1. Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction

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What is What  is geology?   geology? 

Geology (Greek γῆ, gê, "earth" and λόγος, λόγος, logos, "study")

the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and

history of the Earth (plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, past climates) first used used by Ulisse Ulisse Aldrovand Aldrovandii in 1603 1603

, , hazards; environmental issues and problems; climate change; geotechnical engineering; academic discipline; discipline; hobby en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Introduction

Branches of  geology 

Main divisions of geology Physical geology

examines Earth’s composition and processes occurring on and beneath its surface Volcanology, Seismology, Environmental Geology, Engineering Geology, Mining Geology, Petroleum Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Geomorphology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Planetary Geology

Historical geology

, , Earth and life through time; deals with the layered rock record and fossils Paleontology, Stratigraphy, Geochronology N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Introduction

What does a geologist do? 

What does What  does a geologist do?

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Introduction

Dr. Josh Keyes The Core (2003)

Rusty Ryan Ocean’s 13 (2007)

Prof. Trevor Anderson Journey to … (2008)

Rockhound  Armageddon (1998)

Randy Marsh South Park N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Dr. Alan Grant Jurassic Park (1993)

Dr. Adrian Helmsley 2012 (2009) Lecture Notes: Introduction

What does a geologist do? 

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Introduction

Theories on the evolution of the Earth

THEORIES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH: History (372-287 BC) Theophrastus (Peri lithon, On Stones ) - interpretation of fossils (1031-1095, China) Shen Kua - land formation: erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt. (1494-1555) Georg Agricola (De re metallica libri XII, 1556) - first systematic treatise about mining and

(1638-1686) Nicolaus Steno - three defining principles of stratigraphy (1700s) Jean-Etienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest - geological maps; first observation of the volcanic origins of parts of France. (1769-1839) William Smith - ordering rock strata (layers) by examining the fossils contained in them. James Hutton (Theory of the Earth, 1785 ) - first modern geologist Plutonism (James Hutton) - rocks were formed by emplacement and solidification of lava from volcanoes ra am erner - roc s a se e ou o a arge ocean w ose eve gra ua y roppe over epuns m

time (1811) Georges Cuvier  and Alexandre Brongniart - stratigraphic succession of earth layers Sir Charles Lyell (Principles of Geology, 1830)  – Uniformitarianism

(1912) Alfred Wegener  and Arthur Holmes – continental drift (1960’s) Harry Hess – seafloor spreading N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Introduction

Theories on the evolution of the Earth

CATASTROPHISM the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope

Biblical events such as the Noachian Flood coined by William Whewell, proposed by Baron Georges Cuvier 

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N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

© Ge mini Observato ry, Lynette Coo k Lecture Notes: Introduction

Theories on the evolution of the Earth

UNIFORMITARIANISM assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe: “The present is the key to the past.” coined by William Whewell, formulated by James Hutton (Father of Modern Geology), and popularized by Sir Charles Lyell in Principles of Geology (1830)

The frontispiece from Principles of Geology N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

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Lecture Notes: Introduction