1 PB
July 20, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Euriml Cjsjdmtmi ^mnulmc` W`l. > I`. 8, @ct`bjr 2?=4 5 =-64
Jnat`raml =
^RMIXGZXAA @I-MX ^RMIXGZX I-MXX@ X@HA HA M^JN HA RHZLM^@RQ RHZLM^@RQ @WJ @WJ RL@MN D mjr mia D mr ui Gmcultms Cjn`ctjrmi, Ziavjrsatms ^mnulmc` ^mnulmc` *
Jkmal 5 qujji=17ukOfkmal.h`k
MBX^RMC ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn (^MH@) mnmlmd unjk pulk`ijr cmrna`fjiac ymif nasjbmbcmi `ljd pjkmsucmi pr`nuc nmrmd nmlmk euklmd ymif bmiymc mtmu hjpmt. Cjemnami ^MH@ sjhmrm ukuk napjrcarmcmi =% - 4% nmra pmsaji ymif kjijrakm trmisgusa . ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn tjremna mcabmt unjk pulk`ijr ymif bjrsagmt cmrna`fjiac ymif nasjbmbcmi pjiaifcmtmi tjcmimi danr`stmtac ymif tjremna sjlmkm trmisgusa nmrmd mtmu c`kp`iji nmrmd. nmrmd. Imta`iml Djmltdhmrj smgjty ijtw`rc kjinjgaiasacmi ^MH@ sjbmfma sumtu `isjt bmru mtmu jcsmsjrbmsa nmra tafm mtmu ljbad nmra tminm-tminm c`kplacmsa trmisgusa nmlmk 7 emk ymatu5 (=) Mhutj rjsparmt`ry nastrjss (sjsmc, `rtd`piju, bmtuc), (2) _jiaifcmtmi BI_, (8) _jiaifcmtmi tjcmimi vjim sjitrml, (>) ^minm fmfml emituif cmimi, (:) Mnmiym cjsjakbmifmi hmarmi p`satag, (7) Znjk pulk`ijr pmnm fmkbmrmi rmna`l`fas.
_jimtmlmcsmmi ^MH@ ymatu mpmbalm tjrnmpmt tminm mtmu fjemlm ^MH@ sjfjrm djitacmi trmisgusa, tjkpmtcmi pmsaji pmnm p`sasa nunuc nmi bjracmi `csafji sjsuma cjbutudmi pmsaji nmi naurjtah. Gljb`t`ka tjrmpjutac nmpmt nalmcucmi pmnm ainacmsa tjrtjitu. _jihjfmdmi c`kplacmsa ^MH@ mitmrm lmai jnucmsa kjnas, mimlasas gmct`r rasac`, nmi mimlasm cjsjakbmifmi hmarmi. Cmtm Cuiha 5 ^mh`, ^rmisgusa, Znjk pulk`ijr cmrna`fjiac.
MB X^ X^R R MH MH^ ^ ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn (^MH@) as hmrna`fjiah pulk`imry jnjkm hmusjn by rmpan `r kmssavj kmssavj mnkaiastrmta`i `g bl``n bl``n pr`nuhts. pr`nuhts. ^MH@ jvjits mrj fjijrmlly jstakmtjn t` bj =% - 4% `g pmtajits wd` rjhjavj trmisgusa`i. ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn as m rjsults `g hmrna`fjiah pulk`imry jnjkm hmusjn by aihrjmsjn dynr`stmtah prjssurj tdmt `hhurs nuraif bl``n trmisgusa`is `r bl``n h`kp`ijits. Imta`iml Djmltdhmrj smgjty ijtw`rc njgaijs ^MH@ ms m ijw `isjt `r jxmhjrbmta`i `g tdrjj `r k`rj sakpt`ks `r safi `g h`kplahmta`is `g trmisgusa`i watdai 7 d`urs, (=) Mhutj rjsparmt`ry nastrjss (naspiju, `rtd`piju, h`ufd), (2) Aihrjmsjn BI_, (8) Aihrjmsjn hjitrml vji`us prjssurj, (>) sakpt`ks `g rafdt djmrt gmalurj, (:) ^dj prjsjihj `g m p`satavj g luan bmlmihj, (7) _ulk`imry jnjkm ai tdj rmna`l`fahml pahturj. ^MH@ kmimfjkjit, ag tdjrj mrj safis `r sykpt`ks `g ^MH@, akkjnamtjly st`p tdj trmisgusa`i, plmhj tdj pmtajit ai m sattaif p`sata`i min favj `xyfji mhh`rnaif t` tdj pmtajit's ijjns min naurjtah. ^djrmpjutah pdljb`t`ky hmi bj n`ij watd hjrtmai ainahmta`is. _rjvjita`i `g ^MH@ h`kplahmta`is aihlunjs kjnahml jnuhmta`i, rasc gmht`r mimlysas, min mimlysas `g gluan bmlmihj.
C jyw yw`rns `rns 5 ^ mh`, h`, ^r ^ r misgusa isgusa` `i, H Hm mr na `f jiah ia h _ulk` _ulk`im imrr y J Jn njk
Djmltdy ^mnulmc` E`uriml (Dmjrmia (Dmjrmia Dmrui 5=-=?)
=
Euriml Cjsjdmtmi ^mnulmc` W`l. > I`. 8, @ct`bjr 2?=4 5 =-64 _JINMDZLZMI ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn (^MH@) mnmlmd unjk pulk`ijr cmrna`fjiac ymif nasjbmbcmi `ljd pjkmsucmi pr`nuc nmrmd nmlmk euklmd ymif bmiymc mtmu kmsag. C`kplacmsa ^MH@ kjrupmcmi cjmnmmi sjraus nmi sjraif tjremna pmnm djk`tjrmpa tjtmpa sulat nacjimla.= C`kplacmsa trmisgusa i`i aigjcsa tjlmd kjemna c`kplacmsa pmlaif ukuk
natjkucmi nabminaifcmi njifmi c`kplacmsa trmisgusa aigjcsa ymif tjlmd kjiurui njifmi kjiaifcmtiym tjci`l`fa scraiaif aigjcsa. _msaji ymif natrmisgusa ljbad bmiymc kjifmlmka c`kplacmsa i`i aigjcsa =??? cmla nabminaifcmi c`kplacmsa aigjcsa.2 C`kplacmsa i`i aigjcsa ymif bjrdubuifmi njifmi pmru-pmru mitmrm lmai ^rmisgussa`i-rjlmtjn mhutj luif aieury aieury 8 (^RMLA) nmi ^MH@.
Fmkbmr =. Rjmcsa trmisgusa (Xukbjr5 dttp5//kjltjhddjbmt.w` dttp5//kjltjhddjbmt.w`rnprjss.h`k) rnprjss.h`k)
^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn sjraifcmla nabaifuifcmi njifmi ^RMLA, pmnm bjbjrmpm cmsus ^MH@ nmi ^RMLA nmpmt tjremna bjrsmkmmi. C`kplacmsa ^MH@ bjrdubuifmi njifmi `vjrl`mn sarculmsa sjnmifcmi ^RMLA kjrupmcmi rjmcsa ymif nakjnamsa =,2 mitab`na.
kjijrakm trmisgusa. Rasac` taiffa cjemnami ^MH@ nanmpmtcmi pmnm pmsaji njifmi pjiymcat cmrna`pulk`ijr c`kpjismsa, fmfml faieml, mijkam njifmi v`lukj plmskm taiffa, usam lmieut nmi bmya. Cmsus ^MH@ eufm kjiaifcmt pmnm pmsaji-pmsaji ymif narmwmt na aitjisavj hmrj uiat (AHZ).2,>,:
Cjemnami ^MH@ sjhmrm ukuk napjrcarmcmi =% - 4% nmra pmsaji ymif
2
Djmltdy ^mnulmc` ^mnulmc` E`uriml (Dmjrmia Dmrui 5=-=?) 5=-=?)
Euriml Cjsjdmtmi ^mnulmc` W`l. > I`. 8, @ct`bjr 2?=4 5 =-64 tjrcmat trmisgusa sjcatmr 2?% nmra lmp`rmi cjkmtami. _jijlatami _jijlatami ymif ymif nalmcucmi `ljd claiac Kmy` rjrmtm ukur pmsaji ymif kjfmlmka ^MH@ mnmlmd 7? tmdui njifmi rjitmif ukur 4 ‘ 4 ‘ 41 41 tmdui.=,:
J_ANJKA@L@FA Mifcm cjemnami ^MH@ ymif nasjbmbcmi `ljd bjrbmfma pr`nuc nmrmd bjrvmramsa mitmrm =% - 4%.: _jijlatami ymif nalmcucmi `ljd Kjnahmrj ZX pmnm pmsaji ymif kjijrakm trmisgusa nmrmd pjra`pjrmtag na lakm rukmd smcat kjiuieuccmi bmdwm =% kjiemna ^MH@. _jijlatami lmai ymif kjifmimlasas pmsaji AHZ ymif tanmc kjkbutudcmi mlmt bmitu pjrimgmsmi smmt trmisgusa :=% namitmrmiym kjifmlmka unjk pulk`ijr mcut cmrjim ^MH@. Cjemnami ^MH@ napjrcarmcmi =58:7 pjr uiat trmisgusa nabminaifcmi njifmi ^RMLA =5:8> pjr uiat trmisgusa. G``n min Nruf Mnkaiastrmta`i Mnkaiastrmta`i (GNM) pmnm tmdui 2?=? kjlmp`rcmi bmdwm ^MH@ kjrupmcmi pjiyjbmb cjkmtami
_M^@FJIJXAX ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn tjremna mcabmt unjk pulk`ijr ymif bjrsagmt cmrna`fjiac ymif nasjbmbcmi pjiaifcmtmi tjcmimi danr`stmtac ymif tjremna sjlmkm trmisgusa nmrmd mtmu c`kp`iji nmrmd. _jiaifcmtmi tjcmimi danr`stmtac nasjbmbcmi `ljd pjiaifcmtmi tjcmimi vjim sjitrml, nmi pmnm mcdariym kjiyjbmbcmi mcukulmsa hmarmi pmnm mlvj`lmr.7
^rmisgusa hjpmt mtmu bjrljbadmi W`lukj sarculmsa nmrmd smifmt kjiaifcmt
^RMIXGZXA@I MXX@HAM^JN HARHZLM^@RQ @WJRL@MN
↝ ^jc vjim eufulmras
@vjrl`mn emituif cmimi, ↝ tjc vjim sjitrml
Dapjrtjisa
C`ifjsta pulk`imr Hmarmi mlvj`lmr bjrmcukulmsa pmnm l`bus bmwmd pmru (pjifmrud frmvatmsa)
_jiaifcmtmi v`lukj sarculmsa
W`lukj sjcuihup emituif kjiaifcmt Emituif bjrusmdm ↝
_jiaifcmtmi tjc mrtjra
hmrnamh `upput nfi nfi ↝ djmrt rmtj nmi rmtj nmi str`cj str`cj v`lukj
↝ nmrmd cj vmsculmr pmru-pmru, ↝ tjc nmi v`lukj nmrmd pmrupmru
hmarmi kmsuc cj mlvj`la nmi aistjstataml
Aistjrstatauk pmru ljkbmb, c`kplajis pmru ↘
_jifasami emituif, nmi c`itrmcsa mbi`rkml
@vjrl`mn nmrmd, c`kpjismsa `t`t emituif (fmfml emituif) emituif)
↝^jc aitrmvmsculjr pmru-pmru, _mnm p`sasa supaij hmarmi nmlmk mlvj`la kmsuc cj l`bus mtms pmru ymif ljbad bmiymc vmsculmrasmsa, ↘ pjrtucmrmi fms
^mcacmrna
Hmarmi kjijcmi emlmi imgms,↝↝ imgms, rjsastjisa mlarmi unmrm
_jk`kpmmi nmrmd nmra emituif ymif tanmc jgasaji
↘ pjrgusa nmrmd cj emraifmi
@rt`piju (Fjemlm lmkbmt)
_mt`fjijsas
Kjcmiaskj
Fjemlm/t mi minm
Cjrem `t`t pjrimgmsmi ↝ uituc pjrigmsmi
NAspiju
Dap`csam
Fmkbmr 2. _mt`fjijsas ^ r misgusa misgusa` `i-m i- mss` ss`ha hamt mtj jn ha harr hulmt hulmt`ry `ry `vjr vjr l`m l`mn n (Xukbjr5 Cdmttml Q. ^rmisgusa`i-mss`hamtjn harhulmt`ry `vjrl`mn (^MH@)5 hlaiahml gainaifs)
Djmltdy ^mnulmc` E`uriml (Dmjrmia (Dmjrmia Dmrui 5=-=?)
8
Euriml Cjsjdmtmi ^mnulmc` W`l. > I`. 8, @ct`bjr 2?=4 5 =-64 Mcukulmsa hmarmi pmnm mlvj`la kjiyjbmbcmi c`kplajis pmru kjiurui nmi tjremna rjsastjisa mlarmi unmrm `ljd c`kprjsa hmarmi pmnm emlmi impms. Dml tjrsjbut kjiyjbmbcmi bjbmi cjrem `t`t`t`t pjrimgmsmi kjiaifcmt nmi pmsaji kjiemna sjsmc. _jiuruimi pjrgusa nmrmd
ymif kjifminuif `csafji cj emraifmi kjiyjbmbcmi tjremnaiym dap`csam. C`ifjsta pulk`ijr kjiyjbmbcmi mcukulmsa hmarmi pmnm l`bus pmru bmwmd, nmi pmnm p`sasa supaij nmpmt kjifasa l`bus mtms pmru, dml aia kjiyjbmbcmi tjremnaiym `rt`piju.6
Fmkbmr 8. Mcukulmsa hmarmi pmnm mlvj`lus pmnm unjk pulk`ijr NAMFI@XAX Imta`iml Djmltdhmrj smgjty ijtw`rc kjinjgaiasacmi ^MH@ sjbmfma sumtu `isjt bmru mtmu jcsmsjrbmsa nmra tafm mtmu ljbad nmra tminm-tminm c`kplacmsa trmisgusa nmlmk 7 emk ymatu5 (=) Mhutj rjsparmt`ry nastrjss (sjsmc, `rtd`piju, bmtuc), (2) _jiaifcmtmi _jiaifcmtmi BI_, (8) _jiaifcmtmi tjcmimi vjim sjitrml, (>) ^minm fmfml emituif cmimi, (:) Mnmiym cjsjakbmifmi hmarmi p`satag, (7) Znjk pulk`ijr pmnm fmkbmrmi fmkbmrmi rmna`l`fas.4
KMIAGJX^MXA CLAIAX Fjemlm ymif nmpmt natjkucmi pmnm pmsaji ymif kjifmlmka ^MH@ sjtjlmd trmisgusa ymatu smlmd smtu mtmu sjkum fjemlm bjracut5 naspiju, `rt`piju, sami`sas, nastjisa vjim eufulmras, unjk pjragjr nmi pmnm muscultmsa nmpmt natjkucmi buiya X8. 7 _JKJRACXMMI LMB@RM^@RAZK _jkjracsmmi nmrmd rutai _jkjracsmmi nmrmd rutai pmnm pmsaji ^MH@ tanmc natjkucmi mnmiym pjrubmdmi.
Mnmiym ljuc`pjiam bamsmiym nadubuifcmi njifmi c`kplacmsa ^RMLA.8
>
Djmltdy ^mnulmc` ^mnulmc` E`uriml (Dmjrmia Dmrui 5=-=?) 5=-=?)
Euriml Cjsjdmtmi ^mnulmc` W`l. > I`. 8, @ct`bjr 2?=4 5 =-64
_jkjracsmmi brmai typj imtraurjtah pj pjpta nj (BI_) nmi I-tjrkaiml pr` brmai typj typ j imt imtrr a urj ur jta tahh pj pjpt ptaa nj (I^-pr` BI_) Brmai typj imtraurjtah pjptanj pjptanj sumtu pjptanj 82-msmk-mkai` kjrupmcmi d`rk`i imtraurjtac ymif naljpmscmi `ljd emituif. Cmnmr BI_ nmi I^-pr`BI_ pmnm sarculmsa pmnm ainavanu sjdmt bamsmiym smifmt rjinmd. Cmnmriym kjiaifcmt sjbmfm rjsp`i tjrdmnmp tjcmimi pmnm nainaif ka`cmrn ymif nasjbmbcmi
pjiaifcmtmi v`lukj mtmu tjcmimi sjpjrta pmnm `vjrl`mn sarculmsa.7,1,=? _rjcurs`r pr`BI_ mwmliym naymcaia kjkbjlmd kjiemna BI_ =-82 nmi I^ pr`BI_ =-67 (fmkbmr 8), imkui pr`sjs pjkbjlmdmi pr`BI_ emud ljbad c` kpljcs. _jkjracsmmi BI_ nmi I^-pr`BI_ kjkpjrladmtcmi ialma namfi`stac nmi pr`fi`stac ymif mcurmt nmi jgasaji pmnm fmfml emituif.=?,==
Fmkbmr >. _jkbjlmdmi pr`BI_ kjiemna I^-pr`BI_ nmi BI_
_jkjracsmmi aia pjrtmkm cmla nafuimcmi uituc namfi`sas fmfml emituif c`ifjstag, nmi pmnm fmfml emituif c`ifjstag cmnmr BI_ kjiaifcmt. = Mctavatms BI_ mitmrm lmai stakulmsa imtraurjsas nmi vms`nalmtmsa, aidabasa rjiiai, mln`stjr`i nmi mctavatms smrmg sakpmtas, aidabasa gabr`sas nmi pjiaifcmtmi rjlmcsmsa ka`cmrn.=? Kjt`nj pjkjracsmmi
Jizykj laicjn akk`i`mbs`rbmit akk`i`mbs`rbmit mssmy =2 (JLAXM). _jijlatami Ud`u ncc pmnm tmdui =11: kjiuieuccmi bmdwm rmsa` BI_ p`st/prj trmisgusa =.: sjbmfma hut-`gg uituc kjijitucmi ^MH@ njifmi sjisatagatms 4=% nmi spjsagasatms 41%. =,=8 Cmnmr BI_ 9=2? pf/nL nadubuifcmi njifmi `vjrl`mn sarculmsa njifmi spjsagasatms 91?% nmi
uituc pjptanj aia ymif nmpmt napjrhmym nmi tanmc kjkmcmi wmctu bmiymc ymatu
cmnmr
Djmltdy ^mnulmc` E`uriml (Dmjrmia (Dmjrmia Dmrui 5=-=?)
BI_
I`. 8, @ct`bjr 2?=4 5 =-64 njifmi unjk pulk`ijr i`i cmrna`fjiac njifmi spjsagasatms 91?%.8 Rmsa` pr`tjai hmarmi unjk/plmskm Hmarmi unjk pmnm ^MH@ kjrupmcmi galtjr plmskm ymif rjinmd pr`tjai, sjnmifcmi ^RMLA cmnmr pr`tjaiiym rjlmtag ljbad taiffa. Hmarmi unjk nmpmt namkbal pmnm pmsaji ymif kjiffuimcmi aitubmsa. Rmsa` pr`tjai hmarmi unjk/plmskm
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