10 Completion Fluids

BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

COMPLETION FLUIDS

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COURSE CONTENTS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

• • • • •

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Applications with completion fluids Functions & Properties Formulations Compositions Program

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BASIC HISTORY FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Crude Oil

Completion / coring fluid No control of properties

•

Drilling fluid (‘40’s)

Water base muds

•

Controlled Filtrate(‘50/’60’s)

Cellulosic polymers

•

Completion brines ( 70 ’s) Brines systems

•

Heavy brines (‘80’s)

•

Clear fluids (‘90’s)

Formation compatibilty Environmental

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INTRODUCTION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

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INTRODUCTION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Completion operations : The phases in well construction can be subdivided into : • • •

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a drilling phase, a completion phase, an optional stimulation phase

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INTRODUCTION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Completion operations The completion process prepares the well to the production The fluids used at this stage are called completions fluids

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INTRODUCTION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

What is a completion fluid ? A completion fluid is a bridge between the traditionnal classifications of drilling fluids and stimulation fluids

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1 - APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

The Completion Fluid can be used : To help to prepare the well for production To drill the pay zone For the completion operations For work over operations For an abandon well

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Completion practises Consists to displace the drilling fluid with a completion brine after cementing operations The completion brines are frequently used as perforating or gravel -pack fluids

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING •

The Drilling Fluid displacement Conventionnal drilling fluids contains • clay • baryte • drill solids The solids from drilling fluid will damage the perforation and the pay zone For this reason

Clear brine completion fluids are frequently used to displace the drilling fluid from the reservoir interval before the well is perforated

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

The Drilling Fluid displacement Important decision in the completion process To ensure that clear fluid is opposite the interval to be perforated, it is necessary to use : The full - displacement method

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

The Drilling Fluid displacement A spacer with a polymer viscosifier will be used to push the drilling fluid Several spacers , including surfactants may be used in the process

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING «SPACERS» Mud Chemical wash: - Cleaning wellbore

Spacer: Separation Completion Fluid

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING •

The Drilling Fluid displacement A better displacement is to reverse circulate : the completion fluid is pumped down the annulus and the returns are through the tubing or drillpipe

This reverse circulation process prevents solids settling in the annulus of the well where flow velocities are slower compare inside tubing or drill pipe

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

The Drilling Fluid displacement Sweep pills will help to displace drilling fluids. High viscosity pills are used as spacers in displacements The elevate low-shear rate rheology available with biopolymers are exellent components of sweep pills

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING Drilling fluid

Water base mud or oil base mud Spacers and Chemicals wash

Sweep spacer : polymers

pit

Completion fluid

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pit Completion fluid

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING •

The Drilling Fluid displacement Cleanup fluids are sometimes used to help clean up drilling fluids.

•

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Surfactants-based fluids will be used to clean and suspend dirt and solids and to aid in the displacement.

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THE SURFACTANTS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Chemicals components Two groups solubles in water and in oil Defined by a ratio hydro-lipophile balance (HLB) •

0 < HLB < 10: lipophile

• 10 < HLB < 20: hydrophile

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THE SURFACTANTS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

Water droplet

Oil phase Group soluble in oil

Group soluble in water The water droplet and the oil are attached with surfactant : it is an emulsion

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

The Drilling Fluid displacement Enzyme based fluids to break and degrade polymers. Cosolvent fluids to clean up oil-based mud and break the the water in oil-emulsion in these fluids

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING •

The Drilling Fluid displacement After the drilling fluid displacement a common practise is

to circulate and filter the completion brine for clarity

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING •

The Completion Fluid design The design of these Fluids will depend of Reservoirs and Production techniques Completions Fluids may be formulated with water, foams, brines, oils or emulsions Low and high density completions brines are available on the market

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

The Fluid design The constraints for a Completion Fluid formulation will depend of reservoir characteristics as :

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•

Rock character

•

Pore cross section

•

Pore pressure

•

Hydrostatic pressure

•

Temperature

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Perforated completions Perforated completions offer an excellent isolation zona for stimulation and production. The well will be perforated with a conventional clear completion fluid. For depleted zones, pressures are low, foam-based completion fluids will be sometimes used.

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Open Hole and Liner completions Wells completed with slotted liners will be completed with a special drill-in fluid. This fluid is only used to drill the reservoir interval and will have many of the characteristics of a completion fluid.

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APPLICATION BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Open Hole and Liner completions These special drill-in fluids contain : brines, polymerics additives, and size-salt or calcium carbonate for filter cake solids.

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WHAT ISFLUIDS A DRILL-IN FLUID ? BASIC TRAINING

•

Drill-in fluid definition A fluid that possesses the desirable properties of a good drilling fluid but will also provide the necessary attributes of a completion fluid Its primary attribute is the development of a filter cake which prevents formation damage and is easily removed

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WHAT ISFLUIDS A DRILL-IN FLUID ? BASIC TRAINING

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING A DRILL-IN FLUID

•

The Challenge The challenge is for an horizontal well which is to perform satisfactorily both as a drilling fluid and a completion fluid Important considerations in selection of the drill-in fluid are the reservoir rock type and the matrix permeability.

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2 - ENGINEERING BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING •

THE PROPERTIES

Completion Fluid

Crystallization

Density

Corrosion

Rheology

Filtration

Compatibilty

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

DENSITY requirements. The primary performance requirement for a completion fluid is pressure control. The density must be sufficient to produce a hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore to control formations pressures. An over balance of 200 of 300 psi above bottom hole reservoir pressure is used for well control.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

DENSITY requirements. The brine density decreases with increasing temperatures because of thermal expansion, and increases with pressure because of compressibility. The temperature effects dominate the pressure effects as the depth of the well increases.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

DENSITY requirements. Temperature and pressure corrections are generally needed for deep wells to control pressure and avoid excessive overbalance pressures. Expansibility and compressibility factors for weighted brines will be used. The factors can be found in API recommended practice 13 J (march 1996)

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

DENSITY and temperature correction. The brine density at 70 °F will be related to the density at bottom hole temperature with schimdt equation : Density ( 70 F ) = density + ( T avg - 70 ) * E f. Ef = expansibilty factor. T avg = average well temperature. T avg = (surface temp + bottom hole temp) / 2.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

DENSITY requirements. Example : temperature correction. Density : 9.62. The bottom hole temperature is 230 ° F. Temp avg: ( 70 + 230 ) / 2 = 150. The required density at 7O ° F will be : Density (70°F) = 9.62 + (150 - 70) * 0.0024 = 9.81

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

CRYSTALLIZATION requirements. The crystallization temperature is the second most important selection criterion for a completion brine. The crystallisation temperarure is the temperature at which the brine is saturated, the least-soluble salt becomes insoluble and precipitates.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

CRYSTALLIZATION requirements. The crystallization point is the equilibrium temperature when the crystals forms. The crystals can be either solids or freshwater ice.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING CRYSTALLIZATION requirements.

°F

ZnBr 2 / CaBr 2 curve ( 19.2 ppg )

40 30 LCTD TCT TCT

20 10

FCTA FCTA

Cooling 10

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Heating 20

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Time, min

40

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING CRYSTALLIZATION requirements.

°F

ZnBr 2 / CaBr 2 curve ( 19.2 ppg )

40 30 20 10

First crystal to appear

10

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Last crystal to dissolve

True crystallisation Temperature

20

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Time, min

40

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Crystallization. Crystals and precipitations can lead a number rigs problems : • The density may be too low , the crystals salts settle in the pits. • Brine viscosity increases with salt crystals, brine appears to be frozen solids. • Lines are plugged. • Lost rig time and expense.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

FORMATION compatibility requirements. The third selection criterion is the completion brine wil be chemically compatible with the formation rock, water and hydrocarbons. Incompatibilities cause formation damage, blocking pore openings and pore-throat plugging.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

COMPATIBILITY with formation clays. The main concern is with formation clay compatibility. The contact with reservoir rock will cause swelling and / or deflocculating of formation clay. To prevent clay swelling, a completion fluid must meet a minimum salinity requirement. ( 3% NH4CL or 2 % KCL ).

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

COMPATIBILITY with formation waters. The incompatibilty with formation water is :

•

The formation of scales.

Scales are deposit of inorganics materials.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING •

COMPATIBILITY with formation waters. The scales found in formation water are

:

Calcium Iron carbonates Sulfates Silicates

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

COMPATIBILITY with formation waters. Scales can be formed by mixing incompatible waters, when solubility change with pressure and temperature, and water evaporation.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING •

COMPATIBILITY with formation crude and gas. The main concern is :

formation of oil-water emulsion and / or sludge which will block pores and cause formation damage.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING

•

COMPATIBILITY with formation crude and gas.

Incorporation of surfactants or solvents will be necessary. Natural gas as CO2 will cause calcium carbonate precipitation.

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BASIC3FLUIDS . TESTING TRAINING

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

• • • • •

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Filtration. Rheology. Fluid Loss control. Weighting. Corrosion.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

Filtration. The fluid that contacts the formation must be a particle free.

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BASICENGINEERING FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING •

Filtration. Sources of particles in fluids for completion.

• Solids from mud incorprated during displacement. •

Scales in pits and storage.

•

Insolubles impurities in salts or other components.

• Solids and fines in suspension with waters.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING •

FILTRATION process. Mixing plant filtration use two stage process :

• Fluid is passed through a 10-micron filter cartridge. • Then fluid is filtered with a 2-micron pleated paper cartridge.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING •

FILTRATION process.

The quality control of filtration is the degree of clarity. Turbidity, particle size distribution and gravimetric measurements of total solids will be conducted.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING •

RHEOLOGY measurement.

Rheology is tested with the rotating fann V-G meter commonly used in the drilling fluid industry.

This rotating - cylinder viscommeter measured shear rate vs shear stress

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

RHEOLOGY measurement.

A brookfield viscometer is used to measure a very low shear rates viscosity

.

to enhance suspension properties of the fluid

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

FLUID LOSS control.

The completion fluid must be designed for minimum invasion in the formation in static and dynamic conditions.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING •

FLUID LOSS control. The completion fluid must be designed for minimum spurt-loss by adding the proper amount of sized solids.

Minimizing the spurt loss and exposure. The fluid must have minimum high temperature and high pressure static filtration. Fluid-loss contol materials will be used.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING FLUID LOSS schematic Pore Throat

Pore blocking agents from low filtrate fluid systems.

Fluid phase passes through at rates dependent on permeabilities and properties of skin and dynamic zone

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING •

Weighting. The density of a completion fluid will need adjustment.

• Weighting up with solids salts or heavy brines. • Weighting down will be done by dilution with fresh water or a lower-density brine. • Sea water will never be used , introducing bacterias or undesirable ions.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

Corrosion.

The electrically conductive nature of fluid ( brine ) provides corrosion of metals. Corrosion rates is important if the fluid has a low PH or contains dissolved oxygen.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

Corrosion

The solubility of oxygen decreases in brines based completion fluids as saturation of salts is approached.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

Corrosion.

Injection of oxygen scavenger (amonium bisulfite) is needed. Corrosion inhibitors , filming, amine type, brine soluble may be used in completion brines.

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING TESTING

•

Corrosion

Thioconate chemicals as corrosion inibitors will form a film on the surface of steel or iron in zinc based brine environment.

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4 . TECHNOLOGY FORMULATIONS & COMPOSITIONS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS

•

Clear fluids

•

Low density Foams Emulsions

•

High density Brines

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS

Clear Fluids Solutions Foams Invert emulsions

Clear fluids Brines, foams or oil base fluids

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS

Low density

Foams : 0.1SG( 0.83 ppg) - 0.5 ( 4.1ppg ) Air / gas / nitrogen Foaming agents Polymers

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS •

Low density

Oil base fluids : 0. 5 SG( 5 ppg) - 1. 00 ( 8.3ppg ) Oil or invert emulsion Oil and microsphères Organophilic clay ( *) Microspheres : Shell-shaped glass marble Acid soluble in regular acid 20- 128 Microns

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS •

Low density

Brines : 1.00 ( 8.3 ppg)

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- 2.3 ( 19.0 ppg )

POTASSIUM

Chloride -( K Cl )

d : 1.16- ( 9.6 )

SODIUM

Chloride- ( NaCl )

d : 1.20- ( 9.9 )

MAGNESIUM

Chloride- ( Mg Cl 2 )

d : 1.30- (10.8 )

CALCIUM

Chloride- ( Ca Cl 2 )

d : 1.40- (11.6 )

SODIUM

Bromide- ( Na Br )

d : 1.51- (12.5 )

CALCIUM

Bromide- ( Ca Br 2 )

d : 1.80- (14.9 )

ZINC

Bromide- ( Zn Br 2 )

d : 2.30- (19.0 )

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS •

Mixing chart

Density Fresh Water NaCL CL ppg bbl lb mg/l 8. 33 8. 6 9. 0 9. 8 10. 0

1. 000 0. 986 0. 961 0. 903 0. 887

0. 0 16. 2 41. 5 95. 4 109. 1

26643 72267 166334 189048

NaCL Crystallization %wt Point °F

4. 5 10. 9 23. 2 26. 0

27 19 -5 - 25

Materials required to prepare one final barrel of NaCL at 60 °F

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS

•

High density

Brines mixtures will be used for économical reasons Compositions will use tables of crystallisation points

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS •

High density Brines mixtures* : 1. 00 ( 8.3 ppg)

- 2.3 ( 19.0 ppg )

Economical formulations - Nacl +Cacl 2 d = 1.20 - 1.40 - Nacl +Na 2CO3 d = 1.20 - 1.27 - Nacl +Nabr d = 1.20 - 1.51 - Ca cl2+Cabr2 d = 1.40 - 1.80 - Cabr2+Zn br2 d = 1.80 - 2.30

( 9.9 - 11.6 ppg ) ( 9.9 - 10.5 ppg ) ( 9.9 - 12.5 ppg ) (11.6 - 14.9 ppg ) (14.9 - 19 ppg )

* Crystallisation points / Tables

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS •

High density : > 1.00 ( 8.3 ppg)

- 2.3 ( 19.0ppg)

Mixtures CaBr2 brine d = 1.70 d=1.50 715 liters CaBr2 + 285 lit water

= 1 m3 (d=1.5 )

355 liters CaBr2 + 645 lit CaCl 2 (d : 1.39) = 1 m3 (d=1.5) 268 liters CaBr2 +CaCl2 97%+ 732lit CaCl2 = 1 m3 (d=1.5) ( 268 lit d = 1.80 ) + (732lit d=1.39)

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS

High density : > 1.00 ( 8.3 ppg)

- 2.3 ( 19.0ppg)

Mixtures CaBr2 brine d = 1.70 d = 1.50 1 m3 ( d =1.5 ) price : 10.000 FF / 1500 USD

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1 m3 ( d=1.5)

price :

6800 FF / 970 USD

1 m3 ( d=1.5)

price :

5000 FF / 750 USD

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING FORMULATIONS

•

High density : > 1.00 ( 8.3 ppg) - 2.3 ( 19.0ppg)

POLYBRINE : Formulation of polymers and carbonates used as a viscosifier and seepage loss control agent in completion brines. Prevent excessive filtrate invasion Formation protection from solids blocking Acid soluble

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COMPOSITIONS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING Particle Size Distribution of Carbonate

% 25 20 15 10 5 0

1

1.5

2

3

4

6

8

12 16 24 32 48 64 96

Particle Size, microns

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COMPOSITIONS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING •

PRODUCTS Other acid soluble products used

• XC Polymer if suspension is required • Blends of polymers, calcium lignosulfonate and NaCl particulate

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COMPOSITIONS BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING

•

PRODUCTS Other acid soluble products used • Used as bridging, viscosifier and suspension agent • The sealing ability may be enhanced with the addition of supplemental bridging agent

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BASICPROGRAM FLUIDS TRAINING

•

Procedures A program to ensure that pits , tanks and lines are clean is an essential part of any completion operation Procedures wil be necessary

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BASICPROGRAM FLUIDS TRAINING

•

PROCEDURES Rig equipment and precautions Field mixing procedure Displacement procedure Typicals properties Calculations and Formulation table Product safety and handling

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BASIC FLUIDS TRAINING CONCLUSION

•

Drilling fluids # Drill-in Fluid

•

Laboratory evaluations

•

Completion and Production technology

•

API specifications

•

Environmental concepts

•

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Chemicals and properties adapted to Reservoir

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