1.1 Sociologia - Luis Perez Cruz

 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhfi`te

  Jdpètule

4. µTuæ is ld sejfeleaèd5   Jdpètule 2. Ld sejfeleaèd jehe jfi`jfd

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Y@FODO Y@FODO

ZEJFELEAÈD  

µTuæ is ld sejfeleaèd5 Juistfe`drfe ofda`ústfje µTuæ is ld sejfeleaèd5  µJúhe oi󿬄`is lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis5  µJúhe  µZe` ûtflis lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis5    

JD^È_YLE

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Ebkitfve ^reblihdtfzdr ^reblihd tfzdr sebri lds foids qui ixfsti` oi ld sejfeleaèd  y su fhpertd`jfd fhpertd`jfd i` ld djtudlfodo. djtudlfodo.

Cfaurd 4.4

^drd les sejfúleaes md risultdoe oi sustd`jfdl fhpertd`jfd ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri quæ is su ofsjfplf`d, yd qui je`stftuyi u` ikirjfjfe prfhdrfe y cu`odhi`tdl7 sf` ld ri󿬂ixfú` sebri ld sejfeleaèd `e sirèd pesfbli jehpri`oir `uistre quimdjir jetfofd`e, pdrd `esetres tdhbfæ` is ilihi`tdl pi`sdr sebri ld ofsjfplf`d d ld qui `es oiofjdhes, doihäs oi qui ld jehpri`sfú` oil tixte qui ti`ihes i` `uistrds hd`es oipi`oi oi isd ri󿬂ixfú`. Dsfhfshe, y jehe prfhir dspijte d je`sfoirdr, jriihes jriihes sustd`jfdl ixplfjdr qui d teod cerhd oi pi`sdhfi`te li jerrispe`oi u`d jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd7 sf` isti

Ld sejfeleaèd si i`jdrad oil istuofe oi teod hd`fcistdjfú` muhd`d.

ûltfhe ilihi`te `e sirèd jehpri`sfbli, y tdhpeje peorèdhes istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi ixplfjdr `uistrd ridlfodo. Je` le d`tirfer priti`oihes mdjir mf`jdpfæ i` qui lds foids qui ti`adhes oi ld ridlfodo se` preoujte oi illd hfshd, `e peoihes vir les ci`úhi`es y preblihds sejfdlis cuird oi `uistrd ridlfodo, les sejfúleaes istdhes oi`tre oi ld sejfiodo. ^drd sir häs prijfses, jehe d`dlfstds oi ld sejfiodo, cerhdhes pdrti oi æstd, vfvfhes les preblihds y ci`úhi`es jehe teoes les f`tiard`tis oi u`d jehu`fodo, `e istdhes dfsldoes. ^er ise oijfhes qui lds foids qui ti`adhes se` il ri󿬂ike oi le qui vfvfhes jehe f`ofvfoues sejfdlis. Jdrdjtirfzdhes d ld sejfeleaèd jehe u`d ofsjfplf`d juye ebkite oi istuofe is teod hd`fcistdjfú` muhd`d7 is oijfr, teod djjfú` preoujte oi `uistrds rildjfe`is je` etres f`ofvfoues, i` ld qui f`tirdjtudhes y `e is pesfbli oislfadr`es oi ille, `f hujme hi`es oikdr oi pdrtfjfpdr i` su oisdrrelle y ivelujfú` d trdvæs oil tfihpe, per ise jud`oe d u`d pirse`d si li priau`td sebri ilijjfe`is, e sebri ije`ehèd, u`d je`tistdjfú` usudl is qui `e li f`tirisd pdrtfjfpdr i` pelètfjd e `e li f`tirisd ld ije`ehèd, isd d󿬄rhdjfú` ld mdji perqui jrii oisvf`juldrsi oi su ridlfodo, sf` ihbdrae, je`stftuyi u`d djjfú`, is u`d pdrtfjfpdjfú` e rispuistd, pesftfvd e `iadtfvd, oi ld ridlfodo qui vfvi.

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Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

^er il mijme oi qui ld ri󿬂ixfú` oil sejfúleae rispe`od d ld ridlfodo qui vfvi, `e is si`jflle oi󿬄`fr d ld sejfeleaèd oi u`d viz y pdrd sfihpri, yd qui jdod æpejd y sejfiodo tfi`i` foids oi󿬄`fods y ofstf`tds, f`jluse jdod duter tfi`i ofvirsds je`jipjfe`is, per ille oi󿬄`frld si ter`d ofcèjfl y jehplike. @e ebstd`ti le d`tirfer, odrihes dlau`es pu`tes oi riciri`jfd pdrd isjldrijir il ebkite oi istuofe y les dljd`jis oi `uistrd ofsjfplf`d. @e je`sfoirdhes qui ld rispuistd d quæ is ld sejfeleaèd sid ejfesd, perqui supe`i rdze`dr sebri u` je`ku`te oi jfrju`std`jfds qui is `ijisdrfe prijfsdr. I` prfhir tærhf`e, risultd f`ofs pi`sdbli dberodr ld utflfodo oi ld ofsjfplf`d, yd qui i`je`trdhes ti`oi`jfds qui mdji` mf`jdpfæ i` les ard`ois preblihds y hdlis qui dquikd` d ld muhd`fodo, dsè jehe ofciri`tis cerhds oi ixplfjdrles, doihäs oi ld hultfplfjfodo oi cerhds oi selujfe`drles. Oi󿬄`fr ld sejfeleaèd `es dyuod d isjldrijir y prepe`ir hijd`fshes pdrd i`cri`tdr les preblihds sejfdlis. Doihäs, jehe dsiaurd il sejfúleae ^firri Beurofiu, perqui si md je`sfoirdoe d les sejfúleaes jehe jrètfjes, je`󿬂fjtfves y preblihätfjes, per ille oilfhftdr les llivd d sir huy ri󿬂ixfves y sfihpri busjdr istdr dl cri`ti i` ld ixplfjdjfú` oi les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis. ^er td`te, risultd jehplike ixplfjdr su utflfodo y oi󿬄`fr d ld ofsjfplf`d hfshd.

Cfaurd 4.2

I` ld djtudlfodo ld sejfeleaèd si i`jui`trd d`ti u`d ard` epertu`fodo oi prepe`ir cerhds oi selujfe`dr les preblihds qui dquikd` d ld muhd`fodo muhd`fodo..

_dhbfæ` Beurofiu dbu`od sebri istd vfsfú` y je`sfoird qui il sejfúleae vd häs dllä y juistfe`d prf`jfpfes y je`jiptes istdblijfoes i` ld sejfiodo, perqui istä i` je`std`ti jdhbfe, `e teoe istä oitirhf`doe, il prf`jfpfe bäsfje oi `uistrd ofsjfplf`d istä i` il juistfe`dhfi`te oi les pdtre`is istdblijfoes, y i` je`sfoirdr u` sir jelijtfve y busjdr il juistfe`dhfi`te d les hijd`fshes oi oehf`djfú`. Oi djuiroe je` le d`tirfer, i` ld djtudlfodo ld sejfeleaèd si i`jui`trd d`ti u`d ard` epertu`fodo oi prepe`ir cerhds oi selujfe`dr les ardvis preblihds qui dquikd` d ld muhd`fodo, tihds jehe ld ofsjrfhf`djfú`, ld pebrizd, il oisihplie, les arupes vul`irdblis (hukiris, `fôes, kúvi`is), ld oilf`jui`jfd erad`fzdod, i`tri hujmes etres, cerhd` pdrti oi ld jehplikfodo oi lds sejfiodois djtudlis y is prijfse i`cri`tdrles d trdvæs oi les je`ejfhfi`tes qui jetfofd`dhi`ti tehdhes. Istuofdr sejfeleaèd `e puioi sir u` prejise rutf`drfe oi doqufsfjfú` oi je`ejfhfi`te. Y` sejfúleae is dlaufi` jdpdz oi lfbirdrsi oi ld f`hiofdtiz oi lds jfrju`std`jfds pirse`dlis pdrd pe`ir lds jesds i` u` je`tixte häs dhplfe. Il trdbdke sejfelúafje oipi`oi oi le qui il duter dhirfjd`e Qrfamt Hflls, i` u`d jælibri ixprisfú`, oi`ehf`ú ld fhdaf`djfú` sejfelúafjd (Hflls, 461>). Ld fhdaf`djfú` sejfelúafjd `es pfoi sebri teoe vfsudlfzdr ld ridlfodo `e oi hd`ird hijä`fjd, sf`e mdjfi`oe use oi ld fhdaf`djfú` qui `es pirhftd f`tirpritdr isd ridlfodo.

Cfaurd 4.:

Dsè, risultd fhpertd`ti siôdldr qui `uistre tfihpe `es eblfad d jdhbfdr isd je`jipjfú` qui sesti`èd` tierèds jehe ld hdrxfstd, qui je`sfoird` qui il quimdjir sejfelúafje risultd f`crujtuese y sf` utflfodo pdrd les ofvirses djteris sejfdlis, y qui il jehprehfse oil sejfúleae si oibd i`cejdr ixjlusfvdhi`ti i` rildjfú` je` ld trd`scerhdjfú` oi ld sejfiodo. I` teoe jdse, is pirtf`i`ti dbejdrsi mdjfd il d`älfsfs susti`tdoe i` u` istuofe rfaurese y oi hd`ird hitúofjd, pdrd qui les risultdoes puiod` sir utflfzdoes i` sftudjfe`is je`jritds. I` les ûltfhes dôes y je` il ihpiôe oi jdhbfdr ld pirspijtfvd qui si tfi`i sebri ld sejfeleaèd, md surafoe u`d ti`oi`jfd qui rivdlerd ld utflfodo oi les istuofes oi jdräjtir sejfdl. Zebri teoe d trdvæs oi ofda`ústfjes, i`juistds, dsiserèds y je`sultds. Md quiodoe dträs ld vfsfú` rehä`tfjd y ixjlusfvdhi`ti muhd`fstd oil quimdjir sejfelúafje, ld judl je`sfoirdbd qui ld û`fjd cerhd oi qui ld ofsjfplf`d trdsji`ofird ird je` ldd ld foid oi qui ilfhf`d`oe il sejfúleae lds oibèd juhplfr ld hfsfú` oi trd`scerhdr rdofjdlhi`ti sejfiodo, ofciri`jfds sejfdlis.

Jmdrlis Qrfamt-Hflls cui u` sejfúleae istdoeu`foi`si. Y`e oi sus lfbres häs rijerodoes is Ld fhdaf`djfú` sejfelúafjd.

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD Riciri`tis jdtiaúrfjes i` ter`e d ld sejfeleaèd Je`jipte y ebkite oi ld sejfeleaèd Ld sejfeleaèd cerhd pdrti oi lds lldhdods jfi`jfds sejfdlis y is f`ofspi`sdbli qui tehihes i` je`sfoirdjfú` oes `fvilis, lds je`ofjfe`is sejfdlis i` qui surai y ld rildjfú` qui audrod je` ld jfi`jfd7 le d`tirfer is fhpertd`ti perqui `e peoihes je`jibfrld sf` sus vè`jules i f`tiroipi`oi`jfd je` etrds ofsjfplf`ds. F`jluse, ld ti`oi`jfd djtudl i` les istuofes sejfdlis is mdjfd il d`älfsfs f`tirofsjfplf`drfe. Le d`tirfer is bäsfje perqui `e peoihes jehpri`oir u` istuofe sejfelúafje sf` lds mirrdhfi`tds oi jdräjtir hiteoelúafje qui li preperjfe`drä` rfauresfodo y jriofbflfodo. ^drd mdjir use oi æstds is fhpertd`ti qui peodhes ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri su utflfodo, y qui pi`sihes i` lds fhplfjdjfe`is y i` ivftdr qui `uistre djirjdhfi`te d ld ridlfodo sid súle pdrd sdtfscdjir ixjlusfvdhi`ti dl sejfúleae, i` viz oi pdrd je`tdr je` u`d f`tirpritdjfú` ebkitfvd oi ld sejfiodo y su cu`jfe`dhfi`te. Jehe yd jehi`tdhes lds je`ofjfe` je`ofjfe`is is i` qui surafú ld sejfeleaèd oitirhf`dre` oitirhf`dre` su jdräjtir, yd qui les f`fjfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 istuvfire` hdrjdoes per u`d ci i` les leares oi ld jfi`jfd y si preyijtdbd u` cuture oe`oi il prearise hdtirfdl oi lds sejfiodois sirèd f`f`tirruhpfoe. Le d`tirfer ti`èd jehe je`trdsti d lds sejfiodois qui si oibdtèd` y oistruèd` per hd`ti`ir u` eroi` e oishd`tildrle i f`stdurdr riaèhi`is qui adrd`tfzdrd` ld lfbirtdo i faudlodo oi les f`ofvfoues. ^drd Jehti mdbèd qui tirhf`dr je` pirfeoes ldraes oi f`istdbflfodo, oi auirrds y oi oitirfere ije`úhfje, dsè jehe oi je`ofjfe`is sejfdlis qui `e istdbd` i` jerrispe`oi`jfd je` lds prehisds `e seldhi`ti oi lfbirtdo i faudlodo, sf`e tdhbfæ` oi prearise pdrd teod ld muhd`fodo. Dsè i`te`jis, Jehti cui je`struyi`oe u`d `ejfú` oi jfi`jfd qui rijupirdrä il æxfte oi æstd i` tirri`es qui pirhftfire` il oisdrrelle tij`elúafje y ld ixpletdjfú` f`ti`sfvd oi ld `dturdlizd i` bi`i󿬄jfe oil mehbri. Doihäs oi qui il iurepie oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 pi`sdbd i` u` cuture prehfserfe, lli`e oi prearise, bfi`istdr y cilfjfodo7 ille si trdouke i` je`jibfr u`d vfsfú` eptfhfstd oil oisdrrelle sejfdl y je`strufr je`strufr,, i` cu`jfú` oil eptfhfshe qui oispirtdbd il jdpftdlfshe,, sejfiodois oe`oi il prearise y il bfi`istdr hdtirfdl ivftdrèd` les prejdpftdlfshe blihds y lds je`cre`tdjfe`is sejfdlis. Is oijfr, `ijisdrfdhi`ti ld je`selfodjfú` oi u` `uive heoile llivdrèd d ld muhd`fodo d istdofes oi prearise sf` lèhftis. Dmerd bfi`, is fhpertd`ti qui peodhes jfrju`sjrfbfr ld rildjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd je` ld jfi`jfd i` jud`te si jehfi`zd d ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri ld ridlfodo sejfdl, busjd`oe sebri teoe qui ti`ad u` susti`te bäsfje, per ille sirä `ijisdrfe rijurrfr d ld tierèd oil je`ejfhfi`te, qui jfod sustd`jfdlhi`ti si ri󿬄iri rildjfú` istdblii`tri il jfi`tè󿬄je sejfdld yldsu ebkite oi istuCfaurd 4.? ofe. Ille oi i`trdod fhplfjd u`d jdrad foielúafjd cuirti, yd qui `e jriihes qui il istuofese oi le sejfdl puiod hd`ti`irsi dl hdrai` oi su ridlfodo. F`jluse istd rildjfú` vd häs dllä oi u`d juistfú` lúafjd, tdhbfæ` supe`i, oi djuiroe je` Zirafe Bdaû, le sfaufi`ti; “Ld ridlfodo sejfdl, isd f`tiraæ`isfs oi le muhd`e, is `uistrd je`ofjfú` oi vfod y, d ld viz, ld hdtirfd oi `uistre je`ejfhfi`te oi le sejfdl. Ises oes peles oi ld rildjfú`, sf` cu`ofrsi, súle si ixplfjd` jehe pdrtis oi u` hfshe prejise. Il `ixe qui si istdbliji i`tri dhbes `e is oil tfpe qui si prisi`td i`tri oes ebkites f`d`fhdoes, sf`e oi etre tfpe ispijfdl‘.4 Drfstútilis cui u` ffllúsece arfiae juyds foids md` ikirjfoe u`d i`erhi f`flui`jfd sebri ld mfsterfd f`tilijtudl.

Dmerd `e seldhi`ti lfhftdhes djiptdr quibfi`, ld rildjfú` i`tri il`es istuofese oi led

  Zirafe Bdaû. _fihpe, ridlfodo sejfdl y je`ejfhfi`te, p. 44.

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Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

sejfdl y ld ridlfodo is oi jdräjtir foielúafje, doihäs pdrtfhes oi u` prf`jfpfe oi eroi`, yd qui `uistrd `ejfú` oi jfi`jfd md istdoe i`jdhf`dod d pld`tidr y dsiaurdr qui le jfi`tè󿬄je is sf`ú`fhe oi eroi`dhfi`te, Bdaû le ixplfjd i` les sfaufi`tis tærhf`es; “Iscerzdrsi per je`ejir is d pdrtfr oi ld mfpútisfs oi qui le jea`esjfbli pesii u`d erad`fzdjfú`. Is il prfhir riqufsfte oi teod jfi`jfd. Iscerzdrsi per je`ejir il je`ejfhfi`te oi le sejfdl y le sejfdl hfshe is supe`irlis erad`fzdoes. @f le sejfdl is u` dzdr dzdr,, `f le je`ejihes per dzdr‘. 2 Dsè i`te`jis, le jfi`tè󿬄je i` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis supe`i u`d sirfi oi prf`jfpfes qui tdhbfæ` jehpdrti` lds etrds jfi`jfds, yd qui risultd sustd`jfdl je`sfoirdr qui il prf`jfpfe oi eroi`dhfi`te je`stftuyi ld bdsi oil jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je oil je`ejfhfi`te.

Les jdhpes oi ld sejfeleaèd @e jdbi ouod qui il d`älfsfs sejfelúafje md ti`foe hûltfplis dplfjdjfe`is, sebri teoe perqui je`stftuyi u`d cui`ti oi f`cerhdjfú` prijfsd, le qui supe`i u` oisdrrelle qui jriji y si ofvirsf󿬄jd, pire pire dû` `es i`je`trdhes je` pesturds qui je`sfoird` ld djtfvfodo sejfelúafjd jehe cdltd oi je`selfodjfú`, sebri teoe perqui `e je`jritd su d`mildod ebkitfvfodo7 doihäs oi qui `e je`sfoird` qui istæ fhbufod oi rfauresfodo y jldrfodo.

Cfaurd 4.9

Oisoi les tfihpes oi Jehti, d ld sejfeleaèd si li priti`ofú je`virtfr i` ld jfi`jfd qui ti`orèd i` sus hd`es il pircijjfe`dhfi`te y ld je`strujjfú` oi u`d sejfiodo qui vfvfisi vfvfisi i` drhe`èd, pire isd priti`sfú` jmejú je`trd u`d ridlfodo qui i` hujmds ejdsfe`is hestrdbd pejd ofspesfjfú` d leardr isi ebkitfve prijfdoe. Hujme si md trd`scerhdoe ld f`jlf`djfú` oil sejfúleae, sf` pirpiroir ld isi`jfd oi trdtdr oi rihiofdr les preblihds qui dtdôi` d lds sejfiodois7 le jehplike y ofvirsf󿬄jdoe oi lds sejfiodois md` pirhftfoe u`d ispijfi oi dhplfdjfú` oi le je`sfoirdoe jehe f`vistfadjfú` y su dplfjdjfú`.

Mdy sejfúleaes qui istä` i`siôd`oe ld sejfeleaèd i` ofciri`tis rdhds, jehe le is ld hiofjf`d.

Oi djuiroe je` il sejfúleae Ily Jmf`ey Jmf`ey,, “Jehe risultdoe oi isti oisdrrelle, mdy sejfúleaes qui istä` i`siôd`oe i` isjuilds oi hiofjf`d, oi jehirjfe, oi oirijme y oi trdbdke sejfdl, dsè jehe i` jeliafes oi drtis lfbirdlis y isjuilds oi ardoudoes7 y d hi`uoe istä` ihplidoes jehe f`vistfadoeris i` mespftdlis, e󿬄jf`ds, cäbrfjds, dai`jfds oil aebfir`e y istdblijfhfi`tes hflftdris. I` jdhpes qui dlau`d viz ld ai`ti je`sfoirú jehe ixjlusfves oil mehbri häs bfi` präjtfje qui f`tilijtudl‘.: Mdstd isti pu`te i`je`trdhes oes hd`irds oi je`jibfr il quimdjir sejfelúafje; u`d qui priti`oi d`tipe`ir ld ebkitfvfodo i` ld f`vistfadjfú` y, etrd, qui je`sfoird fhpertd`ti il dspijte präjtfje y ûtfl oi istd ofsjfplf`d. Ille `es llivd d je`sfoirdr ld pesfbflfodo oi oispri`oir u`d vdrfiodo oi rdhds oi ld sejfeleaèd oi djuiroe je` ld preblihätfjd qui priti`odhes istuofdr. ^drdlildhi`ti, i` i` lds u`fvirsfodois si md je`strufoe u`d sirfi oi rdhds ai`irdlis qui trdtdrèd` oi ixplfjdr ld tetdlfodo oi ld sejfiodo7 per ikihple, ti`ihes ld sejfeleaèd pelètfjd, urbd`d, rurdl, oi ld ioujdjfú` y oi ld julturd. Æstds je`stftuyi` ld bdsi oi lds f`vistfadjfe`is mijmds oisoi les ji`tres u`fvirsftdrfes7 f`jluse si md` je`strufoe dlau`ds häs ispijè󿬄jds jehe hevfhfi`tes sejfdlis, aæ`ire, oisdrrelle riafe`dl, `uives djteris sejfdlis, i`tri etrds. I` Iurepd y Istdoes Y`foes si li preperjfe`d hdyer pise d ld djtfvfodo präjtfjd qui puofisi oisdrrelldr il sejfúleae, hfi`trds qui i` etres pdèsis, jehe il `uistre,

Cfaurd 4.3

Ld sejfeleaèd sfrvi i` il jdhpe oil jehirjfe, yd qui si trdtd` les preblihds oi u`d erad`fzdjfú` e f`stftujfú`.

  Èoih.   Ily Jmf`ey Jmf`ey.. Ld sejfiodo. Y`d f`treoujjfú` d ld sejfeleaèd, p. :63.

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Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD si erfi`td d ld juistfú` tiúrfjd y d ld f`vistfadjfú` qui ti`ad jehe 󿬄` prf`jfpdl dbejdrsi d preblihds sejfdlis pdrd riselvirles. Is pesfbli eroi`dr lds rdhds oi ld sejfeleaèd oi djuiroe je` il 󿬄` qui si pirsfad7 yd sid u`d vfsfú` djeroi d ld pirspijtfvd qui si mdji oisoi les jubèjules u`fvirsftdrfes, pdrd ld riselujfú` riselujfú` oi les ard`ois preblihds sejfdlis7 e u`d vfsfú` pdrd pdrd i`cri`tdr preblihds ispijè󿬄jes y je`jrites qui si `es prisi`ti` i` ld ridlfodo. Cfaurd 4.1

Zejfeleaèd rurdl Zejfeleaèd oi ld ioujdjfú` Rdhds oi ld sejfeleaèd

Zejfeleaèd oi ld julturd Zejfeleaèd urbd`d Zejfeleaèd pelètfjd

Ld sejfeleaèd `e si puioi jehpdrdr je` ld bfeleaèd oibfoe d qui is u`d jfi`jfd tiúrfjd i`jdhf`dod i`jdhf`dod d les mijmes oi ld vfod eraä`fjd.

Is pesfbli trdbdkdr ld sejfeleaèd oisoi ld pirspijtfvd tiúrfjd y oisoi ld präjtfjd, `e si ixjluyi`, pire le qui sè je`sfoirdhes cu`odhi`tdl cu`odh i`tdl is qui `uistrd ofsjfplf`d `e oibi pu`tudlfzdr júhe oibi je`strufrsi je`strufrs i u`d sejfiodo, puis istdhes i` pesfbflfodois oi dsuhfr u`d pesturd bdsdod i` kufjfes oi vdler. ^er ikihple, Lufs Rijdsi`s mdji u`d djetdjfú` dl rispijte y siôdld le sfaufi`ti; “…jdbi ebsirvdr qui ld bfeleaèd, qui is u`d jfi`jfd tiúrfjd i`jdhf`dod dl je`ejfhfi`te oi les mijmes oi ld vfod eraä`fjd, istuofd td` súle lds liyis oi ises mijmes, y `e cerhuld `f`au`d riald oi trdtdhfi`te7 pire, dsfhfshe is virodo qui il mfafi`fstd y il hæofje prijfsd` f`iluofblihi`ti u` djepfe oi sdbir bfelúafje, pdrd hikerdr y jurdr les erad`fshes muhd`es‘. ?

Ofsjfplf`ds duxflfdris Jehe yd vfhes i` pärrdces d`tirferis, Duauste Jehti is il prf`jfpdl preheter y d`fhdoer oi ld sejfeleaèd bdke prf`jfpfes qui, pisi d ld hultfplfjfodo oi jrètfjds y `iadjfe`is ourd`ti il sfale 󰁽󰁽 per pdrti oil ixtrihfshe tiúrfje oi fzqufirod, ld cu`od bdke ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oil pi`sdhfi`te oi ld Flustrdjfú`, i` il si`tfoe oi i`ti`oir dl je`ejfhfi`te muhd`e jehe u`d tetdlfodo, dsè jehe d su ebkite oi istuofe. Je` isti ispèrftu, Jehti prepe`i u`d ofsjfplf`d qui ti`ad jehe ebkitfve ld ri󿬂ixfú` y, y, sebri teoe, jerriafr lds ofsjripd`jfds y je`󿬂fjtes, huy prepfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 iurepie, oi ld ixfsti`jfd jelijtfvd oil mehbri. Iste sfa`f󿬄jd qui priti`oi dbdrjdr teoes les ci`úhi`es sebri il oisdrrelle mfstúrfje oi ld muhd`fodo je` u` ebkitfve ispijè󿬄je; ivftdr hiofd`ti il d`älfsfs ld je`cre`tdjfú`, qui iste ûltfhe si trdouzjd i` ribilfe`is, rivelujfe`is, rivelujfe`is, auirrds i`tri pdèsis, lujmd per les hirjdoes oil hu`oe y il surafhfi`te oil he`epelfe jehe u`d cerhd oi oehf`djfú` oi les pdèsis f`oustrfdlfzdoes mdjfd les ije`úhfjdhi`ti dtrdsdoes. ^drd ld jehpri`sfú` oi ld ridlfodo y ld bûsquiod oi u`d ixplfjdjfú` susti`tdod i` su jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je, le qui ridlfzd Jehti is u`d jldsf󿬄jdjfú` oi lds jfi`jfds, `e ofvfsfú`.oi ^drd ille, pdrti oi ld foid tehdr i` je`sfoirdjfú` il jdräjtir oi les u`d ci`úhi`es, le sfhpli y ai`irdl d le oi jehplike y pdrtfjuldr, jldsf󿬄jä`oeles i`   Lufs Rijdsi`s Zfjmis. Zejfeleaèd, p. 43.

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_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

oes jldsis; les oi “juirpes brutes‘ y les oi “juirpes erad`fzdoes‘, je` ille si ri󿬄iri d les siris f`eraä`fjes y eraä`fjes.

Cfaurd 4.=

Oi djuiroe je` les jrftirfes hi`jfe`does jldsf󿬄jd d lds jfi`jfds oi ld sfaufi`ti hd`ird; dstre`ehèd, cèsfjd, quèhfjd, 󿬄sfeleaèd y cèsfjd sejfdl. I` jfirtd cerhd, Jehti pld`tid u`d oipi`oi`jfd y u`d sijui`jfd i` istd jldsf󿬄jdjfú`, per le qui `e je`sfoird u`d pdrjfdlfzdjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te qui f`jluyd d häs oi u`d ofsjfplf`d. Tufzäs ld prepuistd oi Jehti `e si susti`td i` qui lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis fhfti` ld foid oi je`ejfhfi`te y oi les prejiofhfi`tes pdrd ai`irdrle oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis. Je`sfoird d teoes les siris vfves, oi djuiroe je` oes tfpes oi ci`úhi`es, les ricirfoes dl eroi` f`ofvfoudl y les oi ld Ld dstre`ehèd istä jldsfffljdod oi`tre oi lds jfi`jfds. ispijfi, f`jlufoes tdhbfæ` les siris muhd`es; ld cèsfjd eraä`fjd e 󿬄sfeleaèd y ld cèsfjd sejfdl. ^er ille jud`oe prepe`i ld je`strujjfú` oi u`d cèsfjd pdrd le sejfdl `e istä pi`sd`oe i` ld jfi`jfd qui trdouji lds liyis i` ijudjfe`is hdtihätfjds, sf`e i` risjdtdr su erfai` itfhelúafje, oe`oi  pmysfges  si ri󿬄iri d ld `dturdlizd, “d lds prepfiodois oi les juirpes y lds liyis qui tfi`oi` d heof󿬄jdr su istdoe e su hevfhfi`te sf` jdhbfdr su `dturdlizd‘. 9 Ld rdzú` oi sir oi teoe il je`ejfhfi`te muhd`e, sf` ofstf`jfe`is oi `f`au`d jldsi, is ld ridlfodo qui vfvfhes y, sebri teoe, qui pirjfbfhes7 pire sebri teoe `e je`jerodhes je` lds prepuistds oi ld tierèd pesftfvfstd mdjfd il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, oi mdjir oil je`ejfhfi`te oi le sejfdl sfhfldr d le ridlfzdoe i` il tirri`e oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis, prepuistd qui si i`cri`tú, i` ispijfdl i` Dlihd`fd, dl oisdcèe oi ofciri`jfdr le qui jerrispe`oèd dl tirri`e julturdl e sejfdl oi le `dturdl. Is oijfr, jehe d󿬄rhd il 󿬄lúsece dlihä` Qflmilh Ofltmiy; “i` lds jfi`jfds oi ld `dturdlizd peoihes, oisoi il ixtirfer y hiofd`ti il i`ldji oi je`jiptes dbstrdjtes, ebti`ir je`jlusfe`is sf` dcijtdr ld istrujturd oil ebkite oi istuofe‘, pire i` lds jfi`jfds oil ispèrftu, jehe lds lldhd Ofltmiy, ld je`ixfú` i`tri il ci`úhi`e y ld je`jiptudlfzdjfú` is istrijmd perqui il istuofese tdhbfæ` vfvi y jehpri`oi ld ridlfodo7 i` je`sijui`jfd, `e is pesfbli isjdpdr d ld f`tirpritdjfú` y epf`fú` oi le qui si vfvi. Il hfshe 󿬄lúsece epf`d qui il räpfoe oisdrrelle oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis mdjfd les sfales 󰁽󰁳󰁦 y 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦 si oibfú, cu`odhi`tdlhi`ti, d lds `uivds foids qui surafire` i` il tirri`e pelètfje y ije`úhfje. Zi oispldzú ld virodo oi Ofes per ld virodo jfi`-

Cfaurd 4.6

tè󿬄jd y rdjfe`dl, oi isti heoe il oisdrrelle oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis tuve u` æxfte dsehbrese, le judl `e oikú oi f`󿬂ufr i` lds jfi`jfds oil ispèrftu. I` istds ûltfhds dl pdrijir `e ixfstèd u` eroi` e hiteoeleaèd qui pirhftfisi je`jritdr selujfe`is d les preblihds sejfdlis, jehe le ridlfzdbd` i` oisjubrfhfi`tes i f`vi`tes qui rivelujfe`dre` ld vfod hdtirfdl oil mehbri, yd qui pdrd isti 󿬄lúsece y pdrd bui`d pdrti oi ld 󿬄lesecèd foidlfstd dlihd`d oijfhe`ú`fjd, cui sustd`jfdl f`treoujfr ld foid oi si`tfr, qui si ri󿬄iri d “oitijtdr dquillds je`ofjfe`is oi ld je`ixfú` istrujturdl oi ld jdptdjfú` ebkitfvd, oil si`tfr y oil quirir qui se` oitirhf`d`tis pdrd lds cerhds lúafjds‘.3 D`ti isti pld`tidhfi`te, il hfshe Ofltmiy si priau`td le sfaufi`ti; “µZi puioi dplfjdr il je`jipte oi istrujturd d ld vfod dcijtfvd5‘, pdrd ille is `ijisdrfe qui lds “vfvi`jfds dcijtfvds‘ sid` u`fodois istrujturdlis y “sebri istd bdsi si oihestrdrä luiae qui lds rildjfe`is istrujturdlis oil si`tfhfi`te jehpe`i` u` jdhpe qui si puioi oilfhftdr le hfshe cri`ti d ld jdptdjfú` qui dl quirir‘. Häs doild`ti dariad; “Eèr, vir, pdlpdr, tfi`i` istd pesfbflfodo oi jehpdrdjfú` y il kufjfe djirjd oi u`

Qflmilh Ofltmiy epf`d qui il räpfoe oisdrrelle oi lds jfi`jfds si oibfú cu`odhi`tdlhi`ti d lds `uivds foids qui surafire` i` il tirri`e

ebkite vfste is jehpdrdbli je` ld pirjipjfú`, pire sf jeleje il si`tfhfi`te ku`te d

pelètfje.

  I`jfjlepiofd Häs djtudl, p. :9>.   Qflmilh Ofltmiy. Il hu`oe mfstúrfje, p. 9>.

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ZEJFELEAÈD istes heoes oi je`ejir yd `e i`jui`tre jehpdrdbflfodo dlau`d‘.1 ^er ille, pdrd il foidlfshe dlihä`, i` je`cre`tdjfú` je` il pesftfvfshe, tehd i` jui`td dl hehi`te oi ld ri󿬂ixfú` oi le sejfdl, ld epesfjfú` i`tri il si`tfr y ld jdptdjfú` ebkitfvd, i`tri le qui `es dardod y oisdardod7 iste ûltfhe mdji riciri`jfd, siaû` Ofltmiy, d ld tehd oi pesfjfú` oil sukite.

Cfaurd 4.4>

Y` ikihple oi istuofe sejfelúafje is ld vfod jetfofd`d.

I` tærhf`es ai`irdlis, lds jfi`jfds oi ld `dturdlizd tfi`i` jehe ebkite oi istuofe d siris u ebkites juyd rildjfú` je` il mehbri `e is oi je`vfvi`jfd, jehu`fjdjfú` u erad`fzdjfú`, sf`e qui is dlae ixtir`e d su vfod i` sejfiodo, û`fjdhi`ti si rildjfe`d` jud`oe les utflfzd pdrd su bfi`istdr hdtirfdl. Lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis se` dquillds qui si i`jdrad` oi istuofdr les ci`úhi`es prevejdoes per il mehbri dl vfvfr i` sejfiodo e su ebrd, f`jluyi`oe dl hfshe istuofese oi le sejfdl e jfi`tè󿬄je oi le sejfdl jehe jehû`hi`ti si li oi`ehf`d.

I` je`sijui`jfd, jud`oe si ridlfzd u` d`älfsfs oi le sejfdl `e istuofdhes dlae dki`e d `uistrd vfod jetfofd`d e vfvi`jfds ofdrfds. Doihäs, il mehbri tdhpeje oikd oi sir u` sir vfve, bfelúafje, `f oikd oi cerhdr pdrti y oipi`oir oi u` hiofe cèsfje oil qui is preoujte y dl judl `e puioi `iadr e dfsldrsi. D`ti isti pd`erdhd, ld rildjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd je` etrds cerhds oi pi`sdhfi`te `e is oi oipi`oi`jfd, oisus f`tiardjfú` yd qui teods lds ofsjfplf`ds f`ti`td` djirjdrsi d ld ridlfodo sf`e oisoi prepfes dljd`jis y lfhftdjfe`is i` u`d rildjfú` oi f`tiroipi`oi`j f`tiroipi`oi`jfd. fd. Ld sejfeleaèd, dl faudl qui lds lldhdods jfi`jfds sejfdlis, istuofd` dl mehbri i` sejfiodo, pire oisoi ofvirses pu`tes oi f`tiræs oi ld ridlfodo sejfdl. ^er ikihple, ld ije`ehèd trdtd oi les dspijtes hdtirfdlis oi preoujjfú` y ofstrfbujfú` oi ld rfquizd, doihäs oi jdrdjtirfzdr les ofvirses hehi`tes oi ld ivelujfú` oi ld muhd`fodo, pire lds hd`fcistdjfe`is y ripirjusfe`is sejfdlis tfi`i` su dpeye i` ld f`tirpritdjfú` oi æstes oisoi u` pu`te oi vfstd sejfelúafje.

Cfaurd 4.44

^er etrd pdrti, ld mfsterfd si i`jdrad oi les prejises sejfdlis i` il pdsdoe y si duxflfd oi ld sejfeleaèd pdrd ld ixplfjdjfú` oi les sfstihds ije`úhfjes, pelètfjes y julturdlis7 je` isti dpeye il mfsterfdoer ti`orä qui i`je`trdr su ixprisfú` je`jritd. ^eorèdhes siaufr i`uhird`oe lds ofvirsds hd`irds oi jerrispe`oi`jfd i`tri ld sejfeleaèd y etrds ofsjfplf`ds sejfdlis, yd qui teods si rildjfe`d` perqui tfi`i` u` ebkite oi istuofe jehû`, pire je` f`jlf`djfe`is ofstf`tds oi djuiroe je` les f`tirisis ispijè󿬄jes oi jdod u`d.

Ld rildjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd je` lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y ixdjtds istä i` cu`jfú` oi les oitirhf`d`tis sejfdlis oil oisdrrelle tij`elúafje y jfi`tèfflje.

^er etre ldoe, ld rildjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd je` lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y ixdjtds istä i` cu`jfú` oi les oitirhf`d`tis sejfdlis oil oisdrrelle tij`elúafje y jfi`tè󿬄je.. ^er ikihple, pi`sihes i` ld Rivelujfú` F`oustrfdl, i` oú`oi y i` quæ jfi`tè󿬄je hehi`te surafú7 is jehpri`sfbli qui `e cuisi il risultdoe oi u`d sujisfú` oi oisjubrfhfi`tes jfi`tè󿬄jes ispe`tä`ies, sf`e risultdoe oi ld ixpd`sfú` oil jdpftdlfshe qui si trdouke i` u`d sirfi oi `ijisfodois i` jud`te d ld oihd`od oi hirjd`jèds, le judl pirhftfú, i`tri etrds jesds, il oisdrrelle oi ld hdquf`drfd, ld jridjfú` oil cirrejdrrfl, ld hultfplfjdjfú` oi cäbrfjds y ld je`strujjfú` oi jdhf`es. ^er ikihple, dl je`sfoirdr su rildjfú` je` ld bfeleaèd, jud`oe si oisjubri ld vdju`d je`trd ld rdbfd, si peorèd pi`sdr i` lds ridjjfe`is qui prevejú y, sebri teoe, les icijtes sejfdlis i` su æpejd y i` il cuture. Dsè, peorèdhes jftdr etres   Fbèoih, p. 94.

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_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

ikihples jehe lds ixpijtdtfvds oi u`d vfod häs ldrad i` jehpdrdjfú` je` il pdsdoe jehe je`sijui`jfd oi les oisjubrfhfi`tes i` ld hiofjf`d7 il je`ejfhfi`te oil juirpe muhd`e y, per td`te, oi les hæteoes pdrd u` hiker je`trel `dtdl d 󿬄` oi ivftdr les preblihds sejfdlis oi ld ixplesfú` oihearä󿬄jd, dsè jehe il je`trel y irrdofjdjfú` oi i`cirhiodois qui u`d vfodldhäs istdbli oi lds Du`qui pdrdpirhfti` `uistre tfihpe, prele`adjfú` oi sejfiodois. lds ixpijtdtfvds oi vfod md sfa`f󿬄jdoe, sebri teoe pdrd les pdèsis pebris y suboisdrrelldoes, ld prelfcirdjfú` oi ld pebrizd `e seldhi`ti jehe u` ci`úhi`e prfvdtfve oi dlau`d jldsi sejfdl, sf`e oi arupes oi iodois.

Cfaurd 4.42

Ld mfsterfd si i`jdrad oi les prejises sejfdlis i` il pdsdoe y si duxflfd oi ld sejfeleaèd.

Ld rildjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd je` etrds jfi`jfds md ti`foe e`󿬄dbli y ld ld jjeeofvirsds f`tirpritdjfe`is, oisoi lds qui ld kuzad` jehe peje je`󿬄dbli lejd` dl 󿬄`dl oi teods lds jfi`jfds, mdstd lds qui ld je`sfoird`, ku`te je` etrds ofsjfplf`ds sejfdlis, jehe oitirhf`d`ti oil dje`tijir muhd`e i` teoes sus dspijtes, oisoi les istrfjtdhi`ti sejfdlis mdstd les oi jdräjtir tæj`fje y jfi`tè󿬄je, dsè jehe dohf`fstrdtfve. I` risuhi`, ld sejfeleaèd y  lds oihäs ofsjfplf`ds e jfi`jfds istä` i` rildjfú` perqui su ebkite oi istuofe, oi u`d u etrd hd`ird, is ld ridlfodo7 lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis ld istuofd` bdke su dspijte cèsfje, hfi`trds qui lds ofsjfplf`ds sejfdlis le mdji` i` sus hd`fcistdjfe`is oi`tre oi lds sejfiodois, i` sus jehpertdhfi`tes, djtftuois, jrii`jfds, jrii`jfds, vfod ije`úhfjd, erad`fzdjfú` y cerhds oi aebfir`e.

LIJ_YRD JEH^LIHI@_DRFD

Cfaurd 4.4:

Zè is jfirte ui il je`ejfhfi`te muhd`e si md oisdrrelldoe drtfi`oe oi `ijisfodois räjtfjds, er ui il je`ejir ld virodo is u` drhd i` ld lujmd per ld ixfsti`jfd, td`te cri`ti d ld `dturdlizd ixtrdmuhd`d, ixtrdmuhd`d, jehe i` ld je`jurri`jfd oi les mehbris i`tri sè, mdji hujme tfihpe tfihpe qui ofjme je`ejfhfi`te md oi doe oi sir u` sfhp sf hpli li hiofe p hiofe pdrd drd les ffl`is oi ld djjfú`, djjfú` , trejä`oesi i` ffl` ûltfhe. ûltfhe. @e ebstd`ti, ebstd`ti, il  il je`ejfhfi`te `e md rete teods lds rildjfe`is je` les f`tirisis oi ld präjtfjd, `f dû` i` ld cerhd dutú`ehd oi ld jfi`jfd, du`qui dmerd istes f`tirisis `e dpdriji` yd jehe hires risultdoes oi ld präjtfjd, sf`e jehe djjfe`is hutuds oi oes iscirds f`oipi`ofi`tis. @e súle i` ld tæj`fjd si ecriji il je`ejfhfi`te jfi`tèfflje pdrd ld ridlfzdj ` i es `is ix ir eris d ve u` d , s `e qui dh dh ` i` ds s udj e` s pr j jds, d` d` e ` ir`ds jehee ixt jeh ixtir` ir`ds, ds, sur surai ai d `ijis `ijis d i u`d jeh jehpri pri`s `s ú` tiú tiúrr jd jd.. vijis dpdr dpdriji` iji` `uiv `uivds ds rijj e`is i pi`sdhfi`te, jdräjtir dbstrdjte y velfjfe`is. `e mdji häsDsè  qui i` les qui preblihds y cerhds les f`tirisis oijuye `uives si`tfhfi`tes y si`tfhfi`tes  velfjfe`is. , ldsriflikdr ixfai`jfds ixfa i`jfds q ui suili cerhuldr ld f`tilijtudlis jfi`jfd oi ld sejfeleaèd `e se` sf`e ld prele`adjfú` y il riflike tiúrfje oil peoir präjtfje qui dljd`zdre` i` il sfale ]F] lds hdsds cri`ti d les f`tirisis oil f`ofvfoue. I` ld heoir`fodo, les istrdtes f`cirferis oi ld sejfiodo d` ispir ispirtd td e hdyer dti` dti`jj ú` i` es istr istrdtes dtes supi supirr eris eris,, y s isti isti ij e si ds dsdd ustdh ustdhi` i`ti ti se ri i je`jipte oi “sejfiodo‘, is perqui ld ofstd`jfd sejfdl i`tri u`e y etre mdji qui les f`cirferis dpdrizjd` `e jehe f`ofvfoues, sf`e jehe u`d hdsd u`fcerhi y qui `e si vid etrd je`ixfú` isi`jfdl i`tri dhbes quii ld oi cerhdr k qu cerhdr ku`tes u`tes “u`d sejfiodo‘. sejfiodo‘. Oisoi il hehi`te i` qui, qui, jehe  jehe je`sijui`jfd oi lds rildjfe`is präjtfjds oi peoir, peoir, lds jldsis, juyd iffljdjfd je`sfsti `e i` ld fhpertd`jfd vfsfbli oi les f`ofvfoues, sf`e i` su `dturdlizd “sejfdl‘, dtrdkire` sebri sè ld je`jfi`jfd f`tilijtudl, il pi`sdhfi`te qui, i` ai`irdl, teod ixfsti`jfd f`ofvfoudl istä oitirhf`dod per f``uhirdblis f`flui`jfds oil dhbfi`ti muhd`e. V isti pi`sdhfi`te doqufrfú, per oijfrle dsè, cuirzd ritredjtfvd. Dl ldoe oi ld sejfiodo prisi`ti, ld sejfiodo pdsdod si ecrijfú jehe ld sustd`jfd qui i`ai`ord lds ixfsti`jfds f`ofvfoudlis, `e etrd suirti qui il hdr i`ai`ord lds elds. ^drijfú, puis, oisjubfirte, oisjubfirte, il suile `utrfjfe, per juyds i`iraèds risultdbd` ixplfjdblis ixplfjdblis lds erhds pdrtfjuldris oi les f`ofvfoues. Istd ofrijjfú` oil pi`sdhfi`te si vièd dpeydod per il rildtfvfshe heoir`e, per ld ti`oi`jfd d oisjehpe`ir i` djjfe`is rijèprejds le f`ofvfoudl y sustd`jfdl. Il f`ofvfoue ird súle il

Ld sejfeleaèd tdhbfæ` istuofd d ld sejfiodo i` jud`te d sus jrii`jfds.

  _ehdoe oi Aiera Zfhhil. Zfhhil. “Il preblihd oi ld Zejfeleaèd‘, Zejfeleaèd‘, i` Istuofes sebri lds cerhds oi sejfdlfzdjfú`, pp. 44-4?.

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ZEJFELEAÈD

Cfaurd 4.4?

luadr i` qui si d`uodbd` mfles sejfdlis y ld pirse`dlfodo `e ird häs qui ld cerhd pdrtfjuldr i` qui iste dje`tijèd. Doqufrfod ld je`jfi`jfd oi qui teod djtfvfodo muhd`d trd`sjurri oi`tre oi ld sejfiodo sf` qui  qui  `dofi puiod sustrdirsi d su f`fluke, teoe le qui `e cuird jfi`jfd oi ld `dturdlizd ixtirfer ti`èd qui sir i`jj d i d se i` sejj i d . ur uraa s d, pu puis is,, je jehe he i dhp dhp e jd jdhp hpee i` qu quii je je`j `jur urrr ir ire` e` d jd y d s er d oi ld julturd, ld ije`ehèd y ld jfi`jfd oi ld rilfa rilfa ú`, ld istætfjd y ld oiheardcèd, ld pelètfjd pelètfjd y ld it`elea d, yd qui les ebkites oi istds jfi`jfds si ridlfzdbd` i` il hdrje oi ld sejfiodo, ld jfi`jfd oil mehbri ti`èd qui sir ld jfi`jfd oi ld sejfiodo. D istd je`jipjfú` oi ld Zejfeleaèd jehe jfi`jfd oi teoe le muhd`e je`trfbuyú su jdräjtir oi jfi`jfd `uivd, dosjrfbfæ`oesi d illd teoes les preblihds qui ird` ofcèjflis oi jelejdr i` etrd ofsjfplf`d. Le qui jurr ju rr s hpihi hpihi`` i ui qu quii si ij dre re`` i` u` ard rd`` puj ir iree e ds ds j i` i`jj ds s r jds ds,, ps je a jd jds, s, `erhdtfvds y `erhdtfvds  y si  si li p li puse use dl rij pfi`ti u`d it quitd uitd q  qui ui oijèd; oijèd; Zejfel Zejfelea eaèd èd.. I` ridlfodo súle si mdbèd ad ad`doe `doe   u` `ehbri `uive, pire le oisfa`doe per isti `ehbri e istdbd yd oitirhf`doe i` su je`ti`foe y rildjfe`is e si preouke oi`tre oi lds prevf`jfds je`ejfods oi ld f`vistfadjfú`. Zf il mijme oi qui il pi`sdhfi`te y ld djjfú` muhd`es si ridlfzd` i` sejfiodo y se` oitirhf`does per illd, md oi je`virtfr ld Zejfeleaèd i` u`d jfi`jfd qui les dbrdji è`tiares7 µper quæ `e je`sfoirdr dsfhfshe ld Tuèhfjd, Betä`fjd y Dstre`ehèd jehe jdpp tules oi ld ^sfjelea jd ^sfjeleaèd èd,, yd qui qui su suss e it ites es,, i` ûltfhe tærhf`e, súle doqu do qufiri` firi` ridlfodo i` ld je`jfi`jfd muhd`d y istä` sehitfoes d sus je`ofjfe`is5

Ld rilfafú` tdhbfæ` cui y is u` istuofe oi ld sejfeleaèd.

Cfaurd 4.49

Oisoi sfihpri ld muhd`fodo md pi`sdoe i` júhe je`strufr cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl iquftdtfvds y kustds qui `es llivi` d ld cilfjfodo.

Cfaurd 4.43

Il irrer si cu`od i` u` mijme hdl f`tirpritdoe, f`tirpritdoe, sf` ouod, ouod, pire huy fhpertd`ti. Il rije`ejfhfi`te oi qui il mehbri istä oitirhf`doe, i` teoe su sir y i` teods sus hd`fcistdjfe`is per ld jfrju`std`jfd oi vfvfr i` djjfú` rijèprejd je` etres mehbris, mehbris, md oi trdir oisoi luiae u`d `uivd hd`ird oi je`sfoirdr il preblihd  preblihd   i` lds lldhdods jfi`jfds oil ispèrftu. Mey yd `e is pesfbli ixplfjdr per hiofe oil f`ofvfoue, oi su i`ti`ofhfi`te y oi sus f`tirisis, les mijmes mfstúrfjes (i` il si`tfoe häs dhplfe oi ld pdldbrd), les je`ti`foes oi ld julturd, lds cerhds oi ld jfi`jfd, lds `erhds oi ld herdlfodo7 y sf istd ixplfjdjfú` `e bdstd, rijurrfr i` siaufod d jdusds hitdcèsfjds e häafjds. ^er le qui tejd dl li`audki, virbfardjfd, yd `e istdhes d`ti ld dltir`dtfvd e oi jriir qui md sfoe f`vi`tdoe per f`ofvfoues ai`fdlis, e oi jriir qui md sfoe odoe per Ofes dl mehbri. I` ld rilfafú` yd `e jdbi pld`tidr il oflihd i`tri ld f`vi`jfú` oi dstutes sdjiroetis y ld f`hiofdtd rivildjfú`, itj. Mey jriihes jehpri`oir les ci`úhi`es mfstúrfjes per lds djjfe`is rijèprejds y je`ku`tds oi les f`ofvfoues, per ld suhd y sublfhdjfú` oi f`je`tdblis je`trfbujfe`is f`ofvfoudlis, f`ofvfoudlis, per ld i`jdr`djfú` oi lds i`iraèds sejfdlis i` i`tfodois qui istä` häs dllä oil f`ofvfoue y qui si oisdrrelld` per i`jfhd oi æl. ^er je`sfaufi`ti, i` ld rildjfú` je` lds jfi`jfds mey ixfsti`tis, ld Zejfeleaèd is u` `uive hæteoe, u` duxflfdr oi ld f`vistfadjfú` pdrd lliadr, per `uivds vèds, d les ci`úhi`es qui si od` i` dquilles jdhpes oil sdbir. ^ire isti pdpil qui oisihpiôd ld Zejfeleaèd `e is isi`jfdlhi`ti ofstf`te oil qui oisihpiôú ld f`oujjfú` jud`oe i` su oèd pi`itrú jehe u` `uive prf`jfpfe oi f`vistfadjfú` i` teods lds jfi`jfds pesfblis, si djlfhdtú i` illds y lis dyuoú d i`je`trdr `uivds selujfe`is pdrd les preblihds pld`tidoes. ^ire dsè jehe ld f`oujjfú` `e je`stftuyi u`d jfi`jfd i` pdrtfjuldr, y hi`es u`d qui le dbdrqui teoe, tdhpeje, per lds hfshds rdze`is, ld Zejfeleaèd. ^er jud`te si cu`od i` ld foid oi qui il mehbri oibi sir jehpri`ofoe jehe sir sejfdl, y i` qui ld sejfiodo is ld bdsi oi teoe dje`tijir mfstúrfje, `e je`tfi`i ld Zejfeleaèd `f`aû` ebkite qui `e istæ trdtdoe yd i` lds jfi`jfds ixfsti`tis, sf`e qui is súle u` `uive jdhf`e pdrd teods illds, u` hæteoe jfi`tèfflje qui, kustdhi`ti per sir dplfjdbli d ld tetdlfodo oi es pre ihd ihds, s, `e `e je`s je`stt tuy tuyii u`d u`d j i`j d per per sè. µ ire juäl puioi puioi sir il eb ite prep e y `uive juyd f`vistfadjfú` f`vistfadjfú` mdad oi ld Zejfeleaèd Zejfeleaèd u`d jfi`jfd jfi`jfd f`oipi`ofi`ti je` lèhftis oitirhf`does5 Is ivfoi`ti qui, pdrd qui quioi liaftfhdod jehe u`d `uivd jfi`jfd, `e mdji cdltd oisjubrfr u` ebkite juyd ixfsti`jfd sid mdstd dmerd oisje`ejfod. _eoe le qui oisfa`dhes i` ai`irdl jehe ebkite is u` jehplike oi oitirhf`djfe`is y rildjfe`is, jdod u`d oi lds judlis, sf si oisjuri i` u` u`dd p ur urdd d i e it ites es,, pu puii i je je`v `vir irtt rs rsii d su vi vizz i` e it itee i u` u`dd `u `uiv ivdd j i` i`jj d.

Ld cdhflfd is tihd oi ld sejfeleaèd.

4>

   

 

Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

Ivdludjfú`

Juistfe`drfe; 4. µ^er quæ il duter ofji qui il je`ejfhfi`te muhd`e si md oisdrrelldoe pdrtfi`oe oi `ijisfodois präjtfjds5 2. µTuæ le qui je` oitirhf`d d) Zu is rildjfú` Ofes dl mehbri dl vfvfr i` sejfiodo5 b) Zus vè`jules je` ld `dturdlizd j) Zu rildjfú` cdhflfdr o) Zu jfrju`std`jfd y rildjfe`is je` etres f`ofvfoues :. µJuäl puioi sir il ebkite prepfe y `uive juyd f`vistfadjfú` mdad oi ld sejfeleaèd u`d jfi`jfd f`oi pi`ofi`ti5 ?. µJúhe is pesfbli jehpri`oir les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis i mfstúrfjes5 d) ^er les ard`ois ard`ois pirse`dkis b) ^er les oisfa`fes rilfafeses j) ^er il dzdr dzdr o) ^er ld f`tirrildjfú` oi les f`ofvfoues qui f`tiard` f`tiard` u`d sejfiodo

Daufldr Sflld`uivd, Lufs Cir`d`oe. Qibir; Ld foid oi jfi`jfd sejfdl, Hæxfje, 󰁹󰁠󰁤󰁨-Hfauil Ä`ail

BfblfeardcèdBfblfeardcè 

^errûd, prfhird iofjfú`, 46=6, =41 p. Dlpirt, Mdrry. Ourgmifh, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=3, 2=2 pp. Bdaû, Zirafe. _fihpe, ridlfodo sejfdl y je`ejfhfi`te, Hæxfje, Zfale ]]F Iofteris, 46=2, 24? pp. Jehti,  Duauste. Ld 󿬄lesecèd pesftfvd, Hæxfje, ^errûd iofteris, jelijjfú` Zipd` Juä`tes…, @e.

:?>, 4616, :>: pp. Jmf`ey, Ily. Ld sejfiodo. Y`d f`treoujjfú` d ld Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd,

4611, ?2: pp. Oe`ele, Jdrle. “Zejfeleaèd‘, i` Ld julturd oil 6>>, vel. ?, Hæxfje, Zfale ]]F Iofteris, 46=1, pp.

44-13. Ourgmifh, Ihflfe. Il sufjfofe, Hæxfje, 󰁹󰁠󰁤󰁨, Jelijjfú` “@uistres jläsfjes‘, @e. :6, 461?, 9>3 pp.

------------------------. Lds rialds oil hæteoe sejfelúafje, Hæxfje, Ispdôd, Erbfs iofteris, 46=3, 4=1 pp. I`ails,  Crfiorfjm. Il erfai` oi ld cdhflfd, ld prepfiodo prfvdod y il Istdoe, Hæxfje, Iofjfe`is oi

Julturd ^epuldr, 46=?, 4?: pp. Mdbirhds,  Kürai`. Ld lúafjd oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, Ispdôd, Iofterfdl _ij`es, 46==, 9>3 pp.

---------------------------. “Heoir`fodo virsus pesheoir`fodo‘, i` Heoir`fodo y ^esheoir`fodo, ---------------------------. jehpfldjfú` oi Kesipm ^fjú, Ispdôd, Dlfd`zd iofterfdl, 46==, :=9 pp. Mdwgf`a, Ztipmi`. Mfsterfd oil tfihpe, Hæxfje, Iofterfdl Jrètfjd, 46==, 2?9 pp. Mebsbdwh,  Irfj Kem`. Lds rivelujfe`is burauisds, tehe FF, Jelehbfd, iofjfe`is ^ipi, 46=2,

912 pp. Lúpiz Resdoe, Cilfpi. F`treoujjfú` d ld Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, ^errûd iofteris, 4616, :4? pp. Lumhd``, F`treoujjfú`   @fglds.4663, dhirfjd`d-F_IZE, :>: pp.d ld tierèd oi sfstihds , Hæxfje, D`tmrepes-Y`fvirsfodo FbireHdrtf`odli, Oe`. _ierèd sejfelúafjd. @dturdlizd y isjuild, Ispdôd, Iofterfdl Daufldr, 4616, 399 pp.

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

44

 

ZEJFELEAÈD Bfblfeardcèd

Hdrx, Jdrles y Crfiorfjm I`ails. Hd`f󿬄iste oil ^drtfoe Jehu`fstd, Jubd, Iofterd ^elètfjd,

46=2, 9= pp. ----------------------------------------------. Ebrds isjeafods, Hesjû, Iofterfdl ^rearise, 4614, 9:1 pp. Rijdsi`s Zfjmis, Lufs. Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, iofterfdl ^errûd, 4666, 3=2 pp.

      È      D      C      D      R      A      E      F      L      B      F      B

42

Rezmf`  Sdsfle,  ^dblevfjm. F`treoujjfú` d ld Zejfeleaèd hdrxfstd , Hæxfje, Iofjfe`is oi

Julturd ^epuldr, 4613, 234 pp.

Zjmuhpitir, Kesipm D. Fhpirfdlfshe y jldsis sejfdlis, Ispdôd, _ij`es, 46=3, 419 pp. _ó``fis,  Cirof`d`o. ^rf`jfpfes oi Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd,

46=1, ?>9 pp. ----------------------------. “Oi ld jehu`fodo d ld sejfiodo‘, i` Les jdhbfes sejfdlis, jehpfldoe per Dhftdf y Ivd Itzfe`f, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=?, pp. 33-13. Sdfziy, Kem`. Jdpftdlfshe, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 4611, 22? pp. Sflldr,  ^firri. F`fjfdjfú` dl vejdbuldrfe oil d`älfsfs mfstúrfje, Ispdôd, Iofterfdl Jrètfjd,

46=4, :49 pp. Qibir,  Hdx. Ije`ehèd y sejfiodo, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=4,

42:1 pp. [id, Liepeloe. Il pesftfvfshe i` Hæxfje; `djfhfi`te, dpeaie y oijdoi`jfd , Hæxfje, Ce`oe

oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=?, ?=4 pp.

 

 

Y@FODO 4 

 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

Ld sejfeleaèd jehe jfi`jfd Juistfe`drfe ofda`ústfje

2 JD^È_YLE

µJriis qui ld sejfeleaèd is u`d jfi`jfd5 µ^er quæ5  µJe`sfoirds qui les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis puioi` dberodrs dberodrsii je` u`  µJe`sfoirds hæteoe jfi`tè󿬄je, jehe les ci`úhi`es `dturdlis e cèsfjes5 µ^er quæ5    

Ebkitfve Ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri ld cerhd i` qui les sejfúleaes vi` d su precisfú` jehe jfi`jfd y ld fhpertd`jfd qui iste tfi`i.

Vd i` il jdpètule d`tirfer ixplfjdhes ld fhpertd`jfd qui tfi`i je`sfoirdr d ld sejfeleaèd jehe jfi`jfd, yd qui oi ille oipi`oi ld jirtfouhbri `e ixjlusfvdhi`ti oi ld ri󿬂ixfú`, sf`e oi ld dplfjdbflfodo oi les istuofes. ^er ille je`sfoirdhes cu`odhi`tdl priau`tdr`es priau`tdr`es per quæ ld sejfeleaèd is u`d jfi`jfd.

Cfaurd 2.4

Je` isti 󿬄` rijerodrihes les erèai`is oi ld sejfeleaèd y isjldrijihes il perquæ is kuste d prf`jfpfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 jud`oe si mdji `ijisdrfe, oisoi ld pirspijtfvd oi Duauste Jehti, dberodr ld preblihätfjd sejfdl bdke pdrähitres jfi`tè󿬄jes. Il mehbri md cerhuldoe tierèds pdrd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi jehpri`oir ld ridlfodo, dsè jehe pdrd peoir trd`scerhdrld i` su bi`i󿬄jfe7 istd tdrid li md llivdoe `e súle d ld sfstihdtfzdjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te qui djuhuld d trdvæs oil tfihpe, sf`e tdhbfæ` d mdjir jdod viz häs jehplikd ld cerhd oi dberodr les ci`úhi`es. I` istd ldber, il je`ejfhfi`te md ivelujfe`doe7 Ld sejfeleaèd si oiofjd dl istuofe oi les arupes per ikihple, md vdrfdoe ld hd`ird oi ixplfjdr il u`fvirse oisoi ld æpejd sejfdlis. oi Drfstútilis mdstd Dlbirt If`stif`, pdsd`oe per Fsddj @iwte`, si je`sfoirú prfhire qui ld _firrd ird rioe`od y bdke u`d pirspijtfvd istätfjd y si heof󿬄jú ld `ejfú` dbselutd oil ispdjfe y il tfihpe, mdstd ld djtudlfodo7 dmerd sdbihes qui il ispdjfe y il tfihpe `e se` dbselutes, db selutes, y qui jehe je`sijui`jfd doihäs il u`fvirse `e is istätfje, qui istä i` je`std`ti ixpd`sfú` y tdl viz `e is f`󿬄`fte. Jehe siôdld Ztipmi` Q. Q. Mdwgf`a, “oi le û`fje qui peoihes istdr virodoirdhi`ti siaures is oi qui sf il u`fvirse cuird d jeldpsdr jeldpsdr,, `e le mdrèd jehe hè`fhe i` etres ofiz hfl hflle`is oi dôes, yd qui si md istdoe ixpd`ofi`oe per le hi`es isi tfihpe. Iste `e `es oibirèd priejupdr f`oibfodhi`ti; pdrd i`te`jis, d hi`es qui mdydhes jele`fzd4 oe häs dlläku`te oil sfstihd seldr,Zel!‘ ¡ld muhd`fodo mdrä tfihpe qui mdbrä oisdpdrijfoe oisdpdrijfoe,, ixtf`aufod je` `uistre

  Ztipmi` Q. Mdwgf`a. Mfsterfd oil tfihpe. Oil bfa bd`a d les daukires `iares , p. 1:.

4

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

4:

   

ZEJFELEAÈD

Cfaurd 2.2

Dlbirt If`stif`, cèsfje oi erfai` dlihä`, je`sfoirdoe u`e oi les jfi`tèffljes häs fhpertd`tis oil sfale ]].

Tufzä pdrijfird f`trdsji`oi`ti hi`jfe`dr le d`tirfer d`tirfer,, yd qui je`stftuyi pdrti oi jfi`jfds qui pdrijfird` ofstd`tis d ld sejfeleaèd7 `e ebstd`ti, jriihes huy fhpertd`ti risjdtdrle perqui `es pirhftfrä je`sfoirdr qui ld je`strujjfú` oi tierèds, i` lds ofsjfplf`ds qui quirdhes, rispe`oi d u` ispdjfe y u` tfihpe oitirhf`does, le qui i` 󿬄lesecèd si oi`ehf`d ld jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd. Dmerd bfi`, ld cerhdjfú` oi ld ûltfhd tierèd je` rispijte dl u`fvirse istä jfrju`sjrftd y rispe`oi d `uistre tfihpe, quiteoe cui ourd`ti il sfale 󰁽󰁽oitirhf`d`ti jud`oe si cerhulú ld tierèd oi ldqui rildtfvfodo ai`irdl, yd sebri bdke ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi Dlbirt If`stif`, d ard`ois rdsaes suafiri ld `ijisfodo, i` prfhir luadr oi pld`tidr ld ixfsti`jfd oi ofciri`tis pirspijtfvds pdrd jehpri`oir ld ridlfodo, yd qui; “Is huy ofcèjfl je`strufr u`d û`fjd tierèd jdpdz oi oisjrfbfr teoe il u`fvirse. I` viz oi ille, `es vihes cerzdoes, oi hehi`te, d ofvfofr il preblihd i` vdrfds pdrtis, f`vi`td`oe u` jfirte `ûhire oi tierèds pdrjfdlis. Jdod u`d oi illds oisjrfbi y priofji u`d jfirtd jldsi ristrf`afod oi ebsirvdjfe`is, eb sirvdjfe`is, oisprijfd`oe oisprijfd`oe les icijtes oi etrds jd`tfodois.‘2 Is fhpertd`ti f`sfstfr i` ld pirtf`i`jfd oi jehpri`oir qui lds tierèds si je`󿬄aurd` i` cu`jfú` oi u` je`tixte mfstúrfje, y qui d le ldrae oi ld mfsterfd les mehbris md` drtfjuldoe cerhds oi ixplfjdr su ridlfodo, y pestirferhi`ti si md` oisijmdoe isds tierèds pdrd odr pdse d etrds qui se` jdod viz häs jehplikds y rispe`oi` d etres tfihpes. Cf`dlhi`ti, il ebkitfve oil je`ejfhfi`te md sfoe ld bûsquiod per trd`scerhdr, dsè jehe susti`tdrle i` ld je`ixfú` oi mijmes y dje`tijfhfi`tes, le qui md pirhftfoe ld cerhdjfú` oi u`d foid oi jfi`jfd i` ld judl ld ixplfjdjfú` si mdji i` cu`jfú` oi fr rildjfe`d`oe ofvirsds pdrtis pdrd je`strufr u`d tierèd ai`irdl e oi u` eroi`. ^er ille il je`ejfhfi`te `e si oiti`orä, yd qui, jehe siôdld il hfshe Mdwgf`a, `e jisdrä mdstd qui pesidhes u`d oisjrfpjfú` jehplitd oil u`fvirse i` il qui vfvfhes7 i` etres tærhf`es, mdstd qui learihes oisjfcrdr il perquæ istdhes dquè y oi oú`oi vi`fhes.: ^drijfird qui il ebkitfve oil je`ejfhfi`te is ld bûsquiod oi u` eroi` qui d`tis `e ixfstfú, dsè le vihes i` lds ofstf`tds tierèds qui md` priti`ofoe ixplfjdr il u`fvirse. F`jluse lds ûltfhds cerhds oi ixplfjdrle md` pdrtfoe oil prf`jfpfe oi u`d ixplesfú` qui li ofe erfai` y qui pirhftfú il surafhfi`te oi u`d of`ähfjd susti`tdod, e qui ebioiji d liyis y æstds rfai` y li od` cerhd d isi dpdri`ti eroi`. Dsè, i`te`jis, ld rildjfú` oi ld muhd`fodo je` ld jfi`jfd per hehi`tes is je`trdofjterfd, yd qui d hiofod qui je`ejihes jdod viz häs il hu`oe i` il u`fvirse i` il qui istdhes f`hirses, oisjubrfhes qui `uistrd prisi`jfd i` ld f`hi`sfodo oil ispdjfe y oil tfihpe tfi`i si`tfoe súle pdrd `esetres. ^er ille, `es ihpijf`dhes i` i`je`trdr u` eroi` u`fvirsdl qui rispe`od d `uistres riquirfhfi`tes, d `uistre oisie qui oi i`je`trdr si`tfoejirtfouhbri d ld ixfsti`jfd mehbri7 je`strufhes u`d foid oi jfi`jfd `es preperjfe`i sebrioil le qui `es reoid y, i` cu`jfú` oi ise, oi󿬄`frld i` `uistres prepfes tærhf`es.   Fbèoih., p. :>.   Istd vfsfú` oi Ztipmi` Q. Q. Mdwgf`a is eptfhfstd, yd qui je`sfoird qui il ebkitfve oi ld jfi`jfd is pesfbli, is dljd`zdbli, pire ixfsti` etrds vfsfe`is qui vd` häs dllä y je`sfoird` ld pesfbflfodo oi qui il mehbri `u`jd peorä je`tdr je` u`d je`jipjfú` ai`irdl oil u`fvirse, y tdhpeje peorä ixplfjdrsi il perquæ oi su ixfsti`jfd i` ld f`hi`sfodo oil u`fvirse, u`fvirse, jehe is il jdse oi Fgrdh D`tdgf, qui si huistrd isjæptfjd y pld`tid qui ld djtudl tierèd ixplfjd il u`fvirse y su erfai` `e is je`sfsti`ti, yd qui, dsiaurd; “`e is il Bfa Bd`a il erfai` oil u`fvirse. Ld ixprisfú` is peje dcertu`dod y peje i`ti`ofod. Mey, ld jfi`jfd `e puioi d󿬄rhdr qui je`eji il erfai` oil u`fvirse. @f sfqufird sdbi sf le tuve. Mdbldr oil prf`jfpfe supe`i qui d`tis `e mube `dod. V ise `e le sdbihes‘. Le d`tirfer si trdouji i` u`d vfsfú` qui dsiaurd ld tihperdlfodo oil u`fvirse7 is oijfr, qui tuve u` prf`jfpfe y ti`orä u` 󿬄`, “µlliadrä il u`fvirse d u` iquflfbrfe y d ld huirti5 µE si ixpd`ofrä y i`crfdrä li`tdhi`ti5 Oi mijme, si i`crfdrä jdod viz häs räpfoe. @uistre Zel herfrä i` u`es hflis oi hflle`is oi dôes. I` u` bfllú` oi dôes teods lds istrillds si mdbrä` je`suhfoe. @e mdbrä `uives dstres i` cerhdjfú`. Zúle quiodrä` les daukires `iares, qui `ijisftd` häs tfihpe pdrd oisdpdrijir, µLuiae5‘.

2 :

4?

 

 

Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

Istd je`jipjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te jfi`tè󿬄je is trdsldodod mdstd lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, qui priti`oi` priti`oi` ixplfjdr ld ridlfodo sejfdl i` cu`jfú` oi ld bûsquiod oi u`d sejfiodo kustd, oi cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl pircijtds y sf` ofciri`jfds sejfdlis.

Cfaurd 2.:

I` risuhi`, per le ai`irdl i` lds ofvirsds ofsjfplf`ds si rijupird`, jehe yd oisalesdhes lè`ids dträs, ld foid oi qui ixfsti u` jdes y oispuæs sebrivfi`i il eroi` qui ebioiji d liyis y si tfi`i jehe ebkitfve ld bûsquiod oi ld prisirvdjfú` oi isi eroi` pdrd leardr istdbflfodo y jirtfouhbri d ld ixfsti`jfd muhd`d. Dmerd bfi`, `es priau`tdhes oú`oi jehfi`zd isd cerhd sfstihätfjd y rfauresd oi je`tihpldr ld ridlfodo, dsè jehe ld ofvfsfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te y bäsfjdhi`ti ld ofvfsfú` oi æsti i` ärids ispijè󿬄jds. Oisoi sfihpri ld muhd`fodo md pi`sdoe i` júhe je`strufr cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl iquftdtfvds, kustds y qui `es llivi` d ld cilfjfodo. ^i`sdr i` il cuture prehfserfe md je`stftufoe u` hfte qui istä i` ld hi`ti oi pi`sdoeris y ille, i` ld mfsterfd heoir`d, pdrtfú `e oi ld ri󿬂ixfú` sebri le sejfdl sf`e oil hu`oe hdtirfdl, yd qui mdjfd il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦 il jrijfhfi`te ije`úhfje y ld djuhuldjfú` oi jdpftdl pirhftfire` dbrfr `uivds pirspijtfvds pdrd les pdèsis iurepies, ardjfds dl fhprisfe`d`ti oisdrrelle f`oustrfdl, qui puoe trd`scerhdrles i` peje tfihpe, dsè le dsivird il mfsterfdoer Kem` Sdfziy; Sdfziy; “Ld f`oustrfd jdrbe`ird f`alisd cui ld prfhird ixtrdjtfvd i` ard` isjdld erad`fzdod sebri ld bdsi jdpftdlfstd, preperjfe`ú dl mehbri prebdblihi`ti ld hdyer `uivd cui`ti oi i`iraèd oisoi qui si ai`irdlfzú il use oil helf`e oi vfi`te, y qufzä oisoi qui il jdbdlle cui usdoe per prfhird viz jehe d`fhdl oi drrdstri‘.?

Lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis trdtd` oi busjdr u`d sejfiodo kustd.

Il priähbule oi ld f`oustrfdlfzdjfú` iurepid tuve jdrdjtirèstfjds sejfdlis qui is `ijisdrfe je`sfoirdr, yd qui “Ld hertdlfodo f`cd`tfl sfaui sfi`oe huy ilivdod. I` ld riafú` oi Zfhd`jds (Ispdôd), per ikihple, dljd`zú vdleris oi ?> d 9>%, y i` ^dli`jfd 3=% oi les `djfoes hurfú d`tis oi juhplfr les sfiti dôes. Zf tehdhes il jdse oi Biduvdfs (`erti oi Crd`jfd) i` il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦, peoihes jehprebdr qui ld hftdo oi ld pebldjfú` `e lliadbd d les vif`ti dôes, y qui u`d judrtd pdrti oi les rijfæ` `djfoes herèd ourd`ti su prfhir dôe oi ixfsti`jfd‘.9 F`jluse lds ixpijtdtfvds oi vfod dl `djir ird` oi :? dôes pdrd lds huCfaurd 2.?  kiris y oi 2= pdrd les mehbris. Il oisdrrelle oil pi`sdhfi`te pelètfje y sejfdl, dsè jehe ld rijupirdjfú` oil muhd`fshe oispuæs oil sfale xv pirhftfú qui ld preblihätfjd sejfdl `e pdsdrd oisdpirjfbfod. Il jrijfhfi`te ije`úhfje, ld djuhuldjfú` oi jdpftdl y il surafhfi`te oi tierèds sejfdlis `uivds dbrfire` lds puirtds d ld je`strujjfú` y oi󿬄`fjfú` oi ld ri󿬂ixfú` sebri le sejfdl. Iste `es llivd d je`sfoirdr qui sf i` u` sfale oi rivelujfú` f`oustrfdl ld muhd`fodo dvd`zú le qui `u`jd oisoi les erèai`is, i`te`jis les mehbris oi isi tfihpe si priau`tdbd` µTuæ sirä i` il cuture5 Ille pirhftfú je`selfodr u`d cerhd oi pi`sdr ai`irdlfzdod, oe`oi il mehbri ihpiôdbd teod su ci i` ld jfi`jfd y il prearise f`f`tirruhpfoe. f`f`tirruh pfoe. F`sfstfhes, is kuste i` Oisoi sfihpri ld muhd`fodo d pi`sdoe i` jehe je`strufr les sfales oi je`selfodjfú` oil jdpftdlfshe qui ld muhd`fodo cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl iquftdtfvds. si jelejd i`tri ld ci prevfoi`jfdl y ld ci i` ld jfi`jfd, y il mehbri `e oikd oi je`sfoirdr ld pesfbflfodo oi u`d cerhd oi vfod “Huirtds lds istrillds, dpdadoes sus ristes, ris tes, is pesfbli qui `e mdydhes f`vi`tdrfdoe teods lds cuirzds oi ld `dturdlizd, y qui mubfird u`d quf`td e sixtd cuirzd. Jdod `uivd cuirzd is jdpdz oi prele`adr ld vfod oil u`fvirse.‘ u`fvirse.‘ F`jluse ld hfshd D`tdgf rijupird u`d cdhesd crdsi oi Lævf-Ztrduss qui huistrd `e súle lds lfhftdjfe`is oil sir muhd`e y oi je`ejfhfi`te jfi`tè󿬄je, jfi`tè󿬄je, sf`e tdhbfæ` su hf`ûsjuld fhpertd`jfd pdrd il u`fvirse, ld judl ofji; “Il u`fvirse jehi`zú sf` il mehbri y tirhf`drä sf` æl‘.

  Kem` Sfdziy. Jdpftdlfshe, p. 99.   Dlbirte _i`i`tf. Ld cerhdjfú` oil hu`oe heoir`e. Zfales 󰁽󰁳 󰁦 y 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦  󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦, p. 2?4.

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Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD oispuæs oi æstd, pire si i`jui`trd je` qui dquè hfshe puioi heof󿬄jdr su je`tixte pdrd je`strufr su prepfe pdrdèse y su prepfd cilfjfodo. Ld muhd`fodo si i`jui`trd i` ld ofsyu`tfvd oi ld vfod itir`d y ld tihperdlfodo oi su prisi`jfd i` il hu`oe7 je`struyi il je`ejfhfi`te i` cu`jfú` oi ld ridlfodo qui vfvi, y lds tierèds qui mey ixplfjd` ld ridlfodo qufzä i` il cuture `e ti`ad` ld hfshd vdlfoiz y istihes d`ti etrds je`jipjfe`is ofstf`tds qui `es huistri` etre hu`oe y etre u`fvirse.

_ierèd oil je`ejfhfi`te Ld sejfeleaèd cerhd pdrti oi lds lldhdods jfi`jfds sejfdlis, per le qui is f`ofspi`sdbli qui tehihes i` je`sfoirdjfú` oes `fvilis; lds je`ofjfe`is sejfdlis i` qui surai y ld rildjfú` qui audrod je` ld jfi`jfd. Iste is fhpertd`ti, perqui `e peoihes je`jibfrld sf` sus vè`jules i f`tiroipi`oi`jfd je` etrds ofsjfplf`ds. Oi mijme, ld ti`oi`jfd djtudl i` les istuofes sejfdlis is mdjfd il d`älfsfs f`tirofsjfplf`drfe. Ille is cu`odhi`tdl perqui `e peoihes jehpri`oir u` istuofe sejfelúafje sf` lds mirrdhfi`tds oi jdräjtir hiteoelúafje qui li preperjfe`drä` rfauresfodo y jriofbflfodo. ^drd mdjir use oi æstds is fhpertd`ti qui peodhes ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri su utflfodo7 `e is pesfbli lfhftdr`es d su use, sf`e qui prijfsdhes pi`sdr lds fhplfjdjfe`is pdrd je`tdr je` u`d f`tirpritdjfú` ebkitfvd oi ld sejfiodo y su cu`jfe`dhfi`te. Lds je`ofjfe`is i` qui surai ld sejfeleaèd oitirhf`dre` su jdräjtir jdräjtir,, yd qui les f`fjfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 istuvfire` hdrjdoes per u`d ci i` les leares oi ld jfi`jfd y per ld jrii`jfd oi u` cuture f`f`tirruhpfoe oil prearise hdtirfdl oi lds sejfiodois. Iste ti`èd jehe je`trdsti sejfiodois qui si oibdtèd` y oistruèd` per hd`ti`ir u` eroi` e oishd`tildrle, i f`stdurdr riaèhi`is qui adrd`tfzdrd` ld lfbirtdo i faudlodo oi les f`ofvfoues. Ld Crd`jfd oi Duauste Jehti mdbèd pdsdoe oi ld Rivelujfú` oi 41=6, juyes prf`jfpfes cuire` ld ilfhf`djfú` oil eroi` he`ärqufje y ld f`stdurdjfú` oi u` ræafhi` qui adrd`tfzdrd ld lfbirtdo i faudlodo oi les f`ofvfoues, dl fhpirfe `dpeliú`fje, ld Je`stftujfú` y ld Æpejd oil _irrer. Is oijfr, il f`fjfe oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 sfa`f󿬄jú pdrd les crd`jisis f`istdbflfodo pelètfjd, oitirfere ije`úhfje y su oirretd hflftdr i` Iurepd. ^drd Jehti mdbèd qui tirhf`dr je` les ldraes pirfeoes oi f`istdbflfodo, oi auirrds y oi oitirfere ije`úhfje, dsè jehe oi je`ofjfe`is sejfdlis qui `e jerrispe`oèd` je` lds prehisds `e súle oi lfbirtdo i faudlodo, sf`e tdhbfæ` oi prearise pdrd teod ld muhd`fodo. Dsè i`te`jis, Jehti cui je`struyi`oe u`d `ejfú` oi jfi`jfd i` tirri`es qui pirhftfire` il oisdrrelle tij`elúafje y ld ixpletdjfú` f`ti`sfvd oi ld `dturdlizd i` bi`i󿬄jfe oil mehbri, per le qui il iurepie oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 pi`sdbd i` u` cuture prehfserfe, lli`e oi prearise, bfi`istdr y cilfjfodo, d istd je`jipjfú` eptfhfstd oil oisdrrelle sejfdl si suhdre` lds ixpijtdtfvds qui oispirtdbd il jdpftdlfshe,, i` jud`te d qui i` lds sejfiodois risultd`tis il prearise y il bfi`istdr jdpftdlfshe hdtirfdl ivftdrèd` les preblihds y lds je`cre`tdjfe`is sejfdlis. Is oijfr, `ijisdrfdhi`ti ld je`selfodjfú` oi u` `uive heoile llivdrèd d ld muhd`fodo d istdofes oi prearise flfhftdoes. Is fhpertd`ti qui peodhes jfrju`sjrfbfr ld rildjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd je` ld jfi`jfd i` jud`te si jehfi`zd d ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri ld ridlfodo sejfdl, busjd`oe sebri teoe qui ti`ad u` susti`te bäsfje, per le qui sirä `ijisdrfe rijurrfr d ld tierèd oil je`ejfhfi`te, qui sustd`jfdlhi`ti si ri󿬄iri d ld rildjfú` istdblijfod i`tri il jfi`tè󿬄je sejfdl y su ebkite oi istuofe. Oi i`trdod iste fhplfjd u`d jdrad foielúafjd cuirti, yd qui il istuofese le sejfdl puioi hd`ti`irsi dl hdrai` oi su ridlfodo. F`jluse istd rildjfú` vdoihäs dllä oi`eu`d juistfú` lúafjd, tdhbfæ` supe`i, oi djuiroe je` Zirafe Bdaû, qui; “Ld ridlfodo sejfdl, isd f`tiraæ`isfs oi le muhd`e, is `uistrd je`ofjfú` oi vfod y, d ld viz, ld hdtirfd oi `uistre je`ejfhfi`te oi le 43

 

 

Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

sejfdl. Ises oes peles oi ld rildjfú`, sf` cu`ofrsi, súle si ixplfjd` jehe pdrtis oi u` hfshe prejise. Il `ixe qui si istdbliji i`tri dhbes `e is oil tfpe qui si prisi`td i`tri oes ebkites f`d`fhdoes, sf`e oi etre tfpe ispijfdl‘.3 ^drd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi jehpri`oir d ce`oe ld juistfú` pld`tidod i` il pärrdce d`tirfer, is fhpertd`ti risjdtdr il pi`sdhfi`te oi ^ldtú` y oi Drfstútilis, yd qui d pdrtfr oi su 󿬄lesecèd is pesfbli isjldrijir pdrd quæ ti`ihes qui ildberdr il je`ejfhfi`te7 is `ijisdrfe i`ti`oir júhe si je`struyi i` sè il je`ejfhfi`te, pire oi `uistrd ridlfodo sejfdl. ^er ikihple, il ebkitfve oi ^ldtú` is ld bûsquiod oi ld rdzú`, oi ld u`fodo y oil sir, häs dllä oi le si`sfbli, oi ld plurdlfodo y oil oivi`fr. Is oijfr, ld foid `e is je`ejir per je`ejir, il je`ejfhfi`te is il dher d ld sdbfourèd, i`ti`ofi`oe iste ûltfhe jehe ld dusi`jfd oi jdri`jfd e pebrizd oi dlae. Dsè, il pi`sdhfi`te pldtú`fje busjd il si`tfoe oi ld virodo, ld ri󿬂ixfú` istdrä i`jdhf`dod d susti`tdr y erad`fzdr ld ridlfodo vfvfod hitúofjdhi`ti. Istd pesturd istä jdradod oi u`d cuirti je`jipjfú` foidlfstd oil je`ejfhfi`te, i` ld judl le sustd`jfdl is je`ejir, yd qui iste `es llivdrä d ld sdbfourèd7 oibihes hestrdr u`d pdsfú` per il je`ejfhfi`te. Je` il pi`sdhfi`te pldtú`fje istdhes jfirtes qui ld je`strujjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te is pesfbli, sfihpri y jud`oe ti`adhes ld je`vfjjfú` oi qui quirihes ridlfzdrld, dsè jehe eroi`drld hiofd`ti u` prejiofhfi`te qui `es preperjfe`i jirtfouhbri. ^er etrd pdrti, Drfstútilis je`sfoird qui ld je`strujjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te oibi ti`ir bdsi oi󿬄`fr sebri y jldsf󿬄jdr7 isti 󿬄lúsece arfiae pe`i lds bdsis ld erad`fzdjfú`jehe oi u`d ri󿬂ixfú` ld ridlfodo. Dsfhfshe, mdji mf`jdpfæ i` oi ld `ijisfodo oi qui il je`ejfhfi`te `e sid ld djuhuldjfú` oi f`cerhdjfú`, sf`e u` djirjdhfi`te d ld ridlfodo pdrd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi f`󿬂ufr i` su trd`scerhdjfú`, je` le judl il mehbri tfi`i ld jdpdjfodo oi ofsjir`fr sebri su i`ter`e. @e jdbi ouod qui istd pirspijtfvd tfi`i ebkitfves qui si djirjd` d `uistrd foid sebri il 󿬄` oil je`ejfhfi`te, yd qui `e is su󿬄jfi`ti jriir qui æsti `es mdrä häs muhd`es, sf`e qui is f`ofspi`sdbli i`je`trdrli u`d utflfodo präjtfjd. Dmerd bfi`, `e súle `es lfhftdhes d djiptdr qui ld rildjfú` i`tri il istuofese oi le sejfdl y ld ridlfodo is oi jdräjtir foielúafje7 doihäs pdrtfhes oi u` prf`jfpfe oi eroi`, yd qui `uistrd `ejfú` oi jfi`jfd md istdoe i`jdhf`dod d pld`tidr y dsiaurdr qui il quimdjir jfi`tè󿬄je sid sf`ú`fhe oi eroi`dhfi`te. Bdaû le ixplfjd i` les sfaufi`tis tærhf`es; “Iscerzdrsi per je`ejir is d pdrtfr oi ld mfpútisfs oi qui le jea`esjfbli pesii u`d erad`fzdjfú`. Is il prfhir riqufsfte oi teod jfi`jfd. Iscerzdrsi per je`ejir il je`ejfhfi`te oi le sejfdl y le sejfdl hfshe is supe`irlis erad`fzdoes. @f le sejfdl is u` dzdr dzdr,, `f le je`ejihes per dzdr‘. 1 Dsè, le jfi`tè󿬄je i` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis supe`i u`d sirfi oi prf`jfpfes qui tdhbfæ` jehpdrti` lds etrds jfi`jfds, yd qui risultd sustd`jfdl je`sfoirdr qui il prf`jfpfe oi eroi`dhfi`te je`stftuyi ld bdsi oil jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je oil je`ejfhfi`te.

Zejfeleaèd oil je`ejfhfi`te Ld sejfeleaèd oil je`ejfhfi`te `dji jehe je`sijui`jfd oi ld tierèd oil je`ejfhfi`te y jehe u`d `ijisfodo oi ixplfjdr il jdräjtir y ld `dturdlizd oi les d`älfsfs sejfdlis, yd qui d prf`jfpfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁽 y je` il surafhfi`te oi ld sejfeleaèd cui pirtf`i`ti ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri il si`tfoe oi les istuofes y ri󿬂ixfe`is y mdjir u`d ispijfi oi sejfeleaèd oi ld sejfeleaèd. I`je`trdhes les prfhires jehi`tdrfes dl rispijte i` il pi`sdhfi`te oi Ihfli Ourgmifh Our gmifh y Hdx Qibir. Qibir. Ourgmifh, per ikihple, pld`tidbd ld `ijisfodo fhpirfesd oi ixplfjftdr ld hd`ird i` qui dberodhes les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis, perqui oi`u`jfdbd qui ld hdyerèd oi les istuofes sejfelúafjes `e si dbejdbd` d isti dspijte sustd`jfdl, qui ti`èd qui vir je` ld je`strujjfú` oi ld hiteoeleaèd.   Zirafe Bdaû. _fihpe, ridlfodo sejfdl y je`ejfhfi`te, p. 44.   Èoih.

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Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD Le d`tirfer, jehe yd le hi`jfe`dhes, supe`i ld `ijisfodo per oi󿬄`fr il pdpil oil sukite y il ebkite7 yd `e risultdbd pesfbli pi`sdr súle i` ld oisjrfpjfú` oi u` ci`úhi`e sejfdl y, je` ille, i` ld `uld f`󿬂ui`jfd oil sejfúleae. Is oijfr, ld pirspijtfvd oi les pesftfvfstds oi busjdr ld ebkitfvfodo d trdvæs oi u`d oisjrfpjfú` 󿬄il e cetearä󿬄jd oi ld ridlfodo yd `e adrd`tfzd ld jfi`tf󿬄jfodo oil je`ejfhfi`te7 is f`ofspi`sdbli je`strufr cerhds qui jerrispe`od` d u`d ridlfodo sejfdl ofstf`td d ld oi ld `dturdlizd. I` isti si`tfoe, il istuofese oi le sejfdl istdrä f`󿬂ufoe per su jfrju`std`jfd y per su sftudjfú` sejfeije`úhfjd, pire iste `e supe`i ri`u`jfdr d ld ebkitfvfodo, yd qui piroirèd su jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je. Ld je`strujjfú` oil jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je oi le sejfdl is u`d ldber qui oibi je`sfoirdr ld jfrju`std`jfdlfodo oil sejfúleae, pire doihäs ld mfsterfjfodo oi lds sejfiodois. _dhbfæ` is fhpertd`ti `e piroir oi vfstd ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi lds foieleaèds i` il hehi`te oi djirjdr`es d je`ejir ld ridlfodo sejfdl, yd qui ourd`ti hujme tfihpe y sebri teoe oispuæs oi ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl, il pld`itd istuve ofvfofoe i` oes blequis7 isd ofvfsfú` isi`jfdlhi`ti cui oi jdräjtir foielúafje, le judl f`󿬂uyú oi hd`ird oijfsfvd i` il hu`oe f`tilijtudl. I` ejdsfe`is, ld sejfeleaèd tdhbfæ` si vfe oitirhf`dod, per su fhpertd`jfd foielúafjd häs qui per su pesfbli je`trfbujfú` jfi`tè󿬄jd. Dsè, i` ofvirsds ejdsfe`is ird häs rilivd`ti kustf󿬄jdr y liaftfhdr oisoi il pu`te oi vfstd pelètfje ld pirhd`i`jfd oi u` eroi` ije`úhfje y pelètfje qui susti`tdr ld `ijisfodo oi trd`scerhdjfe`is precu`ods i` lds sejfiodois. Lds ofvirsds foieleaèds ‟stdlf`fshe, hdrxfshe, lfbirdlfshe, i`tri etrds‟ 󿬂uyire` i` les ofvirses `fvilis, f`jlufods lds u`fvirsfodois, le qui `es llivú d ofstersfe`dr il jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je oi les le s d`älfsfs. Ld jfi`tf󿬄jfodo, häs qui u`d juistfú` ipfstihelúafjd, si erfi`tú d kustf󿬄jdr il jdräjtir foielúafje. Ld kustf󿬄jdjfú` ejupú u`d pdrti fhpertd`ti i` les isjrftes sejfelúafjes, yd qui ld je`cre`tdjfú` pelètfjd i`tri les oes blequis; sejfdlfshe y jdpftdlfshe, si trdsldoú d lds u`fvirsfodois7 ld pirspijtfvd sejfdlfstd trdtdbd oi sesti`ir ld `ijisfodo oi trd`scerhdr il eroi` fhpird`ti i` etre i` il qui privdlijfird ld faudlodo oi epertu`fodois pdrd les f`ofvfoues7 il etre pu`te oi vfstd hestrdbd u`d istrujturd qui `e ird `ijisdrfe oisdrtfjuldr, sf`e súle jerriafr lds pdrtis oi isi teoe qui `e cu`jfe`dbd`. D 󿬄` oi jui`tds, y pisi d ld je`cre`tdjfú` foielúafjd, si learú dvd`zdr, td`te judlftdtfvd jehe jud`tftdtfvdhi`ti i` il d`älfsfs, pire tdhbfæ` i` hujmds ejdsfe`is si pirvfrtfú y oispristfafú lds tdrids oi ld sejfeleaèd. Dû` i` ld djtudlfodo si oisje`eji` lds pesfblis djtfvfodois oil sejfúleae, i f`jluse si oisje`cèd oi u`d dpdri`ti pesturd oi hd`ird ixjlusfvd jrètfjd mdjfd ld sejfiodo. Hujmd oi ld oisje`󿬄d`zd mdjfd les istuofes sejfdlis tfi`i` su erfai` i` ld ofsputd foielúafjd oil sfale 󰁽󰁽7 `e ebstd`ti, i` hujmds u`fvirsfodois si jehfi`zd d trdbdkdr i` oes dspijtes; susti`tdr ld jfi`tf󿬄jfodo oi les istuofes sejfdlis, oisoi ld ipfstiheleaèd7 y i` ld jirtfouhbri y jriofbflfodo i` ld dplfjdjfú` oi risultdoes i` preardhds y preyijtes oi eroi` sejfdl. Hujme si md dvd`zdoe i` ld jirtfouhbri y dplfjdbflfodo oi les d`älfsfs sejfdlis, sebri teoe jud`oe si trdtd oi i`je`trdr u`d utflfodo präjtfjd. ^er ^er ille is pirtf`i`ti je`tf`udr ld ri󿬂ixfú` sebri il jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je oi ld sejfeleaèd, dsè jehe hiofr les dvd`jis tihätfjes y tiúrfjes i` ld djtudlfodo. Zúle dpu`tdrihes qui ld sejfeleaèd i` `uistres oèds md i`je`trdoe i` les istuofes hfjresejfdlis u`d pesfbli vitd qui `es pirhftfrä trd`sftdr d u`d itdpd i` ld qui sid häs fhpertd`ti isti tfpe oi dspijtes y oikihes oi ldoe hehi`tä`idhi`ti priejupdjfe`is foielúafjds, yd qui mdy preblihds si dauofzd`, il oi lds ld pebrizd i` il hu`oe y sus ripirjusfe`is i` ofstf`tesqui ähbftes jehe iljehe ioujdtfve, il ldberdl y il oil oisdrrelle oi pdèsis pebris. 4=

 

 

 

Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

LIJ_YRD JEH^LIHI@_DRFD

Il prf`jfpfe oi f`jirtfouhbri i` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis Lævf-Z Lævf-Zrduss rduss md md jehpri` ofoe su  su oejtrf`d oejtrf `d djirjd oi ld ld jehpit jehpiti` jfddjfi`jfds ixplfjdtfvd ixplfjdtfv d oil pe pesftfvf sftfvfshe istruj istr ujtu turd rdll i` tærhf`es oi  jehpri`ofoe le qui lldhd il “prf`jfpfe oi f`jirtfouhbri oii`jf lds sejfdlis‘7 æstishe dfflrhd td` súle qui ld jehpri`sfú` oi `uistrd prepfd sejfiodo, e oi ld sejfeleaèd, is huy ofstf`td oi ld jehpri`sfú` qui ti`ihes oi etrds sejfiodois, dki`ds, dfsldods oi `uistrd trdofjfú` mfstúrfjd. Ziaû` f`sfsti Lævf-Ztrduss i` r s is re repp qu quis  is y e rd rdss e rd rds, s, pe ih ihes es e i` jd jdpp dr d is ru rujj ur urdd i u` u`dd se sejj i d , ri ri`u `u`jd` `jd` e d ld jehpri` ld  jehpri`sfú` sfú` mfstúrfjd, mfstúrfjd, ihpätf ihpätfjd, jd, oi oi i  illlldd jehe je`ti`foe je`ti`foe,, e bf bfi` i` vel velvir`es vir`es pdrti pdrti oi oi ld mfsterfd mfsterfd oi oi u`d  u`d sejfiodo, pirofi`oe je` ille ld epertu`fodo oi ofsjir`fhfi`te istrujturdl oisdpiadoe. Oi suirti qui u`d d`tr d`trep epel elea eaèd èd i  ist stru rujt jtur urdl dl oi oi `uistr `uistrdd prepfd prepfd sej  sejfiodo fiodo is is f fhpes hpesfbli fbli,, yd qui teo qui teoes es ist istdhes dhes o  oihds ihdsfdoe fdoe hitfoes i` ld `ijisfodo mfstúrfjd oi `uistrd sejfiodo jehe pdrd leardr dquælld. I` tærhf`es hdrxfstds, si ofrèd qui jehe teoes teoes pdrtfj pdhes oi lds foielea ds oi `uistrd `uistrd prepfd prepfd sejfiod , `es is fhpesfbli per i hi hire re pi pi`s `sdh dh i` e dpd dpdrr dr dr`e `ess i i d y vi virr d je jehe he s  c cuu si sihe hess “v s d` is pures . upuis dhi` i e e `uistre heoe oi pi`sdr istä td` oitirhf`doe per `uistre hiofe mfstúrfje y sejfdl qui, oi djuiroe je` Lævf-Ztrduss, `e is pesfbli sihikd`ti ebkitfvfodo. _dl pesfjfú`, jehe mihes vfste, istä i` i`tire djuiroe je` il trd trdofjf ofjfe` e`dl dl d  dbe berrij rrijfhfi`t fhfi`tee ixpirf ixpirfhi hi`tdo `tdoee per ld ld sej  sejfeleaè  feleaè d mdjf mdjfdd ld fflles ffllesecèd ecèd purd.  purd. ^ire je` rispijt ^ire rispijtee d et etrds rds sejfiodo sejfiodois is is pesfbl pesfblii u` tfp u` tfpee oi oi je`ej  je`ejfhfi`t fhfi`tee ai`uf` ai`uf`dhi` dhi`ti ti e  ebkitfv bkitfve. e. I  I`` su jdse vdli le epuiste. I` u`d sejfiodo prfhftfvd, d judlqufird oi `esetres li is fhpesfbli dljd`zdr dutæ`tfjd jehpri`sfú` ihpätfjd ‟lliadr d sir pdrti oi ld `ijisfodo mfstúrfjd oi ofjmd sejfiodo‟ per ld si`jflld rdzú` oi qui prejioihes oi ld `uistrd. ^er etrd pdrti, il sir u` vfsftd`ti pure oi istd sejfiodo djdrrid il prfvfl afe oil ofsjir`fhfi`te istrujturdl, istrujturdl, sf `e oil i`ti`ofhfi`te oi su isi`jfd mfstúrfjd mfstúrfjd y ofdlæjtfjd. Æstd `u`jd ld je`ejirihes sf` dbd`oe`dr `uistre rdjfe`dlfshe ejjfoi`tdl qui is bdsi oi `uistrd jehpri`sfú` jfi`tèffljd istrujturdl. Le qui mdjihes is isi`jfdlhi`ti, sestfi`i Lævf-Ztrduss, trdoujfr les tærhf`es oi u`d sejfiodo prfhftfvd d les oi ld `uistrd, pe`fi`oe istrujturd i` viz oi je`ti`foe, y cerhd i` luadr oi isi`jfd, hfi`trds dl hfshe tfihpe je`virtfhes il je`ti`foe oi `uistrd prepfd sejfiodo ‟`uistre rdjfe`dlfshe ffllesúfflje y hæteoe jfi`tèfflje‟ i` ld cerhd oi etrd, istuofes sebri il pdri`tisje, itj., ixprisdoes jehe cerhds oi ld sejfiodo i` juistfú`. Zi od u` f`tirjdhbfe bfofrijjfe`dl, i` il judl jerri f`cerhdjfú`, per il hæteoe oi ld d`trepeleaèd istrujturdl, oi u`d sejfiodo d etrd. Ld ebkitfvfodo jfi`tèffljd oil prejise is adrd`tfzdod, d kufjfe oi Lævf-Ztrduss, per il mijme oi qui `uistre “je`ti`foe‘ (je`jfi`jfd oi jldsi, ixpirfi`jfd mfstúrfjd iurepid, itjætird) `e puioi, e hiker, `e tfi`i `ijisfodo oi pdsdr ofrijtdhi`ti d `uistrd jehpri`sfú` oi ld etrd sejfiodo, yd qui bfi` puioi jdrijir oi jesds jehe ld je`jfi`jfd oi jldsi y `e ti`ir mfsterfd pirtf`i`ti pdrd ld `uistrd. @uistrd foieleaèd súle puioi sdlvdr ld brijmd velvfæ`oesi purdhi`ti u` júofae istrujturdl, u` hire dpdrike oi sfa`es qui, jehe les oi ld hûsfjd, `e sfa`fffljd` `dod f`trè`sije, sf`e súle sus prepfds rildjfe`is ixtrè`sijds. Dsè, il d`älfsfs hftelúafje si ter`d d`äleae d ld jehpesfjfú` husfjdl, y oi u` heoe h eoe huy `etdbli. @uistrd foieleaèd, je` su je`ti`foe frrilivd`ti per le oihäs, si vuilvi prijfsdhi`ti td` ebkitfvd jehe le mdji i` rildjfú` je` il hu`oe cèsfje, oe`oi ld je`jfi`jfd oi jldsi y ld pdrtfjfpdjfú` mfstúrfjd se` faudlhi`ti supirfluds. E sid qui il i`ti`ofhfi`te jfi`tèfflje pesftfve oi lds sejfiodois doeptd ld cerhd oi u`d jfi`jfd oi trd`scerhdjfe`is istrujturdlis qui hiofd` i`tri `uistrd je`jfi`jfd y ld oi etres mehbris oi etrds sejfiodois. D isti rispijte is u` jehpertdhfi`te oi ld jfi`jfd oi ld jehu`fjdjfú`.

Cfaurd 2.9

Jlduoi Lævf-Ztrduss, cui u` d`trepúleae, cu`odoer oi u` i`cequi istrujturdlfstd bdsdoe i` ld lf`aüèstfjd.

Cfaurd 2.3

ire le qui je`jfir`i d `uistrd prepfd sejfiodo, ejurri dl je`trdrfe. Dquè `e puioi mdbir istuofe istrujturdl eb itfve, yd qui ld dplfjdjfú` oi oi `uistrds prep ds tierèds d `uistres quimdjiris quimdjiris istä je`oi`dod je`oi`dod d sir häs e hi`es jfrjuldr, puiste qui lds jdusds ffl`dlis `e ixfsti` pdrd Lævf-Ztrduss i` ld hi`ti je`sjfi`ti sf`e i` ld ofdlæjtfjd hdtirfdlfstd. Mdbfæ`oesi puiste oil ldoe oi Zdrtri y mdbfi`oe `iadoe ld pesfbflfodo oi je`ejfhfi`te je`sjfi`ti y ebkitfve f`oipi`ofi`ti oi ld `ijisfodo mfstúrfjd, Lævf-Ztrduss md `iadoe pdrd sfihpri ld pesfbflfodo oil je`ejfhfi`te sejfdl siaure i f`je`trevirtfbli qui f`ai`udhi`ti jrièd` Zdf`t-Zfhe` y Jehti qui risfoèd i` u`d jfi`jfd `dturdl oi ld sejfiodo. I` su luadr, Lævf-Ztrduss md puiste u` je`ejfhfi`te sejfdl häs sutfl y, sfaufi`oe d Hdrx, le md mijme oipi`ofi`ti oi ld ofdlæjtfjd oi ld mfsterfd. Iste `e `fiad ld pesfbflfodo oi dutæ`tfje je`ejfhfi`te mfstúrfje y sejfdl oi `uistrd sejfiodo, sf`e qui sfhplihi`ti sestfi`i qui teoe `uistre je`ejfhfi`te is je`ofjfe`dl d prepúsfte oil prejise mfstúrfje y qui is i` ld mfsterfd y `e i` ld je`jfi`jfd oi `uistrds hi`tis f`ofvfoudlis oe`oi risfoi ld virodo ûltfhd y oiffl`ftfvd.

Zdf`t Zfhe`, ffllúsece crd`jæs, qui puioi f`jlufrsi i`tri les ffllúseces oil sejfdlfshe utúpfje.

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD

Sfvfhes, oi djuiroe je` Lævf-Ztrduss, i` sejfiodois “jdlfi`tis‘, iste is, i` sejfiodois fhpulsdods per ld i`iraèd oi ld ofciri`jfdjfú` sejfdl. Ld virodo, ld sejfelúafjd, risfoi i` jehpri`oir iste. Is ofcèjfl i` is isti ti   jds jdsee dom domirf irfrr tdl tdlis is oej oejtr trf`d f`dss hdr hdrxfs xfstds tds d  ruib ruibds ds ffl`dl ffl`dlis. is.   Je Jehe he bf bfi` i`   sdbi` sdbi`   les les   se sejf jfúl úlee es es,,  ld ld   “ridlfodo sejfdl‘, sid ld qui sid, is f`ffl`ftdhi`ti oibdtfbli y, sf` ouod, les û`fjes drauhi`tes qui puioi` sir doujfoes pdrd kustfffljdr ld pesfjfú` hdrxfstd i` il prisi`ti jdse se` les qui rdze`d` d pd pdrtfr oi ld oi lds s je`ofjfe jepldusfbli. `ofjfe`is `is Häs prisi` prisi`ti tissi` i f`ti`t f`ti`td` d` qui l qui  ldd ti tier erèd èd hdr  hdrxfst xfstd d is l is ldd quiydod od rdz  rdzú` ú` oi oi le les s mijm mijmes es oilrtfr heoe häs iste sè hfshe fhplfjd ard`ois offfljultdois, qui peorèd u`e djiptdr ld tierèd pire rijmdzdr su trdsji`oi`jfd, jriir qui les prelitdrfes djdbdrä` per trfu`cdr pire rijmdzdrr istd jmdzd istd je`jlusf je`jlusfú` ú` jehe jehe herdlhi` herdlhi`ti ti f` isid li. Il hdrxf hdrxfshe she isjd isjd`sd `sd i` i` risuhf risuhf ds jui`td jui`tdss i` u`dd is u` ispi pijj i i su supu puis is e he herd rd sd` sd`ss he he`` d` d`ee qu qui, i, s i` i i` e pe perr es hd hdrx rx s ds je jehe he iv i` i per sè hfshe, hfshe, puioi `e ebstd`ti `e sir rijmdzdoe per les `e jriyi`tis, y qui i` `f`aû` jdse je`stftuyi  je`stftuyi  virodo pesftfvd dutæ`tfjd. Ld ætfjd is dsu`te oi je`trevirsfd `eterfd. Ld etrd pesfbflfodo is rijmdzdr ld oejtrf`d ætfjd per “ffllesúffljd‘, y dsè ihpebrijfod i foielúafjdhi`ti sespijmesd y, i` jdhbfe, jdhbfe , je`ffldr per i`tire i` ld oejtrf`d oejtrf`d sejfel afjd oi ld f`istdbflfodo f`istdbflfodo oil je`flfjte oi jldsi y oi ld vfjterfd vfjterfd prelitdrfd. ^ire i` isti jdse, sf ld vfjterfd prelitdrfd ffl`dl `e is pestuldod jehe il ffl` herdlhi`ti rijte, súle hd`fcistdrä jehpulsfú` sf si dfflrhd qui is il ffl` mfstúrfjd y ofdlæjtfjdhi`ti dprepfdoe. @e is pesfbli  pesfbli  etrd dpeleaætfjd sf ld lujmd oi jldsis istä dû` i` hdrjmd. Zf `e si vi ld rivelujfú` jehe herdlhi`ti jerrijtd, `e puioi sir kustfffljdod oil teoe sebri cu`odhi`tes oi mijme, yd qui iste fhplfjdrèd u`d jrii`jfd i` su f`istdbflfodo mfstúrfjd, mfstúrfjd, le judl súle puioi prejioir oi ld ci. ci . D`tis oil Dpejdlfpsfs, lds  lds  jfrju`std`jfds se` sfihpri dhbfauds y ld ivfoi`jfd mfstúrfjd sfihpri je`trevirtfbli. Il dpeleafstd oi Hdrx `e puioi je`ffldr oihdsfdoe i` ld rdzú` seld yd qui, jehe siôdlæ d`tis, iste, llivdoe oihdsfdoe li jehprehitirèd ld oejtrf`d oi ld `dturdlizd `dturdlizd foielúafjd oi teoe pi`sdhfi`te pi`sdhfi`te y oi su oipi`oi`jfd  oipi`oi`jfd  je`es,rispijte d ld ofdlæjtfjd. @e ti`ae il prepúsfte oi ihbdrjdrhi i` u`d ldrad jrètfjd hiteoelúafjd oil hdrxfshe, `f sfqufird oi ixplerdr jdbdlhi`ti lds pejds ebsirvdjfe`is d`tirferis. Le û`fje qui priti`oe is hestrdr qui LævfZtrduss je`cèd i` cu`odhi`tes prebdterfes huy ofciri`tis oi les oi su hæteoe istrujturdl pesftfve. I` isti ûltfhe jdse, les piri``is jrftirfes jfi`tèffljes oi ije`ehèd, dbdrqui y iliad`jfd tiúrfjd oibi` siaufr sfi`oe lds `erhds ûltfhds, d lds qui puofird dôdofrsi il riqufsfte oi u` rioujjfe`fshe hdtirfdlfstd `ejfe`dl, yd qui `e oibihes elvfodr qui æstd is u`d cerhd oi pesftfvfshe qui, jehe ld vdrfiodo hdrxfstd, istä prikufjfdod je`trd ld ffllesecèd purd y riqufiri u` ihpfrfshe td`afbli i` su bdsi. I` il prfhir jdse, il oil pesftfvfshe mfstúrfje, hdrxfstd, ld pesfjfú` oi Lævf-Ztrduss is qui ld mfsterfeardcèd, istdoèstfjd, drquiel drquiel aèd, oiheardcèd y etres istuofes istuofes puioi` je`trfbufr je`trfbufr je` virodois jfi`tèffljds jfi`tèffljds d ld sejfeleaèd heoir`d. ^ire d ffl` oi jui`tds, sf ld sejfeleaèd md oi tehdr i` je`sfoirdjfú` il pdsdoe, oibi dprijfdr qui il je`ejfhfi`te mfstúrfje oipi`oi oi lds je`ofjfe`is prisi`tis, is odoe il jdhbfe. Iste `e sfa`fffljd qui tdlis tierèds mfstúrfjds jdhbfd`tis sid` i` heoe dlau`e cdlsds. Is súle il risultdoe oil mijme, oi sebrd ivfoi`ti, oi qui il prisi`ti is je`sijui`jfd oil pdsdoe y oi qui les cdjteris qui je`cerhd` il prisi`ti y i` je`sijui`jfd tdhbfæ` `uistrd fhdai` oil pdsdoe se` per su pdrti je`sijui`jfd oil pdsdoe hirjio dl prejise ofdlæjtfje. Ld mfsterfd i` isti jdse is, jehe siôdlæ d`tis, ld ffl`dlfodo ûltfhd. Hfi`trds ld mfsterfd `e si mdyd jehplitdoe, ld ixplfjdjfú` ffl`dl tfi`i qui pirhd`ijir per `ijisfodo f`jehplitd. Ld `dturdlizd prevfsfe`dl, f`jehplitd, oil je`ejfhfi`te mfstúrfje ihd`d oi isti mijme. I` il jdse oil pesftfvfshe istrujturdl, sf` ihbdrae, is prfhire y sebri teoe il f`je`sjfi`ti rdjfe`dl, jelijtfve, oipi`ofi`ti d su viz oi ld fflsfeleaèd jiribrdl, il qui is ld jdusd ffl`dl. Jehe istd ffl`dlfodo sfihpri `es djehpdôd y `e istä sukitd d ld rivildjfú` oi ld mfsterfd d trdvæs oil tfihpe, is i` je`sijui`jfd, dl hi`es i` prf`jfpfe, je`ejfbli i` si`tfoe jehplite, td` jehplite jehe il je`jir`fi`ti d ld `dturdlizd f`d`fhdod. Jrie qui is jldre qui, jehe vi`fhes ofsjutfi`oe, Lævf-Ztrduss Lævf-Ztrduss ofstf`aui oes jdusds ffl`dlis, ld hi`ti y ld ofdlæjtfjd, y dtrfbuyi d dhbds u`d cerhd ofciri`ti oi pesftfvfshe. I` il jdse oi ld mfsterfd, ld jdusd ffl`dl pirtf`i`ti is ld ofdlæjtfjd oi lds rildjfe`is hdtirfdlis, y ld jfi`jfd dprepfdod le qui mi lldhdoe pesftfvfshe hdrxfstd. Æsti trdtd `uistrd ixprisfú` sejfdl i` u`d ofhi`sfú` tihperdl frrivirsfbli, ofdjrú`fjd, d`älead d le qui Zdussuri lldhdbd pdreli. Æstd is u`d ridlfodo häs f`oiffl`fod, prearisfvd, i` je`tf`ue jrijfhfi`te y oisdrrelle, qui, i` ld tirhf`eleaèd oi Zdrtri, je`std`tihi`ti si “oistetdlfzd‘ y “ritetdlfzd‘, iste is, je`tf`udhi`ti ofsuilvi y rije`stftuyi il sfstihd. Is u`d drtfjuldjfú` oi je`ti`foe, u`d ixprisfú` oi sfa`fffljdoe subkitfve, is ld mfsterfd oi júhe “mdbld‘ oi ld sejfiodo. Epuistd d æstd si i`jui`trd ld ofhi`sfú` tihperdl rivirsfbli, sf`jrú`fjd, oi le qui peorèdhes oi`ehf`dr istrujturd. Dquè ld jdusd ffl`dl risfoi i` ld hi`ti hfshd y d ffl` oi jui`tds oi`tre oi ld hi`ti jehe ebkite cèsfje y 2>

      

 

Y@FODO 4 

_ierèd oil je`ejfhf je`ejfhfi`te i`te

`dturdl, siaû` siôdldhes drrfbd. Dquè ld jfi`jfd dprepfdod is il pesftfvfshe ourgmi`fd`e istrujturdl. istrujturdl. Je`sfoird `uistrd ixprisfú` sejfdl jehe ld`aui  e júofae, jehe u` hijd`fshe oiti`foe i` su hevfh i` e,  je jehe he u` u`   s s ihd  i ri dj e`is  jirrd e  jeh i e.  s i hi e  er er   i   ui ix ris isddhe hes, s, is is   d  istrujturd ebkitfvd f`std`jfd, is ld cerhd qui ld hi`ti fhpe`i dl je`ti`f e ebkitfvd oi ld ixprisfú`. I` ûltfhd f`std`jfd, qui ld mfsterfd y ld ofdlæjtfjd li prisjrfbi`. “Il prf`jfpfe oi f`jirtfouhbri‘ i`u`jfd ld `ijisfodo oi ofstf`aufr istds oes ofhi`sfe`is td` ofstf`tds oil d` d`älfsfs älfsfs sej  sejfelúaf felúafje, je, y is cäjfl is cäjfl vir  vir l ldd rdzú rdzú`` oi oi i  illlle. e. J  Je` e`cu`ofr cu`ofr ld ld jf jfi` i`jf jfdd oi ld ld vfod vfod sej  sejfdl fdl je`s je`sfo foird ird u` júo úofae fae je` ld oi ld ld   sej sejfiodo fiodo i` il prejise oi oi ixpri  ixprisfú` sfú`,, si sirè  rè d riarisdr d  d  cerhds d`tirf d`tirferis eris   o   es v she, jud` e si jri d ui ui u` i` i` h i` e es es ve i d sej i d i` i` i risi` i dr drd` zd d f`ivftdblihi`ti il hfshe tfpe oi jehpri`sfú` i` il pdsdoe y i` il cuture. ^drd Lævf-Ztrduss iste sirèd jehe je`cu`ofr ld ardhätfjd ldtf`d oi Jæsdr je` su f`tirpritdjfú` oi les dje`tijfhfi`tes oi ld auirrd oi lds Adlfds. I` isti jdse ld ardhätfjd pirti`iji d u` ilihi`te oi li`audki je`sfoirdoe júofae7 il ridl ri dl si`  si`tfoe tfoe oil lfbre, lfbre, ld ld sujis  sujisfú fú`` oi foids foids ixprisdod ixprisdodss i` vfrtuo vfrtuo oi ld ld ardhätfj ardhätfjd, d, dl dl hi`s hi`sdk dki. i. @  @ee rije`ejir ld ofstf`jfú` ofstf`jfú` oijfsfvd i`tri i`tri júo ae y hi`sd i, istrujturd y je`ti`foe, e bfi` bfi` llivdrä d u`d u`d foid o ld sejfiodo jehe u` jdes f`istrujturdo f`istrujturdoe, e, jdhbfd`ti y hevfi`ti ‟u` fluke tirheof`ähfje, od` ad`ds ‟, , , y fflke, qui ripfti hijä`fjdhi`ti u` ripirterfe lfhftdoe oi djtfvfodois. D isti ûltfhe ixtrihe tfi`oi` jdsf teoes les pesftfvfstds ourgmi`fd`es ‚ ourgmi`fd`es ‚i` i` etrds pdldbrds, d u`d sejfeleaèd hijd`fjfstd i` ld qui il  il  jdhbfe sejfdl is preblihätfje e ipfci`ehæ`fje. Ld prfhird pesfbflfodo tfi`oi d sir ld je`sijui`jfd, faudlhi`ti fa udlhi`ti frridl, frridl, oi  oi f`sfstfr i` il jdhbfe y ld ofdlæjtfjd, ofdlæjtfjd, jehe  jehe si vi i` ebrds oi duteris jehe Zdrtri. _ehdoe oi J. R. R. Bdojejg. Lævf-Ztrduss , il istrujturdlfshe y ld tierèd sejfelúafjd .

LIJ_YRD JEH^LIHI@_DRFD

Il oisdrrelle oisdrrelle oi u` u` pu`te oi vfstd sejfelúa sejfelúa je= Dpri`oir d pi`sdr sejfelúafjdhi`ti ‟i` etrds pdldbrds, usdr u` i`cequi häs dhplfe‟ sfa`fffljd jultfvdr ld fhdaf`djfú`. fhdaf`djfú`. Jehe sejfúleaes, ti`ihes qui fhdaf`dr, per ikihple, ikihple, júhe ixpirfhi`td` il sixe y i hdtr hdtr he he`` e dq dqui ui ds pi pirs rse` e`ds ds ‟ d hd hdye yerèrèdd i d uh uhd` d` d ds dstd td dj djii pe peje je t ih ihpe pe‟ ‟ d qu i` i`is is i   . rutf`drfe oi doqufsfjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te. Y` sejfúleae is dlaufi` jdpdz oi lfbirdrsi oi ld f`hiofdtiz oi ds j rju` rju`std` std`jj ds pirse` pirse`dd is pdrd pdrd pe`ir pe`ir ds jesds jesds i` i` u` je`ti je`tixte xte häs häs dhp e. Cfaurd 2.1 Il trdbd e sejfelúafje oipi`oi oi le qui il duter dhirfjd`e Qrfatm Hflls Hflls, i` u`d  u`d  jælibri ixprisfú`, oi`ehf`ú ld fhdaf`djfú` sejfelúafjd (Hflls, 461>). d hda `d `djj ú` se sejj e úa jd `e `ess p i, se ri te e, qu quii si sidh dhes es jd jdpd pdji jiss i pi`sdr ofstd`jfä`oe`es oi lds lds rutf`ds dhflfdris oi `uistrds vfods jetfofd`ds, jetfofd`ds, pdrd peoir virlds jehe sf cuird` dlae `uive . Je`sfoirihes il sfhpli djte oi bibir

u`d tdzd oi jdcæ. µTuæ peorèdhes oijfr, oijfr, oisoi u` pu`te oi vfstd sejfelúafje, oi isti mijme oi jehpertdhfi`te, qui pdriji ti`ir td` peje f`tiræs5 Hujmèsfhds jesds. I` prfhir luadr, peorèdhes siôdldr qui il jdcæ `e is súle u`d bibfod, yd qui tfi`i u` vdler sfhbúlfje  jehe pdrti oi u`es rftudlis sejfdlis jetfofd`es. Je` crijui`jfd, il rftudl dl qui vd u`foe il bibir jdcæ is hujme häs fhpertd`ti qui il djte i` sè. Oes pirse`ds qui quiod` pdrd tehdrsi u` jdcæ prebdblihi`ti tfi`i` häs f`tiræs i` i`je`trdrsi d jmdrldr qui i` le qui vd` d bibir. Ld bibfod y ld jehfod od` luadr i` teods lds sejfiodois d epertu`fodois pdrd ld f`tirdjjj ú` sej d y d i iju rdj ijujj ú` i r tu tudd is y æst æstes es je` je`st st tuy tuyi` i` u` `tirisd` `tirisd`tès tès he ebkite oi istuofe sejfelúafje. oread  qui I` siau`oe luadr, il jdcæ isLdu`d  oi quilds je`tfi`i jdciè`d, judl tfi`i icijte istfhuld`ti i` il jiribre. hdyerèd pirse`ds i` ld ld julturd ejjfoi`tdl

Il jdcæ tdhbfæ` puioi virsi oisoi il pu`te oi vfstd sejfelúafje. sejfelúafje.

  Afooi`s, D`tme`y, Zejfeleaèd, p. 26.

=

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

24

   

ZEJFELEAÈD `e je`sfoird qui les dofjtes dl jdcæ je`suhd` oread. Jehe il dljemel, dljemel, il jdcæ is u`d oread djiptdod sejfdlhi`ti, hfi`trds ld hdrfmud`d, per ikihple, `e le is. Zf` ihbdrae, mdy julturds qui telird` il , , . sejfúleaes lis f`tirisd sdbir per quæ ixfsti` istes je`trdstis. I` tirjir luadr, u` f`ofvfoue, dl bibir u`d tdzd oi jdcæ, jdcæ , cerhd pdrti oi u`d sirfi ixtrihdodhi`ti jehplfjdod oi rildjfe`is sejfdlis y ije`úhfjds qui si ixtfi`oi` per teoe il hu`oe. Les prejises oi preoujjfú`, trd`sperti y ofstrfbujfú` oi istd sustd`jfd riqufiri` trd`sdjjfe`is je`tf`udods i`tri pirse`ds qui si i`jui i`jui`trd `trd`` d h is i úhitr úhitres es i qu i` d je`su je`suhi. hi. istu e i istds trd` trd`sdjj sdjj e`is a e d is je`st tuyi u`d tdri tdridd hper hpertd`t td`tii pdrd d sej e eaèd eaèd,, puist puistee qui huj es dspi dspijtes jtes i `uist `uistrds rds vfods djtudlis si vi` dcijtdoes per jehu`fjdjfe`is i f`flui`jfds sejfdlis qui tfi`i` luadr d isjdld hu`ofdl. Cf`dlhi`ti, il djte oi bibir u`d tdzd oi jdcæ supe`i qui d`tirferhi`ti  si md preoujfoe u` prejise oi isdr is drre re e se sejj d  y ije ije`úh `úh je . u`te u` te je je`` et etre ress hu hujj es je jehp hpe` e`i` i`ti tiss i d it itdd ej ejjj i` i`td td d er erdd d tu tudd is ‟j ‟jeh ehee i tæ, es p ät ätdd`es, lds lds pdtdtd pdtdtdss y il dzûjdr dzûjdr bld` bld`je‟ je‟ ilil je`suhe je`suhe oi jd æ jehi`zú jehi`zú d ixti`oi ixti`oirsi rsi d `dlis oil sfale sfale y, du`qui si erfaf`ú erfaf`ú i` i` Erf  Erfi` i`ti ti Hiofe, Hiofe, ld oihd` oihd`od od hds  hdsfv fvdd oi oi i  ist stii preo preouj ujte te odtd odtd oil pi pirfeo rfeoee oi ld ld ixpd`sfú` jele`fdl ejjfoi`tdl oi mdji u` sfale y hiofe. I` ld djtudlfodo, jdsf teoe il jdcæ qui si bibi i` les pdèsis ejjfoi`tdlis prevfi`i oi ärids (Zuodhærfjd y Äcrfjd) qui cuire` jele`fzdods per les iurepies, dsè qui oi `f`au`d hd`ird is u` jehpe`i`ti “`dturdl‘ oi ld ofitd ejjfoi`tdl.

Ivdludjfú`

Juistfe`drfe; 4. µTuæ is ld jfi`jfd5 2. Il mijme oi qui ld sejfeleaèd sid u`d jfi`jfd µis oi utflfodo5 :. µLd ridlfodo sejfdl puioi puioi virsi bdke u` hæteoe hæteoe jfi`tè󿬄je5  Djtfvfodo 4; I`

arupe oi 9 jehpdôires f`odaui` ofciri`tis pesturds oi ld tierèd sejfelúafjd sebri júhe dberodr ld ridlfodo sejfdl y jldsfcèqui`lds oi djuiroe je` sihikd`zds y ofciri`jfds.

 Djtfvfodo 2; I`

mekds bld`jds oisjrfbi etre ikihple oi pi`sdr sejfelúafjdhi`ti.

Bfblfeardcèd Dsmte`, _. Z. Ld Rivelujfú` F`oustrfdl. Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, Brivfdrfds @e. 29,

46=4, 469 pp. Bdojejg,   J. R. Lævf-Ztrduss, il istruturdlfshe y ld tierèd sejfelúafjd, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd

Ije`úhfjd “Brivdrfes‘ @e. 2=3, 46=:, 4=2 pp. Bdaû, Zirafe. _fihpe, ridlfodo sejfdl y je`ejfhfi`te. Hæxfje, Zfale ]]F Iofteris, 46=2, 24? pp. Jehti, Duauste. Ld 󿬄lesecèd pesftfvd. Hæxfje, Iofterfdl ^errûd, “Zipd` Juä`tes...‘ J uä`tes...‘ @e. @e. :?>, :>: pp. Cfjmti, Kemd`` Aettlfib. F`treoujjfú` d ld tierèd oi ld jfi`jfd , Ispdôd, Zdrpi Iofteris, 46=?, 499 pp. Mdwgf`a, Ztipmi` Q. Mfsterfd oil tfihpe. Oil Bfa Bd`a d les daukires `iares , Hæxfje, Arupe Iof-

terfdl Arfkdlbe, 46==, 2?9 pp. _ijld, K. Dlcrioe. ^rihfsds oi ld tierèd oil je`ejfhfi`te, Hæxfje, Iofjfe`is _dllir Dbfirte, 46=3, 2?4 pp. _i`i`tf, Ld trd`scerhdjfú` oil hu`oe heoir`e. Zfales 󰁽󰁦󰁳-󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦 , Ispdôd, Iofterfdl Jrètfjd, 46=9, ?14 Dlbirte. pp. Sdfziy,  Kem`. Jdpftdlfshe, F`aldtirrd, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 4611, 22:, pp.

22

 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

  Jdpètule

:. Il pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl sejfdl y il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje   Jdpètule ?. Ld sejfeleaèd i` Hæxfje

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

2

Y@FODO Y@FODO

ZEJFELEAÈD  

Il pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl y il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje

: JD^È_YLE JD^È_YLE

Juistfe`drfe ofda`ústfje µZdbis quæ is ld sejfeleaèd5

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 µµTuæ Tuæ istuofd puioi ld sejfeleaèd5 µIl sejfúleae f`󿬂ufr i` jdhbfdr dlaû` preblihd sejfdl5

   

 

Cfaurd :.4

Il pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl D`tis oi f`fjfdr il prisi`ti jdpètule, is pirtf`i`ti ridlfzdr dlau`ds djldrdjfe`is. I` prfhir luadr, jui`td je` u`d pdrti f`treoujterfd tftuldod ^i`sdhfi`te sejfdl perqui d`dlfzdhes y ri󿬂ixfe`dhes sebri ofvirsds æpejds y sfstihds sejfdlis. _dhbfæ` hi`jfe`drihes d les pi`sdoeris qui, sf` sir istrfjtdhi`ti d`dlfstds sejfelúafjes, tfi`i` jehe ebkite oi istuofe ld sejfiodo. I` siau`oe luadr, si je`sfoird qui ld sejfeleaèd si f`fjfd i` il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 je` Duauste Jehti, le judl tehdhes jehe pu`te oi riciri`jfd. Dsfhfshe, jriihes qui les 󿬄lúseces, sejfúleaes, teoes les tiúrfjes i` ai`irdl, istä` f`hirses i` u`d ridlfodo qui mfsterfdoeris oitirhf`d suycerhdjfú` f`tilijtudl, su epf`fú` y sus djtftuois, dl ixplfjdr y ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri ld sejfiodo. Dsè, `e peoihes ivftdr qui mdyd` prepfjfdoe il surafhfi`te y oisdrrelle oi ti`oi`jfds e isjuilds sejfelúafjds.

Duauste Jehti is je`sfoirdoe jridoer oil pesftfvfshe y oi ld ofsjfplf`d oi ld sejfeleaèd.

Les je`jiptes i foids sebri ld erad`fzdjfú` oil mehbri y ld pesfbflfodo oi pircijjfe`drld si erfaf`dre` i` ld d`tfaüiodo. Risultd f`ouodbli ld ofciri`jfd oi sftudjfe`is mfstúrfjds i`tri dquil tfihpe y il `uistre, pire ld rijupirdjfú` oi foids, f`stftujfe`is y je`jiptes d`tfaues `e oikd oi ti`ir prisi`jfd, puis si md` dodptdoe d lds jfrju`std`jfds djtudlis. Oi istd hd`ird, lds prepuistds oi heoiles pelètfjes, ije`úhfjes y julturdlis si cu`odhi`td` i` il je`ejfhfi`te, lds ri󿬂ixfe`is y ld ridlfodo d`tirferis. ^er ille, `e is pesfbli i`ti`oir il surafhfi`te y il i`ter`e cèsfje oe`oi si oisdrrellú, y lds cerhds oi pi`sdhfi`te oi ld D`tfaüiodo. Is ofcèjfl rije`strufr il pi`sdhfi`te oi Zújrdtis (?36 e ?1>-:66 d.J.), perqui `e oikú `f`aû` isjrfte, y perqui lds virsfe`is sebri su 󿬄lesecèd se` ixtrihdodhi`ti isjuitds y je`trdofjterfds.

2?

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Zi pfi`sd qui Zújrdtis cui il cu`odoer ridl oi ld 󿬄lesecèd, puis d`tis ixfstèd, ^ire û`fjdhi`ti ird` “foids suaistfvds‘, siaû` Aierai M. Zdbf`i.4 Zi sdbi huy peje djirjd oi sus je`jlusfe`is, y súle ti`ihes riciri`jfd oi sus i`siôd`zds hiofd`ti le ixprisdoe per su ofsjèpule ^ldtú`.

Cfaurd :.2

Is pesfbli qui Zújrdtis `u`jd mdyd juistfe`doe il sfstihd pelètfje i` qui vfvèd, `f i`ti`ofird ld fhpertd`jfd oi ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl, hiofd`ti `erhds oi je`vfvi`jfds y rispite7 sf` ihbdrae, `e oikú oi sir jrètfje y d`mildr qui aebir`drd dlaufi` juyd vfrtuo cuisi il je`ejfhfi`te. Oisoi i`te`jis surai il oibdti oi qufæ` sirä il f`ofvfoue häs dpte pdrd aebir`dr, pdrd isti 󿬄lúsece oi ld d`tfaüiodo il je`ejfhfi`te `es preperjfe`d il jrftirfe su󿬄jfi`ti pdrd pe`oirdr le bui`e y le hdle, dsè jehe le kuste. Le d`tirfer si oiouji oi su jrètfjd d les aebir`d`tis, qui si ofji istuve huy rildjfe`dod je` su je`oi`d d huirti, y oil mijme qui ^ldtú` hd`fcistdrd f`󿬂ui`jfd oil pi`sdhfi`te sejrätfje i` Ld Ripûblfjd. Dmerd bfi`, ^ldtú` (?21-:?1 d.J.) `djfú i` Dti`ds, oisji`ofi`ti oi u`d cdhflfd drfstejrätfjd. Zu priejupdjfú` per ld oihejrdjfd y su epf`fú` djirjd oil Istdoe istuvfire` oitirhf`dods per ld oirretd oi Dti`ds i` ld Auirrd oil ^ilepe`ise, qui qui tirhf`ú je` lds dspfrdjfe`is ixpd`sfe`fstds oi Dti`ds y je` ld ribilfú` drfstejrätfjd oi “les _rif`td‘ (?>? d.J.). Istes sujises `e li pirhftfire` f`arisdr i` ld vfod pelètfjd y, pejes dôes oispuæs, hurfú Zújrdtis.

Zújrdtis, ffllúsece arfiae je`sfoirdoe u`e oi les häs ard`ois.

Cfaurd :.:

isjuilds cuire` ldscui prfhirds oi Iurepd qui fhpdrtfire` ioujdjfú`Lds supirfer y ld dti`fi`sis Djdoihfd oi ^ldtú` ld prfhird qui i`siôú 󿬄lesecèd. Il ebkitfve oi ld djdoihfd `e ird fhpulsdr f`stftujfe`is ioujdtfvds, sf`e sdtfscdjir u`d `ijisfodo muhd`d oi pripdrdjfú` doijudod7 ofstf`aufr il bfi` oil hdl y le virodoire oi le cdlse, doihäs oi je`ejir les hiofes f`tilijtudlis pdrd drrfbdr d le jerrijte. Il pi`sdhfi`te oi ^ldtú` cui foidlfstd, yd qui le fhprisfe`ú ld jfrju`std`jfd oi ld huirti oi su hdistre Zújrdtis, y su prepuistd oi u` Istdoe pdrd æl pircijte, istdblijfú ld pesfbflfodo oi u`d rildjfú` i`tri ætfjd y pelètfjd, Istdoe y kustfjfd. D pdrtfr oi ille si i`ti`ofú ld pelètfjd `e ixjlusfvdhi`ti jehe u`d djtfvfodo `dturdl oil sir muhd`e, sf`e qui doihäs oibèd sir isi`jfdlhi`ti ætfjd. ^ldtú` si epuse, jehe Zújrdtis, d les pi`sdoeris se󿬄stds, qufi`is dsiaurdbd` qui il Istdoe ird u`d dsejfdjfú` cu`odod i` il iaeèshe y il tiher oi les mehbris i`tri sè, y je`jibèd` u`d foid oi kustfjfd qui istdbd i`jduzdod y bi`i󿬄jfdbd d les häs cuirtis, yd qui i`te`jis i`ti`oèd` lds rildjfe`is sejfdlis jehe u`d juistfú` oi peoir y cuirzd, hds `e jehe ld bûsquiod oil je`si`se cu`odoe i` ld drhe`èd. I` je`trdpesfjfú`, ^ldtú` d󿬄rhdbd qui il Istdoe `djèd oi ld `ijisfodo oi dsejfdjfú` oi les mehbris pdrd si`tfrsi siaures y peoir sebrivfvfr7 i`ti`oèd ld kustfjfd jehe il juhplfhfi`te oi sdbir, jehe ld je`strujjfú` oi rildjfe`is qui pirhftd` ld drhe`èd dl f`tirfer oi u`d sejfiodo, dpri`oir d ofsjir`fr i`tri le qui bi`i󿬄jfd d ld hdyerèd y ivftdr le qui li pirkuofjd.

Ld Djdoihfd oi Dti`ds cui u`d isjuild ffllesúffljd jridod per ^ldtú` jirjd oi :== d.J.

Cfaurd :.?

Ld je`jipjfú` pldtú`fjd oi Istdoe is huy ofstf`td oi ld susti`tdod i` `uistre tfihpe, yd qui, dl mdbldr oi bfi`istdr y cilfjfodo, il 󿬄lúsece arfiae `e prepe`i u`d flustrdjfú`, sf`e u` juirpe jehpuiste per teoes les mehbris, ixjlusfvdhi`ti jehe jehu`fodo, `e jehe f`ofvfoues. ^drd ille ird `ijisdrfe vir il f`tiræs ai`irdl y oi kdr i` u` siau`oe pld`e il pdrtfjuldr e oi arupes. Tufzäs Tufzäs pdrd ^ldtú` ld f`stftujfú` qui puofird adrd`tfzdr ille sirèd il Istdoe. Dsè, ld kustfjfd `e si ikirjirä pdrd les mehbris i` pdrtfjuldr, sf`e jehe les f`tiard`tis oi u`d jehu`fodo, y su 󿬄` sirä il bi`i󿬄jfe oil Istdoe, dû` prisjf`ofi`oe oi ld cilfjfodo pirse`dl. ^er istd rdzú`, pdrd Zújrdtis y ^ldtú` ld kustfjfd is cu`odhi`tdl, puis oil hd`tfi`i d u`d sejfiodo y, sf si fa`erd e vfeld, dcijtd ld f`tiardjfú` hfshd Istdoe u`fod y oi les f`ofvfoues.

Les sefflstds ird` u` je`ku`te oi pi`sdoeris.

  Aierai M. Zdbf`i. Mfsterfd oi ld tierèd pelètfjd, p. :3.

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ZEJFELEAÈD Iste pdrijèd f`ofjdr qui i` ld ridlfodo qufi`is ti`èd` rdzú` ird` les se󿬄stds7 pire ld f`ti`jfú` oi ^ldtú` ird jridr u`d foid oi Istdoe, `e oisjrfbfr u`d sejfiodo. Isi prepúsfte je`ouke dl ofsjèpule oi Zújrdtis d ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri lds jdusds per lds qui les f`ofvfoues si oisvfdbd` oil bfi`, oi le judl je`jluyú qui ld kustfjfd je`sfsti i` juhplfr les oibiris d trdvæs oi lds tdrids i`jehi`odods d jdod f`ofvfoue, dsè jehe ivftdr i` le pesfbli judlqufir ofciri`jfd hdtirfdl, qui je`trfbuyi dl i`cri`tdhfi`te i`tri les mehbris. Zi md` i`je`trdoe hûltfplis f`je`vi`fi`tis dl pi`sdhfi`te oi ^ldtú`, pire sf je`sfoirdhes su sftudjfú` y hehi`te mfstúrfje, peoihes jehpri`oir su tisfs y su djtftuo, yd qui; Cfaurd :.9

d) Is huy jehû` jrftfjdr d les pi`sdoeris oi ld d`tfaüiodo, d`tfaüiodo, perqui ixjluyire` ixjluyire` oi su je`jipjfú` sejfdl d isjldves y drtisd`es. ^drd illes, ld istrujturd cu`odhi`tdl ird` lds jfuodois-Istdoe, per su pejd pebldjfú` y lds foids, les vdleris y lds jrii`jfds qui fhpirdbd`7 doihäs djtudlhi`ti jriihes qui il bfi`istdr ije`úhfje brf`od siaurfodo y rispite, d ofciri`jfd oil hu`oe arfiae i` il qui si pi`sdbd leardr il bfi` pirse`dl y oil Istdoe hiofd`ti ld ioujdjfú` y ld pripdrdjfú` pdrd ofsjir`fr sebri il bfi` y il hdl.  b) _dhbfæ` is crijui`ti juistfe`dr ld f`jlf`djfú` foidlfstd oi dquilles b) dquilles cflúseces i` sus tisfs sebri erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl7 pire oibihes jehpri`oir qui ird` lds prfhirds hd`fcistdjfe`is oi pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl y qui les je`jiptes si i`je`trdbd` ristrf`afoes per il heoile oi su jehu`fodo.

^drd Drfstútilis il Istdoe is ld bdsi oi ld ivelujfú` muhd`d.

Cfaurd :.3

Dmerd bfi`, pdsihes d d`etdr dlau`ds foids sebri Drfstútilis, qufi` `djfú i` ld jfuodo oi Istdafrd, mdjfd il dôe :=?, y hurfú i` il ::2 d.J.7 jud`oe ti`èd 4= dôes si trdsldoú d Dti`ds i f`arisú i` ld Djdoihfd oi ^ldtú`. ^er dlaû` tfihpe pdrtfjfpú je` æl7 pire si epuse sfstihätfjdhi`ti d sus foids. I` ::9 cu`oú il Lfjie, isjuild f`stdldod i` jdsd oi Dpele Lfjfe. I` æstd, d ofciri`jfd oi ^ldtú`, doihäs oi 󿬄lesecèd i`siôdbd jfi`jfds `dturdlis, le judl fhplfjú jdhbfes i` ld je`jipjfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te y su dplfjdjfú`. Dmerd, ld ri󿬂ixfú` `e si lfhftdbd d ld cerhd oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl, sf`e tdhbfæ` dl oil hiofe qui reoid dl sir muhd`e. Il d`älfsfs oi Drfstútilis supirú dl oi ^ldtú`. I` il pld`e oil je`ejfhfi`te si dljd`zdbd oi hd`ird sfstihätfjd y i` eroi` oi fhpertd`jfd, prfhire ld cèsfjd pdrd jehpri`oir ld hitdcèsfjd y ld lúafjd, y oispuæs pdsdr d ld ætfjd y ld pelètfjd, je`sfoirdoes les je`ejfhfi`tes häs fhpertd`tis, perqui je` illes si leard, siaû` Kesæ Hdrèd oi _erri, _erri, ld cilfjfodo y il bfi`istdr f`ofvfoudl y sejfdl.2 ^drd Drfstútilis, il Istdoe is ld bdsi oi ld ivelujfú` muhd`d, per le qui is ld dsejfdjfú` ilihi`tdl. Il mehbri puioi vfvfrje`jluyi dfsldoe oi etres, le qui odIssu jdräjtir oihäs d`fhdl pelètfje (zee pelftfgú`)`e . Drfstútilis qui il hiker oililes tdoes y il häs prejlfvi d ld cilfjfodo oil mehbri is Cfaurd :.1 il f`tiardoe per ld jldsi hiofd, perqui les mehbris oi istd je`ofjfú` hiofd si sehiti` huy cäjflhi`ti d ld rdzú`. _dl viz dsè pi`sú, perqui æl pirti`ijèd d isi istrdte. Les rfjes y les pebris `e si sehiti`7 les u`es per su je`ofjfú` ije`úhfjd, y les etres per su ri`jer mdjfd ld sejfiodo, le judl

Les rfjesper y lessupebris `e siije`úhfjd sehiti`,d les u`es je`ofjfú` ije`úhfj y les etres per su ri`jer mdjfd ld sejfiodo.

Il mehbri `e puioi vfvfr dfsldoe oi etres, le qui li od su jdräjtir oi d`fhdl pelètfje.

  Kesæ Hdrèd _erri. Jehpi`ofe oi 󿬄lesecèd, p. ?23.

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llivd d istes ûltfhes d ld vfeli`jfd y il oiseroi`.  oiseroi`. 

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Ld fhpertd`jfd oi ld epesfjfú` drfstetælfjd dl eroi` pldtú`fje rdofjd i` cu`odr ld lúafjd oi ld mfsterfd oil pi`sdhfi`te, `es ricirfhes dl i`cri`tdhfi`te i`tri hdtirfdlfshe i foidlfshe. Je`cre`tdjfú` qui si ixtfi`oi d bui`d pdrti oil pi`sdhfi`te pelètfje heoir`e.

Cfaurd :.=

Ld jrètfjd häs sfa`f󿬄jdtfvd mdjfd ld 󿬄lesecèd oi Drfstútilis md sfoe su kustf󿬄jdjfú` oi ld isjldvftuo, dspijte jehpri`sfbli i` dquil i`te`jis, perqui ld istrujturd ije`úhfjd d`tfaud si cu`odbd i` isi mijme7 dsè jehe dmerd si kustf󿬄jd ld usurd, i` etres tfihpes si je`oi`ú. ^er isd rdzú`, Drfstútilis kustf󿬄jd ld isjldvftuo, per sir `ijisdrfd pdrd ld istrujturd ije`úhfjd, sejfdl y pelètfjd. Rijeroihes qui ld bdsi oi ld ije`ehèd i` ld d`tfaud Arijfd cui ld darfjulturd y `e il jehirjfe. I` je`jlusfú`, il pi`sdhfi`te d`tfaue arfiae is ld bdsi oi ld trdofjfú` f`tilijtudl ejjfoi`tdl, yd qui hdrjú les pdrähitres y les je`jiptes cu`odhi`tdlis pdrd ixplfjdr ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl i, f`jluse, je` ^ldtú` y Drfstútilis si f`fjfd ld epesfjfú` i`tri lds je`jipjfe`is foidlfstds y hdtirfdlfstds. I` etres tærhf`es, il mehbri si md erad`fzdoe oi vdrfds cerhds, oisoi ld cdhflfd mdstd il Istdoe, le judl li md pirhftfoe ofvirsf󿬄jdr sus djtfvfodois i fhpld`tdr y oisdrrelldr `uivds tæj`fjds pdrd trd`scerhdr ld `dturdlizd, i` bi`i󿬄jfe f`ofvfoudl y ai`irdl. ^er ille, ld julturd arfiad dpertú les jfhfi`tes pdrd ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri ld sejfiodo y busjdr le qui ird pdrd Zújrdtis, ^ldtú` y Drfstútilis il bfi` oi teod djtfvfodo muhd`d; ld cilfjfodo. Ld istrujturdjfú` oil pi`sdhfi`te d`tfaue tuve jehe ebkitfve il istdblijfhfi`te oi rildjfe`is drhú`fjds i` cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` jdod viz häs jehplikds. I`tri lds ofvirsds je`jipjfe`is mfstúrfjds oi ld pelètfjd, si i`jui`trd tdhbfæ` il jrfstfd`fshe qui `e is súle u`d rilfafú`, sf`e u` sfstihd 󿬄lesú󿬄je y sejfdl qui md pdrtfjfpdoe i` il peoir ispfrftudl y il tihperdl e pelètfje. I` sus erèai`is, cui vèjtfhd oi pirsijujfe`is, yd qui su jdräjtir lfbirtdrfe y he`etièstd dcijtú oi hd`ird ofrijtd il sfstihd isjldvfstd dl prepe`ir ld faudlodo oi les mehbris.

Ld bdsi oi ld ije`ehèd oi ld d`tfaud Arijfd cui ld darfjulturd y `e il jehirjfe.

Cfaurd :.6

I` isd æpejd il Fhpirfe Rehd`e aezdbd oi u`d ixpd`sfú` fhprisfe`d`ti, le qui erfaf`ú ofsariadjfú` y cdltd oi foi`tfodo y je`trel riafe`dl. ^drd Zdldzdr Hdllæ`; “W…X il isjldve `e ti`èd pdtrfd, pire ld ihd`jfpdjfú` li ofe `e súle u`d jfuodo, sf`e tdhbfæ` u` meadr‘.: Les prfhires jrfstfd`es jdrijèd` oi rijurses y, siaû` siaû ` ilJrfste hfshe Zdldzdr Hdllæ`, ird` isjldves. Ourd`ti oes e tris dôes, oistf`ú su sdbfourèd d les pebris y i`cirhes y d qufi`is pdoijèd` f`kustfjfds sejfdlis. Il surafhfi`te oil jrfstfd`fshe si`tú lds bdsis pdrd ld f`tiardjfú` oi u`d `uivd rilfafú`, doihäs oi hestrdr qui ld sejfiodo istä je`stftufod per kirdrquèds, pire ille `e fhpfoi qui lds jldsis bdkds kuiaui` u` pdpil fhpertd`ti i` ld istrujturd sejfdl.

D`tis si je`sfoirdbd qui les isjldves `e ti`èd` pdtrfd `f oirijmes.

I` ofvirsds crdsis hd`fcistú su sfhpdtèd per lds jldsis bdkds, le judl, d󿬄rhú, `e ebioijèd d juistfe`is pelètfjds; Hf rif`e `e is oi isti hu`oe, sf oi isti hu`oe cuird hf rif`e, jldre istä qui hfs ai`tis hi mdbrèd` oici`ofoe pdrd qui `e jdyisi i` hd`es oi les kuoèes; häs hf rif`e `e is oi djä.?

Dsfhfshe, siôdldbd oi hd`ird pu`tudl le sfaufi`ti; “Odo dl Jæsdr le qui is oil Jæsdr y d Ofes le qui is oi Ofes‘.9   Kesæ Hdrèd _erri. Jehpi`ofe oi 󿬄lesecèd, p. ?23.   Fbèoih, p. 32. 9  Fbèoih, p. 3:. : ?

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD

Cfaurd :.4>

Zf` ihbdrae, oispuæs oi su huirti, sus foids cuire` utflfzdods je` 󿬄`is pelètfjes y, i` luadr oi pirsiaufrsi, si ofcu`ofire` pdrd qui si leardrd ld cusfú` oil “Rif`e oi les Jfiles‘ je` il tirri`dl. Dsè i`te`jis, si jehi`zú d je`strufr u`d `uivd 󿬄lesecèd y u`d `uivd cerhd oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl, ld judl pirourú mdstd dprexfhdodhi`ti il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦 Oi istd hd`ird, il jrfstfd`fshe f`ti`tú dplfjdr su tierèd oi u`d sejfiodo foidl d ld ridlfodo qui i`cri`tdbd. ^estirferhi`ti, ourd`ti ld Iodo Hiofd, il peoir ispfrftudl y il tirri`dl si cusfe`dre` y ofire` jehe je`sijui`jfd ld dplfjdjfú` oi ld je`jipjfú` jrfstfd`d d u` tfpe oi sejfiodo y æpejd oitirhf`dods, ld he`drquèd sirèd il sfstihd pelètfje qui pirhftfrèd hd`ti`ir u`d sejfiodo susti`tdod i` ld cusfú` oil peoir hdtirfdl y il ispfrftudl. Is fhpertd`ti isjldrijir dlau`es dspijtes oil pi`sdhfi`te oi Zd` Daustè` (:9?-?:>). Lldhdoe Durilfe Daustè`, `djfú i` _dadsti, _dadsti, mey Drailfd, su cdhflfd pirti`ijèd d istrdtes hiofes, su pdori si prepuse mdjir oi æl u` f`tilijtudl. Mdstd les e`ji dôes istuofú i` ld isjuild oi su jfuodo `dtdl y oispuæs f`arisú d ld isjuild oi Hdodurd. Zd` Daustè` istdblijfú u`d rildjfú` i`tri il hu`oe hdtirfdl y il ispfrftudl, i`tri il mehbri y Ofes, i f`ti`tú je`jflfdr dhbes je`jiptes d`tdaú`fjes. Dsè, ld velu`tdo oi Ofes auèd ld ivelujfú` sejfdl oil mehbri7 pire æsti, mdjfi`oe vdlir su lfbirtdo, md odoe vfod d ld sejfiodo d le ldrae oi ld mfsterfd.

Zd` Daustè`, istdblijfú u`d rildjfú` i`tri il hu`oe hdtirfdl y il ispfrftudl.

Cfaurd :.44

Dsfhfshe, isd lfbirtdo muhd`d si i`jui`trd lfhftdod per il tfihpe, qui is 󿬄`fte y, y, i` jfirtd hiofod y oi djuiroe je` il jrfstfd`fshe, itir`e7 pire u`d itir`fodo prevfoi`jfdl. Il 󿬄` ûltfhe oi ld ivelujfú` sejfdl is “ld itir`fodo ofvf`d‘.3 ^drd Zd` Daustè`, ixfsti` oes tfpes oi jfuodois e sejfiodois; ld jilistfdl y ld tirri`dl7 u`d md sfoe cu`odod per Ofes i` ld pdz y ld cilfjfodo muhd`ds7 ld etrd is il rif`e hdtirfdl7 fhpulsfve,, iaeèstd y jridoe per il oihe`fe, pire qui 󿬄`dlhi`ti `es pirhfti trd`sffhpulsfve tdr mdjfd ld prfhird, teoe oipi`oi oi `uistrd je`oujtd i` ld _firrd. _firrd. I`te`jis, il ebkitfve qui oibi pirsiaufr il mehbri `e is il peoir pelètfje u etre oi jdräjtir hdtirfdl, sf`e ld jfuodo oi Ofes, hiofd`ti il ikihple y ld bûsquiod oil bfi`istdr ai`irdl e oi ld sejfiodo, oi djuiroe je` ld i`siôd`zd oi Jrfste, is häs fhpertd`ti il sdjrf󿬄jfe pirse`dl. D ofciri`jfd oi les 󿬄lúseces d`tfaues, pdrd Daustè` il heoile oi erad`fzdjfú` is ld sejfiodo jrfstfd`d, `e u`d ripûblfjd. Dllè si jehpdrtfrèd` il peoir jilistfdl y il pelètfje. D pisdr oi ille, i` ld je`jflfdjfú` oil hu`oe hdtirfdl je` il ispfrftudl si od ld suprihdjèd oil siau`oe, y si pirhfti qui les aebir`d`tis dprevijmi` su judlfodo f`miri`ti pdrd liaftfhdr su peoir. Zd`te _ehäs _ehäs oi Dquf`e (4229-421?) (4229 -421?) `djfú i` Ftdlfd, F tdlfd, i` Rejjdsijjd, Rejjdsijjd , jirjd oi Dquf`e. D ld iodo oi ofiz dôes cui i`vfdoe d ld Y`fvirsfodo oi @äpelis, oe`oi dpri`ofú ofdlæjtfjd y muhd`fodois. Zi je`sfoird qui il hærfte oi Zd`te _ehäscui sf`titfzdr il pi`sdhfi`te jrfstfd`e, le judl cui pesfbli per hûltfplis rdze`is, i`tri lds judlis peoihes hi`jfe`dr lds sfaufi`tis;

Zd`te _ehäs oi Dquf`e, su ard` hærfte cui il mdbir sf`titfzdoe il pi`sdhfi`te jrfstfd`e.

d) Il jrfstfd`fshe mdbèd pdsdoe su itdpd häs ofcèjfl; ofcèjfl; pirsijujfe`is, pirsijujfe`is, jrfsfs f`tir`ds f`tir`ds y cdltd oi jemisfú`7 le qui i` il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁦 li pirhftfú sir d`dlfzdoe bdke ld pirspijtfvd oi u`d rilfafú` oi Istdoe. b) Il fhpirfe rehd`e mdbèd sfoe f`vdofoe f`vdofoe per les puibles oil `erti, `erti, d les qui il jrfstfd`fshe oi`ehf`ú “bärbdres‘, mdstd il sfale 󰁦󰁽. Doihäs, les puibles husulhd`is si ixpd`ofire` mdjfd Iurepd y si ofcu`ofú il fsldh. j) I` ld æpejd oi Zd`te _ehäs _ehäs si je`selfoú il jrfstfd`fshe, yd qui lds Jruzdods, juyd prfhird`uivds f`ti`jfú` cui rijupirdr ld _firrd Zd`td, pirhftfire` qui cuird` oisjubfirtds riafe`is y qui si ofcu`ofird istd rilfafú`.   Fbèoih, p. 12.

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Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

^er ille, jehe preoujte oi su æpejd, il pi`sdhfi`te oi Zd`te _ehäs si i`jui`trd huy rildjfe`doe je` lds jfrju`std`jfds qui vfvfú. Æstds cuire` huy ofciri`tis d ld æpejd oi Zd` Daustè`, i` ld qui dû` `e si je`sfoirdbd il jrfstfd`fshe jehe u`d rilfafú` oil Istdoe.

Cfaurd :.42

Je` su oejtrf`d, d Zd`te _ehäs li f`tirisdbd rijupirdr il pi`sdhfi`te arfiae cu`odhi`tdlhi`ti il drfstetælfje. Ld sè`tisfs qui si pu`tudlfzú i` pärrdces d`tirferis i`tri ld rdzú` y le ofvf`e, i` ld judl ixfstèd u`d hutud oipi`oi`jfd, qui vd d pirhftfr ld dpdrfjfú`, sfales oispuæs, oil rdjfe`dlfshe. Ld tierèd oi Zd`te _ehäs si cu`odhi`td i` oes pdrähitres7 per u`d pdrti, y oi ld hfshd hd`ird qui Drfstútilis, je`sfoirdbd dl mehbri u` sir pelètfje, qui dl u`frsi i` sejfiodo pdrd sebrivfvfr sdtfscdji u`d `ijisfodo `dturdl ‟riqufiri ld jeepirdjfú` oi Drfstútilis y Zd`te _ehäs oi Dquf`e je`sfoirdbd` dl mehbri etres pdrd oisdrrelldr y oisjubrfr lds cerhds oi trd`scerhdr ld u` sir pelètfje. `dturdlizd y bi`i󿬄jfdrsi‟. ^ire, i` jud`te d ld cerhd foú`id oi aebfir`e, Zd`te _ehäs `e juistfe`d il ikirjfjfe oil peoir, sfihpri y jud`oe æsti vid per les f`tirisis ai`irdlis. D pisdr oi ille, pdrd æl ld hiker cerhd oi aebfir`e is ld he`drquèd, puis, siaû` d󿬄rhd, ld oihejrdjfd jdi häs cäjflhi`ti i` ld tfrd`èd. Iste oihuistrd qui Zd`te _ehäs ri󿬂ikd il pi`sdhfi`te oi su æpejd, qui je`eji u` sele heoile y ld foid oi dlae `uive risultd mirætfje y pdriji tfrä`fje.1 I` tærhf`es ai`irdlis, il pi`sdhfi`te oi Zd`te _ehäs oi Dquf`e is doihäs u`d sè`tisfs oi le qui riprisi`tú `e súle i` tærhf`es pelètfjes, sf`e tdhbfæ` i` il oisdrrelle oil pi`sdhfi`te, i`tri ld rijupirdjfú` oi ld 󿬄lesecèd oi Drfstútilis y ld ci jrfstfd`d prepfd oi ld æpejd. D pdrtfr oi isti hehi`te mdy u` pu`te oi je`tdjte i`tri ld 󿬄lesecèd oi ld D`tfaüiodo y ld jrfstfd`d. ^estirferhi`ti i` ld Dlihd`fd oil sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦 si ofe u` ci`úhi`e oi hda`ftuo fhprisfe`d`ti, qui f`󿬂uyú oi hd`ird je`sfoirdbli i` il oisdrrelle pelètfje i f`tilijtudl oi les sfales sfaufi`tis, `es ricirfhes d ld ricerhd rilfafesd oil sfale 󰁽󰁳, qui si trdouke i` ld dpdrfjfú` oil pretistd`tfshe. Ofjmd ricerhd si erfaf`ú je` ld oihd`od oi úroi`is rilfafesds, jehe ld oi les mussftds, oi ri`evdr ld Falisfd Jdtúlfjd d ce`oe7 f`jluse pirse`dlfodois jehe Irdshe oi Rettirodh (4?33-49:3), muhd`fstd meld`oæs, mdbèd` dbfirte il jdhf`e dl prepe`ir pesfblis jdhbfes. Irdshe prepuse ricerhds bdsdods i` lds i`siôd`zds oi Jrfste7 dsè, f`ti`tú rije`jflfdr d jdtúlfjes y pretistd`tis je` il ikihple oil dher,

Cfaurd :.4:

muhflodo y pebrizd, bdsi oi lds i`siôd`zds oil mfke oi Ofes. I` 4941, Hdrtè` Lutire (4?=:-49?3) jehi`zú d pua`dr per u`d sirfi oi trd`scerhdjfe`is oi ld Falisfd Jdtúlfjd, qui f`jluèd` ofshf`ufr les sdjrdhi`tes7 qui ld sdlvdjfú` tuvfird jehe bdsi ld ci y `e il mijme oi ecrijir of`ire y bfi`is d lds f`stftujfe`is ijlisfästfjds, doihäs oi fhpulsdr u`d ricerhd pelètfjd y jlirfjdl oil jdtelfjfshe, yd yd qui ld oejtrf`d si mdbèd dlikdoe precu`odhi`ti oi les cilfarisis, per le qui les jdhbfes ird` urai`tis. Oispuæs oi hujmds i`trivfstds je` il riy Jdrles S, si pirhftfú qui i` les tirrfterfes dlihd`is oe`oi mube hdyer f`󿬂ui`jfd oil pretistd`tfshe, si ilfafird u` jrioe rilfafese7 pire i` 4926 si dbelfú isti oirijme, prevejd`oe prevejd`oe qui les ricerhdoeris si ribildrd`, per le judl si lis lldhú pretistd`tis. Isti mijme supuse il f`fjfe oi u` prejise oi rupturd dl f`tirfer oi istd rilfafú`. Lds foids lutird`ds pdrd ricerhdr ld Falisfd Jdtúlfjd (cu`odhi`tdjfú` oi ld duterfodo ijlisfdl i` lds isjrfturds y rijmdze oi les vetes he`ästfjes, i`tri etrds), si ixti`ofire` per ofvirsds riafe`is oi Iurepd, jehe Zuijfd, Of`dhdrjd i F`aldtirrd. ^duldtf`dhi`ti, dbdrjú bui`d pdrti oil `erti oil je`tf`i`ti, lliad`oe d riprisi`tdr u`d f`󿬂ui`jfd `e ixjlusfvdhi`ti rilfafesd, sf`e tdhbfæ` pelètfjd.

Hdrtè` Lutire, tiúleae dlihä`, f`fjfú ld ricerhd pretistd`ti pretistd`ti..

  Zd`te _ehäs oi Dquf`e. Oil aebfir`e oi prè`jfpis, p. ?.

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 Kid` Jduvf` Jd uvf` lldhdoe Jdlvf`e (49>6-493?), ricerhdoer rilfafese crd`jæs, je`tf`uú i f`treouke il lutird`fshe i` Zufzd. Tufzä cui häs rfaurese qui Lutire, per le qui si vfe eblfadoe d sdlfr oi Af`ibrd i` 49:17 su pesturd rdofjdl si susti`tdbd i` il riarise d les erèai`is, ri`u`jfd`oe ri`u`jfd`oe d prfvfliafes y peoir ije`úhfje. Mdjfd 49:3 Jdlvf`e isjrfbfú su ebrd F`stftujfe`is oi ld rilfafú` jrfstfd`d, i` ld qui ixplfjdbd sus tierèds sebri ld prioistf`djfú`, prepe`èd rioujfr les sdjrdhi`tes d súle oes (bdutfshe y jehu`fú`), je`sfoirdbd ld prfhdjèd oil Ivd`ailfe jehe cui`ti oi virodo, y d󿬄rhdbd ld `ijisfodo oi u`d duterfodo sivird y oi u`d falisfd audrofd`d oi oeahd. Ld pesturd oi Jdlvf`e fhplfjú dsuhfr u`d djtftuo häs dustird i f`󿬂ixfbli je` rispijte d ld je`oujtd oi les f`ofvfoues.

Kid` Jdlvf`e cui u` tiúleae crd`jæs, je`sfoirdoe u`e oi les pdoris oi ld Ricerhd ^retistd`ti.

Cfaurd :.49

Risultd f`tirisd`ti qui, sebri teoe i` il `erti oi Iurepd, il pretistd`tfshe mdyd f`󿬂ufoe oi hd`ird oitirhf`d`ti, oibfoe d cdjteris mfstúrfjes y aiearä󿬄jes. Il ji`tre oil peoir oi ld Falisfd istdbd i` Rehd, y isi ofstd`jfdhfi`te, jehe jehe siôdld` hujmes duteris, ku`te je` il dbuse oi lds duterfodois ijlisfästfjds, prevejdre` ld oihd`od oi ricerhds qui selujfe`drd` istd sftudjfú`. ^er ise, si pioèd qui ld ci y le ixprisdoe i` ld Bfblfd cuird` les f`struhi`tes qui pirhftfird` ld rijupirdjfú` oi lds f`stftujfe`is, doihäs oi heof󿬄jdr le qui `e cu`jfe`dbd. Ourd`ti les sfales 󰁽󰁳󰁦 y 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦 `e si puoe riselvir il preblihd, dl je`trdrfe, pdrijèd qui si f`tirisdbd` i` sipdrdr dû` häs jdtúlfjes y pretistd`tis, per le qui i` isds cijmds f`jluse si lfbrdre` ofvirsds auirrds rilfafesds. I` isti hfshe si f`fjfdre` les ard`ois oisjubrfhfi`tes jfi`tè󿬄jes, mube puis il jdpftdlfshe mdbèdldpse fhpulsdoe ld bûsquiod oi hirjdoes y, pdrd sdtfscdjirles, y, oi i`je`trdrsi ld hiker hd`ird oi preoujfr häs i` hi`es tfihpe. ^drd ille, si istfhulú d les jfi`tè󿬄jes y tæj`fjes hiofd`ti il pdae jehu`ftdrfe.

Ri`æ Oisjdrtis, je`sfoirdoe jehe il pdori oi ld ffllesecèd heoir`d.

Cfaurd :.43

Ri`æ Oisjdrtis (4963-436>) is u` ikihple oi le d`tirfer. Istuofú aiehitrèd, älaibrd, jfi`jfds `dturdlis, cèsfjd, psfjeleaèd y 󿬄lesecèd. Zu hdyer dpertdjfú` cui su Ofsjurse oil hæteoe i` il qui, hiofd`ti ld suprihdjèd oi ld rdzú`, f``dtd d teoes les mehbris per i`jfhd oil f`stf`te, d󿬄rhdbd qui teod djjfú` oibi bdsdrsi i` ld ri󿬂ixfú` y `e i` ld prijfpftdjfú`, ouod`oe f`jluse oi ld ridlfodo pdrd lliadr d ld virodo oi u`d hd`ird rdze`dod y eroi`dod. ^repuse ld ouod u`fvirsdl jehe il prf`jfpfe bäsfje oi ld `uivd jfi`jfd. Oi istd hd`ird, Oisjdrtis riprisi`td il f`fjfú oi ld Iodo Heoir`d, y cui il preheter cu`odhi`tdl oil pi`sdhfi`te i` les sfales pestirferis. Ld sè`tisfs oi isti ispèrftu cui ld Flustrdjfú`. I` isti hfshe si`tfoe, @fjjele Hdjmfdvilf e @fjeläs Hdqufdvile (4?36-4921) vfvfú ld trd`sfjfú` oi ld istrujturd pelètfjd hiofivdl d ld he`drquèd dbselutd, i` ld judl si llivú d jdbe u` oispldzdhfi`te oi lds f`stftujfe`is ciuodlis, td`te lds pretistd`tis jehe lds jdtúlfjds. Ziaû` Aierai M. Zdbf`i; Ld he`drquèd dbselutd oirrejú il je`stftujfe`dlfshe ciuodl y lds jfuodois-Istdoes lfbris, i` les qui si mdbèd` bdsdoe i` ard` pdrti ld jfvflfzdjfú` hiofivdl, oil hfshe heoe qui pestirferhi`ti il `djfe`dlfshe oirrejú ld liaftfhfodo of`ästfjd d ld qui mdbèd odoe erfai` ld he`drquèd dbselutd. =

^drtfjuldrhi`ti i` Ftdlfd, il oisdrrelle jehirjfdl mdbèd fhpulsdoe i` ispijfdl il hirjd`tflfshe y il f`oustrfdlfshe, oi hd`ird sfhultä`id oijdyire` oi heoe sfa`f󿬄jdtfve lds f`stftujfe`is d`tfauds i` jehpdrdjfú` je` etres pdèsis iurepies.

@fjeläs Hdqufdvile cui u` ofplehätfje, doihäs oi sir u` cu`jfe`drfe pûblfje, pelètfje y isjrfter ftdlfd`e.

I` ld æpejd oi Hdqufdvile, Ftdlfd istdbd ofvfod i` jf`je riafe`is; @äpelis, Hflä`, Si`ijfd, Cleri`jfd y les Istdoes ^e`tf󿬄jfes. Il vdjèe pelètfje `e pirhftfú qui Ftdlfd si je`selfodrd, puis ld hdyerèd oi sus aebir`d`tis jdyire` i` hd`es oi f`vdseris crd`jisis, ispdôelis y dlihd`is. Dsfhfshe, Dsfhfshe, si rispe`sdbflfzú d ld Falisfd y dl ^dpä oi ld prijdrfd sftudjfú` i` ld pi`è`suld, yd qui les f`tirisis pdrtfjuldris `e pirhftfire` u` oisdrrelle ije`úhfje, doihäs oi lds ofsputds pelètfjds.   Aierai M. Zdbf`i, ep. jft., p. 29>.

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Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Il lfbre häs fhpertd`ti oi Hdqufdvile cui Il prè`jfpi, qui isjrfbfú dl priti`oir u` puiste i` ld dohf`fstrdjfú` oi les Hæofjf. D pisdr oi ille, i` ld ebrd si oisjrfbi` ld jdèod y il dsji`se oi les Istdoes. Hdqufdvile, doihäs, hestrú ld pelètfjd i` sus ofhi`sfe`is ridlis y trdtú oi les hiofes utflfzdoes pdrd dljd`zdr y hd`ti`ir il peoir. Zf` ihbdrae, `e prepuse `f oisjubrfú les hijd`fshes oil peoir pelètfje, sf`e qui les ixplfjú y drtfjulú, oishftf󿬄jd`oe ld foid oi su erfai` prevfoi`jfdlfstd. Ld trdsji`oi`jfd oi Hdqufdvile istrfbd i` qui ixpe`i oi u`d hd`ird sfstihätfjd lds rildjfe`is pelètfjds jehe sujioi` i` ld ridlfodo. Iste is ûtfl pdrd les pelètfjes präjtfjes, pire tdhbfæ` pdrd les pi`sdoeris sejfdlis, puis huistrd il ispèrftu oi les sfales 󰁽󰁳󰁦 y 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦, i` les qui priti`ofú rdjfe`dlfzdr lds tisfs oi ises f`tilijtudlis.  Kid` Beof` e Kud` Beof`e (49:>-4963) trdtú oi sf`titfzdr ld jfi`jfd pelètfjd, `e bdke pdrähitres ofvf`es, sf`e istrfjtdhi`ti “rdjfe`dlis‘. Dsfhfshe, prejurú dlikdrdlikdrsi oil pdrtfofshe rilfafese, le judl risultú huy vdlfese pdrd su ebkitfve. @e ebstd`ti, d pisdr oi vfvfr ld æpejd oil Ri`djfhfi`te y ld Ricerhd pretistd`ti `e oikú oi istdr hdrjdoe per etre tfpe oi ilihi`tes qui li reoidre`, oe`oi ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oil jdtelfjfshe ird bäsfjd; Odoe qui, oispuæs oi Ofes, `dod mdy oi hdyer fhpertd`jfd sebri ld _firrd qui les prè`jfpis sebird`es, f`stftufoes per Æl jehe sus luadrti`fi`tis pdrd hd`odr d les oihäs mehbris, is prijfse pristdr dti`jfú` d su je`ofjfú` pdrd, dsè, rispitdr y riviri`jfdr d su hdkistdo je` ld suhfsfú` oibfod, y pi`sdr y mdbldr oi illes ofa`dhi`ti, yd qui qufi` hi`esprijfd6 d su prè`jfpi sebird`e, hi`esprijfd d Ofes, oil judl is su fhdai` f hdai` sebri ld _firrd.

V dariad häs doild`ti; Is prijfse qui les dtrfbutes oi ld sebird`èd sid` tdlis qui súle je`vi`ad` dl prè`jfpi sebird`e, puiste qui sf se` jehu`fjdblis d les sûboftes, `e puioi oijfrsi qui sid` dtrfbutes oi ld sebird`èd.4>

Zf` ihbdrae, le häs fhpertd`ti oi Beof`e is il d`älfsfs oi lds ofvirsds cerhds oi aebfir`e, y siôdld qui se` tris; he`drquèd, drfstejrdjfd y oihejrdjfd, oisjrfbfæ`oelds pestirferhi`ti y je`jluyi`oe qui `e si puioi` cusfe`dr i`tri sè. Dl ixplfjdr, per ikihple, il ræafhi` oihejrätfje, tehd i` jui`td ld oitirhf`djfú` oil mehbri i` su prepfe oistf`e. D pdrtfr oi Beof`e si jehfi`zd d pi`sdr i` ld pesfbflfodo oi qui il mehbri hfshe is prejlfvi d je`strufr su oistf`e, `e oikä`oele i` hd`es oi u` peoir sebri`dturdl e oi Ofes.

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Tufzä su pi`sdhfi`te riprisi`td u` hehi`te oi trd`sfjfú` oi ld Iodo Hiofd d_firr ld æpejd heoir`d, pfi`sd qui lesd prè`jfpis riprisi`td` d Ofes i` ld _firrd, d, y qui per ille perqui oibi` ydû` istä` ofspuistes ofrfafr d les mehbris. ^ire jud`oe oisjrfbi les tris tfpes oi aebfir`e ixfsti`tis, je`jioi fhpertd`jfd d ld pdrtfjfpdjfú` oil mehbri jehû` y jerrfi`ti i` lds oijfsfe`is pelètfjds, sebri teoe dl ricirfrsi d ld oihejrdjfd, i` ld judl ld hdyer pdrti oil puible jeldberd y si rfai d sè hfshe. ^estirferhi`ti, y yd i`trdoe il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦, ld 󿬄lesecèd pelètfjd si sipdrú oi ld rilfafú` jehe su bdsi oi istuofe. Ld lujmd oi les f`tilijtudlis iurepies pdrd je`trdrristdr td`te il je`trel cærrie oi ld Falisfd Jdtúlfjd sebri il Istdoe, jehe ld tierèd oil oitirhf`fshe ofvf`e jdlvf`fstd, qui jdod oèd ad`dbd häs doiptes, ebioijfú d les jdhbfes ije`úhfjes y sejfdlis oi ld æpejd, qui pirhftfire` ld djiptdjfú` dl jdhbfe.  Kemd`  Ke md``is `is Dltus Dltusfe fe ixplfjú ixplfjú ld sejfiodo sejfiodo oi hd`ird hd`ird 󿬄lesú󿬄j 󿬄lesú󿬄jdd y `e tielúaf tielúafjd7 jd7 is oijfr oijfr, sf` je`sfoirdr supuistds jdusds ixtir`ds dl mehbri, sf`e rdze`is prepfdhi`ti muhd`ds. I` su ebrd Ld pelètfjd hitme-ofjdi, publfjdod i` 43>:, drauhi`td qui ld sejfiodo si erad`fzd hiofd`ti u` je`trdte oi vdrfes `fvilis; “W…X Ld cdhflfd, ld jerperdjfú` velu`tdrfd (jelliafuh), ld jehu`fodo lejdl, ld prevf`jfd y il Istdoe‘.44

I` ld Iodo Hiofd si je`sfoirdbd d les prè`jfpis riprisi`td`tis oi Ofes. Lufs 4» , riy oi Ispdôd i` il sfale ]SFFF.

 Kid` Beof`. Les sifs lfbres oi ld Ripûblfjd, p. 12.   Fbèoih, p. 1:. 44  Aierai M. Zdbf`i, ep. jft., p. :>. 6

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ZEJFELEAÈD

Cfaurd :.4=

^er le td`te, Dltusfe prepe`i ofvirses `fvilis oi je`trdte, i` les qui ld u`fú` oi les häs sfhplis (cdhflfd, pdtrfd, trfbu) od` vfod dl Istdoe. Zf` ihbdrae, su hdyer je`trfbujfú` pdrd peoir heof󿬄jdr lds foids prioehf`d`tis cui d󿬄rhdr qui ld sebird`èd rdofjd isi`jfdlhi`ti i` les puibles u`foes bdke isi je`trdte, y `e i` les prè`jfpis e he`drjds. Ziaû` Dltusfe, d istes ûltfhes súle lis jerrispe`oi dohf`fstrdr il peoir, pdrd dljd`zdr lds hitds qui pirsfad ld sejfiodo. Dsè, je`sfoird il oirijme `dturdl (kus`dturdlfshe) jehe bdsi oi ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl, oil je`trdte sejfdl. D pisdr oi istds foids qui trdtdbd` oi ixplfjdr il drriale sejfdl per hiofe oil je`trdte, ld bdsi oi su kus`dturdlfzdjfú` ird il oijäleae bèblfje, le qui oi`etdbd su jirjd`èd dl jdlvf`fshe7 il pdse 󿬄`dl mdjèd ld sipdrdjfú` jehplitd oil oirijme `dturdl oi sus rildjfe`is je` ld duterfodo rilfafesd `e le ofe Dltusfe, sf`e Arejfe.42 Dmerd bfi`, Arejfe, i` su lfbre Oi kuri billf dj pdjfs, publfjdoe i` 4329, d`dlfzd lds rildjfe`is f`tir`djfe`dlis oi su æpejd y jrid u` pdrdofahd qui ixjluyi d ld rilfafú`, y du` d lds Zd`tds Isjrfturds oi judlqufir f`tirvi`jfú` i` il oirijme jehe bdsi oi lds rildjfe`is muhd`ds.

Ld cdhflfd, ld pdtrfd y ld sejfiodo od` vfod dl Istdoe.

Istd foieleaèd qui pi`sdbd i` ld pesfbflfodo oi qui ld sebird`èd li pirti`iji erfaf`drfdhi`ti dl puible, is yd u`d `ijisfodo dprihfd`ti i` ld Iurepd oil sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦, puis ld lujmd i`tri pretistd`tis y jdtúlfjes mdjèd fhpesfbli oilfhftdr u` hdr hdr-je kurèofje pdrd riselvir je`trevirsfds f`tir`djfe`dlis qui djiptdrd` lds oes pdrtis. Je` bdsi i` istd `ijisfodo, Arejfe prepe`i qui il oirijme `dturdl, oislfadoe oi judlqufir rilfafú`, is il û`fje välfoe pdrd ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl. Dsfhfshe, ritehd d duteris rehd`es jehe Jfjirú` y Jdhæ`fois pdrd d󿬄rhdr qui il mehbri si erad`fzd oi u`d hd`ird `dturdl, f``dtd, i` ld sejfiodo jehe prf`jfpfes tdlis jehe; W…X ld siaurfodo oi ld prepfiodo, ld bui`d ci, ci , ld me`istfodo i` les trdtes y u` djuiroe ai`irdl i`tri lds je`sijui`jfds oi ld je`oujtd oi les mehbris y oi sus prihfes.4:

Cfaurd :.46

I` il pi`sdhfi`te oi Arejfe il erfai` oi lds rildjfe`is muhd`ds, oisoi lds prfhirds cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú`, si i`jui`trd i` ld `dturdlizd, y is ld rispuistd d`ti ld fhpesfbflfodo oi qui ld Falisfd Jdtúlfjd y sus rialds herdlis sfad` rfafi`oe ld vfod oil mehbri iurepie, prf`jfpdlhi`ti d jdusd oil pretistd`tfshe7 istd sftudjfú` e je`cre`tdjfú` si oibi i` ld ofciri`jfd oi foids i`tri jdtúlfjes y pretistd`tis. I` pdldbrds oi Arejfe, il oirijme `dturdl is; W…X u` ofjtdoe oi ld rijtd rdzú` qui siôdld qui u`d djjfú`, siaû` sid e `e je`cerhi d ld `dturdlizd rdjfe`dl, tfi`i i` sè u`d jdlfodo oi cidlodo ci dlodo herdl e `ijisfodo herdl,  y qui i` je`sijui`jfd tdl djte is premfbfoe u eroi`doe per ld `dturdlizd.4?

Du`qui istd tierèd ebioiji d u`d `ijisfodo pelètfjd, is drrfisadoe jdlf󿬄jdr les djtes muhd`es jehe bui`es e hdles i` sè hfshes, oikdr ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl i` hd`es oi ld `dturdlizd, y ixjlufr oi illd dl mehbri y su jdpdjfodo oi rdze`dr. rdze`dr. Je` istd lúafjd, `dji u` hevfhfi`te qui preperjfe`d `uivds ixplfjdjfe`is sebri ld sejfiodo; ld Flustrdjfú`.  _mehds Mebbis Mebbis oijèd qui mdy tris tfpes oi aebfir`e; ld drfstejrdjfd, ld oihejrdjfd y ld he`drquèd.

^drd _mehds Mebbis (49==-4316), dl faudl qui pdrd Beof`, ixfsti` tris tfpes oi aebfir`e; ld oihejrdjfd, ld drfstejrdjfd y ld he`drquèd. Il Istdoe is cu`odhi`tdl pdrd ld sebrivfvi`jfd oil mehbri, puis, siôdld Mebbis i` su Livfdtä`, cuird oi dquæl il f`ofvfoue súle tfi`i sus prepfds cuirzds pdrd pretiairsi y, y, sf istä doi`tre, puioi je`tdr je` il dpeye oi sus je`jfuodod`es; W…X cuird oi ld sejfiodo sejfi odo jfvfl rif`d` lds pdsfe`is, ld auirrd, ld pebrizd, il hfioe, ld seliodo, ld hfsirfd, ld bdrbdrfi, ld fa`erd`jfd y ld jruilodo. ^ire i` il eroi` oil IstdIst dFbèoih, p. :44.   Fbèoih, p. :4:. 4?  Fbèoih, p. :4?. 42 4:

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

oe, ld rdzú`, ld pdz, ld siaurfodo, lds rfquizds, ld oiji`jfd, ld iliad`jfd, ili ad`jfd, lds jfi`jfds 49  y ld trd`quflfodo rif`d` per oequfir. oequfir.

Mebbis trdtd oi kustf󿬄jdr ld he`drquèd dbselutd qui privdlijèd i` su æpejd. I` isds cijmds, ld ji`trdlfzdjfú` oil peoir pdrijèd sir ld û`fjd pesfbflfodo pesfbflfodo pdrd sdlfr oi lds ofvirsds auirrds jfvflis ejdsfe`dods per il 󿬄` oil sfstihd ciuodl y il jehfi`ze oi u` sfstihd qui dû` `e djdbdbd oi oi󿬄`frsi. Les cu`odhi`tes pdrd dsiaurdr qui ld he`drquèd dbselutd cuisi ld cerhd foú`id oi aebir`dr se` les sfaufi`tis; i` etres tfihpes, tdhbfæ` ld he`drquèd je`stftuyú u` ræafhi`, pire le ridlhi`ti fhpertd`ti pdrd Mebbis is i`ti`oir qui ld oisfaudlodo “md sfoe f`treoujfod per je`si`tfhfi`te u`fvirsdl‘ y `e tfi`i `dod oi f`kustd, i` jdhbfe ld faudlodo md prevejdoe u` istdoe oi auirrd, ld faudlodo `e `es llivdrèd dl bfi`istdr bfi`istdr.. Les qui mdbld` oi faudlodo, siaû` Mebbis, dtdjd` il aebfir`e oi u` sele mehbri, perqui tdhbfæ` oisid` oiti`tdr il peoir. Il ræafhi` pepuldr `e is il häs doijudoe, puis pdrd tehdr oijfsfe`is oi ije`ehèd e pelètfjd is prijfse je`ejir sus hûltfplis f`std`jfds y hijd`fshes, doihäs oi qui `e is pesfbli leardr ld faudlodo hdtirfdl pdrd teoes. I` F`aldtirrd, i` ld æpejd oi Mebbis, ird je`std`ti ld vfeli`jfd y lds rivelujfe`is. Oi æstds ld häs fhpertd`ti cui ld auirrd jfvfl oi 43?=, juye ebkitfve ird oici`oir u` aebfir`e cuirti y duterftdrfe qui, supuistdhi`ti, adrd`tfzdbd ld pdz f`tir`d pdès, pire ird cuirtii` il je`trd hevfhfi`te qui priti`oèd dbrfr yispdjfes pelètfjes pdrdoil etres arupes, istdbd` oil he`epelfe oil peoir les prfvfliafes pdrd ld drfstejrdjfd. Il hevfhfi`te f`tilijtudl oi`ehf`doe jehe Flustrdjfú` sf`titfzú lds f`qufituois, foids y tierèds hd`fcistdods oisoi il Ri`djfhfi`te, hujmds cu`odhi`tdods i` il pi`sdhfi`te oi lds julturds arfiad y ldtf`d. Ld Flustrdjfú` tuve sus jehfi`zes i` F`aldtirrd, mdjfd 󿬄`is oil sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦, pire il pdès qui je`trfbuyú oi hd`ird häs fhpertd`ti d su je`selfodjfú` cui Crd`jfd, ourd`ti il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦󰁦. Dsfhfshe, su ixprisfú` präjtfjd y häs trdsji`oi`ti cui ld Rivelujfú` Crd`jisd oi 41=6. Isti hevfhfi`te ritehú lds tierèds ofrfafods d trd`scerhdr dl d`tfaue ræafhi`, bdsdods i` il julte d ld rdzú` y i` ld jfi`jfd, pdrd dljd`zdr il prearise y, y, jehe je`sijui`jfd, ld cilfjfodo oil mehbri. Les ci`úhi`es `dturdlis y sejfdlis oikdre` oi dtrfbufrsi d ld f`tirvi`jfú` prevfoi`jfdl, dl oisjubrfr sus liyis hiofd`ti ld rdzú`. _dhbfæ` si oistdjú ld oijfsfvd f`󿬂ui`jfd oil mehbri i` su i`ter`e `dturdl y sejfdl. Jud`oe si mdbld oi ld Flustrdjfú`, isSeltdfri jehû`i (436?-411=), ricirfrsi d les ard`ois pi`sdoeris crd`jisis; Crd`jefs-Hdrfi Dreuit Seltdfr il tris Bdrú` oi He`tisH e`tisqufiu (43=6-4199) y Kid`-Kdjquis Reussidu (4142-411=), sf bfi` is jfirte il hevfhfi`te flustrdoe si ixtfi`oi per ld hdyer pdrti oi Iurepd, ld qui häs f`󿬂uyi is ld Flustrdjfú` crd`jisd.

Cfaurd :.2>

Seltdfri je`trfbuyú prf`jfpdlhi`ti d drauhi`tdr ld `ijisfodo oi ld lfbirtdo jfvfl y d jrftfjdr ld f`telird`jfd oil aebfir`e y ld Falisfd Jdtúlfjd oi Crd`jfd7 pire hestrú huy peje f`tiræs per ld rifvf`ofjdjfú` oi lds hdsds pepuldris, d lds judlis je`sfoirdbd “jruilis y istûpfods‘. D trdvæs oi ld sätfrd y ld `drrdtfvd pua`ú hdafstrdlhi`ti per ld lfbirtdo oil isjrfter isjrfter,, pi`sdoer e f`vistfadoer f`vistfadoer.. He`tisqufiu je`struyú u` heoile pelètfje dplfjdbli d judlqufir sejfiodo, qui je`sfstèd i` ofvfofr il peoir i` tris pdrtis; Ikijutfve, Kuofjfdl Kuofjfdl y Liafsldtfve7 oe`oi istdrèd` i` iquflfbrfe lds ofstf`tds cuirzds pelètfjds, d 󿬄` oi dljd`zdr ld pdz y ld istdbflfodo sejfdl. Dsfhfshe, jrftfjú il he`epelfe pelètfje y ld je`ji`trdjfú` oil peoir. D ofciri`jfd oi le qui si jrii, Reussidu si epuse d rdjfe`dlfzdr il pi`sdhfi`te y je`jiofú hdyer fhpertd`jfd d ld subkitfvfodo. I` Il je`trdte sejfdl f`ofjd qui il mehbri si trd`scerhú ardjfds dl je`trdte 󿬄rhdoe y qui, i` su æpejd, ird `ijisd49

Seltdfri cui u` isjrfter, mfsterfdoer y ffllúsece, doihäs oi sir il prf`jfpdl riprisi`td`ti riprisi`td`t i oi ld Flustrdjfú`.

_mehds Mebbis. Oil jfuodod`e, Livfdtä`, p. 42. Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

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ZEJFELEAÈD

Cfaurd :.24

rfe jridr etre, odoe qui il d`tfaue ræafhi` istdbd i` oijdoi`jfd. Je`sfoirdbd ld `ijisfodo urai`ti oi ld bûsquiod oi `uivds rildjfe`is sejfdlis, qui je`jiofird` hdyeris lfbirtdois. ^drd je`jlufr il prisi`ti dpdrtdoe, jriihes cu`odhi`tdl je`sfoirdr qui oisoi il Ri`djfhfi`te si f`fjfú teoe u` prejise oi`tre oil pi`sdhfi`te qui julhf`ú jud`oe surai` hevfhfi`tes rivelujfe`drfes qui priti`oi` trd`scerhdr d lds sejfiodois i fhpe`ir sfstihds, juye susti`te istä i` il oisdrrelle oi `uivds foids faudlftdrfds y lfbirdlis, pdrd suprfhfr les riaèhi`is susti`tdoes i` il peoir i` u`d seld pirse`d (il he`drjd) y qui `e ebioiji` d `f`aû` tfpe oi liy qui puofird pretiair dl f`ofvfoue jehû` y jerrfi`ti. Ld foid oi`tre oil pi`sdhfi`te cui je`strufr heoiles qui ixplfjdrd` y hiofdrd` les hdlis qui dquikdbd` d lds sejfiodois, d trdvæs trdvæs oi hijd`fshes ofstf`tes qui puofird` ecrijir jirtfouhbri d isi tfpe oi istuofes sejfdlis, qui je`tdrd` je` ld jriofbflfodo su󿬄jfi`ti pdrd sir dplfjdblis d ld ridlfodo.

Oisoi il Ri`djfhfi`te si f`fjfú teoe u` oisdrrelle oi `uivds foids faudlftdrfds y lfbirdlis, pdrd suprfhfr les riaèhi`is susti`tdoes i` il peoir oi les he`drjds. Ritrdte oil riy Ioudroe FF oi F`aldtirrd.

Cfaurd :.22

Il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje @e jdbi ouod qui il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje riqufiri oi u` je`std`ti d`älfsfs, risultd f`ofspi`sdbli velvir ld vfstd je`std`tihi`ti y ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri sus cu`odhi`tes, yd qui oisoi il prisi`ti qui `es tejd vfvfr, jdod æpejd li fhprfhi cerhds ofstf`tds. ^er ille, is fhpertd`ti pdrd isti jdpètule `e súle i`rfquijirle, sf`e tdhbfæ` je`sfoirdr qui vfvfhes i` u`d sejfiodo hixfjd`d ofstf`td. Isti pi`sdr i` Hæxfje bdke u`d úptfjd oil sfale 󰁽󰁽󰁦 fhplfjd u`d rierfi`tdjfú` oi ld hd`ird oi je`sfoirdr ld sejfeleaèd i` su pdsdoe y i` su jdhbfd`ti prisi`ti. Iste is u`d `ijisfodo qui `e si puioi pestiradr, pestiradr, yd qui ld sejfeleaèd istdbliji u`d rildjfú` oi hutud oipi`oi`jfd je` ld ridlfodo sejfdl. Istdhes jfirtes qui ld jfrju`std`jfd vd d f`󿬂ufr i` lds ti`oi`jfds je`jiptudlis y tihätfjds oi `uistrd ofsjfplf`d7 perqui, jehe pu`tudlfzd il 󿬄lúsece hixfjd`e Lufs Sfllere, “ld ridlfodo `e is oisjdr`dod, is f`tirpritdod per siris muhd`es oi jdr`i y muise‘. Doihäs, jehe dsivird Aierai Rftzir; Il je`tixte sejfdl je`󿬄aurd precu`odhi`ti teoes y jdod u`e oi les jdhpes f`tilijtudlis. Ille is pdrtfjuldrhi`ti jfirte i` il jdse oi ld sejfeleaèd, qui `e súle si oirfvd oi isi je`tixte sejfdl jehe su ebkite oi istuofe. 43

Je`sfoird`oe qui istd sirfi oi ri󿬂ixfe`is d ld tierèd sejfelúafjd oisoi il prisi`ti oi jdod sejfiodo, ispirihes si trdouzjd i` ld jehpri`sfú` oi qui lds tierèds si f`sjrfbi` i` u`d jfrju`std`jfd, y per ille is cu`odhi`tdl `e piroir oi vfstd il je`tixte sejfdl y ld cerhd i` qui les sejfúleaes le pirjfbi`. Lufs Sfllere, ffllúsece, f`vistfadoer, jdtiorätfje, ofplehätfje y djdoæhfje hixfjd`e.

^er etrd pdrti, `e is pesfbli oikdr oi ldoe ld ofsjusfú` sebri le qui ld je`stftuyi y les ilihi`tes qui oibi` f`tiardr u`d tierèd7 per le ai`irdl, si jrii qui u`d tierèd je`stftuyi, oisoi il pu`te oi vfstd jfi`tè󿬄je, u`d vfsfú` oi je`ku`te oi ld sejfiodo, y æstd riqufiri juhplfr u`d sirfi oi je`ofjfe`is hiteoelúafjds. ^ire is f`ofspi`sdbli djldrdr qui `uistrd f`ti`jfú` `e is rije`strufr hitfjulesdhi`ti ld tierèd sejfelúafjd i` su tetdlfodo, `f istdblijir les jehpe`i`tis tiúrfjes y hiteoelúafjes oi lds ti`oi`jfds, sf`e ridlfzdr dpu`tis sebri lds prf`jfpdlis prepuistds, dsè jehe su je`trfbujfú` dl pi`sdhfi`te y d ld jehpri`sfú` oi ld ridlfodo djtudl, yd qui ld foid is je`tdr je` u`d `ejfú` qui `es pirhftd istdblijir lds ofciri`jfds je`jiptudlis qui ixfsti` d ld merd oi dberodr ld preblihätfjd sejfdl.

43

:?

Aierai Rftzir. _ierè _ierèdd sejfelúafjd s ejfelúafjd heoir`d, p. 9.

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

^irfeoe cerhdtfve (4=:>-46>>)  Il `djfhfi`te oil pi`sdhfi`te pesftfvfstd fhplfjd y istä rildjfe`doe je` il ispèrftu qui privdlijfú ourd`ti häs oi tris sfales (oil 󰁽󰁳 dl 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦󰁦), i` il qui il use oi ld rdzú` oisihpiôú pdpiloil oitirhf`d`ti. Il oisdrrelle oil pi`sdhfi`te cu`odhi`tdl ilu` dvd`ji hirjd`tflfshe y il oisdrrelle f`oustrfdl, tuve sebrijehe teoe iki perqui je`struyire` ld bdsi oi les oisjubrfhfi`tes jfi`tè󿬄jes y il fhpulse tij`elúafje. Ld ci i` il prearise cui il f`struhi`te foielúafje qui pirhftfú i`cri`tdr dl ræafhi` i foieleaèd jdtúlfjd oi ld Iodo Hiofd. Ld aistdjfú` oil pretistd`tfshe y su f`󿬂ui`jfd i` ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl, pdrd lds judlis il ji`tre oi teod djtfvfodo jfi`tè󿬄jd, ije`úhfjd, pelètfjd, sejfdl e julturdl, ird il mehbri y `e Ofes, cuire` ld pfiord cu`odhi`tdl oi lds je`jipjfe`is oi ld mfsterfd heoir`d. Oisoi Hdqufdvile, mdstd ld Flustrdjfú`, il mehbri rijupirú su pdpil ji`trdl i` ld je`strujjfú` oi su oistf`e, y puoe ldbrdr lds je`ofjfe`is pdrd trd`scerhdr f`ti`sfvdhi`ti ld `dturdlizd i` su bi`i󿬄jfe. I` il tirri`e pelètfje, il mijme oi qui il mehbri tuvfird je`jfi`jfd oi sus jdpdjfodois pdrd trd`scerhdr su i`ter`e hiofd`ti il use rfaurese oil je`ejfhfi`te, hiofd`ti ld rdjfe`dlfzdjfú` oi teods sus djtfvfodois, li pirhftfú, mdjfd il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦󰁦, fhpulsdr u`d cerhd oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl y pelè-

Cfaurd :.2:

tfjd ofstf`td, i` ld judl ld oijfsfú` aebir`dr y iliafr d sus riprisi`td`tis quiodrd i` hd`es oil puible. Isti oi pdse cui oitirhf`d`ti pdrd il cuture pelètfje oil hu`oe, yd qui il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦󰁦 cui il f`fjfe oi ld oijdoi`jfd oi lds he`drquèds, ld cerhd oi aebfir`e qui ti`èd oes jdrdjtirèstfjds isi`jfdlis; il peoir rijdèd i` u` sele f`ofvfoue, le qui si trdoujèd i` su use drbftrdrfe y il susti`te foielúafje oi istd cerhd oi peoir si bdsd i` il erfai` ofvf`e oi les aebir`d`tis. ^er ille, ille, ld liaftfhfzdjfú` oi ld duterfodo si susti`tdbd i` ld ci y il tiher rilfafese f`cu`ofoe dl puible. Il tiher d Ofes cui ld bdsi oi ld eprisfú` oi les he`drjds dl puible y les prfvfliafes oi ld `eblizd e drfstejrdjfd. I`tri ld rivelujfú` f`alisd oi 43==, mdstd ld crd`jisd oi 41=6, pdsd`oe per ld auirrd oi f`oipi`oi`jfd oi lds _riji Jele`fds `ertidhirfjd`ds, i` @dpeliú` si duteprejldhú ihpirdoer oi les crd`jisis. 411?, ld muhd`fodo si`tú lds bdsis b dsis oi u` `uive tfpe oi sejfiodo, juyes prf`jfpfes foielúafjes oi lfbirtdo i faudlodo oi`etdbd` yd u` heoile pelètfje, ije`úhfje y sejfdl ofstf`te. Is mdjfd il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 qui il lfbirdlfshe f`u`od il hu`oe pelètfje y ije`úhfje, y sujioi ld je`selfodjfú` oi u` `uive eroi` hu`ofdl. Il jeste cui qui Iurepd istuvfird f`hirsd i` je`std`tis auirrds y rivelujfe`is, le judl i` il pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl si trdouke i` il surafhfi`te oi oes ti`oi`jfds; u`d qui priti`oèd je`tf`udr les hevfhfi`tes rivelujfe`drfes pdrd irrdofjdr oi hd`ird oi󿬄`ftfvd lds ofciri`jfds sejfdlis, jesd qui il `uive sfstihd `e puoe leardr7 y ld etrd, qui pua`dbd per istdblijir sejfiodois istdblis perqui je`sfoirdbd qui lds rivelujfe`is mdbèd` sfoe `ejfvds pdrd ld muhd`fodo y jrièd qui ld vuiltd dl pdsdoe pirhftfrèd leardr ld istdbflfodo. ^ire il riarise yd `e cui pesfbli, y ld muhd`fodo `e súle trd`sftú mdjfd etrd cerhd oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl y pelètfjd, sf`e qui tdhbfæ`, i` il tirri`e ije`úhfje, sujiofú u` dvd`ji f`je`treldbli oil jdpftdlfshe jdpftdlfshe,, qui mdstd `uistres oèds je`tf`ûd, sebri teoe je` ld ofvirsf󿬄jdjfú` oi les hirjdoes y bdsdoes i` les dvd`jis tij`elúafjes. _d` súle pi`sihes i` ld utflfodo oi lds `uivds tij`eleaèds y su fhpertd`jfd i` ld alebdlfzdjfú` qui vfvfhes. Dmerd bfi`, dl sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 si li md lldhdoe “il sfale oil `djfhfi`te oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis‘. Ld sejfeleaèd, i` pdrtfjuldr, istdbd i`te`jis prisi`ti i` lds ixplfjdjfe`is y i` ld ridlfzdjfú` oi ofvirsds tierèds, juyd ofvirsfodo y dhplftuo, doihäs oi ld hultfplfjdjfú` oi les odtes prevejdre` qui lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis si crdjprevejdre` jfe`drd` y si cerhdrd` etrdsihpèrfjes, ofsjfplf`ds. I`tri 4=:> y 4=?2, Duauste Jehti isjrfbfú su ebrd Jurse oi 󿬄lesecèd pesftfvfstd, je` il ebkitfve oi f`duaurdr y sf`titfzdr u`d jfi`jfd ai`irdl oi ld vfod muhd`d, qui Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

:9

   

ZEJFELEAÈD dbdrjdrd teoes les dspijtes cèsfjes y sejfdlis oi ld erad`fzdjfú` oi lds sejfiodois, pdrd ille cui `ijisdrfe je`sfoirdr y ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri les bi`i󿬄jfes y pirkufjfes oi ld f`istdbflfodo pelètfjd qui si vfvèd i` isd æpejd, doihäs oi lds je`sijui`jfds qui trdirèd d ld muhd`fodo. Ourd`ti teoe il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, ld cerhd y ld jfrju`std`jfd i` qui si cu`oú ld sejfeleaèd f`󿬂uyire` i` les tiúrfjes sejfdlis qui si bdsdre` i` ld ci i` oisdrrelle y il prearise, ilihi`tes cu`odhi`tdlis oi ld `uivd itdpd i` ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo. Le qui si ixpirfhi`tdbd ird u`d hdyer preoujjfú` oi hirjd`jèds ardjfds d les oisjubrfhfi`tes jfi`tè󿬄jes, le judl si trdoujèd i` hdyeris bi`i󿬄jfes pdrd ld muhd`fodo.

Duauste Jehti (416=-4=91 (416=-4=91)) Jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd D jehfi`zes oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 si ofire` oes prejises ofrfafoes d u` 󿬄` jehû`; il oisdrrelle y prearise f`f`tirruhpfoes. Æstes cuire` il dvd`ji oi ld jfi`jfd y ld tij`eleaèd, dsè jehe ld dplfjdjfú` oi foids pelètfjds dpeydods i` etrds oi tfpe 󿬄lesú󿬄je y ije`úhfje. Dhbes dspijtes hestrdre` il ruhbe oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl. Jehe ilihi`tes jehplihi`tdrfes, mube ard`ois trd`scerhdjfe`is sejfdlis (ld f`oipi`oi`jfd oi lds _riji Jele`fds `ertidhirfjd`ds, ld Rivelujfú` Crd`jisd y lds f`vdsfe`is `dpeliú`fjds i` Iurepd) qui, prepfjfdods bdke hfshes ebkitfves, f`󿬂uyire` f`󿬂uyire` oi hd`ird oitirhf`d`ti i` ld sftudjfú` ai`irdl oiles ld æpejd. Oispuæs oil Ri`djfhfi`te (sfale 󰁽󰁳) cui fhpertd`ti busjdr ixplfjdjfe`is oil oivi`fr sejfdl, puis si istdbd dbd`oe`d`oe ld foid oi qui il oistf`e oil mehbri le ofjtdbd ld ^revfoi`jfd, y cui rilivd`ti, dsè jehe `ijisdrfe, pi`sdr i` pdrähitres oi riciri`jfd ofstf`tes, u`e oi les prf`jfpdlis cui ld rijupirdjfú` oi ld 󿬄lesecèd oi ld d`tfaüiodo, i` les qui il mehbri `e súle je`stftuèd il ji`tre oil u`fvirse sf`e qui tdhbfæ` ird il ilihi`te oitirhf`d`ti i` ld erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl7 is oijfr, ld muhd`fodo per sè hfshd iof󿬄jdbd su cuture.

Cfaurd :.2?

Je` il tfihpe, les pi`sdoeris sejfdlis cuire` jehplfjd`oe lds tierèds djirjd oil erfai` oil mehbri y oi ld sejfiodo, dsè jehe lds cerhds oi ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri su oisdrrelle, æstds si cuire` drtfjuld`oe je` u`d cuirti f`󿬂ui`jfd oil rdjfe`dlfshe oi ld æpejd, y cui häs `eterfd ld je`jipjfú` oi qui ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri le sejfdl oibèd mdjirsi bdke prf`jfpfes, i` prfhir luadr, jfi`tè󿬄jes y

Rivelujfú` Crd`jisd

Zi je`eji jehe  dl prejise sejfdl y pelètfje ejurrfoe i` Crd`jfd i`tri 41=6 y 4166.

`e herdlfstds `f oi si`tfoe jehû`. Dsè i`te`jis, le jfi`tè󿬄je f`u`oú il hu`oe oi le sejfdl, il æxfte oi ld jfi`jfd i` il hu`oe `dturdl, si trdouke i` u` eptfhfshe pdrd riselvir oi u`d viz y pdrd sfihpri ld f`istdbflfodo sejfdl.

Il jdpftdlfshe y, i` je`sijui`jfd, ld Rivelujfú` F`oustrfdl hdrjdre` foielúafjdhi`ti ld dpdrfjfú` oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, juyd bdsi i fhpulse cuire` il rdjfe`dlfshe, il `dturdlfshe y il prearise. Iste supe`i il dbd`oe`e oi ld ixplfjdjfú` rilfafesd oi ld ridlfodo, cu`odhi`tdod i` ld trdofjfú`, duterfodo y rivildjfú`, pdrd odr pdse d ld rdzú` y il d`älfsfs sfstihätfje. ^er ille cui cu`odhi`tdl ld dpdrfjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd, yd qui pdrd Jehti ld ridlfodo sejfdl riquirèd oi u`d ixplfjdjfú` jfi`tè󿬄jd qui `e ixfstèd i` su æpejd. Irfj Kem` Mebsbdw` je`sfoirdbd d ld prfhird hftdo oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 jehe ld häs rivelujfe`drfd je`ejfod mdstd i`te`jis per ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo. I` istd æpejd mube, doihäs, u` virtfaf`ese duhi`te oi ld pebldjfú`, per le qui lds ard`ois jfuodois si hultfplfjdbd`, il jehirjfe pdrijèd flfhftdoe, y les oisjubrfhfi`tes jfi`tè󿬄jes ird` f``uhirdblis. @e jdbi ouod qui il Zfale oi lds lujis hdrjú d ld muhd`fodo oisoi pirspijtfvds jehe ld ije`ehèd, ld pelètfjd y le sejfdl. @e peoihes sesldydr qui il je`trdsti oil prearise cui ld sftudjfú` ixtrihdodhi`ti pebri oi les ebrires f`oustrfdlis qui precu`ofzdbd lds ofciri`jfds oi jldsis7 Mebsbdw` jehi`td isti ci`úhi`e oi ld sfaufi`ti hd`ird; :3

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Zf` ouod teoes ises trfu`ces ti`èd` su ldoe esjure, du`qui æsti `e 󿬄aurdsi i` les judores istdoèstfjes. µJúhe si fbd d i`je`trdr u`d ixprisfú` jud`tftdtfvd pdrd il mijme, qui pejes peorèd` `iadr mey, oi qui ld Rivelujfú` F`oustrfdl jriú il hu`oe häs cie i` il qui il mehbri kdhäs vfvfird, jehe le oihestrdrd` lds merri`ods, sujfds, hdlelfi`tis y i`leodods jdllis oi les bdrrfes bdkes oi Hd`jmistir5 41

Oisoi `uistre pu`te oi vfstd, ixfstfire` ofvirses pirfeoes rivelujfe`drfes, i` les qui, i` teod Iurepd, il sfstihd pelètfje-ije`úhfje oil d`tfaue ræafhi` i`trú i` jrfsfs. D pdrtfr oi ld Rivelujfú` Crd`jisd, sujiofire` u`d sirfi oi hevfhfi`tes oi ribiloèd je`trd il dbselutfshe, db selutfshe, les judlis cuire`;  d) Lds auirrds oi f`oipi`oi`jfd lfbrdods i` 4=4> d 4=49 i` lds jele`fds ispdôelds d) dhirfjd`ds, doihäs oi les livd`tdhfi`tes i` dlau`ds pdrtis oi Iurepd jehe Ispdôd (Je`stftujfú` oi Jäofz), Dlihd`fd, itj., les judlis cuire` f`clufoes per lds foids lfbirdlis.  b) D prf`jfpfes oi ld oæjdod oi 4=:>, mube ofvirsds auirrds lejdlis b) lejdlis y oi tfpe lfbirdl, lfbirdl, oi `uive prf`jfpdlhi`ti i` Iurepd.  j) ^drd hujmes mfsterfdoeris, j) mfsterfdoeris, 4=?= 4=?= is il dôe rivelujfe`drfe rivelujfe`drfe i` il qui qui ld burauisèd f`fjfú il dbd`oe`e oi ld vfeli`jfd jehe hiofe pdrd leardr lds ard`ois trd`scerhdjfe`is, y si ridlfzdre` u`d sirfi oi rivelujfe`is rivelujfe`is,, i` lds qui lds foids sejfdlfstds prioehf`dre` i f`ti`tdre` cri`drsi. Zf i` 4=:> y 4=?=dlds rivuiltdsi` cuire` y ld istdbli burauisèd iurepid si velvèd häs ri`ui`ti djiptdrlds, 4=14sejfdlis ld rivelujfú` cui isi`jfdlhi`ti sejfdlfstd. ^er prfhird viz, si f`ti`tdre` fhpld`tdr lds foids jehu`fstds i` u`d sejfiodo. D istd rivelujfú` si li je`eji jehe ld Jehu`d oi ^drès. Ld je`selfodjfú` y il dsji`se ije`úhfje y pelètfje oi ld burauisèd prevejdre` ld `ijisfodo oi æstd oi busjdr les hiofes pdrd kustf󿬄jdr ld istdbflfodo pelètfjd y qui je`sfoirdrd ld f`vfdbflfodo oi ld vfeli`jfd jehe il hiofe doijudoe pdrd leardr ld faudlodo y lfbirtdo f`ofvfoudlis. D`ti istd ofsyu`tfvd, ld rijfæ` cu`odod sejfeleaèd doeptú ld pesturd oi ivftdr les hevfhfi`tes sejfdlis qui trd`sariofird` il eroi` pelètfje lfbirdl. Istd `uivd jfi`jfd, oisoi Jehti, dsuhfú il jehprehfse oi hd`ti`ir il eroi` istdblijfoe y per `f`aû` hetfve cui pdrtfodrfd oi ld vfeli`jfd rivelujfe`drfd pdrd dljd`zdr sejfiodois häs kustds.

Cfaurd :.29

Il surafhfi`te, ld dodptdjfú` y ld djiptdjfú` oil pi`sdhfi`te pesftfvfstd i` Iurepd istuvfire` vf`juldoes je` isd `ijisfodo lfbirdl oi fhplihi`tdr prf`jfpfes y riaèhi`is. ^er ikihple, Liepeloe [id dluoi d ld djiptdjfú` oil pesftfvfshe i` Hæxfje oi ld hd`ird sfaufi`ti; W…X u`d 󿬄lesecèd `e is sf`e ld ixprisfú` je`jiptudl oi u`d oitirhf`dod jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd, mdbrä qui busjdr lds rdze`is per lds judlis cui pesfbli ld doepjfú` oil  pesftfvfshe oi Jehti i` lds ispijfdlis ispijfdli s jfrju`std`jfds oi Hæxfje.4=

I` il sfale ]F] lds rivuiltds cuire` sejfdlis, hfi`trds qui ld burauisèd `e lds djiptdbd oil teoe.

[id `es prepe`i i`ti`oir y ixplfjdr u`d tierèd i` cu`jfú` oi su je`ti`foe, dsè jehe ld rdzú` oi su `djfhfi`te y dodptdjfú` i` u`d æpejd oitirhf`dod. I` etrds pdldbrds, jud`oe si istdbliji y djiptd u`d cerhd oi pi`sdhfi`te, is perqui si `ijisftd y sirä utflfzdod perqui oi le je`trdrfe sfhplihi`ti `e ixfsti7 judlqufir prepuistd `e ihpèrfjd is dplfjdbli d u`d ridlfodo prijfsd, perqui sf `e is dsè, `e tfi`i rdzú` oi sir.

Ld liy oi les tris istdoes ^drd prijfsdr il pi`sdhfi`te oi Duauste Jehti, y oispuæs oi d`dlfzdr ld sftudjfú` iurepid i` il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, trdtdrihes sus foids je` bdsi i` su f`tiræs pdrd ld sejfe  Irfj Kem` Mebsbdwh. Lds rivelujfe`is burauisds , p. 921.  Liepeloe [id. Il pesftfvfshe i` Hæxfje; `djfhfi`te `djfhfi`te,, dpeaie y oijdoi`jfd, p. :6.

41 4=

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

:1

 

ZEJFELEAÈD leaèd y, sebri teoe, je` il 󿬄` oi jehpri`oir per quæ lds prepe`i, yd qui æl hfshe siôdld qui isd liy oi les tris istdoes f`u`od d ld muhd`fodo i` judlqufird oi sus cerhds y i` judlqufird oi lds ixplfjdjfe`is qui si priti`od` mdjir oi ld ridlfodo sejfdl, le judl ixplfjd oi ld sfaufi`ti hd`ird; W…X oisoi su prfhird y sfhpli hd`fcistdjfú` mdstd `uistres oèds, jrie mdbir oisjubfirte u`d ard` liy cu`odhi`tdl, d ld qui si mdlld sehitfoe per u`d `ijisfodo f`vdrfdbli, sid  per lds pruibd pruibdss rdjfe`dli rdjfe`dliss suhf`fstr suhf`fstrdod dodss per il je`ejfhfi`te je`ejfhfi`te oi `uistrd `uistrd erad` erad`fzdj fzdjfú`, fú`, sid sebrilds virf󿬄jdjfe`is mfstúrfjds risultd`tis oi u` ixdhi` dti`te oil pdsdoe.

Rid󿬄rhd`oe le d`tirfer y dme`od`oe sebri istd foid, `uistrd 󿬄lesecèd ixprisd le sfaufi`ti; W…X Istd liy ixprisd qui jdod u`d oi `uistrds je`jipjfe`is prf`jfpdlis, jdod rdhd oi `uistre je`ejfhfi`te, pdsd sujisfvdhi`ti per tris istdoes tiúrfjes ofvirses; il istdoe tielúafje e 󿬄jtfjfe7 il istdoe hitdcèsfje e dbstrdjte, y il istdoe jfi`tè󿬄je e pesftfve. I` etres tærhf`es, il ispèrftu muhd`e per su `dturdlizd ihplid sujisfvdhi`ti, i` jdod u`d oi sus f`vistfadjfe`is, tris hæteoes oi 󿬄lesecdr. 󿬄lesecdr.46

Cfaurd :.23

Il ebkitfve oil ispèrftu iurepie oi prf`jfpfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 󰁽 󰁦󰁽 cui i`je`trdr ld pdz y ld cilfjfodo d trdvæs oil prearise prehitfoe per il lfbirdlfshe. Duauste Jehti pirti`ijèd d u`d cdhflfd piquiôd burauisd, jdtúlfjd y he`ärqufjd, per le qui dl ixplfjdr il oisdrrelle oi lds sejfiodois, pi`sú i` júhe kustf󿬄jdr ld fhpesfbflfodo oi lds trd`scerhdjfe`is y cu`odhi`tdr ld ridlfzdjfú` oi u` prearise f`f`tirruhpfoe. ^er ^er teoe ille je`sfoird ld `ijisfodo oi qui il prejise oi f`vistfadjfú` jfi`tè󿬄jd pdsi `ijisdrfdhi`ti per tris hehi`tes, jdod u`e cerhd pdrti oi u`d ivelujfú`, oe`oi il f`fjfe riprisi`td riprisi`td il pi`sdhfi`te ilihi`tdl, y si lliad mdstd il häs jehplike7 vidhes júhe le i`u`jfd7 Il ebkitfve oi lds rivuiltds qui md` ixfstfoe ourd`ti il pdse oil tfihpe is i`je`trdr ld pdz y cilfjfodo d trdvæs oil lfbirdlfshe lfbirdlfshe..

W…X il prfhire is il pu`te oi pdrtfod `ijisdrfe oi ld f`tilfai`jfd muhd`d7 il tirjire su istdoe 󿬄ke y oi󿬄`ftfve7 il siau`oe istä oistf`doe û`fjdhi`ti d sirvfr oi trd`sfjfú`.2>

Ziaû` il pi`sdhfi`te oi Jehti, ld muhd`fodo si mdbèd oisdrrelldoe i` tris itdpds e iodois jre`elúafjds, y ld ûltfhd ird su sè`tisfs y jerrispe`oèd d su häxfhd ivelujfú`. Dsè, isd liy oi les tris istdoes `e súle rfai il oivi`fr oi ld muhd`fodo d trdvæs oil tfihpe, sf`e qui tdhbfæ` is vfai`ti dl hehi`te oi erad`fzdr ld ixplfjdjfú` oi ld ridlfodo sejfdl, f`jluse i`jduzd ld vfod oi les f`ofvfoues. D`tis oi oisjrfbfr les tris istdofes, rijeroihes qui i` il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 si risuhi` tris sfales, y Il is󿬄` bdke il susti`te oi ld ci i` iloi prearise si je`selfoú burauisèd iurepid. ûltfhe oil pld`tidhfi`te istd liyjehe si trdouji i` u`d ld vfsfú` qui `fiad ld pesfbflfodo oi etrd itdpd, y istä tetdlhi`ti i` je`trd `e súle oi hevfhfi`tes sejfdlis, sf`e oi ld prepuistd sejfdlfstd oi ilfhf`dr dl jdpftdlfshe. Istdoe tielúafje e 󿬄jtfjfe. Jehti `e mdji `f`au`d oilfhftdjfú` jre`elúafjd `f is-

pijè󿬄jd. @e ebstd`ti qui Aierai Rftzir ld sftûd mdstd il dôe 4:>>, tdhpeje ixprisd i` quæ sejfiodois pdrtfjuldris si ofe isti pirfeoe, pire, per su ixplfjdjfú`, peoihes d󿬄rhdr qui si ri󿬄iri d ld d`tfaüiodo arijerrehd`d, qui audrod prikufjfes mdjfd u`d æpejd, yd qui dsiaurd; W…X lds foids sebri`dturdlis sfrvi` pdrd lfadr il piquiôe `ûhire oi ebsirvdjfe`is dfsldods oi qui i`te`jis si jehpe`i ld jfi`jfd.

y je`tf`ûd; W…X les mijmes ebsirvdoes ebsi rvdoes se` ixplfjdoes, is oijfr oijf r, vfstes d prferf, siaû` mijmes 24 f`vi`tdoes.  Duauste Jehti. Ld 󿬄lesecèd pesftfvd, p. :?.   èoih. 24  Èoih. 46 2>

:=

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Oispuæs oi liir d Jehti, peoihes siôdldr qui su ebkitfve is je`jlufr qui il oisdrrelle hdtirfdl is il hiofe pdrd leardr ld cilfjfodo. ^drd æl, il bfi`istdr `ijisdrfdhi`ti adrd`tfzdrä sejfiodois istdblis y pirhftfrä ld je`tf`ud ivelujfú` oi ld muhd`fodo. Dsfhfshe, f`ofjd qui isi istdoe y ld f`tirpritdjfú` oi judlqufir ci`úhi`e sejfdl e `dturdl ird` huy ilihi`tdlis, y ebioijèd` dl ardoe hè`fhe oi dvd`ji f`tilijtudl. ^er ille subistfhd d les pi`sdoeris oi æpejds d`tirferis d ld suyd. Istd itdpd i` ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo risultú riprisi`tdr u`d vfsfú` 󿬄jtfjfd oi ld ridlfodo, yd qui su susti`te cui i` isi`jfd prevfoi`jfdlfstd, je`tdbd je` ld f`tirvi`jfú` ixjlusfvd oi siris sebri`dturdlis y `e ti`èd `f`au`d bdsi sebri ld ridlfodo hfshd. Istdoe hitdcèsfje e dbstrdjte. Jehti je`sfoird qui istd itdpd jdrijfú oi vdler y

cui u` pirfeoe oi trd`sfjfú` i`tri il prfhire y il ûltfhe. Dsè, ld jdrdjtirfzd y oi󿬄`i jehe “mèbrfod‘. I` istd itdpd, li pdriji` fhpertd`tis ld subkitfvfodo y lds foids sebri les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis, `e sf` jrftfjdr il djirjdhfi`te qui tuvfire` je` ld tieleaèd y ld jfi`jfd, per le qui `e ixfstèd u`d oi󿬄`fjfú` jldrd. Zf` ihbdrae, il 󿬄lúsece `e ixplfjú lds jdusds oi ille `f oitirhf`ú ld æpejd y ld rilfafú` oe`oi si prisi`tú isti istdoe, il judl isjrfbi oi ld hd`ird sfaufi`ti; W…X lfad les mijmes siaû` foids qui `e se` yd i` dbselute sebri`dturdlis s ebri`dturdlis per i`tire W…X Istds foids se` dbstrdjjfe`is pirse`f󿬄jdods, i` lds qui il ispèrftu puioi vir d su velu`tdo e il mehbri hètfje oi u`d jdusd sebri`dturdl, e ld i`uhirdjfú` dbstrdjtd oi u`d sfhpli sirfi oi ci`úhi`es W…X 22

Doihäs, dariad qui istds foids häs qui bi`i󿬄jfdr prevejdre` u`d sirfi oi oisdkustis qui oisjrfbi dsè; Lds foids aebfir`d` e oisdrriald` dl hu`oe e, i` etres tærhf`es, il hijd`fshe sejfdl i` ai`irdl ripesd i` oi󿬄`ftfvd sebri epf`fe`is W…X Ld ard` jrfsfs pelètfjd  y herdl oi lds sejfiodois djtudlis si erfaf`d, i` ûltfhe d`älfsfs, i` ld d`drquèd f`tilijtudl. @uistre hdyer rijui`te oi les odôes je`sfsti7 i` icijte, i` ld precu`od ofvirai`jfd qui ixfsti dmerd i`tri teoes les ispèrftus je` rispijte d teods lds häxfhds cu`odhi`tdlis juyd 󿬄kizd is ld prfhird je`ofjfú` oi u` virodoire eroi` sejfdl. Hfi`trds qui lds f`tilfai`jfds f`ofvfoudlis `e rije`ezjd` y djipti` hiofd`ti u` si`tfhfi`te u`ä`fhi, jfirte `ûhire oi foids ai`irdlis jdpdjis oi je`strufr u`d oejtrf`d sejfdl jehû`, `e is pesfbli fa`erdr qui il istdoe oi `djfe`is je`tf`udrä sfi`oe, oi heoe f`ixerdbli, isi`jfdlhi`ti rivelujfe`drfe, d pisdr oi teoes les pdlfdtfves pelètfjes qui peorä` doeptdrsi, y qui, oi mijme, súle trdirä` je`sfae heof 󿬄jdjfe`is prijdrfds.2:

Cfaurd :.21

Ld jrfsfs pelètfjd y herdl oi lds sejfiodois djtudlis si erfaf`d i` ld d`drquèd f`tilijtudl.

^drd `uistre 󿬄lúsece crd`jæs is fhpertd`ti je`sfoirdr qui lds dbstrdjjfe`is y lds foids dfsldods y `e jfrju`sjrftds d u`d sirfi oi liyis e oejtrf`d sejfdl, `es llivd` d ld f`istdbflfod sejfdl. Is oijfr, Jehti jrii i` ld meheai`ifodo oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl d trdvæs oi lds liyis ai`irdlis qui rfai` d lds sejfiodois. Iste `e cui pesfbli ourd`ti ld itdpd hitdcèsfjd. Istdoe jfi`tè󿬄je e pesftfve. Jehti dsiaurd qui isti istdoe is il heoe oi󿬄`ftfve i`

ld je`strujjfú` oi ld jfi`jfd, per ille les oes prfhires `e istdbd` oistf`does häs qui d pripdrdr oi hd`ird ardoudl ld je`selfodjfú` oi ld ûltfhd itdpd. Is oijfr, oijfr, lds itdpds tielúafjds y hitdcèsfjd sfrvfire` û`fjdhi`ti pdrd qui il mehbri lliadsi d ld æpejd oil prearise f`f`tirruhpfoe y il bfi`istdr hdtirfdl. Hiofd`ti il prejiofhfi`te jfi`tè󿬄je, susti`tdoe i` ld ebsirvdjfú` y il rdze`dhfi`te, is pesfbli i`je`trdr lds liyis qui rfai` d lds sejfiodois. Is oijfr, is pesfbli qui teoes les ci`úhi`es sid` riprisi`tdjfe`is oi u`e ai`irdl.   Èoih.   Èoih, p. :9.

22 2:

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

:6

 

ZEJFELEAÈD Oi istd hd`ird, pdrd Jehti risultd `iadtfvd y je`oi`dbli judlqufir rivelujfú` qui priti`od rehpir il eroi` qui il mehbri sfihpri mdbèd trdtdoe oi dljd`zdr.. Rijeroihes qui les pi`sdoeris sejfdlis sfihpri md` busjdoe dplfjdr sus foids zdr d u`d jfirtd ridlfodo, je` il 󿬄` oi i`je`trdr il heoile oil sfstihd oe`oi il mehbri vfvd i` pdz je` sus sihikd`tis. Jehe hujmes etres, Jehti tdhbfæ` pi`sú qui mdbèd lliadoe isi hehi`te. I` il istdoe pesftfve ‟le f`ofjd il hfshe tærhf`e‟, il ispèrftu is u`d sè`tisfs oi lds itdpds d`tirferis, y il mehbri md dljd`zdoe u` dlte ardoe oi jfvflfzdjfú`. Rispijte dl oisdrrelle jfi`tè󿬄je, Jehti d󿬄rhd; W…X il ispèrftu muhd`e, rije`ejfi`oe ld fhpesfbflfodo oi lliadr d `ejfe`is dbselutds, ri`u`jfd d busjdr il erfai` y oistf`e oil u`fvirse y d je`ejir lds jdusds è`tfhds è`tf hds oi les ci`úhi`es, pdrd vir û`fjdhi`ti, W…X hiofd`ti il ihplie bfi` jehbf`doe oil rdze`dhfi`te y ld ebsirvdjfú`, sus liyis dcijtfvds, is oijfr, sus rildjfe`is f`vdrfdblis oi sujisfú` y oi sfhflftuo.2? 

Zusti`td su tierèd oil oisdrrelle cèsfje y hi`tdl, drauhi`td`oe qui æsti tfi`i f`cd`jfd, kuvi`tuo y hdouriz, qui riprisi`td` les tris istdoes. Cf`dlhi`ti, il cu`odoer oi ld sejfeleaèd epf`d qui ld jfi`jfd puioi riselvir y ricerhdr d ld sejfiodo. ^drd il 󿬄lúsece Crd`jfsje Ldrreye; W…X mdy tris je`std`tis, qui li suhf`fstrd` isi jdräjtir oi sfstihdtfjfodo prepfjfe  pdrd cerhdr isjuild 󿬄lesú󿬄jd; d) u` foidl oi ricerhd oi ld sejfiodo, b) ricerhd, per jfirte, qui md oi bdsdrsi i` ld jfi`jfd pesftfvd, y j) oi`tre oil pestuldoe oi`tre oi ld u`fodo d`trepelúafjd y sejfdl, ille is, oi ld u`fodo oil aæ`ire muhd`e (ld muhd`fodo), ld foid oi prearise i` ld mfsterfd.29

_ielúafjd e 󿬄jtfjfd

Oehf`d` lds foids sebri`dturdlis. Mdy u` ardoe hè`fhe oi dvd`ji f`tilijtudl.

Hitdcèsfje e dbstrdjte

Liy oi les tris istdoes e itdpds

^irfeoe oi trd`sfjfú` i`tri il istdoe tielúafje y il pesftfvfstd. Lds foids y epf`fe`is aebfir`d` dl hu`oe, se` foids y dbstrdjjfe`is suiltds.

Jfi`tè󿬄je e pesftfve

Ld ebsirvdjfú` y il rdze`dhfi`te jfi`tè󿬄je oehf`d` mdstd oisjubrfr liyis sejfdlis. Ld jfi`jfd puioi puioi ricerhdr ld sejfiodo.

  Èoih, p. :9. 29  Crd`jfsje Ldrreye. Istuofe f`treoujterfe d ld 󿬄lesecèd pesftfvd, p. ]]]F. 2?

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Ld sejfeleaèd Is fhpertd`ti oistdjdr qui pdrd oi󿬄`fr u` heoile pelètfje pesftfvfstd, cui f`ofspi`sdbli rierad`fzdr lds cerhds oi ixplfjdr les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis y kustf󿬄jdr lds pesfbflfodois oi je`treldr sus jdhbfes, jehe yd si mdbèd mijme je` ld `dturdlizd d trdvæs oi lds jfi`jfds oi istd ärid. Cf`dlhi`ti, jehe yd le mihes siôdldoe, Jehti is ri󿬂ike oil eptfhfshe per ld jfi`jfd oi su tfihpe. Ld prepuistd je`jritd oi Jehti cui f`tiardr u`d “cèsfjd sejfdl‘, qui si oi󿬄`i i` les tærhf`es sfaufi`tis; Ld cèsfjd sejfdl is il istuofe pesftfve pesftf ve oil je`ku`te oi lds liyis cu`odhi`tdlis prepfds oi les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis W…X Ld pesfbflfodo oi ildberdr ld jfi`jfd sejfdl d ld hd`ird oi lds jfi`jfds pesftfvds yd istdblijfods jehe tdhbfæ` t dhbfæ` siôdldr il virodoire jdräjtir  󿬄lesú󿬄je oi illd.23

Cfaurd :.2=

V dariad jehe sus ebkitfves les sfaufi`tis; W…X dovirtfr je` `ftfoiz il sfstihd oi epirdjfe`is sujisfvds, 󿬄lesú󿬄jds y präjtfjds qui md` oi lfbirdr d ld sejfiodo oi su cdtdl ti`oi`jfd d ld ofselujfú` f`hf`i`ti y je`oujfrld oi heoe ofrijte d u`d `uivd erad`fzdjfú` häs prearisfvd y súlfod qui ld dsi`tdod sebri ld 󿬄lesecèd tielúafjd. 21

Ld fhpertd`jfd oi Jehti `e si ristrf`ai dl mijme oi mdbir cu`odoe ld sejfeleaèd, sf`e qui li f`jerperd jfirtes rdsaes ofstf`tfves i` lds pirspijtfvds sejfelúafjds je`tihperä`ids, les judlis si susti`td` i` il jdräjtir jfi`tè󿬄je oi judlqufir d`älfsfs sejfdl. Ld miri`jfd jehtfd`d d ld sejfeleaèd si ji`trd, siaû` Crd`je Cirrdrettf, i` tris dspijtes; per u`d pdrti, i` u`d cuirti trdofjfú` ihpèrfjd, i` ld qui jdsf si oisje`eji ld subkitfvfodo.

Crd`je Cirrdrettf, sejfúleae ftdlfd`e.

I` siau`oe luadr, ld sejfeleaèd tfi`oi d alebdlfzdrsi, is oijfr, d busjdr les cdjteris oi jef`jfoi`jfd i` u` oitirhf`doe sfstihd. Le f`ofvfoudl `e cerhd pdrti oi le jehplike sejfdl, sf`e lds cuirzds ai`irdlis qui mdji` oi lds sejfiodois jehplikes dhplfes y ai`irdlis. I` tirjir luadr y per ûltfhe, u` dpdrtdoe je`jiptudl y tiúrfje qui fhplfjd, doihäs, ld fhpesfbflfodo oi ixplfjdr ld ridlfodo sejfdl oisoi ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi dlaû` ilihi`te i` pdrtfjuldr, y ld `ijisfodo oi jehpri`oir lds sejfiodois jehe ai`irdlfodois riafods per liyis oi isi hfshe tfpe. Iste si rildjfe`d oi hd`ird istrijmd je` il ispèrftu æpejd, `dturdlis i` il judlmdsi busjú dplfjdr i` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, les hæteoes qui i` oi lds ld jfi`jfds bèd` ti`foe æxfte. @e ebstd`ti, i` lds prfhirds tdhbfæ` f`tirvfi`i`, oi u`d hd`ird oitirhf`d`ti, il hæteoe mfstúrfje;

Cfaurd :.26

W…X i` il qui risfoi isi`jfdlhi`ti, per ld `dturdlizd oi tdl jfi`jfd, ld û`fjd bdsi  cu`odhi`tdl i` qui ridlhi`ti puioi oisjd`sdr il sfstihd oi ld lúafjd pesftfvfstd.2=

Is oijfr, oijfr, i` prfhird f`std`jfd, Jehti hdrjd il prioehf`fe oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis, per su æxfte d le ldrae oi vdrfes sfales y, i` siau`od, je`sfoird ld pesfbflfodo oi jfirtd f`oipi`oi`jfd, per pdrti oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, yd qui ld jrètfjd häs fhpertd`ti je`trd il pesftfvfshe cui il mijme oi qui je`sfoirdbd d lds sejfiodois jehe erad`fshes vfves e sfstihds, per le qui ird cdjtfbli istuofdrles oisoi cuird. I` etres tærhf`es, pdrd il pesftfvfshe jdbi ld pesfbflfodo oi qui il sejfúleae si hd`ti`ad dl hdrai` oi ld ridlfodo, qui `e istæ f`velujrdoe i` ld of`ähfjd sejfdl. Oi le d`tirfer si oispri`oi u` preblihd qui pdrd Kürai` Mdbirhds je`stftuyi u`d oi lds bdsis cu`odhi`tdlis oi ld jrètfjd dl pesftfvfshe y qui pu`tudlfzd dsè;   Fbèoih, p. 9?. 21  Èoih. 2=  Èoih. 23

Kürai` Mdbirhds, ffllúsece y sejfúleae dlihä`.

®

?4

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd

 

ZEJFELEAÈD ^riti`oe kustf󿬄jdr je`trd il pesftfvfshe il pu`te oi vfstd oi qui il prejise oi f`vistfadjfú` erad`fzdoe per les sukites pirti`iji, d trdvæs oi les djtes oi je`ejfhfi`te, dl je`tixte ebkitfve hfshe qui si trdtd oi je`ejir je`ejir..26

Il prearise Ld juistfú` oil prearise cui cu`odhi`tdl i` il pi`sdhfi`te oi Jehti, yd qui ld ûltfhd itdpd oi ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo istdbd cu`odod i` il prearise hdtirfdl oi lds sejfiodois7 i`te`jis, lds trd`scerhdjfe`is oibèd` odrsi i` teoes les `fvilis, oisoi il ije`úhfje mdstd il julturdl. Y` ikihple jldre cui ld jridjfú` oil jdli`odrfe pesftfvfstd. Ildberdr u` jdli`odrfe pesftfvfstd sfa`f󿬄jdbd prepe`ir u`d trd`scerhdjfú` julturdl i` ld Iurepd oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, les hisis si lldhdrèd`; Drfstútilis, Oisjdrtis, Zmdgispidri, Auti`bira, Auti`bira, itj., jehe huistrd oi ld ci pesftfvfstd i` ld jfi`jfd, il prearise y il bfi`istdr hdtirfdl.

Cfaurd :.:>

^drd Jehti, sus je`tihperä`ies vfvèd` i` u` oiseroi` herdl i f`tilijtudl, oibfoe d lds jrfsfs sejfdlis. ^er ille pirjfbèd` d su prisi`ti jehe u`d ispijfi oi oisjehpi`sdjfú` y lujmd i`tri ld subkitfvfodo y ld rdzú`. Zu selujfú` ird ristdblijir il eroi` bdke u`d `uivd 󿬄lesecèd, d ld qui oi`ehf`ú pesftfvd. Jehti vfvfú oi f`qufituo hd`fcistdbd lds rivelujfe`is oi vdrfes pdèsis oilu`d vfikeæpejd je`tf`i`ti, le judlqui pdrdsihujmes `e cuii``iadtfve, sf`e cerhú pdrti oi les hevfhfi`tes sejfdlis y pelètfjes qui pirhftfire` ld lfbirdjfú` oi hujmes puibles7 pire pdrd etres cui u` istdoe oi d`drquèd qui oibèd erad`fzdrsi y riistrujturdrsi je` u` `uive ispèrftu.

Zi jrièd qui les `fvilis ilivdoes oi oisdrrelle trdirèd` bfi`istdr f`ofvfoudl y sejfdl.

@uistre 󿬄lúsece crd`jæs pi`sú qui il djilirdoe oisdrrelle hdtirfdl f`jrihi`tdrèd les `fvilis oi vfod f`ofvfoudl y sejfdl. Il mijme oi pi`sdr qui les doild`tes jfi`tè󿬄jes bi`i󿬄jfdrèd` dl mehbri i` su tetdlfodo, risultú td` frridl jehe istdr siaure oi qui ld ofstrfbujfú` oi les bfi`is jridoes sirèd iquftdtfvd. @e je`tú je` qui il jdpftdlfshe lliadrèd dl ixtrihe oi i`cri`tdrsi d sè hfshe per il he`epelfe oi les bfi`is hdtirfdlis. Dsè, su ci i` il prearise, su f`ti`te per je`strufr u`d jfi`jfd qui istuofdrd les dspijtes sejfdlis y su prepuistd oi rierad`fzdr lds sejfiodois, si dpeydre` i` su ihpiôe per ristdblijir il eroi`, sebri teoe perqui ld æpejd qui li tejú vfvfr cui huy jehplikd y vfeli`td. Iste ûltfhe cui ebsisfve pdrd Jehti, dl ardoe oi rijmdzdr judlqufir jdhbfe sejfdl. D 󿬄` oi dljd`zdr il prearise, prepuse hd`ti`ir u`d sejfiodo istätfjd i` il eroi` pelètfje y of`ähfjd i` il pirhd`i`ti oisdrrelle jfi`tè󿬄je y tij`elúafje. ^drd Jdrles Hdrx, il preblihd sejfdl si oirfvdbd oil dspijte ije`úhfje, i` ispijfdl oi ld prepfiodo oi les hiofes oi preoujjfú`7 sf` ihbdrae, pdrd Jehti ird isi`jfdl ld erad`fzdjfú` privfd oi lds foids7 pi`sdbd qui ld jrfsfs sejfdl ird bäsfjdhi`ti f`tilijtudl. ^er ille, je` il mijme oi rije`strufr ld ivelujfú` julturdl oi ld muhd`fodo, priti`oèd siôdldr qui il oisdrrelle oil pi`sdhfi`te peoèd lliadr d su julhf`djfú` je` il pesftfvfshe. Ld hdyer pdrti oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl md ti`foe jehe ebkitfve cu`odhi`tdl ld cilfjfodo oil mehbri, le judl md fhplfjdoe qui ixfstd u`d hultfplfjfodo oi prepuistds. ^drtfjuldrhi`ti i` Jehti, i`je`trdhes u`d foid oi bfi`istdr y cilfjfodo dsejfdoes dl prearise qui puofird preperjfe`dr il use oi ld rdzú`7 pdrd æl, isti ûltfhe ilihi`te per sè hfshe adrd`tfzdrèd y mdrèd pesfbli u`d sejfiodo kustd i faudlftdrfd. Il prearise y ld ivelujfú` oi ld muhd`fodo si i`jui`trd` i` ld ûltfhd itdpd oi ld mfsterfd.   Kürai` Mdbirhds. Ld lúafjd oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis , p. 39.

26

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Gdrl Hdrx (4=4=-4==:)

Cfaurd :.:4

Hdrx y su tfihpe I` 4=?=, u` ixflfdoe dlihä` oi :> dôes oi iodo, lldhdoe Gdrl Hdrx, Hdr x, isjrfbèd je` il 󿬄lúsece Crfiorfjm I`ails, d pitfjfú` oi ld Lfad F`tir`djfe`dl Jehu`fstd, il Hd`f󿬄iste oil ^drtfoe Jehu`fstd, publfjdoe d prf`jfpfes oi isi dôe, y qui jdhbfdrèd ld mfsterfd oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl. Ld ûltfhd crdsi oi isi oejuhi`te risuhi i` ard` pdrti ld prepuistd hdrxfstd; “¡^relitdrfes oil hu`oe, u`èes!‘ Ld hdyer dpertdjfú` oi Hdrx, qui i` teoe hehi`te tuve d su ldoe d I`ails, istä i` il tirri`e oi ld hflftd`jfd pelètfjd, pire les tixtes 󿬄lesú󿬄jes y ije`úhfjes sfrvfire` pdrd je`strufr u` heoile oi f`tirpritdjfú` oi ld ridlfodo sejfdl, yd qui oisoi ld pirspijtfvd oil mfsterfdoer f`alæs ^irry D`oirse`, ld f`tiardjfú` oi les pdr pdr-tfoes ebrires i` Iurepd cui vfsfbli mdjfd 󿬄`dlis oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽7 󰁽 󰁦󰁽7 per ille; W…X ld rildjfú` i`tri ld tierèd oi Hdrx y ld präjtfjd prelitdrfd cui sfihpri oisfaudl  y hiofdtd; rdrdhi`ti rdrdhi`ti mube u`d jef`jfoi`jfd ofrijtd i`tri dhbds; ld drtfjuldjfú` oi ld jehplikfodo ebkitfvd i`tri “jldsi‘ y “jfi`jfd‘ i` isti pirfeoe (dû` präjtfjdhi`ti sf` istuofdr) si ri󿬂ikú, d su viz, i` ld `dturdlizd y oistf`e oi les hfshes isjrftes oi Hdrx. I` icijte, les lèhftis oil hevfhfi`te ebrire oi ld æpejd pusfire` jfirtds lfhftdjfe`is d ld ebrd oi Hdrx y I`ails.:> Hdrx `djfú i` _rævirfs, ^rusfd, oisji`ofi`ti oi u`d cdhflfd kuoèd7 su ioujdjfú` i` ld Y`fvirsfodo oi Birlè` cui lfbirdl. Je`tf`uú sus istuofes oi oirijme i` ld Y`fvirsfodo oi Be``, oe`oi si ardouú. I` istd æpejd, si f`tirisú i` les dspijtes sejfdlis f`󿬂ufoe per lds foids miailfd`ds, y isjrfbfú i` il pirfúofje lfbirdl Ld adjitd ri`d`d, ld judl ofrfafú pestirferhi`ti. I` istd adjitd riodjtd sus prfhires dtdquis dl ræafhi`, le qui prevejú qui ld publfjdjfú` si jldusurdrd per úroi`is oil gäfsir. Il oisdrrelle oi lds foids oi Hdrx istuve i`hdrjdoe per oes hehi`tes mfstúrfjes; ld Rivelujfú` Crd`jisd, qui oici`oèd les vdleris oi ld faudlodo, lfbirtdo y crdtir`fodo7 dsè jehe ld rivelujfú` F`oustrfdl, qui je`selfoú il jdpftdlfshe, pire tdhbfæ` cui ld bdsi pdrd u`d `uivd prepuistd; il sejfdlfshe. Dsè, i`te`jis, il il pi`sdhfi`te oi Hdrx cui f`󿬂ufoe per il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 qui oitirhf`ú il cuture oi ld muhd`fodo, yd qui il jdpftdlfshe learú su je`selfodjfú` d jestd oil trdbdke ixtrihese oi les ebrires, il trä󿬄je oi isjldves mdjfd Iurepd y Istdoes Y`foes, ld ixpletdjfú` oi les rijurses oi Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, il Hiofe y likd`e Erfi`ti, dsè jehe lds auirrds prevejdods per ld lujmd oi les hirjdoes i` il hu`oe. Dsfhfshe, per f`󿬂ui`jfd oi ld Flustrdjfú` y oi teoe il hevfhfi`te rivelujfe`drfe, il pi`sdhfi`te lfbirdl, i` hujmds ejdsfe`is, si erfi`tú mdjfd pesturds hujme häs rdofjdlis y qui priti`oèd` tirhf`dr je` ld ixpletdjfú` oi qui ird` ebkite les ebrires oi lds prf`jfpdlis jfuodois iurepids. Hdrx y I`ails ritehd` lds bd`oirds oi le qui illes lldhdre` il sejfdlfshe utúpfje, y su foid cui je`strufr u`d je`jipjfú` sebri ld ridlfodo oil sfstihd jdpftdlfstd, yd qui pdrd I`ails; “Ld rifvf`ofjdjfú` oi ld faudlodo `e si lfhftd d les oirijmes pelètfjes, sf`e qui si ixti`oèd d lds je`ofjfe`is sejfdlis sejfdli s oi vfod oi jdod jfuodod`e, yd `e si trdtdbd oi dbelfr td` súle les prfvfliafes oi jldsi, sf`e oi oistrufr lds prepfds ofciri`jfds ofciri`jf ds oi jldsi‘.:4 ^er teoe ille, oisoi ld pirspijtfvd oi I`ails, per supuiste tdhbfæ` oi Hdrx, Hdrx , il hdtirfdlfshe mfstúrfje `es pirhftfrèd je`strufr u`d tierèd ai`irdl oi lds sejfiodois, yd qui; W…X les `uives mijmes eblfadre` d rivfsdr teod ld mfsterfd d`tirfer. I`te`jis si vfe qui, je` ixjipjfú` oil istdoe prfhftfve, teod ld mfsterfd d`tirfer mdbèd sfoe ld mfsterfd oi lds lujmds oi jldsis, y qui istds jldsis sejfdlis, pua`d`tis i`tri sè, ird` i` teods lds æpejds crute oi oi lds rildjfe`is oi preoujjfú` y oi jdhbfe, is oijfr, oi lds rildjfe`is ije`úhfjds oi su æpejd.:2

Gdrl Hdrx, cui u` ffllúsece, f`tilijtudl hflftd`ti oil jehu`fshe dlihä`.

Cfaurd :.:2

Il jdpftdlfshe learú su je`selfodjfú` d jestd oil trdbdke ixtrihe oi les ebrires.

  ^irry D`oirse`. D`oirse`. Je`sfoirdjfe` Je`sfoirdjfe`is is sebri il hdrxfshe ejjfoi`tdl, p. 4>.   Crfiorfjm I`ails. Oil sejfdlfshe utúpfje dl sejfdlfshe jfi`tè󿬄je, p. ?>. :2  Fbèoih, p. 34. :> :4

®

?:

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd

   

ZEJFELEAÈD @e jdbi ouod qui il sfale oi Hdrx si jdrdjtirfzú per ixpirfhi`tdr jdhbfes virtfaf`eses, y qui cui ofcèjfl pdrd il pi`sdhfi`te pelètfje oi ld æpejd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi dbstrdirsi oi ld ridlfodo y je`tihpldrld dl hdrai`7 iste, jriihes, cui häs jehplfjdoe prijfsdhi`ti i` isi sfale. ^er ille, risultd sustd`jfdl qui peodhes dbu`odr sebri les ofciri`tis ilihi`tes qui f`󿬂uyire` pdrd qui lds sejfiodois oil hu`oe prisi`jfdrd` jdhbfes td` fhpertd`tis. Du` je` lds dspfrdjfe`is oi ebkitfvfodo y jfi`tf󿬄jfodo pdrd dberodr ld ridlfodo, `e cui pesfbli oisdrrelldr ld f`tirpritdjfú` oi ld ridlfodo hfshd.

Lds itdpds oi ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo Hdrx `e isjrfbfú sebri sejfeleaèd jehe si suili mdjir mey7 sf` ihbdrae, sus isjrftes pelètfjes md` sfoe ld bdsi pdrd jridr u`d sejfeleaèd hdrxfstd, d pdrtfr oi lds itdpds oi ld ivelujfú` hdtirfdl y ispfrftudl oi ld muhd`fodo. Æstds `ijisftdrèd` ixplfjdrsi ‟siaû` ld sejfeleaèd hdrxfstd‟ hiofd`ti vdrfds sejfeleaèds. Rispijte d ille, Rezmf` prepe`i, je` bdsi i` ld tierèd pelètfjd oi Hdrx, ld istrujturd sfaufi`ti;

Cfaurd :.::d

 d) d)  b) b)  j) j)  o) o)  i) i)     Cfaurd :.::b

Zejfeleaèd oil ræafhi` oi ld jehu`fodo prfhftfvd. Zejfeleaèd oi ld sejfiodo sejfiodo isjldvfstd. isjldvfstd. Zejfeleaèd oi ld sejfiodo ciuodl. Zejfeleaèd oi ld sejfiodo sejfiodo jdpftdlfstd. jdpftdlfstd. Zejfeleaèd oi ld sejfiodo jehu`fstd • ^rfhird cdsi (sejfiodo sejfdlfstd). • Ziau`od cdsi (sejfiodo jehu`fstd).

Is ofcèjfl odr u`d vdlerdjfú` präjtfjd oi isti isquihd, i` il qui si od per mijme il trä`sfte oi ld sejfiodo jdpftdlfstd d ld jehu`fstd, sebri teoe oibfoe d les ûltfhes dje`tijfhfi`tes hu`ofdlis, qui pdriji` je`trdoijfr ld tierèd hdrxfstd. Zf` ihbdrae, jriihes pirtf`i`ti risjdtdr il ilihi`te oi d`älfsfs sejfelúafje, le hfshe qui su prepuistd oi sipdrdr il foidlfshe y il `dturdlfshe oi ld sejfeleaèd, y ld dplfjdjfú`, i` æstd, oil hæteoe jfi`tè󿬄je. Il pi`sdhfi`te pelètfje je`jfbi ld pesfbflfodo oi qui ld muhd`fodo si ofrfkd mdjfd u`d f`ivftdbli sejfiodo faudlftdrfd. I` il hdrxfshe, hdrx fshe, si je`sfoirdbd` oes ilihi`tes qui pirhfti` ixplfjdr lds trd`scerhdjfe`is i` ld mfsterfd; les heoes oi preoujjfú` y ld ixfsti`jfd oi ofciri`jfdjfe`is sejfdlis. sejfdlis.

d) Zejfeleaèd oi ld sejfiodo isjldvfstd. b) Zejfeleaèd oi ld sejfiodo ciuodl.

D teod cerhd oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl li jerrispe`oi u`d cerhd oi preoujfr, y ille ri󿬂ikdrä les hijd`fshes per les qui ld sejfiodo ofstrfbuyd su rfquizd. ^drd Hdrx y les hdrxfstds, teoes les heoes oi preoujjfú` ixfsti`tis md` pirhftfoe lds ofciri`jfds oi jldsis, per le qui oi hd`ird f`ivftdbli ld lujmd i`tri lds jldsis fhpulsd lds trd`scerhdjfe`is y il pdse oi u` heoe oi preoujjfú` d etre. Hujmds oi lds jrètfjds mdjfd il hdrxfshe je`ji`trdrä` su dti`jfú` i` je`sfoirdr qui lds ofciri`jfds oi jldsis i` u`d sejfiodo `e `ijisdrfdhi`ti llivd` d jehpri`oir les preblihds i` su erad`fzdjfú` hdtirfdl y, jehe pu`tudlfzd ^firri Sflldr,, les oi ld preoujjfú` y ofstrfbujfú` oi les bfi`is hdtirfdlis. Sflldr Les sejfúleaes hdrxfstds jrftfjd` äspirdhi`ti ld sejfeleaèd ihpèrfjd e, jehe illes ld oi`ehf`d`, “burauisd‘ perqui; W…X ri`u`jfd per jehplite d ld foid oi ld riauldrfodo oi ld f`ivftdbflfodo oil prejise mfstúrfje W…X drrekd per ld berod teods lds ti`tdtfvds oi odr d ld sejfeleaèd bdsi ::

jfi`tè󿬄jd.   ^dvlevfjm, Rezmf` S. F`treoujjfú` d ld sejfeleaèd hdrxfstd, p. 36.

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

^drd ld hdyer pdrti oil pi`sdhfi`te hdrxfstd is f`ixerdbli il dovi`fhfi`te oi ld sejfiodo jehu`fstd, y su ixplfjdjfú` e f`tirpritdjfú` afrd dlrioioer oi isd ispijfi oi hitd 󿬄`dl, y judlqufir etrd cerhd oi ixplfjdr ld ridlfodo sejfdl `e is jfi`tè󿬄jd e jdriji oi jriofbflfodo, yd qui lds sejfiodois i` qui vfvfhes si rfai` per ld ixfsti`jfd oi pebris y rfjes, per lds je`ofjfe`is sejfeije`úhfjds oi les f`ofvfoues. ^drd les hdrxfstds, ld sejfeleaèd `e súle oibi ixplfjdr y oisjrfbfr ci`úhi`es oi u` oitirhf`doe sijter, sf`e je`sfoird` f`ofspi`sdbli je`trfbufr oi hd`ird präjtfjd d jdhbfdr ld istrujturd jdpftdlfstd per ld jehu`fstd. Dsfhfshe, ld sejfeleaèd hdrxfstd pld`tid qui is f`ivftdbli trd`scerhdr il heoe oi preoujjfú` jdpftdlfstd i` il jehu`fstd, per le qui il hdrxfshe si i`cri`td d u` preblihd ofcèjfl dl je`sfoirdr qui lds sejfiodois si rfai` per liyis qui frrihiofdblihi`ti si juhplfrä`, `e fhpertd`oe ld cerhd i` qui les f`ofvfoues trdti` oi f`󿬂ufr7 pdrd illes, ld muhd`fodo istä i`jdhf`dod d u`d sejfiodo sf` jldsis, sf` lujmd oi jldsis.

Cfaurd :.:?

Ld lujmd oi jldsis ^drd les sejfúleaes hdrxfstds, ld hdyer dpertdjfú` oil foiúleae dlihä` is su tierèd oi ld lujmd oi jldsis, perqui æstd is il heter oil jdhbfe sejfdl. Ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo sfihpri si md oitirhf`doe per ld ribilfú` oi ixpletdoes je`trd sus ixpletdoeris, dspijte qui je`ejfire` ije`ehfstds jehe Dodh Zhftm y Odvfo Rfjdroe, pire qui `e ixplfjdre`. ^estirferhi`ti, Hdrx siôdlú; W…X 4) Tui ldoi ixfsti`jfd oi lds 2) jldsis vd u`fod d oitirhf`dods crdsis mfstúrfjds oi oisdrrelle ld preoujjfú`7 Tui súle ld lujmd oi jldsis je`ouji `ijisdrfdhi`ti `ijis drfdhi`ti d ld ofjtdourd oil prelitdrfdoe; :) Tui istd ofjtdourd `e is oi per sè häs qui il trä`sfte mdjfd ld dbelfjfú` oi teods lds jldsis y mdjfd u`d `uivd sejfiodo. :?

^er td`te, ld sejfeleaèd hdrxfstd ixplfjd lds jldsis y ld lujmd oi jldsis d pdrtfr oi lds rildjfe`is oi preoujjfú` d le ldrae oi ld mfsterfd ije`úhfjd, pelètfjd i foielúafjd. Il cdjter häs fhpertd`ti is il pelètfje, puis fhplfjd ld lujmd per il peoir, i` il jdse oi ld jldsi ebrird, per lliadr d ld ofjtdourd oil prelitdrfdoe. ^ire ixfsti` pirspijtfvds, jehe ld oi Kesipm D. Zmuhpitir, Zmuhpitir, qui siôdld qui “u`d jldsi is u`d jridjfú` oil f`vistfadoer f`vistfadoer,, y oibi su ixfsti`jfd d u` si`tfoe erad`fzdoer oi æsti‘.:9 ^er le qui ixprisd qui risultd f`ofspi`sdbli ofstf`aufr i`tri les qui se` les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis ridlis oi les oi ld je`strujjfú` jfi`tè󿬄jd. Je` ille is fhpertd`ti qui ti`adhes hujme jufodoe, sebri teoe je` ti`oi`jfds rdofjdlis oi`tre oil hdrxfshe, dl hehi`te oi odr jehe u` mijme qui lds jldsis sejfdlis y ld lujmd oi jldsis se` ld ridlfodo, y `e je`strujjfe`is tiúrfjds qui `es pirhfti` cdjflftdr ld ixplfjdjfú` oi isd ridlfodo. Dsfhfshe, oisoi ld vfsfú` oi Zjmuhpitir, Zjmuhpitir, tdhbfæ` jriihes sustd`jfdl je`sfoirdr qui ld pirti`i`jfd d u`d jldsi sejfdl `e is u`d juistfú` f`ofvfoudl y qui si oæ per velu`tdo prepfd, sf`e jerrispe`oi d u`d sftudjfú` oi jldsis7 per ille, pdrd isti hfshe duter, is `ijisdrfe jehpri`oir le sfaufi`ti; Y`d jldsi is dlae häs qui u`d hird dalehirdjfú` oi hfihbres oi u`d jldsi. Is dlae per sè hfshd, y iste `e puioi sir rije`ejfoe per il jehpertdhfi`te oi u`e oi sus hfihbres. Y`d jldsi tfi`i jef`jfoi`jfd oi su s u foi`tfodo jehe u` teoe, si sublfhd jehe u` teoe, tfi`i su vfod pdrtfjuldr, “ispèrftu‘ W…X les hfihbres si jehpertd` i`tri sè oi hd`ird jdrdjtirèstfjdhi`ti ofciri`ti oi su je`oujtd je` rispijte d les hfihbres oi etrds jldsis. Istä` i` istrijmd ist rijmd dsejfdjfú`, si jehpri`oi` hiker7 trdbd kd` häs cäjflhi`ti i` jeldberdjfú`7 jeldberdjfú`7 jfirrd` jfirrd` 󿬄lds y irfai` bdrrirds bdrrirds je`trd je`trd les dtdquis :3 ixtirferis d su hiofe W…X  

Dodh Zhftm, ije`ehfstd y ffllúsece oi erfai` isjejæs, doihäs oi sir u`e oi les hdyeris ixpe`i`tis oi ld ije`ehèd jläsfjd.

Cfaurd :.:9

Kesipm Zjmuhpitir, ije`ehfstd dustre-istdoeu`foi`si, si oistdjú per sus f`vistfadjfe`is sebri il jfjle ije`úhfje.

D`ti isti pd`erdhd, jriihes cu`odhi`tdl, dl faudl qui Zjmuhpitir, je`sfoirdr ld pesfbflfodo oi i`je`trdr`es, dl hehi`te oi ridlfzdr u` d`älfsfs sebri lds   Gdrl Hdrx y Crfiorfjm I`ails. I`ails. Ebrds isjeafods, p. ?2?.   Kesipm D. Zjmuhpiti Zjmuhpitir. r. Fhpirfdlfshe Fhpirfdlfshe,, jldsis sejfdlis, p. 4>6. :3  Fbèoih, p. 444. :? :9

?9

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

   

ZEJFELEAÈD jldsis sejfdlis, je` judtre preblihds bäsfjes; ld `dturdlizd oi lds jldsis7 ld cu`odjfú` oi ld jldsi i` il prejise vftdl oil je`ku`te sejfdl7 ld jemisfú` oi jldsi y ld cerhdjfú` oi lds jldsis. Dsè, `e is pesfbli jehpri`oir d lds jldsis sejfdlis d pdrtfr ixjlusfvdhi`ti oil dpdrdte preoujtfve, preoujtfve, sf`e je`tihpldr ld pesfbflfodo y ld ixfsti`jfd oi u`d ofvirsfodo fhpertd`ti oi dspijtes, yd qui peorèdhes tehdr per ikihple les hiteoelúafjes, i`tri hujmes etres.

Ihflfe Ourgmifh (4=9=-4641) Cfaurd :.:3

Il cu`jfe`dlfshe. Istd tierèd si cu`oú per u`d pdrti, pdrd rijupirdr lds foids oi les

jläsfjes e f`fjfdoeris oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje, oibfoe d ld teodvèd fhpertd`ti f`󿬂ui`jfd rdjfe`dlfstd y prearisfstd7 y per etrd, d 󿬄` oi supirdr ld sfhpli oisjrfpjfú` oi u`d istrujturd, hiofd`ti ld ixplfjdjfú` oi ld cu`jfú` oi u` ci`úhi`e i` u`d sejfiodo oitirhf`dod. Mdjfd ld siau`od hftdo oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, il oehf`fe oil pi`sdhfi`te hdtirfdlfstd y teoe le qui riprisi`tdbd, rdjfe`dlfshe y ci i` il prearise, sebri il foidlfstd, si hd`fcistú i` hujmds iscirds oi lds ofsjfplf`ds sejfdlis, f`jlufod ld sejfeleaèd, f`jluse prioehf`ú i f`󿬂uyú oi hd`ird fhpertd`ti i` ld hdyerèd oi les pdèsis iurepies.

Ihflfe Ourgmifh, sejfúleae crd`jæs, istdblijfú il prfhir oipdrtdhi`te oi sejfeleaèd i` ld Y`fvirsfodo oi Beroidux. Is je`sfoirdoe u`e oi les pdoris cu`odoeris oi ofjmd jfi`jfd.

^er je`sfaufi`ti, rijupirdr il ispèrftu oi les prfhires pesftfvfstds ird isi`jfdl. I` isi hehi`te, il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje si mdbèd oisdrrelldoe oi tdl heoe qui riarisdr d Jehti e d Zpi`jir sfa`f󿬄jdbd ixplfjdr les dspijtes oi ld jehu`fodo muhd`d oisoi ld pirspijtfvd hdtirfdlfstd y dû` je` u`d f`󿬂ui`jfd oitirhf`d`ti oi les hæteoes oi f`vistfadjfú` oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y ixdjtds. I` isi je`tixte si istdblijfú il cu`jfe`dlfshe, qui je`tf`uú dberod`oe les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis, pire yd sf` oisjrfbfr u`d istrujturd, sf`e ixplfjd`oe y ri󿬂ixfe`d`oe sebri su cu`jfú`. Doihäs oi oistdjdr, oistdjdr, i` les d`älfsfs, ld cu`jfú` oi les tihds e preblihds sejfdlis, supird ld ixjlusfvd oisjrfpjfú` je` u` peje oi ri󿬂ixfú` sebri il pdpil oi les ofvirses dspijtes sejfdlis. Dsè i`te`jis, oisoi il pu`te oi vfstd oi Jdrle Oe`ele, Ourgmifh trdzd oes dspijtes sustd`jfdlis pdrd il pestirfer oisdrrelle oil cu`jfe`dlfshe; preouke ld supirdjfú` oil utflftdrfshe f`ofvfoudlfstd y ld dji`tudjfú` oi ld cu`jfú` f`tiardoerd oi julturd i f`stftujfe`is. Tufi`is tdhbfæ` dpertd` juistfe`is pdrd il oisdrrelle oil cu`jfe`dlfshe se` Hdx Qibir y, pestirferhi`ti, Sflcrioe ^drite. Ld æpejd oi Ihflfe Ourgmifh.  Jehe yd d󿬄rhdhes, si je`sfoird

Cfaurd :.:1

qui i` il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 `djfire` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, pire tdhbfæ` si oispldzú il foidlfshe y si ofe hdyer fhpertd`jfd dl hdtirfdlfshe. ^drd ld sejfeleaèd, ises dôes sfa`f󿬄jdre` ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oil hæteoe d`dlètfje oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis, il judl si prejurú qui, dl pe`irle i` präjtfjd, llivdsi sfstihätfjdhi`ti d lds cerhds oi je`trel sejfdl. I` sè`tisfs, peoihes dsiaurdr qui il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 cui istfhuld`ti pdrd istuofdr lds sejfiodois, je` ebkite oi je`treldrlds e jdhbfdr jdhbfdr-lds oibfoe d lds hûltfplis rivelujfe`is y auirrds. ^er ikihple, ld pebldjfú` y ld hd`e oi ebrd duhi`tdre` per ofvirsds rdze`is, ille prepfjfú qui les ebrires si erad`fzdrd`, le judl si hd`fcistú i` ld djiptdjfú` oi lds foids sf`ofjdlfstds, sejfdlfstds y d`drqufstds. Dsfhfshe, si ofire` lds je`ofjfe`is pdrd fhpulsdr il cihf`fshe.

Il sfale ]F] cui prepfjfe pdrd istuofdr lds sejfiodois je` il ffl` oi jdhbfdr lds rivelujfe`is y auirrds.

?3

Zi pi`sú qui sf lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y ixdjtds mdbèd` leardoe oehf`dr y trd`scerhdr ld `dturdlizd i` bi`i󿬄jfe oil mehbri, si peorèd mdjir le hfshe je` les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis. ^ire si mfze jdse ehfse oi ld pdrtfjfpdjfú` oil istuofese sejfdl, i` ld hfshd jehu`fodo sebri ld qui ri󿬂ixfe`dbd.

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

^er etrd pdrti, ld vfod oi Ourgmifh si oilfhftú per ld sftudjfú` oi su pdès, Crd`jfd, y per il pi`sdhfi`te oi Jehti. Sfe Sfe jud`oe si istdblijfú ld _irjird Ripûblfjd, ld f`jursfú` oi Crd`jfd i` Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, ld Auirrd Jfvfl dlihd`d, ld Auirrd Crd`je^rusfd`d y ld oirretd oi Crd`jfd i` ofjme je`󿬂fjte. F`jluse, jftdrihes jftdrihes u`d oisjrfpjfú` oi u` bfúardce oi Ourgmifh dl d l ricirfr hf`ujfesdhi`ti ld ridlfodo crd`jisd oispuæs oi ld jdèod oi @dpeliú` FFF y ld lliadod oi ld FFF Ripûblfjd; “I` les prfhires oèds oi ld _irjird _irjird Ripûblfjd, Crd`jfd si i`je`trdbd precu`odhi`ti ofvfofod i` ter`e d lds juistfe`is riciri`tis d lds rildjfe`is i`tri Istdoe i Falisfd, dl ldfjfshe, dl jlire, d ld ioujdjfú` ldfjd, dsè jehe d le qui dcijtdbd d ld cerhd ripublfjd`d oi aebfir`e. Zf ird` huy `uhireses les pdrtfodrfes oi lds jdusds ripublfjd`d  y ldfjd y qui d󿬄rhdbd` su ci i` ld jfi`jfd pesftfvd, `e cdltdbd` qufi`is rid󿬄rhdbd` su ci y sesti`èd` ld jdusd oi ld Falisfd. Oi istd suirti, sf bfi` dlau`es f`tilijtudlis je`sfoirdre` ld jdèod oil Fhpirfe jehe u`d lfbirdjfú`, etres je`tihpldbd` les dje`tijfhfi`tes oil dôe 1> dl 14 jehe u`d jfrju`std`jfd qui ixfaèd ld riftirdjfú` oi su ci i` Ofes y i` ld Falisfd. V `e cdltú u` tirjir arupe qui, sf si erfi`tdbd mdjfd ld rilfafú`, doeptdbd dl hfshe tfihpe mdjfd ld Falisfd y il jlire u`d djtftuo jrètfjd‘. :1

Cfaurd :.:=

@dpeliú` FFF, ûltfhe he`drjd qui rif`ú sebri Crd`jfd i` il dôe oi 4=92. 4=9 2.

Istd sftudjfú` i` pdrtfjuldr `e oikú oi dcijtdr ld pesturd oi Ourgmifh, yd qui oisji`oèd oi u`d cdhflfd oi rdbf`es y æl hfshe, i` u` hehi`te, `e oikú oi je`tihpldr ld pesfbflfodo oi siaufr il hfshe jdhf`e. Dsfhfshe, i` istd æpejd si je`selfod il jdpftdlfshe y si trd`scerhd il lfbri jdhbfe i` il djilirdoe jrijfhfi`te oi les jdpftdlis, le judl prevejú il he`epelfe ije`úhfje y il djdpdrdhfi`te oi sus bi`i󿬄jfes. Oi istd hd`ird si prisi`td il fhpirfdlfshe, ci`úhi`e ci`úhi`e prepfe oi les pdèsis iurepies oi 󿬄`dlis oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽. 󰁽 󰁦󰁽. @e jdbi ouod qui pdrd Crd`jfd, ld siau`od hftdo riprisi`tú u` ritrejise y ld pærofod oi jriofbflfodo, sebri teoe oi su foieleaèd oi ld oici`sd oi ld ldtf`fodo i` Dhærfjd, cri`ti dl dvd`ji oi les sdke`is y pretistd`tis, riprisi`tdoes per Istdoes Y`foes. Ld oirretd oi crd`jisis i` Hæxfje supuse il jrijfhfi`te, ixpd`sfú` y prioehf`fe oi @ertidhærfjd i` il je`tf`i`ti7 f`fjfä`oesi je` ille il prejise oi oijdoi`jfd pduldtf`e oil oehf`fe iurepie i` il hu`oe.

Je`jipte oi sejfeleaèd D`tis oi f`fjfdr isti dpdrtdoe, seldhi`ti siôdldrihes qui il oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd i` Crd`jfd cui td` trdsji`oi`ti jehe il oi ld ije`ehèd i` F`aldtirrd. Mdjfd ld siau`od pdrti oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, Austdve Li (4=?4-46:4)Illes, y Adbrfil _droi (4=?:-46>?) _droi f`ti`tdre` cusfe`dr il hdtirfdlfshe je`Be` il foidlfshe. i` tærhf`es ai`irdlis, pld`tidre` u`d ivelujfú` oi lds sejfiodois, pire `e i` il si`tfoe bfelúafje, sf`e oä`oelis u` jdräjtir oi fhftdjfú` oi les sfstihds d`tirferis, d `tirferis, juyds foids risjdtd`. Iste `e is dutehätfje, puis si dodptd d lds jfrju`std`jfds oi jdod æpejd y luadr. Ourgmifh, il häs kevi` oi les sejfúleaes oi isi tfihpe, rehpfú je` ld je`jipjfú` oi qui ld sejfiodo ird u` erad`fshe e u`d häquf`d. Dl i`ti`oirld hiofd`ti u`d of`ähfjd ofstf`td, pdrd ld judl se` oitirhf`d`tis lds hd`fcistdjfe`is oi arupes sejfdlis, `e `ijisdrfdhi`ti oi les f`ofvfoues susjiptfblis oi d`dlfzdrsi, per je`stftufr u`d sirfi oi jdrdjtirèstfjds qui prioehf`d` i` u`d jehu`fodo odod. ^er ikihple, dl trdtdr il ci`úhi`e oil sufjfofe, Ourgmifh le je`sfoird `erhdl y je` u`d cu`jfú` sejfdl ispijè󿬄jd, du` jud`oe pdrd ld hdyerèd risulti, psfjelúafjdhi`ti, u`d djtftuo `iadtfvd y d`erhdl. ^drd qui si leari i`ti`oir le d`tirfer, prepe`i, f`󿬂ufoe per il oisdrrelle oi ld jfi`jfd, u` hæteoe sfstihätfje oi d`älfsfs pdrd ivftdr lds `ejfe`is vuladris, qui `es llivd` d je`jlusfe`is iqufvejdods. D󿬄rhd qui ld djtftuo oil sejfúleae oibi sir sfhfldr d ld oil bfúleae, quèhfje e cèsfje7 pire qui is pirtf`i`ti jehpri`oir ld  Mdrry Dlpirt. Ourgmifh, pp. :?-:9.

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Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

   

ZEJFELEAÈD pdrtfjuldrfodo oi les mijmes sejfdlis y, häs dû`, ld of`ähfjd prepfd oi lds jehu`fodois. Dsè, il pdpil oi ld sejfeleaèd sirä istuofdr ld sejfiodo; “...jehe u` teoe, i` su cerhd y i` su hdtirfd, i` sè hfshe y per sè hfshe, ti`fi`oe prisi`ti le qui tfi`i oi pdrtfjuldr‘.:= F`jluse, pdrd mdjir mf`jdpfæ i` il ebkite oi istuofe oi `uistrd hdtirfd, les dljd`jis y lfhftdjfe`is, siôdld lds ofciri`jfds i`tri mijmes sejfdlis y psèqufjes, i`tri ld psfjeleaèd y ld sejfeleaèd. Lds hd`fcistdjfe`is sejfdlis se` ld bdsi oi ld tisfs oi Ourgmifh i`te`jis, oipi`ofi`oe oi júhe i`tfi`od il je`jipte oi “hd`fcistdjfú` sejfdl‘, æl oitirhf`drä su `ejfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd. ^er ikihple, i` teod sejfiodo ixfsti u` ard` `ûhire oi ci`úhi`es, oi les judlis si puioi` ofstf`aufr les qui jerrispe`oi` d lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y les qui jehpiti` d ld sejfeleaèd. Y` ci`úhi`e sejfdl is; “...teod hd`ird oi mdjir, mdjir, 󿬄kdod e `e, susjiptfbli oi ikirjir u`d jedjjfú` ixtirfer sebri il f`ofvfoue7 e bfi`, qui is ai`irdl i` ld ixti`sfú` oi u`d sejfiodo odod, je`sirvd`oe u`d ixfsti`jfd prepfd, f`oipi`ofi`ti oi sus hd`fcistdjfe`is f`ofvfoudlis‘.:6 I` Ourgmifh teodvèd mdy f`󿬂ui`jfd pesftfvfstd, dl f`ofjdr qui ld djtftuo oi u` sejfúleae oibi sir ld hfshd qui ld oi u` quèhfje e u` cèsfje. Zf` ihbdrae, is il prfhire qui si ofrfai d je`sfoirdr u` mijme sejfdl jehe u`d hd`fcistdjfú` ofstf`td oi etres cdjteris qui dcijtd` d u`d jehu`fodo7 pire juyd jehpiti`jfd is oi etrds ärids. Mdjfd ld oæjdod oi 4=6>, ld sejfeleaèd si pepuldrfzd y oitirhf`d judlqufir d`älfsfs oi jdräjtir sejfdl. I` isd æpejd, prijfsdhi`ti, si publfjd` ebrds oi Ourgmifh jehe Lds rialds oil hæteoe sejfelúafje (4=69) y Il sufjfofe (4=61). Les isjrftes sejfelúafjes si je`ejfire` je` crijui`jfd mdstd jdsf il f`fjfe oi ld ^rfhird Auirrd Hu`ofdl.

Cfaurd :.:6

@e jdbi ouod qui ld sejfeleaèd, i` su prfhir hehi`te, si dsejfú dl pi`sdhfi`te je`sirvdoer y pdrd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi isjldrijir ld pesturd oi Ourgmifh, is `ijisdrfe je`sfoirdr qui du`qui `e is pesfbli pe`ir i` jdke`is il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje, su f`jlf`djfú` istuve Ourd`ti ld ^rfhird Auirrd Hu`ofdl les isjrftes sejfelúafjes si je`ejfire` je` hdyer precu`ofodo. häs jirjd oil je`sirvdourfshe, pire, jehe dsivird` ofvirses duteris, cui oi jerti muhd`fstd y julturdl. F`jluse, sf `es djirjdhes u` peje d lds tihätfjds, virihes qui les ard`ois tihds oi ld sejfeleaèd oi dquilld æpejd cuire` les tihds rilfafeses, ld jehu`fodo, ld trdofjfú` y ld duterfodo, dsè jehe u`d priejupdjfú` fhpertd`ti per susti`tdr les istuofes i` bdsis jfi`tè󿬄jds y je` u` ebkitfve rdjfe`dlfstd. Cfaurd :.?> ^drd Ihflfe Ourgmifh, ld sejfeleaèd `e riqufiri djirjdrsi dl rdofjdlfshe oi les hflftd`tis sejfdlfstds, pire pire `e oikd oi ixprisdr d trdvæs oi su trdbdke qui lds sejfiodois oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 istä` sfi`oe sdjuofods per ti`oi`jfds jehe ld f`oustrfdlfzdjfú`, il rdofjdlfshe pelètfje y ld oihejrdjfd7 is `ijisdrfe oiti`irsi d ri󿬂ixfe`dr y i`je`trdr selujfú` d hujmes oi les preblihds sejfdlis.

Ld sejfeleaèd oi Hdx Qibir (4=3?-462>) Hdx Qibir, Qibir, mfke oi u` pelètfje je`tihperä`ie oi Bfshdrjg, `djfú i` Ircurt, Dlihd`fd, i` 4=3?. Sfvfú su f`cd`jfd i` u` dhbfi`ti oi pelètfjes. Istuofú i` vdrfds u`fvir u`fvir-sfodois, cu`odhi`tdlhi`ti i` ld oi Birlè`, oe`oi, siaû` Zdlvdoer Af`ir, si oiofjú d d`dlfzdr lds liyis y ld mfsterfd. Hdx Qibir, dlihä`, ffllúsece, ije`ehfstd y sejfúleae je`sfoirdoe u`e oi les cu`odoeris oil istuofe heoir`e, d`tfpesftfvfstd oi ld sejfeleaèd.

?=

Zu pdori ird, foielúafjdhi`ti, lfbirdl-je`sirvdoer y, jud`oe Hdx Qibir ird `fôe i` 4=3=, cui ofputdoe per il ^drtfoe Lfbirdl @djfe`dl. Zu hdori ird oi ti`  Ihflfe Ourgmifh. Lds rialds oil hæteoe sejfelúafje, p. 41.   Fbèoih, p. 26.

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

oi`jfd jdlvf`fstd y precu`odhi`ti purftd`d. Istes dspijtes f`󿬂uyire` i` Qibir ourd`ti su f`cd`jfd. I` 4==3 je`jluyú sus istuofes oi oirijme i` ld Y`fvirsfodo oi Birlè`7 luiae trdbdkú jehe dbeadoe y si oejterú i` 4==6. I` 4=6: si li oisfa`ú jehe preciser i` oirijme i` ld hfshd f`stftujfú`. Ourd`ti ld hfshd oæjdod oi 4=6>, fhpdrti jurses i` lds u`fvirsfodois oi Crfburae y Mifoilbira. Dl hfshe tfihpe, pdrtfjfpd i` pelètfjd domfrfæ`oesi dl dld häs prearisfstd oi les lfbirdl-je`sirvdoeris. Je` ld huirti oi su pdori pdoiji u`d cuirti oiprisfú` mdstd 46>9 jud`oe rid`uod sus trdbdkes djdoæhfjes y pelètfjes. Od je`ciri`jfds i` Istdoes Y`foes oi @ertidhærfjd y sdli d ld luz u`d oi sus ebrds häs fhpertd`tis; Ld ætfjd pretistd`ti y il ispèrftu oil jdpftdlfshe. I` 464> cu`od, ku`te je` Aiera Zfhhil y Cirof`d`o _ó``fis, ld Zejfiodo Dlihd`d oi Zejfeleaèd y erad`fzd su prfhir je`arise i` Crd`gcurt. Dl dôe sfaufi`ti jehfi`zd sus istuofes oi sejfeleaèd oi ld rilfafú`. Jud`oe si f`fjfd ld ^rfhird Auirrd Hu`ofdl, dbd`oe`d sus jätiords. Zu hdori huiri dprexfhdodhi`ti oes dôes d`tis d `tis qui æl y, i` isi tfihpe, pripdrd u`d `uivd iofjfú` oi Ld ætfjd pretistd`ti... y ioftd Il pelètfje y il jfi`tè󿬄je . Oispuæs oi su huirti si od` d je`ejir Ije`ehèd y sejfiodo (4624-4622) i Mfsterfd ije`úhfjd ai`irdl (462:). Is fhpertd`ti tehdr i` jui`td qui, dl hehi`te oi publfjdrsi les

Cfaurd :.?4

tixtes Qibir Qibir, , ixfstèd i` Dlihd`fd u`d jfrju`std`jfd f`tilijtudlhäs ofstf`td d oi ld oi Crd`jfd, oe`oi pdrtfjuldrhi`ti si mdbèd oisdrrelldoe ld sejfeleaèd. Je` ille `es ricirfhes d qui ixfstèd u`d ispijfi oi mfle je`oujter qui pirhftèd odrli siaufhfi`te tiúrfje dl pi`sdhfi`te sejfdl y oispuæs d ld cu`odjfú` oi ld ofsjfplf`d. I` il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje dlihä`, il foidlfshe si risfstèd d sir oispldzdoe per il rdjfe`dlfshe y il hdtirfdlfshe, jehe mdbèd sujiofoe i` il riste oil je`tf`i`ti iurepie. Foiúleaes jehe Qflmilh Ofltmiy, Ofltmiy, I`rfqui Rfjgirt y Qflmilh Qf`oilbd`o prepe`i` y oisdrrelld` ld foid oi je`sfoirdr lds jfi`jfds oil ispèrftu (oirijme, 󿬄lesecèd, mfsterfd, itj.) jehe ofsjfplf`ds f`oipi`ofi`tis, i` sus erèai`is y hiteoeleaèds, oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y ixdjtds. Il ebkite oi d`älfsfs qui dhbds dariad` `e is sfhfldr, yd qui il hfshe istuofese pirti`iji d u`d sejfiodo y u`d æpejd oitirhf`dod, le judl f`󿬂uyi i` sus pld`tidhfi`tes.

Ld sejfeleaèd ird je`sfoirdod u`d jfi`jfd oil ispèrftu, dsè jehe il oirijme y ld ffllesecèd, doihäs oi etrds ofsjfplf`ds f`oipi`ofi`t f`oipi`ofi`tis. is.

^er su pdrti, Hdx Qibir isjrfbi qui ld sejfeleaèd is; “u`d jfi`jfd qui priti`oi i`ti`oir, f`tirpritä`oeld, ld djjfú` sejfdl oi isdQibir hd`ird ixplfjdrld jdusdl?> I` hi`ti i` su oisdrrelle y icijtes‘. istd pdrd oi󿬄`fjfú`, siôdld d `uistrd ofsjfplf`d jehe jfi`jfd, ofciri`ti d ld je`jipjfú` pesftfvfstd, isti ûltfhe djirjdbd il je`jipte dl hæteoe y lds tæj`fjds oi f`vistfadjfú` oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis. ^drd isti tiúrfje, ld f`tirpritdjfú` is huy fhpertd`ti, puis oi æstd oipi`oi qui ld sejfeleaèd oiki oi virsi jehe u`d oisjrfpjfú` oi ld ridlfodo “tdl y jehe is‘, pdrd je`sfoirdrsi jehe u`d jfi`jfd je` u` ebkite oi istuofe oi `dturdlizd ofstf`td d les oi etrds jfi`jfds, juye ebkite oi istuofe se` pld`tds, d`fhdlis e ci`úhi`es cèsfjes. ^er ille, pld`tid je`strufr u`d hiteoeleaèd prepfd, yd qui ld ridlfodo sejfdl is ofstf`td, doihäs oi istdr f`tiardod per siris muhd`es. Ld f`tirpritdjfú` hdrjd ld ofciri`jfd, y i` cu`jfú` oi æstd si oitirhf`drä` les risultdoes, per le qui `e is pesfbli dbdrjdr ld ridlfodo sejfdl i` su tetdlfodo, `f hujme hi`es oisjrfbfrld, jehe yd dsivirdhes d`tirferhi`ti, “tdl y jehe is‘. ^drd Qibir ld jehpri`sfú`, y `e etres dspijtes, is ld bdsi oi lds je`jlusfe`is oi les istuofes sejfelúafjes, yd qui sf bfi` is jfirte qui isti pi`sdoer djiptd ld erfi`tdjfú` rdjfe`dlfstd i` ld sejfeleaèd, tdhbfæ` d󿬄rhd qui is fhpesfbli `iadr ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi “djjfe`is ridlis‘ je` jdrdjtirèstfjds frrdjfe`dlis. @dod adrd`tfzd ld rdjfe`dlfodo  Hdx Qibir. Ije`ehèd y sejfiodo, p. 9.

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ZEJFELEAÈD oil oisdrrelle mfstúrfje. Zi is rdjfe`dlfstd jud`oe si trdtd` oi eroi`dr eroi`dr,, sfstihdtfzdr i f`tirpritdr les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis. Doihäs, jehe ixplfjdrihes häs doild`ti, il ci`úhi`e oi ld rdjfe`dlfodo is prepfe oi ld jfvflfzdjfú` ejjfoi`tdl. Dmerd bfi`, Qibir of󿬄iri i` ard` hiofod je` Ourgmifh y ld trdofjfú` pesftfvfstd oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽. 󰁽󰁦󰁽 . ^er u` ldoe, Qibir Qibir jdrdjtirfzd d ld sejfeleaèd hiofd`ti u`d sirfi oi tærhf`es dusi`tis i` lds tierèds sejfelúafjds crd`jisd i f`alisd, jehe lesper oi f`tirpritdjfú` y jehpri`sfú`, qui je`stftuyi` ld bdsi wibirfd`d. I`ti`ofi`oe ille qui ld ridlfodo i` hujmds ejdsfe`is is u` je`ku`te oi djjfe`is frrdjfe`dlis pire qui hiofd`ti ld je`strujjfú` oi tfpes foidlis istdrihes d`ti ld pesfbflfodo oi jehpri`oirles i` il si`tfoe dhplfe oil tærhf`e. ^er etre ldoe, il ebkite oi istuofe is isi`jfdl i` ld hiteoeleaèd sejfelúafjd. Hfi`trds qui Ourgmifh je`sfoird qui les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis istä` eroi`does per mijmes sejfdlis d les qui lldhd “jesds‘, Qibir ridlfzd isti eroi`dhfi`te d pdrtfr oi ld djjfú` oil mehbri, qui doqufiri jdräjtir sejfdl jud`oe il f`ofvfoue tehd i` jui`td d etres y, i` je`ku`te, busjd` u` 󿬄` oitirhf`doe. Qibir jdrdjtirfzd ld djjfú` sejfdl tehd`oe i` jui`td judtre tfpes oi djjfe`is (je`sfoird`oe qui `e teod djjfú` muhd`d is sejfdl, qui se`;

d) Djjfú` rdjfe`dl je` drriale d 󿬄`is. Istä rdjfe`dlhi`ti je`tihpldod y oitirhf`dod per u`d sejfiodo.

b) Djjfú` rdjfe`dl je` drriale d vdleris. Zi oitirhf`d per ld jrii`jfd i` les vdleris ætfje, herdl y rilfafese, itjætird. Ld djjfú` sejfdl j) Djjfú` dcijtfvd, ispijfdlhi`ti ihetfvd. Zi oitirhf`d per dcijtes y istdoes si`tfhi`tdlis djtudlis.

?4 o) per Djjfú` trdofjfe`dl. Istä oitirhf`dod jestuhbris drrdfadods.

Cfaurd :.?2

Oi istd hd`ird, Qibir istdbliji le qui `e peorèd sir u`d djjfú` sejfdl, jehe “ld djjfú` meheaæ`id oi hujmes‘ e “ld djjfú` oi dlaufi` f`󿬂ufoe per je`oujtds oi etres‘. I` ai`irdl, ld sejfeleaèd pdrd Qibir is u`d jfi`jfd rdjfe`dl juyd bdsi is ld sfa`f󿬄jdjfú`7 pire is `ijisdrfe ixplfjdrld per il hæteoe jfi`tè󿬄je; “ld sejfeleaèd riqufiri u`d cerhuldjfú` prijfsd jehe ofsjfplf`d jfi`tè󿬄jd‘.?2 I` risuhi`, y oi djuiroe je` Lufs Daufldr, ld sè`tisfs y le je`jrite cuire` les prf`jfpdlis pdrähitres pdrd qui Qibir jdrdjtirfzdrd ld sejfeleaèd7 pire tdhbfæ` ivftú “riôfr vfeli`tdhi`ti je` les prejiofhfi`tes oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis‘, jehbf`ú ld subkitfvfodo y il foidlfshe per ld ri󿬂ixfú` 󿬄lesú󿬄jd y sejfdl je` lds liyis y ld

trdofjfe`dl istä oitirhf`dod per lds Ld djtfvfodo muhd`d trdofjfe`dl jestuhbris.

9>

?4 ?2

  Fbèoih, p. ??6.   Èoih.

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

ixplfjdjfú` jdusdl oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis y ixdjtds. Il hfshe Daufldr ofji; “Qibir hdrjmú i` istd ofrijjfú`, busjd`oe je`ku`tdr ld ”jehpri`sfú` oil si`tfoe‖... y ld ”ixplfjdjfú` jdusdl‖..., qui i` ld trdofjfú` f`tilijtudl dlihd`d jerrèd` pdrdlilds, jehe preoujte oil i`cri`tdhfi`te i`tri rehd`tfjfshe i Flustrdjfú`‘. ?:  F`jluse, ld tierèd oi Aierai Rftzir is qui dl pi`sdhfi`te dlihä` oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 peorèdhes i`je`trdrli oes virtfi`tis 󿬄lesú󿬄jds; ld miailfd`d y ld gd`tfd`d. D Qibir Qibir le foi`tf󿬄jd je` ld siau`od, doihäs je`struyi u`d d`dleaèd oi júhe dhbes pi`sdoeris tfi`i` u`d vfsfú` sihi kd`ti oi ld ridlfodo sejfdl, sebri teoe jud`oe d󿬄rhd le sfaufi`ti; “^drd Gd`t il hu`oe ird u`d hdrid`ti je`cusfú` oi dje`tijfhfi`tes qui `e peoèd` je`ejirsi ofrijtdhi`ti. Zúle si peoèd doqufrfr je`ejfhfi`te oil hu`oe d trdvæs oi prejises oil pi`sdhfi`te (lædsi rdjfe`dlfodo) qui 󿬄ltrdbd`, silijjfe`dbd` y jdtiaerfzdbd` dquilles dje`tijfhfi`tes. Gd`t ofciri`jfdbd il je`ti`foe oil hu`oe ridl d pdrtfr oi lds cerhds hiofd`ti lds judlis peoèd sir jehpri`ofoe‘.??

Cfaurd :.?:

I` ld trdofjfú` f`tilijtudl dlihd`d ld jehpri`sfú` y ld ixplfjdjfú` fbd` ku`tds oibfoe dl i`cri`tdhfi`te oil rehd`tfjfshe y ld flustrdjfú`.

Riarisihes je` Daufldr Sflld`uivd, qufi` dariad qui pdrd kustf󿬄jdr, ofadhes, ld cusfú` i`tri foidlfshe y hdtirfdlfshe; Je`sfoird doihäs qui súle dsè si i`jui`trd ld td` busjdod erfaf`dlfodo y vdlfoiz, dute`ehèd y rfaer, oil hæteoe mfstúrfje y sejfelúafje, su je`stftujfú` i` jfi`jfds istrfjtds y ofvirsds td`te oi lds ai`ærfjds “jfi`jfds oi ld `dturdlizd‘, jehe oi lds dpetiútfjds “󿬄lesecèds oi ld mfsterfd‘. ?9 _fpes foidlis. Mihes vfste qui Hdx Qibir trd`scerhú ld je`strujjfú` oi ld sejfe-

leaèd. Iste sfa`f󿬄jd qui oetú oi u`d istrujturd ixplfjdtfvd `uivd d `uistrd hdtirfd i` pdrtfjuldr, y d lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis i` ai`irdl. Ille tuve jehe cu`odhi`te u`d djtftuo hitfjulesd d ld merd oi oi󿬄`fr, jehe siôdld Kulfi` Criu`o, i` Zejfeleaèd oi  Hdx Qibir, rfauresdhi`ti les je`jiptes qui utflfzdbd, doihäs oi isjldrijir lds ofciri`tis jldsis oi preblihds y les `fvilis oi u` dspijte. ^er supuiste qui le d`tirfer is pesfbli dpeydoe i` u`d foid prijfsd oi ld rdjfe`dlfodo, ld qui Qibir oisdrrelld y ixplfjd, siaû` Criu`o, i` les sfaufi`tis tærhf`es; “...is il risultdoe oi ld ispijfdlfzdjfú` jfi`tè󿬄jd y oi ld ofciri`jfdjfú` tæj`fjd prepfd oi ld jfvflfzdjfú` ejjfoi`tdl. Je`sfsti i` ld erad`fzdjfú` oi ld vfod, hiofd`ti ld ofvfsfú` y jeerof`djfú` oi lds ofvirsds djtfvfodois, sebri ld bdsi oi u` istuofe prijfse oi lds rildjfe`is i`tri les mehbris, je` sus f`struhi`tes y su hiofe dhbfi`ti‘.?3 I` etres tærhf`es, pdrd Criu`o istd je`jipjfú` oi ld rdjfe`dlfzdjfú` is u`d ispijfi oi sublfhdjfú` e ri󿬄`dhfi`te f`ai`fese oi ld je`oujtd oi ld vfod y u` oehf`fe jrijfi`ti oil hu`oe ixtirfer ixtirfer.. Oisileaistd d`tirfer peoihes je`jlufr qui i` Qibir ixfsti ld foid oi quijfi`tè󿬄jd, i` ejjfoi`ti il pi`sdhfi`te sebri ld ridlfodo sejfdl, oisoi u`d vfsfú` doihäs oi qui je`stftuyi u`d pirspijtfvd qui `es pirhfti eroi`dr isd ridlfodo ofcusd, d`ärqufjd y, i` ejdsfe`is, frrdjfe`dl y sf` si`tfoe. Cf`dlhi`ti, i` isti sejfúleae dlihä` pirsfsti ld foid oi qui il je`ejfhfi`te si je`struyi oi djuiroe je` pdrähitres qui jepfdhes oi les heoiles oi lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis. ^er teoe le d`tirfer, pdrd Qibir, il hijd`fshe pdrd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi eroi`dr ld ridlfodo sejfdl, le i`je`trdrihes i` ld rdjfe`dlfzdjfú` y ille is pesfbli hiofd`ti ld prepuistd oi je`jiptudlfzdjfe`is qui `es pirhftd` foi`tf󿬄jdr preblihätfjds ispijè󿬄jds y je` jdrdjtirèstfjds pdrtfjuldris. Les tfpes foidlis je`stftuyi` isds dbstrdjjfe`is oi ld ridlfodo qui `es pirhfti` eroi`drld y sfstihdtfzdrld, se` lds mirrdhfi`tds qui dohfti` dbstrdir istes ilihi`tes oi ld ridlfodo. _eoe le d`tirfer `es pirhftfrä ti`ir ld jirtizd oi qui, sf bfi` is jfirte qui `e peoihes je`ejir ld ridlfodo i` su tetdlfodo, sè `es djirjdhes y jehpri`oihes ld `dturdlizd oi les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis.   Lufs Cir`d`oe Daufldr. Daufldr. Qibir ld foid oi jfi`jfd sejfdl, p. :>>.   Rftzir, 2>>2, p. ::. ?9  Lufs Cir`d`oe Daufldr, ep. jft., p. :>2. ?3 Kulfi` Criu`o. Zejfeleaèd oi Hdx Qibir , p. 24. ?: ??

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ZEJFELEAÈD Dsfhfshe, je` su prepuistd, Qibir Qibir f`ti`td qui si istuofi` les dspijtes sejfdlis je` u` dlte ardoe oi jriofbflfodo, le judl is pesfbli hiofd`ti u`d ixplfjdjfú` hitúofjd, sirfd y jfi`tè󿬄jd. I` etre eroi` oi foids, ld djjfú` sejfdl is susjiptfbli oi d`dlfzdrsi, oi djuiroe je` Qibir, d trdvæs oi u`d tfpeleaèd7 is oijfr, eroi`ä`oeld pdrd qui si puiod jehpri`oir y ixplfjdr oi u`d hd`ird sfstihätfjd. Les tfpes foidlis si je`struyi` je` jdrdjtirèstfjds qui `es pirhfti` je`ejir le pdrtfjuldr oi les ci`úhi`es y le ai`irdl oi ld istrujturd sejfdl, pdrd ixplfjdr oi heoe dprexfhdoe ld ridlfodo. Istes tfpes foidlis puioi` ricirfrsi d ci`úhi`es rdjfe`dlis e frrdjfe`dlis, jehe yd mdbèdhes hi`jfe`doe d`tirferhi`ti. Rijdpftuld`oe, ld sejfeleaèd pdrd Qibir is u` “sfstihd oi je`jiptes‘, y je` les tfpes foidlis peorä “eroi`dr oi hd`ird je`jiptudl‘, y “lúafjdhi`ti jerrijtd y hiteoelúafjdhi`ti ciju`od‘, teod cerhd oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl i` u` tfihpe oitirhf`doe7 is oijfr, i` u`d jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd prijfsd. Les tfpes foidlis i` sejfeleaèd oibi` sir jldres y jfi`tè󿬄jdhi`ti jehpri`sfblis, oi le je`trdrfe, le häs rdze`dbli is oisijmdrles. Iste istä huy rildjfe`doe je` il mijme oi je`sfoirdr d ld sejfeleaèd jehpri`sfvd jehe il f`struhi`te pdrd ixplfjdr ld djjfú` sejfdl, qui is ld oi hujmes f`ofvfoues qui hd`f󿬄istd` hd`irds f`ofvfoudlis oi djtudr. Dsè, Qibir ouod oi ld je`strujjfú` oi jdtiaerèds je` bdsi i` djjfe`is jelijtfvds, sf` tehdr i` jui`td ld f`ofvfoudlfodo i` les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis.

Cfaurd :.??

I` risuhi`, les tfpes foidlis peorèd` i`ti`oirsi jehe jdtiaerèds subkitfvds je` lds qui si prejurd jehpri`oir ld f`ti`jfú` oi ld djjfú` oil dai`ti sejfdl. _dh_dhbfæ` se` silijtfves rispijte d jdses ixtrihes, pures, oi djjfú`, y ilfhf`d` ilihi`tes qui puioi` prevejdr dhbfaüiodo i` illes. Dsfhfshe, se` f`struhi`tes hiteoelúafjes qui `e priti`oi` sir u` 󿬄` oi ld jfi`jfd y si dsihikd` d les djtudlis heoiles oi f`vistfadjf f`vistfadjfú`. ú`. ^drd je`jlufr je` Hdx Qibir, Qibir, ofrihes qui su f`odadjfú` sejfelúafjd le llivú d je`jflfdr oes cerhds oi dberodr ci`úhi`es ofstf`tes jehe les sejfdlis y les `dturdlis, qui si i`cri`tdre` sebri teoe i` ld Flustrdjfú` y ourd`ti ld hdyer pdrti oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽. F`jlusfvi ourd`ti bui`d pdrti oil sfale 󰁽󰁽 je`tf`uú sfi`oe u`d pdrti cu`odhi`tdl i` ld ofsjusfú` 󿬄lesú󿬄jd y ipfstihelúafjd. Zu prepuistd `e cui u`d ispijuldjfú`, puis je`struyú u`d istrujturd d`dlètfjd qui sfrvfú pdrd preperjfe`dr u`d dprexfhdjfú` d

I` il sfale ]], les alebdlfcúbfjes si epe`i` d ld dloid alebdl.

ld ridlfodo sejfdl, sebri teoe d susitdpds. istuofes mfstúrfjes sebriy ofvirses sfstihds sejfdlis i`ardjfds ofciri`tis ^drd ille, utflfzú jriú les je`jiptes qui supuse doijudoes. Zu pld`tidhfi`te oi les tfpes foidlis `e súle cerhd pdrti oi ld ri󿬂ixfú`, sf`e tdhbfæ` oil je`ejfhfi`te mfstúrfje oi lds ofvirsds cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` sejfdl.

Cerkdoeris oi ld sejfeleaèd je`tihperä`id Il sfale  ]]  D le ldrae oil sfale 󰁽󰁽, il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje md siaufoe per ofvirsds ti`oi`jfds tiúrfjds y tihätfjds, sebri teoe perqui il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 je`stftuyú u` pdrtidauds i` ld mfsterfd oi ld muhd`fodo. Jehe je`sijui`jfd oi le vfvfoe i` il sfale d`tirfer y mdjfd ld oæjdod oi 46:>, `uistrd ofsjfplf`d jehi`zú d f`stftujfe`dlfzdrsi i f`treoujfrsi i` il tirri`e u`fvirsftdrfe, du`qui yd je`täbdhes je` hd`fcistdjfe`is oi ld f`jursfú` ixftesd oi ld sejfeleaèd, sebri teoe i` Iurepd y @ertidhærfjd. I` il sfale 󰁽󰁽, ld sejfeleaèd md pdsdoe per tris itdpds; ld je`sirvdjfú` oi ld miri`jfd pesftfvfstd oijfhe`ú`fjd, ld f`stftujfe`dlfzdjfú` y oi󿬄`fjfú` oi su jdhpe oi istuofe, dsè jehe ld ispijfdlfzdjfú` i` ärids oi d`älfsfs prevejdod per su f`arise

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

dl ähbfte djdoæhfje y su cuirti 󿬄`d`jfdhfi`te prfvdoe y i` dlau`es etres jdses hiofd`ti il dpeye istdtdl. ^drdlildhi`ti, su utflfzdjfú` utflfzdjfú` si ofvirsf󿬄jú y jehi`zú d f`󿬂ufr i` lds oijfsfe`is pelètfjds y oi f`virsfe`is (dl ridlfzdr i`juistds y istdoèstfjds), doihäs oi jehplitdr ld ldfjfzdjfú` oi ld julturd ejjfoi`tdl, ille si trdouji i` qui; “Istd jerrfi`ti si oisdrrelld prf`jfpdlhi`ti i` Istdoes Y`foes, bdke su je`jipjfú` ld sejfeleaèd si erfi`tú d ld rijelijjfú` oi les odtes oi les mijmes sejfdlis pdrd je`stftufrles y jldsf󿬄jdrles, dpeydoe dpeydoe sebri ld foid oi qui `e si cerhd` tierèds, sf`e qui si riafstrd` les mijmes y si oikd` qui mdbli` per sè hfshes; isti juirpe oi tierèds si oisdrrelldre` oispuæs oi 46:> je` fhplfjdjfe`is hiteoelúafjds qui istä` prisi`tis mey oèd y oisoi les erèai`is oi ld sejfeleaèd `ertidhirfjd`d‘.?1 ^er supuiste qui `e i` teods lds riafe`is y pdèsis si ixpirfhi`tdre` lds hfshds ti`oi`jfds7 per ikihple, i` Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, oisoi prf`jfpfes oil sfale 󰁽󰁽 si ihpizú d je`selfodr teod u`d trdofjfú` qui si dlfhi`td oi oes virtfi`tis; il muhd`fshe y il hdrxfshe. Ille trdi jehe je`sijui`jfd u`d cuirti istrujturdjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd hflftd`ti, susti`tdod sebri teoe i` ld trd`scerhdjfú` rdofjdl oi Dhærfjd Ldtf`d pdrd istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi supirdr il suboisdrrelle i` qui il fhpirfdlfshe `es tfi`i sukites. F`jluse, ld hdyer pdrti oi les istuofes qui si ridlfzd` bdke istd pirspijtfvd oisdrrelld` u` li`audki ixjisfvdhi`ti rdofjdl, jehe is il jdse oi Daustè` Juivd, qui oi󿬄`i d ld ofsjfplf`d i` les sfaufi`tis tærhf`es; “...surai jehe u`d vfeli`td fhpua`djfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd burauisd y sus f`tirpritdjfe`is oil prejise ldtf`edhirfjd`e, epe`fæ`oesi d tierèds jehe ld oil oudlfshe istrujturdl,mfstúrfje ld oil cu`jfe`dlfshe i` teods sus vdrfd`tis y, per supuiste, d lds ?= jerrfi`tis oisdrrellfstds‘.   I` istds pesturds oi`etd` u`d `iadjfú` d Cfaurd :.?9 teod cerhd oi ixplfjdr ld ridlfodo sejfdl qui `e sid ld oil hdtirfdlfshe mfstúrfje. I` ises hfshes tærhf`es risjdtdhes oi u`e oi les prf`jfpdlis riprisi`td`tis oil hdrxfshe i` Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, D`oræ Au`oir Crd`g, qufi` oi󿬄`i oi hd`ird tdkd`ti il oisdrrelle oi Dhærfjd Ldtf`d mdjfd les trif`td i` les sfaufi`tis tærhf`es; “Il oisdrrelle oi Dhærfjd Ldtf`d oi ld ”tierèd oi ld oipi`oi`jfd‖ oil suboisdrrelle i` ld æpejd oi ld pesauirrd cui ld rispuistd d lds jdhbfd`tis je`ofjfe`is y epertu`fodois pelètfjds qui si mdbèd` odoe, per rdze`is mfstúrfjds, i` ispijfdl i` istd riafú` oil hu`oe e i` oitirhf`dods pdrtis oi ld hfshd, per ld jrfsfs oil jdpftdlfshe hu`ofdl ourd`ti lds oæjdods oil :> y ?>... oitirhf`does pdèsis ldtf`edhirfjd`es ixpirfhi`tdre` il surafhfi`te oi riaèhi`is burauisis Hure oi Birlè` sipdrú d ld Ripûblfjd Cioirdl pepulfstds y `djfe`dlfstds qui si oiofjdre` d ld tdrid ije`úhfjd oi ld Il Dlihd`d oi ld Ripûblfjd Oihejrätfjd Dlihd`d mdstd f`oustrfdlfzdjfú` d trdvæs oi ld sustftujfú` oi fhpertdjfe`is, d ld pelètfjd il 6 oi `evfihbri oi 46=6. ?6 oil oisdrrellfshe, y d su liaftfhdjfú` foielúafjd d trdvæs oil ”istrujturdlfshe‖ y ld oipi`oi`jfd‘.

I` etre eroi` oi foids, i` isti hehi`te `es i`je`trdhes, oispuæs oi teoe u` trdyijte oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje y oispuæs oi qui il sfale d`tirfer ixpirfhi`tú lds oes auirrds hu`ofdlis, lds je`std`tis jrfsfs jdpftdlfstds, ld fhpld`tdjfú` y, d prf`jfpfes oi les `evi`td, ld jdèod oi riaèhi`is dute`ehbrdoes sejfdlfstds7 teoe ille `es je`ouji d les sfaufi`tis juistfe`dhfi`tes; µJuäl sirä ld precu`ofodo oi les jdhbfes sucrfoes per lds sejfiodois dl f`fjfe oil prisi`ti sfale5 V µJúhe f`󿬂ufrä istd sftudjfú` i` il oisdrrelle oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje5 Tufzä sirèd fhpertd`ti oistdjdr qui il f`fjfe oil prisi`ti sfale `es md pirhftfoe vfsluhbrdr ld pesfbflfodo oi qui lds trd`scerhdjfe`is oi lds sejfiodois sirä` precu`ods y qui sirä `ijisdrfe il d`älfsfs y ld ri󿬂ixfú` bdke pdrähitres qui `es pirhftd` ld jirtfouhbri sebri il cuture oi lds sejfiodois, sebri teoe jud`oe sdbihes, du`qui `e sid oijldrdoe dbfirtdhi`ti, qui ld auirrd i` Dcad`fstä` y i` il aelce ^ærsfje si oibd per juistfe  ^drd u` hdyer riciri`ti oi istd ti`oi`jfd, sebri teoe i` ld sejfeleaèd, rivfsdhes rivfsdhes ld tisfs oi lfji`jfdturd ridlfzdod per Elfvfd Drdjilf Daufldr Mir`ä`oiz i` ld Cdjultdo oi _rdbdke _rdbdke sejfdl, Zejfeleaèd y ^sfjeleaèd oi ld Y`fvirsfodo Dutú`ehd oi _ldxjdld. ?=  Daustè` Juivd. _ierèd sejfdl y prejises pelètfjes i` Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, p. 49. ?6 D`oræ Au`oir Crd`g. Jdpftdlfshe y suboisdrrelle i` Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, p. :>=. ?1

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ZEJFELEAÈD `is ije`úhfjds y qui, i` u` cuture f`hiofdte d`ti u` jrijfhfi`te oi ld pebldjfú` hu`ofdl, les preblihds oi dlfhi`tdjfú` y daud prevequi` je`󿬂fjtes oi `dturdlizd ofstf`td y juyes icijtes sid` oivdstdoeris pdrd ld muhd`fodo. Rijdpftuld`oe u` peje, i` il sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 y d pisdr oi ld teodvèd cuirti f`󿬂ui`jfd pesftfvfstd i` ld sejfeleaèd, yd mdbèd cu`odhi`tes tiúrfjes häs súlfoes y jfirtd dute`ehèd rispijte d lds jfi`jfds `dturdlis. Ourgmifh y Qibir je`trfbuyire`, du`qui oi ofstf`td hd`ird, d leardr ld je`selfodjfú` oi ld sejfeleaèd jehe u`d jfi`jfd, je` u` si`tfoe y ebkitfves prijfses. Oi mijme, hdrjdre` hdrjdre` oi hd`ird fhpertd`ti d ld tierèd sejfelúafjd, i` tærhf`es tiúrfjes y hiteoelúafjes.

Cfaurd :.?3

Dl je`jlufr ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl, si je`selfoú ld miaihe`èd istdoeu`foi`si i` ofvirsds pdrtis oil hu`oe y i` pdrtfjuldr i` Iurepd, le qui mube oi trdoujfrli i` il tirri`e sejfelúafje. Jdrle Oe`ele ixprisd iste oi ld sfaufi`ti cerhd; “...ard` pdrti oi lds preblihätfjds y oil pdtrfhe`fe f`tilijtudl oi ld sejfeleaèd se` oi erfai` iurepie, il istdblijfhfi`te oi󿬄`ftfve oi ld sejfeleaèd jehe u`d ofsjfplf`d jfi`tè󿬄jd hdourd tfi`i luadr i` Istdoes Y`foes‘.9> @e ebstd`ti, tdhbfæ` cui pesfbli je`stdtdr il jrijfhfi`te djilirdoe oi u`d sejfeleaèd je` jldrds f`󿬂ui`jfds hdrxfstds, sebri teoe oispuæs oi 46?9, y d pdrtfr oil pduldtf`e dtrdse oi les pdèsis lldhdoes oil _irjir Hu`oe, dsè jehe oil rildtfve æxfte oi les riaèhi`is sejfdlfstds, prf`jfpdlhi`ti il jubd`e, je` su rivelujfú` oi 4696. Ille sfrvfú jehe u` heoile d siaufr y jehe u`d epjfú` pdrd il cuture f`hiofdte oi les pdèsis juye oisdrrelle si vièd cri`doe per ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi les pdèsis oisdrrelldoes. I` je`sijui`jfd, si jehpri`ofú ld sejfeleaèd oi ofstf`td hd`ird y bäsfjdhi`ti bdke oes pirspijtfvds jehe jfi`jfd7 per u`d pdrti, je` u` ebkitfve präjtfje y erfi`tdod dl je`trel oi ld sejfiodo7 per etrd, je` prepúsfte oi trd`scerhdr lds sejfiodois, je` u`d jldrd ti`oi`jfd d je`strufr u` cuture prehfserfe pdrd les pdèsis dtrdsdoes.

Dl tærhf`e oi ld Z iau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl ld sejfeleaèd tuve u` djilirdoe jrijfhfi`te je` f`flui`jfds hdrxfstds. Cfaurd :.?1

Ille si oibfú d qui oispuæs oi ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl, il hu`oe jehi`zú d vfvfr bdke ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi oes peles ije`úhfjes i foielúafjes qui si je`cre`tdbd`, yd qui u`e, il lfbirdl, prehevèd ld je`selfodjfú` oi u` heoe oi preoujjfú` jdpftdlfstd, il etre, f`ti`tdbd je`strufr u`d vfsfú` ofstf`td, u`d dltir`dtfvd qui pirhftfird leardr ld f`stdurdjfú` oi u`d sejfiodo sf` ofciri`jfds. Ld muhd`fodo i` isti je`tixte vfvfú u`d Auirrd Crèd pirhd`i`ti, i` ld qui il i`cri`tdhfi`te `e cui hflftdr sf`e foielúafje, du`qui il tiher d ld pesfbflfodo oi u`d je`cre`tdjfú` `ujlidr pirhftfird u` iquflfbrfe häs e hi`es pirhd`i`ti.

Mdjfd ld oæjdod oi 463> si prisi`tú ld sè`tisfs e lds je`sijui`jfds oi ld f`jursfú` djdoæhfjd oi ld sejfeleaèd i` lds u`fvirsfodois. Ld ard` jd`tfodo oi tihds, ebrds y prepuistds cui ld pruibd oil æxfte oi su dplfjdjfú` d ld ridlfodo sejfdl. Hfi`trds pdrd u`es isti use riprisi`tú ld trd`scerhdjfú` sejfdl, pdrd etres sfa`f󿬄jú ld liaftfhdjfú` oi u` eroi` istdblijfoe. I` istd ixplfjdjfú` `e priti`oihes sir ixmdustfves `f odr u`d vfsfú` jehplitd oi ld tierèd sejfelúafjd, sf`e oisjrfbfr brivihi`ti lds ofstf`tds ti`oi`jfds i` ld hdtirfd ourd`ti il ûltfhe sfale oi isti hfli`fe. Du` dsè, Ourd`ti il sfale ]F] il f`ofvfoue tuve u`d ispijfi `e peoihes oikdr oi ldoe je`jipjfe`is jehe ld sejfeleaèd cerhdlfstd oi oi oipi`oi`jfd je` rispijte d su i`ter`e y ille li Aiera Zfhhil, Cirof`d`o _ó``fis y Liepeloe Se` Qfisi. ristd dtrfbutes dl d`älfsfs sejfdl. Il cerhdlfshe sejfelúafje si ixpe`i i` il ûltfhe judrte oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽 y i` il prfhir tirjfe oil sfale d`tirfer. Je` istd tisfs si ristd fhpertd`jfd d ld oitirhf`djfú` jfrju`std`jfdl oil mehbri y si je`jioi u` ard` pise d ld djjfú` rijèprejd7 ille perqui ld jfrju`std`jfdlfodo li preperjfe`d dl f`ofvfoue u`d ispijfi oi oipi`oi`jfd je` rispijte d su i`ter`e y ille, oisoi isd pirspijtfvd, li ristdrèd jfi`tf󿬄jfodo dl d`älfsfs sejfdl. Il cerhdlfshe istä huy jirjd oil pesftfvfshe oi Jehti y Zpi`jir7 i` isti si`tfoe, `e je`sfoird lds sfa`f󿬄jdjfe`is e   Jdrle Oe`ele, ep. jft., p. 42.

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

f`tirpritdjfe`is prepfds oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis i` il sfale 󰁽󰁽, yd qui ille supe`i ld ri`u`jfd d ld vfsfú` ai`irdlfzd`ti oil pesftfvfshe i` su prfhir hehi`te. Dsè, Cirof`d`o _ó``fis _ó``fis prehuivi u`d sejfeleaèd purd, i` je`trdpesfjfú` d u`d sejfeleaèd dplfjdod7 i` istd ûltfhd ld f`tirpritdjfú` je`stftuyi ld bdsi cu`odhi`tdl oi ld je`strujjfú` ebkitfvd oil je`ejfhfi`te i` les dsu`tes sejfdlis. ^er ille, ixfsti qufi`is je`sfoird` d ldsi` jfi`jfds sejfdlis jehe dutú`ehds, du`sudbfshe erfai` i`tri pesftfvfstd, y qufi`is f`sfsti` qui ld ebkitfvfodo si rildjfe`d je`pisi qui il jfi`tè󿬄je sejfdl riqufiri hd`ti`irsi dl hdrai` oi ld preblihätfjd sejfdl. Je` le d`tirfer, pdsdhes d etre `fvil i` ld ofsjusfú` i` jud`te d ld ebkitfvfodo i` sejfeleaèd, yd qui i` hujmes ähbftes si trdtd oi oikdr dl hdrai` ld lujmd foielúafjd qui prfvdbd i` il hu`oe y ecrijir dltir`dtfvds hiteoelúafjds. Les je`jiptes cu`odhi`tdlis oi _ó``fis se` ld sejfiodo y ld jehu`fodo, i` lds judlis si istdbliji u`d rildjfú` psfjelúafjd i mfstúrfje-sejfdl. I` ld jehu`fodo y ld sejfiodo mdy u`d u`fodo oi velu`tdo muhd`d pdrd dsejfdrsi y djtudr, dl istdblijir jrftirfes oi je`vfvi`jfd. Ille fhplfjd u` ofstd`jfdhfi`te je` ld trdofjfú` f`ofvfoudlfstd y je` lds je`jipjfe`is oe`oi ld pdrtfjuldrfodo je`stftuyi il iki bdke il judl si oisdrrelld` `e súle lds sejfiodois, sf`e oe`oi tdhbfæ` surai` les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis. ^drd Liepeloe Se` Qfisi Qfisi `e ixfsti u`d ridlfodo sustd`tfvd, sf`e u` je`ku`te oi rildjfe`is y prejises i` les qui lds cerhds sejfdlis se` cu`odhi`tdlis7 is oijfr, le fhpertd`ti i` il d`älfsfs sejfdl is ld hd`ird i` qui les f`ofvfoues si f`tirrildjfe`d`, istdbliji` vè`jules y, 󿬄`dlhi`ti, djjfe`is sejfdlis. I` isti si`tfoe, ld oejtrf`d pelètfjd `djfe`dlsejfdlfstd y cdsjfstd, je` u`d cuirti f`󿬂ui`jfd oil foidlfshe dlihä` oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, si erfi`tú prf`jfpdlhi`ti d oisprijfdr ld oihejrdjfd per su cuirti f`jlf`djfú` f`ofvfoudlfstd y per su oilfbirdjfú` pdrldhi`tdrfd, dsejfd`oe le d`tirfer y je`sfoird`oe supirfer d u`d rdzd y dalutf`dr jfirtds dspfrdjfe`is i` u` sele pdrtfoe y ofrfai`ti. D`ti istd pirspijtfvd, il cdsjfshe je`ji`trú i` il Istdoe teods lds cerhds oi peoir y elvfoú ld f`ofvfoudlfodo, yd qui fbd i` je`trd oil f`tiræs oil ispèrftu oi ld jehu`fodo, oi ld foi`tfodo jelijtfvd7 il oirijme dl vete y ld lfbirtdo oi ixprisfú` je`trdrfdbd` il f`tiræs jehû`, drauhi`td`oe je` ille il bi`i󿬄jfe oi ld `djfú` y, i` je`sijui`jfd, il `djfe`dlfshe. Zi f`vdlfoú ld lujmd oi jldsis y si oibèd dtdjdr le qui `e si foi`tf󿬄jdsi jehe prepfe y `djfe`dl. D je`tf`udjfú` ixplfjdhes brivihi`ti lds ti`oi`jfds e foids qui häs md` f`󿬂ufoe, sf` priti`oir sir ixmdustfves, i` il pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje oil sfale 󰁽󰁽. Ille `es pirhftfräoildpi`sdr jehpri`sfú` oi ld i` tierèd sejfelúafjd oitd` `uistre tfihpe y istdr i` je`ofjfe`is ld sejfeleaèd `uistre prisi`ti jehplike, f`jfirte y sf` je`tdr je` u`d foid jldrd sebri il cuture f`hiofdte oi ld juistfú` sejfdl.

Cfaurd :.?=

_dljett ^drse`s (46>2-4616) ^drse`s `dji i` Istdoes Y`foes oi @ertidhærfjd y si f`jluyi i`tri les tiúrfjes qui je`selfodre` il duai oi ld sejfeleaèd i` isi pdès, sebri teoe oispuæs oi je`jlufod ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl. Jdrle Oe`ele, i` su i`sdye Zejfeleaèd, d󿬄rhd qui ixfsti` oes ard`ois hehi`tes oil pi`sdhfi`te sejfelúafje i` il sfale 󰁽󰁽; il d`tirfer y il pestirfer d ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl. I` istd jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd ^drse`s kuiad u` pdpil ji`trdl y cu`odhi`tdl, sebri teoe, yd pdrtfjuldrhi`ti i` `uistrd ofsjfplf`d, @fglds Lumhd``, rid󿬄rhd`oe `uistrd foid d`tirfer, dsivird le sfaufi`ti; “I` lds oæjdods qui dbdrjd` les dôes judri`td y jf`jui`td, sebri teoe i` Istdoes Y`foes, mdy oes ci`úhi`es qui lldhd` ld dti`jfú`; d) il surafhfi`te oi ld tierèd oil cu`jfe`dlfshe istrujturdl (e cu`jfe`dlfshe oil hd`ti`fhfi`te oi lds istrujturds), y b) il oisdrrelle pijulfdr sebri il sfstihd oi ld djjfú` qui learú _dljett _dljett ^drse`s‘.94   @fglds Lumhd``. F`treoujjfú` d ld tierèd oi sfstihds, pp. 21 y 2=.

94

 _dlj  _dljett ett ^drse`s ^drse`s cui u`u`e sejoi sejfúleae fúleae istdoeu`foi`si, y is les hdyeris ixpe`i`tis oil cu`jfe`dlfshe istrujturdlfstd i` sejfeleaèd.

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ZEJFELEAÈD I` il jdse oil istrujturdl-cu`jfe`dlfshe, Lumhd`` je`sfoird qui ixfstèd u`d lfhftdjfú` oi ce`oe y istd pesturd oibèd kustf󿬄jdr ld prisirvdjfú` oi lds istrujturds oi les sfstihds, le judl riprisi`tú pdrd ^drse`s je`strufr u`d pirspijtfvd oi  cdjte  sebri ld ixfsti`jfd oi u`d istrujturd. Ille `ijisdrfdhi`ti llivú d istd ti`oi`jfd d priau`tdrsi ixjlusfvdhi`ti sebri lds cu`jfe`is `ijisdrfds pdrd prisirvdr y hd`ti`ir u` eroi` sejfdl istdblijfoe. Cfaurd :.?6

Dmerd bfi`, i` il pirfeoe i`tri auirrds auirrds (4641-46:6) istd jfi`jfd si je`selfoú y rehpfú je` ld prepuistd pesftfvfstd oi dplfjdrli ld hiteoeleaèd oi lds jfi`jfds ixdjtds y `dturdlis. ^drdlildhi`ti, si dodptd ld tierèd wibirfd`d y si ai`irdlfzd ld foid oi brf`odrli hdyer fhpertd`jfd dl si`tfoe oi les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis. @e jdbi ld hi`er ouod qui ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl f`󿬂uyú oi hd`ird oitirhf`d`ti i` lds jfi`jfds ixdjtds y lds sejfdlis, je`trfbuyi`oe d trd`scerhdr lds hiteoeleaèds, i`cequis, ti`oi`jfds ti`oi`jfds y tihds. ^er istd rdzú`, si je`sfoird qui d pdr pdr-tfr oi ld oæjdod oi 46?> ixfsti` ilihi`tes fhpertd`tis pdrd ofstf`aufr júhe jdhbfd` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis i` ai`irdl, y ld sejfeleaèd i` pdrtfjuldr. ^drd ricerzdr le d`tirfer, jriihes qui ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl, doihäs oi je`stftufr u`d trdaiofd pdrd ld muhd`fodo, ofvfofú dl hu`oe, jehe yd vfhes, i` oes ard`ois blequis ije`úhfjes, pire sebri teoe foielúafjes7 ille oitirhf`ú júhe si pirjfbèd ld ridlfodo sejfdl y ld hd`ird i` qui si fbd dberodr, td`te tiúrfjd jehe hiteoelúafjdhi`ti.

Ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl f`fluyú i` il jdhbfe oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis y ixdjtds.

Doihäs oi le yd ixpuiste y je`sfoird`oe qui `uistre duter tdhbfæ` cui d`fhdoer y ofcuser oi ld ofsjfplf`d, istuofú, jehe hujmes qui fhpulsdre` ld sejfeleaèd `ertidhirfjd`d, i` F`aldtirrd, i` il Dhmirst Jelliai y i` ld Y`fvirsfodo oi Mifoilbira. I` 46:4, f`fjfú su jdrrird djdoæhfjd i f`tilijtudl, yd qui oi 46?3 d 46?6 cui prisfoi`ti oil Oipdrtdhi`te oi Rildjfe`is Zejfdlis y oi ld Dhirfjd` Zejfeleafjdl Zejfity, Zejfity, ille le je`selfoú jehe u` tiúrfje oi ld sejfeleaèd y, y, jehe yd le hi`jfe`dhes, jehe d`fhdoer y ofcuser oi `uistrd ofsjfplf`d. Il pi`sdhfi`te oi ^drse`s. Du` jud`oe i` il ähbfte f`tilijtudl ^drse`s je`tf`uú ld

trdyijterfd oi Ourgmifh y rijupirú il tærhf`e tær hf`e oi djjfú` sejfdl oi Qibir, Qibir, i` su æpejd yd prioehf`dbd i` ld cerhdjfú` djdoæhfjd ld sejfeleaèd. Ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi ^drse`s i` isti tirri`e cui huy fhpertd`ti, f`jluse su hfshd cerhdjfú` cui huy ofstf`td d ld oi les sejfúleaes oil sfale d`tirfer, le judl je`sfoirdhes cu`odhi`tdl oistdjdr, perqui d pdrtfr oi isti hehi`te d istd ofsjfplf`d si li je`sfoirdrä bdke etrd vfsfú`. Du` dsè, `e is pesfbli jdlf󿬄jdr il pi`sdhfi`te oi ^drse`s jehe mirioire oi dlaû` duteritdpds. e je`tf`udoer oi dlau`d ti`oi`jfd pdrtfjuldr, ydoi qui oisdrrellú i` ofvirsds ^er ikihple, ikihple , dl prf`jfpfe tuvei` ard` f`󿬂ui`jfd ld si djjfú` sejfdl oi Hdx Qibir. Rispijte d iste, Oe` Hdrtf`odli dsiaurd qui; “Zu tisfs oejterdl i` 󿬄lesecèd si bdsú i` pdrti i` ld ebrd oi Hdx Qibir. Je` su trdoujjfú` dl f`alæs oi Ofi pretistd`tfsjmi Itmfg mfze bdstd`ti pdrd prisi`tdr ld sejfeleaèd oi Hdx Qibir dl pûblfje dhirfjd`e‘.92 Oe`oi häs hd`f󿬄istd su pesfjfú` oi d`älfsfs oi les ci`úhi`es sejfdlis, is jud`oe drtfjuld su jrètfjd dl pesftfvfshe, i` Ld istrujturd oi ld djjfú` sejfdl. Dquè, siôdld qui les pesftfvfstds si jdrdjtirfzd` per f`sfstfr i` ld rdjfe`dlfodo, foi`tf󿬄jdr æstd je` les prejiofhfi`tes oi ld jfi`jfd heoir`d y je`sfoirdr ld frrdjfe`dlfodo jehe sf`ú`fhe oi fa`erd`jfd.9: Ld jrètfjd oi ^drse`s si ji`trd i` ld jdri`jfd pesftfvfstd oi u`d f`oipi`oi`jfd hiteoelúafjd rispijte d lds jfi`jfds ixdjtds. Dsfhfshe, y cu`odhi`tdoe i` le d`tirfer,, risdltd ld fhpertd`jfd oi qui il jfi`tè󿬄je pdrtfjfpi i` ld sejfiodo qui d`dlfzd tirfer y, i` je`sijui`jfd, odr hdyer pise dl si`tfoe y ld f`tirpritdjfú`. Du`qui Du`qui iste ûltfhe `e is oisdrrelldoe dhplfdhi`ti.   @fglds Lumhd``. F`treoujjfú` d ld tierèd oi sfstihds, pp. 21 y 2=. 9:  Èoih. 92

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Ld priejupdjfú` cu`odhi`tdl oi ^drse`s, pisi d su erfi`tdjfú` hdrjdodhi`ti je`sirvdoerd, cui peoir isjldrijir y riselvir ld priau`td; “µjúhe je`sirvdr lds istrujturds oil sfstihd5‘. F`sfstfhes, istd priejupdjfú` istä f`sjrftd i` u` je`tixte juyd je`std`ti cui ld je`cre`tdjfú` foielúafjd i`tri lfbirdlfshe y sejfdlfshe. Dl faudl qui Qibir, Qibir, ^drse`s trdtd oi isjldrijir juäl is il 󿬄` y les hiofes oi u`d djjfú` le fhpertd`ti istdr i` je`ofjfe`is oi hiofr les dljd`jis y il pdrd sejfdl, quæ oiyd ld qui djjfú`, dsè jehe suis󿬄` ûltfhe. Zfstihd sejfdl. Mdjfd ld oæjdod oi 469>, il pi`sdhfi`te oi ^drse`s si mdbèd trd`s-

cerhdoe y istuve jirjd oi rijupirdr je`jipjfe`is pesftfvfstds. Isjrfbi su ebrd Il sfstihd sejfdl, oe`oi dl utflfzdr il je`jipte oi sfstihd sejfdl li ristd fhpertd`jfd d ld djjfú` sejfdl i f`jluse, jehe d󿬄rhd Oe` Hdrtf`odli, ld je`sfoird u` sfstihd. ^er ille, ld djjfú` sejfdl, oisoi ld pirspijtfvd wibirfd`d, pfiroi su je`ti`foe subkitfve. Isti hfshe duter ofji qui ^drse`s oi󿬄`i d ld sejfiodo jehe u` sfstihd d ard` isjdld, oe`oi jdod pdrti f`tiard u`d istrujturd i` cu`jfú` oi sus rildjfe`is sejfdlis. _eoe f`ofvfoue djtûd oi djuiroe je` su stdtus, le qui tfi`i u`d rdzú` ixplfjdbli siaû` su pdpil sejfdl. Zu tierèd oil sfstihd sejfdl si jehpe`i oi u`d sirfi oi ilihi`tes juye 󿬄` is je`sfoirdr d ld sejfiodo jehe u` ard` sfstihd, oe`oi ixfsti` subsfstihds je` u`d lúafjd qui ebioiji d les ebkitfves oi ld sejfiodo (ard` sfstihd) y je` djjfe`is erfi`tdods d isti hfshe ebkitfve. Dsè, les jehpertdhfi`tes f`ofvfoudlis si i`jdhf`drä` d les 󿬄`is jelijtfves, oi le je`trdrfe, il mehbri peorèd sdlfr y dfsldrsi oi ld sejfiodo. Zf lds djjfe`is oi les subsfstihds `e jerrispe`oi` d les prepúsftes oil sfstihd sejfdl, `e mdy iquflfbrfe y se` cdjtfblis les oisdkustis. Istd je`jipjfú` tfi`i u` jdräjtir kirärqufje i` il qui si cuirzd ld dodptdjfú` i f`tiardjfú` oi les f`ofvfoues, oi le je`trdrfe, æstes `e istä` juhplfi`oe su cu`jfú` y puioi` prevejdr il oisiquflfbrfe. I` etre eroi` oi foids, ^drse`s i`tfi`oi qui lds djjfe`is oi les aebir`d`tis istdrä` erfi`tdods d sdtfscdjir lds `ijisfodois y leardr les 󿬄`is oil sfstihd sejfdl alebdl. ^er ille, mdbrä hi`es pesfbflfodois pdrd je`sfoirdr liaètfhe il oisdjuiroe y il jdhbfe oi u` aebfir`e, yd qui `e súle si jui`td je` u` hdrje kurèofje qui rispdlod dl sfstihd, sf`e je` teod u`d istrujturdjfú` je`jiptudl qui liaftfhd u` eroi` istdblijfoe.

Cfaurd :.9>

Oi djuiroe je` Oe`ele, is prijfse ixplfjdr il pi`sdhfi`te oi ^drse`s i` cu`jfú` oi su æpejd y oi su cerhdjfú` f`tilijtudl, i` ld qui lds sujisfvds jrfsfs jdpftdlfstds cuire` sfa`f󿬄jdtfvds y ld supuistd trd`scerhdjfú` mdjfd etrd cdsi, siaû` les hdrxfstds, md sfa`f󿬄jdoe u`d istrujturdjfú` oi pi`sdhfi`te qui li od juirpe y si`tfoe d sus pld`tidhfi`tes.

Rebirt G. Hirte` (464>-2>>:) Hirte` y il `uive sejfúleae. @djfú i` Cfldoil󿬄d y doqufrfú u`d cerhdjfú` ihf`i`-

tihi`ti djdoæhfjd. Jehe ^drse`s, Hirte` pirti`iji d les sejfúleaes pripdrdoes i` lds u`fvirsfodois. Zi tftulú i` ld _ihpli _ihpli Y`fvirsfty i` ld oæjdod oi 46:>. Cui preciser precise r i` Mdrvdro y Jeluhbfd7 ofrijter doku`te oil Oipdrtdhi`te oi F`vistfadjfú` Zejfdl Dplfjdod i` Jeluhbfd, y ^risfoi`ti oi ld Dhirfjd` Zejfeleafjdl Zejfity. Oe`ele oisjrfbi d Hirte` oi u`d hd`ird huy pijulfdr. Ziôdld qui pdrd i`ti`oir sus f`jlf`djfe`is tiúrfjds is prijfse tehdr i` jui`td il sfaufi`ti dspijte; “Æl ixprisd ld je`jfi`jfd hiofd oil sejfúleae jehe u` `uive tfpe oi precisfe`fstd oi ld sejfiodo f`oustrfdl oi hdsds, jehe u`d cerhd oi prdahdtfshe prdahdtfshe,, oi foieleaèd lfbirdl dbfirtd d u`d vfsfú` je`󿬂fjtfvd y jdutdhi`ti prearisfstd oil oisdrrelle sejfdl‘.9?   Jdrle Oe`ele, ep. jft., p. 22.

9?

Rebirt Gf`a Hirte`, sejfúleae oi erfai` istdoeu`foi`si, cui prihfe @ebil oi Ije`ehèd.

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ZEJFELEAÈD Dmerd bfi`, ille `es llivd d je`sfoirdr qui pdrd Hirte` ixfstèd u`d je`jiptudlfzdjfú` oi jfi`jfd qui mdbèd trd`sftdoe per ofvirses hehi`tes oisoi qui i` il sfale 󰁽󰁳󰁦󰁦 “les 󿬄lúseces oi ld `dturdlizd‘ si vfire` i` ld `ijisfodo oi je`strufr teod u`d liaftfhdjfú` y kustf󿬄jdjfú` oi ld ixfsti`jfd oi ld jfi`jfd, sebri teoe i` il si`tfoe oi qui sus 󿬄`is si kustf󿬄jdbd` i` tærhf`es julturdlis, ije`úhfjes i f`jluse per “ld alerf󿬄jdjfú` oi Ofes‘. Zujisfvdhi`ti md sfoe `ijisdrfe drtfjuldr ofvirsds hd`irds pdrd prebdr ld pirtf`i`jfd oi ld jfi`jfd. D je`tf`udjfú` rijupirdrihes rijupirdrihes ld cerhd i` qui il sejfúleae istdoeu`foi`si pirjfbi istd juistfú`; “Oispuæs oi u` ldrae pirfeoe oi rildtfvd siaurfodo, ourd`ti il judl ld presijujfú` y ofcusfú` oil je`ejfhfi`te si ilivú d u` fhpertd`ti luadr luadr,, sf `e dl prfhir rd`ae i` ld isjdld oi vdleris julturdlis, les jfi`tè󿬄jes si vi` eblfadoes d kustf󿬄jdr d`ti il mehbri les heoes oi ebrdr oi ld jfi`jfd i` il hu`oe heoir`e‘. Hirte` pfi`sd qui isti trä`sfte djilirdoe oi ld jfi`jfd ld llivú d dsuhfr u`d pesturd dl hdrai` oi ld sejfiodo, per le qui “si `ijisftú u` dtdqui cre`tdl d ld dute`ehèd oi ld jfi`jfd pdrd je`virtfr isti dfsldhfi`te je`󿬄doe i` u`d pdrtfjfpdjfú` ridlfstd i` il je`󿬂fjte rivelujfe`drfe oi lds julturds. Ld ofsjusfú` oil preblihd md llivdoe d ld jldrf󿬄jdjfú` y rid󿬄rhdjfú` oil itmes oi ld jfi`jfd heoir`d‘.99 Bdke istd pirspijtfvd, pisi d ld cerhd i` qui si jdrdjtirfzd il pi`sdhfi`te oi Hirte`, æl je`sfoird qui ld jfi`jfd, i` il si`tfoe häs dhplfe oil tærhf`e, istä f`hirsd i` u`d jfrju`std`jfd qui ld oitirhf`d, f`jluse vd häs dllä y dsivird ld `ijisfodo oi mdjir je`jfi`jfd oi qui ld jfi`jfd pdrtfjfpd oi ld of`ähfjd sejfdl, Cfaurd :.94

doihäs oi qui f`󿬂uyi julturdlhi`ti i` lds sejfiodois. Ld sejfeleaèd i` lds oæjdods oi 46?> y 469>, yd `e ird ld hfshd oil sfale d`tirfer. Zi je`vfrtfú i` u`d ofsjfplf`d qui si f`jlf`dbd ardoudlhi`ti d ld tij`f󿬄jdjfú` y dl ihpfrfshe. Zf` ihbdrae, i` les sfaufi`tis dôes il hdrxfshe jebrú duai i` les istuofes sejfelúafjes, oibfoe dl oisi`jd`te jdpftdlfstd per ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl7 les je`󿬂fjtes i` il Hiofe Erfi`ti, Sfit`dh y Jerid, dsè jehe il trfu`ce oi ld rivelujfú` sejfdlfstd i` Jubd. Isti je`tixte prevejú dutehätfjdhi`ti u`d sfhpdtèd i`tri les  kúvi`is oi les pdèsis ejjfoi`tdlis ejjfoi`tdlis mdjfd les riaèhi`is sejfdlfstds ourd`ti ourd`ti les ld oæjdod oi 463>, hd`fcistú ld jrfsfs i` jriofbflfodo oil jdpftdlfshe.

Oibfoe d lds auirrds hu`ofdlis y les je`flfjtes erfi`tdlis, surafú surafú u`d sfhpdtèd oi les kúvi`is oi les pdèsis ejjfoi`tdlis per il ræafhi` sejfdlfstd.

I` ld sejfeleaèd si f`treouke il hdrxfshe y ofe d su quimdjir u`d dltir`dtfvd ofstf`td, djtfvd y jrètfjd. Il preblihd yd `e súle ird hiteoelúafje y tiúrfje, sf`e oi je`cre`tdjfú` pelètfjd pdrd trd`scerhdr lds cerhds oi erad`fzdjfú` y aebfir`e i` etrds häs kustds i faudlftdrfds.

Il hdrxfshe tuve u` dvd`ji huy fhpertd`ti per riprisi`tdr u`d dltir`dtfvd qui puofird adrd`tfzdr sejfiodois `e seldhi`ti istdblis, sf`e je` u`d precu`od vejdjfú` faudlftdrfd, doihäs oi `e velvir d u`d auirrd hu`ofdl, sebri teoe sf lds rdze`is oi æstd tuvfire` jehe susti`te les hirjdoes y ze`ds oi f`󿬂ui`jfd ije`úhfjd hu`ofdl. Isti pd`erdhd `e dyuoú hujme d sejfúleaes jehe Hirte`, yd qui si peldrfzdre` lds oes ard`ois ti`oi`jfds y si dji`tudre` i foieleafzdre` sus ilihi`tes bäsfjes; per u`d pdrti, d ld sejfeleaèd istdoeu`foi`si si li dsejfú ofrijtdhi`ti je` il pesftfvfshe y su ihpiôe per kustf󿬄jdr ld ixfsti`jfd oil jdpftdlfshe7 per ld etrd, il hdrxfshe dji`tuú su vfsfú` sebri il cuture, oe`oi ld oisdrtfjuldjfú` oil jdpftdlfshe je`stftuèd su prferfodo.

Isjuilds sejfelúafjds je`tihperä`ids Kürai` Mdbirhds (`. 4626) Mdbirhds yd si f`jluyi i` u`d ai`irdjfú` i` ld qui ld f`󿬂ui`jfd si od hiofd`ti ld pripdrdjfú` djdoæhfjd y ld f`vistfadjfú`, i` lds u`fvirsfodois yd mdy ofsjèpules   Rebirt Hirte`, “Zjfi`ji d`o tijm`eleay f` d oihejrdtfj eroir‘, p. 449.

99

91

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Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

oi sejfúleaes cerhdoes i` lds dulds y per ille lds priejupdjfe`is si rildjfe`d` häs je` ld tierèd, ld hiteoeleaèd y etres tihds ispijè󿬄jes.  Kürai` Mdbirhds `djfú i` Oüssiloerc, Dlihd`fd7 ridlfzú sus istuofes i` Abttf`ai`, [urfjm y Be``. Cui preciser oi 󿬄lesecèd y sejfeleaèd i` Mifoilbira, oi 4634 d 463?, y pestirferhi`ti i` Crä`jcert mdstd 4614. I` ld oæjdod oi 463>, pire sebri f`arisú teoe i`i` ld ld oiY`fvirsfodo 461>, oisdrrellú teod su tierèd y, d prf`jfpfes oi ld oæjdod oi 46=>, Kemd`` Qelcad`a Aeitmi oi Crä`jcert. Ld sejfeleaèd siaû` Mdbirhds.  Ld duterri󿬂ixfú` sejfelúafjd qufzäs is häs cri-

jui`ti oispuæs oi ld siau`od hftdo oil sfale 󰁽󰁽. Iste `e súle fhplfjd tierfzdr y mdjir häs jehplikd ld hiteoeleaèd, sf`e d`dlfzdr il oisdrrelle oi ld ofsjfplf`d hfshd. Ille pirhftfrä je`tdr je` u`d vfsfú` oi je`ku`te oi ld tierèd sejfelúafjd, doihäs oi isjldrijir juäl md sfoe il trdtdhfi`te je`jiptudl y tihätfje oi `uistrd ofsjfplf`d. Il pi`sdhfi`te oi Mdbirhds si oisdrrelld i` isti je`tixte, su foid is jehpli kd perqui pld`tid y djiptd u`d sejfeleaèd jehpri`sfvd, riter`d`oe d Qibir, Qibir, pdrd qui istd jfi`jfd si trd`scerhi y oispuæs si je`jiptûi, ku`te je` il ci`úhi`e d`dlfzdoe oi hd`ird ofstf`td. Le d`tirfer sfa`f󿬄jd qui `e is su󿬄jfi`ti pi`sdr qui ld æpejd d`dlfzdod f`󿬂uyi i` les mijmes y dai`tis oil jdhbfe, sf`e tdhbfæ` i` qufi`is ri󿬂ixfe`d` y ildberd` lds cerhds oi ixplfjdjfú`7 dsè jehe i` il li`audki y je`jiptudlfzdjfe`is e tirhf`eleaèds utflfzdods pdrd ildberdr il ofsjurse ixplfjdtfve. Ld hdyer je`trfbujfú` oi Mdbirhds d ld sejfeleaèd md sfoe su tierèd sebri ld isi`jfd y su pdpil i` lds sejfiodois je`tihperä`ids. _dhbfæ` _dhbfæ` md vf`juldoe ld ri󿬂ixfú` sejfelúafjd je` u`d präjtfjd lfbirdoerd oi ld eprisfú` jdpftdlfstd. ^drd susti`tdr sus prf`jfpfes, rijupird ld trdofjfú` foidlfstd dlihd`d y il hdrxfshe. Ld dpertdjfú` oi Mdbirhds is tiúrfjd y juistfe`d ld miaihe`èd istdoeu`foi`si i` les istuofes sejfelúafjes, ld tierèd jläsfjd y dl hdrxfshe i` jrijfi`ti jrfsfs.Zi f`jlf`d i` hujmes oi sus trdbdkes dl istuofe mirhi`æutfje oil li`audki.

Cfaurd :.92

Iste si oibi d qui, oispuæs oi ld Ziau`od Auirrd Hu`ofdl, Istdoes Y`foes oi @ertidhærfjd learú f`󿬂ufr i` ld pelètfjd f`tir`djfe`dl y si je`vfrtfú i` ld `djfú` häs peoiresd oil hu`oe7 pire su jriofbflfodo y ld oil jdpftdlfshe ofshf`uyire`. Ille si hd`fcistú i` il jrijfi`ti dvd`ji qui mube oil hdrxfshe hdr xfshe jehe heoile pelètfje dltir`dtfve (Jerid, Sfit`dh Sfit`dh y, i` Dhærfjd Ldtf`d, Jubd). I` lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis si jrftfjdre` lds oes foieleaèds miaihú`fjds; il sejfdlfshe y il jdpftdlfshe. Je` Mdbirhds, istd jrètfjd supird ld sfhpli `iutrdlfodo y je`struyi teod u`d cerhd oi pi`sdhfi`te qui ridlfzd u`d sivird jrètfjd d qufi`is priti`oi` dsuhfr u`d pesturd `iutrdl, jehe is il jdse oil pesftfvfshe, dsivird`oe le sfaufi`ti; “Il vdler oisjrfptfve oi lds f`cerhdjfe`is jfi`tè󿬄jds istä cuird oi teod ouod7 pire `e mdy qui i`ti`oirle jehe sf lds tierèds ri󿬂ikdrd` mijmes y rildjfe`is i`tri mijmes‘. 93 Is oijfr, oijfr, is `ijisdrfe drtfjuldr u`d tierèd cu`odhi`tdod i` il juistfe`dhfi`te oil `iepesftfvfshe y il riarise dl rdjfe`dlfshe.

Ld Auirrd oi Sfit`dh cui u` je`flfjte bælfje qui i`cri`tú i`tri 463? y 4619 d ld Ripûblfjd oi Sfit`dh, e Sfit`dh oil Zur, y d les Istdoes Y`foes, je`trd ld Ripûblfjd Oihejrätfjd oi Sfit`dh, e Sfit`dh oil @erti.

^ire i` dlae Mdbirhds istä d cdver, i` heoir`fzdr lds sejfiodois, jud`oe `e sfa`f󿬄qui ixjlusfvdhi`ti “prearise tæj`fje, jrijfhfi`te jdpftdlfstd y dohf`fstrdjfú` rdjfe`dl‘.91 Doihäs, su tfpe oi heoir`fzdjfú` dpdrtd ld pelètfjd oi les dvd`jis tij`elúafjes y jfi`tè󿬄jes, ille qufiri oijfr qui istä i` ld bûsquiod oi qui ld ebkitfvfodo `e si f`velujri i` ld je`cre`tdjfú` foielúafjd oi les oes peles i` il ähbfte hu`ofdl.   Kürai` Mdbirhds. Ld lúafjd oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, p. 99.   Fbèoih, p. 4>>.

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ZEJFELEAÈD Cfaurd :.9:

@e ebstd`ti su pesturd tiúrfjd, sè ridlfzd dlau`ds prijfsfe`is je` rispijte d les prf`jfpfes qui susti`td` dl hdtirfdlfshe mfstúrfje, yd qui `es ofji qui istd pesturd oisjd`sd i` oes ilihi`tes; i` ld ai`irdjfú` y ofstrfbujfú` oi ld rfquizd y i` les hijd`fshes pdrd ikirjir il peoir pelètfje. ^drd ille ridlfzd u`d sirfi oi pld`tidhfi`tes, i`tri les häs fhpertd`tis istä je`sfoirdr d les sfstihds sejfdlis jehe oije`ofjfe`is lds rildjfe`is sejfdlis yilper ille lds rildjfe`is sejfdlis mdbrä` oi ripreoujteris ripreoujfrsi i` oi isjdsiz. ^er etrd pdrti, ixfsti u`d je`ixfú` i`tri ld rfquizd y il peoir, peoir, per ille il peoir si ikirji bdke u` sfstihd `erhdtfve, qui ri󿬂ikd u`d liaftfhdjfú` oi ld oehf`djfú` y u` li`audki qui jedjjfe`i.

Ld Isjuild oi Crä`jcert Hdx Mergmifhir, sejfúleae dlihä`, cdhese per su tierèd jrètfjd jehe hfihbre oi ld isjuild isj uild oi Crä`jcert Crä`jcert..

Cfaurd :.9?

Ld Isjuild oi Crä`jcert is ld hd`fcistdjfú` oi fhpertd`tis pi`sdoeris i` les jdhpes oi ld 󿬄lesecèd, sejfeleaèd y pelètfjd. Zi cu`od per oijrite oil Hf`fstirfe oi Ioujdjfú` i` Dlihd`fd, il : oi cibrire oi 462: y i` æl tdhbfæ` pdrtfjfpd il F`stftute oi F`vistfadjfe`is Zejfdlis oi ld jfuodo oi Crä`jcert, jridoe u` dôe d`tis. Ofjmd Isjuild si learú ardjfds d ld f`fjfdtfvd oi Hd`crio Airldjm oisoi 4622. ^ire il mfsterfdoer Hdrtè` Kdy ofji qui `e peoihes mdbldr oi ld Isjuild oi Crä`jcert sf`e mdstd il riarise oi sus f`tiard`tis oispuæs oi ld jdèod `dzf i` Dlihd`fd, i` ld oæjdod oi 469>. Ille fhplfjd teod u`d ofsjusfú` sebri su jdräjtir y lds fhplfjdjfe`is tiúrfjds qui puiod ti`ir i` ld sejfeleaèd. Ld Isjuild sdlfú oi ld jfuodo oi @ertidhærfjd d prf`jfpfes oi ld oæjdod 46:>. Zúle djtuú i` dlau`ds jfuodois oi Iurepd jehe Af`ibrd y ^drès, y i` Istdoes Y`foes oi @ertidhærfjd. Istd sftudjfú` si trdouke i` je`sfoirdr qui istd ti`oi`jfd `e peoèd sir meheaæ`id `f peoèd ti`ir u`d trdsji`oi`jfd sustd`jfdl i` ld tierèd sejfelúafjd oil sfale 󰁽󰁽. D ld isjuild oi Crä`jcert si dsejfd` `ehbris jehe Hdx Mergmifhir (4=69461:), su cu`odoer7 _mieoer Qfisi`aru`o-Doer`e (46>:-4633)7 Mirbirt Hdrjusi (46>:-461=)7 Qdltir Bi`kdhf` (4=62-46?>)7 Irfjm Crehh (46>>-46=>), y Kürai` Mdbirhds (4626- ). Cfaurd :.93 Oi`tre oi ld sejfeleaèd, ld Isjuild prepe`i, cu`odhi`tdlhi`ti, rijupirdr ld tierèd jrètfjd,

Mirbirt Hdrjusi cui u`d oi lds prf`jfpdlis fflaurds oi ld isjuild oi Crä`jcert.

juyd pelæhfjd si f`ti`sf󿬄jú pesftfvfstds Gdrl ^eppir sebri teoe i` ld je` oæjdod oi 463>.jehe Mdbirhds trdtd oi je`jlufr oi hd`ird oi󿬄`ftfvd isd ofsjusfú` dl d󿬄rhdr qui il oudlfshe jfi`jfds sejfdlis-jfi`jfds `dturdlis is u` preblihd oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, y le qui si vfvi i` il sfale 󰁽󰁽 is, d`ti teoe, u`d ofsjusfú` hiteoelúafjd y ipfstihelúafjd.

Cfaurd :.99

 _mieoer Luowfa Luowfa Doer`e, je`sfoirdoe u`e oi les häxfhes riprisi`td`tis oi ld Isjuild oi Crä`jcert y oi ld tierèd jrètfjd oi f`spfrdjfú` hdrxfstd.

Gdrl ^eppir, sejfúleae dustrdlfd`e, `etdbli per sus je`trfbujfe`is d ld ipfstiheleaèd, doihäs oi tiúrfje oil lfbirdlfshe y oici`ser oi ld sejfiodo dbfirtd cri`ti d les sfstihds.

Le qui häs oistdjd oi lds tisfs oi ld Isjuild oi Crä`jcert, f`jluse oi Mdbirhds, is su f`sfsti`ti rildjfú` tierèd-prdxfs. Æstd si jehfi`zd d dplfjdr i` les f`fjfes oi ld siau`od hftdo oil sfale 󰁽󰁦󰁽, puis d`tis il preblihd ird ld dute`ehèd hiteoelúafjd oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis y, i` je`sijui`jfd, su pesfjfú` d`ti les ci`úhi`es sejfd-

lis. Ille, oi djuiroe je` Mdbirhds, si supird i` `uistre sfale y le fhpertd`ti is il jehprehfse oi ld sejfeleaèd i` il jdhbfe sejfdl. ^er iste ûltfhe, ld Isjuild oi Crä`jcert si rildjfe`d hujme je` il hdrxfshe, yd qui, doihäs, sus pld`tidhfi`tes se` je`trd il jdpftdlfshe, jehe sfstihd pelètfje y

96

3>

 

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

ije`úhfje, od`oe od`oe jehe dltir`dtfvd u`d trd`scerhdjfú` susti`tdod i` ld tierèd oi Hdrx7 pire d`ti ld judl `e oikd` oi sir jrètfjes y prepesftfves.

Bdld`ji oi ld sejfeleaèd djtudl D hd`ird oi risuhi`, peoihes d󿬄rhdr, prfhir ilihi`te, sejfeleaèdy istä i` je`std`ti trd`scerhdjfú` e, jehejehe dlau`es ld lldhd`, istäqui i`ld je`std`ti pirhd`i`ti jrfsfs, il oivi`fr oi lds sejfiodois md f`󿬂ufoe oi hd`ird oitirhf`d`ti i` sus tihds y ti`oi`jfds tiúrfjds. Le d`tirfer si puioi `etdr sf si jehpdrd il pir󿬄l oi u` sejfúleae ldtf`edhirfjd`e je` il oi u`, per ikihple, istdoeu`foi`si. I` ld oæjdod oi 461>, i` Ldtf`edhærfjd tuve u`d ard` f`󿬂ui`jfd ld tierèd hdrxfstd, sebri teoe i` les istuofes sejfelúafjes. Iste si pldshú i` lds oes tierèds qui hdrjdre` lds ti`oi`jfds oi istd ofsjfplf`d i` il je`tf`i`ti; ld tierèd oi ld oipi`oi`jfd y ld oil suboisdrrelle, qui si je`trdpe`i` du` jud`oe si rildjfe`d` je` il hdrxfshe. Dhbds siôdld` ld oisfaudlodo i` ld riafú` y prepe`i` selujfe`is; ld tierèd oi ld oipi`oi`jfd f`ofjd u` oisdrrelle oi`tre oi ld hfshd oipi`oi`jfd rispijte d les pdèsis f`oustrfdlfzdoes, cu`odhi`tdlhi`ti cu`odhi`tdlh i`ti mdjfd Istdoes Y`foes oi @ertidhærfjd7 dsfhfshe, pld`tid pld`tid qui `e sirä pesfbli qui Dhærfjd Ldtf`d si trd`scerhi y sdlad oi ld pebrizd, mdstd qui `e ixfstd u` jdhbfe sejfdl precu`oe, je` etre heoile pelètfje y ije`úhfje. Ille cui il f`struhi`te tiúrfje y ld kustf󿬄jdjfú` oi qufi`is f`fjfdre` les hevfhfi`tes rivelujfe`drfes ofrfafoes dl hdrxfshe i` Ldtf`edhærfjd. Jehe peoihes ebsirvdr, ld f`󿬂ui`jfd hdrxfstd i` lds oæjdods oi 463> y 461> i` ld sejfeleaèd, risultú fhpertd`ti7 pire si riouke dl istuofdr preblihds y ci`úhi`es je`jrites y riafe`dlis, oe`oi ld juistfú` ird dplfjdr u`d tierèd d u`d ridlfodo y oe`oi sirèd prijfse fr häs dllä oi lds je`jiptudlfzdjfe`is y lds dbstrdjjfe`is. I` ld oæjdod oi 46=>, lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis i` ai`irdl si istd`jd`, le judl `e si md supirdoe i` su tetdlfodo, pire yd ixfsti` pesturds qui erfi`td` su d`älfsfs d je`sfoirdr ld `uivd ridlfodo, sebri teoe jud`oe sehes tistfaes oi dvd`jis tij`elúafjes qui i` hujmds ejdsfe`is rijmdzdhes oi hd`ird dbfirtd, pire qui i` il cuture f`hiofdte `e súle sirä` djiptdoes sejfdlhi`ti, sf`e qui sirä cu`odhi`tdl d`dlfzdr sus icijtes i` lds sejfiodois7 per le qui il mfsterfdoer oi jf`i Rehä` Aubir`9= dsivird le sfaufi`ti; “Ld ivelujfú` julturdl is u`d istrdtiafd f`vi`tdod per il mehbri pdrd dodptdrsi hiker dl hiofe dhbfi`ti qui li md tejdoe vfvfr, per le qui `e puioi sir ld hfshd i` ld silvd, i` ld sdbd`d, i` u`d ze`d ldjustri e i` il oisfirte. ^uiste qui istds istrdtiafds se` ofrfafods per il mehbri, lds julturds muhd`ds md` md ` je`ejfoe u`d ard` ofvirsf󿬄jdjfú`, du`qui si puioi` rije`ejir i` teods illds u`es sustrdtes jehu`is, i` ipfseofes td` cu`odhi`tdlis jehe il `djfhfi`te, il hdtrfhe`fe, ld huirti, ld auirrd, itj. I` teods lds sejfiodois muhd`ds ixfsti` priofspesfjfe`is bfelúafjds qui si ilivd` dl rd`ae oi `erhds ihd`dods oi ld f`tilfai`jfd muhd`d y `e oi ld bfelúafjd; je`struyi` júofaes oi je`oujtd qui rialdhi`td` su je`vfvi`jfd y qui i` lds sejfiodois häs oisdrrelldods si pldshd` i` liyis y rialdhi`tes isjrftes‘. 96 I` ld ûltfhd oæjdod oil sfale pdsdoe, sf` ihbdrae oes mijmes qufzä je`trfbuyd` dl oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd7 lds trd`scerhdjfe`is hu`ofdlis (ld jdèod oil sejfdlfshe y ld jrfsfs jdpftdlfstd), dsè jehe lds auirrds f`fjfdods dl f`fjfe oil prisi`ti sfale, doihäs oi les dvd`jis jfi`tè󿬄je-tij`elúafjes jfi`tè󿬄je-tij`elúafjes qui se` fhprisfe`d`tis.

 Rehä` Aubir` `djfú i` Bdrjile`d i` 46:? y isjrfbfú il tixte Il ires ilijtrú`fje7 md trdbd kdoe jehe f`vistfa f`vistfadoer doer i` il Hdssdjmusitts F`stftuti ec _ijm`eleay _ijm`eleay y md sfoe preciser i`

9=

ld Y`fvirsftyofrijter ec Zeutmir` Jdlfcer`fd (les Ä`ailis) y i`y ^risfoi`ti il Jdlfcer`fd ec _ijm`eleay (^dsdoi`d), ofrij ter oil F`stftute Jirvd`tis i` Rehd oiF`stftuti ld Dsejfdjfú` Ispdôeld oi Mfsterfdoeris oi Jf`i. Djtudlhi`ti is jdtiorätfje oi jehu`fjdjfú` duofevfsudl, i` ld Cdjultdo oi Jfi`jfds oi ld Jehu`fjdjf Jehu`fjdjfú`, ú`, oi ld Y`fvirsfodo Dutú`ehd Dutú`ehd oi Bdrjile`d. 96  Rehä` Aubirt, Ires ilijtrú`fje, p. 6.

Cfaurd :.91

Ld ivelujfú` julturdl is u`d istrdtiafd oil mehbri pdrd dodptdrsi dl hiofe dhbfi`ti.

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

 

ZEJFELEAÈD Ld sejfeleaèd si md vf`juldoe istrijmdhi`ti je` les preblihds sejfdlis häs sfa`f󿬄jdtfves oi ld æpejd. Zu ebkite oi istuofe yd `e is il ci`úhi`e oil sufjfofe vfste i` su rijurri`jfd, sf`e d trdvæs oi sus icijtes sejfdlis, per ikihple, doihäs oi les preblihds oil sfstihd y ld pesfbli dltir`dtfvd sejfdlfstd. Iste ai`ird d`älfsfs pdrtfjuldris sebri ld f`󿬂ui`jfd y je`sijui`jfds oi ld Auirrd Crèd, oi Sfit`dh, oil suboisdrrelle ldtf`edhirfjd`e, itjætird. Jdrle Oe`ele rije`eji ld ofvirsfodo oi tihds pelètfjes, sejfdlis y ije`úhfjes, dsè jehe il surafhfi`te oi tihds pdrtfjuldris7 pire `e oikd oi jrftfjdr ld preoujjfú` sejfelúafjd djtudl, le qui mdji dsè; “…`e oibi pdsdr f`dovirtfoe il mijme oi qui, ri󿬄`ä`oesi les hæteoes, ispijfdlfzä`oesi les ebkites oi istuofe y precisfe`dlfzä`oesi il pdpil oil sejfúleae, les risultdoes oi`etdbd` hujmd hfsirfd julturdl, u` je`ejfhfi`te súle isjeldr oi les jläsfjes y 󿬄`dlhi`ti u`d ard` ofstd`jfd f`tilijtudl rispijte d les ard`ois tihds pelètfjes y sejfdlis qui si oibdtèd` i` lds ofvirsds sejfiodois‘.3>

Cfaurd :.9=

Ld sejfeleaèd si ejupd oil d`älfsfs oil suboisdrrelle i` Ldtf`edhærfjd (hfxtijeszdpetijds).

@e ebstd`ti, jriihes qui ld sejfeleaèd, oisoi su erfai` `u`jd md sdtfscijme d les ofvirses jrètfjes oi pi`sdoeris, jerrfi`tis, ti`oi`jfds, dsè jehe il pdpil oil sejfúleae i` ld jfrju`std`jfd mfstúrfjd i` qui vfvi. Is pesfbli qui il je`ejfhfi`te oi les jläsfjes `e sid precu`oe, pire d`ti lds trd`scerhdjfe`is djtudlis, il ixdhi` sejfelúafje tdhbfæ` is ebkite oi juistfe`dhfi`tes y heof󿬄jdjfe`is, le judl pdrijirèd u` dtrdse7 sf` ihbdrae, i` il jdhbfe tiúrfje sejfdl, il rite oi ld sejfeleaèd sirä dodptdrsi dl jdhbfd`ti hu`oe oi prf`jfpfes oi hfli`fe7 jud`oe tirhf`d ld Auirrd Crèd, i`trd i` jrfsfs il jdpftdlfshe y si oirruhbd il sejfdlfshe, ld je`sijui`jfd oi ille is ld rierad`fzdjfú` hu`ofdl, qui fhplfjd preblihds y ci`úhi`es tetdlhi`ti `uives, juyd ixplfjdjfú` oibi ridlfzdrsi je` pdrähitres tiúrfjes y hiteoelúafjes ofstf`tes.

Cfaurd :.96

 

Je`sfoirdhes fhpertd`ti `e seldhi`ti pi`sdr sebri ofstf`tds ti`oi`jfds tihätfjds y tiúrfjds, jehe se` les preblihds qui ai`ird`, oisoi u` pu`te oi vfstd sejfelúafje, ld jerrupjfú`, il tirrerfshe y ld pebrizd, 34  sf`e tdhbfæ` je`sfoirdr, jehe le pu`tudlfzd Afevd``f Zdrterf,32 qui ixfsti; “ld ofstf`jfú` i`tri u`d julturd bdsdod i` ld pdldbrd, ld isjrfturd, y u`d julturd vfsudl bdsdod i` fhäai`is. I` ld prfhird je`jibfhes i`tfodois dbstrdjtds qui `e vihes, lfofdhes je` hu`oes f`tilfafblis ( hu`ous f`tfllfafbflfs) d pdrtfr oi je`jiptes. I` il siau`oe jdse istdhes je`󿬄`does dl hu`oe qui vihes, is oijfr, d ld pirjipjfú` oi les vfsfblis je`jrites, dl ähbfte oi les hu`oes si`sfblis ( hu`ous si`sfbflfs), il oi les si`tfoes‘.3: Häs doild`ti dariad; “I` tierèd se` e oibirèd` sir jehplihi`tdrfes. Il hu`ous f`tillfafbflfs oi le `e vfste prisupe`i y si iof󿬄jd sebri il hu`ous si`sfbflfs , il oi lds jesds qui sè vihes. Dquillds jesds qui vihes riqufiri` pirjipjfe`is (le qui pirjfbfhes je` les ekes). V d ld f`virsd; pirjfbfr sf` je`jibfr is vir sf` i`ti`oir i`ti`oir,, is u`d hfrdod istûpfod‘.3?

Ld julturd vfsudl privdliji i` ld djtudlfodo djtudlfodo..

_eoe le d`tirfer `es llivd d ri󿬂ixfe`dr sebri lds hutdjfe`is, jehe pu`tudlfzd Zdrterf, pire sf doihäs le mdjihes oisoi ld sejfeleaèd, `e súle istdrihes d`ti u` hu`oe ofstf`te i` tærhf`es oi les jdhbfes tij`elúafjes, sf`e d`ti u`d preblihätfjd `u`jd d`tis vfstd, qui riqufiri oi ld je`strujjfú` oi tierèds qui ixplfqui` isd   Jdrle Oe`ele, ep.jft., p. 1>.   Les istuofes sebri istes tihds oisoi ld sejfeleaèd yd si istä` ai`irdlfzd`oe7 `e ebstd`ti je`sfoirdhes `ijisdrfe dvd`zdr sebri isti dspijte, doihäs risultd f`ofspi`sdbli mdjir u` bdld`ji oi les dljd`jis y trdsji`oi`jfd oi illes 32  ^elftúleae ftdlfd`e qui md ri󿬂ixfe`doe ri󿬂ixfe`doe sebri ld f`󿬂ui`jfd oi les hiofes vfsudlis i` ld cerhdjfú` oi lds je`oujtds i` les f`ofvfoues, sebri teoe i` su ebrd Mehe Sfoi`s. Ld sejfiodo tiliofrfafod (4661). 3:  Afevd``f Zdrterf. Mehe Sfoi`s. Ld sejfiodo tiliofrfafod, p. :=. 3?  Èoih. 3> 34

34

32

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

`uivd ridlfodo sejfdl, y sirä `ijisdrfe ripld`tidr`es lds rispuistds qui puofird odr `uistrd ofsjfplf`d. ^drdoúkfjdhi`ti, u`d pdrti oi ld muhd`fodo vfvi `uivds ridlfodois je`strufods d pdrtfr oil prioehf`fe oil hu`ous si`sfbflfs, qui `ijisdrfdhi`ti les llivd d piroir pdrti oi su f`tilfai`jfd.39 D`ti isti pd`erdhd, risultd cu`odhi`tdl pdrd ld sejfeleaèd llivdr d jdbe il d`älfsfs d pdrtfr oi istd foid, ydiqui sf bfi` jfirte qui je`jipjfe`is jehe ld oihejrdjfd, il aæ`ire, ld lfbirtdo faudlodo `eisse` je`jiptes djdbdoes, sè lds je`strufhes y oi󿬄`fhes d pdrtfr oi `uistrd vfsudlfzdjfú` oil hu`oe y lds fhäai`is qui vihes, d trdvæs oi les hiofes, sebri teoe oi ld tilivfsfú`, per le qui sirä `ijisdrfe tehdr i` jui`td istd `uivd ridlfodo. ^er etrd pdrti, jriihes qui d pdrtfr oi qui il mehbri md je`sfoirdoe pesfbli je`strufr u`d f`tilfai`jfd drtf󿬄jfdl, si md mijme privdlijir ld tij`eleaèd sebri ld  psfqui, trdoujfæ`oesi i` ld mfpútisfs oi qui qufzä ld f`tilfai`jfd puofisi je`strufrsi cuird oil juirpe muhd`e. ^er supuiste qui lds fhplfjdjfe`is oi teoe ille si trdouji` i` le qui Rehä` Aubir` lldhd lds fhplfjdjfe`is ihejfe`dlis y dcijtfvds oi lds sejfiodois pestf`oustrfdlis, lliad`oe d je`sfoirdr qui ld ivelujfú` oi ld muhd`fodo, td`te bfelúafjd jehe sejfdl, md trd`sftdoe per u` ldrae jdhf`e, y les hiofes oi jehu`fjdjfú` istä` ai`ird`oe jdhbfes julturdlis precu`oes7 per ille, lds je`sijui`jfds häs oisdstresds lds pdoiji` les pdèsis dtrdsdoes, i` les qui si vfvi u`d ridlfodo y si ofsjuti` tihds si vfsudlfzd` trdvæs oi les hiofes, qui huistrd` fhäai`is qui jerrispe`oi`qui d etre hu`oe, d detrds ridlfodois. Cfaurd :.3>

Il je`jipte oi bfi`istdr d vijis le oitirhf`d ld jdpdjfodo ije`úhfjd.

  ^er f`tilfai`jfd i`ti`oirèdhes i`ti`oirèdhes `e ixjlusfvdhi`ti ld jdpdjfodo oi doqufrfr y dplfjdr je`ejfhfi`tes, sf`e oi je`strufr u`d pirjipjfú` y jehpri`oir ld ridlfodo qui pirjfbfhes, yd qui `e teoe si riouji d je`tihpldr, d vir, sf`e tdhbfæ` d ti`ir ld jdpdjfodo oi i`ti`oir y ixplfjdr il hu`oe i` qui vfvfhes.

39

Arupe Iofterfdl ^dtrfd®

 

ZEJFELEAÈD Ivdludjfú`

Juistfe`drfe; 4. Oisjrfbi lds jfrju`std`jfds i` qui surai surai ld sejfeleaèd. 2. quæ il il pi`sdhfi`te pi`sdhfi`te oi istäQibir je` su jfrju`std`jfd5 :. µ^er µ^er quæ Qrildjfe`doe ibir trd`scerhd ld æpejd tierèdesejfelúafjd5 ?. µJuä`oe jehfi`zd ld sejfeleaèd d trd`scerhdrsi i` u`d precisfú` qui si istuofd i` lds u`fvirsfodois5 9. µJriis qui si puiod mdbldr oi u`d jrfsfs oi ld sejfeleaèd i` ld djtudlfodo5 djtudlfodo5 µ^er quæ5  Djtfvfodo; Je`

ld dsiserèd oil preciser preciser,, cerhi` arupes oi 9 istuofd`tis istu ofd`tis y oejuhi`ti` u`  preblihd oi su jehu`fodo je` ilihi`tes oi dlau`d tierèd sejfelúafjd, ixpe`ad` i` jldsi.

Bfblfeardcèd Daufldr Sflld`uivd,  Lufs Cir`d`oe. Qibir; Ld foid oi jfi`jfd sejfdl, Hæxfje, 󰁹󰁠󰁤󰁨-

Hfauil D`ail ^errûd, prfhird iofjfú`, 46=6, p. =41.

     D       È      C      D      R      A      E      F      L      B      F      B

Dlpirt, Mdrry. Ourgmifh, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=3, p. 2=2. Bdaû, Zirafe. _fihpe, ridlfodo sejfdl y je`ejfhfi`te, Hæxfje, Zfale ]]F iofteris, 46=2, p.

24?. Jmf`ey, Ily. Ld sejfiodo. Y`d f`treoujjfú` d ld Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije-

`úhfjd, 4611, ?2: pp. Jehti, Duauste. Ld 󿬄lesecèd pesftfvd, Hæxfje, ^errûd iofteris, jelijjfú` Zipd` Juä`-

tes…, @e. :?>, 4616, :>: pp. Oe`ele, Jdrle. “Zejfeleaèd‘, i` Ld julturd oil 6>>, vel. ?, Hæxfje, Zfale ]]F Iofteris,

46=1, pp. 44-13. Ourgmifh, Ihflfe. Il sufjfofe, Hæxfje, 󰁹󰁠󰁤󰁨, Jelijjfú` “@uistres jläsfjes‘, @e. :6,

461?, 9>3 pp. ------------------------. Lds rialds oil hæteoe sejfelúafje, Hæxfje, Ispdôd, Erbfs iofteris, 46=3, 4=1 pp. I`ails, Crfiorfjm. Il erfai` oi ld cdhflfd, ld prepfiodo prfvdod y il Istdoe, Ist doe, Hæxfje, Iofjfe`is oi Julturd ^epuldr, 46=?, 4?: pp.  Kürai`. i`. Ld lúafjd oi lds jfi`jfds sejfdlis, Ispdôd, Iofterfdl _ij`es, 46==, 9>3 pp. Mdbirhds, Küra ---------------------------. “Heoir`fodo virsus pesheoir`fodo‘, i` Heoir`fodo y ^eshe---------------------------. oir`fodo, jehpfldjfú` oi Kesipm ^fjú, Ispdôd, Dlfd`zd iofterfdl, 46==, :=9 pp. Mdwgf`a, Ztipmi`. Mfsterfd oil tfihpe, Hæxfje, Iofterfdl Jrètfjd, 46==, 2?9 pp. Mebsbdwh, Irfj Kem`. Lds rivelujfe`is burauisds, tehe FF, Jelehbfd, iofjfe`is ^ipi,

46=2, 912 pp. Lúpiz Resdoe, Cilfpi. F`treoujjfú` d ld Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, ^errûd iofteris, 4616, :4? pp. Lumhd``, @fglds. F`treoujjfú` d ld tierèd oi sfstihds, Hæxfje, D`tmrepes-Y`fvirsfodo

Fbiredhirfjd`d-F_IZE,, 4663, :>: pp. Fbiredhirfjd`d-F_IZE Hdrtf`odli, Oe`. _ierèd sejfelúafjd. @dturdlizd y isjuild, Ispdôd, Iofterfdl Daufldr,

4616, 399 pp.

3:

3?

 

 

Y@FODO 2 

Erfai` y oisdrrelle oi ld sejfeleaèd

Hdrx, Jdrles y Crfiorfjm I`ails. Hd`f󿬄iste oil ^drtfoe Jehu`fstd, Jubd, Iofterd ^elè-

tfjd, 46=2, 9= pp. ----------------------------------------------. Ebrds isjeafods, Hesjû, iofterfdl ^rearise, 4614, 9:1 pp. Rijdsi`s Zfjmis, Lufs. Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, iofterfdl ^errûd, 4666, 3=2 pp. Rezmf` Sdsfle,  ^dblevfjm. F`treoujjfú` d ld Zejfeleaèd hdrxfstd, Hæxfje, Iofjfe`is oi

Julturd ^epuldr, 4613, 234 pp. Zjmuhpitir, Kesipm D. Fhpirfdlfshe y jldsis sejfdlis, Ispdôd, _ij`es, 46=3, 419 pp. _ó``fis, Cirof`d`o. ^rf`jfpfes oi Zejfeleaèd, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd,

46=1, ?>9 pp. ----------------------------. “Oi ld jehu`fodo d ld sejfiodo‘, i` Les jdhbfes sejfdlis,  jehpfldoe per Dhftdf y Ivd Itzfe`f, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=?, pp. 33-13. Sdfziy, Kem`. Jdpftdlfshe, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 4611, 22? pp. Sflldr, ^firri. F`fjfdjfú` dl vejdbuldrfe oil d`älfsfs mfstúrfje, Ispdôd, Iofterfdl Jrètfjd,

46=4, :49 pp. Qibir, Hdx.  Ije`ehèd y sejfiodo, Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=4,

42:1 pp. [id, Liepeloe. Il pesftfvfshe i` Hæxfje; `djfhfi`te, dpeaie y oijdoi`jfd,  Hæxfje, Ce`oe oi Julturd Ije`úhfjd, 46=?, ?=4 pp.

Bfblfeardcèd

B  F    B  L   F     E

 A R  D  C  È      D