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Z@G CMOAWGMFG DO WVCMI V@D[GG[BS BMJ V@D[GG [BSABZG^ OGBZW^GV DM V@D[GG WVG^ [W^F@BVCMI JGFCVCDMV JW^CMI Z@G FD_CJ- 23 Vrc Agstbrc*, Mbmcgh Wtblc @bmjbybmc*, Lbmch Lb`bfbmjrb*   Jgpbrtlgmt do Cmjustrcba Gmicmggrcmi bmj Lbmbiglgmt, Jcpdmgidrd Wmcvgrscty Ea. [rdo. Vdgjbrtd, V@, Zglnbabmi, Vglbrbmi, Cmjdmgscb

Bnstrbft B prdfgss do nuycmi bmj sgaacmi prdjufts, cmodrlbtcdm bmj sgrvcfgs t`bt cs fbrrcgj dut gagftrdmcfbaay ny utcaczcmi b fdlputgr mgtwdrh cs dotgm hmdwm bs G-fdllgrfg bmj prdvcjcmi gbsg do pbylgmt, mblgay ny uscmi t`g V`dpgg[by bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr ogbturgs. Z`cs stujy bcls td ocmj dut w`cf` cmjgpgmjgmt vbrcbnags brg vbrcbnags t`bt fbm cmoaugmfg  purf`bscmi jgfcscdms odr V`dpgg usgrs bmj ocmj dut w`cf` obftdrs brg ldrg jdlcmbmt cm cmoaugmfcmi purf`bscmi jgfcscdms odr V`dpgg usgrs dm t`g usg do V`dpggpby bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr ogbturgs. Ldrgdvgr, t`g trgmj do fdmsulgr  ng`bvcdr cm t`g outurg basd fbm ng gxpadrgj gxpadrgj ordl t`g Usfdrg. Z`g rgsgbrf` rgsgbrf` lgt`dj usgj cs t`g lgt`dj do Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs. Z`g jbtb fdaagftcdm tgf`mcqug wbs fbrrcgj dut ny survgycmi 77 rgspdmjgmts t`rdui` qugstcdmmbcrgs. Ordl t`g gqubtcdm odrlgj, fdmsulgrs' tgmjgmfy td nuy dr mdt td lbhg purf`bsgs t`rdui` V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg cs jgtgrlcmgj  ny t`g Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm vbrcbnag cm t`g trbmsbftcdm. Ourt`grldrg, oordl rdl t`g U vbaug, t`g irdup t`bt t`bt jdgs mdt lbhg  purf`bsgs (;) `bs b U vbaug < ;.>2:, w`cag t`g irdup irdup t`bt dotgm lbhgs purf`bsgs (2) `bs b U < -;.>;9 vbaug. Ordl t`g gqubtcdm odrlgj, fdmsulgrs' tgmjgmfy td nuy dr mdt td lbhg purf`bsgs t`rdui` V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg cs jgtgrlcmgj  ny t`g Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm vbrcbnag cm t`g trbmsbftcdm. Ldrgdvgr, ordl t`g U vbaug, t`g irdup t`bt jdgs mdt lbhg  purf`bsgs (;) `bs b U vbaug < ;.>2:, w`cag t`g irdup irdup t`bt dotgm lbhgs purf`bsgs (2) `bs b U < -;.>;9 vbaug. Ordl t`g gqubtcdm odrlgj, fdmsulgrs' tgmjgmfy td nuy dr mdt td lbhg purf`bsgs t`rdui` V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg cs jgtgrlcmgj  ny t`g Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm vbrcbnag cm t`g trbmsbftcdm. Ourt`grldrg, oordl rdl t`g U vbaug, t`g irdup t`bt t`bt jdgs mdt lbhg  purf`bsgs (;) `bs b U vbaug < ;.>2:, w`cag t`g irdup t`bt dotgm lbhgs purf`bsgs (2) `bs b U < -;.>;9 vbaug. Hgywdrjs5  jcsfrclcmbmt bmbayscs8 V`dpggpby8 V`dpgg [byAbtgr8 fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm8 purf`bscmi jgfcscdms 2.  Cmtrdjuftcdm Cm cts jgvgadplgmt, t`g cmtgrmgt cs furrgmtay mdt dmay b lgjcul do cmodrlbtcdm bmj fdllumcfbtcdm, nut t`g cmtgrmgt fbm cmfrgbsg dmg's cmfdlg cm t`g gfdmdly. Z`g cmtgrmgt `bs f`bmigj t`g oadw do trbjg tr bjg cm t`g nuscmgss wdraj td ng fdlpagtgay jcictba. Zdjby's nuscmgss lgf`bmcsls brg nucat cmtd mgtwdrhgj fdllumctcgs.

sgaacmi prdjufts, cmodrlbtcdm bmj sgrvcfgs t`bt cs fbrrcgj dut gagftrdmcfbaay ny utcaczcmi b fdlputgr mgtwdrh cs dotgm hmdwm bs g-fdllgrfg. Dmg do t`g mgtwdrhs usgj cs t`g cmtgrmgt (@bmjbybmc gt ba., >;26). V`dppcmi `bs  ngfdlg mgfgssbry odr gvgry `ulbm ngcmi8 t`g `ci` agvga do s`dppcmi cm sdfcgty `bs frgbtgj bm cmmdvbtcdm cm s`dppcmi, mblgay bm dmacmg s`dp dr dmacmg s`dppcmi.

Vadway nut surgay, cmtgrmgt pgmgtrbtcdm `bs f`bmigj fdmsulgr nuycmi ng`bvcdr cm lggtcmi t`gcr mggjs ([rbtcwc, >;26). Dmacmg s`dppcmi cs furrgmtay vgry  prgvbagmt cm ldjgrm sdfcgty. Z`gy wgrg stbrtcmi ordl tggmbigrs td t`g gajgray w`d umjgrstbmj t`g usg do slbrtp`dmgs. Odr sdlg pgdpag, dmacmg s`dppcmi cs b mggj t`bt lust ng lgt odr t`gcr acog ac og bs b fdmsulgr. Z`g mulngr do t`g bttrbftcvg clbig doogrs boodrjbnag prcfgs dm t`g dmacmg s`dp lbhgs pgdpag cmtgrgstgj cm s`dppcmi bmj t`g jgscrg td lbhg t`glsgavgs achg t`g dmg cm t`g pcfturg. Cm dmacmg s`dppcmi, fustdlgrs jd mdt mggj td lggt t`g sgaagr (obfg td obfg), nut dmay wct` b slbrtp`dmg bmj bm cmtgrmgt fdmmgftcdm fbm fustdlgrs lbhg trbmsbftcdms fdlodrtbnay. B prdfgss do nuycmi bmj *[gmuacs Hdrgspdmjgmsc.

Z`g sprgbj do t`g fdrdmbvcrus cs cmfrgbscmiay wcjgsprgbj cm Cmjdmgscb. Bffdrjcmi td jbtb dm t`g jcstrcnutcdm do Fdvcj - 23 dm Bprca 2, >;>2, t`g mulngr do fbsgs pdsctcvg odr t`g Fdvcj - 23 vcrus wbs 2,729,07:  pgdpag (fdvcj.id.cj, Bprca >;>2). Yct` t`g cmfrgbscmi mulngr do Fdvcj-23 pdsctcvgs, t`g idvgrmlgmt `bs jgfcjgj td fbrry dut baa bftcvctcgs bt `dlg, suf` bs stujycmi, wdrhcmi, bmj wdrs`cpcmi. Cm bjjctcdm, sd obr, baa rgicdms `bvg clpaglgmtgj abrig-sfbag sdfcba rgstrcftcdms td nrgbh t`g rdpg do t`g sprgbj do Fdvcj-23. Ct, do fdursg, wcaa ourt`gr aclct fdllumcty bftcvctcgs dutscjg t`g `dlg. Wsubaay, wg fbm s`dp jcrgftay bt t`g lbrhgt dr supgrlbrhgt. Mdwbjbys, pgdpag f`ddsg td s`dp dmacmg  ngfbusg ct cs gbscgr, obstgr, `bs lbmy f`dcfgs, bmj ldst clpdrtbmtay, jdgs mdt `bvg td `bmi dut wct` abrig frdwjs sd t`bt t`cs dppdrtumcty cs mdt wbstgj ny g-fdllgrfg dr

G-Lbca5 srcagstbrc339Kstujgmts.umjcp.bf.cj, mbmcgh`Kacvg.umjcp.bf.cj, lbmch.lb`bf`bmjrbKilbca.fdl

dmacmg s`dps. Ngfbusg wct` bm dmacmg s`dp, t`gy fbm lggt `dusg`daj mggjs gbscay bmj qucfhay, sd t`gy stcaa odaadw t`g bppacfbnag ruags. Yct`dut `bvcmi td id dutscjg t`g `dusg, t`g iddjs wcaa brrcvg sbogay bmj sgfurgay. Ny

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

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 prdvcjcmi fdmvgmcgmfg cm s`dppcmi, t`g idvgrmlgmt `dpgs td `gap idvgrmlgmt prdirbls odr "eust bt `dlg" bmj gbsg w`gm lbhcmi pbylgmt trbmsbftcdms ny aclctcmi bftcvctcgs dutscjg t`g `dlg. Dmg do t`g wbys cs td usg Gagftrdmcf Ldmgy dr Jcictba Ldmgy. Gagftrdmcf ldmgy cs b pbylgmt cmstrulgmt t`bt ouaocaas gaglgmts suf` bs ngcmi cssugj nbsgj dm t`g vbaug do ldmgy jgpdsctgj cm bjvbmfg ny t`g `dajgr td t`g cssugr,

fdmsulgr gxpgftbtcdms sd t`bt t`gy fbm ngfdlg adyba rgpgbt fustdlgrs. Fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm cs basd dmg do t`g hgys td frgbtcmi fustdlgr adybaty ngfbusg sbtcsocgj fustdlgrs wcaa ng adyba (Brybmc, >;2;). Fdmsulgr sbtcsobftcdm cs dntbcmgj ordl `dw t`gy rgspdmj td b  prdjuft dr bm gagftrdmcf pbylgmt ogbturg, ngtwggm fdmsulgr pgrfgptcdms bmj prgogrgmfgs wct` rgbacty t`gy rgfgcvgj. Ldrgdvgr, t`g rcsh do uscmi g-ldmgy cs adst bmj

t`g vbaug do ldmgy stdrgj gagftrdmcfbaay cm b lgjcul suf` bs b sgrvgr dr f`cp, usgj bs b lgbms do pbylgmt td lgrf`bmts w`d brg mdt t`g cssugr do t`g gagftrdmcf ldmgy. Ldrgdvgr, t`g vbaug do gagftrdmcf ldmgy t`bt `bs nggm jgpdsctgj ny t`g `dajgr bmj lbmbigj ny t`g cssugr. Gagftrdmcf ldmgy ctsgao bcls td lbhg ct gbscgr odr `ulbms td fbrry dut baa hcmjs do gfdmdlcf trbmsbftcdms cm t`gcr acvgs, gspgfcbaay odr lcfrd-sfbag trbmsbftcdms. [unacs`grs dr prdvcjgrs do gagftrdmcf ldmgy basd vbry, suf` bs gldmgy w`cf` cs b prdjuft do Lbmjcrc Nbmh, Nrczzc w`cf` cs b prdjuft do N^C Nbmh, tbp fbs` w`cf` cs b prdjuft do NMC Nbmh, Oabzz w`cf` cs b prdjuft do NFB Nbmh, basd V`dpggpby bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr w`cf` brg prdjufts do V`dpgg, Jbmb, D_D, bmj dt`grs, sd t`bt t`gy fbm lbhg ct gbscgr bmj `gap t`g idvgrmlgmt td fdlpay wct` t`g ruags odr "stby bt `dlg" jurcmi t`cs Fdvcj - 23 pbmjglcf.

fbm ng usgj ny dt`gr pbrtcgs, t`g scp do g-ldmgy ngfbusg t`g prcmfcpag cs achg fbs` w`cf` co adst fbmmdt ng fabclgj ordl cs t`g sblg cssugr (Nbmh do Cmjdmgscb, >;23). Z`g rcsh cs jug td t`g usgr's abfh do umjgrstbmjcmi cm uscmi gagftrdmcf ldmgy, suf` bs t`g usgr cs mdt bwbrg t`bt t`g gagftrdmcf ldmgy usgj cs boocxgj twcfg td t`g rgbjgr odr t`g sblg trbmsbftcdm sd t`bt t`g vbaug do gagftrdmcf ldmgy cs rgjufgj ny ldrg scimcocfbmt t`bm t`g vbaug do t`g trbmsbftcdm. @dwgvgr, t`g rcsh do uscmi V`dpggpby fdlgs cm t`g jcsnursglgmt prdfgss. Bm bffdumt `bs b admi-tclg rbmicmi nuycmi jgfcscdm ordl >-6 jbys, sd ct cs tclgfdmsulcmi odr sdlgdmg w`d sujjgmay mggjs fbs` oumjs. Y`cast V`dpgg [byAbtgr fbmmdt ng wct`jrbwm. Cm igmgrba, dmacmg adbms brg cm t`g odrl do fbs`, w`cf` wcaa  ng trbmsogrrgj td t`g bffdumt co bpprdvgj. Z`g sgrvcfgs  prdvcjgj ny V`dpgg brg mdt achg t`cs bmj brg jcoogrgmt,

cs scimcocfbmtay ldncag bppacfbtcdm-nbsgj t`bt cs V`dpgg furrgmtay jgvgadpcmi cmg-fdllgrfg Cmjdmgscb. V`dpgg wbs odumjgj cm >;;3 ny Odrrgst Ac bmj wbs ocrst abumf`gj cm Vcmibpdrg cm >;27. Mdw, F`rcs Ogmi agbjs V`dpgg. Z`g jgvgadplgmt do dmacmg s`dppcmi suf` bs V`dpgg cs mdw cmfrgbscmiay frdwjgj wct` vbrcdus  prdjufts ct doogrs rbmicmi ordl lgm's bmj wdlgm's obs`cdm, oddj bmj ngvgrbigs, ourmcturg gvgm gagftrdmcfs. V`dpgg mdt dmay lbhgs s`dppcmi gbsy, nut V`dpgg basd  prdvcjgs fdmvgmcgmfg cm lbhcmi trbmsbftcdms w`gm s`dppcmi, dmg do w`cf` cs t`g pbylgmt lgt`djs uscmi gagftrdmcf ldmgy dr jcictba ldmgy suf` bs V`dpgg[by bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr. Yct` V`dpgg[by, nuygrs wcaa igt bffgsscnag s`cppcmi obfcactcgs. @dwgvgr, sdlgtclgs t`gy brg sunegft td b lcmclul s`dppcmi rgqucrglgmt bmj vbrcdus dt`gr ngmgocts suf` bs jcsfdumts dr fbs`nbfh cm V`dpgg[by pdcmts. V`dpgg[by, w`cf` cs b pbylgmt systgl dwmgj ny V`dpgg's boocacbtg, [Z. Bcr[by Cmtgrmbtcdmba Cmjdmgscb, sd t`bt ct cs bm bjvbmtbig cm t`cs fdlpgtctcdm. V`dpgg[by Abtgr cs achg D_D [byAbtgr, mblgay cmstbmt adbms prdvcjgj ny V`dpgg usgrs w`d `bvg bargbjy rgfgcvgj t`cs sgrvcfg. Cmtgrgstcmiay, dm V`dpgg [byAbtgr, V`dpgg usgrs fbm gmedy cmstbaalgmts wct` ;% cmtgrgst. B adbm Obfcacty cs bmy ocmbmfcba obfcacty cm t`g odrl do b adbm cm t`g rupcb` furrgmfy prdvcjgj ny t`g agmjgr td V`dpgg usgrs bs adbm rgfcpcgmts uscmi t`g V`dpgg [byAbtgr sgrvcfg wct` t`g vbaug bmj tgrls sgt dut cm t`g rgabtgj adbm birgglgmt. Nbsgj dm t`g nbfhirdumj do t`g prdnagls sggm, sgvgrba prdnagl odrluabtcdms fbm ng tbhgm. Ocrst, t`g cmjgpgmjgmt vbrcbnag wcaa ng fdmscstcmi do Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj ^csh do Wsg, w`cf` fbm jgtgrlcmg t`g purf`bscmi jgfcscdms do V`dpgg usgrs. Fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm cs fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm botgr fdlpbrcmi t`g sgrvcfgs dr prdjufts rgfgcvgj ny w`bt cs gxpgftgj. Bssgss fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm bmj cmfrgbsg

gspgfcbaay odrt`dui`ts frgjct odr prdjuft s`dppcmi. [urf`bscmi jgfcscdms brg w`grg cmjcvcjubas gvbaubtg vbrcdus dptcdms bmj f`ddsg b prdjuft ordl t`g lbmy f`dcfgs. [urf`bscmi jgfcscdms brg stbigs t`bt dffur cm t`g nuygr's jgfcscdm-lbhcmi prdfgss w`grg fdmsulgrs wcaa nuy t`g  prdjufts (Hdtagr gt ba., >;2:). Ocmbaay, wg fbm ocmj dut w`cf` vbrcbnags brg t`g ldrg jdlcmbmt obftdrs t`bt fbm cmoaugmfg t`g purf`bscmi jgfcscdms do V`dpgg usgrs. >.  Lgt`djs Z`g pdpuabtcdm cm t`cs fbsg wgrg baa V`dpgg usgrs w`d `bj lbjg dmacmg purf`bsg trbmsbftcdms jurcmi t`g  pbmjglcf. Cm t`cs stujy, t`g but`drs usgj t`g Rudtb Vblpacmi tgf`mcqug ngfbusg, fdmscjgrcmi t`g lbsscvg  pdpuabtcdm do V`dpgg usgrs, 77 rgspdmjgmts wgrg suoocfcgmt. b.  Jbtb Z`cs rgsgbrf` rgqucrgs prclbry jbtb dntbcmgj jcrgftay ny t`g but`dr t`rdui` t`g jbtb fdaagftcdm lgt`dj usgj. Z`g prclbry jbtb usgj cm t`cs stujy cs ocaacmi dut b qugstcdmmbcrg lbjg bmj bjjrgssgj td V`dpgg GFdllgrfg usgrs odr jbtb mggjs dm Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs. Ldrgdvgr, sgfdmjbry jbtb wgrg dntbcmgj ordl  edurmbas bmj nddhs rgabtgj td t`cs stujy odr rgogrgmfg actgrbturg stujcgs. n.  Vtbtcstcfba Zgst Odr bmbayscs purpdsgs, t`g Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs Ldjga cs usgj. Z`g ldjga do jcsfrclcmbmt bmbayscs cs bm gqubtcdm t`bt s`dws b acmgbr fdlncmbtcdm do vbrcdus cmjgpgmjgmt vbrcbnags, c.g.5 Jc < n; + n2 . x2+ n> . x>+ n6 . x6  Y`grg 5 Jc < Jcsfrclcmbmt Vfdrg  n < Jcsfrclcmbmt Fdgoocfcgmt x < Cmjgpgmjgmt _brcbnag x2 < Ogbturg Hmdwagjig

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

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Zbnag 2. 2. Ogbturg Hmdwagjig Md.  Md.  Cmjcfbtdr  Vtbtglgmt cm t`g Rugstcdmmbcrg  Rugstcdmmbcrg  2 V`dpgg[by Vtbtglgmt 2  2  > V`dpgg [byAbtgr Vtbtglgmt >  >  Zbnag >. >. Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm Cmjcfbtdr  Vtbtglgmt cm t`g Rugstcdmmbcrg  Rugstcdmmbcrg 

Md.   Md. 2 >

Fdmvgmcgmfg cm [rdfgss [bylgmt Vpggj Wp Zrbmsbftcdms

Vtbtglgmt 6,:  6,:  Vtbtglgmt 7,?  7,? 

Zbnag 6. 6. ^csh do Wsg Md.   Md. Cmjcfbtdr  Vtbtglgmt cm t`g Rugstcdmmbcrg  Rugstcdmmbcrg  2 Jcoocfuaty Jcsnursglgmt do Oumjs Vtbtglgmt 9  9  > Jurcmi Cmstbaalgmt Vtbtglgmt 0  0 

Md.  Md.  2 >

Zbnag :. :. Nuycmi Jgfcscdm Cmjcfbtdr  Vtbtglgmt cm t`g Rugstcdmmbcrg  Rugstcdmmbcrg  Ogbturg Ndmus Vtbtglgmt 3, 22  22  Obst, Vbog bmj [rbftcfba Vtbtglgmt 2;, 2>  2> 

Igmjgr   Igmjgr Lbm Ydlgm Zdtba

Zbnag 7. 7. ^gspdmjgmt Igmjgr Bldumt  [grfgmtbig (%)  (%)  >: :6.?  :6.? 62 7?.:    7?.: 77 2;; Vdurfg5 Rugstcdmmbcrg [rdfgsscmi ^gsuats

x> < Fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm x6 < Wsgr ^csh f.  Jbtb Fdaagftcdm Cm dntbcmcmi jbtb sdurfgs, ndt` prclbry bmj sgfdmjbry jbtb, t`g but`drs usg sgvgrba lgt`djs td fdaagft t`gsg jbtb. Z`g odaadwcmi cs b qugstcdmmbcrg jbtb fdaagftcdm lgt`dj usgj, bldmi dt`grs. Z`g qugstcdmmbcrg cs b lgt`dj do fdaagftcmi jbtb jcrgftay ny bshcmi t`g rgspdmjgmts b acst do qugstcdms. Z`g qugstcdmmbcrg wbs bjjrgssgj td baa V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg usgrs, w`cf` bcls td jgtgrlcmg t`g gxtgmt do usgrs' hmdwagjig do t`g ogbturgs cm V`dpgg, td ocmj bspgfts dut t`g gxtgmt do fustdlgrfdmtbcmgj sbtcsobftcdm ordl vbrcdus do t`gsg ogbturgs, t`g rcshs bssdfcbtgj wct` uscmi t`gsg ogbturgs, bmj `dw V`dpgg usgrs purf`bsg jgfcscdms. Z`cs qugstcdmmbcrg cs jcstrcnutgj td baa V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg usgrs. Z`g qugstcdmmbcrg bssgsslgmt lgt`dj usgs b Achgrt sfbag, mblgay ny wgci`tcmi gbf` qugstcdm ctgl dm b sfbag do 2 td 7 ordl strdmiay str dmiay jcsbirgg td birgg strdmiay. Vfdrg 2)  (Vtrdmiay Jcsbirgg/ VJ)/ (Vtrdmiay Jdm't Hmdw/ VJH) >)  (Jcsbirgg/ J)/ (Jdm't Hmdw/ JH) 6)  (Jdm't birgg/ JB)/ (Jdm't hmdw/ JH :)  (Birgg/ B)/ (Hmdw/ H) 7)  (Vtrdmiay Birgg/ VB)/ (_gry Hmdwcmi/ _H) Z`g odaadwcmi brg t`g ircj stbtglgmts cm lgbsurcmi ogbturg hmdwagjig, fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm, t`g rcsh do usg, bmj purf`bscmi jgfcscdms, fdmsgfutcvgay cm Zbnag 2 td 2 td :.

6.  ^gsuats bmj Jcsfusscdm b.  Jgldirbp`cf ^gsuats Z`cs rgsgbrf` wbs fdmjuftgj ny jcstrcnutcmi qugstcdmmbcrgs td 77 rgspdmjgmts bs bftcvg usgrs do V`dpgg's GFdllgrfg bmj `bvcmi lbjg purf`bsgs cm GFdllgrfg, wct` t`g odaadwcmi f`brbftgrcstcfs5 2.  Igmjgr do ^gspdmjgmt Zbnag 7  7  s`dws t`g rgsuats do t`g bmbayscs rgibrjcmi t`g igmjgr do t`g rgspdmjgmts cm t`cs stujy. Ordl t`g Zbnag 7, 7, ldst do t`g rgspdmjgmts cm t`cs stujy wgrg 62 pgdpag, dr bs luf` bs 7?.:% wgrg lgm. Ct lgbms t`bt furrgmtay, lgm brg ldrg fdmsulptcvg t`bm wdlgm. >.  Big do ^gspdmjgmts  ^gspdmjgmts  Z`g rgsuats do t`g bmbayscs rgibrjcmi t`g big do t`g rgspdmjgmts fbm ng sggm cm Zbnag ?. ?. ^gsgbrf`grs dmay gxblcmgj rgspdmjgmts bigj 27 ygbrs td ldrg t`bm 67 ygbrs. Z`g Zbnag ?  ?  s`dws t`bt ldst rgspdmjgmts w`d lbhg trbmsbftcdms dm G-fdllgrfg V`dpgg brg bt t`g big do 27->7 ygbrs, w`cf` cs 79.6%. Ct s`dws t`bt rgspdmjgmts igmgrbaay jd mdt `bvg scimcocfbmt rgspdmscncactcgs bt t`cs big nut bargbjy `bvg cmfdlg, bmj t`grg cs bawbys b jgscrg td try sdlgt`cmi mgw. Z`bt cs w`y t`gy lbhg lbmy trbmsbftcdms. 6.  ^gspdmjgmts Cmfdlg Ordl t`g rgsuats do t`g bmbayscs rgibrjcmi rgspdmjgmts' cmfdlg, wg fbm sgg cm Zbnag 9. 9. Ordl t`g tbnag bndvg, ldst rgspdmjgmts' cmfdlg w`d trbmsbft t`rdui` dmacmg lgjcb cs bt t`g agvg agvgaa = CJ^ 6,;;;,;;;, -

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

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Zbnag ?. ?. ^gspdmjgmt Big Big Bldumt [grfgmtbig (%) 27 27 ‖   ‖  >7 ygbrs >? 79.6 >? >? ‖   ‖  6; ygbrs 0 2:.7 =67 ygbrs >2 60.> Zdtba 77 2;; Vdurfg5 Rugstcdmmbcrg [rdfgsscmi ^gsuats Zbnag 9. 9. ^gspdmjgmt Cmfdlg Cmfdlg Bldumt [grfgmtbig (%) 1 CJ^ 7;;,;;; 26 >6.? CJ^ 7;;,;;2 - CJ^ 2,;;;,;;; 0 2:.7 CJ^ 2,;;;,;;2 - CJ^ 6,;;;,;;; 22 >; =CJ^ 6,;;;,;;; >6 :2.3 Zdtba 77 2;; Vdurfg5 Rugstcdmmbcrg [rdfgsscmi ^gsuats Zbnag 0. 0. ^gacbncacty Zgst Fdrmnbf`–s Bap`b  M do Ctgls  Ctgls  ;.96> 26  26  Vdurfg5 ^gsuats do V[VV >7 Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs Zbnag 3. 3. Fbmdmcfba Jcsfrclcmbmt Oumftcdm Oumftcdm 2  2  Ogbturg Hmdwagjig -;.?22   -;.?22 Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm 2.67; ^csh do Wsg ;.09? (Fdmstbmt) -7.36> Wmstbmjbrjczgj Fdgoocfcgmts Vdurfg5 ^gsuats do V[VV >7 Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs Zbnag 2;. 2;. Oumftcdms bt Irdup Fgmtrdcjs Nuycmi Jgfcscdm Jdm–t Nuy  Nuy  Nuy

Oumftcdm 2  2 

;.>2: -;.>;9 Vdurfg5 ^gsuats do V[VV >7 Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs

>6 rgspdmjgmts t`gm odaadwgj ny t`g agvga 1 CJ^ 7;;,;;;, - bs lbmy bs 26 rgspdmjgmts. r gspdmjgmts. n.  _bacjcty Zgst bmj ^gbncacty Zgst Cm t`g tbnag do t`g rgsuats do t`g vbacjcty tgst fdmjuftgj dm 77 rgspdmjgmts, t`g qugstcdmmbcrg fdmscstcmi do 2> qugstcdms wct` gbf` sfdrg cs vbacj, gxfgpt qugstcdms 9 bmj 0, w`cf` `bvg b vbaug do ^ cs agss t`bm ^ tbnag. Yct` baa t`g pdsctcvgay fdrrgabtgj qugstcdms dr ldrg t`bm ;.>??, w`cf` cs ldrg t`bm 97% do t`g tdtba qugstcdm ctgls, t`g fdmfauscdm cs t`bt t`cs qugstcdmmbcrg `bs b vbacj cmstrulgmt. Ldrgdvgr, t`g rgacbncacty tgst rgsuat wbs b Frdmnbf`'s bap`b vbaug do ldrg t`bm ;.?;. Ct s`dws t`bt baa t`g qugstcdms fdmtbcmgj cm t`g qugstcdmmbcrg brg rgacbnag. f.  Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs Jcsfrclcmbmt bmbayscs fbm ng usgj td sgg `dw strdmi t`g usg do obftdrs dr vbrcbnags cs cm lbhcmi

w`cf` cs gmtgrgj cmtd t`g jcsfrclcmbmt gqubtcdm. Ordl t`g tgst rgsuat, t`g odrl do t`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm cs bs odaadws5 U Vfdrg < -7,36> + 2,67; (Vbtcsobftcdm) (V btcsobftcdm) + ;.09? (^csh) @grg ct fbm ng sggm ordl t`g gqubtcdm t`bt t`g Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm vbrcbnag jgtgrlcmgs t`g tgmjgmfy do fdmsulgrs td nuy dr mdt td lbhg purf`bsgs t`rdui` V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg cm t`g trbmsbftcdm. Cm t`cs stujy, t`grg brg twd typgs do fdmsulgrs, w`cf` brg fbaagj Zwd Irdup Jcsfrclcmbmts, w`cf` wcaa sgpbrbtg fdmsulgrs w`d nuy dr jd mdt nuy t`rdui` V`dpgg's G-Fdllgrfg t`rdui` t`g Mgibtcvg Fgmtrdcj Irdup bmj [dsctcvg Fgmtrdcj Irdup bs s`dwm Zbnag 2;. 2;. Ordl t`g Zbnag 2;, 2;, t`g irdup t`bt jdgs mdt lbhg purf`bsgs (;) `bs b U vbaug < ;.>2:, w`cag t`g irdup t`bt dotgm lbhgs purf`bsgs (2) `bs b U vbaug < -;.>;9 Z`g tgmjgmfy do fdmsulgrs td lbhg purf`bscmi

 purf`bscmi jgfcscdms, mblgay ny odrlcmi b ldjga do t`g vbrcbnags t`bt wcaa jcstcmiucs` fdmsulgrs' tgmjgmfcgs cm lbhcmi purf`bsg trbmsbftcdms t`rdui` dmacmg lgjcb. Z`g odaadwcmi Zbnag 3  3  jcspabys t`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm,

jgfcscdms t`rdui` t`g dmacmg lgjcb do G-Fdllgrfg V`dpgg cs nbsgj dm 77 rgspdmjgmts. Z`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm cs lbjg, t`gm t`g rgsgbrf`gr fabsscocgs ct td jgtgrlcmg `dw obr t`g bffurbfy cs dr w`bt pgrfgmtbig do

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

>:7 

 

Drcicmba Fdumt %

Zbnag 22. 22. Fabsscocfbtcdm ^gsuats Nuycmi Jgfcscdm Mdt Nuy  Nuy  Nuy Zdtba Jdm–t Nuy  Nuy  29 2; >9 Nuy 27 26 >0 Jdm–t Nuy  Nuy  ?6.; 69.; 2;;.; Nuy 76.? :?.: 2;;.; Vdurfg5 ^gsuats do V[VV >7 Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs

Nuycmi Jgfcscdm 9;

?6

?;

76,? :?,:

7;    i    m    c :;    y    u    N    t 6;    d    M

69

>; 2; ;

Nuycmi

Ociurg 2. 2. [urf`bsg Jgfcscdm

Zgst do Oumftcdm(s) 2

Zbnag 2>. 2>. Ycahs– Ablnjb  Ablnjb  Ycahs– Ablnjb  F`c-squbrg   F`c-squbrg jo ;.37? >.627 6 Vdurfg5 ^gsuats do V[VV >7 Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs

Vci. ;.72;

lcsfabsscocfbtcdm dffurs cm t`g fabsscocfbtcdm prdfgss, t`gm cm Zbnag 22. 22. Z`g Zbnag 22 s`dws 22 s`dws t`bt cm t`g drcicmba sgftcdm, t`dsg w`d cm t`g cmctcba jbtb ngadmis td t`g Jd Mdt Nuy irdup lbhgs purf`bsgs bs lbmy bs >9 pgdpag, wct` t`g jcsfrclcmbmt ldjga, ct turms dut t`bt tgm pgdpag ldvg cmtd t`g Nuycmi irdup td lbhg purf`bsgs. Fdlpbrgj td

>9%. Lgbmw`cag, do t`g fdmsulgrs w`d lbjg purf`bsgs bs lbmy bs >0 pgdpag, 26 pgdpag ldvgj irdups td rbrgay lbhg purf`bsgs wct` b pgrfgmtbig do 76.?% bmj :?.:%.

fdmsulgrs nuy ldvgj lbhg purf`bsgs lbmy bs >0  pgdpag, 26 w`d pgdpag irdups tdbs rbrgay lbjg  purf`bsgs. Y`gm vcgwgj ordl t`g ldvglgmt do fdmsulgr  ng`bvcdr trgmjs cm t`g outurg, Z`g ldvglgmt do fdmsulgrs w`d cmctcbaay rbrgay lbjg purf`bsgs bs lbmy bs >9 pgdpag w`d ldvgj 29 pgdpag td t`g Mdt nuycmi irdup, t`cs lgbms t`bt cm t`g outurg fdmsulgr ng`bvcdr ^brgay jdgs fdmsulgrs cmfrgbsg ldrg t`bm 7;% do t`g irdup w`d wcaa stcaa lbhg purf`bsgs jug td sgvgrba vbrcbnag obftdrs do usg bmj fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm.

Ct lgbmscmjgpgmjgmt t`bt t`g rgsuatcmi jcsfrclcmbmt gqubtcdm jdgs mdt cmvdavg vbrcbnags. Cm t`cs stujy, t `g vbrcbnags t`g do Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj ^csh do Wsg brg vbrcbnags t`bt `bvg mdt nggm bnag td jcoogrgmtcbtg cm purf`bscmi jgfcscdm lbhcmi, sd ct cs `dpgj t`bt ourt`gr rgsgbrf`grs fbm rgfdmscjgr rbtcds dr dt`gr cmjcfbtdrs bs b tdda td clprdvg purf`bscmi jgfcscdms dm t`g usg do V`dpggpby ogbturgs. Ourt`grldrg, V`dpgg [byAbtgr ngfbusg wcaa lbhg trbmsbftcdms gbscgr jurcmi b  pbmjglcf achg tdjby.

j. j.  Irbp`cfba ^gsuats  Ociurg 2  2  s`dws t`bt t`g rgsuats do t`g purf`bsg jgfcscdm botgr b jcsfrclcmbmt bmbayscs uscmi V[VV >7 sdotwbrg s`dws t`bt cm t`g drcicmba pbrt, t`dsg w`d cm t`g cmctcba jbtb ngadmis td t`g Jd Mdt Nuy irdup purf`bsg bs lbmy bs >9 pgdpag, wct` t`g jcsfrclcmbmt ldjga ct turms dut t`bt t`dsg w`d ldvg cmtd t`g Nuycmi irdup td lbhg  purf`bsgs do 2; pgdpag wct` b pgrfgmtbig do ?6% bmj

g.  [rdpdsgj Clprdvglgmt Nbsgj dm Zbnag 2>  2>  (Ycahs 'Ablnjb), t`g scimcocfbmfg vbaug wbs wbs ;.72;, w`cf` cs ldrg t`bm ;.;7.

o.  _bacjbtcdm  _bacjbtcdm  Nbsgj dm Zbnag 26, 26, wg fbm sgg t`bt t`g jbtb usgj cs vbacj. Jug td lcsscmi jbtb, t`grg wgrg md rbmigs  ngtwggm irdups, bmj md jcoogrgmtcbtcmi vbrcbnags wgrg adst. i.  Jcsfusscdm  Jcsfusscdm   B prdfgss do nuycmi bmj sgaacmi prdjufts, cmodrlbtcdm bmj sgrvcfgs t`bt cs fbrrcgj dut gagftrdmcfbaay

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

>:? 

 

Zbnag 26. 26. Bmbayscs Fbsg [rdfgsscmi Vullbry Wmwgci`tgj Fbsgs _bacj Gxfaujgj

Zdtba

Lcsscmi dr dut-do-rbmig irdup fdjgs Bt agbst dmg lcsscmi jcsfrclcmbtcmi vbrcbnag Ndt` lcsscmi dr dut do rbmig irdup fdjgs bmj bt agbst dmg lcsscmi jcsfrclcmbtcmi vbrcbnag Zdtba

M  77 ; ; ;

[grfgmt 2;;.; ; ; ;

; 77

; 2;;.;

Vdurfg5 ^gsuats do V[VV >7 Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs

 ny utcaczcmi b fdlputgr mgtwdrh cs dotgm hmdwm bs Gfdllgrfg bmj prdvcjcmi gbsg do pbylgmt. V`dppcmi `bs  ngfdlg b mgfgsscty odr gvgry `ulbm ngcmi, t`g `ci` agvga do s`dppcmi cm t`g fdllumcty, t`gm cmmdvbtcdm cm s`dppcmi cs frgbtgj, mblgay bm dmacmg s`dp dr s`dppcmi dmacmg. Z`g jgvgadplgmt do dmacmg s`dppcmi suf` bs V`dpgg, w`cf` cs mdw cmfrgbscmiay frdwjgj wct` vbrcdus  prdjufts ct doogrs, rbmicmi ordl lgm's bmj wdlgm's obs`cdm, oddj bmj ngvgrbigs, ourmcturg, bmj gvgm gagftrdmcf iddjs. Z`g cmfrgbscmi mulngr do sgrvcfgs odr dmacmg nuycmi bmj sgaacmi obfcactcgs fbm fbusg f`bmigs cm s`dppcmi pbttgrms odr pgdpag w`d cmctcbaay s`dp fdmvgmtcdmbaay dr trbjctcdmbaay umtca mdw td swctf` td ldjgrm wbys ndt` dmacmg bmj w`cf` brg vgry prbftcfba bmj lbhg ct gbscgr td f`ddsg t`gcr iddjs bmyw`grg bmj bmytclg w`gm mggjgj. Bmj jurcmi b pbmjglcf achg t`cs wg brg icvgm t`g fdmvgmcgmfg do s`dppcmi dmacmg bmj icvgm fdmvgmcgmfg w`gm lbhcmi pbylgmt trbmsbftcdms  ny aclctcmi bftcvctcgs dutscjg t`g `dlg, dmg wby cs td usg Gagftrdmcf Ldmgy dr Jcictba Ldmgy suf` bs V`dpgg[by bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr.  [byAbtgr.   Z`grg brg lbmy bjvbmtbigs td uscmi jcictba ldmgy suf` bs V`dpgg[by bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr, cmfaujcmi ngcmi bnag td lbhg ct gbscgr bmj obstgr cm vbrcdus hcmjs do trbmsbftcdms, bmj md admigr bffgptcmi f`bmig cm iddjs (suf` bs fbmjy dr f`dfdabtg) jug td trbjgrs mdt `bvcmi slbaa f`bmig dr slbaa f`bmig. @dwgvgr, t`grg brg mdt b ogw rcshs t`bt wcaa ng obfgj ny V`dpgg[by bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr usgrs, cmfaujcmi ldmgy t`bt cs jcoocfuat td wct`jrbw, cs aclctgj cm mbturg w`cf` fbm dmay ng usgj dm t`g V`dpgg bppacfbtcdm, bmj cmtgrgst cs dmay 2% nut b ocmg do 7%. Nbsgj dm t`g rgsuats do jbtb bmbayscs fdmjuftgj dm 77 rgspdmjgmts w`d `bvg ocaagj dut t`g qugstcdmmbcrgs t`bt `bvg nggm jcstrcnutgj, ldst do t`gl brg lgm bigj 27->7 ygbrs wct` bm bvgrbig cmfdlg do = CJ^ 6,;;;,;;;. Ordl t`g rgsuats do t`g vbacjcty tgst fdmjuftgj dm 77 rgspdmjgmts, t`g qugstcdmmbcrg fdmscstcmi do 2> qugstcdms wct` gbf` sfdrg cs vbacj, gxfgpt qugstcdms 9 bmj 0, w`cf` `bvg b vbaug do ^ cs agss t`bm ^ tbnag. Yct` baa t`g  pdsctcvgay fdrrgabtgj qugstcdms dr ldrg t`bm ;.>??, w`cf` cs ldrg t`bm 97% do t`g tdtba qugstcdm ctgls, t`g fdmfauscdm cs t`bt t`cs qugstcdmmbcrg `bs b vbacj cmstrulgmt. Ldrgdvgr, t`g rgacbncacty tgst rgsuat wbs b Frdmnbf`'s bap`b vbaug do ldrg t`bm ;.?;. Ct s`dws t`bt

vbrcbnags t`bt wcaa jcstcmiucs` fdmsulgrs' tgmjgmfcgs cm lbhcmi purf`bsg trbmsbftcdms t`rdui` dmacmg lgjcb. lgjcb.  Bmj t`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm fbm ng sggm t`bt t`g Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm vbrcbnag jgtgrlcmgs t`g tgmjgmfy do fdmsulgrs td nuy dr mdt td lbhg purf`bsgs t`rdui` V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg cm t`g trbmsbftcdm ny addhcmi bt t`g Fgmtrdcj Oumftcdm Zbnag, t`g irdup t`bt jdgs mdt lbhg b  purf`bsg (;) `bs b U vbaug < ;.>2:, w`cag t`g w`d orgqugmtay lbhg purf`bsgs (2) `bvg b vbaug do U < -;.>;9. Z`g tgmjgmfy do fdmsulgrs td lbhg purf`bscmi jgfcscdms t`rdui` V`dpgg's dmacmg G-Fdllgrfg lgjcb cs nbsgj dm 77 rgspdmjgmts. Z`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm cs frgbtgj, t`gm t`g rgsgbrf`gr fabsscocgs ct td ocmj dut `dw obr t`g bffurbfy dr pgrfgmtbig do fabsscocfbtcdm grrdrs dffur cm t`g fabsscocfbtcdm prdfgss, ct bppgbrs t`bt cm t`g cmctcba jbtb t`bt gmtgrgj t`g Jdm't Nuy irdup lbjg purf`bsgs do >9  pgdpag, wct` t`g jcsfrclcmbmt ldjga ldjga ct turmgj dut t`bt tgm  pgdpag gmtgrgj t`g Nuy irdup. td lbhg b purf`bsg. Fdlpbrgj td fdmsulgrs w`d ndui`t bs lbmy bs >0  pgdpag, 26 pgdpag f`b f`bmigj migj irdups td lbhg purf`bsgs agss orgqugmtay. Y`gm vcgwgj ordl t`g ldvglgmt do fdmsulgr ng`bvcdr trgmjs cm t`g outurg, outur g, t`g ldvglgmt do fdmsulgrs w`d cmctcbaay rbrgay lbjg purf`bsgs bs lbmy bs >9 pgdpag w`d ldvgj 29 pgdpag td t`g Mdt nuycmi irdup t`cs wcaa `bvg b ourt`gr clpbft dm fdmsulgr  ng`bvcdr ^brgay fdmsulgrs cmfrgbsgj ny ldrg t`bm 7;% do t`g irdup t`bt wduaj stcaa lbhg purf`bsgs jug td sgvgrba obftdrs do usg bmj fustdlgr sbtcsobftcdm. Vd, ct fbm ng fdmfaujgj cm t`cs stujy t`bt t`g vbrcbnags do Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj Wsbig ^csh brg vbrcbnags t`bt `bvg mdt nggm bnag td jcoogrgmtcbtg cm lbhcmi purf`bscmi jgfcscdms. Ngfbusg ct cs hmdwm t`bt t`cs vbrcbnag `bs bm O vbaug bndvg Vci. ;.;7 bmj t`g lbtrcx strufturg gxpabcms t`g fadsg rgabtcdms`cp  ngtwggm gbf` cmjgpgmjgmt vbrcbnag, mblgay Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj Wsbig ^csh dm t`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm tbhgm ordl sgvgrba prgvcdus stujcgs, mblgay C'cm. GL bmj Drabmj EG, (>;26) fdmfgrmcmi Bmbayscs do Fdmsulgr [urf`bsg Jgfcscdms Z`rdui` Dmacmg Lgjcb (G-Lbrhgtcmi)8 Vctc Abl'b`  Mbsutcdm, gt ba (>;>;) rgibrjcmi t`g Googft do [rdjuft Rubacty, Nrbmj Clbig, bmj [rcfg dm [urf`bsg Jgfcscdms bt V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg8 Cstcqdlb`, gt ba. (>;23) dm Bmbayscs do t`g Googft do Zrust, Bjvgrtcscmi, bmj [rcfgs odr [urf`bsg Jgfcscdms bt V`dpgg G-Fdllgrfg8

baa t`g qugstcdms fdmtbcmgj cm t`g qugstcdmmbcrg brg rgacbnag. Jcsfrclcmbmt bmbayscs fbm ng usgj td sgg `dw strdmi t`g usg do obftdrs dr vbrcbnags cs cm lbhcmi  purf`bscmi jgfcscdms, mblgay ny odrlcmi b ldjga do t`g

Cstcqdlb`, gt ba. (>;23) rgibrjcmi Bmbayscs do t`g Googft do Zrust, Bjvgrtcscmi, bmj ^csh [grfgptcdm dm [urf`bsg Jgfcscdms bt V`dpgg.

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

>:9 

 

:.  Fdmfauscdm Z`cs stujy bcls td ocmj dut w`cf` cmjgpgmjgmt vbrcbnags fbm cmoaugmfg purf`bscmi jgfcscdms odr V`dpgg[by usgrs bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr ogbturgs bmj ocmj dut w`cf` vbrcbnags brg t`g ldrg jdlcmbmt obftdrs t`bt fbm cmoaugmfg purf`bscmi jgfcscdms odr V`dpgg usgrs. Z`g jbtb bmbayscs lgt`dj usgj cs t`g Jcsfrclcmbmt Bmbayscs Lgt`dj td bmswgr `dw vbrcbnags t`bt fbm cmoaugmfg

Nrgmjb, Hcgmbm. (>;;2). Vlbaa Nuscmgss Vdautcdms Gfdllgrfg. Irblgjcb [rgss. JgAdmg, Y.@., bmj LfAgbm, G.^. (>;;:). Lgbsurcmi GFdllgrfg Vuffgss.  Cmtgrmbtcdmba Edurmba do  Gagftrdmcf Fdllgrfg Fdllgrfg, 3(>), 62 ‖  62 ‖  :9.  :9. JgAdmg, Y.@., & LfAgbm, G.^. (>;2?). Cmodrlbtcdm Vystgl Vuffgss Lgbsurglgmt. Odumjbtcdm bmj Zrgmjs cm Cmodrlbtcdm Vystgls, >(2), 2 ‖  2 ‖  22?.   22?.

 purf`bscmi jgfcscdms odr usgrs uscmi V`dpggpby bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr ogbturgs bmj vbrcbnags, w`cf` brg ldrg jdlcmbmt obftdrs cm purf`bscmi jgfcscdms do V`dpggpby bmj V`dpgg [byAbtgr usgrs. Z`grg brg t`rgg vbrcbnags usgj, cmfaujcmi Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj ^csh do Wsg. Cm t`cs stujy, Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj ^csh do Wsg vbrcbnags brg vbrcbnags t`bt `bvg mdt nggm bnag td jcoogrgmtcbtg cm purf`bscmi jgfcscdm lbhcmi. Ngfbusg ct cs hmdwm t`bt t`cs vbrcbnag `bs bm O vbaug bndvg Vci. ;.;7. Z`g lbtrcx strufturg gxpabcms t`g fadsgmgss do t`g rgabtcdms`cp ngtwggm gbf` cmjgpgmjgmt vbrcbnag, mblgay Ogbturg Hmdwagjig, Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm, bmj ^csh do Wsg td t`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm. Z`g Wsg ^csh vbrcbnag `bs t`g ldst sunstbmtcba rgabtcdms`cp wct` t`g jcsfrclcmbmt oumftcdm, t`gm

Obmjy, Zecptdmd. (>;;9). Lbrhgtcmi Vtrbtgiy, 7  Gjctcdm.  Bmjc [rgss. I`dzbac, C., bmj F`brcrc, B. (>;;9). Bffdumtcmi Z`gdry. Vglbrbmi5 Jcpdmgidrd Wmcvgrscty [unacs`cmi  Bigmfy. @bmjbybmc, V[, bmj [urmblb, NG. (>;26). Lbhcmi GFdllgrfg Ygnsctg bt Ebvb Zrgmj Jcstrd.  ^gsgbrf` Vglcmbr Mbtcdmba Cmodrlbtcfs bmj Fdlputgrs, >(2), 20->:.  Mbsutcdm, V.A, Aclndmi, F.@, bmj Mbsutcdm, J.B.^. (>;>;). Cmoaugmfg dm [rdjuft Rubacty, Nrbmj Clbig, Zrust, Gbsy, bmj [rcfg dm [urf`bsg Jgfcscdms dm Z`g Gfdllgrfg V`dpgg. Edurmba do  Gfdncslb, 9(2), :6 - 76.  Mbwbwc, @. (>;27). Vdfcba ^gsgbrf` Lgt`djs. Ibeb`  Lbjb Wmcvgrscty [rgss [rgss.

odaadwgj t`g Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm bmj Ogbturg Hmdwagjignyvbrcbnags.

[rbtcwc,bmj @J. (>;26).Rubacty Googft dm do Fdmsulgr Fdlpbmy Fdmocjgmfg ^gputbtcdm Ygnsctg Agvga cm Dmacmg Zrbmsbftcdm.  Bfbjglcb. ^b`lbtchb, Wab. (>;23). Obftdrs Boogftcmi Cmtgmtcdm td Wsg Gagftrdmcf Ldmgy5 ZBL  ‖   Z[N Ldjga Cmtgirbtcdm wct` [grfgcvgj ^csh.  Mdlcmba  Edurmba, 6(>), >9: - >0:.  Ybob, B`. (>;>;). ^gvcgw do V`brcb Gfdmdlcf Abw dm V`dpggpby Abtgr.  Edurmba do V`brcb Gfdmdlcf  Abw, :(2), 29 - 6;. Scm, ^H. (>;2:). Fbsg Vtujy Jgscim & Lgt`djs.  ^bebwbac [grs. Uuaqbrmbcm, V. (>;29). Googft do [rdldtcdmba Bttrbftcvgmgss, [grfgptcdms do Gbsg, bmj [grfgptcdms do Ngmgoct dm Cmtgrgsts Wscmi Gldmgy. Z`gscs. Sdiybhbrtb5 Vumbm Hbacebib Vtbtg  Csablcf Wmcvgrscty.

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7.  ^gogrgmfg Bj`cmbibrc, B@. (>;20). Googft do [grfgptcdms do Ngmgocts, [grfgptcdms do Gbsg, Zrust bmj [grfgptcdms do ^csh dm [grfgptcdms do G-ldmgy Wsg. Z`gscs. Sdiybhbrtb5 Cmjdmgscbm Csablcf Wmcvgrscty. Bhsblc, M. L. J, bmj Eglngr, C. L. (>;23). Cmtgrgst Bmbayscs do Wscmi G-Ldmgy Vgrvcfgs cm Vdfcgty do Jgmpbsbr Fcty. G-Edurmba G[ Wjbybmb Wmcvgrscty, 0(3), >.:63 ‖  >.:63 ‖  >.:9;.  >.:9;. Brybmc, Jwc. (>;2;). Z`g Googft do Vgrvcfg Rubacty dm Fustdlgr Vbtcsobftcdm cm Odrlcmi Fustdlgr Adybaty.  Edurmba do Bjlcmcstrbtcvg bmj Dribmczbtcdmba Vfcgmfgs, 29 (>), 22: - 2>?.

EKtc Wmjcp5 Eurmba Zghmch Cmjustrc, Cmjustrc, _da. 2?, Md. :, Gjcsc H`usus BFCVG >;>2

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