11101233 Stadium Planning and Construction

STADIUM DESIGN GUIDE – TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Introduction Intention of the Design Guide General Design Guidel ines Guidelines for Design Contexts • • 5.0 6.0 7.0 Street Context Neighbourhood and Skyline Context Page 2 3 4 6 6 8 10 11 13 Guidelines for Building Tops Guidelines for Building Bulk Guidelines for Access and Connection Volume 2 contents page Wellington City District Plan Page 1

1.0 Introduction This design guide provides design principles to assist in achieving an appropria tely high quality stadium development that makes a positive contribution to the public environment. A stadium is strongly differentiated in shape and form from all other likely types of building in the central city. It can, by its formal qu ality and the value of the public facility that it provides, set the context for future development in this part of the city. It should also allow for connectio n to and be part of a coherent and comprehensive space structure within the surr ounding area. The stadium site is ideally suited for its intended use, being lar ge, flat and also close enough to the city to be identified with its centre and to facilitate excellent access to all modes of public transport. Furthermore thi s site at the harbour’s edge, defining a major arterial route into the city, provi des an ideal setting for a building that by virtue of its scale and function alo ne will become a major landmark and make a positive contribution to the urban fo rm and image of the city. Wellington City District Plan Page 2

1.0 Introduction This design guide provides design principles to assist in achieving an appropria tely high quality stadium development that makes a positive contribution to the public environment. A stadium is strongly differentiated in shape and form from all other likely types of building in the central city. It can, by its formal qu ality and the value of the public facility that it provides, set the context for future development in this part of the city. It should also allow for connectio n to and be part of a coherent and comprehensive space structure within the surr ounding area. The stadium site is ideally suited for its intended use, being lar ge, flat and also close enough to the city to be identified with its centre and to facilitate excellent access to all modes of public transport. Furthermore thi s site at the harbour’s edge, defining a major arterial route into the city, provi des an ideal setting for a building that by virtue of its scale and function alo ne will become a major landmark and make a positive contribution to the urban fo rm and image of the city. Wellington City District Plan Page 2

2.0 Intention of the Design Guide The general intention of this design guide is to facilitate the development of a major regional stadium in the central area of the city with consideration of th e quality of the public environment both in the local and city-wide context. It aims to identify the significant ways in which new development can contribute po sitively to the public environment and is based on the premise that the unique f orm and scale of a stadium will enhance rather than detract from the urban form of the city. Such a large building and its attendant structures should not adver sely affect either the inhabitants of the central city or the wider community. T he design guide provides a means of avoiding, mitigating or remedying adverse ef fects that may stem from inappropriate design. While the applicant is required t o demonstrate through the design of new development, a commitment to enhancing t he public environment in the local and city wide context, beyond this intention and in general accordance with the design guidelines, a degree of flexibility is given to designers in the preparation of development proposals. No precise form ula exists for ensuring the skilful and innovative design of buildings. However, the provisions of this design guide require that some clear urban design princi ples are observed. Applicants will be required to demonstrate that the provision s of this design guide have been acknowledged and interpreted and the objectives satisfied. Wellington City District Plan Page 3

3.0 General Design Guidelines Analysis A general public quality underlying the design of buildings is that of legibilit y. This refers to the degree to which the appearance of a building assists an ob server to develop an understanding of the nature and location of various activit ies located within it and of the general architectural intention or concept that determines the overall design of the building. In addition it must be recognise d that while an individual building may have its own distinct identity within th e city, it is also part of the collective environment that has built up over tim e and contains various identifiable patterns. The qualities of continuity and re cognition of the definable characteristics of physical context should be acknowl edged in the design of any individual building within the city. Knowledge and un derstanding of context will lead to informed design decisions, whether those dec isions are to complement or contrast with that context. Finally the visual quali ties of a building should be considered in whole as well as in part. The design of new building should not simply result from a collage of the various specific design guidelines that make up this guide. Each building should have its own inh erent architectural integrity and a considered relationship to its place within the local street environment and the city in general. Objectives O1 To achieve a stadium and associated buildings that have a visual presence, ar chitectural expression and quality that is consistent with their public signific ance. To make a considered, positive and enriching contribution to the visual an d experiential quality of the central city. O2 Guidelines The external design of the stadium should take account of the following general criteria: G1 Special purpose sports stadia, events or exhibition buildings and t heir associated and ancillary structures should be based on a coherent architect ural concept. They should have a dynamic quality that suitably expresses their s ignificance as important public gathering places and local or citywide landmarks , and their common role as the public face of Wellington to the wider world thro ugh mass media transmission of the events within them. New development should no t be seen as occurring in isolation. Its design should recognise the place that it occupies within both the local streetscape and the overall cityscape. This is not a requirement to mirror established patterns or design types but rather the impetus to recognise the relationship that development will have with its physi cal context and its role within the city. Factors to consider might include but are not limited to: G2 Wellington City District Plan Page 4

• the structure and spatial definition of the present and potential future street and public space system • the role of a stadium in visually marking an important c orner on a major arterial route into and from the central city • the unique nature of the stadium building type • the city wide public significance of a stadium • the physical character of existing buildings and structures in the adjacent area. G 3 While the architectural composition of any stadium building will have integrit y in its own right, it will also integrate the other design criteria of this gui de. Significant internal spaces within buildings should be expressed in the exte rnal appearance of the facade except where it can be clearly demonstrated that t his is inconsistent with an otherwise acceptable overall aesthetic concept. G4 Wellington City District Plan Page 5

4.0 Guidelines for Design Contexts Analysis The criteria that follow address the design of all development on the stadium si te, its visual impact and effect at various heights on the character and quality of existing and new public spaces formed, and on the city as a whole. Design Contexts The requirements of the street context as set out in this guide will apply up to a height of 27m. There is a special visual relationship between the space of a street and the buildings that edge it. The building frontages affect the usabili ty and quality of public space, and should be designed to support the public env ironment. The design of street facades will be required to recognise the speed o f travel and close proximity of the street level observer. There is also a speci al collective relationship between buildings at street level, where they are see n in close physical association with one another. A series of further design cri teria described in the neighbourhood and skyline context, will apply to all part s of the stadium that are prominent in views from the wider neighbourhood and on the skyline of the city. This second design context acknowledges a visual relat ionship beyond the immediate range of the street, and considers views from the i nteriors of nearby buildings. It also acknowledges views from other parts of the central area, the surrounding hillside suburbs and the main rail, road and sea approaches to the city. The stadium site is in a part of the central city charac terised by generally low and medium-rise buildings. The stadium building type ho wever, requires ancillary elements such as lighting towers which may rise signif icantly above the 27m height limit of the adjoining areas. This is visually appr opriate given the public status and significance of such a building, its locatio n in the city foreground and at the harbours edge, its necessary role in definin g an important corner, and its potential contribution as a landmark visual event on an important entrance route to the city. Potential stadium roof structural e lements, a roof perhaps increasing in height towards the stadium centre and cove ring all or part of the stadium, and potential lighting and video towers may all be expressed on the skyline. A stadium development will be visually prominent, and the amphitheatre will have a presence influencing the overall form of the ci ty and its collective image. Guidelines for Street Context Objectives O1 O2 To visually relate to the context of existing street frontages. To respond to the perceptual needs of people walking at ground level on immediately adjace nt streets. Wellington City District Plan Page 6

O3 O4 O5 To promote visual interest, avoiding monotonous, bland and excessively repetitiv e building frontages at the street edge. To positively define and support pedest rian use of existing or new public open spaces including streets. To avoid the v isual domination of street edges by large areas of car parking. Guidelines The street context applies to all stadium buildings from ground to a height of 2 7m above ground level. G1 Facades built to the street edge should complement the existing appearance of a collective street frontage where this frontage has: • we ll established patterns of related or consistent building proportions • a collecti on of typical or repeated architectural details or window patterns • a consistent massing of frontage heights and widths. G2 A stadium, being a unique and distinc tive building type will be necessarily differentiated from its surroundings. Its frontage design should have a considered relationship to the major compositiona l elements and imagery of its immediate street context. This relationship may be complement, or alternatively contrast where development of landmark potential i s important. G3 Where there is little or no established building pattern or scal e in an existing street, buildings should introduce sound design precedents with careful consideration of the observable scale and dimensions of context, creati ng visual interest at street level and positively defining and shaping streets a nd public spaces. Buildings should be articulated to give viewers at street leve l visual clues as to their scale, relative size and dimensions. The large, simpl e form buildings likely as part of stadium development require consideration of detail, texture, contrast and the effects of light and shadow on their surfaces to promote visual interest and diversity. • Buildings should use projecting or rec essed surfaces or elements to set up clear three-dimensional modelling that will give shape and depth to the building facade. • Buildings may use surface finishes , colours or patterns to achieve contrast. • Discrete architectural or structural elements may be articulated to set up a contrast between foreground and backgrou nd elements of the design. • Articulation might include the ordering of various ar chitectural elements of a building frontage into hierarchies of relative importa nce in the facade and the organisation of frontage elements into overall vertica l and/or horizontal compositions. G4 G5 Wellington City District Plan Page 7

G6 Signage including advertising should be used in a way that develops visual inter est on the stadium facades. It may be extensive, large in scale and capable of b eing read from other parts of the city. Signage may be included on the horizonta l plane of the roof. It should always be designed as an integral part of the bui lding and not applied in an adhoc manner. In recognition of its size and unique plan form, the stadium will not be required to be consistently built to the stre et edge. Its edges must nevertheless positively define public open space, partic ularly at the bend in the Quays and along the Aotea and Waterloo Quay frontages. Those parts of buildings fronting public spaces such as pedestrian accessways a nd streets should: • present a positive front, including an entrance or entrances to the space • define a clear edge to the space • provide, where possible, ground fl oor activities that support the public use of the space • introduce a layered tran sition between the private interiors of the building and the public space it edg es. G7 G8 G9 Large areas of open parking should be located away from the street edge wherever this is possible. If this is not reasonably practicable then parking at street edges should be suitably screened with trees or other hard or soft landscape ele ments of a scale and visual quality enhance the appearance of the street edges a s seen from the important streets leading into the city. Such landscape elements should complement and enhance important views of the stadium from adjoining str eets and public spaces rather than obscure these views. Guidelines for Neighbourhood and Skyline Context The neighbourhood and skyline context applies to all parts of the stadium develo pment that have a visual presence in the wider neighbourhood and on the skyline. Objectives O1 O2 O3 To develop the landmark quality of the stadium as an important public b uilding. To promote the efficient use and development of natural and physical re sources in Residential Areas. To promote visual interest with recognition of vie wing distance and duration. Wellington City District Plan Page 8

Guidelines G1 A stadium should introduce sound design precedents in this area where the est ablished pattern is weak and there are few reference points. To achieve this the building should: • express visual clues as to its special nature and function as seen from vantage points around the central city and from approaches to the city • provide a strong, distinctive and appropriately sculptural skyline form with th e use of devices such as variation in the composition or massing of major elemen ts, or provision of an expressive roof form or structure and the considered desi gn and visual integration of structural and other secondary visual elements that rise above its main roof. G2 The stadium should enhance the quality of experien ce of entrance to the city by being located at and emphasising the bend at the j unction of Aotea and Waterloo Quays. It should establish a strong and dynamic vi sual presence and by contrasting height, form and siting, be visible from along Aotea and Waterloo Quays. The lighting design of the stadium should be designed to enhance its landmark status at night. Within the skyline context, it becomes important that the building s silhouette reads strongly against a background of sky or the rest of the city. Attention should be paid to the design strategies t hat will achieve a distinctive and interesting profile in order to make a positi ve contribution to the skyline of the city. Views from the air and on and across the harbour should be considered. The building should promote visual interest a nd diversity when viewed from a distance through the use of techniques such as l arge scale contrast between materials and elements, pattern and elevational mode lling. These measures should recognise that the greater viewing distance in the neighbourhood and skyline context demands large scale articulation. They also of fer the potential for greater abstraction or design simplicity of detail but onl y where this detail is not likely to be viewed at close range. G3 G4 G5 Wellington City District Plan Page 9

5.0 Guidelines for Building Tops Analysis The top of a stadium would be highly visible because of its elevation and large plan dimensions. It will make an appreciable contribution to the overall urban f orm of the city. The roofs of all large floor plate buildings create significant visual impacts regardless of their height, especially when these are viewed fro m elevated sites around the city. In this respect, low rise buildings with exten sive plan dimensions such as a stadium - can produce more significant consequenc es than tall buildings which have small footprints. The substantial horizontal b ulk that is part of the main body of a typical stadium is likely to rise above t he tops of adjacent buildings. Structural elements and services such as lighting and video replay screens may potentially extend significantly further. The roof surfaces and planes, parapet edge and associated structures will substantially influence the overall appearance of the stadium. Lighting will determine the ima ge of the building at night and potentially enhance its status as a regional lan dmark. Not only will the top of the stadium be large and visible from other part s of the city including from important approaches to the city by land, sea and a ir, it will also be a significant visual element in the foreground to the harbou r when viewed from hillside suburbs and multi-storey development to the west and north. Objectives O1 O2 To make a positive contribution to the skyline and roofscape of the city. To recognise and enhance the landmark status of a stadium roof or roof edge and associated elements. Guidelines The composition and appearance of building tops will vary but the following desi gn criteria will consistently apply: G1 G2 The architectural treatment of the st adium roof and should be a carefully considered and integral part of the overall form and composition. Although the roof surfaces and edge profiles of buildings other than the stadium amphitheatre will have lesser visual impact on the overa ll form and distant views of the central city, their design and composition is s till important and needs to be considered as part of their overall design. Empha sis should be placed on their design and appearance as viewed from the entrance routes to the city. Building tops should be articulated with modelling, contrast ing surface treatments or other architectural devices to as appropriate, contrib ute to an intricate or visually dynamic roofscape, and to avoid areas that are o ver-large and clearly and inappropriately “out of scale”. Stadium development lighti ng should be designed to make a positive contribution to the night time appearan ce or “nightscape” of the city. G3 G4 Wellington City District Plan Page 10

6.0 Guidelines for Building Bulk Analysis The stadium site in an area characterised by large warehouse type buildings. The horizontal scale of many of these buildings is not far removed from that of a r egional stadium. A stadium is likely to be higher than most buildings in its imm ediate context, but not necessarily higher than many of the movable structures a ssociated with the adjacent wharf. In any event, the scale and in particular, th e special plan form will differentiate a stadium from its neighbours. This diffe rentiation will be accentuated by the stadium being most probably a discrete obj ect set in a field of open space. A stadium possesses a special function and des irable landmark status within the city. Despite this, a stadium building is liab le to be of such a size that modification of the effect of bulk may be required to give an appropriate sense of scale and visual complexity. This is particularl y important in the local street context. The distant view should also be conside red and in this case, any effects of excessive bulk ameliorated with manipulatio n of large scale form elements. The stadium will be monumental in scale and will , and should, be visible from afar. In one sense it is appropriate that a monume ntal building expresses its true size. At the level of the street, some kind of dimensional relationship with more ordinary structures nearby (and even with hum an stature) is also called for. Measures to attenuate the visual effect of bulk at various levels of detail need only be applied if the stadium s sheer unreliev ed visual mass is likely to unduly dominate adjacent public spaces or appear exc essively intrusive within the wider context of the city. Buildings other than th e stadium amphitheatre will, by virtue of their lesser size, be inherently less visually bulky. However their design must also be considered to avoid any advers e effects on surrounding areas of unrelieved dominating visual bulk. Objective O1 To prevent excessive visual dominance of the local street context through unr elieved building bulk while recognising the unique landmark status of a regional sports stadium. Guidelines Where a building or part of a building is out of scale, and is liable to overwhe lm or excessively visually dominate the adjoining public environment, some or al l of the following design techniques may be used to modify the visual impacts of bulk. G1 G2 Use surface finishes, colours or patterns to set up a contrast betw een foreground and background elements of the building facade. Model the facade to introduce visual relief, with the scale of the modelled elements relating to the distances from which the relevant parts of the building are customarily view ed. Wellington City District Plan Page 11

G3 Where the overall bulk of a proposed development would undermine an established and valued contextual scale, relate scale or size defining elements to the relev ant dimensions in the existing context. Introduce setbacks, steps or other varia tions in the overall form of the building with the expression of structure, floo r levels, circulation, significant spaces or blocks of accommodation. G4 Wellington City District Plan Page 12

7.0 Guidelines for Access and Connection Analysis A sports stadium generates an occasional very high demand for pedestrian access both from the city and various public transport connections. The existing footpa th link along Waterloo Quay is neither sufficiently wide nor of a quality which invites pedestrian use. This route in particular, notwithstanding the potential development of pedestrian access through the precinct adjoining the stadium site , will be visually, even if not actually, the main link with the central city. I n addition to provision of adequate capacity, development of pedestrian routes r equires consideration of the design of the adjacent edges of buildings and the s paces that front them to ensure that they are both amenable to pedestrian use an d visually prominent. In particular, Waterloo Quay demands visual recognition of its status as a major entrance route into the city. While improved public acces s is necessary along the street edge, the scale of the stadium activity and pote ntial numbers of users will necessitate other access routes. Potential routes to parking in the port area, high level connection direct to the Railway Station a nd potential access over the railway lines to Thorndon Quay will ameliorate crow ding at peak loading times. The maximisation of connection to other areas offers the opportunity to improve accessibility to previously remote parts of the cent ral city and should be encouraged for this reason also. The nature of future dev elopment adjacent to the stadium site is uncertain. It will however be of benefi t to the stadium, to adjoining areas, and to the city as a whole, if development of the stadium anticipates the development of an adjoining public space structu re. Stadium development should not preclude future pedestrian and vehicle links to this in appropriate locations. The effectiveness of public access routes is d ependent not only on their capacity and the connections that they offer, but als o on the quality of the spaces that they create. Design should recognise not onl y issues such as safety (from crime as well as physical accident) and shelter bu t also the speed at which pedestrians experience such an environment. Environmen ts experienced at relatively low speeds demand visual intricacy or small scale d iversity and activity in the buildings at street edges if monotony is to be avoi ded. In contrast, motorists travelling past at much higher speeds perceive much less of the detail and will respond to the larger scale patterns apparent in the streetscape. Objectives O1 O2 O3 To provide good pedestrian access between the stadium and other parts o f the central city including sources of public transport. To create public space and accessways that actively support rather than simply allow access for people on foot. To provide improved public pedestrian access parallel to or along the edge of Waterloo Quay. Wellington City District Plan Page 13

O4 To allow for connection to and integration into any future public space structur es in adjacent areas. Guidelines G1 G2 Develop a number of public routes, designed as part of a wider public spac e structure to deal effectively with expected peak pedestrian loads. Design acce ss routes to the stadium to be integrated into the city’s public space structure a nd freely and obviously available for continuous public use. Spatially define an d accentuate the edge of Waterloo Quay in order to strengthen the connection bet ween the central city and the stadium. Design measures may include the considere d location of building frontages or the use of rows of large scale planting to v isually accentuate this edge and the physical and visual connection. Provide a w ide public footpath along the edge of Waterloo Quay and design with consideratio n of improving shelter, reducing dominance of this edge by traffic and improving the visual quality and experience of using this route on foot. Provide pedestri an amenities, shelter and street furniture along the edges of streets and access ways to facilitate pleasant and convenient use by pedestrians. Wherever possible ensure building fronts with entrances, windows and activity define the edges of accessways and public spaces. Large blank walls and uninhabited spaces that do not contribute vitality or interest to the edges of spaces should be avoided. Co nsider personal safety issues when designing public carparking buildings, and el evated pedestrian accessways. Refer to the Guidelines for Design Against Crime. Allow for potential connection to a public space structure within the adjoining Northern Gateway Precinct. In doing so, design to allow both vehicle and pedestr ian connection wherever this is appropriate. G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 Wellington City District Plan Page 14

School Construction News Construction Report, 2007 Regional Breakdown Click here to enlarge Source: School Construction News Infometrics Department

FEATURE Hull Stadium Jon Carr, Associate at Anthony Hunt Associates Hull City Council has built a multi-purpose stadium with a steel roof Night photo from roof of Hull Royal infirmary Main entrance to sports hall IN the late 1990s, Kingston-upon-Hull City Council floated Kingston Communicatio ns, the telephone company which gave Hull its distinctive cream coloured telepho ne boxes, on the stock exchange. It used part of the proceeds from this sale to fund an iconic stadium and community sports facility, which would act as a flags hip regeneration project for the city. On a freezing cold night in December 2002 , Hull City FC played a friendly football match against Sunderland AFC in front of approximately 25,000 spectators, and the dream had become a reality. The stad ium is now home to both Hull City FC (football) and Hull FC (rugby league) as we ll a community ‘Learning Zone’, a pioneering partnership set up by Hull City Council and Hull College. The complex also includes a 12-court sports hall, two all wea ther hockey pitches, a BMX/skateboard area and an aviary. The building has won s everal awards. SITE AND INFRASTRUCTURE The stadium is in West Park, a 78-acre fo rmal Victorian park located a short walk away from Hull city centre. However, th e need to respect existing features within the park (including a significant num ber of mature trees) and the presence of several railway lines at part of the si te boundary resulted in a surprisingly tight area within which the stadium had t o be located. Significant civil engineering works were also required, including a major sewer diversion and an elevated walkway, which spans over a number of railway lines an d brings pedestrians from the city centre. ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT The architectur al concept encompasses a number of features that are unique to UK stadium design , most notably the asymmetric bowl form that results from having single tier sta nds to the north, south and east sides and a two tier main stand to the west. Th e bowl effect is enhanced by the roof line, which gently rises from its lowest p oint at the centre line of the single tier east stand to its apex at the centre line of the two tier West stand opposite, as well as by infilling the four corne rs. The roof-mounted wishbone floodlights at the south-east and north-east corne rs of the stadium also serve to give the stadium its identity, as well as preven ting the west stand ‘A-frame’ roof structure from dominating the roofscape. Other un ique features include locating the main public concourse (which has been describ ed as ‘cathedral like’) at first floor level, thereby freeing up commercially valuab le space at ground floor level. Further space has been freed up by locating the four stair towers that serve the upper floors of the west stand outside the foot print of the stadium. This maximises the space available for public amenities an d catering facilities, as well as enabling fans to walk fully around the stadium at events where segregation is not necessary, such as pop concerts. 20 NSC January - February 2004

Arial veiw taken soon after completion STRUCTURAL DESIGN From a structural point of view, the asymmetric bowl form of t he stadium, with part single tier, part two tier, effectively results in ‘two stad ia in one’. The junction between the single tier north, south and east stands and the two tier west stand is solved by gradually raising the roof level, as oppose d to the normal solution of having a sudden vertical step in the roof line. This results in each half of the stadium being made of 36 frames, each one of which is different. In total, some 3,500 tons of steel was used in the construction of the stadium. Given the coastal nature of the site, the steelwork paint system h ad to take into account the corrosive nature of airborne salts. Erection of tubular steel A frames to west stand roof NORTH, SOUTH AND EAST STANDS The superstructure to the north, south and east sta nds is relatively straightforward. Steel frames at 7.5m centres support a single tier of precast concrete terracing that is accessed, via precast concrete vomit ories, from the suspended composite slab and beam structure at lower concourse l evel. Overall stability is provided by a combination of frame action and bracing by the terracing raker beams. The 1.35m deep cellular roof beams cantilever up to 29m and are supported by two columns, one at the rear of the terracing and on e along the external perimeter. Polycarbonate sheeting to the tips of the cantil evers maximises sunlight to the pitch edges and corners. WEST STAND SUPERSTRUCTU RE The superstructure to the west stand is similar in principle to that of the o ther stands, although it does have two tiers of terracing and four levels of sus pended floor. In addition to frame action and bracing by the terracing raker bea ms (with additional vertical and plan bracing as required), overall stability is also provided by the stiffness of the 1.2m diameter concrete encased perimeter columns. WEST STAND ROOF The west stand roof is probably the most interesting as pect of the stadium from a structural point of view. Due to its significant over hang and the presence of the upper tier, the cantilever solution used for the ot her stands was not appropriate here. Consequently, a stayed rafter NSC January - February 2004 21 SETTING OUT The orientation of the stadium was partly determined by the need to minimise the wind uplift forces to the large overhang of the west stand roof. Co nsequently, the prevailing winds from the south west act on the rear elevation o f the west stand. The principal structural elements are all set out to a complex arrangement of plan curves, with different radii and setting-out points definin g each element. This arrangement ensures good views from all seats, with no spec tators having to stand in order to view the action in the corners (which is wher e much of the play occurs in a rugby match). To assist construction, easting and northing coordinates were calculated for all critical elements, some of which w ere expressed as ‘global positioning system’ (GPS) co-ordinates.

FEATURE CREDITS Architect (overall concept) Arup Associates (detail design) The Miller Partnersh ip Structural Engineer Anthony Hunt Associates Steelwork Contractors Watson Stee l & Wescol Steel tonnage 3,500 tonnes solution was adopted, using relatively slender 406mm diameter CHS stays to suppo rt box section rafters which are fabricated out of steel plate, and range from 1 350mm deep at their supports, down to 600mm at the tip. The CHS stays are up to 40m long, and rise gently in pairs up to the rear of the roof, where they meet s ix CHS section ‘A-frames’ which transfer the significant vertical and overturning fo rces down the stand, via terracing raker beams and diagonal bracing hidden withi n partition walls between hospitality boxes. To overcome potential problems asso ciated with self-weight deflection and bending moments, the CHS stays were crank ed at third points so that the deflected form approximates to a straight line. F or reasons of transportation and buildability, the tubular A-frames were fabrica ted at the rear of the west stand and lifted into place as complete frames. This resulted in lifts of up to 110 tons that lasted eight hours in some cases. In o rder to minimise out of balance forces, the ‘A-frames’ were erected from the centre outwards. Hence, the two central ‘A-frames’ were erected first, and then joined toge ther by erecting RHS infill purlins between them. This process was subsequently repeated for the two intermediate and the two outer ‘A-frames’, after which the roof decking could be laid. The west side of the pitch is lit from a dedicated light ing gantry slung off the underside of the west stand roof. Again, polycarbonate sheets at the front of the west stand roof maximise sunlight to the pitch. DYNAM IC BEHAVIOUR In addition to football and rugby, the stadium will be used for pop concerts. Hence, the dynamic performance of the structure was designed to compl y with the recommendations of the newly published Interim Guidance report, produ ced by the IStructE/DTLR/DCMS working group. This essentially requires that empt y stands have a lowest vertical natural frequency of at least 6Hz, provided that the structure can resist a horizontal load equal to 7.5% of the vertical impose d load, in addition to the wind loads specified in Part 2 of BS 6399. This shoul d ensure that significant resonant excitation at the second harmonic frequency o f crowd movement is avoided. A sophisticated 3-D computer model was initially cr eated to determine the dynamic response of the structure, the results of which w ere subsequently evaluated against physical tests carried out on the as-built st ructure by Sheffield University’s Vibration Engineering Research Section. The prac tical implications of designing for pop concerts are essentially stiffer precast terracing units, stiffer steel terrace raker beams, and additional bracing (in both horizontal and vertical planes). 22 NSC January - February 2004 THERMAL MOVEMENT The bowl arrangement of the stadium is such that the north, sou th, east and west stands are prevented from expanding towards (and contracting a way from) the corner areas. Consequently, the superstructure is jointed using pa irs of expansion joints at all four corners of the stadium. PROGRAMME AND BUDGET The main contractor was appointed in September 2001, when the detailed design b egan. The site works started one month later in October 2001, and the opening ma tch was played just 14 months later in December 2002. The building was delivered both on time and within the client’s budget. The extremely tight programme was on ly achievable by establishing a close working relationship with the steelwork co ntractors at an early stage in the detailed design process. Indeed, the steelwor k contractors made an invaluable contribution in terms of assisting with the con nection design and advising on buildability. ONE YEAR ON Since the stadium opene d almost a year ago, Hull City FC and Hull FC have both seen significant increas es in their attendance figures. Further, the stadium has been ‘sold out’ for a numbe r of events including an England U21 friendly, an Elton John concert, and a rugb y league test match between Great Britain and Australia. Indeed, the stadium has captured the imagination of the people of Hull as well as visitors to the city, many of whom believe the ‘spectator experience’ at the Kingston Communication Stadi

um is second to none. Opening night - view from south-west corner

Hillsboro Stadium Hillsboro, Oregon T was based on the design team’s ability to be creative in its response to the owner’s (The Hillsboro Parks and Recreation Department) and architect’s (GBD Architects) requirements. The owner, due to cost overruns and a long construction schedule, abandoned a previous design by another team. KPFF, along with the other team mem bers, came up with a design that met both the budget for the project and the des ign and construction schedule required by the owner. The Hillsboro Parks and Rec reation Department received its funding for the stadium from a combination of pr ivate and public donations and a recently approved bond measure. When the overal l 10-month schedule was broken down into tasks, KPFF was left with 30 days to co mplete the design and issue bid documents for the stadium, a significant enginee ring achievement. KPFF provided structural engineering design and construction s ervices for the Hillsboro Stadium in Hillsboro, OR. The project includes a 4,000 -seat bleacher stadium with a 25,000-sq. ft. roof, suspended from four steel tow ers located along the backside of the stadium. The roof partially covers the ble achers and three enclosed private press boxes that he success of the Hillsboro Stadium project Modern Steel Construction / March 2000

Jurors’ Comments: Designed and built in 10 months, this stadium is a perfect blend of simple but elegant design, economy and speed through pre-fabrication. The ca nopied roof structure stands out like a jewel. overlook the multipurpose Astroturf field, which supports baseball, football, an d soccer. Six additional grass softball and baseball fields surround the stadium . The seating was constructed using 25’ long by 3’ 9” wide precast concrete planks sup ported by structural steel beams and columns. Below the bleachers are restrooms, concession booths, team locker rooms, and ground maintenance and storage facili ties. The project was designed and built for the City of Hillsboro Parks and Rec reation Department for use by local high schools, youth, and adult sports organi zations. Completed in August of 1999, the construction cost for the stadium was $7,400,000. The stadium included 400 tons of structural steel. In order to meet the owner’s demanding cost and budget constraints, the design team created a simpl e, structurally sound, and aesthetically pleasing design using prefabricated roo f sections that could be installed while the supporting structure was built. Concurrent Construction The key to the project’s success was that different sections of the stadium could be designed, built, and installed concurrently. The

The suspension rods, which splay out from the top of the towers down to the roof structure, carry all of the gravity load of the roof system. The roof is offset from the roof towers, which creates an inherent eccentricity. The support tower s must withstand constant overturning forces caused by the structures’ eccentricit y, wind, and seismic loads. Additionally, the support towers were designed to ac commodate the unbalanced loads that occurred during construction when an adjacen t roof panel had not yet been lifted into place. This eliminated the need for sh oring and provided the steel erector with a wide range of erection sequences. Th e seating raker beams attach to the roof towers, approximately 43’ above the field at the press box floor, and provide stability to the roof towers. The steel rak er beams act as a compression strut to transfer the loads down to the concourse level, which is 15’ above the field level. The concourse level is rigidly anchored to a deep grade beam at the back of the stadium. The owner was pleased with the aesthetic quality of the system and the design team’s ability to create a structu ral system that could be designed and constructed within the required 10-month p eriod while remaining within the owner’s budget. The design team’s hard work and inn ovative use of structural steel made this project a success for everyone involve d, including the owner and the members of the community, who will have full use of the facility. engineers designed a canopiedroof system that was completely independent of the stadium seating section. While the stadium seating area was being constructed, t he roof was also being constructed in an adjacent field. Once the seating area w as complete, the roof system was lifted into place and attached to 80 suspension rods and 16 uplift rods suspended from four steel towers. The four steel roof t owers were also prefabricated in two sections and lifted into place. The lower s ections of the towers were fabricated and placed prior to construction of the se ating area. While the seating area was being installed, the upper roof tower sections were b eing constructed and were lifted into place prior to completion of the roof pane ls. The roof panels were constructed in three 53’ by 100’ sections, which were set b etween the towers, and two 25’ by 100’ sections, which were placed at the ends of th e roof. Two independent cranes lifted the roof panels. It took approximately eig ht hours to lift and secure each panel. The framing in the wedge-shaped skylight s was installed after the main roof panels were installed. Modern Steel Construction / March 2000

Hillsboro Stadium, Hillsboro, OR Owner: The Hillsboro Parks and Recreation Depar tment Architect: GBD Architects, Portland, OR Structural Engineer: KPFF, Portlan d, OR Fabricator: Fought & Co., Tigard, OR (AISC member) Detailer: Baresel Corp. (AISC & NISD members) General Contractor: Hoffman Construction Co., Portland

View Basket Home About Us How To Find Us Sitemap Help/Info Currency Converter Register Login Contact Us Business Account Application What s New in similar categories « Back The Stadium Architecture for the New Global Culture Rod Sheard Search: Search Tips Get into the centre of the action with The Stadium, a book that takes you to som e of the finest event centres across the globe. Sports fans in the United States can revisit their own home fields such as the Reliant Stadium in Houston, SBC P ark in San Francisco, Oriole Park in Baltimore, and experience international att ractions such as the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wembley in London, Arsenal i n London, and the Olympic Stadium in Sydney. With 250 astonishing photos and 70 architectural plans, this book defines the stadium as a worldwide cultural icon. Periplus July 2005 Code: 39446 | 192pp | Hb | Home / Away: Five British Architects Build Housing in Europe The Development of Housing in Britain 1870 2008 Ellis Woodman Only £12.50 £30.00 More New Books » This book can be found in the following categories: Building Types » Building Type s » Public » Leisure » Design and Interiors » Interior & Building Types » Sporting » Le Corbusier collection 1. Le Corbusier The Art of Architecture Alexander von Ve gesack Only Customers who bought this also bought Related Items 1. Stadium Atlas Technical Recommendations for Grandstands in Mode rn Stadia Stefan Nixdorf Only JCT Contracts Digital Service Top 20 Books For January Le Corbusier collection b ooks Books Which Every Architectural Practice Needs Books From RIBA Publishing B estsellers What s New Special Offers Sign up for our 2. 1. Architecture s New Media Principles, Theories and Methods of Computer Aided D esign Yehuda E. Kalay Only £50.00 2. Le Corbusier and Britain An Anthology. Julian Osley Le Corbusier The Villa Sa voye. Jacques Sbriglio Le Corbusier Moleskine Notebook. Le Corbusier in Detail. Flora Samuel Le Corbusier Le Grand The Career, Work and Influence. Le Corbusier: Unité d’habitation, Marseille. Alban Janson Le Corbusier The Chapel at Ronchamp. Da niele Pauly The Villas of Le Corbusier 1920-1930. Tim Benton Maison Blanche Char les-Edouard Jeanneret / Le Corbusier. Arthur Ruegg

£37.95 Beginning AutoCAD 2005. Bob McFarlane 3. Stadium Engineering. Peter Culley and J ohn Pascoe 3. 2. £115.00 Stadia A Design and Development Guide. J. Geraint, R. Sheard & B. Vickery German Football Stadiums. Joachim Fischer 4. Stadia and Arenas von Gerkan, Marg und Pa rtner. Volkwin Marg Stadium Engineering. Peter Culley and John Pascoe 5. 6. 3. 4 . 5. 7. Weekly New Books Email Free UK Postage UK online orders over £60 exc VAT conditions apply Order by phone +44 (0) 20 7256 7222 Website enquiries +44 (0) 20 7496 8390 Coming Soon What s N ew Book Reviews Competition Free Publications Links Apply for a Business Account for your company 8. About Us Help / Info Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Contact Us 9. RIBA Bookshops (Mail Order Office), 15 Bonhill Street, London, EC2P 2EA, UK. Tel : +44 (0) 20 7256 7222 10. More Le Corbusier collection Books » Books Which Every Architectural Practice Need s 1. Architect s Pocket Book Charlotte BadenPowell Only £17.99 View More » Link to us! become an affiliate Special Offers 1. JCT Contract Guides Bundle: Guide to MW05, SBC05 and IC05 Sara h Lupton Only £80.00 More Special Offers »

View Basket Home About Us How To Find Us Sitemap Help/Info Currency Converter Register Login Contact Us Business Account Application What s New in similar categories « Back Stadiums. Albert Wimmer Market Places of the Future Albert Wimmer Search: Search Tips The work of Albert Wimmer is characterised by his incessant drive to find ideal answers to the constantly changing demands on architecture. Wimmer has set inter national standards with major projects in the areas of urban planning, living, w orking, culture and sports. His winning entry for the construction of the new Ti voli Stadium in Innsbruck was the foundation for his work in stadium constructio n which was followed by stadiums in Salzburg, Klagenfurt and Nicosia. As a place where utterly diverse social milieus and cultural practices encounter one anoth er, stadiums draw their quality primarily from their dialogue with the social, e conomic, cultural and regional contexts. Along with their striking architectural design element, stadiums need to make the connection between functionalism and experience, which is apparent in Albert Wimmer s designs. Springer Wien New York May 2008 Code: 64539 | 159pp | Pb | Technical Review: Roofing Christopher Garrand Only £16.50 More New Books » Le Corbusier collection 1. Le Corbusier The Art of Architecture A lexander von Vegesack Only £21.99 £50.00 JCT Contracts Digital Service Top 20 Books For January Le Corbusier collection b ooks Books Which Every Architectural Practice Needs Books From RIBA Publishing B estsellers What s New Special Offers Sign up for our 3. 2. This book can be found in the following categories: Constr uction and Engineering » Structure » Design and Interiors » Interior & Building Types » Sporting » Architects and their Work » Monographs » European Architects » Building Types » Public » Leisure » 2. Le Corbusier and Britain An Anthology. Julian Osley Le Corbus ier The Villa Savoye. Jacques Sbriglio Le Corbusier Moleskine Notebook. Le Corbu sier in Detail. Flora Samuel Le Corbusier Le Grand The Career, Work and Influenc e. Le Corbusier: Unité d’habitation, Marseille. Alban Janson Le Corbusier The Chapel at Ronchamp. Daniele Pauly The Villas of Le Corbusier 1920-1930. Tim Benton Mai son Blanche Charles-Edouard Jeanneret / Le Corbusier. Arthur Ruegg 3. 4. 5. 6. Customers who bought this also bought 1. Tall Buildings A Strategic Design Guide Ziona Strelitz Only Related Items 1. Sportectura Arquitectura y Deporte Luis Alonso Only

£32.50 2. Stadium Atlas Technical Recommendations for Grandstands in Modern Stadia. Ste fan Nixdorf Building Type Basics for Healthcare Facilities. Richard L. Kobus 4. Architecture - Between Spectacle and Use. Anthony Vidler 5. ETFE Technology & De sign. Annette LeCuyer 5. 4. £30.00 Sport Facilities. Aurora Cuito 3. Stadia A Design and Development Guide. J. Gera int, R. Sheard & B. Vickery European Football Stadiums. Michael Heatley Stadium Design. Anja Llorella 7. 8. Weekly New Books Email Free UK Postage UK online orders over £60 exc VAT conditions apply Order by phone +44 (0) 20 7256 7222 Website enquiries +44 (0) 20 7496 8390 Coming Soon What s N ew Book Reviews Competition Free Publications Links Apply for a Business Account for your company 9. 10. More Le Corbusier collection Books » About Us Help / Info Terms & Conditions Priva cy Policy Contact Us Books Which Every Architectural Practice Needs 1. Architect s Pocket Book Charlotte BadenPowell Only RIBA Bookshops (Mail Order Office), 15 Bonhill Street, London, EC2P 2EA, UK. Tel : +44 (0) 20 7256 7222 £17.99 View More » Special Offers 1. JCT Contract Guides Bundle: Guide to MW05, SBC05 and IC05 Sarah Lupton Only Link to us! become an affiliate £80.00 More Special Offers »

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her occupancy below it, the use of the SSE PREFoam Stadium Seating System greatl y reduces the sound transfer and provides an level of acoustic barrier between t he adjacent floors. Traditional light gauge metal stud framed seating systems ar e hollow under the platform and the acoustical properties of the hollow space ty pically do not complement the audio experience and they do not provide any sound insulation properties. The SSE PREFoam tiered stadium seating system is the mos t environmentally friendly tiered stadium seating system available today. This i nnovative “PREFoam System” uses Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam blocks as the str uctural fill material to support the tiered seating platforms. The use of EPS in the stadium seating system as well as its use as an insulation material in the overall construction of the building meets many of the criteria necessary for LE ED certification. The U.S. Green Building Council has developed a nationally acc epted system to rate the design, construction and operations of buildings. The U SGBC’s leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a standard that rec ognizes the life-cycle cost of construction and helps guide the performance of p rojects. The LEED rating system allows owners to acquire credits by meeting cert ain conditions pertaining to the use of sustainable, energy efficient and enviro nmentally friendly products and systems. The use of EPS in design and constructi on addresses each of these criteria and provides a product that is both environm entally responsible and a cost efficient solution to installation of tiered stad ium seating riser systems. Inherent in the design of the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System is it s flexibility to be used in conjunction with traditional metal stud and drywall framing for usable space under the back of t he stadium seating platform. The SSE PREFoam EPP Stadium Seating Riser Systems a re commonly used adjacent to and on top of a structural deck above storage, rest rooms, offices or other spaces under the platform. A time saving advantage of the SSE PREFoam EPS

Geofoam Tiered Seating Riser System is that it can be typically installed by sem i-skilled laborers in as little as one day per auditorium; reducing the overall cost for platform installation, construction schedule and the resulting overall construction cost associated with the project. Due to their modular nature as we ll as design and attachment characteristics, the prefabricated Stadium Seating R iser System will minimize installation time and manpower required for auditorium , church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall & movie theatre seati ng riser systems. The installation of the Geofoam used for the structural suppor t of the SSE PREFoam tiered seating risers is similar to stacking "Lego type" bl ocks made of EPS to form the tiered seating platforms. In addition, because the PREFoam riser platform components are installed much later in the construction s equence than is customary with traditional steel stud or other means of providin g tiered seating platforms, the contractor is able to keep the floor barrier fre e to allow ease of work on a rolling scaffold or scissor lift. Please review the information contained on this website. This site contains technical data, photo graphs of church, movie theatre, auditorium, classroom, and lecture hall stadium seating riser design and fabrication solutions, and comments by our past client s relating to our design, service and product as well as broad overviews of our experience and approach to project delivery. If you would like personal and resp onsive service and further detailed information on our products or a cost estima te for your stadium seating project, please contact: Stadium Seating Enterprises , Inc. 3187 Red Hill Avenue, Suite 200 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Toll Free: 877.244.7 328 Email: [email protected] Additional contact information is conta ined under the Contact Us page on this site. About Copyright 20007 - SSE - Stadium Seating Enterprises Services Solutions Experience Green News Contact Sitemap