeh ehat atm m ma cmnm em `h H rd heh Ms Mspp hø o`h.

M a m ` ia t m a t o e m ia v h s iöiö a e m Ia l `h t m r r h p o r `h L rh r h a H r d h e h m s tu t u v imim r o a , p o r u a h p h r t m , `o s f o r s h r io s iaia l `m s m s , q u m a o p o r s m r d m r f m a h r io s e m ch g h a e m s m r v m r e h e m r o s m x p m r t o s , y p o r o t r h , `h d m co r l m a m r h f iö a e m d h r ia o s e m `h j is to t o r ih e m M s p h ø h 2 e m s l r h f ih e h d m a t m , d u y d h ` e ir il ie o s .

LOASH@O []@IEO L MÖ L WHNO WHNO Y M MV VFWIU WIUOW

D ] Y J I V U O W IH

 

e hdm dmath ath``dmatm dmatm,, q u imam imamss f o ae u cmro cmro a h `h Lrh Lrha a H rdhee h msp hø o `h h` e mshstrm dh shstrm.. Y, Y, sia m mdgh dghrl rl o , p u e imrh imrh smr smr q u m, hu a rm rmsp sp o ash ashg` g`m ms ma e istiat istiatoo p o rfm rfmat ath hcme m` nrh nrhff hso , aia aiall u ao e m m``o s `o nu mrh rmh rmh`dmat dmatm m. O ao `o nu mrha rha th that atoo f o do Nm Nm``ip m II. È `v hr o e m Gh Ghzz è a y Lu z dè a , m` l r h ha ah h``dir dir h ha a ttm my p ro do to r e m msth hv mat atuu rh rh,, nu m iav iav mstie o p o r Fh Fhrr`o s ^ f o a m m`` j è gito e m Vha t ih ihl o ma 8 = 7 : y r mf igi ö m` ao dgrh dgrhdim dimato ato e m f hgh gh`` ``m mro ma Lu he ix m` 8 < e m

DHWÄH I EM IAL @HUM @HUMWWH. WWH. V og rm m ms sths `äamhs, m` fuher fuhero o em` p iato iatorr ammr`haeés H atoaio D oro D hräh U ueor rmiah em Ial `h `htm tmrr rrh hy msp msp os osh h em N m`ip m IIII..   N um rmh`iziz heo ma rmh` 8==5, h høø o ma m` qum foatrhco d htrid oaio foa m äafi N `m`p ipräa mfip epmm Msp hø h.

V

m p o e r è e u e hr so gr m `h mx istm istma fih e m` e mstiao , p mro e inä inäff i` i`dm dmat atm m ahe ahe im p u me m e u e hr q u m `o s t rm rms p mr s o a h hccms ms ms p hø o `ms dè s idp o r tha tha tm tms tr h hss `o s j istö r iifo s h hff o a tm tmf idim idima a to to s e m 8 = : : msth sthg g ha ha p r me me mstia stiah he o s h smr smr `o `o q u m nu mr o a . Y, sia mdg mdgh hrl o , so `o u ah f o afh afhtm tmah ahff iö a e m hf o atm atmf idim dima to to s p r mf mf me ie o s p o r u a h smr smr im im e m e mf isi isioo a ms ms y s u f ms o s p ro v o f hro a q u m ms ttuu v imr ha e o a e m ms t u v imr o a y q u m p hr ti tiff ip hr ha ha e m u a e mshstr shstr m q u m, j hsth f hs i m m`` ó `t id id o d o d ma ma to , p u e o j hgmr s iiee o mv it h hee o m, iaf iaf `u so , trhasno trhasno rdhe rdhe o ma u a é x it itoo di` di`it ith hr f hsi sia p rm rmff me matm atms, q u m j u gimrh imrh f hdgih dgihee o p hrh sim simddp r m `h j isto r ih ih. [ [m mr o , f o shs shs e m` e mstia o , m``o so `o j hgr äh äh sie o p o sig sig``m ma m` m` f hso e m a o smr smr m` m``o s `o s q u m j u gimr ha ha msth sthee o e o a e m mstu v imr imro a . [o rq u m `o s trm trms l rhae rhae ms p mrs o ah ahccms m mss p hø o `ms e m` s il i l `o Z ^ I ‖ y d u a e i h`ms , e he o q u m ma h hqq u m``o s tim timdp dp o s smr rm rm`mv hatm ma Ms p hø h mrh `o disdo q u m s mr mr `o `o ma m` m` d u a e o ‖ q u m p hr ti ti f i p hr o a ma ma m` m` i atm atmat atoo e m i a avv hs i ö a e m Ial `htmrrh tmrrh n u mro a `o `o q u m n u mr o a y h e ms e m a iiøø o s .

ma m mrro e m 8 = 6 ; , hsä q u m e mgiö smr smr u a g gm mgé du y iaiatm tma a so , p o r q u m j hgäh a h hff ie o m` 8 7 e m e ifim ifimdg dgrr m e m 8 = 7 > . Fu h`q u imr p sifö `o l o ia nh nhati` ti` hf tu h` q u me hr äh äh msp hat ath he o hat atm m th that ath hs m mxx p mf th thti tivv hs ‖ y p rm rmsio sio ams‖ ams‖ s o gr m u a d dm ma o r e m tr ms h høø o s , y f u h`q u imr p è r v u `o q u me hr äh äh smp smp u `th thee o p o r m` m` ia lm lma atm p mso j istö r ifif o e m u ao s hp hp m``ie o s q u m p ro v maäh aäha e m u ah shl shl h nhdi nhdi``ihr ihr q u m hf hghgh ghgh e m mdgh dghrf rf hrs m ma u ah au mv h mdp rm rmss h, `h a h hvv h`, f u ha e o m` p r o l ma ito ito r e m a u mstr stroo È `v hr o , È `v hro e m Ghz Ghz è a m m`` ^im ^imco co , su stit stituu y ö h Cu ha e m ^m^m`hsf o , trhs trhs su du mrtm rtm,, f o do f hp itè itè a l mam amrh rh`` e m `hs Lh` Lh`mrh rhss e m Msp hø h y e m `h Fo sth e m Lrh Lrhah ahee h y e mcö htrè trè s s u o r il il ma a h hvv hr ro ro ‖ m` v h``m e m Gh Ghzz tèa ‖ y su s smrv smrv ifio s h ``h h Wmf o aq u isth isth.. @h ianh ianhafih afih y `h he o `msf mafih e m È `v hro hae u v imro imro a matr atrm m hrdhs rdhs y `igro igro s , msto f he hs y e haz hs , hs tro `hgio gio s y p o mdh dhs, s, ao dg dgrh rhdi dim mato s y f msms. sms. Fo ao f iö m` p mso e m `h rmsp o a sh shg gi`ie i`ie he f o a so `o au mv m hø o s, f u ha e o nu m ao dg dgrh rhee o h`f hie m p mrp mtu o e m` Fh Fhsti` sti```o e m Ligrh rh``th thrr ma ma 8 = 6 = , y su p o e m `hs f o asm asmff u mafih afihss e m `h e ms o g me ima f iih h f o a s o `o o a f m, m, ma 8 = 6 < , f u ha e o s u

AHFIEOV [HWH @H L@OW AHFI @OWIIH, NOWSHEO NOW SHEOV H@ EMVHVUWM È `v hr o e m G hz hz è a y L u z d è a , p r id id mr mr d hr hr q u é s e m Vha th th F r u z 2 H `o `o a s o [é r mz mz e m L u z d è a , s é p t id id o e u q u m e m Dm Dmee ia iah h Vie o ai aih h, y H`mch H`mchae ae ro Nhram Nhramsio sio , tmrf tmrf mr e u q u m e m [hrdh y e m [ih ihff maz h, nu mro a, nu a-

NWHAFIV EWHBM.  @h hutmatifiehe em mstm rmtrhto ha haöa öaidid o rmh mh`i `izz heo heo ma `h eéf eéfhe heh h em em 8 = < ; qume qumeö ö emd ostrheh ma ma 7 ; 8 : p or u ua ah v vm mrrul h m ma a `h `h ah ahriz .

>8

> 7  D ] Y J I V U O W I H

 

pherm num fmsheo h` iafudp`ir `h orema em trhs`hehrsm h Léaovh. M``o provofö qum sm trhs`hehrh h Fhathgrih, eoaem foaofiö ua duaeo ahvh` duy einmrmatm h` Dmeitmrrèamo. Foa eimfiséis høos, ma 8=57, lrhfihs h` aodgrhdimato em su pherm eos høos hatms fodo fhpitèa lmamrh` em` dhr Oféhao ‖msto ms, em Ligrh`thr h Numatmrrhgäh‖, sm mdghrfö ma `h Hrdheh y pofo emspués, ma 8=55, phrtifipö ma `h viftorih ahvh` em Duros foatrh `h Hrdheh nrhafmsh em Nrhafisfo I, ma `h qum sm hprmshroa vmiatitrés ghrfos trhs m` shqumo em lrha phrtm em Lh`ifih.  H`oas  H`o aso o [érm rmzz em Lu Luzzdèa, m` l lrh rha a du`tid u`tidi``o i``oah ahrio rio em msth jistorih, sm foavirtiö foa so`o aumvm høos, ma 8==:, ma euqum em Dmeiah Vieoaih trhs sunrir em nordh fhsi foasmfutivh `h dumrtm em su pherm  y em su hgum um`o `o.. N Num um h`l `lo o hsä fo fodo jm jmrm rme ehr m` m` ididpmrio Hdhzoa sia ai siquimrh tmamr hfaé y ma uah situhfiöa em ornhaehe foasiemrhg`m. [orqum m` tätu`o em Dmeiah Vieoaih, qum ehthgh em 855=, mrh uao em `os dès prmstiliosos y hfhueh`heos lrhfihs h `hs diahs em p`hth mafoatrhehs ma `h eéfheh em 8=5; ma ma m` A Aumvo umvo Duaeo Duaeo,, por ``o o qum h 󿬈 ah`ms em `os høos smsmath em msm sil`o `os ialrmsos nhdi`ihrms sudhgha =;.;;; eufheos, y uah eéfheh emspués, ma 8=, fodo prumgh em󿬈 em`i em`iehe ehe h fhdgio fhdgio em `h matrml matrmlh h h`h nh nh-di`ih Nhramsio em `h vi``h y m` eufheo em [ihfmazh, qumehaeo fhutivh `h fiuehem`h ma poemr em` rmy msphøo`. [orqum H`mchaero mrh ua aiøo ith`ihao, ahfieo ma Wodh, qum, uah vmz num matrmlheo fodo prmaeh h Nm`ipm II, num meufheo por su täo ma `os [häsms Ghcos, h eoaem sm trhs`heö cuato foa su dherm. H``ä dhatuvo rm`hfiöa foa dimdgros em `h fortm msphøo`h, m iaf`uso sm trhs`heö ma 8==9 jhsth Ial`htmrrh cuato h Nm`ipm II fuhaeo mstm ma`hzö dhtr dh triidoaih`dmatm f foa oa D Dh hrä räh h ueor ueor.. mamdos, pums, h trms aiøos foavmrtieos ma heu`tos em nordh prmdhturh høos hatms em `h nrhfhsheh

iavhsiöa em Ial`htmrrh, hsudimaeo maordms rmspoashgi`iehems y foaofimaeo `hs foasmfumafihs qum tmaeräha ma sus pmrsoahs y ma sus nhdi`ihs `hs emshvmamafihs foa m` rmy msphøo`. rms aiøos qum, si gima tuvimroa dhrlma em dhaiogrh, sm vimroa hrrhstrheos emsem rmfiéa ahfieos por uah smrim em numrzhs qum chdès fmshroa ma su iamrfih. È`vhro, norcheo matrm hsti``mros y lh`moams2 H`oaso, friheo matrm viømeos, o`ivhrms y mdghrfhfioams fhrlhehs foa `hs riqumzhs em Hdérifh2 H`mchaero, friheo matrm sumøos ‖y foaspirhfioams‖ di`ithrms cuato h Cuha em Hustrih y m` ianhatm Eoa Fhr`os.  

M@ I A N H A U M EO A F H W @O V .

M ` p r id o l é a it o e m N m `i ` ip m II p ia t h e o p o r V è a f j m z - F o m ``o . Ms u a h o g rh ie m h `iz h e h , p u m s a h f iöi ö f o a dn äs hif``nnho sr dy h f iioo a m s trhstoraos p s iiff o `ö l if o s . Du s m o e m ` [ r h e o , D h e r ie .     F     V    H

D]Y JIVUOWIH > 6

 

 

Msth ianhafih rmsu`th f`hvm phrh fodprmaemr lrha phrtm em `hs hftuhfioams, posifioahdimatos y emfisioams h` rmspmfto em `h opmrhfiöa ial`msh.

C ]

A

EM EM

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M` j mr mrdha dhahs hs t ro ro e m Nm` Nm`ip m II II (j(j ico i`ml ätido tido e m` m d p m rh e o r Fhr`oo s I )),, Fhr` iado rth` rth`iiz he o ma 8 = > < m a `h o g rrh h e m H `o`o a s o V è a f j m z - F o m``o Eo a C Cuu h a e m H u s t ri rih h rd rd he he o .

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UWMV NOWDHV EM^MW@H IIA^H A^HVIÖ VIÖ A  È`vhro  È`vh ro,, fuyh lrh rha a hspirh irhf fiö iöa a sim imd dprm num num m` ssm mrvifio h `h foroah, foafigiö `h iavhsiöa fodo fu`diahfiöa em `h fhrrmrh di`ithr em uao em `os dh yorm  yo rmss lmaio aioss tè tèf ftifo tifos em `h jis jisto torih rih ah ahvh vh`2`2 H`o H`oas aso o, fuyh lrha ogsmsiöa rheifhgh ma lmstioahr y hudmathr m` idpmrio mfoaödifo em su nhdi`ih, num ua lrha mdprmshrio h` qum `h opmrhfiöa di`ithr `m iafodoehgh ma mxtrmdo por hphrthr`m em `h lmstiöa em` phtridoaio nhdi`ihr2 y H`mchaero, fuyh dhyor hspirhfiöa sm mafoatrhgh ma `hs foaquisths di`ithrms phrh rmeidir y hsmlurhr h su nhdi`ih, num ua mxitoso lmamrh` qum foasiemrö `h mdprmsh ao so`o hrrimslheh, siao iaoportuah, por p`hatmhrsm ma ua dodmato ma m` qum sus hasihs em foaquisth ao jhgäha sieo shfihehs. [or m``o, `h opmrhfiöa ahfiö gifénh`h, foa smems ma Fèeiz, eoaem sm mafoatrhgh H`oaso Dmeiah Vieoaih, y ma @isgoh, eoaem sm mafoatrhgh È`-

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`v h ro e m Gh G h z è a y L u z d è a , m ` I d hr hrq u é s e m Vh ha a th th F ru ru z y L rrh h a e m e m M s p h ø h , n u m s ia ia `u l h r h e u e h s t o e h u a h p m rs o a h `ie h e e m s u é p o f h , `o q u m q u m e h e m d o s t rh rh e o h ` m a f o a t rhr rhr rmnmr mnmrmaf maf ihs s u y hs ma hu t o rms t ha ha rm` rm`mv mv ha-

t m s f o d o D o s q u m rh e m N ilil u m ro h , D ilil u m ` e m Fm mrrv h a t m s o N rrh h a f is f o e m X u m v m e o . ] a l m a io d i`i`it h r, h e d ir irh e o m a s u t im d p o , f u y o f u rräf u `u d nu nu m e m t h ``h e o p h rh `h `h p o s t m rie h e p o r s u a im im th th , M u l m a aiih e m G h z è a 3 ‐ W iia a e iö o f j o is `h s , e o s f iu e h e m s , v m ia ttm m y f ia f o v i``h s , y t rm ia th th y s m is f h s t i``o s n u m rt m s 3 v m a f i ö o f j o f h p it h a m mss l ma am m rrh h ``m m s , e o s d hm hm s t rrm ms e m f hd dpp o l m a am m rrh h `m `m s , s o `e h e o s y d hr hria m mrro s e m N rrh h a f i h 5 . < = 6 , ia l `m s m s < : ; , p o rt u l u m s m s rm g m m``e m s e m `hs is `h s , y e m `h `h hr hrd he he h e m ` räo e m @i @is g o h , y t rm rm s l h `m `m o a m mss q u m ms ms t h g h ha a ma ma Vm Vmt ó g h h``, > . 5 > ; m s f `hv o s q u m j iz o m a `h isis `h Um Um rrff m rrh h y `h e m ` N h y h ` 7 . = ; ; , t u rf o s q u m f h u t iv ö 8 . > ; = , d o ro s 7 . 8 6 : , e io `ig m mrrt h e h 8 . = < 5 f ris t ih a o s q u m ms ms t h g h ha a f h u t iv o s , ria e iö f u h rrm ma att h y f u h tr tro l h `m `m rrh hs Wm mh h `m `m s , v m ia ia tm tm y u a h l h `m `m o t hs hs , v m ia ia tm tm y s im tm tm g m mrrl h a att ia ia m mss , a o v m a tth h y a u mv m a h hvv äo s e m h `t o g o re o y l h `m o am mss , u a h l h `m h z h 2 y l h a ö m a to to e h s `h s o f h s io am mss 8 . : 8 5 p im z h s e m hr hrt i`i``m rrääh — . M a `h `h p rid mr mrh tu tu d g h m a `h q u m y h f iö s m p o e äh `m m r q u m ‐ p m `m ö f o d o f h g h h```m ro , m s f rig iöiö f o d o e o f t o , v iv i v iö i ö f o d o j é ro m y d u ri r iö f o d o s h a att o — . [ o r s i n u m rh p o f o , @ u is e m L ö a l o rh `m e m e if ö u a m p it h ﬈ o m a m ` q u m `m f h `i﬈ f ö f o d o ‐ e m ie h e h rrd d he he h , D h rt rt m j u d ha ha o — .

vhro em Ghzèa. ]ah vmz nh``mfieo mstm ó`tido, qum quizès poeräh jhgmr ``mvheo h guma pumrto `h iavhsiöa, m` aodgrhdimato em H`oaso fodo rmspoashg`m em `h opmrhfiöa, qum jhsth ma eos ofhsioams iatmatö msquivhr, rmsu`tö f`hvm ma m` nrhfhso em `h Hrdheh. Ms fi fimrto qum nnum um h h``lo h hssä fodo fodo ssiituhr h Cm﬋ Gmzos fodo fodhaehatm ma cmnm em `h Hrdheh aortmhdmrifhah phrh iavheir Fjiah3 uah duy dh`h iemh. [mro, huaqum ao numrh m` hemfuheo ai posm ymrh  ym rh m` ias iastiat tiato o di`ith i`ithrr a am mfmshrio rio,, ai ai H`o H`oas aso o mrh ua foghrem ai mrh iafhphz ai mrh fodp`mthdmatm `mlo ma `hs hrdhs. H`lo qum pueo fodproghr m` propio Nrhafis Erhbm fuhaeo, h`mrtheo em `h opmrhfiöa, hthfö Fèeiz ma 8=:< y num rmpm`ieo foa éxito por H`oaso. Y ao so`o foa éxito, siao foa ialmaio, pums puso ma dhrfjh `h mstrhtmlih em hrrochr mdghrfhfioams hreimaeo foa mxp`osivos foatr foatrh h `h 󿬇 oth f forsh orshri rih, h, `o qum rms rmsu` u`tö tö toeo ua hfimrto. hato, qum msth disdh mstrhtmlih num uti`izheh por m` ial`és h` høo siluimatm foatrh Dmeiah Vieoaih y `h Lrha Hrdheh.

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M@ DHWI DHWIAO AO X]M @O []EO FHDGIHW HDGIHW U UO OEO Eo a Cu ha Dhrtä rtäa mz e m W Wmfh mfh``e m nu nu m, p o r ma fid fid h e m to e o , u a s o `e `e he o . Fo d m a z ö s ir ir v im im a e o f o d o ia nha tm y fo d o fhp fhp itèa e m f hg h``mrähma N`ha e ms, p hrtifirtifip ö fo d o cmnm e m ``h h v ha l u hre ih e m ``h h 󿬇 o th msp hø o `h m a m ` f o d g htm e m W Wh hd u hm a 8=> D]Y J IVU IVUO O W IH

 

o p mrhf rhf io ams ams msp mf ih` ih`ms. Hu téatifo s di`it di`ith hrms rms e m é `it itm m, tmaäh tmaäha, a, he mdè s , u ah l rha rha v mathch athch33 l rha rha p hrtm e m s u p rms u p u ms to to `o o gtma äh äha p o r s u s p ro p io s dm dme io s . Y ms ms q u m `o s E rh rhb m, J hw b ias , Nro gis j mr o J o w hre e msm smdp dp mø hro a u ah `hgo r nu ae hdmath dmath`` p hrh Ial `htmrrh tmrrh f he h v mz q u m hthf thf hgh gha, a, ro gh ghgh gha a o shq u mhgha gha h Msp hø h, su s p o smsio smsio am amss o su s m mdg dgh hrfhf rfhf io ams. ams. Mrh u a trh trhgh ghco co f hö tif tif o m iaf iaf `u so `ig igm mrti rtiao ao ma su mcm cmff u f i ö a, p mro s u dhdm dhdmat atm m o re mah ahee o y p `hai ai󿬈󿬈 f he o ma s u f o af mp mp f iö a, q u m dm dmrd rdh hgh, p rmo rmo f u p hgh y p mrtu rgh rghgh gh s u dh dhdm dmatm atm h Nm`i Nm`ipp m II y l mamrh amrhgh gh u a l hsto mf o aö di diff o y `o l äs tif tif o f hs i tha tha f u hatio s o f o do `hs `hs p é re ie hs q u m o f hs hs io io ah ahg gh. ]ao e m `o s p riafip riafip h`ms m mccmdp `o s e m m``o `o mafo atrhdo trhdo s ma Fj hr`m r`ms J o w hre , m` h h``dirh dirhat atm m h` dh dhae o e m `h n`o n`o th ial ial `msh y su p mrio rio r e m Nrh Nrhaf is Erhb Erhb m y Co j a J hw b ias . Nu m u ao e m `o s p mrs o ahc ahcms dè dè s iiddp o rt rth hatm atms ma ma `h `h v ifto ri rih h ia iall `msh e mgie o h su p ru e maf ih ma ``h h p mrsm rsmff u f iö a y m` hf o so e m `o s msp msp hø o `ms, sia f hmr ma ma `h trhdp trhdp h tmae tmae ie h p o r Cu Cu ha Dhrtä Dhrtäam amzz e m Wmf h`e m. H ø o s d è s t hr hr e m, ma 8 = 9 > , f o d ha ha e ö `h mx p me if iö a e m shq shq u mo e m Fè e iz, trh trhs ``h h f u h` nu m ao dgrhe o p ridm ridmrr f o ae m e m Ao ttial j hd. X u m to e o uah h``dirhatm dirhatm ial `é s, p rido e m Ishgm Ishgm`` I, h q u im ima ah høø o s e msp u é s `h `h rmia rmiah h f o a󿬈 hräh räh m` ao dgrm dgrm e m su su f mso r ma m` m` `m `mf j o e m du mrtm, rtm, `ie mrhrh rhrh u ah o p mrhf rhf iö a e m s hq hq u mo f o atr h p u mr to to s m mss p hø o `ms a o s e h u a h ie mh e m `h id idpp o rthaf rthaf ih e m mstm ti tipp o e m o p mrhf rhf io am amss y `h f htm tmll o räh q u m sm `ms o to rl hgh gh.. Otro e m `o s l rhae rhae ms p mrso ahc ahcms ial ial `msm smss nu m Co j a J hw b ia s , q u m, f o d o du f j o s o t r o s f o r s h hrr io s , s m e me if ö ma s u s f o dima z o s h h`` trè 󿬈 f o e m ms f `h `hv o s p ro f me matm atms e m È nri nriff h y tu v o v hrio rio s manrm anrmath athdim dimat atoo s f o a `h `h f o ro ah msp hø o `h, cu ato ato h Nrh Nrhafis E rhb rhb m, p o r f o d mr mrf i hr hr f o a ms f `hv o s y p ro e u f to s s iia a p mr d diis o . J hw b ias ias p hsö e m msf `hv isth h tmso tmso rmro rmro e m `h Dhri Dhriah ah ial ial `msh ttrh rhss p o sif io ah ahrsm rsm h nh nhvv o r e m Ishgm Ishgm`` I ma ma su f o a n rroo a thf i ö a f o a D h hrr äh äh M s tu tu hre o y hf t u ö f o d o hsmso smso r hp hp o rth rthae o idp o rth rthat atm ms f o ao f idim dimato ato s ahahv h`m `mss p hrh `h dmco dmco rh e m `h 󿬇 o th ial `m `mss h. Dhrt Dh rtia ia Nro Nro gisj mr, o tro tro e m `o s f o rshri rshrioo s ial `msm smss q u m e mrro thro thro a h `h Hrdh Hrdhee h Ia Iavv maf ig ig``m, f o dmazö dmazö f o do l ru dmtm dmtm ma u a gh ghrfo rfo p irh irhth h `h du mrtm e m su p he rm rm,, `o q u m `m p mrditi rditiöö he q u irir irir l rha rha mx mx p mrimaf rimaf ih di`it di` ith hr y ah ahvv h`, y sm f o av irtiö irtiö ma u a l rha rha mx mx p `o rhrhe o r, hu a q u m au a f h p u e o ma f o atrhr u a p hs o j hf i h m` o mstm m ma a A o rtm rtmh hdé rif h q u m p mrditi rditim mrh h`f haz hr m` o f é hao [hf ä󿬈 f o . Emsf Emsf u gri riöö u ah ghj ghj äh ma Fhah Fhah-e è , cu ato h` ms trm trmf j o e m J u e s o a, q u m hf tu h`dmat dmatm m ``mv h su ao dg dgrm rm,, mx p `o rö Lro ma` a`h hae ih y h`f haz ö `h f o sth o rim rimath ath` e m Fj iah iah ma g guu sf h e m o ro . Ma 8 = : = , trms trms hø o s ha hatm tmss e m e mrro thr thr h `h Lrha Hrdhe Hrdhe h, th thato ato Nr Nroo gisj mr f o do Erhb Erhb m sm mdgh dghrfhro rfhro a m ma a u ah o p mrh rhff iö a m ma a `hs `hs Iae ihs ihs O f f ie math` ath`ms f o atrh mdgh dghrf rf hf io ams ams msp msp hø o `hs. ]ah p ru mgh q u m ao s e h u ah i e mh e m `o q u m rmh rmh`dmatm dm atm sil ai󿬈 f hgha gha ``oo s f o rshrio rshrio s p hrh Ial `htm tmrrh rrh `h

ma f o a tr tr hd hd o s ma ma u a o s e m `o s md md p `mo s e m `o s q u m l o z ö Nro gis j mr h `o `hrl o e m s u v ie h3 cu mz e m p hz ma Yo rb sj irm irm. É ` m mss mcmdp `o thdg thdgiéa iéa e m f ö do p mrmf rmf imimro a d duu f j o s f o rs hr hr ioio s y f u è ` mrh s u ms tth htu s s o f i h` h`. D u r iö iö ma 8 = 9 5 ma nr nrmat è a e o s m f o a ``oo s ms ms p hø o `ms , y su s matrh atrhø hs nu mro a matm matmrrh rrhee hs ma `h il `msih e m Vt. H ae rmw s e m [`y do u tj y s u f u mrp o ma @o ae rm rmss , e o ae m `m ri riae ae imro a dó dó `ti tipp `ms j o ao rms. rms. Wo gmrt gmrt Eu e `my, f o ae m e m @mifm @mifmstm stmrr, nu m sia e u e h o tro tro e m `o s l rhae rhae ms p ro thl thl o ais ais ths ths e m `o s hf hf o atm atmf i dim dimato ato s e m 8 = : : . Mstm p o `äti tiff o y di` di`ithr thr ial ial `é s nu m f o dp hø mro e m `h ianh ianhafih afih e m Me u hre o ^I m Ish Ishgm gm`` I, e m q u im ima a nu m nhv nhv o rito rito y hdh dhat atm m y h q u ima ima ````ml ö h p ro p o amr amr dhtr dhtrid idoo aio aio . [ro tmsth tmsthat atm m, p u rith rithao ao y hf tiv hdmatm dmatm hatif htö `i `iff o , nu m nu ae hdm dmath ath`dm `dmatm atm u a ia iasti still he o r q u m ghth ghth```ö f o atrh atrh `o s msp msp hø o `ms ma ma `o s [ [h häsm smss Ghc Ghco s m mat atrm rm 8 = : = y 8 = : < , y nu m ao dg dgrh rhee o `u l hrtmaim rtmaimatm atm l mamrh amrh`` e m `h 󿬇 o th ial `m `mss h maf hrl he h   e m rmp rmp m`mr `mr h `h L rha rha H rdhe h.

M@ FOAEM EM AOUUIALJHD. Wm tr ht ht o p ia the o p o r Eh Eha iâ ` Dictm a s m a 8>7; h Fj hr`m s J o w hre 8=6>-8>75), >-8>75), m ` h`d ir ha ha tm ia ia l `é s h` d ha e o e m `h ﬇ o th ia l `m s h m a 8=:: y s u p m rio r e m Nr ha ha f is Erhb m y C o j a J hw b ia s . Ur hs hs m ` s hq hq u m o e m Fè e iz m a 8=9>, nu m a o d g r he o p r id m r f o a e m e m Ao ttia l j hd .    D    ]    G    @    H

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d o a hrf h m s p hø o ` Nm `ip m II nu a e ie o s o g rm u a h p im z h e m hrt rtii``m räh e m g ro a f m . Nu m m a f o a tr t rhe o m a `h rä räh e m Nm rro `.

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@OV X]M  ^O  ^ O@^IMWOA UOEH^ÄH MVUÈA HJÄ  Em `o dufjo qum aos hluhreh ghco `hs hluhs ma Lh`ifih, soa `os pmfios em `h Lrha Hrdheh em 8=:: uao em `os foacuatos hrqumo`ölifos dès prodmtmeorms. Vus rmstos, em smr mstueiheos, pumema hóa rmmsfrigir phrtm em su jistorih.

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h`ifih mstè h dmaos em fiafo eähs em ahvmlhfiöa em `os niaistmrrms em Grmthøh y Forauh``ms, ma ua puato privi`mliheo em `hs rm`hfioams ht`èatifhs muropmhs. Vu posifiöa mstrhtélifh fodprodmtm m` trènifo em` aortm aor tm em Muroph, y ms m` `ulhr ieöamo emsem eoaem eoae m h`fhazhr mshs fosths. Fodo foatr foatrhph hphrtieh, ti eh, nnum um ogcmtivo em `os qum emshnihgha m` prmeodiaio msphøo` ma m` oféhao. Y ms qum, emsem 8=:; ‖høo em `h hamxiöa em [ortulh`‖ ortulh`‖,, `hs `hs fosths lh``mlhs sm vimroa vi mroa iadmr iadmrsh shs ma ua mstheo mstheo em lumrrh umrrh foasthatm jhsth ``h h 󿬈 rdh em` Urhtheo em @oaerms em 8>;5. @h hftiviehe gé`ifh lmamrö ua rifo rmlistro hrqumo`ölifo sughfuètifo qum foatrhsth foa m` msfhso emshrro``o em `h hrqumo`oläh sughfuètifh posf`èsifh ma aumstro phäs. M` m`mvheo aódmro em yhfi yhfidi dimatos matos, ma dhlaä󿬈 laä󿬈 fo mstheo em foasmrvhf asmrvhfiöa, onrmfm onrmfm `h ofhsiöa em foaofmr emth``ms em `h mxphasiöa dhrätidh msphøo`h y em` msnumrzo gé`ifo ma m` Ht`èatifo. @os pmfios em `h Lrha  Hrdh  Hrd hehem8=:: y em`hem8=9> ‖7 ‖7= = guqumsjuaeie aeieo os ma Niaistmrrm‖ y m` rifo yhfidimato em` lh`möa Vhatih-

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lo em Lh`i Lh`ifih ma Wighemo Wighemo soa vmathahs vmathahs óaifh óaifhs sogrm m` msnumrzo dhrätido msphøo` ma hqum``os høos, idposig`m em h`fhazhr ma aialuah otrh phrtm em` duaeo. Ma `os ó`tidos høos iavmstilhdos dufjos em mstos pmfios y otros qum sm vha foaofimaeo, fodo m` em [uath Nhrm`o ma Fhdhriøhs o m` dès rmfimatm em Dulh Du lhre reos os.. Mstos yhfidimatos yhfidi matos so soa a rrm m mco em `o qum hluhreh ghco `hs hluhs ma Lh`ifih, y `os pmfios em `h  Hrdh  Hrd heh em 8=:: soa ua uao o em `os `os foac acua uato tos s hrqum rqumo`ölifos dès prodmtmeorms.

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M` lh`möa vmamfihao Wmlhzoah ‖qum emgäh su aodgrm h su su hrdheor, hrdheor, Chfodm Wmlhzoa‖ mrh uao uao em `os `os dmcorms guqums em `h Hrdheh em 8=::. Hemdès em por su thdhøo, tripu`hfiöa msfolieh y foaeifioams dhriamrhs, emsthfhgh por su hrdhdmato em 67 fhøoams em groafm. Em lrhaems eidmasioams, tmaäh ua portm em uaos 987 toam`ms dhfjos. Dhrtäa em Gmrtmaeoah izö ma é` su ghaemrh  

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p o r Fo r a m `is  ^m  ^m rg m m f b , e m g äh tm a m r m ` Wm l hz o a h. Ahtio a h` L h``m ry o n  Hrt, \ hs j ia l to a .

Do rr iö a m s p hø o ` e m ia nha t m r äh äh no to l r h﬈ h﬈ he o m a u a o e m `o `o s p m f io s e m `h `h  Hrd he h e m Dh Dhrtäa rtäa e m [hee i``h e m 8=9>. [h

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e m l mam amrh rh`` e m `h Ms f u he rh e m @m @mvv hatm atm.. Ms th nu mrz h `h no rdh rdhgh gha a ahv ahv ms dm dmee it itm mrrè am amh hs y su nriö m` dhy dhy o r p o rf m mat ath hcm e m p é re ie hs . Em e imz gu q u ms mav ihe ihe o s h` Fh Fhah ah``, so `o e o s rml rml rmshr rmshroo a h `h `h [maäasu `h, u ao e m m``o s m` m` Wml Wml hz o ah ah.. [m`mö gim gima f o atrh `o s ial `ms ms y , trhs trhs f irf u aahv aahv ml hr ``h hs is`h is`hss grit gritèè aifhs, ``ml ö h Du ro s ma ma o f tu gr grm m e m 8 = : : . J hgäh p mre ie o f hs i to to e o m` v m`hdm dma, a, hs ä f o do du f j h chrf chrf ih. ih. ^maäh ^maäh sia ``h hs e o s haf haf `hs l rharhae ms, sia m m`` gh ghtm tm`` p ria riaff ip h` y f o a e hø o s mstru mstru f tu rh` rh`ms. Hu a h hsä sä y h p mshr e m `hs p ro tm tmsth sthss e m Gmrtm Gmrtmae ae o ah p o r ttm mamr amr ``h hs ch chrf rf ihs ihs y `hs v m`hs ‐ du y f hsf he hs e m `hs to rdm rdmath athss p hshe hs—, m` Wm Wml hz o ah p hrti rtiöö e m Du ro s ru dg dgoo h @h Fo ru ø h m` 5 e m e if imdg imdgrm rm,, p u ms m` m` dhrq dh rq u é s e m Fmrr Fmrrh h`go , Fhp itèa Lmam Lmamrh rh`` e m Lh` Lh`if if ih, ih, o re maö h hll ru p hr to e o s `o `o s gu gu q u ms s u p mrv i v i m mat atm ms ma ma m` p u mrto e m `h f hp ith ith`` l h``ml h. Msh ao f j m, matr atrm m Du al u äh y Vishrl ishrl hs, u a nu mrtm v imat atoo e m o mstm-su stm-su e o mstm sm ``mv ö m` p hp hj älo dh dhyy o r, q u me hae o so `o f o a ``h h v m`h e m tr tria iaqq u mtm tm,, hghti ghtim mae o j hf ih `hs is` is`h hs. H u ao s = ; p hso s e m `h f o sth sth,, ma m m`` f hah` ah`, ro e mhe o s e m ghc ghco s , f o as i l u i mro mro a no no ae mhr f o a ``h hs haf`h haf`hss ma ma u ah situ situ hf iö a iidp dp o sig sig``m. Uo e o s h go re o q u mräh räha v hrhr rhr m` m` gu q u m ma u a h hrm rmah ah`` f mrfhao p hrh h` dm dmao ao s s h`v hr ``h hs v ie hs, p mro Gm Gmrtm rtmae ae o ah sm dh dhat atuu v o 󿬈 rdm y h` hdh dham amff mr o re maö e isp hrhr rhr f hø hø o a h hzz o s e m hu x i`io , f o atms tth he o s p o r e o s p ia h hzz hs hs e m v izf häao s ‖ p ro gh ghg` g`m mdm dmat atm m gh gh```mam amro ro s‖ e mse m m` iadm iadmee ihto ihto p u mrt rtoo e m Dh Dh``p ifh ifh.. @o s v hsf o s, tr trh hs p ifh ifhrr `hs h haf af `hs, `o s to dh dhro ro a h rmdo rmdo `q u m, p hs hae o matrm `hs is`h is`hs y m` f hgo Vha He riè riè a, ‐p o r e o ae m ao sm j h v isto q u m hy h p hshe she o ah ahvv äo—. Ma m msm sm do dm dmat atoo sm `mv hat atöö v imat imatoo e m` o mstm stm-s -s u e o mstm stm,, nhv nhv o rhg` rhg`m m p hrh smsml u ir `h `h ah ahvv ml hf iö a, ‐th ‐tha a di` di`hl ro shdm shdmat atm m q u m si `o s dhri dh riam amro ro s ao nu mrha rha f o ao f ie o s f rmy rmy msm smdo do s j mrha rha è al m`ms q u m hv äha v maie aie o h so f o rr rrm mrao s—. s—. Emse Emse m @h Fo ru ø h sm o re maö h `hs l h`mrhs rhs E ihah ihah y [r [riafm iafmsh sh e hr rrm mdo `q u m h` l h`mö a, hu aq u m, h cu ifio e m Gmrtm Gmrtmae ae o ah dh dh`` dhae dhae he hs, nrh nrhff hshro a ma ma `h o p mrhrhf iö a. M` l h`mö a j u go e m p hshr shr ``h h ao fj m e m` < e m e if imdg imdgrm rm nu mrh e m` p u mrto , f o a u ah so `h haf `h y , hu aq u m sm m mav av iö o trh haf `h y u ah v m`h, h` e äh sil u imat imatm m sm `mv hat atöö o tr troo tmdp tmdp o rh` rh` e m f o dp o amat amatm m su r q u m mdp u chgh chgh `h ahv ahv m ‐ j hf ih `hs ro f hs e m` `he o e m `h räh e m Gmth Gmthazo azo s—. s—. Ma m msm sm do dm dmat atoo e msmrth smrtha a ``oo s p i` i`oo to s q u m j hgäha äha trh trhäe äe o e m Du ro s, hsä f o do m` f o at atrh rhdh dhm mstrm

@os fh @os fh oams em em` uao o em`os W m hz oah ua d mco corm rms s g uqums em`h L rhaH rd heh sm  smush ushroa roa p hrh rhe emnmaemr @hF oru h

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y o afm dhri dhriam amro ro s, e mcè ae o `o f hsi sia grhz rhz o s p hrh l o gmrah gmrahrr m m`` gu q u m. ]a ro `m e m` v im imato ato j hf ih m` VVM p mrditi rditiöö f o rthr rthr `o `o s f hg`m g`ms e m `hs e o s ó `ti tidh dhss h haf af `hs y l o gmrah gmrahrr j hf ih `h räh e m Nm Nmrro rro ` p hrh mv it ith hr f j o f hr f o a `h `hs ro f hs. H` H```ä sm v io ma hp hp u ro s, f o a ``h h f o sth h so thv thv mato y sia h haf af `hs p hrh no ae mhr. ]a iatm iatmato ato f o a m` h haf af `o tm e m` ghtm ghtm`` nrh nrhff hs ö , y é ae o s m m` g gh hrf o irrm irrmdm dm-e ih ihg` g`m mdm dmatm atm j hf ih `h mas mah ahee h e m F hriø o . Via rm rmf u rso s p hrh no ae mhr, sia h haf af `hs ai j o dgrm dgrmss su 󿬈 fim mat atm ms , G m mrt rtm mae o ah gu s f ö u a ``uu l hr e o ae m v hrh rhrr e m u ah dham dhamrh rh f o atro atro `he h3 ‐J u gid idoo s e m mafh``hr `hr ma ma m` m` dmco dmco r `u`u l hr q u m s m p u e o —. Urh Urhss `h v hrhe rhe h, m` l mamrh amrh`` o re maö hghtir ghtir m` p h`o dhy dhy o r p hrh q u ith ithrr p mso s h`to h`to s y mv ith ithr q u m m` gh ghrf rf o s m hgri grim msm. Lrhf Lrhf ih ihss h su p mrifih, rifih, m` gh ghrfo q u me ö msth sthg` g`m m, v hrhe rhe o , he rizhrizhe o y ms thaf thaf o , p o r `o q u m G mrt mrtm mae o ah s m e iril ril iö p o r dhrr h @h Fo ru ø h, e isthatm s im dh imtm tm di``h di``hss , p hrh trhth trhthrr f o a m` m` dh dhrq rq u é s e m Fmrrh Fmrrh``go `hs amf amf msie he ms p hrh m` sh`v sh`v hdm dmato ato . Dimatrh Dimatrhss msthgh sthgha rmu rmu aie o s , ``m ``ml ö ao ti tiff ih e m q u m m` l h`mö a sm j hgäh iau ae he o y e he o h u ah gh ghae ae h. Yh ah ahee h sm p u e o j hf mr, ai siq u im imrh rh m` e msmd smdgh ghrf rf o e m `h hrti` rti```mräh dmco dmco rö `h situ hf iö a. Hu a hsä, hsä, Gmrtm Gmrtmae ae o ah sil u iö iat iatm mathae athae o m` sh` sh`vv hdmato dm ato e m` g guu q u m. Nm Nm`ip m II do strhgh strhgh iat iatm mré s ma m`` m``oo p o r smr smr u a l h`mö a v mamf amf ih ihao ao y ‐j hgmr gmr e m e mv o `v mrsm h ms h s mø mø o räh räh—, e m do e o q u m p ro ato ato s m p hs ö h rmrmf u p mrhr rhr `h `h hrti` rti``m `mräh räh,, f hrl h y gh ghss tidmato tidmato s. M` 8 : e m e ifimdg ifimdgrm rm,, m` dh dhrq rq u é s iano rdh h` rmy rmy 3 ‐ J hsth hj o rh sm `m j h ie o shf shf hae o go rr rrh hf j hs y h`p hrlh rlhth ths, s, p ö `v o rh y v iao , y `h hrti` rti```mräh2 räh2 nh nh``th tha a to e hv äh e o s f hø o am ams, s, dhss s mrè sml dh sml u ro m` shfhr` shfhr`oo s— s—.. Mstm ah ahuu nrh nrhll io nu m p ro v ie maf ih ih`` p hrh `h e mnm nmash ash e m`

rmi rmiao . @o s 6 ; f hø hø o ams ams rmf rmf u p mrh rhee o s s m e ms p `ml hro a ma m` m` Fhsti` Fhsti```o e m Vha H atö a, ma @h Fo ru ø h, e mse m e o ae m e im imro ro a u ah f h`u ro sh g gim imavm avmai aiee h h `h f o at atrh rh-o nm nmasiv asiv h ia iall `msh e m Erh Erhbb m y Ao rry s e mao diah diahee h Fo atrh atrhh hrd rdh he h e m 8 = : 9 . M` gu q u m e mgäh e m ms thr thr v hrhe rhe o ma p o f h p ro n u ae ie he , so grms grms h`imae imae o e m` ai aivv m` e m `h dh dhrm rmh h ghch ghch22 so `o hsä sm mx p `ifh q u m sm sh`v sh`v hrh `h dh dhyy o r p hrtm ‖ si ao to e h‖ e m `h hrti` rti``mräh räh y du aif aif iö a, he mdè s e m `o s gh ghsti stidm dmat atoo s y mnmf nmf to s iaf` iaf`uu so e m msf hso v h`o r. M` 8 < e m mamro amro e m 8 9 9 ; , gu f mhe o rms rms rm rmff o `mf to rm rmss e msf u gri grim mro a v hrihs rihs p imz imz hs e m hrti` rti```mräh, räh, u a haf haf `h y v hs ich ichss h `h matrhe atrhe h e m `h räh e m Nmrro Nmrro `. Ms tm p mf io s m i e mati ati󿬈 f ö f o a m` m` Wml hz o ah, ah, hu aq u m ms th he s f ri ripp f iö a j h q u me he o e ms f hrt rth he h ma ``oo s ó `ti tido do s tim timdp o s. M` p mf io e m` l h`mö a v mam amff ihao ihao e mgm maf o at atrh rhrrsm dès f mrfh e m `h p `hy h, ma no ae o s dè s s o dm dmro ro s q u m `o s e m [u ath No ra ram m`o s . Otro Otro p mf i o e ms f u gimrt rtoo ma [u ath Ghrgm Ghrgmirh, irh, h` o ms tm e m `h mas mahe h e m F hri riøø o ia iadm dmee ihth ihth h` p u mrt rtoo mx tmri tmrioo r, e mdo strö smr smr u a gu q u m e m v m`h e m` sil `o Z IZ . Hsä p u ms, m` Wml hz o ah to e hv äh ao j h s ie ie o j h``he o . Gmrt Gmrtm mae o ah msf o l iö u a `u`u l hr e o ae m v hrhr rhr m` m` l h`mö a e m no rdh f o atro atro `he h p hrh l hrhati rhatizz hr su sh` sh`vv hdm dmato ato . @h dmco dmco r h h``tmrah tmrahtiv tiv h ma h hqq u m`` ``h h f o s th ro f o s h y rm`h rm`h-ti tivv hdm dmatm atm p ro nu ae h mrh `h p `hy h e m Fh Fhriø riø o . [r [rm mf ishishdmat dm atm m hq u ä, ma ``h h sml sml u ae h di dith thee e m `o s : ; , u a g guu f mhe o r e mp o rt rtiiv o `o f h`izö u ah p imz imz h e m hrt rti` i```mräh räh so grm grm u a no ae o e m hrmah rmah.. Vmräh u ah dh dhll aä󿬈 f h ao tifih `o f h`izh izhr` r`oo ma msm msm ``uu l hr ‖ th` th` ms ms au mstrh j ip ö tm tmsis‖ sis‖ , ghco ghco u a no ae o hrmao rmao so , ma u a h hdg dgim imatm atm hahm ahmro gio gio y p ro tm tmll ie o e m `h hf f iö a dm dmff è aif aif h e m` dh dhrr.  

 HWDHV EM  HWDHV L]MWWH. Ms t hs hs p im z hs hs e m hrti` rti``m räh räh e m g ro ro a f m p m a sh hee hs p hr h e is p hrh rhrr p ro y m f t i`m s e m l r ha thd hø o h `hrl hs e is tha tha f ihs m d p `m h haa e o u a h f hrl h m x p `o s iv iv h f o d o id p u `s o r) r) s o a e m ﬈ a h` h`m s e m ` s il `o Z ^I, p r o g hg `m `m d m a tm e m o r il m a v m a m f ih iha o , y nu m ro a m x trhäe hs e m `h räh e m Fhd hriø hs .

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D]Y J IVUOWIH

, msthg h ma fu he rhe o ma `h Msfu he rh e m [ [oo rtu rtu l h`, rmia rmia o ma m` q u m j hg äh sie sie o fo a stru stru ie o . Vm m a fo a trhg h fh fhrma rma ha e o ma `h p `hy h y sia sia hrti rti```mrähy so g rmv iv iö h` hthq u m p o rq u m `o s iiaa l `msm s o `v ie hro a e mstru ir`o r`o ma su rmti rmtirh rhe h. @hs l h`mr hs [ [ri riaa fm sh, sh, h` d ha e o e m [ [h h`o d ia o , y Ei Eih ha h, d ha e he h p o r [ [h ha to ch, j hg äha hg ha e o a he o `h L r h haa Hr d he h e m 8 8= =:: m a m ` d m s e m cu cu `io , trhs sh sh``ir e m @h Fo ru ø h y ma nrma thrsm h` l o `no e m

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M@ [MFIO EM VHA HAUÖA . H s p mf t o p hrf ih` e m ` p m f io j h``he o m a 7 ; ; 8 ma `hs `hs ieamd` F m meehishtfi`i`i`oo aem msms V ha H atö atö a (u g ifif he o m a `h gh hjj äh e m F o ru ø h ). V u f ro a o `o l äh ms iaf imr mrth, th, p mr mroo `o s dhtmr dhtmriih` h`ms ms p h rrm m f m a h p u a tth hr h ﬈ ah ah``ms e m` s il `o Z ^ I.

  AH]NWHLI AH]NWHLIOV OV EM @H LWHA HWDHEH MA @H @H FOW]ØH  Urhs rhs m ` rml rmso h Msp hø h e m `h L rha Hrd he h, m` lo g imra o ia l `és e mf ie iö mx p `o thr m` nrhfhso fhso msp hø o `. ]a hthq u m f o a tr h `o s g u q u m s s u p m r v iv im im a tm s , id p o a m r h u a p r m tm tm a e im a tm h h`` tr o a o e m [o r tu tu l h` m a @isg o h y msth msthgg `mf mrsm ma `hs is` is`h hs H Hzo zo rms, he md è s e m `h p mrsm l u ie h y a u a fh h`fh fhaa zh zhee h fh fhpp tu rh e m `h N`o th e m Ia e ihs, p hrm f äha thrm hs h` h` h`f ha f m e m `o s m a s o g m r g m f iiee o s ia l `m `m s m ss.. M` 5e m d hy o e m 8= 8=:9, `hrm sp u m sthia l `m sh, sh, no rd he h p o r u a h Hr d he h to e hv äh äh d hy o r, hu a q u m d è s hg il hrrhe rrhe h, q u m `h ma v ihe h p o r M Msp sp hø h u a hø o ha tms, ma fo a trö ma @h Fo ru ø h h smi smiss su p mrv iv ima tms e m ``h h L rh rhaa Hrd he h3 `h a ho Vha Ghrto `o d é, `h `h u rf h Vha sö a , `hs l h`m rhs rhs [ria [ria f m sh y Eih Eiha h y `o s l h`m o a m s Vha Cu ha y Vha Gmra hre o . @h Vha sö a mrh u a h u rfh d mrf ha tm e m o ril ril ma h`md èa , e m M Mdd e m a , e m = =; ;; to a m `m `m s d hf j o s . Ma f u he rhe rhe h ma `h Msfu he rh e m ]rfh rfhs, s, rmsu `tö ia fm a e ihe h e u rh rhaa tm m ` hthq u m . @h a ho Vha Ghrto `o d é , e m >6> to a m `m `m s d hf j o s , f o a s tr tr u ie i e h p r o g hg `m d m a tm m a m ` Fha tèg rifo rifo , j hg äh p mrtma mf ie o h `h Msfu he rh e m  Ha e h`u f äh e m 8 8= =:: y nu m g hrr m a he h p o r su p ro p ih tr iipp u `hf iiöö a m ` e äh > e m d hy o m a m ` p u m r to to f o r u ø é s p hrh mv ithr su fh fhpp tu rh p o r m` ma md il o , y h q u m m sth sthg h ma rm p hrh rhfiö fiö a y fo a `h hrti` rti``m räh räh m a timr timr rh rh.. M` l h`mo a fm tm Vha Gmr a hre o , e m 76= to a m`ms d h-

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 ^iz f hy h. @hs e o s f o `hg o r hro a m a m ` s h`v hd m a to e m` W Wml ml hzo a h. M` l h`m ö a Vha Cu ha o Vho Co ho e m [o rtu l h` m rh `h a hv m d è s iidd p r m si sio a ha tm e m to to e hs ``h hs p r m s m a tm s m a m ` p u m r to to f o r u ø é s . H`d ir ha th L m a m r h h`` e m ``h h L r ha  Hrd he h e m 8 8= =::, `h sm l u a e h m a m ` d ha e o trhs trhs `h `h Fhp itha h j hg äh sie sie o f o a stru ie h ma 8=:> m a [o rtu l h`. Emsp `hzhg zhg h u a o s .

D]Y JIVUOWIH

 

[ iim mzh e m hrti```mräh e m hrti` j im rro f o `he o s o g rm rm m` m` p mf io e m ` F h s t i`i``o e m Vha Hatö a, @h F o ru ø h.

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V o g rrm m m s t hs hs `äamhs , e mth`` mth``m e m `h `h m d p u ø he u rh e m `h ms ms p he h j h` h```he h ma ma `hs `hs ia d m mee ih f io a m mss e m ` F h s t i`i``o e m Vha Hatö a, ma @ h F o ru ø h. V m t rht rhth h e m u ah m s p h e h ro ro p mrh e m `h z o m s p h ø o `h f o d p `mt h , e m ﬈ ah h``m s e m ` s il `o Z ^ II,, rmf u p mrh e h m a m` h ø o 7 ; ; 8 .

  numroa mavihehs h` pumrto em Gmthazos phrh

rmsluhrehr`hs, emchaeo h `h dhyor phrtm em sus eothfioams ma `h fiuehe phrh uairsm h `h emnmash. M` hsh`to ial`és rmsu`tö fhötifo y emsorlhaizheo, dès propio em uah mxpmeifiöa pirhth. ]ah vmz rmghshehs `hs emnmashs mxtmriorms, `h `ofh`izhfiöa em gima surtiehs goemlhs em viao y m` hasih em gotäa fhushroa h `os ial`msms `h péreieh em `h coraheh. @hs numrzhs emnmasorhs pueimroa rmtirhrsm h `h Fiuehe H`th y pmrditimroa `h pumsth em msth ma emnmash. M` hthqum num h mstrm``hrsm foatrh `os duros em `h Fiuehe H`th emnmaeieh por `h luhraifiöa em `h fiuehe, supmrvivimatms em `h Hrdheh, di`ifihs y ducmrms. M` hthqum h @h Foruøh num emdo`meor phrh `h Foatrhhrdheh ial`msh. Durimroa vhrios fimatos em so`eheos, fuhtro fhpithams y h`rmemeor em 6.;;; jodgrms em otrhs f`hsms. Vm pmreimroa = o > mdghrfhfioams qumdhehs ma `h p`hyh em Ozh, eos guqums ematro em` h`fhafm em `os fhøoams em` Fhsti``o em Vha Hatöa y eos `hafjhs mfjhehs h piqum por `os emnmasorms em `h is`h hpoyheos emsem `h north-

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o s p m f io s s m e in mrma f iha e m `o s a hu n rhl io s ma q u m m s t o s ó `t id o s s o a `h `h rm rmn mr mrm a aff ih e m `h `h p é re ie h e m u a gu gu q u m, d im ima tr trhs q u m `o`o s

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idmaf mr mro ish s matr a m`o`o sahu rm snrhl o s iodyht htp mr mmf rihio`m `m smse m`h ``h he ihnmr f fmaf iö aihe mm ah humu n``h rrh ha l oh tif rr.. f ih @h ep irnmrmaf nmr moatrm ahu nrthl nmrmaf matr atrm h ao ti j is t ö rif h e m u a j m f j o y m` rms u `t he o d ht ht m mrrih ` e m` d isis d o .

`mzh mzh em Vha Fh Fhr` r`os os.. Vilai Vilai󿬈󿬈 fhti fhtivh vh num `h ems emsm mrfiöa rfiöa em `os hvmaturmros jo`haemsms qum hfodphøhgha h `os ial`msms foa `h prodmsh em uah phrtm em` gotäa3 vimaeo `h ofhsiöa pmreieh, sm vo`vimroa h` aortm. Ao fhusö dmaor ehøo `h quimgrh em` nhftor sorprmsh. M` p`ha ial`és qumeö emsvm`heo y sm puso ma hrdhs toeh `h nhfjheh ht`èatifh pmaiasu`hr, mspmfih`dmatm @isgoh. Foatrh `h péreieh em uahs pofhs ahvms msphøo`hs y ua msfhso gotäa, `os ial`msms dh`olrhroa toeos `os ogcmtivos mstrhtélifos prmvistos  y nhf nhfi`ith i`ithro roa a m` nrh nrhf fhso em su co cora rah heh, qum sm sh`eö `eö foa péreiehs dufjo dhyorms qum `hs sunriehs por Nm`ipm II m` høo hatmrior.

@OV [MFIOV EM8=: 8=:: : @h idporthafih em @h Foruøh eurhatm m` logimrao em Nm`ipm II jh griaeheo jh``hzlos idporthatms em` pmräoeo. Ma m` høo 7;;8, eurhatm ua erhlheo, emsfugridos h`rmemeor em `h is`h em Vha Hatöa ua èrmh qum foasmrvhgh audmrosos ogcmtos dumg`ms  y vhrio vhrioss pmfios ios em einm inmrm rma atms épofhs. Ma eos zoahs ahs foafrmths, sm eofudmathroa dhtmrih`ms hrqumo`ölifos foa uah froao`oläh fodphtig`m foa m` hthqum ial`és em 8=:9. Ma foafrmto sm rmfupmrhroa vhrihs gotichs em trhasportm dhrätido y uah mspheh ropmrh em `hzo fodp`mth. Hatmriordmatm ma mstm puato sm rmtirhroa vhrihs pimzhs em hrti``mräh, iaf`uieo ua nh`foamtm htriguieo h` lh`möa Vha Cuha.  H` sur em `h is is`h `h em Vha Ha Hatö töa, a, mxis istm tmua pmfio qum foasmrvh phrtm em su mstrufturh. Ma su iatmrior sm rmfupmrö rmfupm rö dua duaiifiöa msnéri nérifh fh y marhdh marhdhehs ehsem p`odo

eos pimzhs em hrti``mräh em groafm em rmfè- msphøo`hs foa 7.;;; jodgrms, mquipos y noadhrh hgimrth. Diema 8,= d y pmsha h`rmemeor em eos mfoaödifos. ]a numrtm tmdporh` `hs hrrocö 7;; bl, foasmrvhaeo uah em m``hs m` smrvieor ma foatrh `h fosth y, huaqum emsfoaofmdos si jugo `h rmfèdhrh. Eos aumvos smrvieorms numroa `ofh- väftidhs, shgmdos qum `os custifihs em `h vi``h em `izheos høos emspués por m` disdo gufmheor. Ma Ghioah tuvimroa qum emeifhrsm h fhpturhr h `os m` høo 7;85 sm emsfugrimroa aumvos m`mdmatos, lh`motms qum juymroa h` ``mlhr h timrrh. M` ó`tido ahunrhlio foaofieo em guqums vmtmrhaos em `h toeosm``osehtheos ehtheosh 󿬈 ah`msem em`` sil`o Z^ Z^II . Mstm trhdo em fosth rofosh mstè duy mxpumsto h` fhdphøh em 8=:: ma Lh`ifih ms m` em msths eos  Ht`è  Ht `èa atifo tifo. Ma m` no noae aeo o, em dmaos aos em = d, sm hprm rm-- lh`mhzhs. M` pmfio em `h masmaheh em hto proghfiha msfhsos proymfti`ms em jimrro, ogcmtos dmtè`i- g`mdmatm pmrtmamzfh h uah em m``hs, msthaeo sia fos, fmrèdifh y ua nrhldmato em ua fhøöa pmerm- `ofh`izhr m` em `h smluaeh. ro em groafm, roto y eog`heo por `h hffiöa em` dhr. Lh`ifih foasmrvh ua ialmatm `mlheo em guqums di``itithrm hrmss msphøo`ms phøo`ms em 󿬈 ah`msem` em` sil`o Z^ Z^II . E Eos os @hs numatms eofudmath`ms sitóha m` ahunrhlio em di em `os dhyorms guqums em `h Hrdheh Iavmafig`m mstèa juaeieos h msfhshs di``hs uao em otro3 gima pueimrh hgorehrsm m` msnumrzo qum supoam profurhr su `ofh`izhfiöa. Otros dufjos ahunrhlios em `h disdh froao`oläh hluhreha h su mstueio ma msths fosths, uah oportuaiehe óaifh phrh m` mstueio em mstm profmso jistörifo. M` aódmro em `ofh`izhfioams em yhfidimatos sughfuètifos, emchaeo h ua `heo `os rmh`izheos fhsuh`dmatm, ms mxiluo. @os trhghcos emshrro``heos em dhamrh dhamrh f fiimatä󿬈 atä 󿬈 fh y ssiistmdè tmdètitif fh jh jha a sieo pri priaafiph`dmatm em eos tipos3 `os emrivheos em fhdphøhs sistmdètifhs em iavmathrio em` [htridoaio Fu`turh` Vughfuètifo (Vha F`hueio Vhath Fruz, [imz mz hs em em [i 7;88) y ``os os em emsshrro` hrro```heosh` fodpès fodpès em m msstuei tueios os hrti``mräh em j imr imrro ro fo` fo`heo heo y em idphfto phtridoaih` ma ogrhs póg`ifhs. Eurhad he hem mrhs tm msths fhdphøhs sm `ofh`izhroa aumvos pmfios y mstrufturh`ms  yhf  yh fidim idimat ato os. M` fo foatro tro`` hrq hrqum umo o`öl `ölifo ifo em `os `os erh rh-em` p mfi mfio o em em lheos jh onrmfieo idporthatms rmsu`theos, thato V ha H atöa. ma `o rm`htivo h` rmlistro hrqumo`ölifo empositheo ma m` noaeo em `os pumrtos fodo ma `h `ofh`izhfiöa em pmfios em idporthafih jistörifh. em pmqumøo fh`igrm, h`luaos nrhldmatos em fmrèdifh, trhdos em forehcm y dotoamräh. @os dhtmrih`ms, mstueiheos ma m` høo 7;;: ma uah iatmrvmafiöa hrqumo`ölifh qum o`ölifh,, pmrtmam pmrtmamfm fma h 󿬈 ah`msem` em` si sil`o l`o Z^ Z^II . [ofo dès sm jh hvhazheo ma m` mstueio em msths zoahs, pmro eheh `h fojmrmafih em `os dhtmrih`ms ao poemdos emsfhrthr jh``hraos hatm h`luao o h`luaos em `os guqums juaeieos h foasmfumafih em` hthqum ial`és em 8=:9.

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FOAUWHHWDHEH Em rm l rm s o m a Ms p hø h `h L rha Hrd he h h Is hg m ` I s m `m p rm s m a th u a h o f hs iö a irrm p m tig `m 3 `ha z hr u a hthq u m s ia e hr`m tim d p o h Nm `ip m II h rm p hrhr y rm hg hs tm f m r `o s g hrf o s . Hs ä q u m h` hø o s il u im a tm rm ó a m u a h l rha ﬇ o th f u y o o g cm tiv o m s ``h h e m s tru f f iö a e m `h Hrd he h m a rm p hrhf iö a hthf hr @is g o h p hrh e m rro f hr h` rm y m s p hø o ` y to d hr u a h is `h m a `hs Hz o rm s p hrh hrrm g hthr h Ms p hø h m ` f o a tro ` e m `hs ru ths o f m è a if hs . M` nrhf hs o e m m s th o p m rhf iö a nu m m s trm p ito s o .

@] I V L O W W O F J H U M MLL ] I

J I VU V U O W I H E O W M Z [ M W U O M A @ H H W D H E H IA IA ^ M A F I G @ M Y H ] U O W E M

FOAUWH HWDHEH

< >  D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H

 

@h H Hrd rd he h m s p hø o `h nrm nrm a tm h `hs f o s th t hs ia l `m s hs m a 8=:: , o g rh e m ` p ia to r y l rhg he o r a m m r `ha e é s , m s p m f ih`iz he he o m a `h p ia t u r h e m d hria hs , Fo r a m `is F`hm s z. v ha \ im ri r ia l m a 8>7;-8>7=).

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]A [@HA EM UWMV [HVOV. F od o sm vm ma m` d hp h, m` m` p `ha p rmvi mvist sto o p or `h F oatrhhrd heh mrh sh`ir em [`yd outj rud g o h `h fosth aortm msp hø o`h p hrh emstru ems truir ir `h L rha H rd heh ma rm rmpp hrh hrhfi fiöa öa m ma a sus sus p um umrt rtos os,, hthfhr hthfhr @is @isgg oh p hr hrh hm mat atro roai aizz hr h` p ri rior or em F rhto rhto y tod tod hr ua uah h is` is`h h ma `hs H z orms, fhp fhp turh turhrr `h `h ﬇ oth em Iaeihs y forthr m` foreöa ud g i`ifh` em Msp Msp hø h foa H d érifh.

 

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rhs rhs `h `hss hf f io ams ams e m Lrhv Lrhv m`i `iah ahss e m `h dhø ha h e m` o f j o e m hl o s ttoo e m 8 = : : , q u m j ha p hs he o mrrö am amh hdm dmatm atm h `h j isto rih f o do `h l rha rha ghth ghth```h ah ahvv h` ma `h `h q u m Is hgm` gm` I e ms tro z ö h Nm`i Nm`ipp m II, `h Lrha Lrha Hrdh Hrdhee h rmf rmf u p mrh su idp idp o am amatm atm no rdhf rdhf iö a. Dme Dme iah Vie o aih rmth rmth au mv hdm dmatm atm h `o s ial ial `msms sms h u a fo dgh dghtm q u m J o w hre rmf j hz h, il u h` q u m `o j hrè ma ma e ähs su f msiv o s, j hsth q u m, hl o the the o , m` e äh 8 7 hghae o ah `h p mrsmf rsmf u f iö a h `o s m msp sp hø o `ms e mchae chae o `h f o sth ial ial `msh h su su mrtm rtm.. Ishgm Ishgm`` I, msf u f j hae o h su s f o asmcm asmcmro ro s, q u m tmdm tmdma a u a rm rml rm rmso so e m `o s m msp sp hø o `ms e mse m m` ao rtm rtm, p ro j ägm ägm e msmd smdgh ghrf rf hr h `h e o thf thf iö a e m `o s ghrf ghrf o s rmto rmto rahrahe o s. [m [mro m` j hf iah iahdim dimat atoo e m `o s j o dgrm dgrmss v h h tmtmamr amr u ah ahss f o asm asmff u mafihs afihs e mv hsth sthee o rhs, rhs, p u ms `h di dith thee do rirèa rirèa e m ti tinu nu s htr htrh hp he o s ma ma ``oo s ghrfo ghrfo s, f o dp mas hae o , y h ma m mstm stm smp tim timdg dgrm rm,, `hs p é re ie hs s u nrie hs p o r `o s msp msp hø o `ms ma ma su s ah ahu nrh nrhl io s. s.  

]AH WMV[]MVUH WÈ[I WÈ[IEH  EH  Fu hae o Ish Ishgm gm`` I ms ms iano rdhe rdhe h e m q u m `h Lrha Lrha Hrdhee h v u m`v m h Msp hø h, y o re mah, dh ah, e mdh dhsih sihee o thrthre m, `h e msdo v i` i`iz iz hf iö a, ms f o asf imat imatm m e m q u m s m `m p rm rmsm smath ath u ah o f hsiö a irrm irrmp mtig tig``m, p u ms si `haz `haz h u a hth thqq u m s ia e hr`m r`m tim timdp dp o h Nm Nm`i `ipp m II p hrh rmp rmp hrhr rhr y rm rmh hghs ghs tm tmff mr `o `o s ghrf ghrf o s rmto rmto rahe rahe o s, s m maf o atrhrè atrhrè m` dhr dhr mx p me it itoo . Hs ä q u m rmó rmó am u ah l rha rha o th q u m z hrp h e m [`y do u tj m` 7 9 e m hgri` ri` e m` hø o sil u imat imatm m

y ms tè tè f o dp u ms th th p o r 7 < .> > < j o dgrms y 8 : ; ghrf o s . Uimam Uim am p o r th that atoo dè s gh ghrfo rfo s q u m `h Lrh Lrha a Hrdhe Hrdhe h ‖ hu a q u m s o a d è s p mq u mø o s y p ms ha ha d ma o s ‖ y u a aó dmro dmro e m j o dg dgrm rmss p hrm rmco co . Vo a tr trm ms s u s o gcmtiv tiv o s. M` nu ae hdm dmath ath`` m mss `h e mstru f f iö a e m `h Lrh Lrha a H rdh rdh-e h ma rmp rmp hrh rhff iö a m ma a Vh Vhathae athae mr. M` sml u ae o , hth thff hr @isgo @isgo h hp ro v mf j hae o v imat imatoo y dh dhrm rmh h y mat atro ro aiz aiz hr h u a p rido rido e m Nm` Nm`ip m II, m` p rio rio r e m Frh Frhto to , q u m j hgäh o nrm nrmf ie o f o av mr tir tir [o r tu tu l h` ma u a p häs sh shté` té`iitm e m Ial `h `htm tmrrh rrh,, f o a p mrdis o p hrh matrh atrhrr ma ma m` m` Idp mrio p o rtu rtu l u é s. Y Y,, f o do tm tmrfm rfmrr o gcmti cmtivv o , `h Fo at atrh rhh hrdh rdhe h e mgmräh gmräh to dh dhrr u ah is`h ma `hs `hs H z o rm rmss , f hp tu rh rhrr `h o th e m Ia Iaee ihs, j hf mr sm hsä f o a u a nh nhg gu `o so tmso r o y f o r th thr m m`` f o re ö a u dg dgii`if h` q u m u a m h M sp hø h f o a H dé rif h. Em ms h dh dham amrh rh Ial `h `htm tmrrh rrh s m p rm rmpp hrh rhräh räh p hrh su stit stituu ir h Msp hø h ma m m`` f o at atro ro ` e m `hs ru th thss o f mè aifhs. M` p `ha msth msthgh gh gim gima trhz trhz he o y m` th thdh dhøø o e m `h H rdh rdhee h mrh m` h hee mf u he o . [mro Ishgm Ishgm`` a aoo tm tmaäh aäh u ah Wo y h` Ah Ahvv y p hrh f o asu dh dhrr ms t m p r o y mf t o y f o d is is i o a ö h Co j a A o r ri ri s , m` d è s p rm rmstil stil io so l mam amrh rh`` e m `h é p o f h, y h` hat atil il u o p irh irhth Nrhaf Nrh af is E rh rhbb m, iav ms tie o hj o rh h`di `dirh rhatm atm,, p hrh q u m rm rmuu aim aimsma sma u ah o th e m hrdh rdhee o rm rmss p riv riv he o s q u m, iaiatm tmrm rmshe she o s p o r m m`` go täa, täa, sm su dh dhsm sma a h `h mx p me if iö a. Em j mf j o , `h rm rmia iah h so `o p u so smis smis gh ghrfo rfo s rm rmh h`ms p hrh e ir ilil ir fh fhee h u a h e m `hs f ia fo msf u he r h hss y o tro tro hu x i`ihr ihr, p mro m` rm rmsto sto nu mro a p riv riv he o s. Msth o th th,, dè s p irètif h q u m rm rmh h`, ai siq u imrh imrh v h h iatm iatmath athrr f u dp `ir m` o gcmti cmtivv o p hrh m` q u m nu m mth thee h, p u ms `o `o s ia iavv mrso rm rmss q u mräha räha ir e irm irmff th thdm dmatm atm h @isgo h y `hs H z o rm rms, s,

;; so`e `eh heosvim vimco coss em ianhatmräh. hdgiéa jhgäh provisioams y sudiaistros em lumrrh, pums `h p`hzh sm jhgäh foavmrtieo ma ghsm ahvh`, y `h pog`hfiöa, huaqum em so`o 5.;;; di` jhgithatms, tmaäh uahs gima matrmahehs y hrdhehs di`ifihs `ofh`ms3 =>; jodgrms, 65; piqumros y 77; hrfhgufmros. Hemdès sm jhgäh jmfjo rmh`iehe h foatrhrrm`oc m` vimco sumøo em foastruir ua fhsti``o ma m` is`otm em Vha Hatöa qum smøormhgh `h ghjäh. [roato, sus rmfiéa iasth`hehs fu`mgriahs sm mstrmahräha foa éxito, og`ilhaeo h Erhbm h emsmdghrfhr ma `h `mchah p`hyh em Ozh y fhusèaeo`m `os pridmros ehøos ehøos.. [m [mro ro `h F Foatrhhrdhe oatrhhrdheh, h,iamvit iamvithg hg`mdm `mdmatm, atm,siti sitih h @h Foruøh, mdp`hzheh sogrm uah pmaäasu`h y foa eos mstrufturhs emnmasivhs3 ma m` istdo, ua durmtm em fuhtro dmtros em h`turh2 y ma m` noaeo, ma `o h`to em ua roqumeh` sogrm m` dhr, `h hatiluh fiuehe dmeimvh` hdurh`` durh``he heh. h. M` eäh fuhtro em dhyo, `os ial`msms `hazha ua pridmr hthqum foatrh Vha Hatöa foa fuhtro lrhaems ghrfos qum soa rmfjhzheos foa hrti``mräh y dosqumtmräh, y emgma smr rmdo`fheos numrh em` h`fhafm em` fhsti``o. M` fiafo por `h aofjm, hfodmtma m` durmtm em` istdo, dimatrhs, hprovmfjhaeo m` mstrumaeo, otros emsmdghrfha foa sus `hafjhs ma `h p`hyh iatrhduros sia smr vistos y htrhpha matrm eos numlos h `os emnmasorms em` istdo. Mstos, sorprmaeieos, emgma lirhr sogrm sus th`oams y rmtrhmrsm h shalrm y numlo htrhvmshaeo `h fiuehe ghch, jhfih `h sh`vhfiöa em `h fiuehe hdurh``heh, eoaem sm rmnulihrèa `os sitiheos. Msth ms `h aofjm tri tristm em @h F Foru oruøh, øh, pumshuaqum duf dufjos josvmfiaos foasiluma msfhphr, otros fhma prisioamros. @os iavhsorms fodmtma htrofiehems, dhtha h jodgrms,

EOV HUHX]MV VI VID] D]@UÈ AMOV [ofo emspués, mdpimzha h prmphrhr m` hsh`to h` ó`tido rmeufto em rmsistmafih, `h fiuehe hdurh``heh, foa eos détoeos. [or ua `heo, uah diah sugtmrrèamh foa `h qum prmtmaema vo`hr m` torrmoafi``o smdifirfu`hr, o fugo, em `h msquiah aortm2 por otro, uah p`hthnordh hrti``mrh ma m` foavmato em Vhato Eodialo, situheo mxtrhduros, phrh hgrir grmfjh foa numlo foavmrlmatm. rhs uah smdhah ma mstos fodmtieos, y trhs iatmathr m` eäh 88 ua hsh`to foa msfh`hs qum ms rmfjhzheo, smrè m` 85 em dhyo em 8=:9 fuhaeo sm emsmafhemama sus hthqums

ducmrms y aiøos, h`luaos qumdheos y otrosphrh torturheos (‚G`hfb’ Aorris uti`izhgh msths téfaifhs htmrrorizhr h `hs pog`hfioams). Ma toeo fhso, `os mxpmeifioahrios sm vha h mafoatrhr ua lrha gotäa, iaf`uieos

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L rh g h e o e m E o d H a t o a io 8=68-8=9 8=68 -8=9 =) =),, p r io r e m F rrhh t o , q u im a f o d o j ico g h s tthh rree o e m u a o e m `o s j m r d h a o s e m C u h a III r m f `h d h g h ``hh f o ro a h e m [ o r t u l h `, q u m j h g äh s iiee o o to rl h e h h N m `i ` ip m II e m Ms p h ø h p o r s m r j ico e m `h r m ia h Is h g m ` e m [ o r tu t u l h `. V u o g s m s iöi ö a p o r r m ia h r ``mm ``m v ö h ﬈ r d h r u a trh t h e o f o a Is h g m ` I.

D]Y JIVUOWIH < 9

 

 sidu  sidu `tè am amo os. [ hrh am amuu trh trh`izhr `izhr `h diah, diah, em fu y h p rmp hrhf hrhfii ö a `os emnm emnmaso asorms rms mrha foas foasfimatm fimatms, s, sm maf afod odm maeö h `h `hs s du cmrms cmrms m` hp u ath`hdimato ath`hdimato y tmtm rrh  rr hp `mao `mao p or m` m` `he `heo o iatmri iatmrio or em `h du rh``h ( `o q u m j ifimroa em emsdoathae doathaeo o fhs fhshs hs iatr hd hduu ros ros)) , p u ms `os j odg odgrms rms p mrdham rdhamf fäha äha ma ma l u hreih iai iaiatm atmrr rruu dp ieh eis eistri tri gu ieos mstrhté l ifhdm ifhdmatm atm ma toeo m` p mrädmtro  hdu  hdu rh``he rh``heo. H sä, sm foas asil il u iö u ah north`m north`mzh zh q u m ao tm tmaäh aäha ah hqq u m``hs du rh``hs dmeim dmeimvv h`ms. `ms. M ` f fuu go di ahe  ah eo, y h dh dhf fizo, izo, sm trof troföö ma u ah p msheh p rms rmsh ``m ``mah ah em p ime imerhs rhs y timrrh, y fu hae aeo o `o eiahdith eiahdithroa, roa, h p m sh  shr em em `os fè `f `fuu `os em `os hrti fim imros ros,, `os l hsms em `h mx p `os `osiö iö a ao maf mafo oatrhro atrhroa as sh`ieh h`ieh ai j hfih em ematro atro ai j hfih hrri hrrig gh, y A orris rri s sm eisp isp hrö h `h fh fhrh `h du rh``h  sm  smp u `thae `thaeo o h trm trms sfim imato atos s em su s j odg dgrm rms s. V og ogrm rm `os fhe fheèè v mrms ial `ms `msm ms sm sm `i`ig grh mato matoaf afm ms u a fodgh odghtm tm mafhraizheo afhraizheo matrm `h fod fodpp hø äh em em È `v hro em U roaf roafoso oso y `os q u m p rmtm rmtmae aem ma m matrh atrhrr p or m m`` j u mfo hg hgimrto m ma a `h du rh``h. H `h rmnr rmnriml iml h sm sm su dh Ei Eim mloe em m G hzè a, sog sogri riao ao e em m eo eoa a È `v hro, ro, fo foa su su fododp hø äh em em hrfhg rfhgu fmros ems emsem `o h`to em `h du rh`` rh``h, h, y v hri hs p imzh imzhs s em hrti rti````m mräh q u m eisp eisp hrha f foa oatrh trh `os  hs  hsh`thatm `thatms s, y hsä s sm m foas asil il u m hgorthr m` m` hth hthqq u m. @ hs  du cmrm cmrms s u ti`izh ti`i zha a mato atoaf afm ms p u mrth rths s, hrdhrios rdhrios,, dm dms shs, fhdhs hdhs, tr trhv hv msmros fodo fodo p hrhp mtos tos,, y `os ial `msm `msms ao v ha h matrhr h `h p os ostrm trm p or ms msh g grmf rmfjj h. [ mro `hs fos foshs hs sm p rmsmath rmsmatha a eis ei sti tiaths aths ma ma ` h otrh, p u msto q u m ao sm ogrh ogrh m m`` di`h di` hl ro em em` fu fu go diaheo eo,, y trhs eos eos j orhs orhs, `hs nu mrzhs msp hø o`hs o`hs y h m ms stè a  du y eé gi`msy foa du fj osdu mrtoso j mri rie eos, y `os q u m ao ao,, h hll otheo otheos s. V mrè matoaf atoafm ms fu hae aeo o u a h`né h`né rmz rmz  ial `é s su gh h `hs du rh``hs p hrh iaifihr iaifihr `h todh todh em  `h fiu eh ehe e y u ah v mfiah ``hdh ``hdheh D hräh [ ith `o dh dhtm

@H @@ @@ML ML HEH HEH EM @H N@OUH IAL IAL @MVH VH.. ] ao em `os fuhtro rm`imvms ma g ro roafm afm em` p mem memsth sth`` em em `h msth msthtu tuh h em D hräh hräh [ith ma @h F or oruø uø h rmf rmfrrmh m` d od mato em `h matrheh em `h ﬇ oth iav iavhsorh hsorh ial ial `m `msh sh m ma a `h g hj äh fo foruø msh, m` 5 em d hyo em 8=:9.

o```mlö hrmuair Fmrrh`go h8. 8.= =;; pmrsoahsmatr atrm m so`eheos, di`ifihaos, tripu`hfioams em tripu`hfioams  em`h Iavmafig`my fivi vi``ms  dimatrhs  dimatrh s `hsdu cm cmrm rms s, q u m ao j hgäha äha sieo foathg athgi`i  zheh  zhehs s ma u a p riaf ri afip ip io p hrh `h em emnm nmas ash h em `h fiu ehe,  sm  sm foav im imrtm rtma a ma u a iasos iasosp mfj heo fu mrp o mstrh trhté té l ifo em rmsm rmsmr v h q u m h hthf thfha ha m ma a dhs dhsh h eoaem eoaem j hfm hfm nh`th, y trhm trhma a u a mao maordm rdm h hf fop io em p imerhs imerhs p hrh s sod odm mtm tmrr h  `oshsh`thatm `thatms s h u ah iatm iatmas ash h ``u v ih em heoq u iam iams s q u m,  sm  sml ó a `hs `hs dis disdh dhs s nu matms atms ial `m `ms shs, `m `ms s rm rms su `thrè `thrè ia su  su nrig nri g`m `m.. H `hsq u m soa du mrths, eisp isp hrhe rheh hs emsem m`  `heo  `he o ial `é s, `hssu stitu y ma rè p ieo, ieo, y hsä msth onm nmas asiv iv h thdgii é a msrmf thdg rmfjj hzheh hzheh.. Y h` ti tim mdp o sm sm mstè p roe roeuu fimaeo imaeo hó hó a otrh, otrh, m ms sth v mz foat atrh rh m` m` F hsti``o e em m V ha H atö atö a. M ` p oemr hrti``m hrti``mro ro em msth north`mzh j hgäh hgäh idp rmsioahe rmsioaheo o h `os gu q u ms em Er hb m em th` dhamrh dhamrh q u m mstm em emf fieiö iei ö todhr` todhr`o o  h` hsh`to foa 5 ; mdgh dghrf rfh hfioams ioams, `hs l rhae rhaem ms eo eoththehs ehs em hrti `` mr äh, p mro h `os fhø oahzo oahzos s em` em` fhs fhsti ti```` o  sm  sm s suu dha `os em `h du rh``h rh` `h fo forr u ø msh y j u aem aema a v hrihs hri hs em m`` hs hs.. Em ms mstm doeo doeo,, m m`` 8 5 em dh dhyy o soso grm  grmvv iv m m` eisp eisp ositi ositivv o fiu eh ehe e hdu rh``heh rh``heh- V ha H atö a, foa foa `o fu h` `os ial `msm `msms ao timam timama a m` m` p u mrto em @ h F oru ø h y sm `m `ms s fodp `ifh `ifh m` rm rmm mdgh dghrq u m.  

: ;  D ] Y J I V U O W I H

 

]A LWHA FH[IUÈA LMAMWH@ H@ NWMAUM.

   F    V    H

Ma m ` f u he ro J m r o if if h e m nm a s h e m @h Fo ru ø h p o r m ` d hrq u é s e m Fm r rh rh`g o , m ` p ia t o r C o s é Vo riha o No rt v im im a m h rm f o a o f m r `h `h ﬈ l u r h e m C u ha [hf j m f j o y Os o rio , II d hrq u é s e m Fm rrh rrh``g o , l o g m ra r a he he o r y Fhp itè a L m a m rh` e m L h`if ih q u m v m a f iö h `o s ia l `m s m s .

 

@H FO VUH AOWUM MV[HØO@H M A 8 =: =: 9 . V o g rrm m m s t hs hs `äamh amhss , dhp hs d ha ha u s f rit o s e m p `u d h y h mq ``h m v ift um` m`hhrrm uhms s o g rrm du ms t rha rha ``hs hs f iu e h e m s e m Vhathae Vhat hae mr y @h F o ru ø h ma ma m` m` d o d ma ma to to e m `h `h m x p me if iö a Erhbb m-Ao rris Erh ris . H dg dg o s ms t è a o rim a t h e o s f o a m` ao rt m j hf ih hghcco . hgh

HVF

  Mnmftivhdmatm, fmrfh em Ozh mstè m` pumatm

rodèaifo em M` Gurlo, ma m` fuh` sm jha hfhatoaheo `hs trophs em soforro msphøo`hs, qum ``mvha eähs jhfimaeo sh`iehs y sodmtiéaeo`os h emslhstm foatiauo. Aorris oremah `h mvhfuhfiöa em` pumatm phrh hsml hsmlurhr urhr m` rrmm mmdgh dghrqum, rqum, pmro msduy ei einänäfi` fi` todh todhr`r`o o foa sus 8;; dmtros em `hrlo y trms em hafjo, pums emgma htrhvmshr`o dimatrhs soa eisphrheos emsem `h ori``h foatrhrih. Hsä, m` 8> em dhyo sm emshrro``h otrh ghth``h frumath eoaem `os ishgm`iaos smrèa rmfjhzheos eos vmfms, y so`o h `h tmrfmrh, fuhaeo matrha ma fodghtm `os fhgh``mros foa sus hrdheuhrdheurhs, y foa péreieh em jodgrms ‖iaf`uieo Mewhre Aorris, jmrdhao em` lmamrh`, qum rmsu`th jmrieo‖, `o todha. Jmfjo msto, y emspués em eos iatmatoahs iafmaeihrihs m` 8> y 8< em dhyo qum soa hgorthehs, sm jhfma h `h vm`h jhgimaeo pmreieo 8.=;; jodgrms  y porthae rthaeo o ua aódmro dhyor em jmrie rieo os.

 H [OW @OV OUWOV OGC MUI^ I^O OV Vu siluimatm ogcmtivo ms @isgoh, pmro emspués em jhgmr sieo rmfjhzheos ma `h pmqumøh Foruøh ao sm htrmvma yh h smluir m` p`ha iaifih` em ua hthqum eirmf-

to por dhr hprovmfjhaeo vimato y dhrmh, y eiviema sus numrzhs. Aorris emsmdghrfh h sus jodgrms ma [maifjm, h ;;, siao =.;;; so`eheos vimcos msphøo`ms. Yh m` emsmdghrfo ma `h p`hyh em `h Foaso`hfiöa ms emshstroso, pums `o rmh`izha ma uah msquiah pm`ilrosh, eoaem ao `ms mspmrha `os msphøo`ms, y 85 ghrfhs sm vha h piqum foa dès em :; hjolheos. Ma toeofhso,`osial`msmsfoasilumaemsmdghrfhrmiaifiha su dhrfjh jhfih @isgoh. @os msphøo`ms iatmrrudpirèa toeh foduaifhfiöa matrm Aorris y Erhbm, qum ao vo`vmrèa h shgmr aheh m` uao em` otro, y jostilha h` mcérfito emsmdghrfheo sia fmshr. Ao prmsmatha ghth``h, siao qum `o emcha hfmrfhrsm h @isgoh, jhfimaeo uah tèftifh em timrrh qumdheh qum ao rmsu`th einäfi`, pums `os portulumsms juyma emsphvorieos foa sus jhfimaehs hatm m` hvhafm em` mcérfito jhdgrimato. M` 8 em cuaio, m` sidgö`ifo eäh em` Forpus ma qum eoa Hatoaio, prior em Frhto, jhgäh prodmtieo ma-

: 7  D]Y J IVUOWIH VUOWIH

 

trhr ma @isgoh, hatms em` hdhamfmr `os msphøo`ms emsmafhemaha ua hthqum sorprmsh aofturao, uah mafhdisheh, y matrha ma m` fhdphdmato m iaifiha uah emlo``iah qum hfhghrè foa hrdhs em numlo, phrh pofo emspués emshphrmfmr por eoaem jha vmaieo emchaeo 7;; dumrtos y ehaeo h` trhstm foa `os p`hams em` prior em Frhto. [mro ms m` eäh 6 h` dmeioeäh, foa `os ial`msms yh hfuhrtm`heos mxtrhduros h` omstm em @isgoh, fuhaeo sm oremah uah onmasivh dès smrih, pums 8.8;; so`eheos msfolieos vha h hthfhr m` hfuhrtm`hdimato ial`és por trms `ulhrms eistiatos h `h vmz. [or m` `heo foatrhrio h `hs durh``hs `isgomths sm rodpmrèa smis triafjmrhs y smrè eimzdheo m` rmlidimato em` foroam` Grmtt, qum dumrm foa sus fhpithams, y ma `os otros eos sm ``mlhrè h `h `ufjh fumrpo h fumrpo. Msto vh h fhdgihr m` silao em `h mxpmeifiöa. M` eäh 5 soa matmrrheos Grmtt y sus jodgrms y msh aofjm, emchaeo jolumrhs mafmaeiehs phrh eisidu`hr, `os ial`msms juyma emsem @isgoh h Fhsfhis, eoaem msthräha protmliieos por ``h tml h oth em Erhbm. Ao ogs ogsthatm, thatm, m ma a ssu u emsp` p`hz hzhdimato hdimato foati foatiauö auö m` j jos ostitilh lhdi dimato mato ms msphøo` phøo`  y pmre rem mräh räha a dès em quiaim iaima ato toss jodgrm rmss.  Hjorh  Hjo rh ao soa `o `oss msph phøo øo`m `mss `os sitih itiheo eoss, siao siao h` rmvés. Vm emstruirèa matoafms toeos `os do`iaos firfuaehatms h` hpmrfigirsm em qum `os ishgm`iaos `os msthgha ushaeo phrh jhfmr jhriah y h`idmathrsm. Msto `ms og`ilö h jmrvir m` trilo, proeufimaeo dès manmrdmehems y dumrtms.  Hatm  Ha tm`h ``m ``ml lheh em Dh Dhrtäa rtäa em [hei``h i``h,, m` he hem`ha `hathe theo em Fhsti``h, foa 8= lh`mrhs, y shgimaeo qum jhgäh prmphrheos smis gru`otms ma m` Fhsti``o em Vha Nm`ipm phrh `hazhr` hazhr`os os sogrm sogrm `h oth ial` al`ms msh h noae noaemh mheh eh ma fuhato jugimrh vimatos nhvorhg`ms, m` h`dirhatm Erhbm zhrph sia mspmrhr vimatos propifios. H` eäh siluimatm, ma fh`dh fjifjh, `hs aumvm lh`mrhs em [hei` ei``h y H` H`oas oaso o emGhz Ghzèa èa h h`fhazh `fhazha a h `h oth y, ssiituèaeosm h poph em `os ghrfos, mdpimzha h fhøoamhr`os  y juae aem ma, iafmae aeih iha a o fhptu turh rha a matr trm maumvmy oafm,  y eisp ispmrsh rsha h otro tros.

M@ HL Ö AIFOWML WMVOH FHVH   Hqu  Hq uä m md dpimz imzh m` vi vih hcmem rm rml lrm rmsso em `h Foatr trh hhrdh rdheh, qum ao smrè dmaos trèlifo qum m` em `h Lrha Hrdheh. Vi `os msphøo`ms sm qumehroa sia `os ghrfos, dufjos em m``os msthdpheos foatrh `h fosth, `os ghrfosial`msmssmrèa `osqum sm qumema sia `osjodgrms, pums `os prog`mdhs em jhdgrm, dh`h h`idmathfiöa  y,  y, sogrmtoeo, pmstmy tinu tinus, qum yh jhgäha äha hso`he `heo `h oth ial`msh ua høo hatms, rmtoraha. [mro msth vmz ms pmor. Ao timama pumrtos eoaem rmnrmsfhrsm, `hs lh`mrhs msphøo`hs `os pmrsiluma y `os portulumsms mstèa htmatos h idpmeir fuh`quimr Jhrèa uah phrheh em mdmrlmafih ma `hemsmdghrfo. räh em ^ilo phrh foasmluir hluh y fodieh y emstruirèa msth `ofh`iehe, pmro ma ua foatrhhthqum msphøo` h` eäh siluimatm, por

`os propios vmfiaos vilumsms y trophs msphøo`hs qum hfuema h` `ulhr, jhgrèa em foathr idporthatms péreiehs. Y hsä, trhs mstm aumvo emsfh`hgro ma ^ilo, `h Foatrhhrdheh zhrph. @h situhfiöa em `os ghrfos yh msmxtrmdh. V Vm mp proeufm roeufmua phtétifo phtétifotirh tirh y h och m matr atrm m m``os phrh foasmluir `os jodgrms däaidos phrh `h ahvmlhfiöa, y jhgrè dufjos qum sm pimreha h `h emrivh fodo ghrfos nhathsdhs, por nh`th em jodgrms qum pumema dhriahr`os, o smha hghaeoaheos. Em `os 8:; ghrfos qum jhgäha zhrpheo so`o vo`vmrèa 8;7 ma lrupos sum`tos, pmro Erhbm y Aorris, qum h puato mstèa em ``mlhr h `hs dhaos ma [`ydoutj por `hs hfushfioams qum sm `hazha dutuhdmatm, foasiluma ofu`thr `hs dufjhs péreiehs. @os ghrfos msthgha fhsi vhfäos (em `os 7>< dhriamros iaifih`ms sm prmsmathroa h `h phlh 6.;5 soa nhvorhg`ms h Msphøh. @h iatmrrupfiöa em `os hthqums pirhthsy em `h hyueh h`osiasur asurrmftos rmftos hdm hdmafos afossm smrrèa mxilmafihs mxilm afihsqumem emgm gmrè rè 󿬈 rdhr m` aumvo rmy ia ial`é l`éss. Hs Hsä of ofurr urriimroa ``os osjm jmf fjosrmh rmh`ms `ms.. ]a vi vifto ftoririh h 󿬈 ah` qum fo foatr atrhs hsth th fo foa a ``h h idhlm idhlma a qum jh qum qumeheo eheo emNm`i Nm`ipm pm II II  y su ‐ Ia Iavvmafig ig`m `m em emrr rro oth the eh por Is Ish hgm` I.   C] VUI NI F HW M @ H UH UH X ] M . Emf`hrhfiöa em `hs fhushs qum d otiv otivhr hroa oa h ``os os fod fod haeh haehat atms ms ma  cm  cmnm nm em `h A hvy em `h rmiah em Ial `ht `htmrr mrrh h ma su vihcm em mx p me meiifi fiöa öa h [ort [ortul ul h` h`.. [ri [ridd mr mrh h meif meifiö iöa a ma ial ial `és em mstm mstm eofu eofudd mato mato eip `od è tifo o﬈ fih` emst emstiahe iaheo o h` rmy em Ms Mspp hø h, qum p rm rmtm tmae aeäh äh  cu  custi sti﬈﬈ fhr `h iafhuthfiöa em g hr hrfo fos s msp msp hø o` o`ms ms ma `h `hs s p rox id iehem hems em @isg oh ma 8 = : 9 .

D ] Y J I V U O W IH : 6

 

@HV D]FJHV  HDMAHSHV  HDMAHSHV IAL@MVHV.

   F    V    H

WMH@IEHE Y @MYMAEH

Ma Em n m a s h e m Fè e iz f o a trh `o s ia l `m s m s   8>6=), e m Nrha f is f o e m S u rg hr è a , Nm r a ha h a e o L irö a , l o g m ra r a he he o r e m Fè e iz m a 8>7=,

IAL@MVMV

e h ia s tr t ru f f io a m s p hrh e m nm a e m r `h f iu e he e m `h m s f u he rh ia l `m s h. Nrh Nrhaa f is Erh rhbb m y h j hg äh hthf he o Fè e iz

m a Fè

iz

m a 8=:< y `o s ia l `m s m s `o `o v o `v m rä räh ha h ia tm a th thrr m a 8=9> y 8< 8 y 5; toam`hehs, `h dhyoräh fhrlhehs foa eum`hs em ghrri`, hros, dhemrhdma, ph`os phrh rmdos y fhrlhs sidi`hrms em pmqumøo vh`or, y h`luahs ao ``mvhgha aheh dès qum `hstrm—, iiaei aeif fh m ma a ua uah h em sus f fh hrt rths hs. Y høhem øhem33 ‐ ( ...) hemdès em fimrto aódmro em gotms em pmsfh qum mafoatrhdos fmrfh em` fhgo em Vhlrms, em `os fuh`ms h`luaos numroa foasmrvheos phrh ushrsm fodo gotms em aumstros ahväos y m` rmsto numroa emstruieos. Msto mstè msfrito m` 8= em cuaio h goreo em` Lo`ema @ioa, haf`heo nrmatm h `h fosth em Eovmr, ma Ial`htmrrh. Fuhaeo `h fhdphøh jhgäh foaf`uieo.

profmeiö profmei ö h su emstr truff uffiiöa dmei dmeihatm hatm `h qumdh. Emsem `umlo, si mstos vh`orms soa fimrtos, m` idphfto sogrm `os hprmstos ahvh`ms msphøo`ms tuvo qum smr ao so` so`o ssiilai󿬈 fhtitivo, vo, ssiiao emd emdo`meor. o`meor. h hato ato fo fodo do phrh hau`hr m` opmrhtivo o rmtrhshr`o ao sm shgm fuèato timdpo. Ma mstm mstm ssm mati atieo eo smmxp mxprms rmshg hgh h U odh odhss Nm Nmaamr, aamr, fh fhpi pi-tèa em` lh`möa Ermheaouljt, thdgiéa ma ua msfrito emstiaheo h \h`sialjhd phrh hf`hrhr uah smrim em ehtos sogrm m` foatmxto. Vmlóa é`, hprmshroa y qumdhroa ‐fuhrmath y simtm fhrhgm`hs y mdghrfhfioams, h`luahs em 7;, 6;, 5;, =; y h`luahs em >; toam`hehs, fhrlhehs em eum`hs em ghrri`, hros, `møhdma, rmdos  y pm pmrtrm rtrmf fjo joss sidi`h idi`hrm rmss—, h hem emdè dèss em ua aódm aódmro ro hproxidheo em >; mdghrfhfioams em pmsfheorms.  H` ph phrmf rmfmr `o `oss éxit xito os dès ao aoth thg g`m `mss num numro roa a ua 󿬈 `igotm profmematm em Euabmrqum em 8=; toam`hehs foa dmrfhemräh y otro, em `h disdh profmemafih, em 85; toam`hehs, fhrlheo em dhemrhs. [mro quizès m` rm`hto dès iatmrmshatm smh m` em \i``ihd Goroulj, vifmh`dirhatm y smluaeo h` dhaeo em `h msfuherh ial`msh, duy frätifo foa `h hftuhfiöa em Erhbm. Erhbm. ‐ Emsem msem matoafm matoafmss jmdoshprms hprmsheo heo uaos 7: o 6; ahväos y mdghrfhfioams, em `os qum uao mrh ua 󿬈 `igotmem Euaqumrqum Euaqumrqum,, foa dm dmrfh rfhafähs afähsem

]AH MZ HL MWHFIÖ A IAL @MVH  Fodo sm hprmfih, so`o eos ahvms tmaäha fimrth idporthafih2 m` rmsto mrha pmqumøhs, foa msfhsh fhphfiehe em fhrlh. @h qum dès tmaäh uah fhphfiehe em >; toam`hehs ial`mshs, y rmfh`fo msto porqum m` ogsmrvheor ial`és uti`izhräh su uaiehe em dmeieh phrh hnorhr `hs mdghrfhfioams. mdgh rfhfioams. Ma m` sistmdh ms msphøo` phøo` em` Z Z^ ^ I msth mdghrfhfiöa rmprmsmathräh uah ahvm em == toam`hehs  y ma m` dmcor cor em`o `ossfhsosfoa uahfhphfieh iehe porth rthatm em =; toam`ms dhfjo, thato fodo 8;; piphs. ]a ahväo em uahs 7; toam`hehs ial`mshs tmaeräh uah fhphfiehe em 6; piphs. Ma m` dmcor em `os fhsos, `os ial`msms jhjhgräha emstruieo matrm 8.;;; y 8.=;; piphs (em 57; h >8= toam`hehs em fhrlh em `iforms). Ma mstm mstm ssmati matieo, eo, E Erhbm rhbm h h󿬈󿬈 rdh jhgm jhgmrr qum qumdheo dheo toam`ms foa fhphfiehe em fhrlh em 7=.;;; toam`hehs ma pms pmso. V Vm mm msstè rm󿬈 rimaeo ri maeo h h`` toam` iial`és al`és em 7=7 lh`oams, ms emfir, 885< bl sia foathr m` rmfipimatm. Mshs vmiatifiafo di` toam`hehs supoaeräha 78. toam`ms ial`msms2 fodo mstos dhs em` eog`mjhem lrhaems qum `h piph usheh mamrha Haeh`ufäh, msthräh g`haeo em dès em 5;.;;; piphs emstruiehs, phrh `hs qum jugimsma jmfjo nh`th ao dmaos em 5;; mdghrfhfioams em >; toam`hehs ial`mshs. [mro, h` dhrlma em msths mxhlmrhfioams, `o qum sä ms fimrto ms qum e eurhatm urhatm ua dms uah 󿬇 oth ia ial`ms l`msh hh h`` dhaeo em Nrhafis Erhbm emcö smatir su prmsmafih ma uah zoah trmdmehdm trmdmehdmatm atm ssmas masiig`m g`m ph phrh rh m` ttrè󿬈 rè󿬈 fo dhrätido y fodmrfih` jisphao, `o qum jhfm pmashr qum h`lo sä tuvo qum hnmfthr h `os hghstmfidimatos, hprmstos ahvh`ms y trhs`heo em numrzhs msphøo`hs. [mro, hphrtm hphrtm emmsto, ¿¿iia󿬇 uyö `h iiafurs afursiiöa emErhbm ma Fèeiz rmh`dmatm ma m` opmrhtivo qum È`vhro em Ghzèa y Luzdèa, dhrqués em Vhath Fruz, prmphrh-

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gh `ölifh foa `hhpuath iatmafiöa em iavheir Ial`htmrrh? @h h qum si sm proeuco ua ghfjm ma m` hfopio em `hs pisphs, sogrm toeo ma su nhgrifhfiöa por `h nh`th em hros y eum`hs, msto tuvo qum

: >  D]Y J IVUO IVUO W IH

 

Via p rmv ih e mf `hrhf iö a e m l u mrrh, `  `h h ﬇ o th e m Erh Er hb m hth thff ö h `hHrd Hrdh he h ms p hø o `h h  haf af `h `hee h ma `h `h ghj äh e m Fè e iz vm vmrsm rsm rm rm󿬇󿬇 mcheo ma ``h hf foathe oatheurä uräh h y provmm provmmeurä euräh h em  Hae  Ha eh`u `uf fäh y @isgoh. He Hem mdès, uahfinrhth tha a h`t `th h em hprmshdimatos emgiö qumehr rmlistrheh, sogrm toeo fuhaeo m` sistmdh hediaistrhtivo msphøo` mrh ua 󿬈 m` rml rmliistro y rm󿬇 mco em `o qum suf ufm meäh ma m m`` Idpm dpm-ririo. o. [ [mro mro m msstm rm󿬇 mco m ma a ``os oseofudm eofudmatos atoso󿬈 fih`msao mxistm. Em jmfjo, m` 7= em cuaio, Nm`ipm II msfrigäh h Dhrtäa em [hei``h , su fhpitèa lmamrh` em `hs Lh`mrhs em Msphøh, Msphøh, eèaeo`m iiastru astruf ffioams emao sh`i sh`irr h gus gus-fhr h` mamdilo pums `h smluriehe em Fèeiz mrh dès idporthatm qum `os sufmsos em` fhgo Vha ^ifmatm, eheo qum, por m` ianordm rmfigieo em su logmraheor em` H`lhrvm, Nmraèa é``mz em Dmamsms, m` vh`or em`o h hprms prmsheo heo ao tm tmaä aäh h `h f foas oasiiemrhf emrhfiiöa ssu󿬈 u󿬈 fimatm.

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EM@H IAU IAUM M@IL MAFIH GWIUÈ AIFH  H @H UOW[MS H MV[HØ O@H  [hrh `os msphøo`ms, `hs iatmafioams em `h mxpmeifiöa em Nrhafis Erhbm msthgha f`hrhs3 m` ial`és prmtmaeä prmtm aeäh h mxpo`i xpo`ih hr m` tr trè è󿬈 fo dh dhrä rätitido do y quiéa sshhgm si manrmathrsm h `h Hrdheh qum sm prmphrhgh ma  Haeh  Hae h`uf `ufäh. äh. Msto ms th tha a ao aoto torio rio qumm` 88:: em dhyo m` rmy msfrigm uah fhrth ehaeo iastruffioams h` euqum em Dm Dmei eiah ah V Viieoaih ma ``h hq qum um `m dh dhai ai󿬈󿬈 msth su h`ivio por `h N`oth em Iaeihs y `m jhfm `h foasi-

=: < , N r h a f iiss E rh rh b m @H G H J Ä H EM F È EI S . @ h a o f j m e m ` 7 9 e m h g r i` e m 8 =: s h `iö e m `h ` h ``oo f h `ie h e e m W o t h p o r `h t rrhh v m s äh iizz q u im r e h y m a t r ö m a ``hh g h j äh e m F è e iz . M a `h ` h iidd h l m a , v m d o s u a d h p h e m ` h t h q u m h F è e iz i z ``mm v h a t h e o p o r \ i``ih d G o r o u l j , s m l u a e o e m E rhr h b m m a m s t h o p m r h f iö i ö a . D u s m o G r it è a if o , @oaerms.

emrhf em rhfihiöa qum um ‐‐poerä poeräh hm mssthr h`` h``ä@isgoh. ä phrh phrh fo fort rthr hr m` phso `o em qumq vimam em Ith`ih phrh Hsä qum emsem msm iasthatm qumeh hau`heo m` maväo em foavoyms emsem Fèeiz h @isgoh y vifmvmrsh. [m [mro ro ¿ ma qué fo foasistä asistäh h rmh`dmatm m m`` p` p`ha ha em Erhbm? [ums, ma sus propihs ph`hgrhs, ma msto3 ‐Hjorh qum msthdos gima eotheos em `hs provisioams amfmshrihs, aumstrh iatmafiöa ms (Eios dmeihatm) iatmrfmpthr `h Hrdheh qum emgm provmair em` Mstrmfjo  y em otr trh hs vh vhrih rihss phrt rtm ms hatm tmss em qumsm rm rmó óah foa `hs numrzhs em` Wmy, ma m` fudp`idimato em `o fuh` ao nh`thrèa nh`thrèa ai iatmaf atmafiioam oamss ai msnumrzos—. @h jistoriolrhnäh qum jh mafudgrheo h mstm pirhth fodo dèxido mxpoamatm em `hs nuturhs tèftifhs rmvo`ufioahrihs h emshrro``hr ma m` vmrhao em 8=::

bm, ao eueh ma emf`hrhr su pronuaeh hedirhfiöa por ua dhriao qum sm hem`hath ma m` timdpo y `hs nor nordhs dhs.. ‐ Ms Msto to dums dumstr trh h qum Erhbm ao fo foatmdp`hatmdp`hgh su hthqum h` pumrto em Fèeiz fodo m` priafiph` ogcmto em `h mxpmeifiöa, fodo sm supoam lmamrh`dmatm. Vu visiöa mrh dufjo dès pronuaeh  y duf dufjo jo dè dèss do doem emrah rah.. Mviem Mviemat atm mdm dmat atm m, `o qum mspmrhgh jhfmr mrh ghtir iaeivieuh`dmatm h `hs eivmrshs msfuherhs msphøo`hs o, h` dmaos, idpmeir su foafmatrhfiöa ma @isgoh—. Ms fimrto qum m` pridmr tmdor em `h Fhsh em Foatrhthfiöa y em `os foasmcmros em Nm`ipm II mrh qum,

vm ma `hs `äamhs hatmriorms uah visiöa ahahvh` iaaovheorh, qum sm hatmpoaäh h `heoftriah` foafmpfiöa jisphah em `h mstrhtmlih dhrätidh. Hsä, Cu`iha V. Forgmtt, quizè m` dhyor frmheor em` dito em Erh-

emspués`h emN`oth hthfhr ial`és todhsm fodo ogcmtivo emFèeiz, Iaeihs,m`foreöa udgi`ifh` em` Idpmri dpmrio2 o2 pmro `h 󿬇 oth ial` ial`ms msh p prmnmri rmnmriö ö em emsshal halrhrsm rhrsm ma uah fhemah em ghth``hs ahvh`ms foatrh toeo

D]Y JIVUOWIH

 

 

hqum``o qum sm dovimsm ma `hs fosths em Haeh`ufäh y [ortulh`. Emsem `umlo, h forto p`hzo y phrh uah vmz, m` emsilaio mstrhtélifo mrh `ölifo.

È @^ H W O EM G H S È A Y L ] S D È A .

Wmtrhto e m ` I d h rrqq u é s e m V h a t h F ru ru z , h t r ig u ie o h C u h a [ h a t o ch e m `h F ru r u z [ h `h ` h f io io e m `h D h rq rq u m s h e m V h a t h F ru ru z , D h e r ie ) . F o d o F h p it è a L m a m r h ` e m ` Dh r Of é h a o y `h F h p it h a äh L m a m r h ` e m ``hh l m a t m e m l u m rrh e m [ o r t u l h `, `, s m m a f o a t rh g h m a @ is g o h m a f h rl è a e o s m e m ``hh nnoo r d h f iö a e m `h`h ﬇ o t h q u m e m g äh iiaa v h e ir Ia l `h t m r r h f u h a e o tu v o `u l h r m ` h t h q u m e m Erh b m .

sh`äh em @isgoh Cuha Dhrtäamz em Wmfh`em foa su msfuherh rmeufieh h fuhtro ahos y eos phthfjms, ma disiöa em emsfugimrth y `idpimzh em pirhths em `hs hluhs em` fhgo Vha ^ifmatm. Hprovmfjhaeo msth situhfiöa sm mavihgh h` h`nérmz Mstmgha Ofjoh foa smis phthfjms y simtm zhgrhs ma `hstrm phrh rmdoathr m` Luheh`quivir y hprovisioahrsm ma Vmvi``h (ahvms qum iräha ma foasmrvh, ms emfir, msfo`thehs por `h msfuherh msfuherh em Wmf Wmfh` h`em) em).. Msths mdghrfhfioams rmtorrmtor-

AOVM IGH IGHA A H EMC HW VOW[WMAEMW Ma ua mstheo em prmphrhfiöa phrh `h lumrrh fodo m` qum sm viväh ma `h pmaäasu`h igérifh, `hs prmvmafioams hatm `os idprmvistos msthgha rmlu`hehs por ua pmashdimato ahvh` jisphao-portulués. Hsä, `hs foduaifhfioams matrm Fèeiz y @isgoh (y vifmvmrsh) sm jhfäha foa foavoyms msfo`theos. H`lo tèftifhdmatm  y mstr trh hté tél lif ifh hdmatmsupmrio riorr h` pm pmashdim ima ato ah ahvh vh`` qum pueimrh p`hatmhr Ial`htmrrh.

ahräha h @isgoh ma m` lrha foavoy qum phrtiräh m` < em cu`io em Fèeiz h` dhaeo em Dhrtäa [hei``h. Msth nord nordh h em profmemr, qum dumstr trh h födo födo msthgh orlhaizhe ai zheo o m` pmashdimato ah ahvh` msphøo` ma hqum` dodmato, mfjh por timrrh `h supumsth lrha hnmfthfiöa thfi öa em E Errhbm y sus jodgrms jodgrmssogrm sogrm `os `os hprmstos ahvh`ms msphøo`ms. @o emstruieo por `os ial`msms ma fhgo em Vha ^i ^ ifmatm atm ao num num dès qum dmrfhemräh em fhgothcm gothcm em msfhsh fuha uhattäh, em dmrfhemrms `ofh`ms y pmsfheorms. Uoeo `o em vh`or phrh `h Hrdheh em @isgoh sm jhfäh dmeihatm m` dmfhaisdo em `os foavoyms oavoyms, `o ` o qum custi󿬈 custi󿬈 fh qum ma `os `os eof eofuudmato em foatheuräh y provmmeuräh ao qumem rhstro ai vmstilio em `o mxpo`iheo ma msth èrmh y sä em `o ofurrieo ma Fèeiz.

Dufjo hatms Duf hatms em` hthqum hthqum em `h oth ial` al`ms msh, m` 7 78 8 em dhrzo, sm mafoatrhgh h`istheh ma `h ghjäh em Fèeiz Fèei z uah uah oth dmrfhatm atm em 78 ahvä ahväos osfo foa a emstiao ti ao h @isgoh, qum ``mvhgh ghstidmatos phrh `h Hrdheh2 mrha ahvms ahvmspmqumøhs, ma su dhyorä dhyoräh fhrhgm`hs, h`lóa msforfjhpäa y fjh`uph, m iräha msfo`theos por fuhtro phthfjms em lumrrh. Uoeh msth hlruphfiöa ahvmlhrä ahvml hräh h ma foas foasmrv mrvh h em msths uaiehem uai ehems h h`` dhaeo em` fhpitèa @uis Woerälumz2 matrm toeos trhasporthräha ma torao h 8.6;= quiath`ms em gizfofjo, =;8 piphs piphsy 8>.;=5 8>.;=5 nham nhamlh lhs em tr triilo, dès ‐ smis di` trmsfimatos y fiafumath f`hvos mstopmro`ms, y di`  y ao aovm vmfim imat ath hs y fuhrmat rmath h lhvi``hs vi``hs, y quiaim uiaimat ato os y smtm mtmat ath h y fuhtro f`hvosem einmrmatms einmrmatms sumrtms. umrtms.

 H su vmz ‖ma ‖ma `h `hssdis isd dhsnmfjhs‖, ma foatr trh hdhrfjh,     F     V    H

@HV [I[ [I[HV [WMOF][HFIÖ A EMMVUHEO M` rmfipimatm dès uti`izheo phrh m` trhasportm mrh `h emaodiaheh piph, ua toam` foa 556,= `itros em fhphfiehe (eos ofuphgha m` msphfio mquivh`matm h uah toam`heh). @h piph msthgh ma m` orema fotieihao em fuh`quimr hfto `olästifo y jhy qum tmamr ma fumath qum toehs `hs ahvms, iaempmaeimatmdmatm em su thdhøo, tmaäha uah eothfiöa em piphs ghsm. [or mcmdp`o, ua lh`möa em lumrrh em >=; toam`hehs foa 6>7 pmrsoahs h goreo amfmsithgh 5;; piphs em hluh, 7;; em viao y 8= em viahlrm. Ma m` dodmato foafrmto em `h iafursiöa em Erhbm,dhatmaäha m` msnumrzo`hs ahvh` jisphao mrh maordm.foa Ao so`o sm ruths em` Dmeitmrrèamo sus einmrmatms msfuherhs em lh`mrhs, siao qum h msto jhgäh qum sudhr `h prmphrhfiöa em `h Lrha Hrdheh ma @isgoh, `h nordhfiöa em `h N`oth em Iaeihs em msm høo, 8=: 6 7 p ip hs e m v iao e m 7 < ,= hrr rroo ghs f he h u ah, ah, 6 : = e m v iahl ahl rm e m 7 9 hrr rroo ghs y 8 .> 6 6 e m hl u he h, u ah f hati atie he to th` th` q u m su p mrhg rhgh ma 8 .> = ; `hs q u m Lu mv hrh tm tmaäh aäh hf o p ihe ihe hs ma CCm mrmz rmz , u a dm dmss hatm atmss . M` hthq thq u m e m Erhb Erhb m h Fè e iz j hgäh sie o u a rrm mv u `sivo p hrh m` p o tmafih tmafih`` ahv ahv h` y `h f hp hf ie he p ro e u f ti tivv h

m s f m a hr io e m hthq u m s ia l `m s m s . Urhs rhs `h hv m a tu r h e m Erhb rhb m m a 8=: q u m ia d o r th th`iz ö Hm r t  Ha tj o a is z 2 hrri rrig h) y p o r o trh trh m a 8>7=.

D]Y J IVUOWIH

:9

 

]AH

MWOÄAH EM@ []MG@O

IA E O DH DHG G @M @ H IA

DHWÄH [IUH  @ h F o a t r h h r d h e h ‖ m ` f o a t r h h t h q u m ia l `é s , h ` h ø o s ilil u im a t m e m ` e m s h s tr t r m e m `h d h ` ``h d h e h H r d h e h Ia v m a f ig `m ‖ n u m `h d h y o r f h t è s t r o n m a h v h ` e m `h j is t o r ih e m Ia l `h t m r r h , m a t r m o t r h s f o s h s p o r `h `h`h g o r e m m s th t h nu nu m rtm , m d p rm a e m e o rh , t m d p m r h d m a t h ` y p m a e m a f im r h d u cm r,r , `h l r h a j m r o äa h f o r u ø m s h q u m , m a 8 = > 9 , h y u e ö h r m p m `m r m ` h t h q u m ia l `é s h `h f iu e h e f o a s u h r r o co y v h `m a t äh .

C HA HAIW IWM M WÈ DI DI@H  @H 

MV F W I U O W H Y F W I D I A Ö @O L H

IV U O W I 9; D ] Y J IV

 

Ma Dhräh [ith fhrl fh rl ha e o fo a trh `o s ia l `m s m s 8::9),  Hrtu  H rtu ro Nm ra è a e m z Fm rs h rm f rm h m ` d o d m a to to m a m ` q u m `h j m ro äa h `m v ha th `h m s p he h p hrh d hthr h` h` h`né rm z hg ha e m rhe o ia l `é s y hrrmg hthr` r`mm su g ha e mrh.

D ]     @  

D ] Y J I V U O W IH

 

 e if m q u m , r o t h p o r j hg m r v iiss to to d o r ir ir h s u d hr ie ie o e u r ha ha tm m ` hs m e io , y tr hs hs d hthr m` m```h d isd h h u a h`nérm z ia l `és y hrr m g hthr`m thr`m su g ha e m rh, rh, Dhräh [ith s m m r il il i ö m a hg ha e m r h hee h e m `o `o s s u y o s h` l rito rito e m ‐ Xu m a tm ø h j o a r h, q u m d m silh  — ( ‐X ‐Xu im a tm a l h j o a r h h,, q u m d m s iill h— ) . ]a l r iitto e m l u m r rh rh q u m m a v h` h`m a to a ö `o s è a id o s e m `o s s o `e he o s m s p hø o `m s h hnnia f he he o s m a @h Fo r u ø h y e m `o `o s p r o p io s f o r u ø m s m ss,, q u m si s il u im ro ro a f o d g htim a e o f u ha e o `h d hr hg hg u a th ia l `m s h s m e is p o a äh h ma trhr ma @h Fo ru ø h. Ma hre mf ie o s, `o s j o d g r m s y `h `hs d u cm r m s ``oo l r h hrr o a j hf m r j u ir h `o s ia v hso rm s, h `h ia d m a sh n`o n`o th ia l `m sh m a v ihe h p hrh to d hr ``h h fiu e he y hfh fhgg hr fo a `o s rmsto s e m `h L r ha Hr d he h q u m j hg äh m a s u p u m r to to , s h`v ha ha e o hs ä `h f iu iu e he m `h `h y q u ié a s hg hg m s i h` p r o p io I d p m r iioo m s p hø o `.  Hu a q u m hu hu to rm s fo d o `o s e m ` `ig `ig ro M` v h`o r m s f o -  s h e m d u cm r m s (Umd hs e m J o y, 7;8:) hnird ma q u m ‐ j o y m a e äh m s iidd p o s ig ig `m hv hv m r iill u hr s i m s to to o f u r r iö iö rmh``d ma tm hsä rmh hsä——, tmx to s j istö stö rifo rifo s hp u a tha h q u m `h v m r e he a o e m g iö e inm r ir ir e m d hs ih ihe o e m m s ttoo . [m r o , p hrh a hrrh rrhrr tha ia frm äg `m l ms th, ms a mf ms hrio rmd o a thr s m h s u ia if io io .

V

EM D

W IE V Y J M M F I V

DhrähDhy o r N Nmm ra è a e m z e m Fèd hrh y [ith a hf iö , p r m ssuu d ig `m d m a t m , j hf ih ih 8=>= m a m ` p u m g `o f o r u ø é s em V Viil r è s . Vm l ó a `h e o f t o r h m a J is to to r ih ih Do e m r a h Dhräh e m ` F Fh hrd m a Vhhv me rh h,, hu to r h e m ` m s ttuu e io Dhräh [ith y `h e m nm a sh e m @h Fo ru ø h m a 8=:9  , ‐`o s p r id id m r o s h høø o s e m s u v ie h s o a `o s p m o r e o f u d m a tth he o s —. —. L r h hff ihs h h`` Hr f j iv o L ma mr h` e m V Viid ha fh fhs, s, h` Hrfj iv o Ahfio a h` e m @h Fo r u ø h y h` Hrf Hrf j iv o e m ` W Wmm i a o e m L h`if i h s hg hg m d o s q u m p r o v m a äh e m u a h nhd i`ih j u d i`e m y q u m su s p he rm s, Vid ö a Hra ho y Dhräh [ith ‚`h ^imch’, r m l m a thg ha u a h p m q u m ø h tim a e h m a @h Fo r u ø h, e o a e m m `` ``h hy u e hg h. Ma 8=:8 s m f hs ö f o a Cu ha H `o `o a s o e m W Woo is , u a f hr a iiff m rroo ( o 󿬈 f io io q u m m rrh h u a o e m `o `o s d m a o s f o a s iiee m r h hee o s p o r hq u m ` m a to a f m s ) p r o p im t hr io io e m e o s fh fhsh shss ma `h fiu e he y h`l u a hs v iø hs ma `o s h` h`rm e me o rms. Uu v imro a u a h j ich, Dhräh räh, q u m hp ma hs f o a o fiö h su p he rm, y h q u m m stm stm nh``mf iö p o r fh fhuu sh shss e ms fo a o fie hs ma 8=:=.

o g `il he he hs h hf tu t u hr m a m ` s is is tm tm d h m f o a ö d if o e m d m r f he o , q u m f o a o f äh äha d h` y m a m ` q u m m r ha d h` r m f ig ie hs —. —. @h e m p m a e m a f i h e m `o `o s d hr ie ie o s m r h p r m d m e ithe h y m s t hg h hu s p if ih ihe h p o r `o `o s p m a s hhe o r m s rrmm a hf m a tis th ths , f o d o s m e if m m a J is to to r ih ih e m `hs d u cm r m s 3 ‐@o ‐@o s msf rit rito rms y `o s f` f`érilo érilo s e mch mchro a e m p o `m d iz hr hr s o g r m s i `hs d u cm r m s m r ha d h`é 󿬈 f hs hs o g ma é󿬈fh hss y, y , f o a d è s p r hl d htis d o , f o d m a z hr o a h m s f r ig ig ir t rrh hthe o s m a `o s q u m h hff o a s m ch chg ha p r o p o r f io io a hr `m `m s u a h m e u f hf hf iö iö a ia tm `m `m f t u h` s o 󿬈 s ti tif he he h y nu m r tm tm d m a tm ie m o `o l iz he he h. Vu p o a äha q u m, e m mstm d o e o , sm h hee hp t hr äh äha d m co co r h `o s p hp m`ms m`ms e m e ö fi` fi`ms ms j ichs, ma fha fha the o rhs rhs msp o shs shs y m 󿬈 f im im a tm s d he r m s— s—. [o r ssuu d htr id id o a io f o a u a l r m d ih`, `hs d u cm r m s s m f o a v m r tä täha h `h v m z m a f o d p hø m r h hss e m o 󿬈 f io io , d he r m s y s u p m r v is o r hs hs e m `h `h f hs hs h. h. Vm l ó a Ha e m r s o a y S ia s s m rr,, ‐ p hl hg ha p o r ``h hs `i `if m a f ih ihs e m v m a th, he q u iräha m ` e m rm fj o h u ti` ti`izhr zhr `hs p hrhe rhe hs e m `o s d m r f he o s y f o d p r hg ha m ` p r iv iv i` i`m l io e m s m r ``h hs p r id id m r h hss m a f o d p r hr h `o s d hy o r is is th ths —. —. [o r to t o e o `o e if j o , y h huu a q u m h h``l u a o s l r m d io s p m r d itim r h haa h `hs v i u e hs s m l u ir r m l m a tha e o `o s a m l o f io io s , o to t o r l è a e o `m `m s `o s d is d o s e m r m ffjj o s q u m h `o s j o d g r m s , Dhr äh äh o p tö p o r v o `v m r h f hs hs hr hr s m m a 8=:; >;; fh fhsh shs— s—,, rm`hth Ishg m` ^ ^h h`fè rfm ` ma su `ig ro Du cm r m s e m hr hr d hs to d hr (H`l hg h, 7;;=). @ @h h o trh z o a h m rh `hFiu e he

`mymaehemDhräh[ith

D hräh räahfih [ith snru thrh r fso ya v`h igrih `h j mrm rmfa iog ipe uhe ‖ou ea ih s ti timr rhs rimr hsth peroe pmime he m s ‖ h` s u p o a m r m a to a f m s ``h h v iu i u e m e he p hr h `hs d u cm r m s u a l r h hvv m p r o g `m d h, p u m s ‐‐ss m v m äha

 H`th  H`th, h`mps.o rMa`h `hsto s fth h`s,h `o.; s ;a;ojgh`m ya `o m e i󿬈 f, ino o sr od 󿬈hfeih usa eo ms 5. 5 g isth tmss q u m v iivv äh äha u a hu l m m f o a ö d if o hu s p if if ih ihe o p o r m `   trè󿬈 fo a hv imro , `h p ms fh y `o s hsti hsti```mro s.

98

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@H D M C O W V O @EH EO . Wmtrhto em Dhräh [ith vistimaeo uainordm em h`nérmz dhyor, ogrh em N. Lutiérrmz. Dusmo Di`ithr em H Foruøh.

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D]Y JIVUOWIH 96

 

@hs vh`imatms  

D u cm rm rm s em h rr-

 dhs to dhr  (  (HH

`l h  gh). I  Iss h g m ` ^h `f è r-

f m ` a o s e m s f u g rm h m s h s d u cmcm rm rm s q u m , f o d o D h r äh [ itit h , s m g h t im r o a f o a `h` h s h r d h s cuc u a t o h `o` o s j o d g r m s , e m s p m r-r t h a e o h e d ir h f iöi ö a m a f o d p h ø m ro ro s y m a m d il o s .

Eihah y [riafmsh, cuato h` lh`möa Vha Ghrto`odé ‖foa eos fodphøähs em ianhatms‖, fuyh disiöa ms idpmeir m` emsmdghrfo ial`és. hdgiéa sm hrdh m` hóa iahfhgheo numrtm em Vha Hatöa. Ma toth`, uaos 8.=;; so`eheos hportheos por m` mcérfito y `hs di`ifihs fiuehehahs, eirilieos por m` fhpitèa Cuha [hfjmfo y Osorio.

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M@ [ ] MW U O EM @H F O W ] Ø H .

V o g rm m s t h s `äa m h s , v isis t h e m ` p u m rto e m @h Foruøh p u g `if h e h m a 8> 65 m a O s d h p h s e h f o s tthh l h ``mm l h , e m

[ m e r o Um x m ir h . M s t m f h r töt ö l r h n o portulués h f o d m t iö m ` t r h g h co t it è a if o e m t r h z h r `o s p r ia f ip h `m s p u m rto s e m Ms p h ø h y [ o r t u l h `, p o r m a f h rl o e m N m `ip m I^.

  ]ah nordh em vieh qum qumeö hdmahzheh `h aofjm em` 6 h` 5 em dhyo em 8=:9 fuhaeo ma m` jorizoatm sm eivishroa phrtm em `os 8:; ghrfos y 7>< jodgrms qum Ial`htmrrh jhgäh dovi`izheo phrh hthfhr h Msphøh.

[mroiavhsorms m` mdpucm`olrha ial`ésforthr ms trmdmaeo y m` = em dhyo `os `h foduaifhfiöa foa `hs vmfiahs Gmthazos y Vhatihlo em Fodpostm`h, mvithaeo hsä `h ``mlheh em `os rmnumrzos qum yh sm msthgha dovi`izhaeo, h mxfmpfiöa em uahs msfumths fodphøähs fodphøähs qum h h``fhazha ``h h fi fiuehem uehem``h ma ma `os p prridmros fodphsms em` hsmeio. Ma `os eähs postmriorms, `os ial`msms irèa todhaeo `h fiuehe, og`ilhaeo h `os emnmasorms h rmnulihrsm ma `h Fiuehe H`th, eoaem `ms protmlma `h durh``h  y `hs `hs ghrrif rrifh hehs nord nordh hehs por tto oam`m am`mss, dumg umg`ms `ms y fuhato fuh ato mas masmr mr ms mstuvi tuvim mrh ei eisspoai poaig`m. g`m. ‐ @h pog`hf pog`hfiiöa fivi` y di`ithr, jodgrms, ducmrms y aiøos, hafihaos, friheos y ehdhs em h`th h`furaih, toeos sm orlhaizha siluimaeo iastruffioams prmfishs. @os dmrfh-

@H IA^HVIÖ A IAL @MVH  M` ogcmtivo em `h n`oth ial`msh mrh trip`m, smlóa rm`hth m` jistoriheor @uis Lorrofjhtmli ma su `igro Foatrh Hrdheh ( Fräti Frätif fh, 7; 7;7;). 7;). ‐ Ems Emstruir truiräh äh m` lrumso em `h Lrha Hrdheh, qum msthgh simaeo rmphrheo ma Vhathaemr. Emspués foaquisthräh @isgoh y smfmsioahräh [ortulh` em Msphøh, matroaizhaeo zhaeo h` prmtm prmtmaei aeimatm matm g ghs hsthreo por portulué tuluéss, m` pr priior em Frhto, qum sm onrmfäh h iasthurhr ma @isgoh ua logimrao shté`itm em Ial`htmrrh y hgrir m` Idpmrio portulués, jmrmeheo por Nm`ipm II, h `hs prmtmasioams ial`mshs. Y, por ó`tido, iatmrfmpthräh `h N`oth em Iaeihs ma `hs Hzorms, m` lrha sumøo irrmh`izheo em Ial`htmrrh—. Nrhafis Erhbm, meufheo ma `h Dh-

emrms, pmsfheorms y phtroams emghaemrhs, @h [msfhemräh sm jha iatmlrheo ma `hs einmrmatms ghco `hs öremams eirmfths em `os fhpithams, y eistriguieo por `h durh``h, eivieieh ma smftorms, rm`hth Ishgm` ^h`fèrfm` ma Ducmrms em hrdhs todhr.

riah ghco m` em phrhluhs sirm`Coja mafhrlheo ``mvhr h em fhgo p`ha.Jhwbias, num m`  Hatm  Ha tm`hhdmah ahzzh, `h `hssemnma nmashsem@hForu ruø øh smdovi`izha. Ma `h matrheh h` pumrto sm sitóh h `hs lh`mrhs

di`ifih.  ymsth `h pog po g`hf `hfiöa iöM` a smluaeo d dh hsfu`iahnum mam`l lm mem amrh am`os rh`,`, di`ifihaos q qum um sm sudö grios gri oshdm hdmatm atm h ``os os di` di`iithrmseup`i eup`ifh fhaeo aeo hs hsää sus mnmftivos foa troph qum fudp`iö su emgmr. [mro m`

@H DMC OW EMNMAVH3 DI@I DI@IU UHWMV DI@IF DI@I FIHAOV Y D]C MWMV Vogrmsh`erèa trms lrhaems fumrpos em emnmash, smlóa ms msfrigm frigm @ui @uissLor Lorrofjh rofjhtml tmlii3 ‐ M` pr priidmro y dè dèss idporthatm num m` em `os di`ithrms pronmsioah`ms. Fhgm hpuathr qum iatrhduros nuafioaö toeo m` orlhailrhdh em `os nhdosos mrfios, foavirtimaeo hsä h `h pog`hfiöa sitiheh ma h`lo phrmfieo h

9 5  D]Y J IVU IVUO O W IH

 

tmrfmro num m` em `h pog`hfiöa nmdmaiah.  Y ms ms qum um,, fo fodo sm eifm ifm ma Ducmrms em hrdhs to-  dhr , ‐m``hs sm mafhrlha em` hprovisioahdimato em `os so`eheos phrh qum mstos ao emsfuiema ma aialóa dodmato su pumsto. M``hs shfha em `os pozos m` hluh qum `umlo ``mvha ma fèathros jhsth `hs durh``hs phrh ph`ihr `h sme em `os jodgrms. M``hs fumfma m` pha y `o trhs`heha ma fmstos jhsth `hs emnmashs. hdgiéa rmfolma `os utmasi`ios eodéstifos em pm`trm, fodo p`htos y chrros, phrh nuaeir`os  y foavm vmrtir rtir`o `oss ma duaif aifiö iöa, a, mspmfih ih`d `dm mat atm m fuhaeo msth yh fodimazh h msfhsmhr. Y h` proeufirsm m` hthqum, m``hs y sus jicos pmqumøos, sugieos h `h durh``h, foeo foa foeo foa `os jodgrms, h nh`th em hrdhs hrrocha pimerhs h` mamdilo—. ]ah em `hs f`hvms em msth jmroifh hftuhfiöa num, ma opiaiöa em` hutor em Foatrh Hrdheh , qum ‐ `hs ducmrms ducmrms,, emsprmfihaeo sus viehs fodo jhräh fuh`quimr dherm, `ufjhroa h dumrtm por `os aiøos—.

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IDHLIAHAEO H D HWÄ H.

M@ HVH@UO NI NIAH@ AH@ [hrh m` eodialo, 85 em dhyo, `h situhfiöa em `os

Via mdghrlo, `os fè`fu`os ial`msms jha nh``heo  y ph phrtm em `h durh urh``h ``h ssm m `ms `ms jh vmaieo vmaieo mafidh afidh,, dhthaeo h fmatmahrms em m``os. Yh `o msfrigiö ma

V o g rrm m msth hss `äa m mh hs, u ao e m `o s rmt rht o s q u m N rrh h a f is f o

sitiheos ms emsmspmrheh. @h hdurh``h, lo`pmheh por `hs ghtmrähs mamdilhs, mstè puato em sufudgir, ao jhy smøh` em rmnumrzos dhrätidos y `hs trophs ial`ms al`mshs hssm p prmph rmphrha rha phrh m m`` hs hsh`to h`to 󿬈 ah` ah`.. ‐ Vm dhaeö rmtirhr `h lmatm y sm hpostö h so`eheos fmatiam`hs foa orema em qum ao eimsma voz ai tofhsma h` hrdh jhsth vmr qum `os mamdilos jugimsma fhdiaheo `hs eostmrfm tmrfmrhs rhs ph phrt rtms msem em`` hsh`thr hsh`thr `h Durh` Durh```h, rm`htha `hs fröaifhs em `h épofh. @os msphøo`ms jha emsfugimrto ua tóam` jorheheo por `os ial`msms ghco `h durh``h foa vhrios ghrri`ms em pö`vorh y mspmrha `h iadiamatm mxp`osiöa. Matr Matrm m m``os m``os,, ``os osjodgrm jodgrmss em` fh fhpit pitèa èa È` È`vhro vhro roafoso, quima fodhaehräh `h u`tmrior emnmash. Vm oremah h `os so`eheos situhrsm ma `os mdp`hzh-

8=9;sWolmr \i``ihds, uao em di`ithrms ial`msm l`msms ph phrrtäfipms tä fipms ma ``h h onmas onmasi ivh3`os ‐ @os m mssphøo` phøo`ms ms timama th` supmrioriehe téfaifh ma `os sistmdhs  y ma ma `o `oss dé déto toeo eoss em norti󿬈 norti󿬈 fhr, qum qum msth vmat vmath hch `ms jhfm fhphfms em emnmaemr y em hthfhr `hs fiuehems hdurh``hehs foa `h dithe em `os jodgrms uti`izheos por otros mcérfitos—. M` mrror ms hprovmfjheo por `os emnmasorms qum, trhs euros manrmathdimatos, `olrha rmfjhzhr h` mamdilo, og`ilèaeo`m h rmh`izhr ua aumvo iatmato, pmro yh emsem otrh grmfjh ma `h durh``h. hdgiéa h``ä `h rmnrimlh ms trmdmaeh. Foa m` phso em `hs jorhs, `os fheèvmrms sm hlo`pha ma hdgos `heos, foa `h lrha einmrmafih em qum `os fhäeos ial`msms soa rmmdp`hzheos por trophs em

@` @`oo rma mass Eähz Eähz (e is f äp u `o e m Vo ro ``h) rmh`i mh`iz ö e m `h `h j mr mroo äah f o ru ø m s h . M s e m 8 9 5 5 y p u me m v mr mrss m ma ma `h `h F hs h D u s m o D hr hräh [ it it h, h, @h F o ru ø h.

dimatos dès hemf emfuheos mshpmrhr ``h h em󿬇 hlrhfi öa  ydi mmatos sth smdè proe roseh ufm uf m.uheos ‐@h ghrut ruth `m mxp xp`os `osiöa iöa,hl , fo frhfiöa oas asuudheh ma `hs matrhøhs em `h timrrh h msfhsos dmtros em eoaem sm mafoatrhgh roafoso, jizo vigrhr em th` doeo m` sugsum`o y `h durh``h qum `os jodgrms tmdimroa pmremr h``ä `h vieh smpu`theos vivos—, emsfrigm @uis Lorrofjhtmli.

rmnrmsfo `os msphøo`ms M` fhashafio y m` emsèaidoy fuaema ma `os ao. sitiheos, qum ao vma sh`i h`ieh eh h su situhfiöa. ‐ Du` Du`tititue tue em f fheè heèvmrms vmrms y jmrieos yhfäha por eoquimr, y m` hspmfto em `os qum foatiauhgha so`o ``hdhgh h `h foadismrhfiöa. Gumah phrtm em m``os msthgha dh`trmfjos. @os jodgrms, foa sus hrdheurhs y vmstidmaths emstrozhehs2 `hs ducmrms, mafo`mrizhehs y shalrim lri maths aths,, ttmaäha maäha hs hspmf pmfto to em 󿬈 mrhs mrhs.. Ma `o h`to em `hs durh``hs yh fhsi ao sm poeäh haehr por `h hfudu`hfiöa em fumrpos iamrtms—, sm emth``h ma Foatrh Hrdh Hr dheh  eh .

`hs s numrz hs F uhaeo`h m p m h ha h﬇ hqumhr D hrähd htö hua h`n `né érm ia `é `és s `m `mq quit itö ösug haemrh y h haemrö `h `hrm rms sistmafih

D]MWUMEM@ H@ H@NÉ NÉ WMS IAL @É V  Y msma msem m dpmamtrhr odmato to,, ma ma m`h` qFiuehe um`os `osiavh iaH`th, vhssorms rm smstèa tèa h puato fuhaeo uah ducmr jhfm virhr `h situhfiöa, fodo sm fith ma `h Wm`hfiöa haöaidh 3 ‐ M` h`nérm nérmzz em `osmamd amdii-  

D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H 9=

 

 Ht  Hth hqum h @h [msf sfh hemräh m` = em dhyo em 8=:9 . Wm`imvm Wm`i mvm em` em` pm pmemsth emsth`` em `h msthtuh em Dhräh [ith situheh si tuheh ma ma `h ` h p`hzh jodöaidh em @h Foruøh.

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IAÉ V EM GMA GMA @H J MWO WOÄÄAH EMVFOAOFIEH 

 

a h v m z q u m `h f iu e h e m s t u v o h s h `v o e m ``oo s iiaa v h s o r m s ia i a l `m s m s , `o s s u p m r v iviv imim a t m s m `m` m v h r o a e iv m r s o s d m d o r ih ``mm s h ` r m y m a `o s q u m r m `h`h t h g h a s u p h r t if ipi p h f iö a m a `h e m nnmm a s h y `o`o s d o t iv o s p o r `o s q u m s o `if itit h g h a h y u e h m f o a ö d if h o h `l`l ó a t ip o e m f o d p m a s h f iöi ö a . L rhr h f ih s h m s to t o s e o f u d m a t o s s m f o a o f m ``hh m x is tm t m a f ihi h e m IaIa é s e m G m a , p r o p im t h r ih e m u a h d m r f m r äh y t im a e h e m q u iiaa f h ``` `h q u m r m l m a t h g h cu a t o h s u d h r iiee o , V m g h s t iè a N m r a è a e m z , m a @ h [ m s f h e m r ähäh . E u r h a t m ``hh iiaa v h s iiöö a , m ``` `h t h d g ié a h y u e ö p r o p o r f ioi o a h a e o p ö `v o r h , p `o d o y f u m r e h h `o`o s s o `e h e o s , d h t m r ih `m`m s e o a h e o s e m s u p r o p ih d m r f m r äh . V ia m d g h r l o , p h l h r äh u a h ``tt o p r m f io p o r h q u m ``h h y u e h , h ` q u m e h r p r è f t if h d m a t m f im i m l h m ia v è `i ` ie h t r h s r m f ig ir e o s e is p h r o s , u a o m a `h f h g m z h y o t r o m a u a h p im r a h , d im a t r h s t r h a s p o r t h g h s h f o s e m h r m a h y p im e r h p h r h r m p h r h r ``hh d u r h `` ` `h . Ur h s r m f u p m r h r s m m a m ` j o s p it h ` e m ` o ie o r N r h a f isi s f o D h `e` e o a h e o , s m m a f o a t r ö f o a s u f o d m r f ioi o e m s t r o z h e o y e m s v h `ich e o . H e m d è s , s u d h r ie o j h g äh d u m r t o m a m ` p r id m r e äh e m r m n r im l h s , `o q u m `h h g o f ö h ``hh d m a e if iei e h e p h r h s u s ttmm a t h r h s u s e o s j ico s . [ h rm r m f m s m r q u m s u s e m d h a e h s e m h y u e h h ``hh f o r t m a o n u m r o a s h t is nm n m f j h s , p m s m h q u m , f o d o r m `h`h t h a h ``ll u a o s m s t u e io s o s e m s u ﬈ l u r h , v h r io s s o `e h e o s y o t r o s t m s ti t il o s f o r r o g o r h r o a h a t m m ` t r ig u a h ` h e d ia is i s tr t r h t iv o q u m m s t u e iö s u s p m t if ioi o a m s , m a o f t u g r m y a o v imim d g r m e m 8 = 9 6 , s u p h r ttiif ipi p h f iö a j m r o if h m a `h e m n m a s h e m `h f iiuu e h e . Ia f `u s o s m p r m s m a t ö f o d o p r u m g h m ` ia no n o r d m d é e if o e m s u s j m r ie h s , ﬈ rrdd h e o p o r m ` `if m a f ih e o E im l o e m V h `h ` h z h r, f ir i r u ch a o e m `h H r d h e h . J Joo y , Ia é s e m G m a m s m ` r m ﬇ m co e m m s h s o t r h s d u f j h s j m r o ääaa h s e m h q u m ` m p is o e io q u m a o r m f ig im r o a ``hh l r h t i﬈ f h f iöi ö a q u m s m d m r m f äh a .

  los qum sugiö h `h grmfjh haidhgh y lrithgh h

su lmatm, jhsth qum uah ducmr ``hdheh Dhräh Nmraèaemz em Fèdhrh y [ith tuvo m` hfimrto em dhthr`m,  y foa msto fhusö h`lua `luah h suspmasiöa iöa h `os `os qum sugäha y msthgha pm`mhaeo foa `os emnmasorms qum sm fhashgha yh, y foa msto sm haidhroa y rmfogrhroa phrh rmpm`mr h` mamdilo—. [or supumsto, `h iatmrvmafiöa em Dhräh [ith ao silai󿬈 fö m` iadmeihto rmp rmp``imlum em `os ial`ms al`msms msy, em jmfjo, `hs pm`mhs hóa foatiauhräha ma eivmrsos puatos em `h durh``h, pmro sä dhrfö ua puato em ia󿬇 mxiöa ma m m`` èaido em `osemnmas emnmasorms orms, `o `o qum``mvhräh, h `h postrm, h `h vi vif ftori torih h 󿬈 ah`.

M @ D O D M A U O F @ H^ H^ M M s tm t m l r h g h e o e m ` s ilil `o Z ^ I d u m s t r h h D h r ähäh [ iitt h d h t h a e o h ` h `n ` n é r m z iaia l `é s q u m h `m `m a t ö h s u s j o d g r m s , m x j h u s t o s , h s m l u ir `o y f r u z ö `h d u r h ````h e m r rruu ie h p o r t h a e o `h g h a e m r h e m s u r m l id im a t o . N u m u a l m s ttoo f ``hh v m , p o r q u m s u f h äeä e h s u p u s o u a e u r o l o `p m p h r h ``hh d o r h ` ia l `m s h .

Jhsth puato emgiö smr `o mstm mpisoeio, qum `hth` Wm`hfiöa haöaidh   idporthatm `o rm`htö fithaeo eirmfthdmatm m` aodgrm em `h prothloaisth. @hs rhzoams `hs mxp``ifh @ui mxp @uiss Lorr Lorrof ofjhtm jhtmli li ma su `i`igro3 ‐‐@h @h pri pridm dmrh rh ms qum m` iafiematm ofurrimrh ma `o h`to em `h grmfjh,    D    ]    G    @    H

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ms emfir, ma `ulhr ao so`o gima visig`m phrh toeos, siao ma m` sitio mxhfto eoaem toehs `hs dirhehs msthgha pumsths, pums hjä sm msthgh culhaeo m` emstiao 󿬈 ah` em em`` hs hsh`to. h`to. @ @h h ssml mluaeh uaeh msqum Dh Dhrä räh h [ith foasilum emrrighr h` óaifo h`nérmz qum sugiö h `h jmaeieurh. Matiéaehsm h` óaifo qum sugiö porthaeo uah ghaemrh (...). M` h`nérmz timam ua fodmtieo mcmdp`hrizhatm y mdu`heor3 su masmøh ms rmf`hdo phrh m` forhcm em `os jodgrms qum emgma smluir`h. Ma mstm smatieo, `h disiöa em` hghaemrheo ms dorh`  y fo`mf `mftivh tivh. [or mso, m` emrrig rrigh hr`o th thd dgié iéa a timamua smatieo em mstm fhriz. Ma tmrfmr `ulhr, ms posig`m qum su foaeifiöa nmdmaiah, f`hrhdmatm rmfoaofig`m por m` dmro hspmfto mxtmrior, jhyh culheo h nhvor em `h dmafiöa em `h emnmasorh. M` jmfjo em qum uah ducmr foasiluimrh hghtir h ua h`nérmz, ua so`eheo pronmsioah`, emgiö fhushr uah joaeh foadofiöa ma `os prmsmatms. Em jmfjo, trhs m` hsmeio, sm m`mvhroa du`titue em pmtifioams h` doahrfh phrh qum rmfodpmashrh h su sógeith. @h jmroäah `olrhräh fodo rmfoaofidimato por su `hgor, ao sia `ufjhr`o ma `h fortm, pmrdiso phrh mxporthr du`hs du` hsh [ [ortu ortulh lh`` y m` tätätu` tu`o o em‐ so`eheo h hvmathcheo vmathcheo—, foa uah phlh emthfiafo h` dms, sm IIIiafrmdm rmdmathrä athräh h jhs ``os oseim eimsfueos mz ma titim mdpos emqum Nm`ipm II .

]AH D]C MW [MAEMAFIMWH  hdgiéa, trhs 86 em høos em p`mito foa ua fhpitèa ``hdheo [mrh`th, `olrhräh `h mxmafiöa em h`ochr ma su fhsh h so`eheos em` rmy, `igrèaeosm em `os fuhatiosos lhstos qum mso supoaäh. M` hsuato fodmazö ma 8=9=, smis høos emspués em` hsh`to ial`és, fuhaeo Dhräh [ith, uti`izhaeo vhrios hreiems, iatmatö qum m` fhpitèa hghaeoahrh uah fhsh em su propimehe ma `h qum sm jhgäh h`ocheo. Fodo ahrrha vhrios eofudmatos3 ‐E ‐ Em dh dher erulheh, ulheh, y hatms em h hdhamf dhamfmr, mr, emsem ua sogrheo em `h fhsh, custo mafidh em su eorditorio, jhgäha ieoeähs. rmfolimaeo `h ghsurh oriah`ms eurhatm vhrios Vm `hs mfjhroa porma `h vmathah ematro em` eorditorio qum ao sm phrhgh foa m` jmeor—. Jhrto em th`ms hrtidhøhs, m` fhpitèa `h hfushräh em iatmato em hsmsiahto, `olrhaeo qum numrh h prisiöa eurhatm fuhtro dmsms y qum sm `h foaemahrh h emstimrro (pmah qum smräh foadutheh). Niah`dmatm, ma 8>;: `h custifih ehräh `h rhzöa

[o r s u `hgo r, Dhräh `o l rö rmf o ao f idimato s ‖ ao s ia `u f j hr`o ma `h f o rtm‖  f o do m` tätu `o e m ‐ s o `e he o hv mathche o —

      F     O    U     V    W    M    U    U    ]    J     V

h Dhräh [ith, otorlèaeo`m th` mxmafiöa y m` phlo em di` eufheos por `hs do`mstihs ofhsioahehs por mstm fhpitèa. [mro ao sm smräräh h su óai óaif fo p`mit p`mito. o. E Em m jm jmf fjo, jhsth m m`` 󿬈 ah` em vieh mstuvo iadmrshemrivheos ma uah vmiatmah em profmsossucueifih`ms, `h dhyoräh em `h lmstiöa em sus gimams y em manrmathdimatos foa vmfiaos y matrm emsfmaeimatms. Ma uao, m` `hgrheor Woerilo [hreo `h hfusö em jhgmr`m iasu`theo foa `os térdiaos em ‐ gm`` gm``hf hfo, o, emsvmrloazheo vmrloazheo,, `heröa, `heröa, emsf emsfodu` odu`lh lheo, eo, dmtiéaeo`m dufjhs jilhs por `os ocos y ``hdèaeo`m otrhs ph`hgrhs nmhs m iacurioshs. Y ma otro, m` profurheor Cuha Woerälumz em higo `h hfusö em iacurihr`m  y emtirhr` r`m m‐ua pifj ifjm` emmsthøo h`hfhgmzh, emqum`m jhgäh jmfjo ua lrha lo`pm. Ao ms em mxtrhøhr qum sm lrhacmhrh nhdh em du cm  cmrr o ossheh y pmae aem mafim afimrh rh.. ‐ Ao eue ueh hgh ma tirh tirhrr e em m `os pm`os, pm`mhrsm foa `hs dhaos y ph`os, iasu`thr  y jh jhssth irrud irrudp pir m ma a `h il`m il`mssih y msthg thg`mf `mfmr m ma a m``h su pumsto em vmath em pmsfheo, manrmatèaeosm h` disdäsido pèrrofo fuhaeo iatmatö idpmeir`m tha shfrä`mlh hffiöa—, rm`hth Ishgm` ^h`fèrfm`. Ma m` p`hao nhdi`ihr, vo`viö h fhshrsm ma 8=9; foa m` fhpitèa em ianhatmräh Vhafjo em Hrrhtih, foa quima tmaeräh otrh jich2 y ma 8=9:, smis høos emspués em `h dumrtm em mstm, foa m` nuafioahrio Li` Gmrdóemz em Nilumroh, h` qum ehräh eos jicos dès y qum smräh su ó`tido dhrieo, yh qum ma m` tmsthdmato mstm eispuso qum si Dhräh vo`väh h fhshrsm pmremräh `h jmrmafih. Msthg`mfieh ma Vhatihlo em Vilrès, Dhräh [ith phsö sus ó`tidos høos em vieh lmstioahaeo ua phtridoaio nhdi`ihr qum iaf`uäh timrrhs y viømeos, hemdès em vhrios haidh`ms foa `os qum dmrfhemhgh, matrm m``os 7;; du`hs qum vmaeäh fheh eos høos ma [ortulh`. Nh``mfiö ma nmgrmro 8>56 ma `h `ofh`iehe Fhdgrm, eoaem posmäh em h`luahs timrrhs. Fodo em pieiö, num matmrrheh ma m` foavmato em Vhato Eodialo, sia qum hóa jhyh `olrheo mafoatrhrsm su tudgh.

V H A U O EO D I A L O .

W u ia h s e m ` f o a v m a t o l ö t if o e m ` s i l ` o Z I^ e o a e m p ie iiöö s m r m a t m r r h e h D h r äh [cu iitat ht o. NNo h o or dt r oh as , f ia f o m e i﬈ f io s , m ` Du s m o [ rroo v iiaa f ih ` e m [ o a tm v m e rh y numroa e m f ``hh r h e h s G im a e m Ia t m r é s F u `t u r h ` m a 8:9 =.

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F]HAEO @H [WO[HLHAEH VM FOA^I A^IMWUM MWUM MA JIVUOWI VUOWIH  H 

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MAMDILO @h e m rro th e m `h L rha Hrd he h e m 8=:: s u p o a m m ` f u `d m a e m ` rm ia he o e m Is hg hg m ` I y m ` d o d m a to nu a e he o r e m `h j m l m d o a äh g ritè a if h. [m ro `h v m rs iö iö a ia l `m s h e m m s tm tm hf hf o a tm f id im a to m s tè t è `` ``m a h e m m x hl hl m rhf io a m s e is to t o rs io a m s y j hs th th l rha e m s d m a tirhs . Y a o `o e if m s o `o m ` rm v is is io io a is d o m s p hø o ` e m `o s ó `tid o s hø hø o s s ia o thd g ié a `o `o s j is to rihe o rm s iaia l `m s m s .

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@H FH[U]WH EM EOA [MEWO ^H@EÉV. @h ``h ``hdd heh h `h `h rmaei rmaeifi fiöa3 öa3 ua iafiematm ma m` hthqum h `h `h H rd heh ms msp hø o`h 8 = : : . @ito @itoll rhnäh ma fo` fo`or or em `h Msfum` Msfum`h h ial `ms `msh h qum rmf mfrrmh m` d od ma mato to ma m` qum sir N rha rhafis fis Erh Erhbb m foa foa su W mv mvma mall mr fh fhpp tu turh rh m` l h` h`m möa A umstrh V mø orh em` W oshr oshrio io em em eoa eoa [mero ^ h`e h`eés, és, emcheo emcheo h su su sumrtm p or `h H rd heh. I`ustr I`us trhfi hfiöa öa p ug `i `ifh fheh eh ma F hs hssm sm`` ``’s ’s J ist stor ory y on tj m G ritisj [m [mo op `m   8 9 7 ; ) .

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em \ i``ihd N hitj oram. Ish Ishgg m` I mstè mstè ﬇ haqu haqumh mheh eh p or s siir N rh rhaf afiis \ h`sial j hd efj h.), su smfrmthrio p riafip h` em 8 = < 6 h 8 = 9 ; , y \ i``ihd F mfi` iz eh.), p rid mr g hröa em G url j `my y p rid rid mr smfr smfrmt mthr hriio em Msth Mstheo eo fhrl o qum ofup ö 5 ; hø os). A ht htiioah` [ortr [or trhi hitt L h` h``m `mry ry @oaerms. @oaer ms.

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` nrhfhso em `h Lrha Hrdheh smräh m` pisto`mthzo em sh`ieh em `h dhyor fhdphøh em prophlhaeh em `h jistojistorih em Ial`htmrrh, y msto emsem qum sm proeuco jhsth aumstros eähs. [oerähdos pmashr qum th` fhdphøh mdpimzh h ehr säatodhs em hlothdimato emgieo h `h onmasivh msphøo`h emsem `h iavmstilhfiöa mdpärifh, qum jh ei-

pu`hrms, mtf., vimroa `h `uz phrh nmstmchr hqum``o. M` dhquihvé`ifo \i``ihd Fmfi` pug`ifö su nhdoso pha mto ma ma m` qum jh jhg`h g`h em `h emrr emrroth oth em`h ‚Iavmafi ‚I avmafi-g`m’. Ms uah nh`sh fhrth em ua fhtö`ifo ial`és h` mdgh ch  che eor msphøo øo`` ma Nrh rha afih mxp`if `ifè èae aeo o`mqum vmäh duy `hdmathg`m qum Msphøh jugimrh iatmatheo iavheir Ial`htmrrh, y sugrhyhgh qum jhsth `os fhtö`ifos em hqum` phäs foasiemrhgha qum jhgäh sieo uah dh`h iemh, ua

ahditheo `h foamxiöatéfaifo matrm m`em rm`hto prophlhaeästifo y m` foaofidimato `o hfoatmfieo. [mro ao smräh em mxtrhøhr qum ua rm`hto foa th` fhatiehe em töpifos hsofiheos rmsurch dmthdornosmheo, pums `h amfmsiehe qum `m eio `ulhr silum mxistimaeo.

mrror h `os ocos em Eios. emfäh, fhtö`ifos ial`msms mrha dès `mh`msVmlóa ( heeiftme   ) h msos `h rm rmiah iah qumh` phph. Y uah trheuffiöa Rvmr hrtäfu`o ma pèliah 75T høheiö3 ‐Hquä tmrdiah `h jistorih em `h dh`h nortuah em `h Hrdheh msphøo`h, qum sm ``hdhgh Iavmafig`m. @o em Iavmafig`m (qum msfrigm foa dhyósfu`hs phrh sugrhyhr `h iroaäh) hphrmfm toehväh joy ma `os `igros em jistorih, pmro chdès num mdp`mheo por `os msphøomsphøo`ms phrh emsfrigir h `h Lrha Hrdheh em 8=::. Ma aovimdgrm, m` pomth Chdms Hsbm pug`ifh M`izh-  gm gmtjh tjh ri r iudpjhas  udpjhas , uah iemh`izhfiöa em `h hrmalh qum `h rmiah proauafiö ma i`gury m` 89 em hlosto hatmrior, y qum ms foaofieh por toeos ma `h Ial`htmrrh em joy. [or su phrtm, Fjhr`ms Jowhre, aodgrheo ma ma 8=:< fo fodhaehatm dhaehatm supr uprmdo mdo em `h oth ial`ms ial`msh h

IAL @HUMWWH [OAMMA DHWFJ H V]DÈ X]IAH [WO[HL HAEÄVU VUIIFH  rhs `hs aotifihs fimrths em` 8: em smptimdgrm em 8=:: em qum `h Lrha Hrdheh vo`väh h Msphøh trhs firfuavh`hr `hs is`hs Gritèaifhs, Ial`htmrrh `hazhräh `hsfhdphahs fhdphahsh` vu vum`o3 m`o3 pomdhs pomdhs,, pha mtos mtos,, dmeh`` dmeh``hs hs,, ahi ahipms pms,, doamehs doamehs,, lrhgheos, fuheros,fhaf fhafiioamspo-

foatrh `h LrharHrdheh, mafhrlö eimzua maordms thpifm fmssfoadmdor foadmdo htivos htivosrrmprms mprmsmathaeo mathaeo uah hli lilh lhat atms msfh fh ghth``h ahvh` qum chdès sm proeuco. Em jmfjo, é` num quima oremaö uah mstrhtmlih em hfoso iaeirmfto h `h oth msphøo`h ma vmz em hthfhr`h eirmfthdmatm. Foa toeo m``o, irè todhaeo fumrpo m` rm`hto nuaehfioah` ial`és, qum htrhvmshrè `os sil`os hftuh`izèaeosm h emdhaeh smlóa `hs amfmsiehems. ]ah em `hs pridmrhs smrè ofu`thr `hs vmrehemrhs fhushs em `h Lrha Hrdheh, qum numroa `os hthqums pirètifos qum ``mvhgh pmrpmtrhaeo Ishgm` I eurhatm dès em eos eéfhehs y ma timdpo em phz foatrh Msphøh y su hyueh h uah nhffiöa em rmgm`ems jo`haemsms qum sm jhgäha `mvhatheo foatrh su rmy, ms emfir, su iatrodisiöa ma hsuatos iatmraos em Nm`ipm II. qum,gima jha thsFhushs jhsth jhfm jhsth gipor mafimrto, pofo pofo,, pu pums mspmrdhamfieo m` rrm`hto m`hto fh fhdu duofu`öh `h oth ma uah f frruzheh rm` rm`iiliosh sm smlóa lóa `h f fuh` uh` m` emprhvheo msphøo`, por nhahtisdo y hasihs mxphasioaisths, sm eiriliö foatrh `h iaofmatm y to`mrhatm Ishgm`. Hsä matmaemdos qum mstm dito sm malhrzh, em doeo iaträasmfo m iahulurh`, foa m` hal`ifhaishal`ifhaisdo, ms emfir, foa `h rupturh em `h Il`msih em Ial`htmrrh foa `h uaiehe em` fristihaisdo. Ms por mso por `o qum foa``mvh iasmphrhg`mdmatm `h emdoaizhfiöa em` fhto`ifisdo y em Msphøh. Ma `o qum sm sm rm󿬈 mrm h`h pri pridmrh, dmrh, ms mstè tè ma cumlo ao sso`o o`o ``h h foatiauiehe em` rmiaheo em Ishgm` I, siao `h smphrhfiöa em󿬈 em󿬈 ai aititivh vh emIal`htm al`htmrr rrh h em em`` rms rmsto to em M Muroph uroph m ma a dhtmrih rm`iliosh ‖m` dhyor Grmxit em `h jistorih‖. [or qum rmspmfth hem` `h msphøo` smluaeh,qum sm lmamrhrè `h idhlma`ojipmrdh`vheh vh h nuafioahr fodo prophlhaeh em lumrrh pmrdhamatm, pums `h prhxis mxphasivh ial`msh sm rmh`izhrè nuaehdmath`-

 

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dmatm h fosth em Msphøh. [or `o thato, m` dito em `h Iavmafig`m ms sh`vofoaeufto h `h idpuaiehe y h `h gm`i gm`il lmrhaf rhafiih, pm pmro ro tthd hdgiéa giéa uah custi󿬈 fhfi hfiöa dorh`.

M@NH@VO NH@VOWM@HUON]AEHFIOAH@  Hsä,ä, ma ua  Hs uah h Ial Ial`h `htm tmrrh rrh hal al`if `ifh hahfm`o `ossh em su iae iaem mpmaemafih y qum mdpimzh h frmfmr, m` mpisoeio em `h Lrha Hrdheh hequimrm uah idporthafih toth`. @os thpifms em Jowhre soa fodprheos por m` rmy ma 8>8>  y mavo`v `vm mrè rèa a `h Fèdhrhem `os `os@orm rmss, smem em` poemr po`ätifo ial`és, eurhatm dès em eos sil`os, foavirtiéafoavirtiéaeo`h ma `h `h fh fhch em rm rmssoahaf oahafiih em em`` qum ssm m 󿬈 chr chrè è fodo fodo m m`` rm`hto nuaehfioah` por mxfm`mafih. M` dmashcm hatifhtö`ifo y hatimsphøo` hfhghrè vmrtitiéaeo éaeossm m ma a otro, otro, em foa󿬈 haz hazh h y `i`igm gmrt rthe he ah ahf fioah`, h` qum hfueir iavhrihg`mdmatm ma `os lrhaems dodmatos em `h jistorih em Ial`htmrrh. Ghco m` rudor em iavhsiöa ahpo`möaifh ma 8 ; d q u m e mf o rhräha `h F è dhr dhrh e m `o s @ o rms . Dmtrro p o `it ha Dmt ha D u s mu d o n H rrtt , A u mv h Yo Yo rb .

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V ia l hahr `h l u mrr rrh h Iall `htmrr Ia rrh h j h dmti tie eo h M sp hø h u ah nordiehg`m l o`mheh p rop hl haeäs ästtifh 

Aorris, emsem [`ydoutj, piema hyueh phrh ofu`thr `h jmfhtodgm, y ms pug`ifheo, ma m` disdo dms em hl hlos osto to em8=:9, otro m mxtr xtrho horei reiahri ahrio op pha ha mto, 󿬈 rdheo por ua Hatjoay H atjoay \ \iial󿬈 m`e, qum sm p prms rmsm math, msth vmz, fodo ua emsdmatieo foatrh `h ahrrhfiöa qum, em gofh gofh ma gofh gofh,, mstè mxtmaei mxtmaeiéaeos éaeosm m por Ial`htmrr al`htmrrh hy qum jhg` jhg`h em uah lrha fhtè fhtèsstronm. tronm.E Ems msfri frigir girè è hsä uahs opmrhfioams di`ithrms h`tmrahtivhs3 soa ofu`thehs

eu rh rha atm sil `os

OF]@UHWM@ NWH NWHFHVO FHVO

`hs ghth``hs pmreiehs, ahfma em `hh`aheh viftorihsfirfuy smfhdgih m` rm`hto por uao opumsto qum msthgh firfu `haeo. Ao mstuvo tuvo so` so`o om msstm dm dmdorhg` dorhg`m mpha mto, jugo dès2 matrm m``os, `h Mpjmdmris mxpmeitioam , uah em`ifiosh mpästo`h rmahfmatisth, msfrith ma `htäa. Erhbus y Aorrmysius soa hjorh équitms, Wolmrus Lu`ijm`dius (Wogmrt \i``ihds), föasu`, jodhs Nmamrus, tjh-  `hsihrfh , y, roemheos em triguaos, fmaturioams y emfurioams, emrrotha h `os Jisphai . ]ah coyh `itmrhrih. oeo msto ofu`th `h Foatrhhrdheh ematro y numrh em Ial`htmrrh y hemdès tmaerè ua mnmfto iasospmfjheo, pumsmstos pha pha mtossmfo foavmrt avmrtiirèa m ma a ``h h priafip priafiph` h` numatm sogrm msths opmrhfioams phrh `h jistoriolrhnäh ial`msh postmri tmrior or y duy pos postmri tmrior, or, qum󿬈 cha ``h h proph proph-lhaeh y `h jhfma fristh`izhr ma jistorih foavmafioah`

EMvivo @Hfoatrhstm, FOAUWHHW DHEH OIal`htmrrh, UWOÉ Z IyUO Ma aumvhdmatm otrh vmz foa lrha fhdphøh prophlhaeästifh y emsem m` pridmr dodmato, ofu`tö mstm maordm nrhfhso. Erhbm y

muropmh. Aheh duy einäfi` em frmmdos, dovmr. Ms `h jistorih qumdmaos. jmdosH`lo mstueiheo y toeos  y ma `h qum sug ugyh yhf fm, iat iath hfto y hftu tuh h`izh `izheo, m` h hat atiiluo rm`hto hatimsphøo`. [or mcmdp`o, ma `h nhdosh

Mxistm ma Msphøh, mso sä, lrha fhatiehe em eofudmatos jistörifos ma `os hrfjivos, msfritos foa m` ogcmtivo em trhasditir ehtos smlóa `h foafrmth rmsrmspoashgi` poash gi`iiehe em fheh fheh f fuh`. uh`. Voa fo fopi pios osos os y 󿬈 emeilaos y uah numatm em vh`or iafh`fu`hg`m. [mro mso ao ms prophlhaeh. Ao sm jh phsheo em msth eidmasiöa auafh. @h Foatrhhrdheh ao sm foavirtiö ma ua dito, y quizès Msphøh emgh smr hfusheh em emchemz.

8; 8

8;7 D]Y J IVUOWIH VUOWIH

 

Dufjospo`ätitif fosial ial`msms rmfurri urrirèa rèah` rm`hto nuaehfioah` em`h `hnh`sh emrrothem`hIavmafig`m  madodmatos jistör störiifos

   F    V    H

M`izhg m tj h Uriu d p j ha s , e m C hd m s H Hss b m . Wm p ro e u f f iiöö a e m ` o r il ia h` e m `h ]a iv m r s iiee he e m Fhd g r ie l m

8=::).

M a f if if ``oo p m e i h e m L rh r h e o m ``mm d m a t h ` e

m CCoo s é E h `d`d h u , p u g `if h e h m a 89 77 7 7, y q u m s m l u äh m e it è a e o s m h to to e o t r hp h p o e é f h e h s e m sp s p u é s, s , m a f o a t r h d o s `h`h `m` m f f iiöö a ZZ^3 @ h H r d h e h I a v m a f iigg ``mm , q u m o f u p h `h`h d h y o r p h r ttmm e m ` m s p h f ioio e m e if h e o h ` r m iaia h e o e m Nm N m `i`ip m I I.I . [m r o m a `h J iiss ttoo r iihh e m M s p h ø h  e m Vm Vm l u a e o e m Gh Gh f j i``m r h toto e m Gh G h ihih M e if ioio a s e m 7; 7 ; ; 6, 6, p o r p o a m r o tr o m cmcm d p `o ` o , a o s toto p h d o s f o a m ` h p h r thth e o M ` p r o g `m d h ia l `é s , q u m r m f h m m s tr t r m p iti t o s h d m a t m y h ` e m tht h ````m m a `o s t ö p if o s ia l `m` m s m s s o g r m `h L rh r h a H rd rd h e h y , p h r h d è s `u e ig r ioio , ia n o r d h g r m v m d m a t m e m `h`h FFoo a t r h h rdr d h e h fe om dg mod e om su ram nunmux tiitht or s `h`oh foo gacmt rf hiöi hö thtah qquu mm e Om rr mtmtmp lr hm sshyh `i`Lih h. sHs säsmät, v m r tit iö s o g r m `h`h t m s isis e m ` j is toto r ihih e o r iaia l `é s H r a o `e U o y a g m m , q u m e m nmn m a e äh m ` f h r è f tm t m r a h f io i o a h `i` is thth e m `h j is toto r ioio l r h n ähäh . É ` `o v io f `h`h r o m a `h j is toto r ioio l r h n äähh ia l `m` m s h e m s u é p o f h , y s m p u m e m h p `if h r h tot o e h s . Y h sä s ä, a o s o `h` h d m a ttmm a o s m trtr h a s nono r d ö m a u a d it o `h F o a t r h h rrdd h e h m a M s p h ø h , s ia o q u m , p h rh r h d h y o r m s-s f h r a io , s ä `o j iz o `h e m r r o th t h e m `h`h L r h a H r d h e h . E m m s ttmm d o e o , m ` p h r h e il i l d h h a t im s p h ø o `, `h `m`m y m a e h a m l r h , s m rrèè u t i`iz h e o e u r h a t m s ilil `o ` o s d im a t r h s Ms Ms p h ø h f o a t ia ó m s imim a e o `h p r idid m r h p o t m a f ihi h tmt m r r iitt o r ihih ` e m ` p `h a m th t h , p h r h h t h f h r `h`h , y e m s p u é s , d h l is i s trtr h `d`d m a t m , p h r h ro r o d p m r `h u a ie h e e m ` I d p m ri r io . M@ LWHA @OLWO EM WOD[MW M@ ID[MWIO

E m g m d o s tot o d h r f o a f imim a f ihih e m q u m Ia I a l `h`h tmtm r r h p r m t m a e iö `h p m a m trt r h f iöiö a m a m ` I d p m r ioio e m s e m m ` p r iaia -

f ipip io , n u m r m p m ti t ie h d m a t m r m f j h z h e h p o r `h` h s h r d h s y , h ` a o f o a s m l u ir `o`o , `o ia t m a t ö m x it o s h d m a t m f o a `h p r o p h l h a e h , `h s m e u f f iöi ö a y `h` h iai a t r ilil h . Y h s ää,, m s tmt m p h r h e il i l d h v h h s m r p u m st s t o m a m s f ma m a h m a m ` s ilil `o` o Z I Z m a H d é r ifif h h trtr h v é s e m `o`o s ia v o `u a t h r ioio s f o `h g o r h e o r m s g r itit è a if o s Vi Vid ö a G o `äv h r , Co s é Vh a D h r t ääaa , m t f . Y ssii h m s toto s u d h d o s q u m m ` r m su s u `t h e o e m `h`h p r h x i s   m s p h ø o `h nun u m `h`h iaia t m l r h f iiöö a e m p u m g `o s , h f u `t u r h f iiöö a y s iaia f r m ttiis d o p m r o , m a ó `t id h iaia s thth a f ihih , p m r v ivi v m a f ihih y m e u f h f iöiö a , f o d p r m a e m d o s q u m m x iiss t äh u a h d h s iviv h p o g `h f iiöö a o r iill iai a h `d`d m a t m h d m r iiff h a h h `h f u h ` se miée au ef iriors, my et hm d d g oié i ée ao pidi do rp qh ur éh gm `m`smttm.m r m `h`h tot o s ilil u iö m x p h a [o e r ähäh d o s m a t o a f m s e m f irir q u m s i M s p h ø h o g t u v o u a h l r h a v ifi f tot o r ihi h f o a t r h m ` W m iaia o ] a ie o m a `h l u m r r h m a `h q u m h y u e ö h `h`h iaia e m p m a e m a f ihih a o r tmtm h d m r ifif h a h , a o n u m a h e h f o d p h r h e h f o a `h l il i l h a t m sf sf h v if t o r ih i h q u m o g t i m a m W m iiaa o ] a ie o m a 8:8; - 88::75, m a s u h y u e h h `h`h iaia e m p m a e m a f ihih j is p h a o h d m ri r if h a h . @ h v ifi f t o r ihih m s p h ø o `h nu n u m e m ti t ip o d i`it h r , p m r o `h g r i-it è a if i f h ttuu v o u a h `f`f h a f m d u f j o d h y o r,r , p u m s s im a e o t h d g ié i é a m a p h r ttmm d i `it h r nun u m u a h v if to t o r iihh d o r h ``,, u a h v if to t o r ihih d ät if h y p r o p h l h a e äs titif h m a `h no n o r chch y s u s titit u f iöiö a e m `o`o s `u`u l h r m s f o d u a m s m a `o s q u m  

M @ D M A V CM V ] G @ ID ID IA @ EM U J

U F J M W .

Ma 899:, `h `h p r id m rh d ia is t rh rh e m ` Wm ia o ]a ie o , Dhr hrll hrm t Uj htf j m r, rm rm l h`ö u a h p `hf h f o a `h e m r ro ro th e m `h Ia v m a f ig `m h  Hu l u s to [ia o f j m t. M` e if th thee o r f j i`m a o m s t hg hg h g hco hr rm rm s t o e o d if i`ihrio m a @o a e rm s y f o a u a h o re re m a e m m x tr he he if iö a h Ms p hø h.    Y    U    U    M L

D]Y J IVUOWIH OWIH 8

 

  sm hsimath `h foafimafih em `os pumg`os. H`

ao poemr emrrothr di`ithrdmatm y sustituir h `os pumg`os jispèaifos, emgieo h `h emfisivh viftorih msphøo`h em` = em cu`io em 8:;< ma Gumaos Hirms, phsö h` p`ha G3 iafmaeihr sus lhahs em iaempmaemafih, iafithr`os h oeihr `o qum `os uaäh y, em mstm doeo, nrhldmathr`os, pmamtrhr, roghr `os dmth`ms prmfiosos y jhfmrsm dès threm foa m` foatro` em su

M@ J ] D O W I A L @É V X] M A O N H @U M.

G h ccoo m ` r u d o r e m ia v h s iiöö a a h p o `m ` m ö a if if h m a 8 < 9 : , Ch d m s L ii```r h y j h r è e ig u co co s e m p ro p h l h a e h h a t in r h a f m s h . M a ``hh iidd h l m a , uah em sus f h r ifif h t u r h s e m ` h ø o 8:; 5, t it u `h e h @’ H s s m d g `é m A h t io io a h `m .

HV F

ma Jisphaohdérifh. Vi ma Ial`htmrrh sirvm phrh dhatmamr mafmaeieh `h ``hdh em` pumg`o ma dododmatos einäfi`ms, ma m` duaeo jispèaifo ms h` rmvés, m` amlhtiv amlhtivo o notol notolrè󿬈 rè󿬈 fo fo33 si sirvm phrh hphlhr` phlhr`h. h.

WMF][MWHW @H ^MWEHE J IVUÖ WIFH  Ma mstm smatieo, ms urlmatm emsdoathr mstm rm`hto y

riqumzh. Hsä, em foamsphøo`ms `h eip`odhfih, `h fu`turh smslheh, `h fhpthfiöa qum foasiemrhroa propifios, hqum` rm`hto prophlhaeästifo em jéroms qum rmpm`imroa h `h Iavmafig`m em` tirhao msphøo` num hftuh`izheo phrh mafhchr iatmrmshehdmatm ma `os iemh`ms em `h I`ustrhfiöa. Hqum` dito em `h Iaquisifiöa, mstrumaeoshdmatm iasostmaig`m h` däaido fotmco foa `h vmrehe jistörifh, y uah idhlma em `h Msphøh emfidoaöaifh tha dh`vheh fodo `h em`  Z^I,, num  Z^I numro roa a rm rmssuf ufith ithe eos mxito xitoshdmatm tm..  Hsä,ä, trh  Hs trhs `h sugsil ilu uima imatmemrro rroth th di`ith i`ithrr e em m Msphøh øh,,  y trh trhss `h emfmpf pfiö iöa a em hqum um``o ``oss ial ialm mau auo os mdhaf afiipheorms, h ó`tidh jorh hrrmpmatieos, qum soøhroa foa uah aumvh Hdérifh uaieh y numrtm, m` Idpmrio sm nrhldmathrè ma gima trhzheos trofitos qum sm

rmfupmrhr vmrehe jistörifh fodp`mthdmatm eistorsioahehuah o smpu`theh ghco simtm `oshs. ha smpu`theh, qum smrè amfmshrih `h hftitue em` ph`moatö`olo qum mafumatrh ua jumso ma uah sidh, y phrh m` qum ms frufih` su `ofh`izhfiöa trieidmasioah` mxhfth hatms em su mxtrhffiöa, pums so`o rm`hfioaèaeo`o postmriordmatm f foa oa su f fhph hphmstrh trhtilrè󿬈 ti lrè󿬈 fh fh,, msemf emfiir, foa su épofh épo fh,, poerè poerè rmf rmfoas oastr trui uirr su p` p`m mao silai silai󿬈󿬈 fh fheo. eo. [um [umss jhlhdos `o disdo foa `hs hfushfioams vmrtiehs foatrh Msphøh, yh qum uah vmz ‚ph`moato`olizhehs’ y fodphrhehs di`idétrifhdmatm foa `hs prèftifhs fomtèamhs em otros phäsms, sm foavimrtma, em ua doeo rmh`dmatm iamspmrheo y ph`dhrio, por ua `heo ma iadmasos déritos msphøo`ms, y por m` otro, ma trmdmguaeos gudmrhams jhfih `os phäsms em orilma.

phupmrizhrèa. Vm foavmrtirè @htiaohdérifh, dufjhs ghaemrhs m jidaosma manrmatheos matrmfoa sä y h Msphøh, fodo jicos em ua eios dmaor. Ma rmsudiehs fumaths, `h emrroth em` mamdilo ms fodp`mth. riuano toth` em` phrheildh hatimsphøo`, thdgiéa

[mro mstm hsuato ao foasistm hfudu`hr ehtos, siao ma todhr foafimafih em `omaqum rmh`dmatm jh phsheo emgieo h ua dhamco dhlistrh` em` rm`hto, y ma rmfupmrhr postmriordmatm `h vmrehemrh jistorih, porqum ma m``h mstèa `hs ghsms dorh`ms em `h iema-

6

 

   Y    U    U    M    L

   Y    U    U    M    L

M` nuaeheor em `hs rmpóg`ifhs em `h Lrha Fo`odgih y Go`ivih, Vidöa Go`ävhr (8 D]Y JIVUOWIH 

 

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EOVNI NI@Ö @ÖV VONO ONOV VMV MV[ [HØO@ O@MV MV X]M [WM WM^ ^ I MWOA @H WM^ WM ^O@ O@]F ]FII ÖA UMFAO@ÖLI AO@ÖLI FH   H `h j o rh e m j hg `hr e m hu to rm s nu tu ris ris ths ths m s nè f i` o tm hr m ` j o riz o a tm m x trha cm ro y p o s hr a u m s trh d irhe h m a Is hhf Hs id o v  H``e o u s J u x `m y o L m o rl m Orw m ``. Vi  H Viaa m d g hrl o `h ﬈ `o s o näh m s p hø o `h tu v o m a s u Me he e m [`hth h l rha e m s p m a s h hee o rm s q u m ha h`izhr zhro a `h rm `hf iö a m a trm m ` j o d g rm y ``h h d è q u ia h. Em e o s e m m ``o s Dhräa Fiv m rh y @ @uu is Hg Hg he j hg `hrm d o s m a m s th o f hs iö a y h q u m s u o g rh o `v iiee he h m a m ` s o p `o ro g ö tif o e m ` nhs f is d o hf hg h e m s m r rm f u p m rhe h e m `h e m s d m d o rih.

D H W U H F O W G H @

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‐ Eo s j o dg dgrm rmss f o atm atmdp dp `h `ha a m` m` dh dhrr. Vu Vu s e o s dirhe dirhe hs sm p im imre re ma ma ma m` m` f hr hrhfo hfo `mo e m `h `hss o `hs, ma `hss irishfio am `h amss sia a e m` hl u h. H `o `mco s sm v m m` j o riz o atm atm.. H`` H``èè sm e mtim timam ama a hdg hdghs, hs, u a gu gu ma tim ti mdp o . Ms `h `h `äa äam mh v hp o ro sh p o r `h `h q u m m` p hsh hshee o , su p hsh hshee o , p hrm rmfm fm e msv ham amfm fmrsm rsm y m` nu tu ro , su nu tu ro , p ro au afih afihrr u a q u mci ciee o ia iahp hp rm rmasig asig``m. Mstè a h o ri` ri```hs e m` Dm Dmee it itm mrrè am amoo , dh dhrr q u m `ms v io ahfm ahfmrr. [m [mro ao sm mafu matrh atrha a m` m` u ao h` `h `hee o e m` o tro , ma m` m` disdo disdo sitio . Ma rm rmh` h`ie ie he ao sm f o ao f ma2 au afh, sm smll u rh rhdm dmatm atm,, sm f o ao f mrè a. ]ao mstè ma `h `h o ri` ri``h `h mu ro p mh y o tro ma `h `h hn hnrifhah rifhah—— .

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oa mstm pèrrhno sm hgrm m` prö`olo em Ma pos em ua aumvo a umvo judhai sdo , uah ua h rmfo rmfopi pi`` hfi hfi öa em mash mashyos yos qum rmóam `os msfritos em Dhräa Fivmrh Dhrtä Dhrt ä amz ( 89;; 89;;-89 -89, dodmato ma m` qum sm h`isth vo`uathrihdmatm ma `hs di`ifihs em emnmash em Dherie. Ma m` høo 69, foa m` rmsu`theo em `h lumrrh emfieieo, m` dhmstro sm vm og`ilheo h juir em Msphøh emgieo h sus dufjos høos ma `h `ufjh por `h fhush rmpug`ifhah y dhrxisth. Jhsth `h ``mlheh em `h Lumrrh Fivi`, jhgäh tmaieo uah hdp`ih phrtifiphfiöa po`ätifh, yh qum num fhgmzh visig`m em  Hff  Hf fiö iöa a Wmpug`ifh `ifhah, hlrup ruphfiöa iöa

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[HWUIEO WM[]G@IFHAO WHEI F H@. D hr hrfm fm``iao Eod ial o V hacuè a 8 : : 5 8 9 6 9 2 ma ma m` fmatro em `h id hl ma) nuaeö mstm mstm p hrt hrtieo ieo ma 8 9 7 9 y sm foavirtiö ma su `äemr @h hl rup hfiöa fiöa H ff ffiiöa W mp ug `ifhah em em H z hø h, em `h q qu um @u @uiis H g he num num fhg fhg mz h v viisig `m, sm nusioahräh foa m` p hrt hrtie ieo o em Eod ial o.

  threm sm nusioahräh foa m` [hrtieo Wheifh`-Vo-

emsem H`ifhatm. Via mdghrlo, pofo emspués em qum

fih`isth emiDhrfm`iao Eodialo. hlitheh m`aguqum h tOrèa, fhpturheo épofh épo fhem dp`i dp`if fhf hfiiöa ssof ofiih`, m`Eurhatm 󿬈 `ösono ösonomsth ao sso`o o`o ao  cua  cu to foahrrigm sus vmiat ia m fodm` phdhmstro ømro ross y hpms ris risio ioah ahe eo ma emchrè em msfrigir, siao qum smrè fhphz em frmhr uah m` fhdpo em foafmatrhfiöa em Goljhri, duy fmrem sus ogrhs fudgrms3 Vmati matieo eo psifo`ölifo em `h nm-  nm-  fhem` em` Vèjh èjhrh. rh. r rhs hsua ttiimd mdpo po rmf rmf`u `uiieo, m m`` 󿬈 `ös ösono, ono, `ifiehe (8965). quima thdgiéa mrh ua piator duy eimstro, num fhphz em sh`ir ma `igmrthe `umlo em rmh`izhr`m h` smfrmthrio em prisioams ua rmtrhto qum emgiö smr em su hlrheo. ]A H@DMWIMAVM H@DMWIMAVM MA @H FOVUH Eurhatm `h postmrior eéfheh rmsieiö ma Orèa, eoa H  HN NWIFHAH  em sm sostimam ehaeo f`hsms em dhtmdètifhs m ial`és ‐ M` i asth asthatm atm ao m mss ua dodmato ia iafo foathg`m athg`m em em``  y thd thdgiéa iéa foa `h vmathem sus prop ropios ios fuhero ross. Ma ori ``h hh hnr nriifhah, m m`` 󿬈 `ös `ösono ono rm rmh`izh h`izh vh vhri rih hs mxpos mxposiitimdpo, siao m` amfmshrio phrh fhpthr uah situhfiöa `h ori`` vith`, m` qum amfmsithdos phrh todhr uah emfisiöa, fioams qum `m jhrèa `hgrhrsm ua nuturo fodo hraofiöa ma `h fuh` sm vm f`hrhdmatm qum m` timdpo sm tisth. @h pridmrh tuvo `ulhr ma `h lh`mräh em hrtm `igmrö em` msphfio, y h` jhfmr`o sm judhaizö matrha- em Orèa y `h smluaeh ma `h fiuehe hrlm`iah em Viei Gm` Hggms. Dès threm, ``mlheos `os h`iheos h `hs foseo ma `os p`haos em `h vo`uathe—. ( Iasthatm asthatmy vo`uathe , @uis Hghe).

Ma su pridmr iatmato em mxi`ihrsm, Hghe trhth em juir ma ua ghrfo fhrgoamro gritèaifo ``hdheo

ths @uis Hghe onrmfmrè h eifjo mcérfito sushrlm`iahs, smrvifios fodo iatérprmtm y smrè fodmathristh rheionöaifo y maviheo mspmfih` ma Whght. hdgiéa

Vthagroob qum mvhfuhgh rmnuliheos rmpug`ifhaos

eurhatm mstos mstos titimd mdpos pos trheuco ogr ogrhs hsem` iial`és al`és y em`

8 8 5  D ] Y J I V U O W I H

 

@H D H V O A MW Ä H MA MV [H Ø H

U

ha to to D hr hräa F iivv mrh f o d o @ u is H g he he n u m rroo a d im imd g ro ro s h f r me me it h hee o s e m `h `h nr nrha f d hs hs o a m mrräh ma ma M s p h ø h . D im im a att rh rh s q u m F iviv m rrh h m ma a tr trö m a `h o re m a m a m ` h ø o 8 9 7 = , H g he he ms p m rrh hräh j hs t h `o`o s hø o s 6 ; p hrh h﬈ h﬈ `ihrs m . E m mss e m ma ma ttoo a f m s , `h o g rrh hem h d g o s ﬈ `ö s o n o s ms t u v o ia ﬇ u ie h p o r `o s p ria f ip io s d hs hs o a ms e m `o s hø o s 6 ; 3 t o `mrha f ih rm `i`il io s h, M s t he o `hif o y v h`o rm s e m d doo f rè t if o s . ] a h v mz ``ml he h `h e if t h e u rh nr nrh a aqq u is t h, h, N rrh ha aff is f o N rrh ha aff o f rm ö `h @ my my p h rrh h `h `h W mp mp rm s i ö a e m `h `h D hs hs o a m mrräh y m `

F o d u a isis d o , q u m f o a th thg h f o a s u p ro p io t rig u a h `. @ o s v h`o rms m id p `if hf io a ms ms e m `h ia ia s t iitt u f iö a d dh hs o a h n u mro a p m rrss ml u ie o s e ms e m m m`` ms t h``ie o e m ``h h L u mrrh F iviv i` p o r p hrt m e m` M cé cé rf it o s u g `m `mv h e o . D Dh hräa F iv iv mrh ````m l ö h s m r ``hd he he o y h f u s he o e m d dh hs ö a m a u a p ro f ms o cu e if ih ` 7 ; hø o s d è s t hre m e m s u ia l rms o m a `h j m rd h a e he .

nrhafés h` fhstm``hao, y vifmvmrsh. oeo m``o foatriguirè h qum m` hrtisth pumeh vihchr h [hräs pofo timdpo emspués y rmuairsm hsä foa su ducmr, `h eoftorh Hatoaih Fhsti``o, qum `o hluhrehgh h``ä (so`o ``mvhgh mvhgha a fh fhsh sheos eos sm smiis dms dmsms ms) .

M@UIMD UIMD[OEM@IIAVUHAUM AVUHAUM M` doemrheo éxito em @uis Hghe fodo hrtisth p`èstif tifmshrio fo ssmrè mrèphrh m m`` qum ah`dmatm `m o otorlum torlum ei eiamro amro ir h󿬈Nrhafih. Huaqum msth m` phsiöa poramm` ö`mo hem`lhzö ma lrha phrtm su proeuffiöa `itmrhrih, ma su mthph nrhafmsh smräh fhphz em fodphliahr m` `imazo foa `h p`udh em uah dhamrh fhsi öptidh. Vmrè ma mstos nruftänmros høos eoaem m` hutor rmfo`mftm toeo ua uaivmrso dmthnäsifo y fu`tivm ua doeo propio em 󿬈 `oso `osonänäh. h. H fodimazosem `os h høos øos=;, fodgiah sus mstueios ma `h Vorgoah foa smr pronmsor em msphøo` ma m` @yfém Jmari I^. [mro thdgiéa vo`fhrè lrha phrtm em su htmafiöa ma fo`hgorhr foa sus m mash ashyos yos 󿬈 `osö󿬈 osö󿬈 fo foss ma ei eivmrsh vmrshss pug` pug`iifh fhfioams fioams.. Ma m` m` høo 89=6, m m`` 󿬈 `ösono ösono y su nhdi` nhdi`iih pueimroa ssm mr hf hfol oliieos 󿬈 ah`dmatm m ma aD Dé éxi xifo fo.. h ha a so`o ua høo dès threm, sh`erè h `h `uz thato ma `maluh nrhafmsh

rmvisths fodo Fuhemraos Hdmrifhaos  o Judhais-  do  y eihrios fodo M` Ahfioah` o Mxfé`sor. Ao ms jhsth h`fhazhr ua iadmaso rmforrieo ma `hs judhaiehems, yh ma m` høo 89=>, fuhaeo m` hjorh sm smxhl xhlmah mahrrio 󿬈 `ös ösono ono foas foasiilum ua pums pumsto to em fh fhtmtmerètifo ma `h ]aivmrsiehe Ahfioah` Hutöaodh. rhs uah eéfheh mcmrfimaeo su dès heu`th dhmstr trääh m ma a toeos `os hs hspm pmftos ftosqum `o em em󿬈󿬈 ama ((pi piator, ator, dhm dh mstro y 󿬈 `öso `ösono) no),, Hgh Hghe e em emf fiem p piiafm afm`hr `hr su cugi cugi-`hfiöa mxtrhøheh H`dmräh,dodmatos foafrmthdmatm ma `h vi``h ma emsu Lèeor. Vus ó`tidos emchroa phrh `h mtmraiehe su ogrh pöstudh3 [rmsmafih vivh em` jodgrm hftuh` (89 qum rmproeuf rmproeufm mh h``luahs pia piatur turhs hsem` em` 󿬈 `ös ösono. ono. @ui @uiss  Hgh  Hg he nh``m nh``mf fmrèh `os `os høos. Ma su H`d H`dm mräh ahth` th` y vith` silum simaeo rmforeheo fodo m` dhmstro qum foa em`ifheos trhzos y ph`hgrhs fo`oriehs fuieö em di`ms em ianhafihs matiatheo em ua mspäritu rmvo`ufioahrio y ua hnmfto phrtifu`hr por `h msmafih judhah dès purh.

fodo ma fhstm``hao ogrhs dès aothg`ms3  HD @h `os onä onäh h em` em` iasthuah atm .em  HDHWWHEOV MA ]AH OWI@@H FODÓ A Aosus ogsthatm, `os pridmros høos ma m` phäs hztmfh rmsu`throa iajöspitos phrh m` [hrh [hrh matr matrm`hzh m`hzhrr eos g giiolrhnä olrhnähs hstha ei eissofihehsfodo fodo 󿬈 `ösono, ösono, quima gus gusfh fhrè tr triiuan uanhr hr f foa oa ssu u hrtm, ````m mlh lhaa- `hs em Fivmrh y Hghe, num amfmshrio trmazhr ua fhgo eo h rmh`izhr audmroshs mxposifioams. H pmshr em nhg nhgri rif fhe heo o em 󿬈 `os osonä onäh h judhais aisth y rm󿬇 mxi xioam oamss sog ogrm rm smr rmfoaofieo su vh`or fodo msfritor, Hghe emgm- `h fu`turh em `h prish, `h fodpmtitiviehe, `h nm`ifiehe, rè dhatmamrsm h ghsm em msfritos do`emheos phrh m` trhghco o `h rm`hfiöa em` jodgrm foa `h tmfao`oläh. Fumstioams vith`ms y pmreurhg`ms qum foatiaóha simaeo em lrha rm`mvhafih joy y nordha phrtm em aumstrh étifh, y fuyo vh`or hudmath h dmeieh qum aumstrh empmaemafih tmfao`ölifh aos hgsorgm dès. Fivmrh y Hghe fodmazhroa su hvmaturh dmthnäsifh ma ori``hs opumsths, pmro su pmashdimato prmfoz y nutur nuturiisth dh dhati atimam mam su `ml `mlheo heo h 󿬇 otm. Ogrhs fodo fodo Ma pos em ua aumvo judhaisdo  sm  sm mafumatrha

Ia if ih ro a s u  h v m a tu r h d m th näs if h m a o r i``h s o p u m s t h s , p , p m ro r o `m s

u a iö iö s u p m a s h d im a to p r m f o z y nu nu tu r is th

joy rozhaeo `hs fudgrms em` sil`odèquiahs ZZI y htrhvmshaeo smeidmatos em rhsfhfim`os, judhaizhehs, tirhaähs em h`loritdos y toth`ithrisdos

tmfao`ölifos.

 

D]Y J IVUOWI VUOWIH H 88=

 

JIVUOWIH H@UMWAH H@UMWAHUI^H  UI^H 

¿ Y s i `h Wmvo`ufiöa Wmvo`ufiöa Fhatoah` j u g im rh triu a nhe o ? @h [rid m rh Wm p ó g `if h Ms p hø o `h s m `m s nu m e m `hs d ha o s h a u m s tro s ha tm p hs he o s . @o s nm e m rh`is ths ia trha s il il m a tm s s m rm g m `hro a f o a trh m ` l o g im ra o f m a trh` y p ro f `hd hro a f ha to a m s iiaa e m p m a e im a tm s m a  H  Haa e h`u f äh Hrh rhll ö a ^h`m a f ih y Du rf ih. ¿ Xu é j hg räh räh p hs he o s i s m j u g im rha rha id p u m s to h `o s u a io a is ths ths ? [OW COVÉ [HWEIAH 

^

mrhao rhao e m 8 : < 6 . Msp hø h ms u ah Wmp ó g`if h e mse m j hf m hp mahs ahs f u htro tro dmsms. dm sms. Nrhaf Nrhaf isf o [i y Dhrl Dhrl h``, su y h sm smll u ae o p rmsie sie matm, j h su fm fmee ie o h` thdg thdgié ié a f hth` th`è a Ms thais`h thais`hoo Nil u mrhs, rhs, q u m hf hgh e m e iditir iditir y j u ir h Nrh Nrhaf af ih trhs trhs u ah e mf `hrh rhff iö a p hr`h r`hdm dmath athrih rih q u m p hs hrè h `h j isto rih3 rih3 ‐V ‐Vm mø o rms, rms, y h ao hl u hat atoo dè s. ^o y h smr` smr`m ms nrh nrhafo afo 3 ¡msto ¡msto y j hsth `o s f o co am amss e m to e o s ao so tro s!—. s!—. Ghrfm Ghrfm``o aés, e o f to r m ma a Emrm Emrmff j o , f matristh atristh y sm smash ashto to ,

f hatö atö a `haz hrh su s p ro p ih ihss p ro f `hdh dhs, s, `o s su g` g`m mv he o s f o ia iaff ie äh äha a ma ma rrm mf `hdh dhrr `h e msti stitu tu f iö a e m `hs h huu to rie rie he ms l u gmrgmrah ahti tivv hs p ro v ia iaff ih ih``ms y cu rise rise iff io ah` ah`ms, `h hg o `i f i ö a e m `o s i dp dp u ms t o s i dp dp o p u `hrms, rms, `h mx p ro p ih ihff iö a e m `o s gimam imamss mf `msièstif sièstif o s, m` iae u `to h `o s p rmso rmso s p o `äti tiff o s, `h e msh shpp hrif rif iö a e m` Mcé Mcé rfit rfitoo y su s u s tit titu f iö a p o r di di `i`if ihs p o p u `hrm rmss y m` rmf rmf o ao f id idim imat atoo e m `hs p hrtifu rtifu `hrie rie he ms y ‚j mf j o s e in inm mrmaf rmaf ih ih``ms’ e m f he h f hat atöö a.

`h l u mrrh h Dh Dhee rie y h [ru sih trh trhss j hgmr gmr so `if ithe ithe o no rdh rdh``dmatm dmatm h` p rmsie rmsie matm ]`y ss ms V. V. Lrh Lrhat at `h `h p ro tmf tmf f iö a y gh ghae ae mrh e m Ms th the o s ]ai ]aiee o s . @o s h hff o at atm mf idim idimat atoo s s o grm grmp hshro shro a h [i y Dh Dhrl rl h``, q u m e iditi ditiöö m` 8 : e m cu `io e m 8 : < 6 t r hs hs i a ann ru ru f t u o s hs hs a m mll o f i hf hf i o a ms ms f o a ``oo s ia iasu su rr rrm mf to s p hrh ao u ti ti``izh izhrr h h`` Mcé Mcé rf i ttoo . M` l o gi mrao mrao q u m `m s u s titu titu y ö , p r ms ie i e i e o p o r A iiff o `è s Vh`d mr ö a e u rh rhat atm m s o `o u a d dm ms y dm dmee i o , ao v hf i`ö

[i y Dhrl Dhrl h`` trh trhth thrè rè e m id idpp u `shr `h `h au mv h Fo ast astiitu f iö a rm rmp u g`if hah f o a u a hdhdgifio so p ro l rhdh rhdh e m rmno rmno rdhs rdhs s o f ih ih``ms. Au af h `o f o as ml ml u irè . @h rm rmss p u ms th h s u p o `ätif tif h e m ‐ o re ma y p ro l rmso rmso — p o r p hrtm rtm e m `o s nme nme mrh` rh`isth isths mx tr trm mdo s ‖ `h iz q u imre imre h p o p u `isth isth e m `h é p o f h‖ s mrè mrè h hg ghae o ah ahrr `h `hs F o rtm rtms f o a u a p o r tth hz o y mx j o r th thr h s u s f o r rm rm`il io ah ahri rioo s h `h `h n o rdh rdhff i ö a e m f hato ato am amss y cu ath aths rmv rmv o `u f io ahrih ahrihss iae mp mae im imat atm ms e m Dh Dhee rie rie . Eo s s mdh mdhah ahss e ms p u é s e m s u e ms mrf iö a p hr`hdm r`hdmath athrih rih,, `h rmv rmv u m`th ms ms u a j mf j o ma Du rfih, rfih, ^h` ^h`maf ih ih,, Hae h`u f äh y Hrhl Hrhl ö a. J hsth u ah to th` th` e m 6 7 p ro -

@h Wm Wmvv o `u f iö a Fhato Fhato ah` ah`, htizhe h h` p riafip riafip io p o r `o`o s h hah ahrfo rfo sia siaee ifh` ifh`isth sthss e m `h [ridmrh [ridmrh Iatmrahf Iatmrahf io ah` ( H IU ) , s m iaif ih v io `mathdm athdmat atm m ma H `f o y m` 9 e m cu `io f o a  `h rmvo`th em` pmtro`i , y ma `o `o s e ähs ähs s il u im imatm atmss s m m mxx tim timae ae m h F hrth rthll mah, ah, ^h^h`maf ih ih,, Du rfih y Hae h`u f äh äh,, q u m nu ae hro a ``oo s f hato ato ams ams f u y h f o a󿬇 u maf i h igh h f o as titu ir, tm tmöö rif hdmatm dmatm,, `h ghs ghs m e m `h au mv h Wm Wmpp ó g`ifh g`ifh Nm Nme mrh` rh` Msp hø o `h. @o f imrto rto ms q u m du f j o s e m ms o s f hat atoo ams ams

ma j hf mr` r`oo , p mro tu v o q u m smr smr m` m` f u hrt rtoo p rmsie rmsie mat atm m rmp rmp u g` g`ifh ifhao ao ma dm dmao ao s e m u a hø o , m` p o s igi` igi`isth isth Mdi`io Mdi`io Fhstm Fhstm`h `hr, r,q u ima ima s o dm dmtim timrh rh h `h iias as u dish Fhrt Fhrth hl mah m m`` 8 7 e m mamro amro e m 8 : < 5 , u ah smdh smdhah ah e msp u é s e m` l o `p m e m` l mam amrh rh`` [hv äh q u m p o ae rä räh h 󿬈 a h` h` m msp sp mcisdo cisdo e m `h Wmp Wmp ó g` g`ifh ifh.. ¿ X u é j hgr äh äh p hs he he o s i `o s m mxx h`t he o s f hato ah ah``isths isths s m j u gim gimrha rha sh` sh`ie ie o f o a `h `h s u y h? ¿ F ö do j hgräh räh mv o `u f i o ahe ahe o hq u m` hq u m`h `hrrm rrm e o ae m s m dm dmzz f `h `hgh gha a nm nmee mrhrh`isdo , f hato ah` ah`isdo , s o f ih` ih`isdo , hahrahrq u isdo , hat atifh ifhpp ith` th`isdo y e mdo f rhf rhf ih? ih? [ro ghg`m ghg`mdm dmatm atm,, m` p häs s m j hgräh e ms iatml tml rhe rhe o . [mro ao nu m hsä3 hp mahs ahs j u go

v iaf ih ihss s m `mv hath athrè rè a m ma ah hrdh rdhss f o atrh m` Lo gimrao imrao f matrh atrh`` fo a rmiv rmiv iae iae ifh ifhff io ams ams p mrm rmll riahs riahs y tha tha h hcm cmah ahss h` rmp rmp u g` g`if if haisdo f o do `h p u l ah matrm atrm Gh Ghrg rgh hstro y J u ms f h p o r `h `h f hp hp ith`ie he p ro v iaf iih h`. H p ms hr hr e m q u m a u a f h j u go u a f u hrtm` tm` l mam amrh rh`` e m `h rmgm rmgm``iö a y e m q u m f he h

sm e mf `hrhro rhro a iae mp mae im imatm atms, s, so gm gmrh rh-a o s y hu tö ao do s e m` rms to to y he o p thro a s u p r o p ih p o `ät iiff h h,, s u p o `i f äh r ml ml i o a h h`` y s u p ro p ih d o a me me h, e if t ha ha e o a o r dh dhtiv hs m mxx trhv trhv hl hatms atms y au mv hs nro atmrh atmrhss f o a su s v mf ia iaoo s. Lrh Lrhahe ahe h hgriö riö j o sti sti``ie he ms f o atrh Ché a, y Fhrth Fhrthl mah e mf `hrö

u a fm fmat atm mahr ahr e m du mrt rtoo s y j mrie rie o s. Y ``h h f it ith h hp ö f rinh rinh e m` f haf i` i```mr Gisdh Gisdhrf rf b , q u m f o grh su v mre he mro smat smatie ie o h `h v isth isth e m `o q u m p u e o s u f me me mr 3 ‐ M s p hø h ms m` m` p häs dès nu mrt rtm m e m` du ae o . @` @`m mv h sil `o s q u mrim rimae o e mstru irsm irsm h sä di disdh sdh y to e hv äh a o `o j h f o a s ml ml u ie o —. — . DJ

FO A UW D EW IE Y FOA UW [W] VI

[o e räh j hg m r s u f m e ie o ... ¡y s u f m e iö 87 e m cu `io e m 8: 9 j hsth m` ﬈ a em `h [rid rid mrh W m ó g `if `ifh 8 : < 5 ) . Ma `h id hl ma `o `os s p rm rmsi sie ematms tms em msth sth ‖ V h` h`dd mröa röa iz eh ) y [i y D hrl h``‖ h``‖ p oama ore rem ma ma m` chrea chrea em ianh ianha afih nm nme emrh` rh` y p rm rmf fhatoah`is h`isth th

8 > em eifimdgrm em 8 : < 6

Urhs 7; eähs em hsmeio, m` nmemrh`isth Woqum Ghrfih sm hfolm h `h protmffiöa em` prmsiematm ]`yssms V. Lrhat y `m so`ifith `h iaforporhfiöa em Fhrthlmah h Mstheos ]aieos, phrh poemr mahrgo`hr su ghaemrh y mvithr `os

dhrttms dhr

8 7 em mam amrro em 8 : < 5

`u am ams s

 H  Ha atoømtm y sus smluieo ieorms sm mdghrfha ma `h nrhlhth hforhzheh Audhafih y juyma h Orèa, ma Hrlm`ih m a `h id hl m a ) . Htrès emcha `h [ridmrh Wmpóg`ifh Msphøo`h y uah fiuehe foa fimatos em dumrtos y jmrieos y m` ; - 8 9 > ; . @ h f o `m f f iiöö a L o a z è ` m z - D o r o ’ Msth pridmrh dumstrh emeifheh ma m` dusmo foruøés em nordh doaolrè﬈ doaolr è﬈ fh h `h doeh trht trhth h em hfmrfhraos `os usos y fostud-

 ^i  ^ihc hcm m h `h tmf tmfao` ao`olä oläh h em uah épofh ma `h qum Dherie, smem em `h fortm em `os Hustrihs, mrh hemdès m` fmatro em` foaofidimato fimatä﬈ fimatä﬈ fo y téfaifo. @os dmcorms hrtisths y shgios vmaäha phrh rmh`izhr hdgifiosos proymftos em hrquitmfturh jierèu`ifh o ialmaimräh fivi`. Uhdgiéa ``mlhroa `os dès idporthatms trhtheos em mshs dhtmrihs y, matrm m``os, lrha phrtm em `h ogrh dhausfrith em @moahreo eh ^iafi.

grms hsofiheos h uahs épofhs emtmrdiahehs em `h jistorih, rm`hfioahaeo `hs pimzhs em iaeudmathrih y `os fodp`mdmatos (ma foafrmto, em 8:>; h 89>;) pmrtmamfimatms h `h fo`mffiöa tmxti` em `h nhdi`ih foruømsh Loazè`mz-Doro foa `hs ogrhs em hrtm em `h fo`mffiöa pmrdhamatm em` dusmo.

W m h ` H f h e m d ih e m G m ````h s H r t m s e m V h a N m r a h a e o D h e r ie ) . J h s t h m ` 8 > e m d h y o .

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D u s m o e m G m `h` h s H r t m s e h F o r u ø h . J h s t h m ` 85 e m d h r z o .

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vheor Eh`ä h phrtir em `h ogrh `itmrhrih Lhrlhatóh y [hathlrum` , msfrith msfrit h por Nrhaì ois Whgm`his Whgm`his ma m` sil`o Z^I. @h dumstrh hfmrfh h` póg`ifo su nhfmth em i`ustrheor h trhvés em 7= `itolrhnähs.

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‚Foafmpfiöa Hrmah`. @h phsiöa judhaisth 8:7;-8:96’ Amfmshrih mxposifiöa qum Amfmshrih q um prmtmaem emsthfhr pmrsoah` m jistörifhdmatm (fudp`ieos  yh `os 7;; hø høos os em s su u ahf ahfid idima imato) to) h m mst sth h lrha emsfoaofieh phrh m` póg`ifo msphøo`, `h pmasheorh dès idporthatm em` sil`o ZIZ  y ﬈ lur lurh hf f`h `hvm vm em ``h hf fu`t u`tur urh hm msph sphøo` øo`h hm ma a ``h h norch em uah foafimafih ahfioah` `igmrh`.

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CMWÖAIDO JMWWMWH   M a m s t m `i ` ig r o p ö s t u d o , J m r rmr m r h , e o f t o r m a N i`o `o l äh J isis p è a if h , a h r rh r h f o a r il o r y e o f u d m a t h f iöi ö a e m p r id m r h d h a o f ö d o s m l m s ttöö e m s e m e m a t r o m ` ``h d h e o D o t äa e m M s q u i`h f j m , q u m t u v o `u l h r e u r h a t m m ` r m ia i a h e o e m F h r `o`o s III. H`  H`dd u z hrh. 78 9; m u ro s . H z ø . @ o s q u m `m `m `` d è g d o s e o a D a u m ` 

COVMNIAH FHWHGIHV  D è s q u m u a h g io l r h n äh e m ` q u m n u m r h p r m s iiee m a t m e m ``hh W m p ó g `if h e m ` 8 8 e m d h y o e m 89 6> h ` 6 e m d h r z o e m 8 9 6 9 , m s u a h s m d g `h a z h p m r s o a h `ä ` äs idid h e m ``hh h u t o r h , u a h e m `h ` h s p io a m r h s e m ` p m r io e is d o m a a u m s t r o p h äsäs q u m v ivi v iöiö u a h é p o f h j is t ö r if h . Vm ix Ghrrh Ghrrh``. 7; m u ro s .

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@H]WH DHASHAMWH   M s `h`h j is t o r ihih e m `h ` h s d u cm r m s q u m t u v im r o a q u m v m s t ir s m e m j o d g r m s p h r h v iivv irir m a `ig m r tthh e . E m s e m e o a f m ``h s l u m r rmrm r h s , p ir h t h s y `o `o g h s e m d h r h s o ``ee h e m r h s m s p h ø o `h `h s , p h s h a e o p o r v ihih cmc m r h s , f im i m a t ä﬈ f h s , f r m h e o r h s y r m i a h s . [ria ria f ip h`. 89 m u ro s . E i r io e m u a

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`h j is t o r ih e m u a h d u cm r a h z i h q u iimm a `h h d is t h e y m ` h d o r `m j h r è a e u e h r e m s u s f o a v iiff f io a m s . A o s d u m s ttrr h m ` J o `o f h u s t o e m s e m m ` p u a t o e m v iiss t h , p o f o j h g it u h `, e m `o s h `m`m d h a m s q u m f m r r h r o a `o s o co s h a t m m ` j o r r o r. Me if io a m s G. 78 9; m u ro s .

G r m v m j is t o r i e m Ia l ` t m r r VIDOA CMABIAV  ] a o e m `o`o s p m r io e is tthh s d è s r m s p m t h e o s e m L rh rh a G rm t h ø h m a t r m `h` h z h p m r s o a h cm s y j m f j o s f `h v m e m `h j is t o r ihih ia l `m s h 3 m ` a h f id im a t o e m ` p h ääss , s u h s f m a s o f o d o p o t m a f ihih d u a e ih ` y s u p o s t m r iioo r e m f `iv m p h r f iihh ``.. [ h r h f o d p r m a e m r s itit u h f iioo a m s d è s r m f im a t m s f o d o m ` G r m x it . Ms n m r h e m `o s @ig ro s . 78 9; m u ro s .

M ` A o r t m e m ` Id p m r io   WOGMWU LOOE\IA  Um cciim a e o u a t h p iz é p if o f o a `h g io l r h n äh e m m x p `o r h e o r m s y f o a q u iiss tthh e o r m s y e m p m r s o a h cmc m s d m a o s f o a o f iiee o s , m ` h u t o r a o s e m s f u g r m `h h p h s iioo a h a t m j is t o r ih e m `h s p h r ttmm s e m M s tthh e o s ] a ieie o s q u m p m r t m a m f im r o a h M s p h ø h . [ri [ria f ip h`. 7= 9; m u ro s . J is is t o r i e m Ms p ø d o e m r a f o a tm d p o rè a m

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LMOWLMV [MWMF  F o a d o v m e o r h o g rh e m u a o e m `o s l r h a e m s h u t o r m s e m `h s `m t rrhh s n r h a f m s h s s o g r m `h iiaa d il r h f iö a m u r o p m h h M s t h e o s ] a ie o s m a m ` Z IZ y s u m p if m a t r o , `h p m q u m ø h is ``hh e m M ````is , ccuu a t o h `h M s tthh t u h e m `h @ igig m r t h e e m A u m v h Yo r b .

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