12th Std Formula
March 15, 2017 | Author: gowsikh | Category: N/A
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CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY 1 To change from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, for X write r cos θ and for y write r sin θ .
To change from polar coordinates to cartesian coordinates, for r2 write
2
X2 + y2 ; for r cos θ write X, for r sin θ Write y and for tan θ
.
write
.
3 Distance between two points (X1, Y1 ) and (X2 , Y2 ) is x 2 x 1 y2 y1
4
Distance of ( x1 , y1 ) from the origin is x
5 Distance between (r1 , θ 1 ) and (r2 , θ2 ) is 6
2 2
y 1 1
2 2
r 2 r1 r2 cos θ2 θ1 1 2 Coordinates of the point which divides the line joining (X1 , Y1 ) and
r
(X2, Y2 ) internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :-
, ( m1 + m2 0 )
7. Coordinates of the point which divides the line joining (X1 , Y1 ) and (X2 ,Y2 ) externally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :
, (m1 – m2 0)
8. Coordinates of the mid-point (point which bisects) of the seg. Joining (X1, y1) and (X2 y2 ) are :
,
9. (a) Centriod is the point of intersection of the medians of triangle. (b) In-centre is the point of intersection of the bisectors of the angles of the triangle. (c) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the right (perpendicular) bisectors of the sides of a triangle. (d) Orthocentre is the point of intersection of the altitudes (perpendicular drawn from the vertex on the opposite sides) of a triangle. 10.Coordinates of the centriod of the triangle whose vertices are (x1 , y1 ) ; (x2 , y2 ) ; ( x3 , y3 ) are
!
"
11. Coordinates of the in-centre of the triangle whose vertices are A
(x1 ,y1) ; B (x2 ,y2 , ) ; C (x3 ,y3 ) and 1 (BC ) # a, 1 (CA) # b, 1 (AB) # c. are$
% & ' %&'
!
% & ' %&'
(.
12 Slope of line joining two points (x1 ,y1) and (x2 ,y2 )is m#
13. Slope of a line is the tangent ratio of the angle which the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis. i.e. m # tan θ
14. Slope of the perpendicular to x-axis (parallel to y –axis) does not exist, and the slope of line parallel to x-axis is zero.
15.
Intercepts: If a line cuts the x-axis at A and y-axis at B then OA is Called intercept on x-axis and denoted by “a” and OB is called intercept on y-axis and denoted by “b”.
16. X# a is equation of line parallel to y-axis and passing through (a, b) and y # b is the equation of the line parallel to x-axis and passing through (a, b).
17. X# 0 is the equation of y-axis and y # 0 is the equation of x-axis.
18. Y # mx is the equation of the line through the origin and whose slope is m.
19. Y# mx +c is the equation of line in slope intercept form. 20.
%
+
) &
# 1 is the equation of line in the Double intercepts form,
where “a” is x-intercept and “b” is y-intercept.
21. X cos a + y sin a # p is the equation of line in normal form, where “p” is the length of perpendicular from the origin on the line and α is the
angle which the perpendicular (normal) makes with the positive direction of x-axis.
22. Y – Y1 # m (x –x1 ) is the slope point form of line which passes through (x1 , y1)and whose slope is m.
23. Two points form: - y-y1 #
)
(x –x1) is the equation of line which
Passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
24. Parametric form :-
'+, -
#
,./ -
# r is the equation of line which
passes through the point (x1 y1 )makes an angle θ with the axis and r is the distance of any point (x, y) from ( x1, y1 ).
25. Every first degree equation in x and y always represents a straight line ax + by + c # 0 is the general equation of line whose. (a) Slope # -
0 1
#-
'+234.'.2/5 +3
(b) X - intercept # -
(c) Y- intercept # -
'+34.'.2/5 +3 6
0 6
1
26. Length of the perpendicular from (x1, y1 ) on the line ax + by + c # 0 is !
%&' ! √%8 &8
27. To find the coordinates of point of intersection of two curves or two lines, solve their equation simultaneously.
28. The equation of any line through the point of intersection of two given lines is
(L.H.S. of one line) +K (L.H.S. of 2nd line) # 0 (Right Hand Side of both lines being zero)
TRIGONOMETRY
29. SIN29 + Cos29 # 1; Sin2 9 # 1 - Cos2 9 , Cos2 9 # 1 – Sin2 9
30. tan θ #
=>? @
6A= @
Cosec 9 #
; cot 9 #
=>? @
6A= @ =>? @
; cot 9 #
; sec 9 #
B0? @
6A= @
31. 1 + tan2 9 # sec2 9 ; tan2 9 # sec2 9 - 1 ; Sec2 9 - tan2 9 # 1
32. 1 + cot2 9 # cosec2 ; cot2 9 # cosec2 9 -1;
33.
Cosec29 - cot2 9 # 1 Y
Only sine and cosec
all trigonometric
are positives
ratios are positives O
X1
III
X IV
Only tan and cot
only cos and sec
are positives
are positives
Y1
;
34.
angle
ratio
00 O
Sin
0
Cos
1
Tan
0
300 C 6
E
450 F
1 2
√
√
√
1
35. Sin (- 9 ) = - Sin 9; 36.
sin (90 – 9 ) # cos 9
cos (90 – 9) # sin 9
tan (90 – 9) # cot 9
cot (90 – 9) # tan 9
sec (90 – 9) # cosec 9 cosec (90 – 9) #sec 9
600 C 3 √
1 2
√3
H
900
1
1200 2C 3 √
0 ∞
cos (-9) = cos 9 ;
-√3
1350 1500 3C JH K 4
√
√
-1
-
√
1800 C 0
-1 1
√3
0
tan (- 9) = - tan 9 .
sin (90 + 9 ) # cos 9
sin (180 – 9 ) # sin 9
tan (90 +9 ) # cot 9
tan ( 180 – 9) # tan 9
cos (90 +9 N # sin 9 cot (90+ 9 ) # tan 9
sec (90 +9 ) # cosec9 cosec (90 +9 ) = sec 9
cos (180 – 9N # cos 9 cot (180 – 9 ) # cot 9
sec (180 – 9 ) # sec9
cosec (180 – 9) # cosec9
37. Sin (A + B) = SinA CosB + CosA SinB Sin (A - B) = CosA SinB - SinA CosB Cos (A + B) = CosA CosB - SinA CosB Cos (A – B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB tan (A + B) = tan (A - B) =
5%/ O5%/ P
5%/ O 5%/ P
5%/ O 5%/ P
5%/ O 5%/ P
38. tan Q AS # E
F
5%/ O
tanQ AS # E
F
39.
5%/ O
5%/ O 5%/ O
SinC + SinD = 2 sin T
U V
SinC - SinD = 2 cos T
U V
CosC + CosD = 2 cos T
40.
W cos T
W sin T
U V
CosC - CosD = 2 sin T
U V
W
U V
W cos T
U V
W
U V
W sin T
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B)
W
V U
W
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A-B)
2 cos A COS B # cos ( A +B) + cos (A-B)
2 sin A sin B # cos (A-B) - cos (A + B)
41. Cos (A +B). cos ( A - B ) = cos2A - sin2B Sin (A +B). sin (A – B) = sin2A - sin2B
42. Sin 2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ =
5%/ -
5%/8 -
43. Cos2 θ =cos2θ - sin2-θ = 2cos2 θ -1 = 1 – 2 sin2 θ =
5%/8 -
5%/8 -
;
44. 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ; 1 – cos 2 θ = 2 sin2 θ 45. tan 2 θ =
5%/ -
5%/8 -
;
46. sin 3 9 = 3 sin 9 - 4 sin 39;
cos 3 9 = 4 cos 3 9 - 3 cos 9;
tan 3 9 = 47.
0
,./ Y
=
1
5%/ @5%/X @ 5%/8 @
,./ Z
48. Cos A = Cos C#
6
,./ U
=
&8 '8 %8 &'
%8 &8 '8 %&
;
Cos B#
6 808 18 60
;
;
49. a = b cos C + c cos B; b = c cos A + a cos C ;
50. Area of triangle =
c = a cos B + b cos A
bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin c
51. 1 [ sin A = (cos A/2 [ sin A/2)2
52. sec A [ tan A = tan T
H F
[ \/2W
53. Cosec A - cot A = tan A/2
54. Cosec A + cot A = cot A/2
PAIR OF LINES 1. A homogeneous equation is that equation in which sum of the powers of x and y is the same in each term. 2. If m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then m1 + m2 + -
^ &
and m1 +m2 =
= - T
%
&
=
'+234.'.2/5 +3 '+234.'.2/5 +3 8
'+234.'.2/5 +3 8 '+234.'2/5 +3 8
W
3. If 9 be the acute angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then tan 9 = _
√^8 %& %&
`
These lines will be co –incident (parallel) if h2 = ab and perpendicular if a +b = 0. 4. The condition that the general equation of the second degree viz ax2 + 2hxy + by2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0 may represent a pair of straight line is abc + 2fgh – af2 –bg2 - ch2 = 0
b i.e. a c d
c e f
d f a = 0. g
5. Ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0 are pairs of parallel lines. 6. The point of intersection of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is obtained by solving the equation ax + hy + g = 0 and hx + by + f = 0. 7.
Joint equation of two lines can be obtained by multiplying the two equations of lines and equating to zero. (UV =0, where u = 0, v = 0).
8. If the origin is changed to (h,k) and the axis remain parallel to the original axis then for x and y put x’ + h and y’ + k respectively.
CIRCLE 1. X2 + y2 = a2 is the equation of circle whose centre is (0, 0) and radius is a. 2. (x – h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = a2 is the equation of a circle whose centre is (h, k) and radius is a.
X2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is a general equation of circle, its
centre is (-g ,-f) and radius is hg f c. 4. Diameter form: - (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y- y2) = 0 is the equation of a circle whose (x1, y1) and (x2 , y2) are ends of a diameter. 5. Condition for an equation to represent a circle are : (a) Equation of the circle is of the second degree in x and y. 3.
(b) The coefficient of x2 and y2 must be equal. (c) There is no xy term in the equation (coefficient of xy must be zero). 1. To find the equation of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) on any curve rule is: In the given equation of the curve for x2 put xx1 ; for y2put yy1 ; for 2x put x+ x1 and for 2y put y +y1 2. For the equation of tangent from a point outside the circle or given slope or parallel to a given line or perpendicular to a given line use y = mx + c or y – y1 = m (x –x1). 3. For the circle x2 + y2 = a2 (a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2 (b) Equation of tangent at (a cos 9, a sin 9 ) is x cos 9 + y sin 9 = a.
(C) Tangent in terms of slope m is
Y = mx [ a √l 1 4. For the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1 ) is Xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0 (b) Length of tangent from (x1, y1) is m 2 n2 2dm 1 2fn1 g 1 1
10. For the point P (x, y) , x is abscissa of P and y is ordinate of P.
PARABOLA 1. Distance of any point P on the parabola from the focus S is always equal to perpendicular distance of P from the directrix i.e. SP = PM. 2. Parametric equation of parabola y2 = 4ax is x = at2, y = 2at. Coordinates of any point (t) is (at2 , 2at) 3. Different types of standard parabola Parabola Focus Directrix
Latus rectum
Axis of Parabola (axis of symmetry)
Y2 = 4ax
(a, 0)
X = -a
4a
Y = 0
Y2 = - 4ax
(-a, 0)
X = a
4a
Y = 0
X2 = 4by
(0, b)
Y =- b
4b
X =0
X2 = - 4by
(0, -b)
Y = b
4b
X =0
4. For the parabola y2 = 4ax (a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is Yy1 = 2a (x + x1).
2 (b) Parametric equation of tangent at (at , 2at1) is 1 yt1 = x + at21
(c)
Tangent in term of slope m is y = mx + contact is (a/m2, 2a/m)
%
and its point of
(d) If P (t1) and Q (t2) are the ends of a focal chord then t2 t1 = -1 (e) Focal distance of a point P (x1, y1) is x1 + a.
ELLIPSE Ellipse
Foci
Directrices
Latus Rectum
Equation of axis
Ends of L.R
8
8
+ %8 &8 =1 (a o b) 8
8
+ %8 &8 =1 (ap b )
([ ae, 0)
(0, [ be)
X=[
%
&8
2
%
1. Distance of any point on an ellipse from the focus = e (Perpendi cular distance of the point from the correspon ding Directrix) i.e. SP = e PM.
2a b
&8 major (ae, ) % axis Y=0 &8 (ae, minor % axis x = 0 )
major axis x = 0 minor axis y = 0
%8
(
&
%8
( )
&
2. Different types of ellipse
Y=[
& 2
3 Parametric equation of ellipse
8 %8
+
8
&8
, be )
= 1 (a o b) is x = a cos θ
,be
and y = b sin θ .
4. For the ellipse And
8 %8
+
8
&8
8
8
8
&8
+
= 1, ao b, b2 =a2 (1 =e2)
= 1, ap b, a2 = b2 (1 – e)
5. For the ellipse
8 %8
+
8
&8
=1 (a o b )
(a) Equation of tangent at x1, y1) is %8
+
&8
= 1.
(b ) Equation of tangent in terms of its slope m is
(c)
y = mx [ √a m b
Tangent at (a cos , b sin θ) is
'+, %
+
,./ &
=1
6. Focal distance of a point P (x1 , y1) is SP = sa ex1s and SP = sex1 as
HYPERBOLA 1. Distance of a point on the hyperbola from the focus = e (Perpendicular distance of the point from the corresponding directrix) i.e. SP =ePM 2. Different types of Hyperbola
Hyperbola Foci
Directrices L.R
8
X= [
%
8 -
8
&8
–
8
&
8 =1
8 %8
([ ae, 0)
=1 (0, [ be)
3. For the hyperbola v8 18
Y=[
–
u8
08
% 2
& 2
End of L.R 2b a
(ae,
08
-
v8 18
%8
%8
&
(
&
5. For the hyperbola
u8 0
8 -
v8 18
%8 &
u8 08
-
v8 18
= 1 are
= 1
(a) Equation of tangent at (x1 , y1 ) are uu 08
-
vv 18
&8 %
=1
weN Equation of tangent in terms of its slope m is Y = mx [ √b l e
)
,be)
= 1, b2 = a2 (e2 -1) and for
4. Parametric equations of hyperbola y = b tan 9
)
,be)
= 1, a2 = b2 (e2 – 1).
X = a sec 9 ,
%
(ae, -
(u8
&8
Eqn of axis
Transverse axis y= 0 conjugate axis x = o Transverse axis x=0 conjugate axis y =0
(c) Equation of tangent at (a sec, b tan 9 ) is u ,2' @ 0
-
v 5%/ @ 1
=1
(d) Focal distance of P (x1, y1) is S P = | ex1 – a | and S P = |ex1 + a |
SOLID GEOMETRY Distance between ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2, z2 ) is
1.
m 2 m 1 n2 n1 x2 x1
Distance of (x1 , y1, z1 ) from origin hm 1 n 1 x 1
2. 3.
Coordinates of point which divides the line joining (x1, y1, z1) and ( x2, y2, z2) internally in the ratio m:n are
/ /
(x1 ,y1 , z1 )
,
/ /
,
y /y /
m + n O
m
n
(x2 , y2 , z2)
4. Coordinates of point which divides the joint of (x1, y1, z1) and (x2 ,y2, z2) externally in the ratio m:n are Q
/ / y /y , , S / / /
m-n O
5.
6.
Coordinates of mid point of join of ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are
y y , ,
.
Coordinates of centriod of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1, z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 ) and (x3, y3, z3 ) are
7.
,
,
y y y
Direction cosines of x –axis are 1, 0, 0
8.
Direction cosines of y –axis are 0, 1, 0
9.
Direction cosines of z – axis are 0, 0, 1
10.
If OP = r, and direction cosines of OP are l, m, n, then the coordinates of P are ( l r, mr, nr)
11. If 1, m, n are direction cosines of a line then l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 12.
If l, m, n, are direction cosines and a ,b, c, are direction ratios of a n=
13.
14.
line then '
[ √%8 &8 '8
l = ,
%
[ √%8 &8 '8
,
m=
&
[ √%8 &8 '8
,
If l , m, n, are direction cosines of a line then a unit vector
along the line is l ı{ + m |{ + n k~
If a, b, c are direction ratio of a line, then a vector along the line
is a ı{ + b |{ + c k~
VECTORS
a~ · b~ = ab cos θ = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2.
1.
projection of a~ on b~ =
2.
%~ · & | |&
and projection of b on a =
^ a~ b~ = ab sin θ n
ı{ a a1 a2
4.
a~ · b~ c~ = a~ b~ c~
=
a1 a2
5.
Vector area of ∆ ABC is
3.
a~ b~ = - ( b~ a~ )
~~~~ ~~~~ (AB AC ) =
a3
b1 b2
b3
( a b~ + b~ c~ + c a~ )
And area of ∆ ABC =
k~ c1 c2
|{ b1 b2
| ~~~~ AB ~~~~ AC |
c1 c2 c3
a
%~ · & |% |
6. Volume of parallelepiped : | a~ b~ c~ | b1 b 2
b3
e1 g 1 e 2 g 2 e3 g 3
=
~~~~ ~~~~ |AB AC ~~~~ AD |
7.
Volume of Tetrahedram ABCD is =
8.
·F
9.
K
~~~~ ~~~~ |AB AC ~~~~ AD |
~~~~ in moving a particle from A to B = AB Work done by a force F
~~~~ F acting at A about a point B is M = BA Moment of force F
PROBABILTY 1. Probability of an event A is P (A)
=
/ wON /wN
0 p () 1
2. p ( AUB ) = P (A) + P (B) - P (AB). IF A and B are mutually exclusive then P (AB) = 0 and P (AB) = P(A) + P(B) 3 P (A) = 1 – P (A) = 1 - P (A)
4. P(AB) = P(A) · P(B/A) = P(B) · P(A/B). IF A and B are independent events P(A B) = P(A) · P(B)
5. P(A)
= P(AB) + P(AB)
6. P(B) 7.
= P(AB) + P(AB)
lim θ0
lim θ0
,./ -
,./ -
lim x0
= 1;
=
lim θ0
lim cos . = 1; θ0
8.
+w N
,./ -
m = m
lim xa
lim (1 + x) = e ; x0
=1
–%
lim lim (1 + kx) = x0 x0
%
= nan
w1 kxN = eK.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULAS
lim 3 w ^ N 3 wN ; where f ‘ (x) is derivative of ^ h0 function f (x) with respect to x.
1. F(x) =
F (a) = lim h0 2.
3 w% ^ N 3w%N ^
(a) = 0, where a is constant ; (ax) = a,
T W =
8
;
T W =
(x) = 1,
8
3.
4.
5.
6. 7.
√x =
/
.
logx =
;
+ %
;
¢a £ = ax log a ; ¢e £ = ex ;
√u =
√
;
¢x / £ = n ¢x£n-1 ;
loga x =
T W =
(logu) =
loga u =
¢e £ = eu
¢sin x£ =cos x ;
¢cos x£ = - sin x ;
. Where u = f(x)
;
= nyn-1
+ %
¢a £ =au log a
sin (4x) = cos 4x
.√
¢u/ £ = nun-1
8.
¢sin u £ =cos u
, e. g.
4x = cos 4x 4 = 4 cos 4x
¢cos u£ = - sin u
9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
16.
tan u = sec2u
sin2x = 2 sin x
sin-1 x =
cos-1 x = tan-1 x =
√8
√8
8
;
;
;
sec u = sec u tan u
cosec u
(sin x) = 2 sinx cos x = sin 2x
sinn x = n sin n-1
cosec x = - cosec x cot x ;
= - cosec u cot u
cot u = - cosec2u
sec x = sec x tan x ;
15.
cot x = - cosec2x ;
14.
tan x = sec2 x ;
sin x = n sinn-1 x cos x
(sin-1 u) =
√
(cos-1 u) = (tan-1 u) =
8
√ 8
8
17. 18. 19.
20.
sec-1x =
cosec-1 x =
22.
8 √8
¥
√8
+ v
(uvw) = vw T W = ¥
;
+ uw
8
cot-1 u =
sec-1 u =
¥¦§ ¦© ¦¨ ¦¨ 8 ¥
=
;
;
(uv) = u
21.
cot-1x =
√+¤/ 8
cosec-1 u =
¥
+ uv
√ 8
¤
, v 0.
23. F ( x + h ) = f (x) + h f (x) 24. Error in y is δy = Y is =
«
25. Velocity =
δ x, Relative error in
and percentage error in y = , 5
, acceleration a =
¥ 5
#v
«
¥ ,
100
#
8 , 58
ITNTEGRAL CALCULUS wu v w . . . ) dx = u dx + vdx + wdx + …
1.
afwxN = a fwxN dx, where ‘a’ is a constant.
2.
x / dx =
3.
+c, ( n -1 ) ;
/
wax bN/ =
w%& N° %
4. ± fwxN²n f (x) dx =
/
±3wN ² /
+c
+ c,
(n -1)
dx = log x + c ;
5.
%& dx =
3³ wN 3wN
%
log ¢ax b£ + c ;
dx = log | f (x) | + c ;
the integral of a function in which the numerator is the differential coefficient of the denominator is log (Denominator). 6.
√x dx =
x
´
+ c ;
√ax b dx =
7. a dx = a&
+c
%¨
+ %
dx =
%
(ax + b)3/2 + c
+c;
%µ¨°¶
& + %
+ c
8. e dx = ex + c ; e% +b dx = 9. sinwax bN dx =
%
%
eax+b + c.
sin x dx = - cos x + c
10. coswax bN dx =
%
cos (ax + b) +c ;
sin (ax +b) + c ;
cos x dx = sin x + c
11. tanwax bN dx = log sec (ax+b) + c ; %
tan x dx = log sec x + c
12. cotwax bN dx =
%
log sin (ax+b) +c ;
cot x dx = log sin x + c
13. secwax bN dx
=
%
log | sec (ax+ b ) + tan (ax + b) | + c
= log tan !
%&
%
! + c E
F
sec x dx = log |sec x tan x| + c
= log tan T W + c E
14.
F
cosec wax bNdx =
%
log |cosec wax bN cotwax bN| + c
= log tan ! %
%&
! + c
cosec x dx # log |cosec x cot x| + c = log tan ( ) + c
15.
16.
17.
sec x dx = tan x + c ; sec wax bN dx =
cosec (ax +b) dx =
%
cosec x dx = - cot
tan (ax + b) + c
%
cot (ax +b) + c ;
secwax bN tan (ax +b) dx = % sec (ax +b) + c;
sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
18.
cosec (ax +b) cot (ax +b) dx = % cosec (ax +b) +c ;
19.
To integrate sin2 x, tan2x, cot2 x change to
cosec x cot x dx = - cosec x + c
(1 – cos2x);
(1 – cos2x);
Respectively
(1 + cos2x); sec2x - 1 and cosec2x – 1
-1 -1 √8 = sin x + c = - cos x + c
20.
21 = tan-1 x + c = - cot -1 x + c 8
22
√8 %8
√8
%
=
sec-1 T W + c ;
%
= sec-1 x + c = -cosec-1 x
NINE IMPORTANT RESULTS 1. 8 √%
8
2. 8 √
%8
3. 8
4.
%8
= sin-1
%
+ c = - cos-1 T W + c
%
= log x √x a
+ c = log x √x a
+ c
√a x dx =
√a x +
%8
sin -1 T W + c
%
5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
√x a dx = √x
a
%8 ,8 =
8 %8 =
dx =
%
%
log !
√x a +
√x
! + c
%
a
–
%8 %8
log sx √x a s + c
log ·x √x a ¸ + c
%
tan-1 T W + c
%
8 %8 = % log !%! + c
%
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION If the integrand contain
Proper substitution to be used
1 2 3 4
√a x
X = a sin θ
√x a
X= a sec θ
X = a tan θ
√x a
F(x) = t
ef(x)
5 Any odd power of sin x
Cos x = t
6 Any odd power of cos x
Sin x = t
7 Odd powers of both sin x and Put that function = t which is of the higher power. cos x 8 Any inverse function
Inverse function = t
9 Any even power of sec x
Tan x = t
10 Any even power of cosec x
Cot x = t
11 Function of ex
ex = t
12
13
%& ,./
%& '+,
,
,
1 a b cos x c sin x
%& ,./
,
%&'+,
tan
sin x =
= t then dx =
5
58
cosx =
tan x = t then dx =
5
58 58 58 5
58
sin 2t = 1 a sin x b cos x
14
15
w¹º »N
16 Expression containing fractional power of x or (ax +b)
5
58
cos 2x =
58 58
divide numerator and denominator by cos2 x and put tan x = t
xm = t
x or ax +b = tk where k is the L.C.M of the denominators of the fractional indices.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS 1.
Integral of the product of two function = First function Integral of 2nd ¢differential coef4icient of 1st integral of 2nd£ dx
i.e. ¢I II £ dx # I II dx I IIdx dx
Note : 1.
The choice of first and second function should be according to the order of the letters of the word
LIATE.
Where L = Logarithmic; I = Inverse; A =
Algebric; T =Trignometric ; E = Exponential 2. If the integrand is product of same type of function take that function as second which is orally integrable. 3. If there is only one function whose integral is not known multiply it by one and take one as the 2nd function.
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
1.
& b % f(x) dx = ¢ gwxN£ = g(b) –g(a), where fwxN a dx = g(x)
2
b b b f(x)dx = f(t) dt = f(m) dm a a a
3
4
a a f(x) dx = - f (x) dx b b
c b b f(x) = f (x) dx + f(x) dx , a < c < b. a a c
a a f(x) dx = f (a - x) dx ; 0 0
5
f ( a+ b - x ) dx
a a f(x) dx = 2 f(x) dx if f is even a 0 a f(x) dx = 0 if f is odd a
6
7
b b f(x) dx = a a
a a 2a f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f (2a – x) dx 0 0 0
a 2a If f (2a - x ) = f (x) then f(x) dx = 2 f (x) dx 0 0 π´ π 2 n e. g. sin x dx = 2 sinnx dx as 0 0 sinnx = sinn (π - x )
NUMERICAL 1.
METHODS
Simpson’s Rule : According to Simpson’s rule the
value % y dx is approximately given by % y dx &
&
n0 4 n1 y3 y5 … yn 1 2y2 y4 y6 Á yn 2 yn
=
¾
Where h =
10 ?
, and y0, y1, y2, y3, -------- yn are the
values of y when x = a, a + h, a + 2h, -------, b In words : 0
1
y dx =
ÂÃ?B¾ AÄ B¾Ã =Å1 >?BÃÆÇ0Â
X ¢ wÈÉl Êf ËcÌ ÍÈË bÎÏ ÐbÈË ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌN fÊÉÑ wËcÌ ÈÉl Êf ËcÌ ÑÌlbÒÎÒÎd ÊÏÏ ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌÈN ËÓÒgÌ wËcÌ ÈÉl Êf bÐÐ ÌÔÌÎ ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌÈ N £ 2. Trapezoidal rule : According to Trapezoidal rule the value of 0 y dx is approximately given by 0 y dx
=
¾
1
1
n0 nÎ 2 n1 n2 n3 Á nÎ 1
In words : 0 y dx = 1
ÂÃ?B¾ AÄ =Å1 >?BÃÆÇ0Â
X ¢ ÈÉl Êf ËcÌ fÒÑÈË bÎÏ ÐbÈË ÊÑÏÒÎbËÌÈ ËÓÊ ËÒlÌÈ ÑÌlbÒÎÒÎd bÐÐ ÊÑÏÒÎbËÑÈ £
3.
Finite Differences : f (a) = 2
f (a) =
∆ f (a +h ) f (a + h)
f(a)
n
1 +
f (a)
n-1
=
f (a + h ) -
n-1
f(a)
= E
= E - 1
E f (a) = f ( a +h ) E2 f (a) = f ( a + 2h ) En f(a) = f ( a + nh )
In words : To obtain
of any function, for ‘a’ write a + h
In the function and subtract the function. If interval of differencing is 1, than f(a) = f( a + 1 ) -f (a) 2
f(a + 1 ) - ∆ f(a)
f(a) =
4. Interpolation : Newton’s Forward formula of interpolation. t =
Õ ^
f (x0 + th) = f (x0 ) +t ∆ f (x0) + +
5w5 Nw5 N !
Y =y0 + t
∆ f(x0) + _____
y0 +
5w5N !
2
y0
5w5N !
∆ f (x0)
∆ y0 + _____
5 w5N w5 N !
+
Newton’s Backward formula of Interpolation. t =
/ ^
F(xn + th) = f (xn) + t +
5 w5 Nw5 N !
f ( xn ) +
5 w5N
× f(xn) + _____
!
× f( xn )
or y = yn + t yn + 5w5N !
yn
+
5 w5Nw5 N !
yn +
Bisection Method : If y = f(x) is an algebraic function and any a and b such that f (a) > 0 and f (b) < 0, then one root of the function f(x) = 0 lies between a and b , we take c1 =
0 1
and check f ( c1)
If f (c1) = 0, c1 is the exact root if not and if f ( c1 ) > 0, f (c1) . f (b) < 0 a root c2 lies between c1 and b. If not and if (c1) < 0,
f (c1 ). f (a) < 0,
a root c2 lies
between c1 and a. Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is reached.
False Position Method: If y = f(x) is an algebraic function and for any x0 and x1 such that f(x0) > 0 and f(x1) < 0 have opposite signs, then a root of f(x) = 0 lies between x0 and x1 Let it be x2 x2 = x1 - f (x1) . Ø
Õ 3 3Õ
Ù
Check f(x2) if (fx2) = 0 then x2 is exact root, if not and if f(x2) < 0, f(x0) . f(x2) < 0, then a root x3 lies between x0 and x2, then X3 = x2 – f(x2) . Ø Õ Ù 3 3 –
Õ
Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is reached. Newton – Raphson Method: The interactive formula in Newton - Raphson method is Xi
+ 1
= xi -
3w.N 3w.N
, i
1
Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is reached.
FOR COMMERCE
Lagrange’s Interpolation formula : This is used when interval of differencing is not same. If f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d), ______ bethe corresponding value of f(x) when x = a, b, c, d _______then
F(x) =
+
+
+ +
6
w& N w'N wN __________
w%&N w%'N w%N_________
w%Nw'NwN_____________
f(a)
w&%Nw&'Nw&N_____________ w%Nw&NwN__________ w'%Nw'&Nw'N__________
w%Nw&Nw'N____________
w%Nw&Nw'N____________
f(b)
f(c)
f(d)
_____________
Difference Equations
Let the equation be
(E) yn = f(n)
The complete solution = complimentary function (C.F.) +Particular Integral (P.I.)
When R.H.S. is zero , then only C.F. is required Method to find C.F. (1) Write the given equation in E. (2) Form the auxiliary equation. This is obtained by equating to zero the coefficient of yn. (3) Solve the auxiliary equation. Following are the different cases Case (1) If all the roots of the auxiliary equation are real and different. Let the roots be m1, m2, m3, then C.F. is (solution is ) Yn
=
C1 (m1)x + C2 (m2) x + C3 (m3)x
Case (ii)
(1) Let two roots be real and equal, suppose the roots are m1 and m1 then general solution is Yn = (C1 + C2 x ) (m1) x (2)
If three roots be equal and real suppose the roots are m1, m1, m1, Then the general solution is Yn = (C1 + C2x + C3x2) (m1)x
One pair of complex roots.
Case (iii)
Let the roots be α [ β i where I = √ 1 then the general solution is rn (C1 cos nθ
Yn = where
+ C2 sin nθ)
β = ha β , θ = tan-1 ( ´x)
r
Statistics : (I)
Arithmeic mean or simply mean is denoted by Ü~
(II)
Methods for finding the arithmetic mean for
I.e. x~ is the mean of the x’s individual items. (a)
x~ =
(b)
x~ = a +
∑ . /
∑ Þ. /
Where a is assumed mean and Di = xi - a
(c) x~ = a + T Where
Di =
∑ Þ. /
.% ß
W I
I is the length of class interval.
(2) Methods for finding the arithmetic Mean for frequency distribution. (a) Direct Method x~ =
∑
3. . ∑ 3.
(B) Method of assumed mean x~
= a +
∑
3. Þ. ∑ 3.
Where Di = xi - a
(C) Step deviation method, shift of origin method. x~ = a + T ∑ ∑
Where Di =
. % , ^
W h
3. Þ . 3.
and h is length of class interval.
(II) Median - If the variates are arranged in accending or
descending order of magnitude, the middle value is called the median.
If there are two middle values then the mean of the variate is median.
Method of finding Median for a Group data – Find the cumulative frequencies. Find the median group. Median group is the group corresponding
to
(n + 1)th frequency.
The formula for the median is
Median = l +
/´ à '3á. 3
I where l is the
lower limit of median group.. i is the length of class interval f is the frequency of median group Cf is the cumulative frequency
preceeding the median class.
(iii) Standard deviation (σ) (a) S.D. = σ =
∑ w.~N8 /
Where di = xi - x~
=
∑ .8 /
(b) Assumed mean method S.D. = σ =
Where
∑ Þ.8 /
∑ Þ.
T
/
W
Di = xi – a , and a is assumed mean.
(c)
∑ S.D. = σ =
.8
/
∑ .
T
/
W
When the variates are small numbers.
For Grouped Data :
(a)
Where
Directed method σ = S.D. =
4. .8
∑ 4. 8
ã
3
W
ã
Method of assumed mean S.D. = σ =
∑ 4..8 ã
T
∑ 4..
Where D1 = x1 = a, a is assumed mean.
(c)
∑ 4. . T ∑ W 4.
∑ 3 ∑ = T
∑ 4i = N
(b)
∑
ã
W
Step deviation or shift of origin method ∑ σ = S.D. = i
8
3Þ. ã
∑ 3Þ. T W ã
Where
Di =
.% .
, i is length of class interval.
Correlation and Regression . (1)
Coefficient of Correlation or Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. r =
~~~ ∑wN
h ∑w~N8
where
~~~ w N
∑ w N8
=
∑
∑
d1 = x - x~ and d2 = y - y~
∑
this is used when x~ and y are integers (2)
Correlation coefficientis independent of the origin of reference and unit of measurement if % ^
U = Than
r =
&
V =
&
rxy = ruv
∑ x
∑ xy ∑wN8 ã
∑ ∑ ã
Ø∑ y
∑wN ã
Ù
For bi variate frequency table
r =
∑
ç∑ è8 w∑ ä¨N æ
=
çì∑ éí
w∑ ä¨N . w∑ äåN æ
8
∑ éê
w∑ éNí î ë
8 ∑ 38 ∑ äå
∑é ∑ê ë
æ
∑ê í
ì∑ ê í T ë W î
Karl person coefficient of correlation can also be expressed as
r =
∑ / ~
~~~ 8 ∑ 8 /
~~~8~ ∑ 8 /
If the correlation is perfect then r = 1, if the correlation is negative perfect, then r = - 1, if there is no correlation, then r=0
-1 r ï 1, r lies between -1 & 1
Regression lines (1)
The equation of the line of regression of y on x is Y - y~ = r
ð ð
(x –xN
i.e. y - y~ = byx wx x~N where byx = (2)
ð ð
The equation of line of regression of x and y is x - x~ = r i.e.
ð ð
( y - y~ )
x - x~ = bxy (y - y~ ) bxy = ð ð
ð
ð
(3)
byx = r
(4)
bxy
(5)
r =
(6)
In the case of line of regression of y on x , its slope and regression cofficient are equal
= r
ð
ð
is called regression coefficient of y and x
is called regression coefficient of x and y
hbyx
bxy
(7)
The regression line of y on x is used to find the value of y when the value of x is given
(8)
In case of line of regression of x on y , its regression cofficient is reciprocal of its slope
(9)
The regression line of x on y is used to find the value of x when the value of y is given
(10) (x, y~ ) is the point of intersection of two regression lines (11) If the line is written in the form y = a + bx, then this is the line of regression of y on x If the line is written in the form x = a + by, then this is the line of regression of x on y If both the lines are written in the form ax + by + c = 0, and nothing is mentioned, then take first equation as the equation of line of regression of y on x and second as the equation of line of regression of x on y Error of prediction (a) y on x δ yx = σ y √1 r
(b) x on y δ xy = σ x √1 r
CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGETICS (1) q =
E + W
(2) W = P (V2 - V1) joule
(3) N =
(4)
ñ2.^5 ./ ò.ñ../
q = Wmax = 2.303 n RT x log
= 2.303 n RT log (5)
ô ô
joule
H = ∑ HP - ∑
(6) ∆ H =
E +
(7)
H1 +
H2 =
HR
nRT C p ( T2 - T1 )
ó ó
joule.
IONIC EQUILIBRIA
(1)
K = α2 . C
(2)
α =
(3)
¢H £
(4)
¢OH£ = a . C = Kb . C mole / dm3
ô2ø'2/5%2 +3 .+/.,%5.+/ ÕÕ
= a . C = Ka . C
mole / dm3
(5)
PH = - log 10 ¢H £ , POH = - log10 ¢OH£
(6)
PH + POH = 14
(7)
Kh = h2 . C =
(8)
Kh =
^8
w ^N
û¤ û%
#
= h2 =
û¤ û& û¤
û% . û&
(9)
(10)
Molarity =
¹2ø X ò.ñ. ./
Ksp = S2
ELECTRO (1)
CHEMISTRY
W = Z. Q = Z. I .t
(2)
ñ ñ
(3)
W =
(4)
C. E. = E. C. E. x 96500
=
ü ü
ýü è
=
ß 5 ü è
(5)
Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ E'2 = Ew+.N + E wø2N = Ew+.N - E w+.N
(6)
Equivalent weight =
O5.ñ5.
ó%2/'
(7)
One Faraday = 96500 coulombs.
NUCLEAR
AND RADIOCHEMISTRY
(1) Mass defect = ¢Z mh wA ZN mn£ - M a.m.u. (2) Mass defect = mass of reactants – mass of products.
(3) Binding energy = Mass defect
(4) Binding energy per nucleon =
(5)
λ
(6) T =
=
. Õ 5
log
ãÕ ã
931 Me V ò%,, 232'5 ò%,, / &2ø
per unit time
Õ.K
PHYSICS
Me V
5
ω =
T =
CIRCULAR MOTION ;
v=r
E
;
n =
C.P. force =
¥8 ø
#
5
E
;
;
v = r ω ; a = r α ;
ω = 2πn ;
a=
¥8 ø
= rω
= m r ω ; v = hµ r g ; tanθ =
¥8 ø
GRAVITATION V=
ò ø
; Vc =
T = 2π Ve =
w ^NX
ò
ò
=
^
ò
= gh wR hN
= 2π
w ^N ^
T2
;
2gR ; B.E. =
ò
For orbiting satellite; B.E. =
r3
;
w ^N
ò
ROTATIONAL MOTION
I = ∑ m r = r d m ; I = M K 2 ; τ = I α
KE =
I ω2 ; For rolling body, K.E. =
MV2 T1
Conservation of angular momentum I1 ω1 = I2 ω2 2
M.I.of ( i ) ring = Mr ,
( ii ) disc =
(iii) hollow sphere = (v) thin rod =
òß8
Mr2
òø8
û8 ø8
,
(iv) solid sphere =
(vi) rect.bar = M T
,
W
ß8
Equation of motion, ( i ) ω = ω0 + αt ; (ii ) θ = ω0 t + (iii) ω = ω0 2 + 2 α θ
OSCILLATIONS Differential Equation, ( i ) of Lin. S.H.M. or
8
58
+ ω2 x = 0
( ii ) of Ang. S.H.M. :8
58
= - ω2 x ;
5
x = a sin ( ω t + α ) T =
E
= 2π
=
%,,
8 -
58
+
=
û ß
8
58
+
θ = 0,
ω √a x ; E
h%'',¹2ø /.5 .,¹%'22/5
=2π 3+ø'2 ¹2ø /.5 .,¹%'22/5
x = 0
J
Mr2 ,
&8
W
α t2 ;
K .E. =
m ω (a2 - x2) ; P.E. =
Total Energy =
M ω2 x2 ;
m a2 ω = 2π m a2 n2
For simple pendulum, T = 2π
For oscillating magnet, T = 2π
;
òP
2 2 R = a a 2a1 a2 cosα1 – α2 1 2 ËbÎ =
;
0 =>? 0 =>? 0 6A= 0 6A=
ELASTICITY AND PROPERTIES OF
Tensile Strain =
Volume Strain =
K = - V
ô
ó
ß
Shearing strain =
FLUIDS ; Tensile stress =
ó ó
∆ ß
è
O
; Volume stress =
;Y = è
O
ò E ø8 ß
= dP ;
= ∆ θ ; Shearing stress =
è
O
;
n =
è
O ∆-
; σ =
ø´ ´
=
Work done in stretching a wire = Work done per unit volume = Cos θ #
–
x load x extension.
x stress x strain '+, ø
h =
WAVE MOTION Equation of progressive wave :-
In + ve x - direction, y = a sin 2 π T W 5
In - ve x - direction , y = a sin 2 π T W 5
Phase difference between two points x apart = Number of beats per sec. = n1
Doppler effect : n = n à other.
n = n à
ó +
ó ,
n = n à
listner
ó
ó + á ó ,
E
n2 when both are approaching each
á When both are receeding away from each other.
ó ,
á when source is approaching towards stationary
n = n
à
n = n
T
n = n
T
ó
á when source is receeding from stationary listner
ó ,
ó + W ó ó – + W ó
when listner is approaching stationary source
when listner is receeding from stationary source
STATIONARY WAVES Transverse Waves along a string , V = n =
ô
ß
Melde’s Experiment :
Parallel position, N = 2n =
ô ß
.
Perpendicular position , N = n =
ô
ß
,
For both positions , Tp2 = a constant ó
F ß
Air columns : closed at one end, n = Open at both ends , n =
ó
ß
and odd harmonics.
and integer multiples of n.
Resonance tube : V = 4n wI 0.3 dN
RADIATION a + r + t + 1 ; Stefan’s law ,
ý
O5
Newton’s law ,
= σ T4
ý 5
= k θ θ0
Radiation correction ∆ θ #
wθ θN
KINETIC THEORY Regnault’s method: mocp Tθ –
- -
W = wm wN (θ1 - θ2)
Cp - C v =
, cp - c v =
L = Li + Le , Le = c =
∑' /
, c =
ôó
ò
'¹ '¥
,
=
¹
= γ
¥
∑ '8 /
,
∑' R.M.S. vel, C = hc =
P =
ρ C =
ò ó
K.E. per unit vol. = C =
ò
/
C2 =
8
ß / 8 ó
p ; K.E. per mole =
; K.E. PER MOLECULE =
ã
=
RT
Kt
THERMODYNAMICS Van der Waals’ equation, TP
%
ó8
W (V - b) = RT
covolume, b = 4 actual volume occupied by molecules.
WAVETHEORY AND
n =
' '
INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT =
;
n =
,./ .
,./ ø
Bright Point :- Path Difference = n λ ; xn = Dark Point :- Path Difference = (2n – 1) xn = X =
Þ
Þ
(2n - 1 ) λ; λ =
Þ
Þ
nλ
,
X ; d = d1 d2
T.N.E.I. = ∑ q ;
ELECTROSTATICS
E due to (i) charged sphere =
(ii) charged cylinder =
»
E Õ ø
»
F E Õ ø8
=
% ð
Õ ø
(iii) any charged conductor at the point near it =
ð
Õ
Mech. Force per unit area of charged conductor =
ð8
Õ
C=
ý ó
k ε 0 E2
Energy per unit volume =
; For parallel plate condenser, C =
Energy of a charged condenser = In series,
#
O üÕ
QV =
CV2 =
………….
ý8
/
In parallel, C = C1 + C2 + C3 + ………….+ Cn
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Wheatstone’s Net Work, Meter Bridge,
Potentiometer,
#
ü ü
#
While assistin & opposing,
=
ü ü
F
#
Internal resistance of a cell, r = T
W
R
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
Moving coil Galvanometer : I = AMMETER, s =
ß
ß ß
θ
/OP
; voltmeter, R =
Tangent Galvanometer, I =
ø P µÕ /
ó
ß
tan θ = k tan θ
MAGNETISM
M= 2ml; Baxil = For any point, B =
Õ FH
Õ FH
ÆX
ÆX
= tan-1 T tan 9W OR Vaxial =
Õ FH
Æ
Õ FH
; Beqa =
ÆX
√3 cos 9 1 ; tan =
tan 9
Veqn = 0, Any point, V = 8 ,
Õ '+, @ FH
Æ8
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION
e = -
5
; charge induced =
Straight conductor, e = B l V Earth Coil BH = T
tan θ =
/O
W α 1 , Bv = T
/O
e = e0 sinωt = 2 π fnAB sin2πnt I =
2
2Õ √ ,
= I0 sinωt; erms =
XL = ω L = 2 π f L
Xc = Z
=
=
Irms
E 3
R Tω L
W
W α2
=
ßÕ
√
A T O M S, M O L E C U L E S A N D N U C L E I rn = v~ =
Õ /8 ^8 E 28
µ ü χ ηX Õ
=
,
En =
2 8
Õ '^X
= P
T
¹8
2 8
Õ /8 ^8
/8
W
,
ã 5
T=
= - λ N = N0e- λ t
+ 2
=
Õ.K
; λ =
Õ.K
; λ =
¦æ
!¦ ! ã
ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS
A photon = hv =
m V2
max
^'
; w = hv0 = h
= h (v - v0) = hc à
'
Õ
á
Õ
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