1.1. Modulo Gramatica y Ortografia

 

 

K]SKI]OBHO   I]OAOSHJO X K]SKI]OBHO

 

I]OAOSHJO X K]SKI]OBHO   K]SKI]OBHO Lstrujturo clg akcugk PO]SL H I]OAOSHJO SLAO ?. GO JKA\DJOJHKD SLAO =. LUP]LZHKD K]OG X LZJ]HSO  LZJ]HSO  SLAZ :. GO GHDI×ÁZSHJO

O\O\UHGHO] OCAHDHZS]OSHRK

AKC\GK ? Zlrvhjhk og jghldtl AKC\GK = Sèjdhjos cl orjehvk AKC\GK : Hdbkraïthjo mïshjo OH BO ]

AKC\GK 3 Iroaothjo y krtkirobho AKC\GK < Bkraojhúd laprlsorhog AKC\GK 2 Lxjlg poro Oux Ocahdhstrothvk

I K S ] K

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AKC\GK 9 ]lcojjhúd y jkrrlspkdcldjho AKC\GK 5 ]lgojhkdls hdtlrplrskdogls AKC\GK 8 Zoguc kjupojhkdog AKC\GK ?0 Hdtrkcujjhúd o go projthjo AKC\GK ?? Kriodhzojhúd cl lvldtks AKC\GK ?= Jkdtomhghcoc mïshjo AKC\GK ?: Dkahdo AKC\GK ?3 Opghjojhúd jkdtomgl AKC\GK ?< Hdigls

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H.  I]OAOSHJO I]OAOSHJO6 Jkdfudtk cl rligos y dkraos poro eomgor y lsjrhmhr jkrrljtoaldtl udo gldiuo K]SKI]OBHO6 Ls lg jkdfudtk cl dkraos poro lsjrhmhr jkrrljtoaldtl udo gldiuo

?. GO JKA\DHJOJHÚD

OH

Ls lg prkjlsk alchodtl lg juog ud lahskr ldváo ud aldsofl jkchbhjock o ud rljlptkr, quhld o go vlz gk lsjujeo, k gk kmslrvo, gk cljkchbhjo (gk ldthldcl) y ildlro udo rlspulsto. Zkgk eoy udo jkaudhjojhúd juodck sl co go rltrkoghaldtojhúd, ls cljhr, juodck lg B O

rljlptkr sl jkdvhlrtl ld lahskr y lg lahskr ld rljlptkr. BK]AOZ CL JKA\DHJOJHÚD I] K S ] K X

Jkaudhjojhúd krog6 ls go qul sl clsorrkggo o trovès clg eomgo jkak gks clmotls, bkrks, chsjursks, jkdblrldjhos, jeorgo jkthchodos, ldtrl ktros

  O JH S O A O ] I

Jkaudhjojhúd vhsuog6 ls go qul sl rloghzo pkr alchk cl go tv, jhdl, pumghjhcoc, phdturo y chmufks. Jkaudhjojhúd lsjrhto6 jkak gos jortos, ghmrks, plrhúchjks, rlvhstos y bkraos ghtlrorhos. Jkaudhjojhúd jkrpkrog k dk vlrmog6 sl rloghzo sl  rloghzo pkr alchk clg aodlfk clg julrpk o trovès cl gos slÿos, podtkahao, tlotrk ldtrl ktrks.  ktrks.   Jkaudhjojhúd ilstuog6 skd jorojtlrásthjks jkak gks ilstks, y lg gldiuofl poro skrcks.  skrcks.  Jkaudhjojhúd tïjthg6 lsto bkrao cl jkaudhjojhúd sl rloghzo pkr alchk clg shstlao mrhggl (gldiuofl poro jhliks), oprltúd cl aodks y omrozks ldtrl ktrks. RHCLK ?. GLDI\OFL JK]PK]OG

OJSHRHCOC Jhdjk porthjhpodtls o trovès cl go jkaudhjojhúd jkrpkrog, jkaudhjorod ud aldsofl o gks claïs porthjhpodtls poro qul lggks hcldthbhquld lg aldsofl jkaudhjock.

=

 

Osá, ld lg prkjlsk cl go jkaudhjojhúd ldjkdtroaks gks shiuhldtls lglaldtks6

OH BO ] I K S ] K

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 ‚  ‚ Lahskr  Lahskr66 ls lg qul lahtl lg aldsofl. Lflapgks6 ud sufltk hdchvhcuog k ud irupk cl plrskdos, plrk toamhèd ud aljodhsak qul dks ovhso ovh so cl qul ogik boggo k ud lglaldtk cl go doturoglzo qul dks oglrto cl qul lg thlapk vo o joamhor.  ‚  ‚ ]ljlptkr  ]ljlptkr66 ls lg qul rljhml lg aldsofl y gk hdtlrprlto. Lflapgks6 ud sufltk jkdjrltk k ud irupk, osá jkak, toamhèd, pulcl slrgk ud aljodhsak qul ojtöo juodck ktrk gl aodco udo slÿog.  ‚  ‚ Aldsofl  Aldsofl66 ls go hdbkraojhúd qul sl quhlrl trodsahthr. Lflapgks6 pulcl ldjkdtrorsl jkchbhjock ld udk cl gks chblrldtls thpks cl júchik6 pulcl slr ud aldsofl eomgock, lsjrhtk, chmufock, iromock ld jc, ltj.)  ‚  ‚ Jodog  Jodog66 ls lg alchk o trovès clg juog sl trodsahtl lg aldsofl. Lflapgks6 pulcl slr ud alchk orthbhjhog, jkak gos jortos k ud jc, k udk doturog, jkak lg ohrl.  ‚  ‚ Júchik  Júchik66 Jkdfudtk cl shidks y rligos qul, bkraodck ud gldiuofl, oyucod o jkchbhjor lg aldsofl. Pkclaks ldjkdtror gldiuofls shapgls, jkak go guz rkfo skmrl go pulrto cl ud lstuchk cl rlvlgock, k aïs jkapglfks jkak gks chsthdtks hchkaos clg audck.

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 ‚  ‚ Jkdtlxtk  Jkdtlxtk66 Jkdfudtk cl jhrjudstodjhos (guior, ekro, lstock odáahjk cl gks hdtlrgkjutkrls, ltj.) qul lxhstld ld lg akaldtk cl go Jkaudhjojhúd. Ls hapkrtodtl o go ekro cl hdtlrprltor jkrrljtoaldtl lg aldsofl. SOGGL] ?. Hcldthbhqul gks lglaldtks cl go jkaudhjojhúd ld go shiuhldtl krojhúd6 Jorkghdo gl ldvák udo torflto o Chodo hdvhtïdckgo o su aotrhakdhk.

=. LUP]LZHÚD K]OG X LZJ]HSO. Go lxprlshúd krog ls lg jkdfudtk cl tèjdhjos qul cltlrahdod gos poutos ildlrogls qul clmld sliuhrsl poro jkaudhjorsl krogaldtl jkd lbljthvhcoc, k slo, ls go bkrao cl lxprlsor shd morrlros gk qul sl phldso. OH B O I] K S ]

Go lxprlshúd krog krog shrvl jkak hdstrualdtk poro jkaudhjor skmrl prkjlsks u kmfltks lxtlrdks o èg. Zl clml tldlr ld juldto qul go lxprlshúd kro krogg ld cltlrahdocos jhrjudstodjhos ls aïs oapgho qul lg eomgo, yo qul rlquhlrl cl lglaldtks poroghdi÷ásthjks poro jkapgltor su shidhbhjojhúd bhdog. K X

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Pkr lsk, lsto dk súgk hapghjo ud jkdkjhahldtk ocljuock clg hchkao, shdk qul omorjo toamhèd vorhks lglaldtks dk vlrmogls. RHCLK = JKAK EOMGO] LD P\MGHJK Go lxprlshúd lsjrhto jkdshstl lsjrhto jkdshstl ld lxpkdlr, pkr alchk cl shidks jkdvldjhkdogls y cl bkrao krcldoco, juogquhlr pldsoahldtk k hclo. Ld juogquhlr j uogquhlr lxprlshúd lsjrhto lxhstld cks jkapkdldtls6 ?. Lg kmflthvk ls lg eljek k tlao o lxprlsor, ls cljhr, go shtuojhúd pkr go qul sl lsjrhml. =. Lg plrskdog k sumflthvk, ls cljhr, gk qul sl aodhbhlsto og jkaudhjor.

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Hapkrtodjho cl lxprlsorsl Go lxprlsorsl Go lxprlshúd ls go bkrao cl opghjor lg gldiuofl ghmrl y shd jldsuro, puchldck slr ortásthjo k rljrlothvoaldtl, y ls prljhsoaldtl oquá ckdcl sl chvhcl lsto irod juoghcoc euaodo, pkr su usk doturog y pkr su usk ortásthjk, ortásthjk, go prhalro ls go aïs lapgloco pkr tkcks juodck cljhaks gk qul qulrlaks shd otocuro, kmghiojhúd k dkrao, ahldtros qul go sliudco ls rlslrvoco poro go mlgglzo ld go lxprlshúd, lg oirock o gks sldthcks cl go plrjlpjhúd clg gldiuofl. Cl ojulrck o su usk doturog go lxprlshúd thldl vorhks dhvlgls, lg prhalrk ls go lxprlshúd krog qul krog  qul sl gglvo o jomk o trovès clg eomgo, eomgo , go lxprlshúd lsjrhto alchodtl lsjrhto alchodtl tlxtks y tlxtks y go

 

jkrpkrog plrtldljhldtl o gk lxtlrhkr lspkdtïdlk k hdtldjhkdog cl dulstrk julrpk. Lstos jkrpkrog plrtldljhldtl trls skd go lxprlshúd ld su bkrao aïs mïshjo qul eojlaks og eomgor, akvlrdks k lsjrhmhr, y qul ldjkdtrorlaks ld josh juogquhlr portl.

GO CHZJ\ZHÚD X LG CLMOSL6 Zkd CLMOSL6  Zkd gks ospljtks aïs bkraogls cl go lxprlshúd krog. Go chsjushúd ls aïs hdbkraog qul lg clmotl y pulcl usorsl ld lg prhalr jhjgk cl go lcujojhúd mïshjo, ihrodck skmrl tlaos jkak go skgujhúd cl jkdbghjtks, rlsugtocks clg tromofk cl jgosls, ltj. Lg clmotl pulcl tldlr aïs rhiurkshcoc, chsjuthldck tkck gk rlgojhkdock og akdtofl akdtofl cl go ojthvhcoc. Ld go jgosl6 döalrk cl oguadks o porthjhpor (dk aïs cl :), lxtldshúd cl gks chsjursks, quhèd slrï lg akclrockr y su poplg, lg poplg clg ouchtkrhk, quhèd eorï gos odktojhkdls cl gos jkdjgushkdls ojlptocos, gldiuofl y tkdk cl vkz. LG PODLG6 Jkdshstl PODLG6 Jkdshstl ld udo chsjushúd hdbkraog cl ud tlao pkr portl cl ud irupk cl oguadks lglihcks pkr sus jkapoÿlrks, quhldls lxpkdld chsthdtks ospljtks cl ud ahsak tlao. Go jodthcoc ihrorï ldtrl 3 o 5 oguadks y ud akclrockr. Zl chsjuthrïd ospljtks jkak skd lg thlapk, akaldtk cl gos prliudtos clg ouchtkrhk, ltj. GO ALZO ]LCKDCO6 ]LCKDCO6 Lsto tèjdhjo sl uthghzo juodck sl clslo qul gks oguadks jkdkzjod gks pudtks cl vhsto chvlrildtls y jkdtrochjtkrhks jkdtro chjtkrhks skmrl ud cltlrahdock tlao. ]lquhlrl cl udo muldo prlporojhúd pkr portl cl gks lxpkshtkrls. \d akclrockr cltlrahdo lg thlapk cl lxpkshjhúd. Oyuco o oapghor go vhshúd skmrl udo slrhl cl tlaos qul dk lstïd cldtrk cl gos eomhtuogls prkiroaojhkdls jurrhjugorls.

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LG ZHAPKZHK6 Zkd ZHAPKZHK6 Zkd jeorgos k lxpkshjhkdls mrlvls skmrl chblrldtls ospljtks cl ud tlao k prkmglao qul pulcl rloghzorsl ld ud skgk cáo k ld vorhks cáos jkdsljuthvks. Lg shapkshk pulcl slr udo clrhvojhúd cl ud tromofk cl hdvlsthiojhúd rloghzock prlvhoaldtl pkr gks oguadks. Zl clml chsjuthr lg thlapk th lapk cl lxpkshjhúd, osliurorsl cl qul dk lxhstod jkdtrochjjhkdls dh rlplthjhkdls ldtrl gks krockrls y lg poplg clg ouchtkrhk. LG SOGGL]6 Ls SOGGL]6 Ls udo tèjdhjo chcïjthjo qul ildlro aujeo porthjhpojhúd. Zl tromofo ld irupks juyks prkpúshtks skd lg plrbljjhkdoahldtk cl sus eomhghcocls, lstuchodck y tromofodck  fudtks, mofk go krhldtojhúd clg aolstrk. Zl clsorrkggo ld : ltopos6 Pgodhbhjojhúd, Clsorr Clsorrkggk kggk y Lvoguojhúd bhdog.

SHPKZ CL SLUSKZ CL LUP]LZHÚD LZJ]HSO AOPOZ JKDJLPS\OGLZ6 \d JKDJLPS\OGLZ6 \d aopo jkdjlptuog ls udo bkrao cl lxehmhr irïbhjoaldtl jkdjlptks y rlgojhkdls lxhstldtls ldtrl lsks jkdjlptks. Cl udo aodlro auy ildlrog, pkclaks cljhr qul go lstrotliho cl aopos jkdjlptuogls jkdshstl ld go lxtrojjhúd cl jkdjlptks y sus rlgojhkdls cl ud tlxtk u ktrk jkdtldhck. Zl hcldthbhjod prhdjhpogaldtl

<

 

trls thpks cl aopo6 ld bkrao cl oroÿo, jocldo k flrïrquhjk. Zhd lamorik, lxhstld ktros bkraos aldks clbhdhcos y udo jkamhdojhúd eámrhco cl gos odtlrhkrls. JO]SO6 Ls ud lglaldtk cl gks aïs odthiuks y o plsor cl slr cl gks aïs odthiuks dk clfo JO]SO6 Ls cl slr lbhjoz, lstï clsthdock o juapghr j uapghr jkd udo ahshúd jkdjr jkdjrlto, lto, ildlrogaldtl cl bkrao k cl trïahtl. Zl chvhcld ld6*Prhvocos ld6*Prhvocos..- Hdjguyld gos jortos plrskdogls k boahghorls y skd gos aïs jkaudls. Rod chrhihcos o gks oahiks y boahghorls.*Jkalrjhogls boahghorls.*Jkalrjhogls..- Zu jkdtldhck lstï rlgojhkdock jkd gks dlikjhks> jkapros, vldtos, plchcks, jkthzojhkdls, jkmrks, rlahshkdls, ltj.*Kbhjhogls ltj .*Kbhjhogls k bkraogls.bkraogls.- Zkd gos qul trotod troto d osudtks cl gos clpldcldjhos kbhjhogls> kbhjhdos iumlrdoaldtogls, udhvlrshcocls, lsjulgos, ltj.

OH

ALAK]ODCK6 Zkd jkaudhjojhkdls lsjrhtos (jorto ALAK]ODCK6 Zkd (j orto rlsuald), cl bkrao shapghsto, poro usk ld gks dhvlgls hdtlrdks cl udo kriodhzojhúd. Zhd lamorik, su outèdthjo budjhúd, oudqul eoyod quhldls gk uthghjld poro hdbkrals mrlvls k jkak lglaldtks pumghjhtorhks> lstl shrvl poro qul ud suplrhkr cl o jkdkjlr, eojho gks dhvlgls hdblrhkrls, cljhshkdls, krcldls, ltj. B O I] K S ] K X

  O HJ S O A O ] I

O]SÁJ\GK6 Zkd lsjrhtks mrlvls qul trotod cl ud tlao rlgojhkdock jkd go pkgáthjo, go O]SÁJ\GK6 jhldjho, go jugturo, go lcujojhúd, ltj. Gks lsjrhmld plrskdos lspljhoghstos, ld lstks eojld jkaldtorhks, vogkrojhkdls, jkaporojhkdls, hdtlrprltod eljeks k hclos. Gks pudtks poro lgomkror ud ortájugk skd gks shiuhldtls6 thtugk> hdtrkcujjhúd k lspljhbhjojhúd, jgoro y prljhso clg tlao qul sl troto> rlgojhúd clg tlao jkd6 sujlsks kjurrhcks ld lg posock, eljeks ojtuogls k rlgojhkdocks jkd go prkmglaïthjo prlsldtl, rlplrjushkdls lspljhbhjos k ildlrogls jkd go vhco buturo> jkdjgushkdls.

SOGGL] =. * prlporl udo hdtlrvldjhúd krog cl 3 ahdutks (tlao ghmrl) * rloghjl ud lsjrhtk pkr gk aldks cl cks pïihdos (tlao ghmrl)

:. GO GHDI×ÁZSHJO Jhldjho qul lstucho lg gldiuofl, jldtro su otldjhúd ld gks skdhcks, gos pogomros y go shdtoxhs cl udo gldiuo jkdjrlto, ld gos rlgojhkdls lxhstldtls ldtrl gos gldiuos, k ld sus jorojtlrásthjos jkaudls o tkcos lggos, gks jkapkdldtls mïshjks cl go ghdi÷ásthjo skd6

2

O. Bkdèthjo y bkdkgkiáo6 sl bkdkgkiáo6 sl rlgojhkdo jkd go prkcujjhúd y orthjugojhúd cl joco udk cl gks bkdlaos k skdhcks y su rlprlsldtojhúd lsjrhto ld gltros y iroblaos.

 

M. Akrbkgkiáo6 Akrbkgkiáo6 sl rlbhlrl o go bkrao jkak lstïd jkdsthtuhcos gos pogomros ld sus portls shidhbhjothvos. J. Zlaïdthjo6 Zlaïdthjo6 troto lg shidhbhjock cl gos pogomros y krojhkdls. krojhkdls. C. Zhdtoxhs6 Lstucho lg krcld, go rlgojhúd y go budjhúd cl gos pogomros ld go krojhúd.

O. Bkdèthjo y bkdkgkiáo. Bkdlaos vkjïghjks y jkdskdïdthjks6 jkdskdïdthjks 6 lg ekamrl thldl ckahdhk skmrl gks aösjugks qul hdtlrvhldld ld go prkcujjhúd cl go vkz. Og akvlrgks joamho su bkrao cl go mkjo prkcujhldck chblrldtls skdhcks. Lstl prkjlsk sl ggoao orthjugojhúd. Bkdlaos vkjïghjks6 vkjïghjks6 OH BO ] I K S ] K

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Zl jgoshbhjod omhlrtos (o) slahomhlrtos (l, k) jlrrocos (h, u).

Bkdlaos jkdskdïdthjks6 ld lspoÿkg dk eoy shgomos bkraocos pkr jkdskdodtls skgos lggos sl jgoshbhjod pkr lg pudtk y lg akck cl orthjugojhúd. Pudtk cl orthjugojhúd. orthjugojhúd. Og prkdudjhor gos jkdskdodtls sl prkcujl udo lstrljelz, lstrljelz, udo hdtlrrupjhúd k brktoahldtk cl ohrl ud jkdtojtk jkd gks úriodks orthjugockrls (gldiuo, pogocor, chldtls y gomhks) lg guior ckdcl lstks úriodks sl tkjod poro prkcujhr lstks skdhcks sl ggoao pudtk cl orthjugojhúd y cl ojulrck o èg sl jgoshbhjod ld6

9

 

OH B O I] K S ] K X

  O JH S O A O ] I

Mhgomhogls6 m, a, p

ogvlkgorls6 j (jl, jh) g, d, r, rr, s

Gomhkcldtogls6 b  

pogotogls6 je, gg, ÿ, y  y 

Cldtogls6 c, t

vlgorls6 j (jo, jk, ju) i, f, n, q

* GO ZHGOMO Irupk bkdèthjk jkdsthtuhck pkr udo vkjog k pkr go jkamhdojhúd cl udo vkjog y udo k vorhos jkdskdodtls qul gl prljlcld k shiul y sl prkdudjhod ld ud skgk ikgpl cl vkz Jgoshbhjojhúd cl gos pogomros sliöd lg döalrk cl shgomos Akdkságomos6 Akdkságomos6 skd  skd gos jkdsthtuhcos pkr udo skgo ságomo. Lflapgks6 guz, ahg, rly, vkz, skg, jkg, sog, oöd, moe, cor, auy, aïs, ltj. Mhságomos6 jkapulstos pkr cks ságomos. ságomos.  Lflapgks6 ogbo, ogik, ogao, ogtk, odtls, mogso, modjk, moÿk, morjk, mlggk, mlsk, mguso, mkjo, joco, joao, joÿo, joso, josh, josk, jgork, jkjk, jkao, jkak, cljhr, clfor, clscl, ldtror, bkjo, bkjk, ildtl, eomgo.

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Srhságomos (jkapulstos pkr trls ságomos). Lflapgks6 jkahco, jkdkjlr, joalggk, jkrmoto, jkrdlto, jkrdhso, jkrthdo, jujehggo, jurshggk, ckjldtl, ckahdik, ckdjlggo, ckrahck, curodtl, lsjrhmo, lsjrhmhr, lspoco, lspogco, lsplsk, lstomgk, lstojo, lstock.

 

Pkghságomos (jkapulstos pkr vorhos shgomos).  shgomos).   Lflapgks6 ghtlrorho, udhvlrshtorhk, omskrmldtl, modclrkgo, moÿoclro, omskguthsak, omskguthsto, momhgúdhjk, mojehgglrotk Krcld cl gos shgomos6 Lg krcld cl gos shgomos vo cl hzquhlrco o clrljeo, cl go shiuhldtl aodlro6 JK ‚ A\ JK ‚  A\ ‚  DH ‚  JO  ‚ DH  ‚ JO ? = : 3 31 ugthao shgomo :1 pldögthao shgomo =1 odtlpldögthao shgomo ?1 trosodtlpldudthao shgomo OH

* CHPSKDIK, S]HPSKDIK, EHOSK BO ] I

Lg chptkdik chptkdik sl  sl bkrao juodck sl udld cks vkjogls chsthdtos y jkdthiuos ld udo ahsao ságomo. Pkr lflapgk lflapgk66 julvo, rlhdk, trhudbk. Rkjog omhlrto (o, l, k) + vkjog jlrroco (h, u).

K S ] K

  X O

\d trhptkdik trhptkdik ls  ls lg jkdfudtk cl trls vkjogls qul qul sl  sl prkdudjhod ld udo ahsao ságomo. Go vkjog shtuoco ld lg jldtrk eo cl slr omhlrto (o, l, k) y gos ktros cks jlrrocos (h, u). Ojorhjhïhs, oghvhïhs, oprljhïhs, oskjhïhs, joamhïhs, jkguaphïhs, jkphïhs, clsprljhïhs, lstuchïhs, ghohs, ghaphïhs, prlahïhs.

HJ S O A O ] I

Lg ehotk ehotk ls  ls lg ldjuldtrk cl = vkjogls qul sl prkdudjhod ld ságomos chsthdtos. Ehotk Ehotk shapgl  shapgl sl prlsldto jkd go udhúd cl = vkjogls bulrtls k = vkjogls cèmhgls, pkr lflapgk lflapgk66 au-sl-k, pk-l-ao, opkilk, joks, plúd, joúthjk, ojoljhco, oèrlks. SOGGL] : Skal ud lsjrhtk (prldso rlvhsto mkgltád…) y sumroyl pogomros akdkságomos, mhságomos trhságomos, pkghságomos chptkdiks, trhptkdiks y ehotks * LG OJLDSK

Lg ojldtk ls ojldtk ls go aoykr hdtldshcoc k bulrzo cl vkz jkd qul sl prkdudjho cltlrahdoco ságomo cl udo pogomro pogomro.. Lg ojldtk pulcl ojldtk pulcl slr prksúchjk, k slo, lg qul dk sl lsjrhml, u krtkirïbhjk (thgcl) qul ls lg shidk qul sl jkgkjo skmrl go vkjog qul gk gglvo. Gos shgomos sl jgoshbhjod pkr lg ojldtk ld6 túdhjos k bulrtls skd oqulggos qul sl prkdudjhod jkd aoykr hdtldshcoc pkrqul rljol ld lggos lg ojldtk prhdjhpog. Otkdos k cèmhgls skd gos hdojldtuocos, prkdudjhocos jkd udo aldkr hdtldshcoc.

8

 

Josh tkcos gos pogomros odoghzocos hdchvhcuogaldtl, thldld ud ojldtk qul pulcl oporljlr ld udo cl gos juotrk ögthaos shgomos shlaprl qul slod pkghságomos, l hdjgusk ld lg josk cl qul tldio udo skgo lsto ls bulrtl. Otldchldck go pkshjhúd qul lg ojldtk kjupo, gos pogomros sl jgoshbhjod ld oiucos, irovls, lscröfugos, y skmrlscröfugos.

SHPKZ CL OJLDSKZ

Ojldtk prksúchjk6 ls lg qul sl gl aorjo o gos pogomros ld bkrao krog pkr alchk cl udo shgomo túdhjo (ckdcl vo go bulrzo) y cl udo k udos shgomos otkdos (ckdcl dk vo go bulrzo) lstl ojldtk gk juapgld tkcos gos pogomros lxjlptk gks akdkságomks. HO B O ]I K S ] K X

LFLAPGK

  O JH S O

LZ ‚ LZ  ‚ J]H  J]H ‚  ‚  SK SK   ‚ ]H0  ‚ ]H0 A O ] I

Zhgomos otkdos LZ ‚ J]H ‚ ]HK Zhgomo túdhjo SK \ ‚  ‚ DH  DH ‚  ‚ RL]  RL] ‚  ‚ ZH  ZH ‚  ‚  COC Zhgomo otkdo \ ‚ DH ‚ RL] ‚ ZH Zhgomo túdhjo COC Ojldtk irobhjk u krtkirïbhjk6 ls krtkirïbhjk6 ls lg qul sl gls aorjo o gos pogomros pkr alchk cl go thgcl jkak pkr lflapgk Omrhú, kriodhzojhúd, clskgojhúd, jodjhúd, skbï. Cl ojulrck o go pkshjhúd qul lg ojldtk kjupo, gos pogomros sl chvhcld ld6 * OI\COZ \ KUÁSKDOZ6 KUÁSKDOZ6

?0

Zkd gos qul sl ojldtöod ld go ögthao ögthao shgomo, sl gls aorjo go thgcl juodck tlrahdod vkjog ld d k s. Dk sl gls aorjo juodck juodck tlrahdod ld jkdskdodtl chsthdto cl d k s Lflapgk6 oiucos jkd thgcl, thgcl, curahú, poás, hdtlrprltojhúd, joaoglúd, soghú, porthú, skgcú. Oiucos shd thgcl6 thgcl6 omorotor, aogtrotor, aodcor, aodhpugor, rlgkf, aushjog. * I]ORLZ, GGODOZ K PO]KUÁSKDOZ6

 

Zkd go qul sl ojldtöo ld go pldögthao shgomo, sl gls aorjo thgcl juodck tlrahdod ld jkdskdodtls chsthdtos cl d k s. X dk sl gls aorjo thgcl juodck tlrahdod ld d k s k ld vkjog. Lflapgk pogomros irovls jkd thgcl6 thgcl6 jocïvlr, jïghz, túrox, prújlr, trèmkg, tödlg, cúgor. Irovls shd thgcl6 ckshs, jksthggo, dudjo, thgcl, lxoald, ilrald, oglriho, gudls, krhild. krhild . * LZC]ÖF\GOZ K P]KPO]KUÁSKDOZ6 Zl ojldtöo ld go odtlpldögthao shgomo shlaprl sl gls aorjo thgcl. Lflapgk6 pïfork, mïrmork, aurjhègoik, ojocèahjk, plgájugo, kjèodk, krtkirïbhjk, eèrkl. * ZKM]LZC]ÖF\GOZ K Z\PL]P]KPO]KUHSKDOZ6 OH OB

Zl ojldtöo ld go shgomo odtlrhkr o go odtlpldögthao o tkcos sl gls aorjo thgcl. ] I K S

Lflapgk6 iuïrcoalgk, prïjthjoaldtl, jrèoalgk, opïioalgk, cïdckslgks, öthgaldtl. öthgaldtl. ] K

  X O JH S

Poro rljkrcor O A O

Shpk cl pogomro

»Juïdck sl aorjo go thgcl;

Zkmrlscröfugo

O tkcos sl gls aorjo go thgcl

Lscröfugo

O tkcos sl gls aorjo go thgcl 

Irovls

Shgcl juodck tlrahdod ld jkdskdodtl chblrldtl o d, s y vkjog 

Oiucos

Shgcl juodck tlrahdod d, s y vkjog 

] I

??

 

SOGGL] 3 Ld ud juocrk lxpkdio =0 lflapgks cl pogomros lscröfugos, skmrlscröfugos, oiucos y irovls jkd thgcl y shd thgcl

M. GO AK]BKGKIÁO Portl cl go ghdi÷ásthjo qul lstucho gos rligos qul rhild go bglxhúd, go jkapkshjhúd y go clrhvojhúd cl gos pogomros. Pkr su krhild gos pogomros pulcld slr6 P]HAHSHROZ6 Zkd P]HAHSHROZ6  Zkd gos qul eod cock krhild o ktros surihcos cl lggos jkak pod, gljel. B

OH

CL]HROCOZ6 bkraocos CL]HROCOZ6  bkraocos o porthr cl udo prhahthvo6 podoclrk, gljelráo. I]

ZHAPGLZ6 skd ZHAPGLZ6  skd gos bkraocos pkr ud skgk glxlao k akrblao jkak aodk, cl, lg.

O K S ]

JKAP\LZSOZ6 gos JKAP\LZSOZ6  gos qul thldl cks k aïs glxlaos jkak tofogïphz, sojojkrjeks K X

  O HJ

PO]OZHDSÈSHJOZ6 skd gos bkraocos pkr jkapkshjhúd y clrhvojhúd jkak SLGL ‚ JKA\DHJ PO]OZHDSÈSHJOZ6 skd  ‚ OCK, ]OCHK ‚ OBHJHKD ‚ OCK. S O A O ] I

* POGOM]OZ OBHDLZ6 Gos pogomros obhdls skd gos qul sl sl clrhvod cl udo ahsao roáz. Lstos pogomros thldld thldld udo jgoshbhjojhúd sliöd su slalfodzo6 - POGOM]OZ ODSKDHAOZ6 ODSKDHAOZ6 Zkd go pogomros qul lxprlsod hclos kpulstos k jkdtrorhos jkak jgork y ksjurk, odtls y clspuès, cáo y dkjel, mgodjk y dlirk, ogtk y mofk. - POGOM]OZ ZHDÚDHAOZ6 skd oqulggos qul thldl ud shidhbhjock hiuog k porljhck Jkak ogaodoqul y jogldcorhk, ldkfock y chsiustock, irodcl y ogtk, mofk y plqulÿk. - POGOM]OZ EKAÚBKDOZ6 EKAÚBKDOZ6 skd gos qul suldod cl hiuog akck qul ktro plrk qul chbhlrl ld lg shidhbhjock jkak6 Ljek (vlrmk ‗ljeor‑) / eljek (vlrmk ‗eojlr‑)  Omráo (vlrmk ‗omrhr‑) / eomráo (vlrmk ‗eomlr‑) 

Suvk (vlrmk ‗tldlr‑) / tumk (kmfltk gorik y euljk) .

?=

- POGOM]OZ EKAÚDHAOZ6 EKAÚDHAOZ6 skd gos qul shldck hiuogls ld go bkrao cl lsjrhturo thldld chblrldtl shidhbhjocks jkak6 Rhdk (posock clg vlrmk vldhr) y vhdk Rhdk (posock vhdk (sustodthvk6  (sustodthvk6 mlmhco ogjkeúghjo lgomkroco o porthr cl go uvo)

 

Zhlrro (lglvojhúd Zhlrro  (lglvojhúd clg tlrrldk) y shlrro shlrro (hdstrualdtk  (hdstrualdtk poro jkrtor aoclro, altogls, ltj.) Rlgo (prlsldtl clg vlrmk vlgor, lstor clsphlrtk vkgudtorhoaldtl) y vlgo (sustodthvk6 Rlgo (prlsldtl jhghdcrk cl jlro jkd aljeo, usock poro oguamror k cljkror). Jophtog (suao cl chdlrk) y jophtog Jophtog (suao jophtog (jhucoc  (jhucoc cl rlshcldjho clg ikmhlrdk cl ud poás). Gldiuo (úriodk Gldiuo  (úriodk ausjugor ld lg hdtlrhkr cl go mkjo) y gldiuo gldiuo (shstlao  (shstlao kriodhzock poro go jkaudhjojhúd ldtrl gos plrskdos, jkd shidhbhjodtls y shidhbhjocks). Jorpo (prktljjhúd Jorpo  (prktljjhúd cl gkdo poro ojoapor) y jorpo jorpo (dkamrl  (dkamrl cl ud thpk cl plz).

- POGOM]OZ PO]ÚDHAOZ6 pkr gk todtk, skd oqulggos qul suldod auy porljhck k qul sl lsjrhmld cl bkrao shahgor, plrk qul shidhbhjod chsthdtos jksos. Jkak6 O

Lsjkfod udo jorto og ozor ozor.. / Sldik pldsock osor osor ud  ud pkggk poro go jldo. BHO ] I

Pkr bovkr, jhlrro jhlrro go  go pulrto. / Hrlaks o joahdor pkr go shlrro shlrro.. Lg ckahdik skd gos lgljjhkdls y oöd dk sè o quhèd vktor vktor.. / Hrè o mktor mktor gks  gks rlstks cl jkahco o go mosuro.

K S ] K

  X O JH S O

Ah oahik sl plglú jkd su dkvho y al phchú ud jkdslfk jkdslfk.. / Lg jkdjlfk jkdjlfk cljhchú  cljhchú oualdtor gks hapulstks.

A O ] I

Opldos vhk ldtror og prkblskr, sl joggú joggú go  go mkjo. / Lstïmoaks joahdodck pkr lg porqul y sl joyú joyú..

SOGGL] < Ld ud juocrk rloghjl ?0 lflapgks cl pogomros odtkdhaos, shdkdhaos, ekaúbkdos y porúdhaos

?:

 

J. ZLAODSHJO. Zl ggoao slaïdthjo o udo roao cl go ghdi÷ásthjo go  ghdi÷ásthjo clchjoco og lstuchk clg shidhbhjock. shidhbhjock. Zu dkamrl prkvhldl clg tèrahdk irhlik sîaodthnús (‗shidhbhjock rlglvodtl‑) y fudtk jkd go go bkdèthjo,  bkdèthjo, iroaïthjo  iroaïthjo y go akrbkshdtoxhs, jkdsthtuyl udo cl gos prhdjhpogls oprkxhaojhkdls og lstuchk kriodhzock clg gldiuofl clg gldiuofl vlrmog. Go slaïdthjo ldbrldto lg shidk lg shidk ghdi÷ásthjk clscl lg hdtlrès lg hdtlrès pkr su portl hdaotlrhog, lstk ls, su portl aldtog, jkdvldjhkdog y omstrojto6 lg shidhbhjock. Lstk shidhbhjo qul sl hdtlrlso dk súgk pkr go aodlro ld qul sl bkraod gks shidhbhjocks cl gos pogomros o porthr cl sus jkapkdldtls (sus roájls y oirliocks), shdk toamhèd clg akck ld qul gks shidhbhjocks joamhod o gk gorik clg thlapk y thlapk y clvhldld ktrks, joamhodck fudtk jkd go jugturo go jugturo qul lapglo go gldiuo. Oclaïs, go slaïdthjo sl slaïdthjo sl kjupo cl gks ojjhcldtls clg shidhbhjock, jkak go shdkdhaho shdkdhaho,, go odtkdhaho, go pkghslaho y gos boahghos gèxhjk-slaïdthjos, shlaprl y juodck lg lstuchk dk omodckdl lg guior cl gk lahdldtlaldtl vlrmog, yo qul cl gos ïrlos dk vlrmogls cl go go jkaudhjojhúd  jkaudhjojhúd sl kjupod ktros chsjhpghdos, ktros chsjhpghdos, jkak  jkak go proiaïthjo. OH B O I] K S ] K X

  O

Go udhcoc aádhao cl go slaïdthjo skd gks slaos6 gos pkrjhkdls aïs plqulÿos cl go pogomro cktocos cl shidhbhjock prkphk vlrhbhjomgl. \do ahsao pogomro, osá, jkdthldl chsthdtks slaos qul go laporldtod jkd ktros. JH S O A O ] I

Jkapkdldtls clg shidhbhjock Jkaödaldtl, go slaïdthjo jkaprldcl cks jkapkdldtls k bkraos cl oshidor lg shidhbhjock, qul skd6 



 

Cldktojhúd.  Lg shidhbhjock ‗lstïdcor‑ cl gos pogomros, lg qul rlihstrod gks Cldktojhúd. chjjhkdorhks y jkdsthtuyl su sldthck ‗kbhjhog‑, ‗kb hjhog‑, aïs lvhcldtl, aïs rlblrldjhog.

 

Jkddktojhúd. Oqulggks sldthcks sljudcorhks qul sl otrhmuyld o ud tèrahdk y qul Jkddktojhúd. Oqulggks dk thldld qul vlr chrljtoaldtl jkd lg rlblrldtl ldudjhock, shdk jkd jhlrtos jorojtlrásthjos otrhmuhcos o èg pkr cltlrahdoco jugturo.

\d lflapgk cl lstk ögthak gk jkdsthtuyl go pogomro ‗orpáo‑, juyk shidhbhjock cldktothvk ls lg cl udks odhaogls ahtkgúihjks cl go odthiuo Irljho, qul otroáod jkd su jodtk o gks aorhdlrks y gulik cl eojlrgks doubroior jkdtro gos rkjos, prkjlcáod o clvkrorgks.

?3

Lg shidhbhjock cldktothvk cl ‗orpáo‑, ld joamhk, sl trodsahtl pkr oskjhojhúd haoihdorho o gos auflrls qul sl jkdshclrod aogvocos, jrulgls, hdskpkrtomgls k trohjhkdlros. t rohjhkdlros.

 

Boahghos slaïdthjos.

\do boahgho slaïdthjo ls ud jkdfudtk cl pogomros qul jkaportld ud slao jkaöd.  Ld go gldiuo surild rlgojhkdls cl oskjhojhúd, shahghtuc, jkaporojhúd shahghtuc, jkaporojhúd k cl chvlrso ádckgl ldtrl gks shidhbhjocks6 haïildls aldtogls cl gos jksos qul jkapkdld go go rloghcoc.  rloghcoc. Aujeos  Aujeos vljls, lsto rlgojhúd thldl oclaïs ud jkapkdldtl obád ldtrl chvlrsks shidhbhjocks qul plrahtl kriodhzorgks jkak ud ïrmkg6 udo boahgho slaïdthjo. O BHO

Zl pulcl cljhr, puls, qul udo boahgho slaïdthjo ls ud jkdfudtk cl pogomros qul jkaportld ud slao jkaöd. Pkr gk ildlrog lstk kjurrl ldtrl pogomros qul jkaportld su jotlikráo iroaothjog (thpk cl pogomro), pkr lflapgk6 ] I K S ] K

  X O JH S

  Ïrmkg. Ormustk, ekfos, roájls, bgkrls, brutks, aoclro, roaos…  



O A

  Ghmrk. Ekfos, topo, mhmghktljo, topo, mhmghktljo, ghmrlráo,  ghmrlráo, gljturo,  gljturo, ghtlroturo  ghtlroturo… … 



O ] I

  Clpkrtl. Otglthsak,  Otglthsak, tldhs,  tldhs, mèhsmkg, bötmkg mèhsmkg, bötmkg,, mïsqultmkg…   mïsqultmkg… 



  Pod. Podoclráo, sïdcwhje, trhik, ekrdk…  ekrdk…  



Lflapgks cl slaïdthjo  Ogiudks lflapgks cl jkddktojhúd y cldktojhúd cl shidhbhjocks skd6  



Lsl outkaúvhg lstï phdtock cl dlirk dlirk (cldktojhúd6  (cldktojhúd6 lg jkgkr)

Gos hdtldjhkdls cl lsl ekamrl porljld slr dliros (jkddktojhúd6 aogvocos, turmhos, sljrltos)  



Gl ehjhlrkd udo kplrojhúd o jkrozúd jkrozúd omhlrtk  omhlrtk (cldktojhúd6 lg úriodk)

?<

Al chfk qul su dkvho gl eomáo rktk lg jkrozúd jkrozúd (jkddktojhúd6  (jkddktojhúd6 sldthahldtks)  



Lg ovhúd lstï vkgodck vkgodck skmrl  skmrl Lchamurik (cldktojhúd6 go ojjhúd rlog)

 

Rkgorè og Rkgorè  og suplralrjock o vlr sh gglik odtls cl qul jhlrrl (jkddktojhúd6 hr rïphck) 

 

Clfè go ekfo clg lxoald ld mgodjk (cldktojhúd6 shd lsjrhmhr)

Ah prhao sl quhlrl josor cl mgodjk mgodjk (jkddktojhúd6  (jkddktojhúd6 jkrrljtoaldtl, bkraogaldtl, trochjhkdogaldtl) 

 

Oylr ockptoaks ud plrrk (cldktojhúd6 lg odhaog)

Lsl ekamrl ls ud plrrk (jkddktojhúd6 hdbhlg, prkahsjuk, aogtrotockr) 

 

Rky o glvodtor glvodtor lg  lg gïphz clg sulgk clg sulgk (cldktojhúd6 tkaor clg sulgk)

Al quhlrk glvodtor glvodtor o  o go prhao cl Lzlquhlg (jkddktojhúd6 ldoakror, jkdquhstor) OH B O ]I K S ] K

SOGGL] 2 X

  O JH

]loghjl < lflapgks cl jkddktojhúd y cldktojhúd. S O A O ] I

C. ZHDSOUHZ Portl cl go iroaothjo qul ldslÿo o jkkrchdor y udhr gos pogomros poro bkraor gos krojhkdls y lxprlsor jkdjlptks. * GO K]OJHKD Pogomro k jkdfudtk cl pogomros jkd qul sl lxprlso ud sldthck iroaothjog jkapgltk. Lflapgk. Go joso ls irodcl Fuod thldl ud iotk * JGOZLZ CL POGOM]OZ Ld go lstrujturo cl go g o krojhúd sl udld vorhks lglaldtks. lg laldtks. Joco udk cl lstks lglaldtks lstï rlgojhkdock jkd ktrk y juapgl udo budjhúd. budjhúd. Ld lspoÿkg lxhstld 0jek pogomros cldkahdocos portls cl go krojhúd.

?2

Z\ZSODSHRK.  Lg sustodthvk  ls udo pogomro qul dkamro k clshido o plrskdos, Z\ZSODSHRK. odhaogls, jksos, guiorls, sldthahldtks sldthahldtks k hclos. ... - Gks sustodthvks  ld shdiugor dkamrod o udo skgo plrskdo, odhaog k jkso. Pkr lflapgk6 vojo, gïphz, tkrk.

 

RL]MK. Jgosl cl pogomro jkd go qul sl lxprlsod ojjhkdls, prkjlsks, lstocks k lxhstldjho RL]MK. qul obljtod o gos plrskdos k gos jksos> thldl vorhojhúd cl thlapk, ospljtk, akck, vkz, döalrk y plrskdo y budjhkdo jkak döjglk clg prlchjock OCFLSHRK. Lg ocflthvk ls udo portl cl go krojhúd k jgosl cl pogomro qul jkapglaldto ud OCFLSHRK. sustodthvk poro joghbhjorgk> lxprlso jorojtlrásthjos k prkphlcocls otrhmuhcos o ud sustodthvk, yo slod jkdjrltos k omstrojtos  omstrojtos   OCRL]MHK. \d ocvlrmhk ls udo portl cl go krojhúd qul jkapglaldto o ud vlrmk, ud OCRL]MHK. ocflthvk, ktrks ocvlrmhks l hdjgusk krojhkdls. Gks G ks ocvlrmhks lxprlsod jhrjudstodjhos, jkak pulcld slr akck, guior, thlapk, th lapk, jodthcoc, obhraojhúd, cuco, ltj., rlspkdchldck o prliudtos jkak »juïdck;, »cúdcl;, »júak;, »cl què aodlro;, ldtrl ktros. P]LPKZHJHKD. Zkd pogomros hdvorhomgls qul shrvld cl dlxk ldtrl gos chblrldtls portls cl P]LPKZHJHKD.  udo krojhúd l hdtrkcujld jkapglaldtks. O

CLSL]AHDODSLZ.  Gks cltlrahdodtls skd pogomros qul vod clgodtl clg dkamrl k CLSL]AHDODSLZ.  sustodthvks y shrvld poro clghahtor lg shidhbhjock ildlrog cl chjek dkamrl. Gks cltlrahdodtls jkdjulrcod shlaprl ld ièdlrk y döalrk jkd gks sustodthvks qul ojkapoÿod.

BHO ] I K S ] K

  X O

JKDF\DJHKD. \do jkdfudjhúd ls udo pogomro k jkdfudtk cl lggos qul ldgozo prkpkshjhkdls, JKDF\DJHKD. prk pkshjhkdls, shdtoiaos k pogomros. Jkdsthtuyl udo cl gos jgosls cl dlxks. Dk clml jkdbudchrsl jkd gks aorjockrls clg chsjursk, dlxks cl krcld suplrhkr qul udld tlxtks, y dk pogomros, shdtoiaos dh krojhkdls.

JH S O A O ] I

HDSL]FLJJHKD.  Gos hdtlrfljjhkdls HDSL]FLJJHKD.  hdtlrfljjhkdls  skd pogomros juyo budjhúd ls lxprlsor sldthahldtks (¡oy!), haprlshkdls (¡ke!), rlojjhkdls (¡oe!), skdhcks qul qulrlaks hahtor (¡muooooo!) k qul uthghzoaks poro bkraugor vlrmogaldtl jkapkrtoahldtks y rlgojhkdls skjhogls (¡ekgo!). ( ¡ekgo!). * PO]SLZ CL GO K]OJHKD Go krojhúd jkak udhcoc lstrujturog lstï jkdsthtuhco pkr cks shdtoiaos budcoaldtogls6 Zhdtoiao dkahdog y shdtoiao vlrmog, skd gks jkdsthtuyldtls hdalchotks cl go krojhúd y jkrrlspkdcld o gos budjhkdls cl sufltk y prlchjock. Zufltk6 Hdchjo quhld rloghzo go ojjhúd, ls ud shdtoiao dkahdog clg juog sl obhrao, dhlio, prliudto, lxjgoao, cuco k sl clslo ogik. Prlchjock6 ls go portl cl go krojhúd qul hdchjo qul gl kjurrl og sufltk, ls ud shdtoiao vlrmog jkd lg qul sl obhrao, dhlio k sl prliudto ogik clg shdtoiao dkahdog.

?9

 

JO]GKZ LZ HDILDHL]K CL ZHZSLAOZ Zufltk

Prlchjock

ZHDSOIAO DKAHDOG 1 JO]GKZ ZHDSOIAO RL]MOG 1 LZ HDILDHL]K CL ZHZSLAOZ

* K]OJHKD MHALAM]L Gos plrskdos lxprlsod sus hclos pkr alchk cl krojhkdls, lstos sl rlbhlrld og sufltk, y clg qul sl chjl ogik (prlchjock), lsto jgosl cl krojhkdls rljhmld lg dkamrl cl mhalamrl. OH

Lg sufltk thldl udo pogomro jldtrog qul ls lg sustodthvk y lg prlchjock thldl udo pogomro I]

jldtrog qul ls lg vlrmk.

B O K S ] K X

Z\FLSK

  O JH S

P]LCHJOCK

Z\ZSODSHRK

RL]MK

F\OD JO]GKZ

JK]]L

GO P]KBLZK]O CL HDIGLZ

LUPGHJK

O A O ] I

 

LG SLAO

AKCHBHJOCK]LZ CLG D\JGLK CLG Z\FLSK

Lg sufltk sl bkrao cl udo pogomro ggoaoco döjglk y ktros pogomros qul ojkapoÿod chjek döjglk (akchbhjockrls). Lg döjglk ildlrogaldtl ls ud sustodthvk gks akchbhjockrls pulcld slr6 ?. LG O]SHJ\GK6 Ls ud akchbhjockr chrljtk clg sustodthvk, pulcl slr cltlrahdodtl6 ( lg, go, gks, gos) l hdcltlrahdock6 ( ud, udo, udks, udos)

GO DHßO JK]]L Z\FLSK

?5

AKCHBHJOCK]

D\JGLK

GO

DHßO

O]SHJ\GK

Z\ZSODSHRK

P]LCHJOCK

JK]]L

 

=. Lg ocflthvk Ls go pogomro qul jkapglaldto j kapglaldto og sustodthvk poro joghbhjorgk y lxprlso jorojtlrásthjos k prkphlcocls

GO DHßO PL_\LßO JK]]L Z\FLSK Akchbhjockr

Döjglk

GO Orthjugk

P]LCHJOCK Akchbhjockr

DHßO

PL_\LßO

sustodthvk

JK]]L

Ocflthvk O BHO ] I K S

:. Go prlpkshjhúd y tèrahdk

] K

  X

Lg jkapglaldtk cl prlpkshjhúd y tèrahdk ls ud akchbhjockr hdchrljtk, sl bkrao jkak gk hdchjo su dkamrl cl udo prlpkshjhúd y ud tèrahdk. Lg tèrahdk ls josh shlaprl ud sustodthvk. O JH S O A O

Go prlpkshjhúd y lg tèrahdk clslaplÿod go ahsao budjhúd clg ocflthvk. ] I

GO DHßO PL_\LßO CL IGK]HO JK]]L Z\FLSK

P]LCHJOCK

Akchbhjockr

Döjglk

Akchbhjockr

Akchbhjockr

GO

DHßO

PL_\LßO

CL IGK]HO

Orthjugk

Zustodthvk

Ocflthvk

Prlpkshjhúd Prlpkshjhúd + Zustodthvk

JK]]L

?8

 

3. Lg sustodthvk opúshtk Ls lg qul akchbhjo lg döjglk clslaplÿo go ahsao budjhúd qul lg ocflthvk.

GO DHßO, EHFO AHO, JK]]L Z\FLSK

P]LCHJOCK

Akchbhjockr

Döjglk

Akchbhjockr chrljtk

GO

DHßO

EHFO AHO

Orthjugk

Zustodthvk

Zustodthvk opúshtk

JK]]L

OH B O

AKCHBHJOCK]LZ CLG P]LCHJOCK Lg prlchjock ls go sliudco portl qul jkdbkrao jkdbkrao go krojhúd. Ls lg ldjoriock cl cljhr qul ls y qul eojl lg sufltk.  

]I K S ] K X

  O JH

?. Lg kmfltk chrljtk ld lg prlchjock A

Oquá sl prlsldto ld lg prlchjock ud döjglk qul ls lg vlrmk y ud kmfltk chrljtk, skmrl lg qul rljol go ojjhúd hdchjoco pkr lg vlrmk.

S O O ] I

Z\FLSK

P]LCHJOCK

Akchbhjockr

Döjglk

Döjglk

Kmfltk chrljtk

AH

RLJHDK

O]]LIGO

GO JOZO

GKZ

OG\ADKZ

]LZPKDCL]OD

LG LUOALD

Orthjugk

Zustodthvk

Rlrmk

Kmfltk Chrljtk

=. Lg kmfltk hdchrljtk ld lg prlchjock Ls lg qul sl mldlbhjho hdchrljtoaldtl cl go ojjhúd hdchjoco ld lg vlrmk. Z\FLSK Akchbhjockr

=0 LG

P]LCHJOCK

Döjglk

Döjglk

Kmfltk Chrljtk

Kmf. hdchrljtk

BLGHPL

JKAP]K

\D ]LIOGK

O CHODO

P]LZHCLDSL

GLL]O

LG JKA\DHJOCK

OG P\LMGK

 

:. Lg jkapglaldtk jhrjudstodjhog ld lg prlchjock Lstl hdchjo guior, akck, thlapk k go bhdoghcoc lxprlsoco ld lg vlrmk Z\FLSK Döjglk

P]LCHJOCK Kmfltk chrljtk

Kmfltk hdchrljtk

Jkapglaldtk jhrjudstodjhog

RKX

OG JKGLIHK (Guior)

Lg ogjogcl

Gglik

Jkd rophclz (akck)

Lg ilrldtl

kriodhzoro \do bhlsto

o gks lapglocks

Lg prúxhak sïmock (thlapk)

O BHO ] I

* K]OJHKD \DHALAM]L K S

Eoy krojhkdls ld gos qul DK sl pulcl chsthdiuhr ldtrl sufltk y prlchjock, o plsor cl qul lxprlsod udo hclo. Pkr lsto rozúd rljhmld lg dkamrl cl k krojhkdls rojhkdls udhalamrls. Lflapgk6 Oylr ggkvhú aujek.

Juhcock.

Zkjkrrk.

Ouxhghk.

] K

  X O JH S O

\d gocrúd A O ] I

SOGGL] 9 ?. ]loghjl < lflapgks cl krojhkdls mhalamrls jkd sus rlspljthvks akchbhjockrls clg sustodthvk y < lflapgks jkd sus akchbhjockrls clg ocflthvk. =. ]loghjl < lflapgks cl krojhkdls udhalamrls

=?

 

OH B O ]I K S ] K X

  O HJ S O A O ] I

==