1.-Sistemas Digitales
January 17, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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VCV^LDAV NCBC^A@LV L` tãrdcij ncbcta` sl nlrcva nl `a hjrda li qul `as fjdputanjras rla`czai `as jplrafcjils fjitainj näbctjs. Nuraitl dufgjs añjs, `as ap`c`cfa ap fafc fcji jils ls nl `a l`lf l`lftr tröi öicf cfa a nc ncbc bcta ta`` sl `cdc `cdcta tarj rji i a `js `js scst scstld ldas as cihjrd cih jrdátc átcfjs fjs.. Gjy näa, näa, `a tlfij` tlfij`jb jbäa äa ncbcta ncbcta`` tclil tclil ap`cfa ap`cfafcö fcöi i li ui adp`cj raibj nl árlas anldás nl `a cihjrdátcfa. Ap`cfafcjils fjdj `a tl`lvcscöi, `js scstldas nl fjduicfafcjils, nl ranar, scstldas nl iavlb ia vlbafc afcöi öi y bucan bucanj, j, scstl scstldas das dc`cta dc`ctarls rls,, cistru cistrudli dlitaf tafcöi cöi dãn dãncfa cfa,, fjitrj` nl prjflsjs cinustrca`ls y l`lftröicfa nl fjisudj, usai tjnjs l``js tãficfas ncbcta`ls. A `j `arbj nl `js añjs, `a tlfij`jbäa ncbcta` ga prjb prjbrl rlsa sanj nj nlsn nlsnl l `js `js fc fcrf rfuc uctj tjss nl vá`v vá`vu` u`as as nl vafä vafäj j gast gasta a `js `js traiscstjrls ncsfrltjs y `js fcrfuctjs citlbranjs, fjitliclinj a`buijs nl l``js dc``jils nl traiscstjrls. Lstl fapätu`j prlslita `a l`lftröicfa ncbcta` y prjpjrfcjia uia lxtlisa citrjnuffcöi a dufgjs fjiflptjs, fjdpjilitls y glrradclitas duy cdpjrtaitls DABIC^\NLV AIA@ÖBCFAV S NCBC^A@LV \ia dabictun aia`öbcfa* ls aqul``a qul tjda va`jrls fjitciujs. \ia dabictun ncbcta` ls aqul``a qul tjda ui fjieuitj nl va`jrls ncsfrltjs. @a dayjrä dayjräa a nl `as fjsas fjsas qul sl pulnl pulnli i dlncr dlncr fuaitc fuaitcta tatcv tcvadl adlit itl l apar ap arlf lfli li li `a iatu iatura ra`l `lza za li hjrd hjrda a aia` aia`öb öbcf cfa. a. [jr [jr leld leldp` p`j, j, `a tldplratura varäa nlitrj nl ui raibj fjitciuj nl va`jrls. A `j `arbj nl ui näa, `a tldplratura ij varäa pjr leldp`j litrl ?;µF y ? gjras, fjdj sl cincfa li `a Hcbura 1.?. Nl lsta hjrda, gldjs fjivlrtcnj nl hjrda lhlftcva uia dabictun aia`öbcfa a ui hjrdatj qul agjra ag jra pulnl pulnl ncbcta ncbcta`cz `czars arsl, l, rlp rlprls rlsli litai tainj nj fana fana va`jr va`jr dulst dulstrla rlanj nj dlncaitl ui föncbj ncbcta`. Ls cdpjrtaitl narsl fulita nl qul `a Hcbura 1.? ij ls `a rlprlslitafcöi ncbcta` nl `a dabictun aia`öbcfa.
@a vlit vlitae aea a nl `a `ass dabi dabictctun unls ls nc ncbc bcta ta`l `ls. s. Li `as `as ap`c ap`cfa fafc fcji jils ls nl l`lftröicfa, `a rlprlslitafcöi ncbcta` prlslita fclrtas vlitaeas sjorl `a rl rlpr prls lsli lita tafc fcöi öi aia` aia`öb öbcf cfa. a. @a prci prcifc fcpa pa`` vlit vlitae aea a ls qul qul `js `js natj natjss ncbcta`ls pulnli slr prjflsanjs y traisdctcnjs nl hjrda dás hcao`l y lhcf lhcfcl clit itl l qul qul `js `js natj natjss aia` aia`öb öbcf cfjs js.. ^ado ^adocã cãi, i, `js `js natj natjss ncbc ncbcta ta`l `lss nc ncsshruta rutai i nl uia vlit litaea cdpjr dpjrttaitl itl fuai fuain nj ls ilflsa flsarrcj su a` a`da dafl flia iadc dcli litj tj.. [jr [jr le leld ldp` p`j, j, fuai fuainj nj `a dõsc dõscfa fa sl fjiv fjivcl clrt rtl l a hjrd hjrdat atj j nc ncbc bcta ta`` puln pulnl l a` a`da dafl flia iars rsl l nl dail dailra ra dás dás fjdp fjdpaf afta ta y rlprjnufcrsl fji dayjr prlfcscöi y f`arcnan nl `j qul ls pjsco`l li hjrdatj aia`öbcfj. L` rucnj (h`uftuafcjils nl tliscöi ij nlslanas) ij ahlfta a `js natjs ncbcta`ls taitj fjdj a `as slña`ls aia`öbcfas. \i scstlda l`lftröicfj aia`öbcfj \i scstlda nl a`tavjz, qul sl ldp`la para adp`chcfar l` sjicnj nl djnj dj nj qul qul puln pulna a slr slr ls lsfu fufg fgan anj j pjr pjr uia uia brai brai aunc auncli lifc fca, a, ls ui leldp`j nl uia ap`cfafcöi nl l`lftröicfa ncbcta`. L` ncabrada oáscfj nl `a Hcbura 1.6 c`ustra födj lstas jinas sjijras, qul sji aia`öbcfas pjr iatura`lza, sji faptanas pjr ui dcfröhjij y fjivlrtcnas li uia plqulña varcafcöi aia`öbcfa nl tliscöi nlijdciana slña` nl auncj. Lsta tliscöi varäa nl hjrda fjitciua a dlncna qul l` vj`udli y `a hrlfu rlfuli lifc fca a nl` nl` sjic sjicnj nj varäa aräai i, y sl ap`cf `cfa a `a lit itrrana ana nl ui adp`chcfanjr `cila`. @a sa`cna nl` adp`chcfanjr adp`chcfanjr,, qul ls uia rlprjnuffcöi adp`chcfana nl `a tliscöi nl litrana, sl ap`cfa a` a`tavjz. L` a`tavjz fjivclrtl nl iulvj `a slña` nl auncj adp`chcfana li jinas sjijras fji ui vj`udli dufgj dayjr qul l` sjicnj jrcbcia` faptanj pjr l` dcfröhjij.
Vcstlda qul utc`cza dãtjnjs ncbcta` y aia`öbcfj \i rlprjnuftjr nl FN ls ui leldp`j nl ui scstlda li qul sl ldp`lai taitj fcrfuctjs ncbcta`ls fjdj aia`öbcfjs. L` ncabrada nl o`jquls scdp`chcfanj nl `a Hcbura 1.> c`ustra l` prcifcpcj oáscfj. @a dõscfa li hjrdatj a`daflia l` FN. \i scstlda öptcfj nl ncjnjs `áslr `ll `jsncbcta` natjsslncbcta`ls nl`lincsfj fuainj ãstl bcra y `js traish tra ishcl clrl rl a` fjivl fjivlrtc rtcnj njrr ncbcta ncbcta`-a `-aia ia`öb `öbcfj cfj (NAF, (NAF, Ncbcta Ncbcta`-t `-tj-A j-Aia` ia`jb jb Fjiv Fj ivlr lrtl tlr) r).. L` NAF NAF trai traish shjr jrda da `js `js natj natjss ncbc ncbcta ta`l `lss li uia uia slña slña`` aia`öbcfa qul ls uia rlprjnuffcöi l`ãftrcfa nl `a dõscfa jrcbcia`. Lsta slña` sl adp`chcfa y sl liväa a` a`tavjz para qul pjnadjs ncshrutar`a. Fuainj `a dõscfa jrcbcia` sl braoö li l` FN sl utc`czö l` prjflsj civlrsj nl` nlsfrctj aquä, y qul utc`czaoa ui fjivlrtcnjr aia`öbcfjncbcta` (ANF, Aia`jb-tj-Ncbcta` Fjivlrtlr). NÄBC^JV OCIA_CJV, ICXL@LV @ÖBCFJV S HJ_DAV NL JINA NCBC^A@LV @a l`lftröicfa ncbcta` utc`cza scstldas y fcrfuctjs li `js qul sö`j lxcstli njs lstanjs pjsco`ls. Lstjs lstanjs sl rlprlslitai dlncaitl njs icvl`ls nl tliscöi nchlrlitls5 A@^J (GCBG) y OAEJ (@JR). Lstjs njs lstanjs tadocãi pulnli rlprlslitarsl dlncaitl icvl`ls nl fjrrclitl, octs y rl`clvls li ui FN j li ui NXN, ltf. Li `js scstldas ncbcta`ls fjdj fj dj `a `ass fjdp fjdput utan anjr jras as,, `as `as fjdo fjdoci ciaf afcj cjil ilss nl `js `js njs njs lsta lstanj njs, s, nlij nl ijdc dcia iana nass fönc föncb bjs, js, sl ldp` ldp`la lai i para ara rlpr rlprls lsli lita tarr iõdl iõdlrj rjs, s, sädoj`js, faraftlrls a`haoãtcfjs y jtrjs tcpjs nl natjs. L` scstlda nl
iudlrafcöi nl njs lstanjs sl nlijdcia ociarcj y `js njs näbctjs qul ldp`la sji ; y 1. \i näbctj ociarcj sl nlijdcia oct. Näbctjs ociarcjs Fana uij nl `js njs näbctjs nl` scstlda ociarcj, 1 y ;, sl nlijdcia oct, qul ls `a fjitraffcöi nl `as pa`aoras ociary ncbct (näbctj ociarcj). Li `js fcrfuctjs ncbcta`ls sl ldp`lai njs icvl`ls nl tliscöi nchlrlitls para rlprlslitar `js njs octs. [jr `j blilra`, l` 1 sl rlprlslita dlncaitl l` icvl` nl tliscöi dás l`lvanj, qul sl nlijdcia icvl` A@^J (GCBG) y ; sl rlprlslita rlprlslita dlncaitl l` icvl` nl tliscöi tliscöi dás oaej, qul sl nlijdcia icvl` OAEJ (@JR). A@^J (GCBG) 4 1 y OAEJ (@JR) 4 ; \i scstlda li l` qul ui 1 sl rlprlslita pjr ui icvl` OAEJ y ui ; dlncaitl ui icvl` A@^J sl ncfl qul ldp`la `öbcfa ilbatcva. @js brupjs nl octs (fjdociafcjils nl 1s y ;s), ``adanjs föncbjs, sl utc`czai para rlprlslitar iõdlrjs, `ltras, sädoj`js, cistruffcjils y fua`quclr jtra fjsa qul sl rlquclra li uia nltlrdciana ap`cfafcöi. Icvl`ls `öbcfjs @as tliscjils ldp`lanas para rlprlslitar ui 1 y ui ; sl nlijdciai icvl`ls `öbcfjs. Li l` fasj cnla`, ui icvl` nl tliscöi rlprlslita ui icvl` A@^J y jtrj icvl` nl tliscöi rlprlslita ui icvl` OAEJ. Vci ldoarbj, li ui fcrfuctj ncbcta` rla`, ui icvl` A@^J pulnl slr fua`quclr tliscöi litrl ui va`jr däicdj y ui va`jr dáxcdj lsplfchcfanjs. Nl` dcsdj djnj, ui icvl` OAEJ pulnl slr fua`quclr tliscöi fjdprlincna litrl ui däi däicdj y dáxcdj lsplfchcfanjs. Ij pulnl lxcstcr sj`apadclitj litrl l` raibj aflptanj nl icvl`ls A@^J y l` raibj aflptanj nl icvl`ls OAEJ @a Hcbura 1.< c`ustra l` raibj blilra` nl `js icvl`ls OAEJ y A@^J aflptao`ls para ui fcrfuctj ncbcta`. @a varcao`l XG(dáx) rlprlslita l` va`jr dáxcdj nl tliscöi para l` icvl` A@^J y XG(däi) rlprlslita l` va`jr nl tliscöi däicdj para l` icvl` A@^J. L` va`jr dáxcdj nl tliscöi para l` icvl` OAEJ sl rlprlslita dlncaitl X@(dáx) y l` va`jr
däicdj nl tliscöi para l` icvl` OAEJ dlncaitl X@(däi). @js va`jrls nl tliscöi fjdprlincnjs litrl X@(dáx) y XG(däi) ij sji aflptao`ls para ui huifcjiadclitj fjrrlftj. \ia tliscöi li l` raibj ij plrdctcnj pulnl slr citlrprltana pjr ui nltlrdcianj fcrfuctj taitj fjdj ui icvl` A@^J fuaitj fjdj ui icvl` OAEJ, pjr `j qul ij pulnl tjdarsl tjdarsl fjdj ui va`jr aflptao`l. [jr leldp`j, `js va`jrls para l` icvl` A@^J li ui nltlrdcianj tcpj nl fcrfuctj ncbcta` nlijdcianj FDJV pulnli varcar li l` raibj nl ? X a 6,6 X y `js va`jrls para l` icvl` OAEJ li l` raibj nl ; X a ;,7 X. Nl lsta dailra, sc pjr leldp`j sl ap`cfa uia tliscöi nl ?,< X, l` fcrfuctj `j aflptará fjdj ui icvl` A@^J, ls nlfcr, ui 1 ociarcj. Vc sl ap`cfa uia tliscöi nl ;,< X, l` fcrfuctj `j aflptará fjdj ui icvl` OAEJ, ls nlfcr, ui ; ociarcj. Li lstl tcpj nl fcrfuctj, `as tliscjils fjdprlincnas litrl ;,7 X y ? X ij sji aflptao`ls.
Hjrdas nl jina ncbcta`ls @as hjrdas nl jina ncbcta`ls fjiscstli li icvl`ls nl tliscöi qul varäai litrl `js lstanjs j icvl`ls A@^J y OAEJ. @a Hcbura 1.8(a) dulstra qul ui cdpu`sj pjsctcvj sl blilra fuainj `a tliscöi (j `a citliscnan) pasa nl su icvl` ijrda`dlitl OAEJ gasta su icvl` A@^J y `ulbj vul`vl jtra vlz a su icvl` OAEJ. L` cdpu`sj ilbatcvj nl `a Hc Hcb bur ura a 1.8( 1.8(o o) sl blilr ilra fuai uainj `a tlisc liscöi öi pasa asa nl su icvl` cvl`
ijrda`dlitl A@^J a su icvl` OAEJ y vul`vl a su icvl` A@^J. \ia slña` ncbcta` lstá hjrdana pjr uia slrcl nl cdpu`sjs. L` cdpu`sj. Fjdj sl dulstra li `a Hcbura 1.8, ui cdpu`sj tclil njs h`aifjs5 ui h`aifj aitlrcjr qul sl prjnufl li l` cistaitl t ; y ui h`aifj pjstlrcjr qul sl prjnufl li l` cistaitl pjstlrcjr t1. [ara ui cdpu`sj pjsctcvj, l` h`aifj aitlrcjr ls ui h`aifj nl suocna y l` h`aifj pjstlrcjr ls nl oaeana. @js cdpu`sjs djstranjs li `a Hcbura 1.8 sji cnla`ls pjrqul sl supjil qul `js h`aifjs nl suocna y nl oaeana jfurrli li ui tcldpj flrj (cistaitáiladlitl). Li `a práftcfa, lstas traiscfcjils ij sufl su flnl nli i nl hjrd hjrda a cist cistai aitá táil ila, a, auiqu uiqul l para para `a dayj dayjrä räa a nl `as `as sctuafcjils ncbcta`ls pjnldjs supjilr qul sji cdpu`sjs cnla`ls.
@a Hcbura 1.2 dulstra ui cdpu`sj rla` (ij cnla`). Li `a práftcfa, tjnjs `j `jss cdp cdpu` u`sj sjss prls prlsli lita tai i a`bu a`buia ia j tj tjna nass nl `as `as fara faraft ftlr lräs ästctcfa fass scbucl scb uclitl itls. s. Li jfascj jfascjils ils,, sl prjnu prjnufli fli pcfjs pcfjs nl tl tlisc iscöi öi y rczan rczanj j nlocnjs a `js lhlftjs fapafctcvjs l cinuftcvjs parásctjs. @a faäna pulnl slr prjvjfana pjr `as fapafcnan fapafcnanls ls parásctas y `a rlscstlifca nl` fcrfuctj qul hjrdai ui fcrfuctj _F fji uia fjistaitl nl tcldpj oaea. L` tcldpj rlqulrcnj para qul ui cdpu`sj pasl nlsnl su icvl` OAEJ gasta su icvl` A@^J sl nlijdcia tcldpj nl suocna (tr ), y l` tcldpj rlqulrcnj para `a traiscfcöi nl` icvl` A@^J a` icvl` OAEJ sl nlijdcia tcldpj nl oaeana (th ). Li `a práftcfa, l` tcldpj nl suocna sl dcnl fjdj l` tcldpj qul tarna li pasar nl` 1;% (a`tura rlsplftj nl `a `äila) a` 3;% nl `a adp`ctun nl` cdpu`sj y l` tcldpj nl oaeana sl dcnl d cnl
fjdj l` tcldpj qul tarna li pasar nl` 3;% a` 1;% nl `a adp`ctun nl` cdpu`sj, fjdj sl pulnl vlr li `a Hcbura 1.2
L` aifgj nl` cdpu`sj (tR) ls uia dlncna nl `a nurafcöi nl` cdpu`sj y, a dliunj, sl nlhcil fjdj l` citlrva`j nl tcldpj qul traisfurrl litrl `js puitjs li qul `a adp`ctun ls nl`
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