12.CONECTORES

Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés A cadémico para Medicina Veterinaria

FICHA #1 2: CONJUN CONJUN CIONES y CONECTORES LÓGICOS LÓGICOS Se pueden combinar dos o más afirmaciones o cláusulas dentro de un enunciado mayor a través de conjunciones, o bien combinar afirmaciones expresadas en diferentes enunciados o partes del texto a través de conectores. Los conectores y conjunciones lógicas cumplen la función de unir o combinar ideas dentro de un enunciado o afirmaciones de diferentes enunciados o partes del texto, como párrafos. Es fundamental que te familiarices con ellos a fin de que comprendas las relaciones lógicas entre las ideas del texto, a la vez que las jerarquizas. Según el tipo de combinación, reciben diferentes nombres. El siguiente cuadro clasifica, explica y ejemplifica las conjunciones/conectores conjunciones/conectores y sus usos:

 ADICIÓN  ADICIÓN SIM PLE EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR   Also,

SIGNIFICADO

  You can pay your fees by credit card. You can also Expresan una simple adición. write a check.

Tienen el mismo significado significado de also y t oo (también, además)

in addition

Ming has to register for classes today. In addition, he has to pay his course fees.

furthermore

This plant requires sun all day. Furthermore, it needs rich soil.

moreover

 As your mayor, I promise to make this city sa fe for all. Moreover, I will create more jobs.

 ADICIÓN ENFÁTICA EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

SIGNIFICADO

w hat is more more

We have succeeded in cleaning up the river. What is Presentan

una

idea

que

(más aún, y lo que

more, more , we have made it the cleanest in the entire enfatiza algún aspecto de lo

más)

province.

que se ha dicho anteriormente. Su significado es similar a: “No

as well (incluso)

Ricardo won the award for athletic achievement. He solo eso (lo que acabo de received academic honors as well. well . mencionar) sino también esto (lo

besides (this) (además de esto)

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR  in fact

que

voy

 ADICIÓN  ADICIÓN INTENSIFICADORA INTENSIFICADORA EJEMPLOS

a

SIGNIFICADO

Spokane has a lot of rain lately. In fact, it has been Muestran

que

la

continuación fuertemente

actually

decir

My brother goes to school full time. Besides this , he continuación) Not only ... but manages to work twenty hours a week. also …

raining all week. as a matter of fact

a

idea

apoyará la

 You can take the rest of the pie with you.  As a matter mencionada anteriormente. anteriormente. of fact, I wish you would since I am on a diet. (de hecho) Gretchen has never cared for the color magenta.

a

idea

Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos

 Actually, it’s one of her least favorite colors.

DE EJEMPLIFICACIÓN EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR  for example

Reactions to bee stings can be severe. For example, a Presentan ejemplos de lo que person could experience breathing difficulty.

for instance

se

ha

mencionado

Some sports involve considerable body contact. Take, Presentan for instance, rugby.

especially

SIGNIFICADO

un

miembro

o

instancia típica de un grupo.

 Violence in movies seems to be increasing. Action films Presentan especially appear to be getting more violent.

antes.

un

miembro

o

instancia importante de un grupo.

in particular

Learning the use for article use in English can be difficult. In particular, the use of articles with generic nouns may be confusing.

to illustrate

The steps to save your computer files are quite simple. Presentan ejemplos extensos To illustrate, we will save the file you have just que consisten en una narración created.

as an ex ample

o un proceso.

Many great composers have had their share of misery.  As an example , consider the life of Mozart.

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

DE I DENTIFICACIÓN EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

namely

There is a very important issue before us; namely, we Identifican algo, sea que se

(es decir)

need to decide how to reduce the budget by one fourth.

haya mencionado o implicado anteriormente. Presentan una

specifically

I have a question about connectors; specifically, when elaboración más específica

(para ser específico)

do you use “in fact”?

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

o detallada.

DE ACLARACIÓN EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

that is

The garlic should be minced; that is, you should chop it Señalan que algo va a ser

(es decir)

into very small pieces.

expresado nuevamente de otra manera

in other words (en otras palabras)

  You can’t go on with this hectic life style. In other aclarado. words, you need to learn to relax.

o

que

va

a

ser

Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés A cadémico para Medicina Veterinaria

DE SIMILITUD EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

SIGNIFICADO

similarly

The lungs of vertebrates absorb oxygen from the air. Señalan que dos o más ideas o

(similarmente)

Similarly, gills, the respiratory organs of many aquatic situaciones son similares. animals, take in oxygen from water.

likewise

If you study, you will probably do well in the exam.

(del mismo modo)

Likewise, if you write in a journal every day, you will probably become a better writer. Learning to play a musical instrument well requires

in the same way

practice. In the same way, learning to speak a

(del mismo modo)

second language fluently cannot be accomplished without practice.

DE CONTRASTE EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

SIGNIFICADO

however

In some creation myths, the sun exists before people Muestran que dos ideas se

(sin embargo)

do. In other, however, people create the sun.

contraponen,

o

segunda

no

idea

que

la

es

la

The characters in legends may be based on p eople who esperada en relación con lo actually lived. In contrast, the characters in fables, expresado en la primera.

in contrast (en contraste)

often animals, are fictional. Otras conjunciones: although, (si bien, aunque) on the other hand

The proposed new hotel complex will benefit our city. even though, On the other hand, it will create serious problems aunque),

(por otro lado)

with increased traffic. though

This lake is not very good for fishing. It’s great for

(sin embargo)

swimming and water skiing, though.

(si

bien,

whereas

(mientras que)

no confundir con:  

“through”:

a

través

(preposición),  

“thought” pensamiento,

(pensó,

pensado)

de “think” 

in fact

Early civilizations thought the Herat was the center of  Señalan

(de hecho)

the Universe. In fact, the Earth revolves around the continuación es contraria a algo sun.

que

que se

anteriormente. however

Some people think that whales are fish. However,

(sin embargo)

these animals are actually mammals.

la

idea

a

mencionó

Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos

DE CONCESIÓN EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

SIGNIFICADO

even so

New York has many urban problems. Even so, it still a Señalan una reserva acerca de

(aún así)

great city.

algo. La primera idea es cierta, pero

however

la

segunda

(sin embargo)

Most of my meal was excellent. The vegetables, también verdad however, were slightly overcooked. considerarse.

nevertheless

Native Americans have often had difficulties preserving

idea o

es

debería

(no obstante, con todo, their traditions. Nevertheless, they had been able to sin embargo)

pass down old stories about their cultures to the new generations.

nonetheless

I know mountain climbing can be dangerous. I would

(no obstante, con todo,

like to try it, nonetheless.

sin embargo)

Chifumi has to get up at five to get to school on time. despite this

Despite this, she has never missed a class.

(a pesar de ésto) in spite of 

The day was cold and rainy. In spite of the inclement

(a pesar de )

weather, we decided to take a hike.

on the other hand

Learning a new language can be fun. On the other

(por otro lado)

hand, it can be frustrating.

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR  accordingly (así

pues,

consiguiente)

DE RESULTADO O EFECTO EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

Rain is an important theme in many African religions. Señalan que una idea es in por  Accordingly, their rituals often focus on rain-making efecto o resultado de algo. Se and rain stopping.

diferencian

entre

sí 

principalmente por sus grados as a result (como resultado)

English spelling rules can be confusing.   As a result, de formalidad. some have proposed simplified spelling.

as a result of (this)

Some people suffer from acrophobia.  As a result of  this phobia, they avoid heights.

because of (this), (debido a (ésto))

Canvas is strong material. Because of its strength, it is used for tents.

Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés A cadémico para Medicina Veterinaria

due to (this)

 A megaphone is a hollow cone. Due to its shape, it

(debido a (ésto))

can amplify sound.

consequently

John couldn’t get to the library. Consequently, he

(en consecuencia)

wasn´t able to finish his research.

therefore

The plot of this book is not very original. The ending ,

(por lo tanto)

therefore, is easy to predict.

thus

Spring water is filtered through permeable rock. Thus,

(así, de este modo)

it is usually fairly clean.

hence

Fluorocarbons have stable carbon-fluorine bonds ;

(de aquí que)

hence they are inert and heat resistant. The ending of this book is easy to predict because the plot is not very original.

DE PR OPÓSITO EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIÓN CONECTOR 

SIGNIFICADO

in order to (do this) We will test your cholesterol levels tomorrow. In order Presentan el propósito de la (para ésto)

to check it, we must ask you not to eat anything for idea a continuación. También four hours.

expresan relación causal .

w ith this in mind

Catherine needed to go to the market after work. With Otras conjunciones: so as to,

(con ésto en mente)

this in mind, she took her grocery list with her.

(de manera tal que), in order that (para que)

for this purpose

The candidate for mayor needed to increase her

(con este propósito)

campaign funds. For this purpose, her manager scheduled several fund-raising dinners.

Fuente: FRODESEN, J, EYRING, J: Grammar Dimensions 4, Heinle&Heinle, 2000, pág. 203-220. (adaptado, mi traducción).

Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos