1004-F-PL-0030-X FRU Active and Passive Fire Protection Philosophy

CLIENT

FRASER UNIQUIP SDN BHD Unit No.3A-03, Block C, LB-2, Damansara Intan, No.1, Jalan SS 20/27, 47400 PJ, Selangor, Malaysia. Ph : +603-7710 9854 Fx : +603-7729 0548 E-mail : [email protected]

FUSB DOCUMENT NO.

PROJECT

EasyLNGTM FRU - TOPSIDES DEFINITION JOB NO.

DISCIPLINE

TYPE

SEQUENCE NO.

REVISION

1004

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0030

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CLIENT DOCUMENT NO. DOCUMENT TITLE

FRU ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE FIGHTING PHILOSOPHY

X

07/04/10

REV.

DATE

Issued for Internal Review REASON FOR REVSION

Copyright © Fraser Uniquip Sdn Bhd The original and all copies thereof of this document are the sole property of Fraser Uniquip Sdn Bhd and shall not be reproduced or transferred to others for any reason without the written permission of Fraser Uniquip Sdn Bhd. TM EasyLNG is a trademark of TORP Technology

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TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1.0

TITLE

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 1.2

PURPOSE AND SCOPE ............................................................................................................ 2 DEFINITION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ 3

2.0

REGULATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS ................................................................... 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

CLASSIFICATION AND REGULATORY BODY RULES .................................................................... 4 APPLICABLE CODES, STANDARDS, GUIDELINES AND REFERENCES ........................................... 4 RULES AND REGULATIONS...................................................................................................... 4 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 5

3.0

SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 3.2

OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................ 6 OVERALL SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 6

4.0

FIRE ZONES AND COAMINGS ......................................................................................... 8 4.1 4.2

FIRE ZONES........................................................................................................................... 8 COAMINGS ............................................................................................................................ 8

5.0

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS....................................... 9 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6

6.0

OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................. 9 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM....................................................................................... 10 Fire Water System ............................................................................................................ 10 Fresh Water Spray Pump System .................................................................................... 15 Foam Systems.................................................................................................................. 15 Total Flooding Gaseous Extinguishing Systems .............................................................. 16 Dry Powder Fire Fighting Systems ................................................................................... 17 Drainage ........................................................................................................................... 18 LOOSE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT ............................................................................ 19

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS .................................................................................................. 19 FIRE HYDRANTS ................................................................................................................... 19 HOSE REELS ....................................................................................................................... 19 FIREMAN’S OUTFITS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING .................................................................. 20 BREATHING APPARATUS AND ESCAPE SETS .......................................................................... 20 EMERGENCY RESPONSE CENTRE (ERC) .............................................................................. 21

7.0

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION ......................................................................................... 22 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3

OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................... 22 FIRE ENVELOPE ................................................................................................................... 23 LEVEL OF PROTECTION ......................................................................................................... 23 SCOPE OF PFP ................................................................................................................... 23 PFP Criteria ...................................................................................................................... 23 PFP Type.......................................................................................................................... 24 Application of PFP ............................................................................................................ 24

8.0

OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION.................................................................................... 28

9.0

BLAST RESISTANCE ...................................................................................................... 29 9.1 9.2 9.3

OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................... 29 BLAST PROTECTION IDENTIFICATION ..................................................................................... 29 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES................................................................................................... 29

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INTRODUCTION TORP Technology have developed a LNG Re-gasification concept EasyLNGTM FRU and in conjunction with Dubai World Offshore are proceeding to develop the design. The EasyLNGTM concept has been developed by for application as LNG storage and re-gasification terminal in protected, shallow water locations and for LNG regasification capacities ranging from 100 MMSCFD to 800 MMSCFD. The EasyLNGTM re-gasification facilities concept consists of :• •

1.1

1 off moored floating barge with re-gasification facilities – a floating Regasification Unit (FRU) 1 off LNG vessel moored alongside the FRU as intermediate storage of LNG

Purpose and Scope This document addresses the basic principles involved for the overall Active Fire Fighting Philosophy adopted for the EasyLNGTM FRU. The requirements for the overall safety related systems and protection features in relation to the control, containment and prevention, where possible, of fire escalation are described in this philosophy. The philosophy will ensure that the design of all fire fighting systems meets the appropriate safety goals and targets as defined in the FRU Safety Philosophy. This Fire Fighting philosophy will guide the engineering disciplines as to the project requirements towards fire fighting in relation to the various systems and the areas that they protect.

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Definition of Terms and Abbreviations ABS

American Bureau of Shipping

AFFF

Aqueous Fire Fighting Foam

AFP

Active Fire Protection

API

American Petroleum Institute

B.A.

Breathing Apparatus

CAA

Civil Aviation Authority

CCR

Central Control Room

ERC

Emergency Response Centre

ESD

Emergency Shutdown

ESSA

Essential System Survivability Assessment

FEA

Fire and Explosion Analysis

F&G

Fire and Gas

LER

Local Equipment Room

FGS

Fire and Gas Detection System

FRU

Floating Re-gasification Unit

FSS

Fire Safety Systems

HIPPS

High Integrity Pressure Protection System

HI-ex

High Expansion

HVAC

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

IEC

International Electrical Commission

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organisation

IMO

International Maritime Organisation

ISO

International Organisation for Standardisation

LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas

NFPA PPE

National Fire Protection Association Personal Protection Equipment

PS

Portside

SB

Starboard side

SIGTTO

Society of International Gas tanker and Terminal Operators

SOLAS

Safety of Life at Sea (IMO)

UPS

Uninterruptible Power Supply

Where used in this document the following definitions apply :• • •

The word “shall” is used to indicate a requirement. The word “will” is used to indicate a potential future requirement. The word “should” is used to indicate that a provision is not mandatory, but recommended as good practice.

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REGULATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS The relevant Societies and Regulatory Bodies, whose rules and standards are used as reference, but this list is not restrictive to, within the design, are listed below.

2.1

Classification and Regulatory Body Rules The Rules and Regulations of the following Organisations will be applied: • • •

American Bureau of Shipping (ABS); International Maritime Organisation (IMO); International Labour Organisation (ILO).

Where applicable Flag and Coastal State Regulations will apply.

2.2

Applicable Codes, Standards, Guidelines and References The following recognized institutions; codes, standards and guidelines will be referenced, but not restricted to, during the design and fabrication of the FRU and its components. In the case of a conflict between the various Codes or Standards, the most stringent requirement will apply. In case of a conflict between Guidelines, the less stringent shall apply, provided the requirement still complies with the relevant rules and procurement criteria. • • • • •

American Petroleum Institute (API); International Electro Technical Commission (IEC); National Fire Protection Association (NFPA); Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF); International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

Reference documents : • • • 2.3

International Chamber of Shipping, Tanker Safety Guide, Liquefied Gas; Society of International Gas Tanker & Terminal Operators Ltd (SIGTTO); Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and Terminals.

Rules and Regulations Fire protection systems will be incorporated according to Flag and Class requirements as defined in:

ABS IMO, FSS Code, IMO MODU Code; SOLAS NFPA 16

Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production Installations; International Code for Fire Safety Systems (2001 Edition); Consolidated Edition 2007; Standard for the installation of Foam-water sprinkler and Foamwater spray systems;

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ABS NFPA 11 NFPA 12: NFPA 13 NFPA 15 NFPA 20 NFPA 59A NFPA 750 NFPA 2001 ISO 13702:

EN 1473 IGC code API RP 14 G API RP 505

API RP 521 API 2218 API PUB 2510A SIGTTO

2.4

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Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels, 2010; Standard for Low-, Medium-, High- Expansion Foam, 2005; Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems,2008; Installation of sprinkler systems, 2007; Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 2007; Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, 2007; Standard for the Production Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas LNG. Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection systems, 2006; Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing systems, 2008; 1999 (E) – Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Control and Mitigation of Fires and Explosions on Offshore Production Installations – Requirements and Guidelines; Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas; 2002, International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gasses in Bulk Recommended Practice for Fire Prevention and Control on Open Type Offshore Production Platforms; Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2-First Edition; Guide for pressure-relieving and Depressuring System, 1999 + Errata 2007; Fire Practice in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing plants, 2007; Fire-Protection Considerations for the design and Operation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage, 1996; Liquefied Gas handling principles on Ship and in terminals, 3 rd edition, 2000.

References Title FRU Codes and Standards Specification Topsides Cryogenic Spill Protection Philosophy FRU Active and Passive Fire Fighting Philosophy Topsides Explosion Protection Philosophy FRU Design Accidental Load Philosophy FRU Control & Safeguarding Philosophy Topsides Fire and Gas Detection Philosophy FRU Hazardous Area Classification Drawing FRU Fire Zones Plan Topsides Fire Water Calculation Report

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SUMMARY

3.1

Objective

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The primary safety objective of the fire fighting systems is to protect personnel and the assets. This is achieved through control, containment and prevention of fire escalation. 3.2

Overall System The Fire and Explosion hazards on the FRU shall be avoided as far as practicable by achieving an inherently safe design. This will be achieved by maintaining the following objectives to reduce the likelihood of explosion: • • • •

•

Reduce the chances of flammable release through robust design/specification of plant, equipment and piping. Avoid the need for operations likely to elevate explosion risks, by addressing strategies for maintenance, lifting, etc. in design. Reduce possible leakage point by means of use of welded pipe work instead of flanged pipe work. Reduce potential ignition sources by using appropriately protected electrical equipment and avoid locating high energy ignition sources in congested plant areas. Maximize natural ventilation through an open plant layout as far as possible.

Mitigation of explosion hazards and control of escalation shall be achieved through the following measures: • •

•

•

•

•

Flammable gas detection designed to detect a gas leak or accumulation and automatically initiate the correct response. The provision of structural features, as far as reasonably practicable, capable of tolerating explosion effects without leading to impairment (i.e. critical damage) of main evacuation functions (based on analysis of explosion scales and structural response). Principal hydrocarbon-conveying equipment and pipework shall be designed with good engineering practice with respect to explosion load design principles. Particular regard to orientation and pipework routing, as well as support, shall be given for this aspect of design. Protection of main liquid inventories from explosion effects by location and barriers with the aim of avoiding release and escalation as this could cause further escalation. All systems critical to safety and required to operate during a design accidental event shall be designed to withstand relevant fire and explosion loads. Pipe penetrations, cable penetrations, doors and ducts through fire divisions shall not reduce the integrity of the divisions. Fire walls and decks, main structural elements, critical equipment, etc. shall be designed to withstand the defined explosion loads.

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After exposure to an explosion load the installation shall maintain its: • • • • •

• • •

•

Structural integrity so progressive collapse is avoided and main steel is intact. Firewalls so they will maintain their function. Doors in escape routes so they can be operated. Flying objects of sufficient energy to cause accidents or escalation to other areas is avoided. Deflection of structures and supports, so they do not result in rupture of hydrocarbon containing vessels and pipe work, which could cause escalation in other areas. Penetrations through firewalls will maintain their integrity. Window panes of a type preventing injuries to personnel by shattered glass, for example laminated glass, plastic film coating, etc. Supports for equipment that upon collapse can be likely to damage fire segregations and/or make escape routes inaccessible shall be protected against design fire loads for the duration of the fire. Important functions (fire and gas detection, ESD, PA/GA system, firewater system, fire protection systems etc.) that influence the overall safety of the FRU facilities shall remain available for a defined period of time during accidental events. After or during an accidental event it shall be possible to: - Release firewater deluge system - Initiate a controlled shutdown

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FIRE ZONES AND COAMINGS

4.1

Fire Zones

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The FRU shall be divided into separate fire zones, according to their fire hazards and physical location. In general, each zone should have physical fire protection system boundaries, however where the areas concerned are small then they may be incorporated into one zone, subject to access. Fire zones shall be defined as follows: • • • • •

• • •

The facilities will be divided into a series of fire zones to indicate the location of a detected fire and/or gas related protected areas; Fire zones generally do not extend beyond physically separated or enclosed areas (that are separated by bulkheads, weather walling, main deck or ceiling/roof levels); Coamings will be installed where required and be in accordance with Flag and Class requirements. Cryogenic spills need to be managed in a different way to other flammable fluids which will affect the design of any coamings installed; Where areas are so constructed that spread of fire is possible via stairways or openings into adjacent areas, then they shall be treated as one fire zone, where practicable; Within larger areas, fire zones may be subdivided in order to better define the location of a hazard based on the specific sub-area hazard. The boundaries for such sub-divisions shall generally be at fixed active fire protection systems and/or main access/egress route boundary. Suitable detectors will be positioned at the limits of each zones; Equipment with dedicated fire protection systems, e.g. turbine acoustic enclosures, will be defined as separate fire zones; Ceilings and floor voids, air intakes and air locks will be defined as dedicated fire zones; Where there are two topside modules, port and starboard, within one main deck area fire zone, then each module is considered a separate topside fire zone. This is to comply with the ABS requirement [Reference :- ABS Guide for Building and Classing Offshore Installations].

The fire zones are shown in the following drawing: Fire Zones Plan. 4.2

Coamings The Topsides will be divided into fire zones dependant on the layout of the process equipment. These zones will be separated by longitudinal and transverse coamings. The longitudinal coamings will be higher than the transverse coamings to retain the release of liquids on the main deck. The transverse coamings, from port side to starboard side, are there to retain the release of flammable liquids in that fire zone. This will mean that if these flammable liquid pools develop into a pool fire, the foam deluge will be also retained as the characteristics of foam means that it will “travel” over the liquids. If the pool of flammable liquids/ foam is larger than can be retained by the smaller transverse coamings, then the liquid/ foam pool will cascade into the next fire zone. The foam therefore will be retained onboard to fight any fire that might occur.

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

5.1

Overview

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The Active Fire Protection (AFP) System is a dormant system to be activated when its function is required. AFP systems mainly comprise water/foam deluge systems, water curtains, fire water monitors, total saturation gaseous systems, dry powder systems, hydrants, hose reels, portable and wheeled fire extinguishers. The main objectives of active fire fighting systems are: • • • •

To minimise injuries to operating personnel To control, extinguish or limit the escalation of fires within an area To reduce impact to the environment To reduce damage to the installation

The following criteria will be applied to the active fire protection system as far as is reasonably practicable: • • •

•

• • • • • •

The firewater system will be capable of fulfilling its design function according to the applicable Rules and Regulations. See Section 2 “Regulations, Codes and Standards”; The firewater system is to have an availability on demand of 100% capacity at all times, including planned and unplanned maintenance periods; The firewater system will have a response time, after confirmed detection or manual initiation, which will be sufficiently rapid to prevent failure of normally dry fire water pipe work, i.e. pipe work not normally having fire water passing through it constantly, when exposed to the relevant fire conditions; The firewater system response time will also be sufficiently rapid to apply effective firewater protection to the protected area to ensure proper cooling of hydrocarbon containing equipment such as separators, in order to avoid further escalation of the hazard; The firewater system should be able to reasonably withstand the effects of fire without sustaining a damage level which would significantly reduce the general effectiveness of the fire water protection system in the affected area; The firewater pumping system, including its motive power, will be capable of unattended continuous operation for a specified minimum period of time of 18 hours after initiation [Reference IMO , FSS Code; 2.2.2.2]; Independent stand-by capacity shall be installed to ensure full supply of deluge firewater to all FRU facilities in case of failure of one pump unit or one power source; The FRU will be divided into fire zones; the complete layout of the fire zones will be documented on an FRU Fire Zone Plan; Foam deluge will be available on the main deck areas underneath the topsides modules where fluids other than LNG could be present. Foam deluge will not be used for LNG or cryogenic spills; Large releases of LNG or refrigerants that do not vaporise but form pools will be drained to a cryogenic spill collection system via catch channels. These spills will then be directly routed via an overflow weir to the sea (no retaining time for the LNG in the collection system is considered);

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•

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• • •

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Topsides water deluge valves, tank deck foam deluge valves, foam proportioner and firewater and foam main sectional isolation valves will be located, at a safe distance (suggested 15 m), outside the fire zone to protect towards forward FRU areas; The fire zones are separated by longitudinal and transverse coamings. The longitudinal coamings will be higher than the transverse coamings to retain the release of oil/ condensate on the main deck. The transverse deck coamings from port side to starboard side are there to retain the release of oil/condensate in that fire zone; If there are two topside modules, port and starboard, within one fire zone, then each module is considered a separate topside fire zone. This is to comply with the ABS [Reference ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations, Chapter 3, Section 8 Paragraph 5.1.2, see figure 5b]; The firewater system components will be located so as to minimize the probability of mechanical damage by dropped objects, swung loads, explosion venting, etc. The active fire protection systems, if considered essential, shall be located or protected so that they will be able to withstand the expected fire and explosion loading; Active fire protection systems shall be suitable for the classified explosion hazardous area. Large flammable gas leakages (Gas clouds of temperatures < -100 °C) require extreme caution in the use of water sprays as the spray may not dilute the gas but simply increase the volume of the premixed cloud. The water spray may not prevent ignition but can increase the flame speed on ignition. Therefore the use of water spray, either by hand held appliances or fixed systems, will be incident dependent and only applied under strict direction and instruction from the FRU Safety Officer.

5.2

Active Fire Protection System

5.2.1

Fire Water System

5.2.1.1

Fire Water Ring Main The primary goal of the fire water main system is to distribute firewater reliably and securely to all firewater dependent protection systems, on demand, at the required pressures and flows and under the conditions which may be present when there is a demand for firewater. The Fire Water Ring Main will be provided to supply all the firewater based AFP systems (water and water/foam deluge systems, water/foam monitors, hydrants and hose reels and water curtains) and will be configured as a ring to provide the maximum diversity of supplies. The firewater main will be routed below deck for added protection and will make use of any thermal shielding or physical protection afforded by the structure. The distribution system shall be maintained at a suitable standing pressure by a jockey pump. The ring main will afford a number of isolatable sections. Fire pump systems

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are connected to the fire main in such a way that damage in one area will not cause loss of all the fire water supply. Hydraulic calculations shall be carried out to confirm the available pressure at various locations throughout the ring main when the system is operating at the worst case conditions, i.e. sections of the ring main isolated due to damage or for maintenance, resulting in one way flow through the network. In addition, a surge analysis of the ring main system will be performed and, where required, surge protection devices shall be provided. Where required, insulation and trace heating will be used on all exposed firewater lines in order to avoid water freezing. This also applies to fire fighting equipment as appropriate. Materials for piping and equipment involved in the firewater system shall consider corrosion/erosion, pitting susceptibility, marine life growth, and lower temperature of firewater during winter conditions, etc. The maximum probable water demand is the total water requirement for protection of one single fire area plus adjacent zones plus two jets of firewater at a pressure of at least 3.5 barg [Reference ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations, chapter 3 section 8, 5.1.2b] and the minimum pressure in the fire water main should be 5 barg [Reference ABS rules for Classing Steel Vessels, part C, chapter 8, Section 11, 2.1]. 5.2.1.2

Fire Water Pumping System The goals of the fire water pumping system are to ensure a secure, reliable, adequate source of supply of firewater, on demand, to all firewater consumers. The fire pumps will have sufficient capacity to comply with ABS Guides and Rules. The fire pumps and associated equipment shall be designed to perform in accordance with the following requirements: • International Code for Fire Safety systems (FSS code), Chapter 12, Section 2,

•

§2.2.2. “Fuel tank capacity”; which states; "Any service fuel tank shall contain sufficient fuel to enable the pump to run on full load for at least 3 h and sufficient reserves of fuel shall be available outside the main machinery space to enable the pump to run on full load for an additional 15h" ; IMO MODU Code, Chapter 5, Section 5, §3.6.5, which states "For a period of 18 hours, one of the fire pumps, if dependent upon the emergency generator for it source of power.".

The capacity of the fire pumps will be designed to mitigate fires on the FRU. Fire incidents preceded by explosion can influence the effectiveness of the fire water system. In accordance with ABS [Reference ABS Guide for Building and Classing for Offshore Installations, Chapter 3, Section 8], the fire pumps will have sufficient capacity to deluge topsides in the applicable fire zone, as well as topsides in the adjacent fire zones. In addition the pump capacity will be sufficient to supply foam deluge to the FRU upper deck, in the respective single fire zone and water for the water curtains to protect the hull for cryogenic spills.

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Also, two hydrants will be available in each fire zone on upper deck for cooling purposes. The two independent diesel driven fire water pumps with hydraulic driven lift pumps are located aft on the FRU and are provided with their own fuel tank that will have capacity for the engine to run on full load for 18 hours. The fuel tank is provided with a low-level alarm after the engine has been running for 12 hours. The two electric driven pumps will be located forward on the FRU. The capacity of the fire pumps will be designed to mitigate and extinguish fires on the FRU. Fire incidents preceded by explosion can influence the effectiveness of the fire water system. The exhaust and inlet manifolds for the fire pump diesel engine will be designed in accordance with the ABS [Reference ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations; 3.9.4]. The fire water system throughout the vessel will be pressurized by means of two (2x100%) jockey pumps installed in the machinery space, one running the other on standby. Start/stop of the jockey pumps will be local at the pumps. Running indication will be available in the Temporary Refuge and CCR. The fire pumps will automatically start at low pressure in the fire main and from the fire and gas (F&G) detection system in case a fire is detected. Furthermore it will be possible to start the diesel hydraulic driven fire pumps manual/remote from the F&G panel in the CCR and local at the pumps. Running indication will be available in the Temporary Refuge and CCR. At least two independent pump systems shall be provided to avoid common mode failures. This includes also different prime movers, i.e. diesel engine and electric motor. Each pump system shall have the capacity to supply at least 100 % of the largest required fire water demand. Fire water will be supplied by [Reference NFPA 15 and NFPA 20]: •

• •

Total of pumps: (2x50%) electrical and (2x50%) diesel driven fire water pumps with hydraulic driven lift pumps have been sized to serve the fire fighting and deluge systems on upper deck and topsides and the water curtains. The two diesel pumps will be located aft in the machinery space and the two electrical pumps will be located forward in the machinery space. To provide a high level of redundancy it the configuration of 2x (2x50%) fire pumps has been selected. (1x100%) dedicated electric motor driven fire water pump (located in the aft machinery space) will be sized to serve the fire water hydrants in the accommodation, engine room and pump room. (2x100%) dedicated electric motor driven fire water pumps (located in the machinery room) have been sized to serve the fresh water to the specific equipment requiring fresh water deluge. The fire water demands are indicated in the Topsides Firewater Demand Calculation Report.

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Starting of the foam liquid pump(s) will be automatic from the F&G system after initiating opening of a foam deluge valve. Furthermore it will be possible to start the pumps manual/remote from the F&G panel in the CCR and local at the pumps. The foam liquid concentrate that will be adopted for the FRU foam systems will be 1% AFFF. In cases where methanol is handled and stored local facilities (portable applicators, extinguishers, etc.) will be provided to apply Alcohol Resistant (AR) AFFF foam liquid. If there is an LNG spillage, the water curtain near the LNG drain overboard needs to be activated to prevent damage to the hull. 5.2.1.3

Water Deluge System The objective of the water deluge system is to assist in controlling and mitigating the consequences of fire. This is achieved by applying a reliable, secure and effective distribution of sea water deluge to limit escalation, provide cooling to equipment and structures, and to protect personnel. Only manually activated water deluge system will be installed on the topside facilities The water deluge systems will be installed over [Reference IGC Code, 11.3]: • • • •

Hazardous areas on topsides process facilities, Loading/Unloading manifolds/ control valves, Surge Vessels, and Turret

The design of the deluge will provide the secondary means for ensuring that liquid hydrocarbon containing equipment and systems are adequately protected by cooling (NOT fire extinguishing) from the effects of pool fires and partially protected from thermal radiation effects of jet fires. The basis for where deluge is required needs to be validated but is initially assumed to provide deluge to process equipment which have inventories > 50 m3 or if the outflow is more than 50 kg/s (HOLD). The maximum height of the deluge that needs to be provided, if required, is 12m (HOLD) above process deck (border pool / jet fire). It needs to be noted that the compressors are not protected by deluge but will be depressured. On each module, hydrants will be available for (additional) cooling of equipment if required. Where there are two topside modules, port and starboard, within one upper deck area fire zone, then each module is considered as a separate topside fire zone. This is to comply with ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations The minimum required densities of deluge shall be [Reference ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations, Chapter 3, Section 8, §5.1.4]:

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For process equipment surfaces the firewater application rates are : • Uninsulated, = 10.2 (L/min)/m2 • Insulated, = 6.2 (L/min)/m2 • Riser balconies, Turret manifolds = 20 (L/min)/m2 • LNG Booster Pumps 20 (HOLD) (L/min)/m2

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Water Curtains Water Curtains for Hull Water curtains shall be provided for unloading operations and as part of the cryogenic spill management system. The objective of the water curtain is to ensure that cryogenic spills that are drained away from the topside process facilities do not make significant contact with the hull of the vessel. The firewater application rate for the hull water deluge [Reference ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations, Chapter 3, Section 8, §5.1.4] = 4.1 (L/min)/m2. Water Curtain for Accommodation In accordance with ABS [Reference ABS Guide for Building and classing for Offshore Installations, Chapter 3, Section 8, §9.3], the firewater application rate for the protected area of the accommodation front bulkheads, has to be 6.1 [L/min/m2]. A water curtain will be applied for aft, fwd and part of port and starboard accommodation bulkheads. The fwd and aft bulkheads are also extended by 2 m on port and starboard side to protect the lifeboat area. Note: The deluge for the accommodation will be for additional protection on top of the H-60 fire insulation that will be provided.

5.2.2

Fresh Water Spray Pump System A fixed local fire-extinguishing systems is to protect areas such as the following without the necessity of engine shutdown, personnel evacuation, or sealing of the spaces [Reference SOLAS, Part II-2, Reg 10, 5.6.3] and are placed in addition to the overall fire fighting system required by SOLAS, [Reference SOLAS, Part II-2, Reg 10, 5.1.1]. The systems requiring fresh water deluge are: • Emergency diesel generator It is suggested to use fresh water deluge, as opposed to using seawater, to ensure that the systems are not damaged during the deluge process (corrosion due to saltwater of switchboards and cabinets). The fresh water supply for the fresh water deluge system will be taken from a fresh water tank. However the fresh water supply will be connected to the FW system for the reason that the fresh water will be limited to a short duration. Note:

It shall be possible to fully function test the sprinkler system by use of fresh water and only fresh water shall be used as the initial charge within the piping network [Reference NFPA 13, 17.7.4.3].

5.2.3

Foam Systems

5.2.3.1

AFFF Foam Deluge Systems Dedicated fixed foam systems are to be installed to assist in mitigating hydrocarbon pool fires that may impact the main Hull deck (only where HC liquids are handled on the Topsides). This system shall provide a reliable, secure and effective application

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of foam concentrate to prevent escalation and to limit damage and prevent formation of smoke which could impair installation escape and evacuation routes or the safe areas. (Hold for definition of HC Liquids) For large releases of LNG that do not vaporise but form pools, no foam will be applied, as the liquid LNG will be drained to a cryogenic spill collection system via catch channels. These LNG spills will then be routed via an overflow weir to the sea. 5.2.3.2

Hi-Expansion Foam Deluge Systems A High-expansion (Hi-ex) foam system will be installed for protection of the: • Forward machine/ pump room (including the ballast pump room) • Aft machine/ pump room (including the ballast pump room) This Hi-ex foam system is a multistage total flooding fixed fire extinguishing system, applying first water and subsequently foam when fighting fires in the designated areas.

5.2.4

Total Flooding Gaseous Extinguishing Systems The following types of spaces/areas will be provided with a fixed CO2 total flooding fire fighting system, which will comply with international codes and regulations as well as ABS Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Systems: • • • • • • •

Emergency generator room; Diesel Generator Room FWD / AFT Fire pump room; Paint stores; UPS room; LER (Local Equipment Room); Gas Engine enclosures;

The fixed CO2 total flooding systems that will be installed on the FRU will specifically comply with ABS [Reference ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels, Part 4, Chapter 7, Section 3, 3.3.5], and SOLAS, [Reference SOLAS, Part C “Suppression of fire” and Part G “Special requirements”]. All spaces that are protected with a CO2 system will have the following warnings to alert personnel of imminent release: • • • •

Visual and audible alarms within the space. For large spaces two (2) or more will be required in strategic positions; Visual alarms outside each entrance to the protected space; Clear warning sign on the outside of each entrance that the space is protected by clean agent; Clear sign showing the location of the local clean agent manual release pushbutton outside the area being protected.

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Gas Engine Enclosures The enclosures of the gas engines will be equipped with dedicated CO2 fire fighting systems. The systems consist of a primary total flooding distribution system and a secondary metered distribution system to extend the design concentration of 30 % CO2 for 30 minutes. The system will be designed in accordance with NFPA 12. The systems are automatic and will be triggered by fire detectors in the enclosures.

5.2.4.2

Note 1:

This is the only CO2 system on the FRU that is automatic and this is considered acceptable due to the gas engines being fitted within a restricted enclosure.

Note 2:

As alternative to CO2, a water mist system could be supplied.

Galley (HOLD) The fire-extinguishing system that will be provided to protect the deep-fat cooking equipment in the galley will be according to SOLAS, [Reference SOLAS, chapter II-2 Part C, 10.6.4]. The fire extinguisher system that will be provided to protect the deep-fat cooking equipment is a wet chemical, cartridge-operated, regulated pressure type with a fixed nozzle agent distribution network. The system is capable of automatic detection and actuation or can be manually actuated. The system consists of a regulated release assembly, which includes a regulated release mechanism and a wet chemical storage tank housed within a single enclosure. The regulated release and tank assemblies must be mounted in an area where the temperature will not fall below 0 °C or exceed 54 °C. The wet chemical used is a mixture of organic and inorganic salts designed for rapid flame knockdown and foam securement of grease related fires. The system must be installed within the guidelines of the UL listed design, installation, recharge, and maintenance manual. The galley hood will be provided with the same wet chemical that will be used for the deep fat fryer fire extinguisher system. The fire extinguisher system will be triggered by a manual push button near an exit from the galley. Detection is by means of a heat detector in the hood, giving indication on the Fire & Gas panel.

5.2.5

Dry Powder Fire Fighting Systems The principle of fire fighting with dry chemical powder is that very large amounts of small powder particles can be used to disrupt the burning process. This can be useful for fires in open areas where the cooling action of water or the suffocating action of CO2 would be of little use. According SIGTTO, [Reference SIGTTO, 10.3.2] and the IGC code, Reference IGC CODE, §11.4] a dry powder system is required to be fitted on gas carriers and it must be capable of delivering powder to any part of the open cargo area (main deck), LNG loading/offloading manifold by means of fixed monitors and hand held hoses. At least two independent self contained dry chemical powder units with associated controls, pressurizing medium fixed piping, monitors or hand hose lines need to be supplied for the cargo area.

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A sufficient quantity of dry chemical powder should be stored in each container to provide a minimum 45 secs discharge time for all monitors and hand hose lines attached to each powder unit. The capacity of a monitor should be not less than 10 kg/s and for hand hose lines (non-kink-able) should be not less than 3.5 kg/s; the length of the hose should not exceed 33 m. The dry powder is normally stored in non-pressurised powder tanks. In the event of operation the system is activated and the powder is “fluidised” by the introduction of nitrogen into the tank. The powder can then be applied to the required area(s) by use of monitors or hose pistol. 5.2.6

Drainage Firewater discharge rates required can be large. Open drains will be sized to allow for the flows applied or containment should be such that the water and any other spilled liquids do not spread to other areas. Drains will be designed to prevent fire spread if burning liquids are carried into them by water-based fire systems. Drain systems in areas protected by firewater deluge will be designed to prevent spreading of hydrocarbon pools or pool fires from one firewater deluge area to another when the deluge system is activated.

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LOOSE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Portable fire fighting equipment will be positioned throughout the FRU in accordance with the requirements of the Regulatory Bodies ABS [Reference ABS guide for Building and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installations, Chapter 3 Section 8.15] and The IMO MODU Code, [Reference IMO Code, Chapter 10.0 Section 10.10/ 11/ 12] and SOLAS, [Reference SOLAS, Chapter III Part B Reg. 7 and Reg. 32]. All portable extinguishers, fire-fighting equipment etc. will be compatible with other fire fighting appliances fitted within the FRU. Loose fire fighting equipment will include where necessary: • • • • •

6.1

Portable Extinguishers Fire hydrants Hose Reels Fireman’s outfits Breathing apparatus and escape sets

Portable Extinguishers The portable fire extinguishers will enable staff to extinguish small fires in process, machinery, local equipment rooms and accommodation areas before the fires can escalate. All portable extinguishers, fire-fighting equipment etc. will be compatible with other fire fighting appliances fitted within the FRU.

6.2

Fire hydrants Fire hydrants will be located and of sufficient quantity to ensure that all areas of the FRU normally accessible to personnel can be covered by at least two effective spray/jet patterns of water, from at least two different hydrants. At least one such spray/jet pattern will be from a single length of hose (length limited to 20 m) [Reference NFPA 12, 2.3.1.1]. The water from the hydrants can be used to cool equipment / structure or to redirect gas clouds or to cool fire fighters to get closer to the fire.

6.3

Hose Reels Hose Reels are intended to provide a reliable means for personnel to supplement deluge and sprinkler systems, if required, by quickly directing water and foam at specific areas or items of equipment. In the accommodation, fire fighting will be by means of firewater hydrants/hose reels. Hose reels shall be strategically installed throughout the living quarters.

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Fireman’s Outfits and Protective Clothing Fireman’s Outfits, (minimum nine (HOLD) sets) in cabinets, will be provided at locations on the FRU as appropriate for use by emergency response teams. Fireman’s Outfits will be at the Safety Equipment Storeroom and Emergency Response Centre locations. Each cabinet shall contain as a minimum the following equipment for each member of the designated emergency response team. Each outfit shall consist of: •

• • • • • • • • •

Protective clothing of material to protect the skin against heat radiating from the fire, against burns and scalding by steam and against exposure to extreme low temperatures. The outer surface shall be water-resistant and suitable for low temperatures; Boots and gloves of rubber or other electrically non-conducting material; Boots with chemical resistant soles; A rigid helmet providing effective protection against impact; An electric safety lamp (hand lantern) of an approved type, with a minimum burning time of three hours (explosion proof); A fire axe to the satisfaction of the administration (to be attached to the belt); A self contained compressed air breathing apparatus, the volume of air contained in the cylinders of which shall be at least suitable for 30 minutes, with two refills for each apparatus; A fire proof life line of adequate strength with a length of 33 m attached to a safety belt or to a safety harness by means of a snap hook; A pry bar; A portable gas detector, explosion proof.

Protective clothing, which will provide protection against the effects of exposure to LNG, shall be provided and readily accessible at the facility. The Fireman’s Outfits and protective clothing to be provided shall be of an approved type and be to the satisfaction of the Class, Flag and Authorities [ABS]. 6.5

Breathing Apparatus and Escape Sets Self-contained breathing apparatus will be at locations on the FRU for: • • • •

use in fighting fires; use in emergency response situations i.e. pump room rescue; provision of escape from the machinery spaces in case of accidental release of high expansion foam; all tank and void space entry operations, as part of the Permit to Work scheme.

Apart from the BA sets provided with the fireman’s outfits, BA sets will be located at the aft end of the FRU, and within the turret area. Escape sets will be at location on the FRU to provide limited air supply when escape from the area is necessary. Three (3) escape sets will be located at each of the Emergency Escape Equipment Areas located on the main deck escape routes, two (2) at each level of the machinery space and two (2) in the CCR.

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The breathing apparatus and escape sets that will be provided shall be of approved type and be to the satisfaction of the Class, Flag and Authorities [ABS]. 6.6

Emergency Response Centre (ERC) Two ERCs will be provided for mustering of the dedicated response teams. The ERCs will be provided with required amount of fireman’s outfits corresponding to the allocated response teams. The Emergency Response Centre will house the safety equipment for this function, including their spares. The type of equipment that will be located in the safety locker is: • • • • • • • •

Fireman’s outfits; B.A. sets and spare cylinders; Compressor for topping up B.A. cylinders and the air cylinders in the lifeboats; Spare charges for portable cylinders; Spare fire hoses and couplings; International shore connection; Portable gas sampling equipment; Miscellaneous spare safety equipment.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

7.1

Overview

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PFP shall be installed to maintain the structural stability of the FRU and its equipment for a period that is sufficient to enable all personnel to safely escape to the refuge and to evacuate the FRU as necessary. In addition the PFP systems are to provide protection to structures, process equipment, equipment with safety functions and other parts of the installation that may be exposed to flame impingement or heat radiation, to prevent critical structural failure that could lead to escalation of the fire incident and in order to allow the isolation and safe depressurization of the facility. Due to the very low temperatures of the cryogenic process liquids, any spills could cause significant damage to surrounding equipment, steel work, pipe work, etc. The use of PFP could (depending on type of PFP) also help in protecting the surrounding equipment from cold damage that could be incurred from cryogenic spills. For a more detailed description of the Cryogenic Spill Protection Philosophy. The main objectives for PFP are: • • • • •

To prevent escalation of the fire due to the progressive releases of inventory, by separation of the different fire risk areas; To protect essential safety systems; To protect critical components, such as ESD valves and their supports; To minimise damage to the installation by protecting the critical structures members and in particular those members essential to the support of the refuge and the escape routes; To protect personnel in the refuge until a safe evacuation can take place.

To achieve the above goals, PFP shall be applied to the required areas to the extent shown necessary by the Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis. As a minimum the PFP will: • • • • •

Maintain the integrity of the refuge structures for the required endurance period; Be suitable for the environment for which they are installed with a low level of inspection and maintenance and will suffer no degradation due to exposure to the harsh environment, deluge systems or any materials commonly found in the area; Be capable of resisting specified explosion overpressure loadings from adjacent areas that may cause permanently deformed steelwork, possibly prior to a fire. Be specified for the life of the Plant, subject to scheduled inspection, maintenance and repair to damage; Be designed taking into account that areas shall not become overly congested concerning the identified items requiring PFP.

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Fire Envelope An integral part of defining the fire-scenario envelope is determining the appropriate dimensions to use for planning the fire protection. As LNG is considered a source of a fire-scenario exposure, API 2218, 5.2.3 recommends a fire envelope of: • •

7.3

12 m horizontal from equipment containing flammable gas or liquid 12 m vertical from equipment containing flammable gas or liquid

Level of protection The level of protection provided by the PFP is taken from API 2218, table 2. The protection of the PFP in the fire envelope is to be determined in the ESSA report [HOLD]. In order to ensure sufficient integrity of the structural steel, the maximum allowable steel temperatures are: • • • • •

400°C for load bearing structures made from steel 150°C for equipment made out of aluminium 275°C for vessel skirts 300°C for vessel and piping made from low temperature steel 400°C for vessel and piping made from standard carbons steel

These maximum allowable temperatures are based on IS013702, Annex C.4.2 7.4 7.4.1

Scope of PFP PFP Criteria The need for, and extent of, PFP on structure and equipment on the FRU shall be determined to meet the project escalation criteria. Escalation in this context means that the initial accident is spreading and/or increasing in size/ scope. For escalation to other segments / equipment within the same fire envelope, the following release criteria are used to identify scenarios, where the "as low as reasonably practicable” (ALARP) principle shall be applied in order to reduce the risk for escalation within one fire envelope: • • • • •

Internal escalation to other ESD segments, which will aggravate the accident significantly. Release of more than 4000 kg of stabilised liquid HC. Release of more than 2000 kg gas, condensate or LNG. If support equipment with a ratio between height and diameter of 8:1 or more and a total height of 6 meters or more. Collapse of structure can cause damage to neighbouring hydrocarbon containing equipment.

The heat loads on the structure due to fires on the FRU shall be designed to withstand the following events:

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Design Accidental Load (DAL) [kW/m2] 250 for 30 minutes 150 for 60 minutes

PFP Type PFP will be used to protect the following according API 2218: • • • • • •

Equipment Piping; valves Structural steel , skirts, saddles, pipe-rack, flare lines Bulkheads / Enclosures Cable trays Safety equipment

The PFP types that can be used are the following: Dry-fix Dry fix PFP can typically be used for vessels, piping and valves. The PFP shall be non-combustible, non toxic, and water tight / repellent. The material shall not release toxic gasses when exposed to fire. Spray-on Epoxy Spray-on epoxy can be used to fire proof structural steel and skirts and pipe supports. Spay–on epoxy is an intumescent coating system reinforced with a mesh of HK-1 Carbon or a steel pins mesh. Ceramic Fibre Ceramic fibre can be used to make enclosures fireproof. The ceramic fibre will be encapsulated between stainless steel sheets. The thickness of the ceramic depends on the fire protection needed. The PFP enclosure panels will be fitted closely around the equipment to be protected. The PFP panels can be used to protect ESD and BD valves. The PFP enclosures consist then of removable boxes in order to allow maintenance and inspection. Pillows/ mattresses A flexible pillow system featuring multiple layers of ceramic fibres at various densities can be applied to protect cable trays. The pillows are held in place with nylon pins. The composition depends on the fire protection needed. 7.4.3

Application of PFP

7.4.3.1

Equipment Protection of equipment is applied in order to prevent rupture of hydrocarbon containing equipment that can feed the fire with additional fuel. Hence, the purpose of fire insulation of process equipment is to prevent escalation to other equipment in the same fire area. Further, escalation to other equipment can result in a significant increase of size of the initial accidental event that subsequently can escalate to other areas. PFP for equipment is required if the selection criteria are achieved.

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Note: The issue of PFP on equipment is to be addressed based on the outcome of the FEA, QRA studies that will recommend where PFP needs to be fitted to prevent escalation on the FRU. 7.4.3.2

Piping & Valves Fire insulation of piping that contains a significant amount of HC is applied in order to avoid release of a large amount of flammable fluid. Note: the inventory in the piping will be small, if the piping breaks, ESD valves are installed in the lines from and to equipment that contain large HC content, therefore it is considered that the release will never be significant. PFP of the piping connected to the equipment must be taken into account as the complete inventory (equipment and piping up to ESD valve) can be released in case of a leak. In general, the same fire insulation philosophy specified for process equipment is also valid for the connected process piping in an ESD section. The pneumatic and hydraulic instrument piping needed to activate equipment to control a fire or mitigate its consequence (such as emergency shut-down systems) need to be protected from fire damage, unless they are designed to be failsafe during a fire exposure. To protect the piping the piping Dry-fix or pillows could be applied to provide PFP. It could be considered to place them close to the cable tray [Reference API 2218]. All valves from safety systems need to be fire protected; this could be done by means of applying Dry-fix or pillows or locating them in a secure and safe area. Note: The issue of PFP on pipework is to be addressed based on the outcome of a FEA. Pending the FEA it is recommended that PFP fitment throughout the FRU be optimised to prevent escalation within the timescale required to evacuate from the FRU.

7.4.3.3

Structural steel In general, the supporting steel structure in the fire envelope will be designed for pool fire only. Small long lasting jet fire will only cause local damage that will not result in global collapse. Large jet fires exposing critical members do not normally have duration that result in critical damage of several members and subsequently global collapse. Critical structural members are members that will cause loss of structural integrity and collapse. However, if supporting structures have to be designed to withstand also a jet fire, this has to be determined in the Fire and Explosion Analysis. In general fire insulation of structural steel is required if one of the following criteria apply [Reference API 2218]: • •

Load bearing structure (both primary and secondary steel) is exposed to fire Steel structure that might cause damage to neighbouring equipment containing hydrocarbons in case of collapse

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Skirts Fireproofing shall be considered for the exterior surfaces of skirts that support tower and vertical vessels. Consideration should also be given to fireproofing interior surfaces of skirts if there are flanges or valves inside the skirt, or if there are unsealed openings exceeding 24 inches (600 mm) equivalent diameter in the skirt. Openings other than a single man-way may be closed with removable steel plate at least 1⁄4 inches (6 mm) thick. Consideration should be given to minimizing the effects of draft through vent openings and space that surround pipe penetrations in the skirt. [Reference API 2218, § 6.1.4.1]. Saddles Fireproofing shall be considered for steel saddles that support horizontal heat exchangers, coolers, condensers, drums, receivers, and accumulators that have diameters greater than 30 inches (750 mm), if the narrowest vertical distance between the foundation and the shell of the vessel exceeds 12 inches (300 mm) [Reference API 2218, §6.1.6]. Pipe-rack When a pipe rack is within a fire-scenario envelope, fireproofing should be considered for vertical and horizontal supports, up to and including the first level, especially if the supported piping contains flammable materials, combustible liquids or toxic materials. If a pipe rack carries piping with a diameter greater than 6 inches, at levels above the first horizontal beam, or if large hydrocarbon pumps are installed beneath the rack, fireproofing should be considered up to and including the level that is nearest to a 12m elevation (see fire envelope). Wind bracing and non-load bearing stringer beams that run parallel to piping need not to be fireproofed [Reference API 2218, §6.1.2]. The support structure in fire-scenario areas, the upper surface of a horizontal beam need not to be fireproofed [Reference API 2218, §6.1.1.4]. Cold Vent lines Fireproofing should be considered for supports for Cold Vent lines if they are within a fire-scenario envelope or if they are close to areas that may receive large accidental spills of hydrocarbons [Reference API 2218, §6.2.4].

7.4.3.4

Bulkheads / Enclosures The following enclosure could be protected by means of ceramic fibres: • •

CCR and Radio/Communications Room will be provided with A-60 insulation on both external and internal walls, deck and deckheads according SOLAS. The fwd / aft external accommodation bulkheads will be rated to H-60, including windows.

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Cable Trays Cable trays in fire hazardous areas containing cabling of Depressurising Systems shall be fire proofed for at least 30 min to depressurize the largest ESD section. The protection system selected shall be proven by acceptable tests to keep the temperature of the cable within operating limits. Pillows could be used to protect the cables [Reference API 2218, § 6.1.8.1].

7.4.3.6

Safety Equipment Valves Valves which shall be operable during a fire event (e.g. ESD system) will be protected accordingly. The valve body itself will be designed as a "fire safe" type. In general all Depressurising Valves shall be operable during a fire event. Therefore these valves will be fire protected completely. Actuators Actuators (pneumatic and hydraulic) and buffer vessels or electric motor drivers which shall move and hold valves to FAIL SAFE position will be fire protected completely independently of their location above the main deck. The protection system selected will be proven by acceptable tests to keep the temperature of the actuator within operating limits.

Electrical Power and Instrument Cable of safety relevant Systems Electrical, instrument, and control systems located in fire hazardous areas, used to activate equipment needed to control a fire or mitigate its consequences will be protected from fire damage independently of their location above grade, unless the connected valves are designed to failsafe during a fire exposure. These cables will be of the flame resistant type accordingly to IEC 60331. This includes instrument and power cables connected to: • • • • • • •

Emergency Shut-down, Block-in Valves: at least 10 minutes Depressurizing Valves: at least 30 minutes to depressurize the biggest ESD section Deluge Valves: at least 10 minutes Remote Controlled Fire Monitors: at least 60 minutes Fire & Gas Detectors: at least 10 minutes Fire & Gas Alarm Devices like Horns, Flash Lights etc. , at least 10 minutes Instrument cable for air coolers: at least 10 minutes

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OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION Protection against overpressure is essential in order to ensure the integrity of operating equipment and the safety of operating personnel on the FRU. For more detailed information the “Topsides Control & Safeguarding Philosophy” should be consulted which will specify the minimum safeguarding requirements to protect the process and utility systems from upset conditions and fire, which would otherwise result in internal pressures exceeding the design conditions of the equipment.

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9.0

BLAST RESISTANCE

9.1

Overview

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The overall facility will handle significant quantities of both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, which have the potential to generate a major explosion hazard to personnel and assets. Although preventative measures will be provided to minimise the possibility of these events, the potential for such explosions will still exist. Therefore, a number of mitigation measures must be considered for incorporation into the design so that, given an explosion, the potential for escalation and loss of life and assets can be minimised. 9.2

Blast Protection Identification A Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis and Emergency System Survivability Analysis shall be performed to identify consequences and mitigation measures of explosion load (other than fire consequences) on structure, process items and on emergency systems that have to survive at an emergency. For example: Survival craft, deluge valves, shelters but not limited to these. A specific blast criterion for the FRU, for all potential areas of impact shall be determined. This will be used with the Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis to ensure that these areas are adequately protected from any potential explosion.

9.3

Preventative Measures Typically, preventative measures could include but are not limited to, the following: • •

• • •

Additional provision of isolation (ESDVs) within the process trains (to reduce potential leakages); The provision of blast rated walls and structures to minimize blast overpressure effects on separate zone; The cargo area, including the turret section will be separated from the accommodation and survival craft by a blast wall that will be rated as advised by the QRA study in detailed design phase; Blow down philosophy i.e. manual versus automatic and phased or selective options to ensure rapid depressurization of inventory from areas adjacent to the initiating event; there will be no automatic blow down, only manual action from CCR. Provision of equipment, structures and piping within process areas to resist predetermined overpressures. Separation of the modules by safety distances to minimize blast overpressure effects.

Reference is made to the Fire & Explosion Analysis [HOLD] Blast protection will be incorporated throughout the FRU according to the findings of the Fire Risk Assessment studies.