1 Matriz de Analisis de Falacias

 

 

5

XDCRH^\CGEG LHDW^EI GHI HLXEGJ^ 

BELXIWEG GH LJKXDCLELCÜD \JLCEI ]^CKH^ \HKH\W^H IÜ@CLE S E^@XKHDWELCÜD? KEW^C_ GH CGHDWCBCLE CGHDWCBCLELCÜD LCÜD S LELH^ËE GH BEIELCE\ J BEFH DHP\ HD ^HGH\ \JLCEIH\ ]^JGXLWJ X JNOHWJ GH EDÅIC\C\? CDWH@^EDWH\? GJLHDWH? K`t. Iucs Kjicde >=>= - >=>= Uuctj - Hluegjr

5

 

IÜ@CLE S E^@XKHDWELCÜD? KEW^C_ GH CGHDWCBCLELCÜD S LELH^ËE GH BEIELCE\ J BEFH DHP\ HD ^HGH\ \JLCEIH\

5.

GEWJ\ GH CGHDWCBCLELCÜD

\HKH\W^H? DJKN^H\ S E]HIICGJ\? LJJ^GCDEGJ^ J LJJ^GCDEGJ^E ^HG \JLCEI J BEFH DHP\ HD ^HGH\ \JLCEIH\ >

LJ^^HJ CD\WCWXLCJDEI WHIÃBJDJ? BHLAE?

>.

ED EDW WHLHG HLHGH HDW DWH\ H\,, ]^ ]^H H\H \HDW DWEL ELCÜ CÜD D J CD CDW^ W^J JGXL XLL LCÜD? CÜD?

CDWH^Ã\ J CK]J^WEDLCE? 7.< XWCICGEG J NHDHBCLCJ? 8. LJD LJDWHQ WHQWJ WJ AC\ AC\WÜ^ WÜ^CLJ CLJ J LX LXIWX IWX^EI ^EI G GH H IE ^HG \JLCE \JLCEI IJ BEFH DHP\ GH ^HGH\ \JLCEIH\

2. #

^5

WC]J C]JIJ IJ@ @ËE S L LE^ E^EL ELW WH^C_ H^C_EL ELCÜ CÜD DG GH H IE\ IE\ BE BEI IEL ELCE CE\ \ BEIELCE\ GH ^HIHREDLCE

\jd equhiies hd ies quh ies prhkcses dj sjd rhihvedths pere ie ljdliuscüd hxtreëge, eudquh perhlhd shr rhihvedths.

E]HIELCÜD E IE HKJLCÜD

Beielce hd ie quh hi er`ukhdtj ghphdgh gh ie hkjlcüd kås quh gh ie rezüd. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh hi epjyj jtjr`egj e >

 

(E^@XKHDWJ EG ]J]XIXK)

^>

E]HIELCÜD E IE KC\H^CLJ^GCE IE ]C\WE BEI\E

^<

HI AJKN^H GH ]EOE

^7

^8

E]HIELCÜD E IE BXH^_E (E^@XKHDWJ EG NELXIXK) HI E^@XKHDWJ LJDW^E IE ]H^\JDE (E^@XKHDWJ EG AJKCDHK) Er`ukhdtj eg ajkcdhk jbhdscvj

Er`ukhdtj eg ajkcdhk lcrludstedlcei

]jzj hdvhdhdedgj ^2

lchrte ljdliuscüd hs ude ephielcüd cdeprjpcege e ij quh ljkÿdkhdth sh lrhh, j e ies hkjlcjdhs, gh ie eugchdlce?  petrcjtcskj, kcshrcljrgce kcshrcljrgce j shdtckchdtjs shdtckchdtjs sckcierhs. sckcierhs. Beielce hd ie quh hi er`ukhdtj sh epjye hd ie `hdhrjscgeg, hi eitrucskj j ie pchgeg6 kås quh hd ie rezüd. Hs ud er`ukhdtj beiez luye hbclchdlce regcle hd ie gcstrellcüd  pjrquh sh ghsvëe ie ethdlcüd. Beielce cdbjrkei quh sh ljkhth luedgj sh utcicze ei`ude gcstrellcüd pere iieker ie ethdlcüd y ljdbudgcr. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh sh cdlurrh luedgj sh beishe j sh gcstjrscjde ie pjsclcüd ghi egvhrsercj y hsghi udeetequh. pjsclcüd gcstjrscjdege quh sh ljdvchrth hd niedlj \c ei jpjdhrdjs e ud pudtj gh vcste hxpjdhkjs ie pjsclcüd gh duhstrj egvhrsercj ljkj ude bålci gh ghstrucr. Beielce hd ie quh hd ie quh hd hi er`ukhdtj sh rhlurrh e ekhdezer ljd ie buhrze6 ie ekhdeze puhgh hster vhiege. ]erhlh e prckhre vcste ude beielce ted jnvce quh dj dhlhscte gcslutcrsh hd ij ensjiutj. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh sh utcicze ude ephielcüd cdeprjpcege e ie buhrze j e ie ekhdeze gh buhrze pere epjyer ie vhrgeg gh lchrte ljdliuscüd. Beielce hd ie quh hi er`ukhdtj sh epjye hd hi etequh e ie  phrsjde quh egjpte ude pjsture. Hi er`ukhdtj er`ukhdtj hs cdoustj cdoustj pere hi egvhrsercj, ih jlescjde ud geõj phrsjdei scd quh sh hvcghdlch ie beielce. Hd ude gcsluscüd eleijrege, ei`uchd puhgh hster thdtegj e khdjsprhlcer ie leicgeg phrsjdei ghi jpjdhdth, e dh`er su cdthic`hdlce j su relcjlcdcj, e luhstcjder su hdthdgckchdtj, shrchgeg j cdliusj su cdth`rcgeg. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh su sh gcrc`h ud etequh aelce ude lerelthrëstcle gh ud jpjdhdth kås quh e ijs kãrctjs gh su pjsture. Xd hrrjr ljkhtcgj hd ie bjrke lcrludstedlcei gh ude beielce eg ajkcdhk hs utciczer lcrludstedlces phrsjdeihs ljkj prhkcse gh ud er`ukhdtj hd su ljdtre. Beielce cdbjrkei quh sh ljkhth luedgj ies prhkcses gh ud er`ukhdtj prjpuhstes pere hstenihlhr ude ljdliuscüd hd rheicgeg hståd gcrc`cges aelce jtre ljdliuscüd. Xd tcpj gh etequh eg ajkcdhk quh cdthrrukph ie ljdvhrselcüd relcjdei.

LJDLIX\CÜD C^^HIHREDWH (C@DJ^EWCJ HIHDLAC)

Wcpj gh beielce hd ie quh ies prhkcses epjyed ude ljdliuscüd gcbhrhdth gh ie quh sh prjpjdh. \jd beielhs luedgj sus  prhkcses epjyed ude ljdliuscüd gcbh gcbhrhdth rhdth gh ie quh prhthdgh prhthdgh hstenihlhr

djd shquctur 

Uuh sc`dcbcle icthreikhdth ’DJ \H \C@XH‛ e khdugj sh epicle e ies beielces quh ie ljdliuscüd dj sh sc`uh gedtrh ies  prhkcses.

>

BEIELCE\ GH CDGXLLCÜD GHBCLCHDWH

G5

HI E^@XKHDWJ GH IE C@DJ^EDLCE (E^@XKHDWJ EG

\jd equhiies hd gjdgh ie hqucvjlelcüd sur`h pjr hi ahlaj gh quh ies prhkcses ghi er`ukhdtj, eudquh sjd rhihvedths pere ie ljdliuscüd, sjd ted gãncihs h cdhbclelhs quh ljdbcer hd hiies hs ud hrrjr `errebei. Beielce hd ie quh ies prhkcses sjd kuy gãncihs j cdhbclchdths pere oustclcer ie ljdliuscüd. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh ie ljdliuscüd sh epjye hd ude ephielcüd cih`ctcke e ie c`djredlce, ljkj luedgj sh supjdh quh ei`j hs prjnenih quh she vhrgeghrj pjrquh dj pjghjs <

 

C@DJ^EDWCEK) G>

IE E]HIELCÜD CDE]^J]CEGE E IE

 prjner quh hs beisj. beisj. Beielce hd ie quh ude prjpjsclcüd prjpjsclcüd sh sjstchdh ljkj vhrgeghre sjij pjrquh dj sh ae prjnegj quh hs beise, j beise sjij pjrquh dj sh ae prjnegj quh hs vhrgeghre. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh ie ephielcüd e ie eutjrcgeg hs cih`ëtcke pjrquh ie eutjrcgeg e ie quh sh ephie dj tchdh

<

EXWJ^CGEG (E^@XKHDWJ EG RH^HLXDGCEK) G<

G7

<

LEX\E BEI\E (E^@XKHDWJ DJD LEX\E ]^J LEX\E)  pjst ajl hr`j prjpthr prjpthr ajl

’Ghspuãs gh tei ljse6 pjr ij tedtj, ghncgj e tei ljse‛. Wcpj gh beielce gh leuse beise hd ie quh sh prhsupjdh quh ud hvhdtj ae scgj leusegj pjr jtrj hvhdtj quh sulhgcü edths quh ãi.

 phdgchdth rhsneiegcze rhsneiegcze

Wcpj gh beielce gh leuse beise hd ie quh sh esukh quh hi lekncj gh ude gcrhllcüd pertcluier, iihverå cdhvctenihkhdth cdhvctenihkhdth e ud lekncj ghsestrjsj hd ie kcske gcrhllcüd. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh ud prcdlcpcj quh hs vhrgeghrj pere ud lesj pertcluier sh epicle, pjr ghslucgj j ghicnhregekhdth, ghicnhregekhdth, ei `ruhsj gh ijs lesjs. Beielce hd ie quh udj pese ghslucgegekhdth gh lesjs cdgcvcgueihs e ie `hdhreiczelcüd. \jd ies hqucvjlelcjdhs quh sur`hd pjrquh sh esukh ghkescegj hd ies prhkcses6 ie cdbhrhdlce e ie ljdliuscüd ghphdgh gh supjsclcjdhs dj oustcbcleges. Beielce hd ie quh ie ljdliuscüd ghphdgh gh ud supuhstj tålctj lucgegjsj, cdoustcbclegj j beisj.

@HDH^EIC_ELCÜD ]^HLC]CWEGE (ELLCGHDWH CDRH^\J) BEIELCE\ GH ]^H\X]J\CLCÜD

]5

ELLCGHDWH

]>

]^H@XDWE LJK]IHWE

]<

]HWCLCÜD GH ]^CDLC]CJ BEIELCE\ GH EKNC@ÙHGEG

7

ih`ctckcgeg hsphlëbcle hsphlëbcle ljkj hxphrtj. Beielce hd ie quh ie ljdliuscüd sh nese hd hi ouclcj gh ude supuhste eutjrcgeg quh dj tchdh ih`ctckcgeg pere rhlieker su ljdjlckchdtj ljkj hxphrtj hd ie kethrce hd luhstcüd. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh hi hrrjr sur`h gh elhpter ljkj leuse gh ei`j, ei`j quh hd rheicgeg dj ij hs. Beielce hd ie quh ei`j quh hd rheicgeg dj hs ude leuse, sh trete ljkj leuse.

E5

HUXCRJLELCÜD

E>

EDBCNJIJ@ËE

Hd dj ie quh sh epicle ude e lesjs cdgcvcgueihs quh hste rh`uie. Beielce hd`hdhrelcüd ie quh sh epicle cdljrrhltekhdth ude `hdhreiczelcüd e ud lesj pertcluier. Hd ie quh sh aelh ude prh`udte gh bjrke quh sh supjdh ie vhrgeg gh ei`ude prjpjsclcüd jluite hd ie prh`udte. Beielce hd ie quh sh aelh ude prh`udte gh kedhre quh prhsupjdh ie vhrgeg gh ei`ude prjpjsclcüd jluite hd ie prh`udte. Beielce cdbjrkei hd ie quh ie ljdliuscüd sh hdudlce j sh esukh ghdtrj gh ude gh ies prhkcses.

Beielces leuseges pjr ud lekncj j ljdbuscüd gh sc`dcbclegjs ghdtrj gh ud er`ukhdtj. \ur`hd pjr hi usj hqucvjlegj gh peienres j breshs hd ies prhkcses j hd ie ljdliuscüd gh ud er`ukhdtj, ei`ÿd tãrkcdj budgekhdtei quh tchdh gcbhrhdths shdtcgjs hd gcbhrhdths perths ghi er`ukhdtj. Hd ie quh sh aed ljdbudgcgj gjs j kås sc`dcbclegjs gh ie kcske peienre j bresh. Beielce hd ie quh gjs j kås sc`dcbclegjs gh ude peienre j bresh sh utciczed hd gcbhrhdths perths gh ud er`ukhdtj. \ur`h gh ie kedhre ckprhlcse, tjrph j hqucvjle hd ie quh sh ljkncded ies peienres, ljdgulchdgj e pjscnihs sc`dcbclegjs eithrdetcvjs gh ud hdudlcegj. Beielce hd ie quh ude ljkncdelcüd ckprhlcse j cdeprjpcege gh peienres, sh puhghd cdthrprhter hd kås gh ude `jrke6 hi er`ukhdtj ljdtchdh ude  prhkcse nesege nesege hd ude cdthrprhtelcüd, cdthrprhtelcüd, kchdtres kchdtres quh ie ljdliuscüd ghphdgh gh ude cdthrprhtelcüd cdthrprhtelcüd gcbhrhdth. 7

 

E<

ELHDWJ

E7

LJK]J\CLCÜD

Ljkhtcge luedgj ud tãrkcdj j bresh tchdh ud sc`dcbclegj hd ie ljdliuscüd gh ud er`ukhdtj gcbhrhdth ghi sc`dcbclegj quh tchdhd hd ude gh ies prhkcses6 ie gcbhrhdlce sur`h  prcdlcpeikhdth gh gh ud lekncj hd hi hi ãdbescs gegj e ies peienres utciczeges. Beielce hd ie quh sh utcicze ude bresh pere tredskctcr  gjs sc`dcbclegjs gcbhrhdths ghdtrj gh ud er`ukhdtj y ie gcbhrhdlce sh nese hd ijs lekncjs ghi ãdbescs quh sh ge e ies  peienres ghdtrj gh ie bresh. Hd ie quh hrrüdhekhdth sh hxtreh ude ljdliuscüd gh ijs etrcnutjs gh ies perths gh ie tjteicgeg e pertcr gh ijs etrcnutjs gh ie tjteicgeg kcske. beielce hd ie quh sh hxtreh hqucvjlegekhdth ude cdbhrhdlce gh ijs etrcnutjs ghi tjgj e pertcr gh ijs etrcnutjs

7

E8

GCRC\CÜD

gh ies perths. \h hxtreh ude ljdliuscüd hrrüdhe e pertcr gh ijs etrcnutjs gh ie tjteicgeg e ijs etrcnutjs gh ies perths. Beielce hd ie quh sh cdbchrhd gh kedhre hrrüdhe ijs etrcnutjs gh ies perths e pertcr gh ijs etrcnutjs ghi tjgj. 8

0.

KHWJGJIJ@ËE GH EDÅIC\C\

0.5. LE^ELWH^C_ELCÜD GH IE KXH\W^E S L^CWH^CJ\ GH \HIHLLCÜD

0. 0.>. >.

CD CDBJ BJ^K ^KH H GH CGH CGHDW DWCB CBCL CLEL ELCÜ CÜD D GH B BEI EIEL ELCE CE\ \ BEIELCE\ GH ^HIHREDLCE

#

^5

^>

LE\J\ J HOHK]IJ\ (thxtj)

^HBH^HDLCE\

E]HIELCÜD E IE HKJLCÜD (E^@XKHDWJ EG ]J]XIXK) E]HIELCÜD E IE KC\H^CLJ^GCE IE ]C\WE BEI\E

^<

HI AJKN^H GH ]EOE

^7

E]HIELCÜD E IE 8

 

^8

BXH^_E (E^@XKHDWJ EG NELXIXK) HI E^@XKHDWJ LJDW^E IE ]H^\JDE (E^@XKHDWJ EG AJKCDHK) Er`ukhdtj eg ajkcdhk jbhdscvj Er`ukhdtj eg ajkcdhk lcrludstedlcei ]jzj hdvhdhdedgj

2

^2

LJDLIX\CÜD C^^HIHREDWH (C@DJ^EWCJ HIHDLAC) djd shquctur 

>

BEIELCE\ GH CDGXLLCÜD GHBCLCHDWH HI E^@XKHDWJ

G5

G>

G<

GH IE C@DJ^EDLCE (E^@XKHDWJ EG C@DJ^EDWCEK) IE E]HIELCÜD CDE]^J]CEGE E IE EXWJ^CGEG (E^@XKHDWJ EG RH^HLXDGCEK) LEX\E BEI\E (E^@XKHDWJ DJD LEX\E ]^J LEX\E)  pjst ajl hr`j prjpthr  prjpthr  ajl  phdgchdth rhsneiegcze rhsneiegcze

G7

@HDH^EIC_ELCÜD ]^HLC]CWEGE (ELLCGHDWH 2

 

<

CDRH^\J) BEIELCE\ GH ]^H\X]J\CLCÜD

]5

ELLCGHDWH

]>

]^H@XDWE LJK]IHWE

]<

]HWCLCÜD GH ]^CDLC]CJ BEIELCE\ GH

7

EKNC@ÙHGEG E5

HUXCRJLELCÜD

E>

EDBCNJIJ@ËE

0

E<

ELHDWJ

E7

LJK]J\CLCÜD

E8

GCRC\CÜD

1. ]^ ]^CDL CDLC] C]EI EIH\ H\ AE AEII IIE_ E_@J @J\ \ 3. NCN CNI ICJ CJ@ @^E ^EBË BËE E 5=. ED EDHQ HQJ\ J\

0

 

#

BEIELCE\ GH ^HIHREDLCE

^5

E]HIELCÜD E IE HKJLCÜD (E^@XKHDWJ EG ]J]XIXK)   E]HIELCÜD E IE KC\H^CLJ^GCE

^>

IE ]C\WE BEI\E

^<

HI AJKN^H GH ]EOE 1

^7

E]HIELCÜD E IE BXH^_E (E^@XKHDWJ EG NELXIXK)

^8

HI E^@XKHDWJ LJDW^E IE ]H^\JDE (E^@XKHDWJ EG AJKCDHK)

Er`ukhdtj eg ajkcdhk jbhdscvj

Er`ukhdtj eg ajkcdhk lcrludstedlcei ]jzj hdvhdhdedgj ^2

LJDLIX\CÜD C^^HIHREDWH (C@DJ^EWCJ HIHDLAC) djd shquctur 

>

BEIELCE\ GH CDGXLLCÜD GHBCLCHDWH

G5

HI E^@XKHDWJ GH IE C@DJ^EDLCE (E^@XKHDWJ EG C@DJ^EDWCEK)

G>

IE E]HIELCÜD CDE]^J]CEGE E IE EXWJ^CGEG (E^@XKHDWJ EG RH^HLXDGCEK)

G<

LEX\E BEI\E (E^@XKHDWJ DJD LEX\E ]^J LEX\E)

1

 

 pjst ajl hr`j prjpthr ajl ajl  phdgchdth rhsneiegcze rhsneiegcze G7

@HDH^EIC_ELCÜD @HDH^EIC_EL CÜD ]^HLC]CWEGE (ELLCGHDWH CDRH^\J)

<

BEIELCE\ GH ]^H\X]J\CLCÜD

]5

ELLCGHDWH

]>

]^H@XDWE LJK]IHWE 3

]<

]HWCLCÜD GH ]^CDLC]CJ

7

BEIELCE\ GH EKNC@ÙHGEG

E5

HUXCRJLELCÜD

E>

EDBCNJIJ@ËE

E<

ELHDWJ

E7

LJK]J\CLCÜD

E8

GCRC\CÜD

3