10 th International Myopia conference , Cambridge 2004 - abstract book

The Cambridge Garden House Hotel 

Proceedings

From: Logan, N. S., Gilmartin, B., Wildsoet, C. F. and Dunne, M. C. M. (2004). Posterior retinal contour in adult human anisomyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sc. 45: 2152 – 2162. With the kind permission of the authors and publishers.

Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Vision CRC, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Proceedings of the 10th International Myopia Conference 19th – 22nd July 2004 Cambridge, UK

Edited by Daniel J O’Leary and Hema Radhakrishnan

Published by APU, Cambridge, 2004 ISBN: 0-907262-67-8

10th International myopia conference 2004

Contents: Welcome!

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Organising Committee

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International Committee

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Conference timetable

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Monday Tuesday lecture presentations Tuesday Poster Session Wednesday Thursday Abstracts Monday afternoon Tuesday session 1 Tuesday session 2 Tuesday session 3 Tuesday Posters Wednesday session 1 Wednesday session 2 Wednesday session 3 Thursday morning

10-15 16-18 19-21 22-25 26-37 38-40 41-43 44-47 48-52

Author index

53-54

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5 6 7 8 9

10th International myopia conference 2004

Welcome! On behalf of Anglia Polytechnic University, the Vision Co-operative Research Centre and the Committee of the International Conferences on Myopia, welcome to Cambridge, and welcome to the 10th International Myopia Conference. In our venue at the Garden House Hotel you are only a few hundred yards from the places where the electron was discovered by JJ Thomson and the structure of DNA was discovered by Crick and Watson. I hope the science we discuss over the next few days may one day be as famous as these discoveries. As well as enjoying the science we hope you enjoy the city too. It is a pleasure to wander round the colleges and the backs. You will see the colleges at their best from a guided punt-tour from Magdalene Bridge, although the brave may try to punt themselves – be careful! It is harder than it looks! You can walk along the river from here for about 20 miles as far as Ely, where one of the great Norman Cathedrals of Europe is open for all its glories to be seen. (Those in a hurry can take a train from Cambridge, which takes about 20 minutes.) Back in Cambridge, look in at the Eagle Pub in Bene’t Street, frequented by many scientists over the years and enjoy the many restaurants and bars scattered through the city. Heffer’s book-shop in Trinity Street serves the University community as well as the public. If you leave the hotel and walk south you can follow the river to Grantchester and Byron’s pool, and see the village church referred to in Rupert Brooke’s famous poem. But most of all we hope you enjoy the conference and find the presentations stimulating and inspiring. Thank you all for making the effort to travel here to Cambridge and make the conference a success. Daniel O’Leary. Organising Committee: Daniel J. O’Leary

Hema Radhakrishnan

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Shahina Pardhan

10th International myopia conference 2004

International Conference on Myopia Committee:

Hans C. Fledelius, Rigshospitalet, Denmark Ian Flitcroft, University of Dublin, Ireland Bernard Gilmartin, Aston University, UK Ernst W.M. Goldschmidt., Hilleroed Sygehus, Denmark Jane Gwiazda, The New England College of Optometry, USA Brien Holden, University of New South Wales, Australia Thomas T. Norton, The University of Alabama at Brimingham, USA Daniel J. O’Leary, Anglia Polytechnic University, UK Shahina Pardhan, Anglia Polytechnic University, UK Hema Radhakrishnan, Anglia Polytechnic University, UK Jacob Sivak, University of Waterloo, Canada Earl Smith, University of Houston, USA Elena Tarutta, Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Russia. Josh Wallman, City University of New York, USA Brian Ward, Stanford University Medical Center, USA Maurice Yap, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

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10th International myopia conference 2004

11.00 – 11.30

Monday 19th July Registration and coffee at the Riverside GRANTA SUITE Welcome

11.30 – 12.30

Dr. Richard A. Stone: Chew Sek-jin Memorial lecture

12.30 – 14.00

Lunch in Garden House Buffet and gardens

9.00 - 11.00

Physiological Optics 1 Co-chairs: Dr Maurice Yap and Dr Bernard Gilmartin 14.00 – 14.30 14.30 – 14.50 14.50 – 15.10 15.10 – 15.30 15.30 – 16.00 16.00 – 16.20 16.20 – 16.40 16.40 – 17.00 17.00 –17.20 17.20 – 17.40

Keynote speaker Dr Bernard Gilmartin : Myopia: pathways to therapy Dr. Karla Zadnik : Accommodative lag at the onset of myopia in children. Dr. Leon Davies : Effect of cognition and refractive error on oculomotor and cardiovascular function. Dr. Elise Harb : Behavioral characteristics of accommodation during periods of sustained reading. Coffee Dr. Nicola Logan : Ametropia and ocular biometry in a UK undergraduate population. Dr. Patrick Ting : Instrument myopia during microscopy and factors affecting it. Dr. Leon Davies: Autonomic correlates of oculomotor and cardiovascular function in myopic subjects. Dr. Hema Radhakrishnan: Spherical aberration and accommodation Dr. Peter M. Allen: Accommodation dysfunction and myopia progression in young adults

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Tuesday 20th July Animal Studies and Physiological Optics 2 Session 1: 9.00 – 10.30 Co-chairs Dr Earl Smith III and Dr Jacob Sivak 9.00 – 9.30 9.30 - 9.50 9.50 – 10.10 10.10 -10.30 10.30 – 11.00

11.00 - 11.30

11.30 - 11.50 11.50 – 12.10 12.10 -12.30 12.30 – 12.50 12.50 – 14.00

Keynote Speaker Dr. Earl Smith III Animal Models and Human Refractive Errors Dr. Dolores Bradley: Form deprivation myopia in juvenile and adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Dr. Thomas Norton: The effect of plus lenses on the visual guidance of axial elongation and refractive state in tree shrews. Dr. John Potter: Long term blur adaptation measured from visual evoked potentials Coffee

Session 2: 11.00 – 12.50 Co-chairs Dr Josh Wallman and Dr Katrina Schmid Keynote Speaker: Dr. Josh Wallman Temporal and spatial aspects of visual guidance of eye growth Mr. Ramkumar Ramamirtham: Wave aberrations in rhesus monkeys with visininduced ametropias. Dr. Howard Howland: High order wave aberration of chicks due to constant light rearing and its recovery. Dr. Elena Iomdina: Failure of limited proteolysis of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in Tenon’s capsule of children with progressive myopia Dr. Katrina Schmid: The effects of GABA-B and GABA-C antagonists on myopia development in chick. Lunch in Garden House Buffet and gardens

Session 3: 2.00pm – 5.00pm Co-chairs Dr Thomas Norton and Dr Pauline Cho 14.00 – 14.30

Keynote Speaker Dr. Thomas Norton: Signalling Mechanisms in Choroid and Sclera

14.30 – 14.50

Dr. Jacob G. Sivak: Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Guinea Pig Lens Optical Quality and on the Development of Myopia

14.50 – 15.10

Dr. Pauline Cho: The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) study in Hong Kong. A pilot study on refractive changes and myopia control. Ms. Sin Wang Cheung: Refractive error and visual acuity changes in orthokeratology patients. Coffee Dr. Ivan Wood: Vision screening for myopia and other target conditions in South Auckland AIMHI schools Dr. Yury Rosenblum: A one-year follow–up study of refraction, accommodation and axial length of schoolchildren in the far north region Dr. Niall Strang: Psychophysical measurements of blur thresholds in myopes and emmetropes

15.10 – 15.30 15.30 - 16.00 16.00 - 16.20 16.20 – 16.40 16.40 – 17.00

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Tuesday 17.00 – 18.30 Poster session in the Cam Suite 1. Dr. Andrew Collins 2. Dr. Elena Tarutta 3. Dr. Elena Tarutta 4. Dr. Elena Tarutta 5. Dr. Elena Tarutta 6. Dr. Narine Khodzhabekyan 7. Dr. Narine Khodzhabekyan 8. Dr. Gayane Markossian 9. Dr. Gayane Markossian 10. Dr. Thomas Aller 11. Dr. Yury Rosenblum 12. Dr. Rafaela Garrido 13. Dr. Edward Mallen 14. Dr. Mhairi Day 15. Dr. Dirk Seidel 16. Dr. Richard McCollim 17.Dr. J. Guggenheim 18. Dr. Tatyana Verjanskaya 19. Mr. Ashok Pandian 20. Dr. Chuen Lam 21. Dr. Patrick WK Ting 22. Dr. Elena Iomdina 23. Dr. A.A. Yekta

Visual acuity and guiding performance in a group of guide dogs: Effect of naturallyoccurring myopia The state of eye fundus in children and adolescents with congenital myopia Acoustical Density of the Sclera as a Prognostic Factor of the Clinical Course of Myopia Low power lasers in the treatment of low and moderate progressive myopia An inhibitory effect of penalization (hyperopic overcorrection) on eye growth and refractogenesis The x-ray density of sclera and shape of the eyes with myopic refraction The muscular balance of eyes and AC/A ratio in patients with myopic anisometropia Functional state of the retina in children with congenital myopia Linkage analysis for some myopia loci in Russian families with autosomal dominant complicated high myopia Design of a prospective clinical trial of the use of bifocal soft contact lenses to control myopia progression (CONTROL) Acquired progressive eso- and hypotropia in high myopia Prevalence of refractive errors in university students The influence of lighting on accommodation responses in emmetropes and myopes Target vergence related increases in accommodation microfluctuations in myopia and emmetropia Voluntary Accommodation Responses in Emmetropia and Myopia A Unique Case of Self-induced Myopia and Monocular Diplopia A cross-sectional study of anisometropia Changes in main anatomical and optical characteristics of the eye during overnight orthokeratology lens wear. Facility of accommodation in children with and without Myopia. Differential protein expressions in the emmetropisation of chick eyes Longitudinal study of myopia progression of Hong Kong Chinese microscopists Remote results of local antioxidant treatment of progressive myopia A cross sectional study of the effect of age on myopia

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Wednesday 21st July Clinical Studies Session 1: 9.00-10.30 Co-chairs Dr Jane Gwiazda and Dr Karla Zadnik 9.00 – 9.30 9.30 – 9.50 9.50 – 10.10 10.10 – 10.30 10.30 – 11.00 11.00 – 11.30

11.30 – 11.50 11.50 – 12.10 12.10 – 12.20 12.30 – 12.50 12.50 – 14.00

14.00 – 14.30

14.30 – 14.50 14.50 – 15.10 15.10 – 15.30 15.30 – 16.00 16.00 – 16.30 16.30 – 16.50 16.50 – 17.10

Keynote Speaker: Dr. Jane Gwiazda. Clinical trials of lens treatments for myopia control Dr. Desmond Cheng: The prevalence and progression of myopia in ChineseCanadian children attending an optometric practice Dr. John Phillips. Spectacle lens defocus alters myopia progression rate in schoolchildren Dr. Karla Zadnik. Prediction of myopia beyond the influences of refractive error Coffee

Session 2: 11.00 – 12.50 Co-chairs Dr Ernst Goldschmidt and Dr Saw Seang Mei Keynote Speaker: Dr. Ernst Goldschmidt. Myopia and environment Dr. Takashi Fujikado. The long-term effect of macular translocation surgery with 360-degree retinotomy for myopic choroidal neovascularization Dr. Brian Ward. Degenerative myopia, the risk of visual disability and the identification of criteria for therapeutic intervention. Dr. Elena Tarutta: Progressive myopia in children: To cure or not to cure? Dr. Seang-Mei Saw: Is IQ associated with myopia in children? Lunch in Garden House Buffet and gardens

Session 3: 2.00 – 5.10 Co-chairs Dr Terri Young and Dr Ian Morgan Keynote Speaker Dr. T L Young. Progress In the Molecular Genetics of High Myopia Dr. WC Tang. Testing for association between MYOC and myopia susceptibility in Hong Kong Chinese population. Dr. Paul Baird. Methodology of the genes in myopia (GEM) study Dr. S.P. Yip A systematic unifying approach to identifying myopia susceptibility genes. Coffee Dr. Ian Morgan: How genetic is school myopia? Dr. CJ Hammond. A genome-wide linkage analysis suggests PAX6 is linked to myopia in a sample of dizygotic twins Dr. Martin Hergersberg . The gene encoding fibulin-1 (FBLN1): A candidate gene for early-onset high myopia with recessive inheritance

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Thursday 22nd July: 9.00-12.30 Physiological Optics 3 Co-chairs Dr Neil Charman and Dr Howard Howland 9.00 – 9.30 9.30 – 9.50 9.50 – 10.10 10.10 – 10.30 10.30 – 11.00 11.00 – 11.20 11.20 – 11.40 11.40 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.20 12.20 12.30

Keynote Speaker: Dr. Neil Charman. Ocular aberrations Dr. WCK Kwan. A Longitudinal Study of Monochromatic aberrations Change in Children with Increasing Myopia Dr. Hans Fledelius The noble art of measuring axial eye length: A mini-survey, to include also the utility of the IOL-Master Dr. Yoshinori Nakai . The relation between growth of axial length and higher order aberrations in school children. Coffee Dr. Gregor Schmid. Retinal steepness vs. myopic shift in children Dr. Mark Bullimore. Should axial length measured with the IOL-Master become the primary outcome measure in clinical trials of myopia progression? Dr. Hans Fledelius. Myopia is axial until otherwise proven: A discussion of clinical entities apparently at variance Dr. Daniel J. O’Leary. Spherical aberration and refractive error measurement Closing remarks Conference Closes

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Monday 19th July 2004, 11.15 am Chew Sek-jin Memorial Lecture Why Myopia? Clues from Pharmacology Richard A. Stone, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA Despite much research, the causes of myopia are poorly understood. The evolving pharmacology of experimental myopia provides novel perspectives potentially relevant to myopia pathogenesis. Prominent among the developmental responses to locally applied drugs, overall eye shape and not only axial length seems regulated by pharmacologic mechanisms. As a clinically accessible parameter, ocular shape may therefore provide a novel and mechanistically informative means to sub-classify ametropia. In parallel with a plethora of data in the general pharmacology and toxicology literature, drugs may exert complex and non-monotonic influences on refractive development. The patterns of these responses suggest that complex modeling might be a useful direction for clinical risk factor analysis and that myopia might productively be conceptualized as a physiologically inappropriate phenomenon rather than as a compensatory response. Finally, the receptor classes now implicated in myopia point to pathogenic mechanisms that have diverse temporal response characteristics, varying between hours-to-days and seconds-or-less. The evidence in different species for conservation of many of the pharmacologic mechanisms regulating eye growth underscores the potential relevance of laboratory findings for understanding clinical ametropia.

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Monday 19th July 2004, 2.00pm

Keynote Address:

Myopia: pathways to therapy

Professor Bernard Gilmartin Aston University, Birmingham, UK

Myopia is invariably a lifelong condition characterised by high prevalence, significant risk in terms of associated ocular pathology, substantial economic and social burden and, paradoxically, little immediate prospect of remediation, other than by successive refractive correction. Future prospects are, however, encouraging: the last decade has witnessed convergence of myopia research in disciplines such as molecular biology, biomaterials, genetics, wave front optical analysis and information technology. Pharmaceutical, optical and microsurgical treatment modalities for myopia thought improbable just a decade ago are now seen as likely and feasible options for future clinical management. A synopsis will be presented of recent work which has set out pathways to myopia therapy. Recent large-scale studies on children confirm that the major structural correlate of myopia is longitudinal elongation of the posterior vitreous chamber and that, in the developing eye, this is the principal precursor to subsequent compensatory changes in the architecture of the globe. It is now evident that other biometric parameters need to be considered: the profile of lenticular and corneal power; the relationship between longitudinal and transverse vitreous chamber dimensions and the significance of eye shape and ocular volume. The predictive value of cross correlations between these parameters have potential value in exposing a propensity to myopia although refraction at age 5 years-of-age and family history still remain potent predictors. Much recent progress has been made on the genetic characteristics of high myopia (i.e. >6D). Several specific chromosomes have been identified and the application of genetic modeling to large sample monozygotic and dizygotic twin cohorts have computed heritability indices of over 80% for refractive error. The predominance of heredity does not, however, preclude the need to understand further the subtle and complex integration of psychophysiological and optical responses to well-documented environmental triggers such as sustained near work. Recent large scale clinical trials on children have reported on the potential efficacy of optical (i.e. progressive addition spectacle lenses) and pharmaceutical (i.e. topical muscarinic antagonists) modes of treatment. The results, although equivocal, highlight the need to understand further the aetiological significance in humans of retinal image quality and accommodative accuracy. In this regard the correlation between wave front aberration analysis of image quality and visual performance may provide special insight into the genesis, development and subsequent treatment of myopia

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10th International myopia conference 2004

Accommodative lag at the onset of myopia in children Karla Zadnik, G. Lynn Mitchell, Lisa A. Jones, John R. Hayes, Melvin L. Moeschberger, Donald O. Mutti, College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Purpose. We have shown that while prevalent myopes have increased accommodative lag, greater lag was not associated with any increased risk of developing myopia. If increased lag accompanies but does not precede the onset of myopia, when does accommodative lag become different in children who develop myopia? Methods. The age of onset of myopia (at least -0.75 D in each meridian) was identified in 524 children between 6 and 15 years. Accommodative lag to a 4.00-D stimulus measured annually before and after the onset of myopia was compared to age-matched predicted values of lag from 95 children who were always between -0.25 D and +1.00 D in both meridians. Results. Mean accommodative lag for children who became myopic was not significantly different from those who remained emmetropic one year prior to and at myopia onset (mean differences = 0.068 D and 0.026 D; P = 0.16 and 0.35). Lag was significantly higher in children who became myopic compared to those who remained emmetropic one year following the onset by 0.12 D (P