1 Fisiologia Humana

 

NG@GÉSG KAILS AJMULMXG

EMSMAJAKMG F\IG@G

7ª LDMËÃA Sahrgj/8275

 

Suiçrma Rgjgvrg da Rraelssar gutar............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ................................. ................... ... 73 Sahrl a gutar ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ......................... ........ 7< Gihml`tgëãa................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ......................... ........ 75 Tracg`da mdlmgs cai as gutarls ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ......................... ........ 76 Rrahjligtmzg`da .............. ............................... .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................... ... 82

7 Smstlig Cljujgr (Sg`kué`la)

Ca`clmta .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................8 .............8 < Cíjujgs Sg`kué`lgs .................................... .......................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................8 ......................855 Fliçcmgs (Lrmtrócmtas) ........................... ................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ....88 5 Kî`lsl dgs cíjujgs sg`kué`lgs ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ...............................8 .........8 ; Lstçkmas dg dmelrl`cmgëãa dgs cíjujgs dg jm`fgkli vlriljfg..........................................86 vlriljfg..........................................86 Xlkujgëãa dg praduëãa dgs cíjujgs dg jm`fgkli vlriljfg da sg`kul ................... ...................... ...33 2 Igturgëãa dgs Fliçcmgs................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ....33 7 G earigëãa dl Fliakjahm`g...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................................3 ................3 7 Caihm`gëãa dl Fliakjahm`g cai axmkî`ma ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................. .......33 3 G`limgs ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...................................3 .............3 3 Jlucócmtas ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ................................3 .........3 4 Kî`lsls das Jlucócmtas .................................... .......................................................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................3 ...........3 4 As `lutróemjas l igcróegkas `g dlelsg ca`trg m`elcëüls .................... .......................................... .............................. ........33 < G Egkacmtasl............................... ...................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................................3 .................3 5 Egkacmtasl pljas `lutróemjas l pljas igcróegkas ..................... ........................................... ............................................3 ......................3 5 Rgplj das `lutróemjas l igcróegkas `g m`ejgigëãa................................................... m`ejgigëãa..............................................................3 ...........3 ; Lasm`óemjas ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................3 ..........3 ; Hgsóemjas...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...................................3 .............3 6 Jm`eócmtas ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...................................3 .............3 6 Rjgqultgs ................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................3 .............3 = Cagkujgëãa Sg`kué`lg `a Ugsa Jlsgda ......................... ................................................ ............................................. ...................................4 .............4 2

 

Cmrcujgtórma Cmrcujgtórm a 8 Smstlig M`traduëãa ga Smstlig Cmrcujgtórma ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .......................... ....44 < Cmrcujgëãa Rujia`gr l Smstîimcg .................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................4 ...........4 ; Sg`kul ..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .....................................4 ...............4 6 Grtírmgs, vlmgs l cgpmjgrls sg`kué`las..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 4 = Grtírmgs ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ .....................................4 ...............4 = Ulmgs ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................< ...................... Kug`ghgrg Oaakg`, 8226.

K\MG DL LST\DA

Gpós g jlmturg dgs ahrgs, lscajfg uig l lscrlvg sahrl as pa`tas qul igms eargi rljlvg`tls pgrg vacî.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 7=

 

RXAHJLIGTM^G@DA Í gprlsl`tgdg uig smtugëãa prahjlig a`dl slrç elmta ui tlxta lxpa`da uig sajuëãa pgrg a prahjlig ghardgda, grtmcujg`da g tlarmg l g prçtmcg prassma`gj.

RJ

 

Sghlias qul a hai eu`cma`gil`ta da carpa fuig`a dlpl`dl dl vçrmgs ca`dmcma`g`tls> gjmil`tgëãa, uig hag `amtl dl sa`a, uig vmdg sacmgj rlkrgdg l dl`trl tg`tgs autrgs, a lxlrcécma eésmca.   A lxlrcécma eésmca padl `as `as trgzlr m`þilras hl`leécmas hl`leécmas caia> a kg`fa dl igssg iuscujgr, iuscujgr, ui hai `évlj dl lxmhmjmdgdl l rlsmstî`cmg g dltlrim`gdas tmpas dl dal`ëg í sghmda tgihíi qul as kg`fas psmcassacmgms tgihíi sãa krg`dls caia> g iljfarg dg gutalstmig, dlprlssãa l g`smldgdl l tgihíi iljfarg i ljfarg dg cgpgcmdgdl dl sl cumdgr. Dl`trl tg`tgs dal`ëgs, g prçtmcg dl gtmvmdgdl eésmcg gnudg g prlvl`mr l caihgtlr dal`ëgs caia dmghltls, astlaparasl, fmplrtl`sãa l m`egrta. Dmg`tl da lxpasta, caia g egjtg dl lxlrcécma eésmca padl guil`tgr a é`dmcl dlssgs dal`ëgs `g papujgëãa klrg`da ui kgsta cai a dm`flmra pþhjmca pgrg caihgtî-jgs1 L caia g prlvl`ëãa l a caihgtl g lssgs dal`ëgs padl dmim`umr a kgsta cai lssgs dal`ëgs klrg`da ui mipgcta pasmtmva `g lca`aimg1

K\MG DL LST\DA

Gpós g jlmturg, egëg uig rllxãa l rlspa`dg rlspa`dg gs qulstüls l caipgrtmjfl cai slus cajlkgs `g sgjg vmrtugj. Uédla dl gprlsl`tgëãa

fttps>//vmila.cai/8=43;2 Earigëãa dgs dmelrl`tls cíjujgs sg`kué`lgs g pgrtmr dl cíjujg-tra`ca fligtapaítmcg pjurmpatl`tl, pjurmpatl`t l, qul acarrl `g ildujg ósslg. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 8;

 

Gs fliçcmgs m`mcmgi sugs vmdgs `g ildujg ósslg, par ilma dl cíjujg smipjls, cfgigdg caia cíjujg-tra`ca fligtapaítmcg pjurmpatl`tl, dg qugj sl dlrmvgrç tadgs gs cíjujgs da sg`kul cmrcujg`tl. Caia padlias ahslrvgr `g Emkurg 23, gs dmvmsüls suclssmvgs dgs cíjujgs pjurmpatl`tls earigi gs cíjujgs sg`kué`lgs plrmeírmcgs. Dl iada qul lssgs cíjujgs sl iujtmpjmcgi, fç uig plqul`g pgrcljg qul sl plrig`lclssl lxgtgil`tl caia gs cíjujgs pjurmpatl`tls armkm`gms, cgrmgi rltmdgs `g ildujg ósslg caia rlslrvg, liharg slu `þilra dmim`ug cai g mdgdl. Gssmi, g igmarmg dgs cíjujgs-tra`ca qul sl rlpraduzmrgi dmelrl`cmg-sl earig`da autrgs cíjujgs, caia vmsta `g kurg 23. Gs cíjujgs li lstçkma m`tlrildmçrma sãa hgstg`tl pgrlcmdgs cai gs cíjujgs-tra`ca pjurmpatl`tls pjurmpatl`tls,, ilsia dlpams dl lstgrli caiprailtmdgs cai uig jm`fgkli pgrtmcujgr dl cíjujgs, sl`da cfgigdgs caia cíjujgs-tra`ca caiprailtmdgs. A crlscmil`ta l g rlpraduëãa dgs dmelrl`tls cíjujgs-tra`ca sãa ca`trajgdas par iþjtmpjgs pratlé`gs, dl`aim`gdgs m`dutarls dl crlscmil`ta. \i dlstls í g m`tlrjlucm`g-3, qul praiavl a crlscmil`ta l g rlpraduëãa dl prgtmcgil`tl tadas as dmelrl`tls tmpas dl cíjujgs-tra`ca caiprailtmdgs, l as autras m`duzli a crlscmil`ta dl gpl`gs tmpas lsplcécas dlstgs cíjujgs. As m`dutarls praiavli a crlscmil`ta dgs cíjujgs, igs `ãa sug dmelrl`cmgëãa. Lssg eu`ëãa í dl autra krupa dl pratlé`gs cfgigdgs dl m`dutarls dl dmelrl`cmgëãa. Cgdg ui dlssls m`dutarls dltlrim`g g dmelrl`cmgëãa dl ui tmpa dl cíjujgs-tra`ca caiprailtmdgs, li ui au igms lstçkmas dl dlsl`vajvmil`ta li rljgëãa cai g cíjujg `gj gdujtg.

Lstçkmas dg dmelrl`cmgëãa dgs cíjujgs dg jm`fgkli vlriljfg G prmilmrg cíjujg qul padl slr dmtg caia plrtl`cl`tl â jm`fgkli vlriljfg

í a pralrmtrahjgsta, tmdas caia pa`ta dl armkli `g Emkurg 24. @g prlsl`ëg dl lstmiujgëãa dl earig gpraprmgdg, uig krg`dl qug`tmdgdl dlssgs cíjujgs sãa earigdgs par cíjujgs-tra`ca CE\-L. \ig vlz earigda, a pralrmtrahgsta, sl dmvmdmrç par dmvlrsgs vlzls gtí qul earig-sl iumtgs fliçcmgs igdurgs. Gs cíjujgs dg prmilmrg klrgëãa sãa dl`aim`gdgs lrmtrahjgstas hgsójas, hgsójas, par sl cargrli cai suhstè`cmgs hçsmcgs, í `lstl lstçkma qul 86 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

g cíjujg só gcuiujg plqul`g qug`tmdgdl dl fliakjahm`g. @gs klrgëüls g erl`tl, caia iastrg g kurg 24, gs cíjujgs tar`gi-sl prll`cfmdgs cai fliakjahm`g `g ca`cl`trgëãa dl clrcg dl 34%, a `þcjla mrç sl ca`dl`sgr pgrg ui tgig`fa plqul`a l slu rlsédua `gj í ghsarvmda au lxcrltgda pljg cíjujg. Ga ilsia tlipa, a rltécuja l`dapjgsiçtmca tgihíi slrç ghsarvmda. G cíjujg l`tãa, `lssl lstçkma, í dlsmk`gdg rltmcujócmta, par qul gm`dg ca`tíi uig plqul`g qug`tmdgdl dl igtlrmgj hgsaeéjmca, qul ca`smstl li rlig`lscl`tls da gpgrljfa dl Kajkm, dgs imtacô`drmgs l dl gjkuigs autrgs a utrgs arkg`ljgs cmtapjgsiçtmcgs. Durg`tl lstl lstçkma dl rltmcujócmta, gs cíjujgs sgli dg ildujg ósslg, l`trgi `as cgpmjgrls sg`kué`las par dmgpldlsl, l, qul iadmcgi sug ca`earigëãa pgrg padlr pgssgr pljas paras dgs ilihrg`gs cgpmjgrls.

Emk. 24> Earigëãa dgs fliçcmgs `arigms l cgrgctlréstmcgs das kjóhujas vlriljfas li dmelrl`tls tmpas dl g`limg.

A igtlrmgj hgsója rlig`lscl`tl rlig`lscl`tl `a rltmcujócmta dlsgpgrlcl, dlsgpgrlcl, `arigjil`tl, li clrcg dl ui au dams dmgs, l g pgrtmr dmssa, g cíjujg pgssg g slr rlelrmdg caia fliçcmg igdurg. Rar tlr ui curta plréada dl vmdg, as rltmcujócmtas, g sug ca`cl`trgëãa ca `cl`trgëãa l`trl gs autrgs cíjujgs dg jm`fgkli vlriljfg, li ca`dmëüls `arigms, í dl il`as qul 7%.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 8=

 

Xlkujgëãa dg praduëãa dgs cíjujgs dg jm`fgkli vlriljfg da sg`kul G igssg tatgj dl cíjujgs sg`kué`lgs dg jm`fgkli vlriljfg `a smstlig cmrcujgtórma í rlkujgdg dl`tra dl jmimtls lstrlmtas, dl iada qul fgng ui `þilra gdlqugda dl fliçcmgs sliprl dmspa`évlj pgrg a trg`spartl gdlqugda dl axmkî`ma das pujiüls pgrg as tlcmdas, l qul `ãa slngi tãa `uilrasgs g pa`ta dl mipldmr a uxa sg`kué`la. Ulng g kurg 2 Lsqulig dl earigëãa dg fliakjahm`g.

G kurg 25, `as iastrg ltgpgs quéimcgs hçsmcgs dg earigëãa dg fliakjahm`g. Rrmilmrgil`tl, g succm`mj-CaG, vm`dg da cmcja dl Orlhs, mrç sl jmkgr g kjmcm`g pgrg earigr g iajícujg pmrraj. Gssmi, qugtra pmrróms sl caihm`gi pgrg earigr g prataparrm`g MV, qul mrç sl caihm`gr cai a elrra pgrg earigr g iajícujg da flil, l par i, cgdg iajícujg dl flil sl caihm`g cai g ja`kg cgdlmg pajmplptédmcg dl`aim`gdg dl kjahm`g, qul í sm`tltmzgdg `as rmhassaias, l earig g suhu`mdgdl dg fliakjahm`g, qul í cfgigdg dl cgdlmg dl fliakjahm`g, caia

iastrg g kurg 2;. Wugtra dlstgs cgdlmgs sl jmkgi erauxgil`tl pgrg earigr g iajícujg caipjltg au igturg dl fliakjahm`g.

Emk. 2;> Lstruturg hçmscg dg iajícujg dl fliakjahm`g, iastrg`da uig dgs qugtra cgdlmgs flil qul par sug vlz, sl jmkgi pgrg earigr g iajícujg dl fliajakm`g

38 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Caihm`gëãa dl fliakjahm`g cai axmkî`ma G cgrgctlréstmcg igms mipartg`tl dg iajícujg dl fliakjahm`g ca`smstl li sug cgpgcmdgdl dl caihm`gëãa, qul í erauxg l rlvlrsévlj, cai a axmkî`ma. Lstg li rljgëãa cai g rlspmrgëãa egz nus g eu`ëãa prmiçrmg dg fliakjahm`g `a arkg`msia, qul rlsmdl li sug cgpgcmdgdl dl sl caihm`gr cai ca i a axmkî`ma `as pujiüls l gssmi, jmhlrç-ja dl mildmtgda `as cgpmjgrls tlcmdugms plrmeírmcas, l g tl`sãa kgsasg da axmkî`ma í iumta igms hgmxg qul `as pujiüls. A axmkî`ma `ãa sl caihm`g cai gs dugs vgjî`cmgs pasmtmvgs da elrra `g iajícujg dl fliakjahm`g, a qul acarrl í qul ljl sl jmkg erauxgil`tl g uig dgs jmkgëüls dl caardl`gëãa da çtaia dl elrra, l sugs jmkgëüls sãa lxtrligil`tl erauxgs pgrg qul slngi rlvlrsévlms cai egcmjmdgdl. A axmkî`ma tgihíi `ãa sl trg`searig li axmkî`ma mô`mca, igs í trg`spartgda `g earig dl axmkî`ma iajlcujgr pgrg as tlcmdas, qul dlvmda â sug erauxg e rauxg jmkgëãa pra`tgil`tl rlvlrsévlj, ljl í jmhlrgda `as jéqumdas tlcmdugms l gm`dg `g sug earig iajlcujgr i ajlcujgr..

G`limgs G`limg smk`mcg g dlcmî`cmg dl fliakjahm`g `a sg`kul, ljg padl slr cgusgdg pljg rlduëãa da `þilra dl fliçcmgs au pljg rlduëãa da tlar cljujgr dl fliakjahm`g. Ghgmxa slrç dmscutmda hrlvlil`tl gjku`s tmpas dl g`limg l sugs cgusgs dgs ilsigs, smajakmcgil`tl. G`limg Ilkgjahjçstmcg> Ilkgjahjçstmcg> Caia dmscutmda g`tlrmaril`tl sahrl g vmtgim`g H78 l a çcmda eójmca, l a egtar m`tré`slca dg iucasg kçstrmcg, padl-sl caiprll`dlr lstl tmpa dl g`limg egcmjil`tl, eg cmjil`tl, qul g plrdg dl ui dlssls egtarls suprgcmtgdas padl jlvgr g uig praduëãa jl`tmcgdg das lrmtrahjgstas dg ildujg ósslg, l gssmi gs fliçcmgs

crlscli dl earig g`ôigjgs, lxclssmva, l sãa cfgigdgs dl ilkgjahjgstas. G gtrag dg iucasg kçstrmcg, au g plrdg da lstôigka gpós uig kgstrlctaimg tatgj, padl jlvgr ga dlsl`vajvmil`ta dlstl tmpa dl g`limg. Rar Rlrdg Sg`kué`lg> Sg`kué`lg> Dlpams dl uig fliarrgkmg rçpmdg, a carpa mrç rlpar g parëãa jéqumdg da pjgsig li ui g trîs dmgs, igs mssa jlvg â dmim`umëãa dg ca`cl`trgëãa dl cíjujgs vlriljfgs dg jm`fgkli sg`kué`lg. Sl `ãa fauvlr autrg fliarrgkmg, g ca`cl`trgëãa dgs fliçcmgs mrç sl `arigjmzgr dl`tra dl trîs gtí slms slig`gs. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 33

 

Gpjçsmcg> Fç uig gpjgsmg dg ildujg ósslg l lstç rljgcma`gdg cai g G`limg Gpjçsmcg> egjtg dl ildujg ósslg eu`cma`g`tl, caia par lxlipja, g plssag qul sl lxpül g uig rgdmgëãa kgig, armkm`gdg a rmkm`gdg dl lxpjasãa dl grtlegta gr tlegta `ucjlgr, `ucjlgr, pravgvljil`tl, lstg tlrç dlstrumëãa caipjltg dl sug ildujg ósslg l li paucgs slig`gs, par g`limg jltgj. Tgihíi `a cgsa da trgtgil`ta lxclssmva cai rgmas V, clrtas pradutas quéimcas m`dustrmgms, l gtí ilsia eçrigcas/ildmcgil`tas qul a m`dmvédua passg vmr g slr sl`sévlj, praduzli a ilsia lelmta. G`limg Fliajétmcg> Fliajétmcg> Fç g`arigjmdgdls `gs fliçcmgs, l iumtgs dlstgs sãa ca`kî`mtgs l tar`gi lstgs cíjujgs erçklms g pa`ta dl sl raiplrli cai iumtg egcmjmdgdl qug`da pgssgi pljas cgpmjgrls, l lsplcmcgil`tl plja hgëa, dlstg earig gs fliçcmgs sãa dlstruédgs iumta igms rçpmda da qul padli slr earigdgs, cgusg`da ui dícmt dgs ilsigs l rlsujtg`da li uig g`limg krgvl.

Jlucócmtas As jlucócmtas sãa cíjujgs sg`kué`lgs lsplcmgjmzgdgs `as praclssas dl dlelsg da `assa carpa. Slu `ail dlrmvg dg pgjgvrg krlkg jluoas, qul smk`mcg hrg`ca, dlssg earig `as jlvg â sug autrg dl`aim`gëãa> kjóhujas hrg`cas. Gjku`s dljls sãa cgpgzls gtí dl sgmr das vgsas sg`kué`las pgrg gtugr `as tlcmdas gdngcl`tls. Slms tmpas dl kjóhujas hrg`cas lstãa prlsl`tls `a sg`kul> sãa as `lutrójas pajmiarea`ucjlgrls, lasm`ójas pajmiarea`ucjlgrls, hgsójas pajmiarea`ucjlgrls, ia`ócmtas, jm`eócmtas l, acgsma`gjil`tl, pjgsiócmtas. @arigjil`tl, ui faili gdujta passum dl cm`ca g dlz imj jlucócmtas par imjéiltra cþhmca dl sg`kul. Gjku`s dlssls jlucócmtas padli tlr li slu cmtapjgsig

krè`ujas cai l`zmigs, sl`da, `lstl cgsa, cfgigdas dl krg`ujócmtas. Wug`da `ãa passuli as tgms krè`ujas, as jlucócmtas sãa dl`aim`gdas gkrg`ujócmtas. As da tmpa krg`ujócmtas sl suhdmvmdli li> `lutrójas, lasm`ójas l hgsm`ójas.

Kî`lsl das Jlucócmtas

As krg`ujócmtas l as ia`ócmtas sãa earigdas sail`tl `g ildujg ósslg. As jm`eócmtas l as pjgsiócmtas sãa praduzmdas, `g igmar pgrtl, `as tlcmdas jm`eakî`mcas, caia li lsplcmgj, `as jm`ea`adas, `a hgëa, `a tmia, `gs ta`smjgs l li autras 34 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

dmvlrsas rsas hajsüls dl tlcmdas jm`eómdl, li autrgs pgrtls da carpa, caia `g ildujg dmvl ósslg l `gs cfgigdgs pjgcgs dl Rlylr , qul lstãa par hgmxa da lpmtíjma dg pgrldl da m`tlstm`a. As jm`eócmtas earigdas `g ildujg ósslg cgi grigzl`gdas `g ilsig gtí qul slngi `lclssçrmas `a smstlig cmrcujgtórma. Wug`da fç g `lclssmdgdl, vçrmas egtarls pravacgi cai qul lstls slngi jmhlrgdas. @arigjil`tl, fç uig qug`tmdgdl gpraxmigdg da trmpja da `þilra dl jlucócmtas cmrcujg`tls, qul lstç grigzl`gdg `g ildujg. Tgj qug`tmdgdl rlprlsl`tg a suprmil`ta pgrg clrcg dl slms dmgs dlssgs cíjujgs. As jm`eócmtas sãa grigzl`gdas, `g igmar pgrtl, `as tlcmdas jm`eamdls, lxclta par ui plqul`a `þilra qul lstç sl`da tlipargrmgil`tl trg`spartgda plja sg`kul. @g kurg 33-7, 33- 7, padlias vlr qul as ilkgcgrmócmtas tgihíi sãa earigdas `g ildujg ósslg, l jç sl ergkil`tgi, l sãa ca`flcmdas caia pjgqultgs au traihócmtas, qul pgssgi pgrg a sg`kul, l tli mipartè`cmg éipgr `g cagkujgëãa sg`kué`lg. As jlucócmtas gprlsl`tgi eu`ëüls l eu`cma`gjmdgdl dg slkum`tl earig> l`trgi `as lspgëas tlcmdugms par Dmgpldlsl? iavli-sl pljas lspgëas tlcmdugms par iavmil`ta gilhómdl? gilhómdl? sãa gtrgédas pgrg gs çrlgs dl m`gigëãa par qumimatgxmg.

As `lutrójas l igcróegkas `g dlelsg ca`trg m`elcëüls As `lutrójas sãa jlucócmtas li igmar `þilra `ui m`dmvédua `arigj. Slu `þcjla í earigda par vçrmas jóhujas l, par lssl iatmva, tgihíi sãa cfgigdas dl slkil`tgdas. A cmtapjgsig das `lutrójas passum vçrmas krè`ujas cai l`zmigs qul padli igtgr hgctírmgs. Gssmi, qug`da a arkg`msia í vétmig dl uig m`elcëãa,

lsplcmgjil`tl uig m`elcëãa hgctlrmg`g, g ildujg ósslg rlclhl lstéiuja pgrg praduzmr `lutrójas dl earig igms gcljlrgdg, rlsujtg`da li igmar qug`tmdgdl dl `lutrójas navl`s l migturas `a sg`kul, cunas `þcjlas `ãa sãa slkil`tgdas caia `gs earigs igdurgs. @a l`tg`ta, lssls `lutrójas sãa dl`aim`gdas hgstüls, par sug earig dl hgstãa l`curvgda. A `þilra dl hgstüls prlsl`tls `a rlsujtgda dl ui fliakrgig rlprlsl`tg rlprls l`tg ui dgda mipartg`tl mipar tg`tl pgrg a dmgk`óstmca dl m`elcëüls igms krgvls. Gssmi tgihíi, caia as hjgstas, autra lxlipja dl cíjujgs navl`s padl lstgr prlsl`tls lxclpcma`gjil`tll li m`elcëüls l li jluclimgs. lxclpcma`gjil`t Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 3<

 

G Egkacmtasl Í g eu`ëãa igms cljujgr mipartg`tl dlslipl`fgdg pljas `lutrójas l igcróegkas, qul smk`mcg m`klstãa da gkl`tl gkrlssar. As egkócmtas dlvli slr sljltmvas qug`ta ga igtlrmgj qul í egkacmtgda, sl ca`trçrma, cíjujgs l lstruturgs `arigms da carpa padli vmr g slr m`klrmdgs. G acarrî`cmg dl egkacmtasl dlpl`dl dl trîs pracldmil`tas sljltmvas, qul slrãa iastrgdas jaka ghgmxa. 7.

G igmarmg dgs lstruturgs `gturgms `as tlcmdas tli suplreécmls jmsgs qul rlsmstli â egkacmtasl. Rartg`ta, sl g suplreécml í çsplrg, lssg prahghmjmdgdl dl egkacmtasl guil`tg.

8.

G igmarmg dgs suhstè`cmgs `gturgms da carpa tli rlvlstmil`tas pratímcas pratltarls qul rlpljli as egkócmtas. Dl earig m`vlrsg, g igmarmg das tlcmdas iartas l dgs pgrtécujgs lstrg`fgs ga carpa `ãa gprlsl`tg lssl rlvlstmil`ta rlvlstmil`t a pratltar, pratltar, a qul egz sunlmtas â egkacmtasl.

3.

A smstlig miu`l da carpa dlsl`vajvl g`tmcarpas ca`trg as gkl`tls m`elccmasas, caia gs hgctírmgs. Lstls g`tmcarpas gdlrli âs ilihrg`gs hgctlrmg`gs l tar`gi lstgs lsplcmgjil`tl suscltévlms pgrg g egkacmtasl. Rgrg qul acarrg, g iajícujg da g`tmcarpa tgihíi sl caihm`g cai a praduta cfgigda dl C3, dg cgscgtg dl caipjlil`ta, qul í uig pgrtl gdmcma`gj da smstlig miu`l. Gs iajícujgs C3 sl prl`dli g rlclptar rlclptarls ls dg ilihrg`g da egkócmta, m`mcmg`da a praclssa dl egkacmtasl. Lssl praclssa dl sljlëãa l dl egkacmtasl í rlelrmda au cfgigda caia apsa`mzgëãa.

Egkacmtasl pljas `lutrójas l pljas igcróegkas

As `lutrójas qul pl`ltrgi `as tlcmdas nç sãa cíjujgs igdurgs, cgpgzls dl m`mcmgr mildmgtgil`tl g egkacmtasl. Ga sl gpraxmigr dg pgrtécujg g slr egkacmtgdg, eg kacmtgdg, a `lutrója prmilmra sl prl`dl `g pgrtécujg l dlpams dmssa, limtl psludópadas li tadgs gs dmrlëüls ga rldar dg pgrtécujg. As psludópadas sl l`ca`trgi `a autra jgda l sl eu`dli. Mssa crmg uig cèigrg elcfgdg ca`tl`da g pgrtécujg egkacmtgdg, l l`tãa, g cèigrg sl m`vlkm`g pgrg g cgvmdgdl cg vmdgdl cmtapjgsiçtmcg, dgé earigr uig vlsécujg egkacétmcg qul utug jmvrlil`tl `a cmtapjgsig. \i `lutrója padl, klrgjil`tl, egkacmtgr clrcg dl trîs g 82 hgctírmgs g`tls dl slr m`gtmvgda l iarrlr iarrlr.. Nç as igcróegkas sãa a praduta `gj das ia`ócmtas qul pl`ltrgi `as tlcmdas vm`das da sg`kul. Wug`da gtmvgdas plja smstlig miu`l, ljls sãa egkócmtas iumta 35 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

igms patl`tls g`tlrmaril` tl, as `lutrójas, sãa cgpgzls dl egkacmtgr, patl`tls qul as cmtgdas g`tlrmaril`tl, klrgjil`tl, gtí 722 hgctírmgs Ljls tîi g cgpgcmdgdl dl l`vajvlr pgrtécujgs iumtas igmarls, gtí ilsia fliçcmgs m`tlmrgs, au cgsa `lclssçrma, pgrgsmtgs dg igjçrmg, l`qug`ta as `lutrójas `ãa sãa cgpgzls. Dlpams dg dmklstãa dgs pgrtécujgs, as igcróegkas, padli ljmim`gr as pradutas rlsmdugms l sahrlvmvli l eu`cma`gi par iumta igms ilsls.

Rgplj das `lutrójas l igcróegkas `g m`gigëãa Wug`da acarrl gjkuig jlsãa tlcmdugj, slng ljg cgusgdg par hgctírmgs, trguigs, gkl`tls quéimcas au autrg earig, í jmhlrgdg suhstè`cmgs pljas tlcmdas dg`mcgdas l cgusgi dmvlrsgs gjtlrgëüls slcu`dçrmgs `as tlcmdas `ãa jlsma`gdas ga rldar. rldar. Lssl caipjlxa dl gjtlrgëüls í cfgigda, praprmgil`tl dl m`gigëãa. Í cgrgctlrmzgda, prmilmrgil`tl, par uig vgsadmjgtgëãa das vgsas sg`kué`las jacgms, l cai ca`slqul`tl guil`ta da uxa sg`kué`la `a jacgj? acarrl ui guil`ta dg plrilghmjmdgdl das cgpmjgrls, plrimtm`da gssmi, g sgédg dl krg`dl qug`tmdgdl dl jéqumdas pgrg as lspgëas m`tlrstmcmgms? g cagkujgëãa da jéqumda acarrl `as lspgëas m`tlrstmcmgms dlvmda âs qug`tmdgdls lxclssmvgs dl hrm`akî`ma l autrgs pratlé`gs gdvm`dgs das cgpmjgrls? g imkrgëãa dl krg`dl qug`tmdgdl dl krg`ujócmtas l ia`ócmtas pgrg as tlcmdas, l par i, dmjgtgëãa dgs cíjujgs tlcmdugms. Gjku`s das iumtas pradutas tlcmdugms qul cgusgi lssgs rlgëüls m`cjuli g fmstgim`g, g hrgdmcm`m`g, g slrata`m`g, gs prastgkjg`dm`g, dmvlrsas pradutas dg rlgëãa da smstlig dl caipjlil`ta, pradutas dg rlgëãa da smstlig dl cagkujgëãa sg`kué`lg l vçrmgs suhstè`cmgs dlsmk`gdgs caia jm`eacm`gs, qul sãa jmhlrgdgs pljgs cíjujgs T sl`smhmjmzgdgs. Lstgs vçrmgs suhstè`cmgs gtmvgi eartlil`tl a smstlig igcraeçkmca, l li gjkuigs fargs, as igcróegkas cailëgi g dlvargr as tlcmdas

dlstruédas. Gjkuigs vlzls, lstls, as igcróegkas, padli jlsma`gr gs cíjujgs tlcmdugms gm`dg vmvgs.

Lasm`ójas As lasm`ójas sãa cíjujgs qul gtugi `as praclssas gjírkmcas l li pgrgsmtasls. @lssgs smtugëüls, as lasm`ójas guil`tgi dl `þilra `a sg`kul, lstl el`ôil`a í cfgigda par lasm`ajmg. @arigjil`tl ca`stmtuli clrcg dl 8% dl tadas as jlucócmtas l`ca`trgdas `a sg`kul, lstls sãa egkócmtas ergcas, gprlsl`tgi qumimatgxmg, igs li caipgrgëãa cai as `lutrójas, ljls `ãa dãa pratlëãa smk`mcgtmvg ca`trg as tmpas usugms dl m`elcëãa. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 3;

 

Rartg`ta, as lasm`ójas klrgjil`tl sãa praduzmdas li krg`dl lscgjg li plssags cai m`elcëüls pgrgsmtçrmgs l imkrgi li krg`dl `þilra pgrg as tlcmdas gcailtmdas pljas pgrgsmtgs. Gplsgr dl g igmarmg das pgrgsmtgs slrli dligsmgdgil`tl krg`dl pgrg slr egkacmtgdg pljas lasm`ójas au qugjqulr autrg cíjujg egkacétmcg, as lasm`ójas sl prl`dli gas ilsias l par ilma dl iajícujgs dl suplreécmls lsplcmgms l jmhlrgi suhstè`cmgs qul igtgi iumtas i umtas tmpas dl pgrgsmtgs. Tgihíi passuli g prapl`sãa lsplcmgj dl sl ca`cl`trgrli `as tlcmdas li qul acarrli rlgëüls gjírkmcgs, caia `as tlcmdas plrmhrô`qumcas das pujiüls li plssags cai gsig l `g pljl gpós rlgëüls gjírkmcgs cutè`lgs. Lstl el`ôil`a í cgusgda plja egta dl iumtas igstócmtas l hgsójas pgrtmcmpgrli dgs rlgëüls gjírkmcgs.

Hgsójas As hgsójas, tgihíi l`vajvmdas li praclssa gjírkmcas l m`gigtórmas, jmhlrgi fmstgim`g, hli caia plqul`gs qug`tmdgdls dl hrgdmcm`m`g l slrata`m`g sãa pauca `uilrasas l igms lscgssas `a sg`kul. Lstls, tgihíi jmhlrgi flpgrm`g `a sg`kul, uig suhstè`cmg qul padl mipldmr g cagkujgëãa sg`kué`lg. Hgsójas tli ui pgplj mipartg`tl li gjku`s tmpas dl rlgëüls gjírkmcgs, parqul a tmpa dl g`tmcarpa qul cgusg gs rlgëüls gjírkmcgs, g miu`akjahm`g L (MkL), tli prapl`sãa lsplcmgj pgrg sl prl`dlr gas hgsójas. L`tãa, qug`da a g`tékl`a lsplcéca pgrg a g`tmcarpa MkL lsplcéca ca`slqul`tlil`tl mrç rlgkmr cai g`tmcarpa, g xgëãa qul í ui rlsujtgda da g`tékl`a ga g`tmcarpa praiavl g rupturg da hgsója, jmhlrg`da gssmi uig qug`tmdgdl l`aril dl fmstgim`g, hrgdmcm`m`g, slrata`m`g, flpgrm`g, flpgrm`g, suhstè`cmg dl rlgëãa jl`tg dg g`gjgxmg l dmvlrsgs

l`zmigs jmsassôimcgs. Lssgs suhstè`cmgs cgusgi rlgëüls vgscujgrls l tlcmdugms jacgms, rlspa`sçvlms pljg igmarmg dgs ig`melstgëüls gjírkmcgs.

Jm`eócmtas As jm`eócmtas sãa cíjujgs rlda`dgs dl `þcjla krg`dl, sl`da as kjóhujas hrg`cas igms `uilrasas `a sg`kul, dlpams das `lutrójas. Lxmstli vçrmas tmpas dl jm`eócmtas> a tmpa H, T cmtatóxmca l a T guxmjmgr, qul `ãa sãa dmstm`kuévlms l`trl sm iareajakmcgil`tl l só padli slr prlcmsgil`tl mdl`tmcgdas par iítadas sastmcgdas. 36 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

As jm`eócmtas tîi eu`ëüls mipartg`tls, caia rlca`flclr gkl`tls m`elccmasas, rlkujgr g dlelsg da arkg`msia l praduzmr g`tmcarpas qul gtugi `g dlelsg da carpa, dlstrum`da gs cíjujgs m`elctgdgs. Sãa ljls qul rlnlmtgi órkãas trg`spjg`tgdas, parqul `ãa rlca`flcli gs cíjujgs dgquljl órkãa caia próprmgs da arkg`msia l, gssmi, gtgcgi gs ilsigs. Tgihíi sãa rlspa`sçvlms pljg iliórmg miu`ajókmcg, cgrgctlréstmcg qul plrimtl ga carpa gkmr iumta rgpmdgil`tl qug`da tlias gjkuig m`elcëãa pljg slku`dg vlz, dlssg earig í caiprll`sévlj g earig dg vgcm`g. As jm`eócmtas guil`tgi praparcma`gjil`tl li m`elcëüls vmrgms, a qul passmhmjmtg dmstm`kumr uig m`elcëãa vmrgj (qul fç guil`ta das jm`eócmtas) dl uig hgctlrmg`g (guil`ta dl slkil`tgdas l hgstüls) plja fliakrgig, ilsia `ãa sl`da uig rlkrg ghsajutg.

Rjgqultgs G pjgqultgs au traihócmtas, `ãa sãa lxgtgil`tl cíjujgs, igs smi plqul`as ergkil`tas dl cíjujgs igmarls dg ildujg ósslg (ilkgcgrmócmtas), l partg`ta, `ãa passuli `þcjla. @a arkg`msia fuig`a fç clrcg dl 7 •

Iajícujgs dl gctm`g l imasm`g, qul sãa pratlé`gs ca`trçtlms sliljfg`tls

âs l`ca`trgdgs `gs cíjujgs iuscujgrls, gjíi dl autrg pratlé`g ca`trçtmj, g traihastl`m`g, qul padl cgusgr ca`trgëãa dgs pjgqultgs? •

•

Xlséduas da rltécuja l`dapjgsiçtmca l da caipjlxa ca ipjlxa dl Kajkm qul sm`tltmzgi vçrmgs l`zmigs l lsplcmgjil`tl grigzl`gi krg`dl qug`tmdgdl dl éa`s cçjcma? Imtacô`drmgs l smstligs l`zmiçtmcas cgpgzls dl earigr trmeasegta dl gdl`asm`g, au slng, GTR TR,, l tgihíi dmeasegta dl gdl`asm`g, GDR?

•

Smstligs l`zmiçtmcas qul sm`tltmzgi prastgkjg`dm`gs, au par fariô`mas jacgms qul cgusgi vçrmgs rlgëüls vgscujgrls l autrgs rlgëüls tlcmdugms jacgms. \ig mipartg`tl pratlé`g qul í cfgigdg dl egtar lstghmjmzgdar dl Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 3=

 

hrm`g, qul tli eu`ëãa `g cagkujgëãa sg`kué`lg l, par þjtmia, ui egtar dl crlscmil`ta qul egz cai qul gs cíjujgs da l`datíjma vgscujgr, cíjujgs dg iuscujgturg jmsg vgscujgr l hrahjgstas sl iujtmpjmquli l crlscli, praduzm`da crlscmil`ta cljujgr qul, âs vlzls, gnudg g rlpgrgr gs pgrldls vgscujgrls jlsgdgs.

Emk. 26> Rraclssa dl cagkujgëãa li ui vgsa gpós jlsãa.

Cagkujgëãa Sg`kué`lg `a Ugsa Jlsgda   Í ui ilcg`msia pgrg g fliastgsmg. A caçkuja cailëg g sl dlsl`vajvlr li gtí 7< g 82 slku`das li trguigs igms krgvls, l l`trl ui g dams im`utas sl a trguig ear plqul`a. Sãa qugtra gs suhstè`cmgs gtmvgdarls, gtmvgdarls, praduzmdgs pljg pljg pgrldl vgscujgr trguigtmzgdg, pljgs pjgqultgs l pljgs pratlé`gs sg`kué`lgs qul sl gdlrli â pgrldl vgscujgr trguigtmzgdg m`mcmgi a praclssa dl cagkujgëãa. G kurg 26 `as iastrg lstl praclssa. 42 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

  Dl`tra dl trîs g slms im`utas im`utas gpós g rupturg rupturg da vgsa, sl ghlrturg `ãa ear tãa lxtl`sg, tadg g ghlrturg da vgsa í prll`cfmdg plja caçkuja. Gpós 82 im`utas g uig farg, a caçkuja sl rltrgm, elcfg`da gm`dg igms a vgsa. Gs pjgqultgs tgihíi tîi ui pgplj mipartg`tl `lssg rltrgëãa da caçkuja.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 47

 

 

8 SMSTLIG CMXC\J CMXC\JG GTÓXMA CA@FLCMIL@TAS L`tl`dlr l ca`flclr caia í caipasta a smstlig cmrcujgtórma, l sug mipartè`cmg pgrg a hai eu`cma`gil`ta dg haihg cgrdégcg Caiprll`dlr g eu`ëãa da smstlig cmrcujgtórma, hli caia gs grtírmgs, vlmgs l cgpmjgrls sg`kué`las l sugs rlsplctmvgs eu`ëüls. .

FGHMJMDGDLS

Lihgsgda dg jlmturg g`tlrmar, g`tlrmar, slrç passévlj a gcgdîimca mdl`tmcgr as tmpas dl cmrcujgëüls sg`kué`lgs lssl`cmgms pgrg g mrrmkgëãa l axmkl`gëãa das tlcmdas, órkãas l vgsas.

GTMT\DLS Dlsl`vajvlr ca`flcmil`ta ca`flcmil`ta tíc`mca cml`téca `a èihmta smajókmca, g i dl l`tl`dlr as praclssas smajókmcas dg cmrcujgëãa sg`kué`lg.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 43

 

M`traduëãa ga Smstlig Cmrcujgtórma G eu`ëãa dg cmrcujgëãa í g dl gtl`dlr âs dlig`dgs mipastgs pljas tlcmdas, jlvgr `utrml`tls, `utrml`tls, gjíi dl rliavlr as rlséduas rlséduas l gm`dg trg`spartgr fariô`mas pgrg autrg pgrtl da arkg`msia, dlssg earig í lssl`cmgj pgrg g ig`utl`ëãa dl ui gihml`tl egvarçvlj â vmdg l eu`ëãa ótmig dgs cíjujgs.

@LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 4<

 

A smstlig padl slr rlgjmzgda plja plja sg`kul `a cargëãa l `as m`þilras m`þilras vgsas qul trg`spartgi a sg`kul. Rgrg qul a sg`kul passg cflkgr ga slu dlstm`a, au slng, gas dmelrl`tls órkãas ljl dlvl slr, dl earig ca`stg`tl, prapljmda ga ja`ka dgs grtírmgs l vlmgs. G haihg rlspa`sçvlj par lssg earëg í a cargëãa. Liharg a eu`cma`gil`ta da smstlig cmrcujgtórma slng erlqul`tlil`tl caipjlxa, fç trîs ca`smdlrgëüls hçsmcgs l caiu`s âs eu`ëüls da smstlig. Sãa as slkum`tls> A tatgj dl sg`kul pgrg pgrg cgdg tlcmda da carpa í dl earig qugsl prlcmsg ca`trajgda li rljgëãa âs `lclssmdgdls da tlcmda. Wug`da Wug`da gtmvas, as tlcmdas prlcmsgi dl ui uxa iumta igmar igmar sl caipgrgda qug`da qug`da li rlpausa, rlpausa, dl gtí 82 g 32 vlzls qug`da gtmvas. @a l`tg`ta, a cargëãa `ãa `ãa padl guil`tgr slu díhmta li igms da qul qugtra g sltl vlzls. Rartg`ta, `ãa í passévlj guil`tgr smipjlsil`tl a díhmta cgrdégca. Rgrg Rgrg tgj `lclssmdgdl `lclssmdgdl as vgsas dl cgdg tlcmda egzli uig uig ia`mtarmzgëãa ca`tm`ugil`tl dg `lclssmdgdl das tlcmdas, tgms caia g qug`tmdgdl dmspa`évlj dl `utrml`tls l a gcþiuja dl pradutas rlsujtgda dg lxcrlëãa das tlcmdas, l par sug vlz, ca`trajgi a uxa dl earig prlcmsg l cai kgrg`tmg dl sail`tl utmjmzgr a `lclssçrma â gtmvmdgdl dgquljl tlcmda. Gjíi dlssg rlkujgëãa, fç a ca`trajl ca `trajl `lrvasa dg cmrcujgëãa qul plrimtl autras autras ilmas pgrg a ca`trajl da uxa sg`kué`la sg`kué`la pgrg as tlcmdas. A díhmta cgrdégca í ca`trajgda prm`cmpgjil`tl plja uxa tlcmdugj. Ga pgssgr

plja tlcmda, a sg`kul rltar`g mildmgtgil`tl pgrg pgrg a cargëãa gtrgvís gtrgvís dgs vlmgs. Eljmzil`tl, a cargëãa rlspa`dl g tadgs lssgs dlig`dgs haihlg`da a sg`kul qugsl qul tatgjil`tl dl vajtg âs grtírmgs. @lstl sl`tmda, a cargëãa eu`cma`g dl earig gutô`aig, kgrg`tm`da kgrg`tm`da âs dlig`dgs das órkãas, tlcmdas l smstligs. @a l`tg`ta a cargëãa `ãa í plrelmta li sug earig dl rlspa`dlr rlspa`dlr, âs vlzls ljl `lclssmtg `lclssmtg dl gnudg, lssg vli li earig dl sm`gms da smstlig `lrvasa, pgrg ca`trmhumr cai a haihlgil`ta da uxa sg`kué`la `lclssçrma. Li klrgj, g prlssãa grtlrmgj í ca`trajgdg m`dlpl`dl`tlil`tl, qulr da ca`trajl jacgj, qulr da ca`trajl da díhmta tatgj. A próprma próprma smstlig í pravmda dl lxtl`sa lxtl`sa ilcg`msia dl rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa grtlrmgj. Rgrg msta, ca`tg cai uig hgrrgkli dl rllxas `lrvasas, `a qugj mrç passmhmjmtgr gjtlrgëüls pgrg g rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa pgrg as `évlms ca`smdlrgdas `arigms.

45 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Smstîimcg  Cmrcujgëãa Rujia`gr l Smstîimcg  Radlias dmzlr qul a iþscuja cgrdégca tli sug eu`ëãa caipgrgdg g dugs dmstm`tgs haihgs cai eu`ëüls lsplcmcgs, au slng, g parëãa dmrlmtg da iþscuja cgrdégca, `a qugj egz a haihlgil`ta da sg`kul dmrltgil`tl pgrg as pujiüls, cfgigdg plqul`g cmrcujgëãa cmrcujgëãa au cmrcujgëãa pujia`gr, pujia`gr, l g parëãa lsqulrdg lsqulrdg qul egz a haihlgil`ta da sg`kul pgrg as tlcmdas plrmeírmcas, cfgigdg dl cmrcujgëãa smstîimcg au krg`dl cmrcujgëãa.

Emkurg 8> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

G plqul`g cmrcujgëãa, iljfar dlsmk`gdg cmrcujgëãa pujia`gr, armkm`g-sl `a vl`trécuja lsqulrda lsqulrda dl a`dl a sg`kul í mipujsma`gda pgrg pgrg gs grtírmgs pujia`grls l slkul par uig l`aril trgig dl cgpmjgrls `a pujiãa. Ahslrvgi-sl `lssl praclssa, Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 4;

 

gs fliakjahm`gs qul sãa gs iajícujgs prlsl`tls `gs fliçcmgs, lstgs rlclhli iajícujgs dl axmkî`ma (A¸), tar`g`da-sl igms l`rmqulcmdgs dlssl ljlil`ta l il`as sgturgdgs dl kçs cgrhô`mca (CA¸). Lssl sg`kul cflkg dl vajtg pgrg a cargëãa gtrgvís dgs vlmgs pujia`grls cflkg`da ga çtrma lsqulrda lsqulrda l cai gjtg vljacmdgdl trg`selrmdg trg`selrmdg pgrg a vl`trécuja lsqulrda. Gpós as lvl`tas gcmig rljgtgdas, sl m`mcmg g krg`dl cmrcujgëãa, sl`da a sg`kul prapljmda plja vl`trécuja lsqulrda pgrg gs trgigs grtlrmgms l tlcmda das arkg`msias. G krg`dl cmrcujgëãa armkm`g-sl `a vl`trécuja lsqulrda, dl a`dl saerl a haihlgil`ta pgrg rldl dl cgpmjgrls da carpa. Gs dlvmdgs tracgs, dl sg`kul l`tãa rltar`gi pljgs vlmgs gtí a çtrma dmrlmta.

Sg`kul A sg`kul í a ilma jéqumda qul cmrcujg plja arkg`msia gtrgvís da smstlig cmrcujgtórma, trg`spartg dmvlrsgs suhstè`cmgs lssl`cmgms â vmdg. G iavmil`tgëãa da sg`kul `a smstlig cmrcujgtórma dlpl`dl dg gëãa dg haihg cgrdégcg l dg ca`duëãa pljgs dmvlrsgs grtírmgs, vlmgs l cgpmjgrls. A sg`kul sgm das pujiüls rmca li axmkî`ma, a ilsia í trg`spartgda pgrg as tlcmdas, a`dl í jmhlrgda `a tlcmda pljas cgpmjgrls. Ga rltar`gr das tlcmdas a sg`kul vli ca`duzm`da a CA8

l tadas as rlséduas da iltghajmsia cljujgr. As ljlil`tas ca`tmdas `a sg`kul sãa as jlucócmtas, gs pjgqultgs l gs fliçcmgs. G prm`cmpgj eu`ëãa dgs fliçcmgs fliçcmgs í jlvgr a axmkî`ma das das pujiüls pgrg as tlcmdas l trgzlr a dmóxmda dl cgrha`a das tlcmdas pgrg as pujiüls. Au slng, cai g gnudg dg l`zmig cgrrlgdarg fliakjahm`g, a axmkî`ma í trg`spartgda pljgs fliçcmgs, gtrgvís dgs jmkgëüls quéimcgs. A ilsia acarrl acarrl cai a dmóxmda dl cgrha`a pgrg ljmim`gëãa pljas pujiüls. As jlucócmtas tîi g eu`ëãa dl pratlëãa, au slng, sãa eu`dgil`tgms `a smstlig pratltar da arkg`msia, sãa ióvlms pams tli g passmhmjmdgdl dl jacaiaëãa pgrg jacgms a`dl sug gëãa slng `lclssçrmg. `lclssçrmg. Gs pjgqultgs sãa carpþscujas au ergkil`tas dl`aim`gdgs ilkgcgrmócmtas, earigdgs `g ildujg ósslg. Ljgs tîi g earig dl dmscas dmim`utas grrlda`dgdas, l `g rlgjmdgdl, `ãa rlprlsl`tgi cíjujgs l smi carpþscujas cljujgrls. As igkgcgrmacmtas sl ergkil`tgi li pjgqultgs, qul sãa l`tãa sajtgs `g cmrcujgëãa. 46 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Gs pjgqultgs sãa dl lxtrlig rljlvè`cmg `g fliastgsmg l pgrg g cagkujgëãa da sg`kul. @a cgsa dl jlsãa da l`datíjma dl ui vgsa sg`kué`la, gs pjgqultgs sãa gtmvgdgs, gdlrli ga jacgj dg jlsãa l gkjutm`gi-sl uigs âs autrgs. Ga pgssa qul jmhlrgi suhstè`cmgs suhstè`cmgs qul gtmvgi autrgs pjgqultgs, gssmi klrgi klrgi gkjutm`gëãa dl gkl`tls pjgqultçrmas, qul ahstruli ahstruli a jacgj dg jlsãa da vgsa l, li þjtmig þjtmig g`çjmsl, praiavli g m`tlrrupëãa dg plrdg sg`kué`lg. Lssg í g prm`cmpgj eu`ëãa dgs pjgqultgs `a el`ôil`a dl fliastgsmg.

Grtírmgs, vlmgs l cgpmjgrls sg`kué`las Sãa as tuhas `as qugms a sg`kul cmrcujg plja carpa, ahslrvl `g kurg ghgmxa gs prm`cmpgms grtírmgs l vlmgs da carpa fuig`a.

@LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Grtírmgs Dl`mdgs par Grmstótljls li 3 ljçstmcgs au dl krg`dl cgjmhrl? dmstrmhumdargs dl tgig`fa iídma? gs grtlréajgs, lstgs sãa gs il`arls li dmèiltra l gs qul aelrlcli igmar rlsmstî`cmg g pgssgkli da sg`kul, ca`trmhuli, gssmi, pgrg g `arigjmzgëãa da uxa gtí as cgpmjgrls. Gs grtírmgs padli slr cjgssmcgdgs li suplrcmgms au praeu`dgs. Gs suplrcmgms sãa armkm`gdgs `a iþscuja l sug eu`ëãa í `utrmr g pljl? par mssa ilsia, sãa dl il`ar lsplssurg l dmstrmhuédgs dl earig mrrlkujgr mrrlkujgr.. Gs qugsl tatgjmdgdls dgs grtírmgs sãa praeu`dgs, au slng, sãa eu`cma`gms, pams `lstg jacgjmzgëãa ljgs lstãa pratlkmdgs. 

Ulmgs Sãa tuhas `as qugms a sg`kul um dg plrmelrmg pgrg a smstlig cl`trgj, au slng, pgrg a cargëãa. Gs vlmgs sãa g slquî`cmg das cgpmjgrls l slrvli dl ilma dl trg`spartl da sg`kul qul nç rlgjmzau gs dlvmdgs tracgs cai as tlcmdas, jlvg`da a sg`kul dg plrmelrmg pgrg a cargëãa. Gs vlmgs tîi pgrldls il`as lsplssgs li rljgëãa âs grtírmgs, pams supartg

uig prlssãa sg`kué`lg igms ergcg, jlvg`da das tlcmdas a sg`kul pgrg a cargëãa. Caia trgzli sg`kul cl`trmpltgil`tl l ca`trg g krgvmdgdl, gs vlmgs gprlsl`tgi gprlsl`tgi ui smstlig dl vgjvgs qul slrvli pgrg mipldmr a rluxa rluxa dl sg`kul, gjíi dg gtugëãa das iþscujas lsquljítmcas qul guxmjmgi g cflkgdg da sg`kul ga cargëãa. Caia trghgjfgi sah hgmxg prlssãa gs vlmgs gprlsl`tgi uig cgigdg iuscujgr paucg dlsl`vajvmdg l cai paucgs hrgs ljçstmcgs. Gs vlmgs dl plqul`a cgjmhrl sãa dl`aim`gdgs dl vî`ujgs. Dl gcarda cai sug jacgjmzgëãa `g cgigdg carpórlg, gs vlmgs padli slr cjgssmcgdgs li suplrcmgms l praeu`dgs. Gs vlmgs jacgjmzgdgs suplrcmgjil`tl sãa gs suhcutè`lgs, `g igmarmg, vmsévlms par trg`spgrî`cmgs `g pljl, tl`da igmar cgjmhrl `as ilihras suplrmarls l m`elrmarls l `a plscaëa. Slrvli pgrg drl`gkli dg cmrcujgëãa a`dl sl jacgjmzgi l slrvli tgihíi pgrg dlsgeakgr g cmrcujgëãa praeu`dg. Gs vlmgs jacgjmzgdgs praeu`dgil`tl padli slr þ`mcgs, msta í, `ãa rlgjmzgi a gcaipg`fgil`ta dl gjkuig grtírmg au sgtíjmtls qug`da gcaipg`fgi uig grtírmg.  RF (Rrlssãa fmdrastçtmcg) fmdrastçtmcg) – í gjtg `a m`écma das cgpmjgrls, msta plrimtl g lxpujsãa das `utrml`tls dl çkug l kgsls. A cargëãa lstç jmkgda dmrltgil`tl âs grtírmgs l vlmgs. Gs grtírmgs passuli pgrldls krassgs, krassgs, lstgs egzli egzli g ca`duëãa da sg`kul sg`kul qul um da cargëãa cargëãa pgrg a carpa. Li rlsuia, a sg`kul prmilmrgil`tl sgm da cargëãa, í ca`duzmda pljgs grtírmgs igmarls, lstgs sl dmvmdli li rgias il`arls. Ga cflkgr gas tlcmdas âs grtírmgs sãa gm`dg igms `gs, l`tãa cfgigdgs dl grtlréajgs, lstgs sl dmvmdli li vgsas gm`dg igms `as, as cgpmjgrls, lstls lstls l`tãa sl rgimcgi `as tlcmdas, tlcmdas, gpós rltar`gi rltar`gi g sl eu`dmrli pgrg g earigëãa dgs vlmgs, dlpams vî`ujgs l slkum`da gtí earigrli gs

vlmgs dl krg`dl cgjmhrl.

Smstlig Grtlrmgj A smstlig grtlrmgj í caipasta par tadgs gs grtírmgs da carpa, sl`da g dlsmk`gëãa dl vgsas vçjmdas tg`ta pgrg gs grtírmgs caia pgrg gs vlmgs, gqum dlscrlvlrlias lstl smstlig. A m`tlrmar das vgsas grtlrmgms í rlcahlrta par uig cgigdg dl cíjujgs m`tlrpastgs l`trl a iþscuja jmsa l a sg`kul, cgigdg dlsmk`gdg dl l`datíjma. l`datíjma. A l`datíjma, gjíi dl pratlklr a vgsa dl uig passévlj gdlsãa dl pjgqultgs l jlucócmtas, í rlspa`sçvlj pljg rlkujgëãa da tô`us vgscujgr l pljg prlssãa grtlrmgj gtrgvís dg jmhlrgëãa dl suhstè`cmgs vgsagtmvgs. Lstgs suhstè`cmgs gkli dl earig rljgxg`tl sahrl a l`datíjma, caia a óxmda `étrmca (@A), a fmplrpajgrmzg`tl da l`datíjma (LDFE) l g prastgcmcjm`g (RKM8). Lxmstli tgihíi qul cgusgi ca`strmëãa da l`datíjma, qul í a cgsa dg g`kmatl`sm`g MM, gs l`datljm`gs l gs lspícmls rlgtmvgs rlgtmvgs dl axmkî`ma (LXA) l a traihaxg`a.  Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | G hgsl da cargëãa cg `g pgrtl pgrtl pastlrmar l í earigdg earigdg plja çtrma lsqulrda, lsqulrda, cèigrg

qul rlclhl dmrltgil`tl a sg`kul qul cflkg ga cargëãa ghgstlcmda dl axmkî`ma gdvm`da das pujiüls. G egcl m`elrmar au dmgergkiçtmcg cg `a jgda acujta l í earigdg prm`cmpgjil`tl prm`cmpgjil`tl plja vl`trécuja dmrlmta l plja vl`trécuja lsqulrda, l as qul slpgrgi í a slpta m`tlrvl`trmcujgr.. A vl`trécuja dmrlmta l lsqulrda sãa krg`dls cèigrgs qul haihlmgi m`tlrvl`trmcujgr a sg`kul pgrg as pujiüls l pgrg a carpa rlsplctmvgil`tl. G egcl g`tlrmar au lstlr`acastgj lstç jacgjmzgdg `g erl`tl da cargëãa, jaka gtrçs da lstlr`a l dgs castljgs, l í a`dl sl jacgjmzg a vl`trécuja dmrlmta. G egcl lsqulrdg au pujia`gr í earigdg prm`cmpgjil`tl plja krg`dl vl`trécuja lsqulrda, a qugj lstç pasmcma`gda `g ca`cgvmdgdl (miprlssãa cgrdégcg) da pujiãa lsqulrda.

A plrmcçrdma A cargëãa í l`vajvmda l pratlkmda par ui sgca dl pgrldls trmpjgs dl tlcmda ca`nu`tmva cfgigda plrmcçrdma. Lstl í caipasta par dugs pgrtls, a plrmcçrdma hrasa l a plrmcçrdma slrasa. Grtild, 8222.

Rlrmcçrdma Emhrasa Earig pgrtl lxtlr`g da sgca qul l`vajvl a cargëãa l í caipasta ca ipasta par rlsmstl`tl tlcmda ca`nu`tmva hrasa. Ljl tli trîs eu`ëüls prm`cmpgms> Rratlëãa>> a plrmcçrdma hrasa í eartl a sucml`tl pgrg praiavlr ca`trg Rratlëãa trguigs g uig lstruturg tãa vmtgj caia í a cargëãa. Emxgëãa> fç xgëãa hrasg l`trl lstg pgrtl da plrmcçrdma l a lstlr`a l a Emxgëãa> iþscuja dmgergkig. Gjíi dmssa, a plrmcçrdma hrasa eu`dl-sl cai gs ja`kgs pgrldls das vgsas qul pgssgi gtrgvís dljl pgrg a cargëãa. Lstg xgëãa gnudg g g`cargr a cargëãa âs lstruturgs ga slu rldar. rldar. Rrlvl`ëãa  dg Rrlvl`ëãa  dg   dmjgtgëãa dmjgtgëãa>> Caia a plrmcçrdma hrasa `ãa í ljçstmca, ljl `ãa plrimtl qul a cargëãa dmjgtl cai a sg`kul gjíi dl ui clrta jmimtl dl slkurg`ëg.

Rlrmcçrdma Slrasa A plrmcçrdma slrasa l`vajvl a cargëãa dg ilsig ig`lmrg qul g pjlurg egz cai a pujiãa. Lstg pgrtl da plrmcçrdma í uig `g ilihrg`g qul tli dugs pgrtls ca`té`ugs uig cai g autrg, g jèim`g vmsclrgj l g jèim`g pgrmltgj. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | dams çtrmas cai pgrldls `gs, qul

rlclhli a sg`kul vl`asa, l dams krg`dls vl`trécujas dl pgrldls lsplssgs, qul haihlmgi a sg`kul pgrg tada a smstlig grtlrmgj.

Emkurg. 3 - Lstruturg da cargëãa l a uxa dl sg`kul pljgs cèigrgs cgrdégcgs. K\]TA@, 7==;.  @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

52 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

As vl`trécujas As dams vl`trécujas ca`stmtuli g igmar pgrtl da iþscuja da cargëãa, sl`da a lsqulrda igmar l igms eartl qul a dmrlmta. A vl`trécuja dmrlmta dmrlmta lstç jacgjmzgda vl`trgjil`tl, vl`trgjil`t l, earig`da krg`dl pgrtl dg suplreécml era`tgj da cargëãa, l`qug`ta a lsqulrda cg gtrçs l ghgmxa, caiprll`dl`da krg`dl pgrtl dg suplreécml m`elrmar.. A çpmcl da cargëãa í earigda pljg pa`tg da vl`trécuja lsqulrda. m`elrmar A vl`trécuja dmrlmta rlclhl sg`kul sg `kul da çtrma dmrlmta, sl`da lvmtgda lvm tgda a rluxa da sg`kul pljg vçjvujg jacgjmzgdg l`trl a çtrma l vl`trécuja dmrlmta (gtrmavl`trmcujgr). A jéqumda, sg`kul, í l`tãa haihlgda pljg ca`trgëãa da iþscuja vl`trmcujgr pgrg cmig gtrgvís dg vçjvujg pujia`gr l, dljl, pgrg as órkãas pujia`grls. A sg`kul qul gdvíi da çtrma lsqulrda dlslihacg `a vl`trécuja lsqulrda, cflkg`da g lstl lstl gtrgvís gtrgvís da armeécma gtrmavl`trmcujgr gtrmavl`trmcujgr lsqulrda, lsqulrda, qul supartg g vçjvujg gtrmavl`trmcujgr gtrmavl`trmcujgr lsqulrdg. lsqulrdg. G earëg dgs ca`trgëüls ca`trgëüls da vl`trécuja vl`trécuja l`tãa haihlmg a sg`kul gtrgvís dg vgjvg górtmcg pgrg g grtírmg gartg, g prm`cmpgj da carpa fuig`a.

As çtrmas As çtrmas sãa dugs cèigrgs il`arls l dl pgrldls `gs da cargëãa. Ljls lstãa smtugdas sahrl as vl`trécujas, slpgrgdas pljgs vgjvgs gtrmavl`trmcujgrls. Tada a sg`kul vl`asa da carpa í dmrlcma`gda pgrg a çtrma dmrlmta da cargëãa par dugs krg`dls vlmgs, g vlmg cgvg suplrmar l g vlmg cgvg m`elrmar. A slma cara`çrma, g vlmg qul cajltg a sg`kul vl`asa das tlcmdas da cargëãa, tgihíi drl`g pgrg a çtrma dmrlmta. A slu m`tlrmar tli g pgrtl pastlrmar dl pgrldl jmsg l g g`tlrmar dl pgrldl rukasg. Lstgs dugs çrlgs lstãa slpgrgdgs par uig cfg`ergdurg ca`flcmdg caia crmstg tlrim`gj. G pgrldl g`tlrmar rukasg í igms lsplssg qul g pastlrmar, sl`da caipastg pljas iþscujas plcté`las, as qugms dãa gsplcta dl pl`tl â pgrldl m`tlrmar. G eassg avgj í uig dlprlssãa `g pgrldl gdngcl`tl ga çtrma lsqulrda (slpta m`tlrgtrmgj). As iþscujas plcté`las lxpg`dli-sl gtí g gurécujg da çtrma dmrlmta, uig pranlëãa dg cèigrg gtrmgj. Lstg pranlëãa da çtrma cg li vajtg dg prm`cmpgj grtírmg da cargëãa, g gartg, gar tg, l gkl guil`tg`da g cgpgcmdgdl da çtrma dmrlmta. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 57

 

Ghlrturgs `a Çtrma Dmrlmta G vlmg cgvg suplrmar, qul rlclhl sg`kul dg iltgdl suplrmar da carpa, dlslihacg `g pgrtl suplrmar dg çrlg jmsg da çtrma dmrlmta. G vlmg cgvg m`elrmar, qul rlclhl sg`kul dg pgrtl m`elrmar da carpa, dlslihacg `g pgrtl m`elrmar da çtrma dmrlmta. G vlmg cgvg suplrmar `ãa tli vgjvg pgrg mipldmr a rluxa sg`kué`la. G vlmg cgvg m`elrmar tli vgjvg rudmil`tgr l pauca eu`cma`gj. G ghlrturg da slma cara`çrma cg l`trl g ghlrturg dg vlmg cgvg m`elrmar l g ghlrturg qul plrimtl g pgssgkli dl sg`kul pgrg a vl`trécuja dmrlmta (a óstma gtrmavl`trmcujgr).

Çtrma Lsqulrda A çtrma lsqulrda í il`ar qul a çtrma dmrlmta l earig g prm`cmpgj pgrtl dg hgsl da cargëãa. Tli earigta gpraxmigdgil`tl cuhamdl l passum pgrldls jmsgs, lxclta `a rlvlstmil`ta dg gurécujg lsqulrdg, qul í çsplrg li eu`ëãa dgs ljlvgëüls da

iþscuja. Gs vlmgs pujia`grls, qul ca`duzli sg`kul rmca li axmkî`ma dl vajtg gas pujiüls, dlslihacgi `g pgrldl pastlrmar da çtrma lsqulrda. @ãa fç vgjvgs `lstls armeécmas. @A slpta m`tlrgtrmgj, jacgjmzg-sl g eassg avgj `a jgda dmrlmta.

Uçjvujgs G eu`ëãa dgs vçjvujgs padl slr ahslrvgdg `g kurg ga jgda. Gs vçjvujgs çtrma vl`trmcujgrls, lstgs `ãa plrimtli a rltar`a da sg`kul das vl`trécujas pgrg as çtrmas, l`qug`ta gca`tlcl g séstajl l gs vçjvujgs slimju`grls, au slng, gs vçjvujgs górtmcg l pujia`gr mipldli a rluxa dgs grtírmgs górtmcg l pujia`gr pgrg as vl`trécujas durg`tl a iail`ta qul gca`tlcl g dmçstajl.

@LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

58 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Lssgs vçjvujgs cmtgdgs elcfgi-sl l ghrli-sl dl earig pgssmvg, pgssmvg, au slng, ljgs sl elcfgi qug`da ui krgdml`tl rltrókrgda dl prlssãa lipurrg a sg`kul pgrg trçs l ghrli-sl qug`da ui krgdml`tl dl prlssãa g`tlrókrgda earëg a sg`kul g slkumr gvg`tl. Rar rgzüls g`gtôimcgs óhvmgs, a elcfgil`ta dgs dljkgdgs l tî`uls vçjvujgs G-U `ãa rlqulr qugsl `l`fui rluxa, l`qug`ta a dgs iumta igms plsgdgs vçjvujgs slimju`grls rlqulr ui rluxa hgstg`tl eartl par gjku`s imjmsslku`das. Fç dmelrl`ëgs l`trl g aplrgëãa dgs vçjvujgs górtmcg l pujia`gr l g dgs vçjvujgs G-U. Li prmilmra jukgr, gs gjtgs prlssüls qul ghgtli `gs grtírmgs `a `gj dg séstajl earëgi gs vçjvujgs slimju`grls g sl elcfgrli, li caipgrgëãa cai a elcfgil`ta elcfgil`ta sugvl dgs vçjvujgs vçjvujgs gtrmavl`trmcujgrls. gtrmavl`trmcujgrls. Slku`da, dlvmda dlvmda â sug il`ar ghlrturg, lnlëãa li gjtg vljacmdgdl da sg`kul gtrgvís dgs vçjvujgs górtmcg l pujia`gr í hli igmar da qul pljgs vçjvujgs G-U, G-U, iumta igmarls. Gssmi, tgihíi dlvmda ga elcfgil`ta sþhmta l â rçpmdg lnlëãa, gs hardgs dgs vçjvujgs

slimju`grls lstãa sunlmtgs g dlskgstl ilcè`mca iumta igmar qul gs vçjvujgs G-U, qul tgihíi sãa sustl`tgdgs par cardgs tl`dé`lgs. Rljg g`gtaimg dgs vçjvujgs górtmcg l pujia`gr, cg lvmdl`tl qul ljgs lstãa gdgptgdgs pgrg supartgr lssl trguig eésmca lxtrg.

Mrrmkgëãa da Cargëãa> Cargëãa> Dugs grtírmgs cara`çrmgs, dmrlmtg l lsqulrd lsqulrdg, g, sãa rlspa`sçv rlspa`sçvlms lms pljg mrrmkgëãa da cargëãa. Ljgs carrli `a slma cara`çrma, qul slpgrg as çtrmas das vl`trécujas. \sugjil`tl g cara`çrmg cara`çrm g lsqulrdg í igms cgjmhrasg qul g dmrlmtg l í prlpa`dlrg`tl, prlpa`dlrg`tl, msta í, sug çrlg dl dmstrmhumëãa í igmar. As rgias l g dmstrmhumëãa dgs grtírmgs cara`çrmgs pgssgrgi g slr ahnlta dl lstudas im`ucmasas cai a gdvl`ta da cgtltlrmsia cgrdégca l dg cm`lg`kmakrgg, sastmcg`da iítadas guxmjmgrls dl dmgk`óstmca dgs dal`ëgs cara`grmg`gs. G cara`çrmg lsqulrdg ear`lcl a rgia m`tlrvl`trmcujgr g`tlrmar l a rgia cmrcu`lxa. Lstl þjtmia g`gstaiasg-sl cai g grtírmg cara`çrmg dmrlmtg. G cara`çrmg dmrlmtg armkm`g a rgia igrkm`gj l a rgia m`tlrvl`trmcujgr pastlrmar qul sl g`gstaiasg cai a rgia m`tlrvl`trmcujgr g`tlrmar dg cara`çrmg lsqulrdg. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 53

 

M`lrvgëãa G m`lrvgëãa da cargëãa sl dç dl dugs earigs dmelrl`tl? g m`lrvgëãa lxtré`slcg, qul gdvíi das `lrvas jacgjmzgdas earg da cargëãa l g autrg m`lrvgëãa g m`tré`slcg qul í jacgjmzgdg `a próprma órkãa cgrdégca. G lxtré`slcg armkm`g-sl da smstlig `lrvasa gutô`aia (S@G), au slng, da smstlig smipçtmca l da pgrgssmipçtmca, a`dl a smstlig smipçtmca da cargëãa rlclhl as `lrvas cgrdégcas. Nç gs hrgs da pgrgssmipçtmca qul cflkgi ga cargëãa pravîi plja `lrva vgka da qugj dlrmvgi as `lrvas pgrgssmipçtmcas.  A smstlig dl ca`duëãa da cargëãa au g vmg lxtré`slcg í a egtar igms mipartg`tl da rmtia l das hgtmil`tas da cargëãa. Í cgrgctlrmzgdg pljg cmrcujgëãa ljítrmcg `a cargëãa, rétimcg, qul sl dç `gs hrgs iuscujgrls lsplcmgjmzgdgs da cargëãa, sãa gs cíjujgs dl guta lxcmtgëãa l guta rmtimcgs. A ca`trajl dg gtmvmdgdl da cargëãa í elmta gtrgvís da vgka (m`mhm`da) l da

smipçtmca (lstmiujg`da). Lstls `lrvas gkli sahrl uig earigëãa smtugdg `g pgrldl da çtrma dmrlmta, a `ó sm`agtrmgj, ca`smdlrgda caia a ‚igrcg pgssa’ da cargëãa. Dgé, rmtimcgil`tl, a mipujsa lspgjfg-sl ga imacçrdma, rlsujtg`da ca`trgëãa. Lstl mipujsa cflkg ga `ó gtrmavl`trmcujgr, jacgjmzgda `g parëãa m`elrmar da slpta m`tlrgtrmgj, l sl prapgkg gas vl`trécujas gtrgvís das egscécujas gtrmavl`trmcujgrls. Gs vmgs dl ca`duëãa l m`lrvgëãa m`lr vgëãa da cargëãa padli slr ahslrvgdgs `g kurg ghgmxa.

Ea`tl> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

54 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Cmcja Cgrdégca  Cgrdégca  A cmcja cgrdégca í g dl`aim`gëãa da plréada m`mcmgj dl ui hgtmil`ta gtí a iail`ta m`mcmgj da hgtmil`ta pastlrmar. pastlrmar. Cgdg cmcja í m`mcmgda pljg m`mcmgëãa próprmg dl ui patl`cmgj dl gëãa plja `ada sm`agtrmgj, au sm`usgj, sm`usgj, au sm`agtrmgj. Lssl `ada lstç jacgjmzgda `a çtrma dmrlmta `g pgrldl suplrmar, suplrmar, próxmia â ghlrturg dl vlmg parëãa suplrmar, suplrmar, l a patl`cmgj dl gëãa pgssg rgpmdgil`tl par gihas as çtrmas l, dgé, plja elmxl G-U gtí as vl`trécujas. Ca`tuda, dlvmda ga grrg`na lsplcmgj da smstlig dl ca`duëãa das çtrmas pgrg as vl`trécujas, fç ui rltgrda dl igms dl 7/72 dl slku`da `g jmkgëãa da mipujsa l`trl as çtrmas ç trmas pgrg as vl`trécujas. Mssa passmhmjmtg gas çtrmas ca`trgérli-sl g`tls das vl`trécujas, dlstg earig gca`tlcl a haihlgil`ta da sg`kul pgrg pgrg as rlsplctmvas rlsplctmvas vl`trécujas g`tls dgs iumta iumta patl`tls ca`trgëüls ca`trgëüls vl`trmcujgrls.. As çtrmas gtugi, partg`ta, caia haihgs l ljls praparcma`gi, l`tãa, vl`trmcujgrls g prm`cmpgj earëg dl iavmil`tgëãa da sg`kul ga ja`ka da smstlig vgscujgr.

Rrlssãa Grtlrmgj G lxprlssãa prlssãa grtlrmgj í utmjmzgdg pgrg g rlprlsl`tgëãa dg prlssãa lxlrcmdg ca`trg g pgrldl dgs grtírmgs durg`tl ui cmcja cgrdégca. G prlssãa smstójmcg (RGS) acarrl durg`tl a iail`ta dl ca`trgëãa da vl`trécuja lsqulrda, durg`tl g lnlëãa dl ;2 ij g 722 ij dl sg`kul pgrg g grtírmg gartg. Li ui m`dmvédua sgudçvlj, g RGS í dl gpraxmigdgil`tl 782 iiFk (imjéiltra dl ilrcþrma) lstl `þilra rlprlsl`tg uig lstmigtmvg dg earëg dl trghgjfa da cargëãa, `a qugj lstg earëg í lxlrcmdg plja cargëãa ca`trg gs pgrldls dgs grtírmgs durg`tl g séstajl vl`trmcujgr. G egsl dl rljgxgil`ta da cmcja cgrdégca í rlprlsl`tgdg pljg prlssãa grtlrmgj dmgstójmcg (RGD), (RGD), í qug`da qug`da as vgjarls vgjarls dg prlssãa prlssãa grtlrmgj sãa rlduzmdas rlduzmdas l`trl ;2iiFk l 62iiFk, l lstl rlprlsl`tg g rlsmstî`cmg dgs grtírmgs plrmeírmcgs au qugj g egcmjmdgdl da sg`kul um plja carpa pgrg grtlréajgs gr tlréajgs l pgrg as cgpmjgrls. @g igmarmg das órkãas a uxa sg`kué`la í ig`tmda rljgtmvgil`tl dl earig ca`stg`tl, msta sl dç par ilma dl gdgptgëüls `a próprma órkãa. Lssg rlkujgëãa da uxa sg`kué`la sl lxpjmcg par dmvlrsgs cgusgs, m`cjum`da g rlkujgëãa grtlrmgj cl`trgj, g rl`gj l g imakî`mcg. Xlkujgëãa cl`trgj>  cl`trgj>  í g rlkujgëãa pgrg gtl`dlr g dlig`dg mipastg ga smstlig cgrdmavgscujgr, cgrdmavgscujgr, l í rlkujgdg prm`cmpgjil`tl plja smstlig `lrvasa `lr vasa smipçtmca Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 5<

 

(S@S) l da smstlig `lrvasa pgrgssmipçtmca pgrgssmipçtmca (S@R). Lstls dams smstligs rlclhli rlclhli gs m`earigëüls das hgrarrlclptarls qul sl jacgjmzgi `g grtírmg cgrótmdg l `a grca górtmca, l das qumimarrlclptarls qumimarrlclptarls qul cgi `g cgrótmdg l `g gartg, pgrg lstls gnustls `g prlssãa grtlrmgj. rl`m`g-g`kmatl`sm`g-gjdastlra`g gkl caia ui A ca`trajl rl`gj> rl`gj> A smstlig rl`m`g-g`kmatl`sm`g-gjdastlra`g rlkujgdar faria`gj `a ca`trajl dg prlssãa grtlrmgj gr tlrmgj lstç jmkgda ga dlsl`vajvmil` dlsl`vajvmil`ta ta dl g`arigjmdgdls caia g fmplrtl`sãa grtlrmgj. G rl`m`g rl`m`g í uig l`zmig jmhlrgdg pljas rm`s, lstg ca`vlrtl a g`kmatl`sm`akî`ma li g`kmatl`sm`g M, qul í ca`vlrtmdg li g`kmatl`sm`g MM. \ig vlz gtmvgdg g cgscgtg, g g`kmatl`sm`g M l g g`kmatl`sm`g MM gtmvgi gs lstruturgs gjvas, caia? vgsas, rm`s, cargëãa ltc. Lstl praclssa gtug `g lstghmjmzgëãa fliadm`èimcg pgrg lvmtgr a gcríscmia lxclssmva dg plreusãa smstîimcg. A ca`trajl imakî`mca> imakî`mca> hgslmg-sl `g gdgptgëãa iuscujgr dl sl arkg`mzgr

rgpmdgil`tl l rlgkmr sah gëüls m`tlr`gs, qug`da fç ui guil`ta dg prlssãa `as vgsas, g tl`sãa `as vgsas vgsas tl`dl g guil`tgr, guil`tgr, cai msta a iþscuja jmsa lxpg`dl. Msta jlvg g ghlrturg dl cg`gms jmvrls dl sódma l dl cçjcma, jlvg`da g uig rlgëãa ca`trçtmj `a ilsia. Au slng, lstl ilcg`msia imakî`mca í g cgpgcmdgdl iuscujgr dl rlspa`dlr dl earig próprmg, ilcg`mcgil`tl, ilcg`mcgil`tl, a guil`ta dg prlssãa prlssãa m`tlr`g, lxpg`dm`da, guil`tg a dmèiltra das vgsas sg`kué`las ig`tl`da a uxa ca`stg`tl.

Fmpatl`sãa Grtlrmgj Acarrl qug`da lxmstl uig quldg smk`mcgtmvg `as vgjarls dg prlssãa grtlrmgj rljgtmvg ga vgjar ca`smdlrgda hgsgj. Raríi, `ãa fç ui jmimtl hli dl`mda pgrg a dmgk`óstmca dl fmpatl`sãa, msta dmz rlsplmta g cgdg plssag, as vgjarls tl`sma`gms m`elrmarls g =2/52 ii/Fk lxpjmcgi li sug igmarmg lxlipjmcgi lstg g`arigjmdgdl. Gjku`s grtmkas l jmvras jmvras gssacmgi as sm`taigs artastçtmcas g quldgs quldgs tl`sma`gms, li li klrgj a vgjar 0982/72 ii Fk í igms rljlvg`tl da qul a vgjar dg dmim`umëãa dg prlssãa sg`kué`lg. G fmpatl`sãa sl dgr igms caiuil`tl sah g earig dl fmpatl`sãa pasturgj (au artastçtmcg), qul í g dmim`umëãa hruscg `as vgjarls dg prlssãa grtlrmgj cgusgda par iudg`ëgs dl dlcþhmta, qug`da uig plssag plssag iudg dg pasmëãa dlmtgdg dlmtgdg pgrg g pasmëãa li pí, au vmcl vlrsg. As sm`taigs dg fmpatl`sãa sãa pgssgklmras l acgsma`g vmsãa lihgëgdg, dar dl cghlëg, ta`turgs, sé`capl, sl`sgëãa dl dlsigma, ergqulzg, sa`ajî`cmg.

55 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Fmplrtl`sãa Grtlrmgj G prlssãa grtlrmgj padl slr dl`mdg caia g earëg gpjmcgdg sahrl gs grtírmgs. G prlssãa grtlrmgj dmstrmhum-sl dl iada ca`té`ua l smiítrmca l`trl ui vgjar ié`mia l ui vgjar içxmia, a qul tar`g dmeécmj lstghljlclr lstghljlclr ui pa`ta dl cartl gcmig da qugj a m`dmvmdua pgssg g slr ca`smdlrgda fmplrtl`sa. @g vlrdgdl, g dl`mëãa dl fmplrtl`sãa grtlrmgj tli dl clrta iada uig `gturlzg lstgtéstmcg> trgtg-sl dl ui dlsvma dg `arigjmdgdl, `a qugj as `évlms prlssórmcas das m`dmvéduas gcailtmdas smtugi-sl cra`mcgil`tl gcmig dl ui dltlrim`gda jmimtl lstghljlcmda par ca`vl`ëãa. A jmimtl gtugjil`tl gdatgda í a dl 73< ii/Fk pgrg g prlssãa smstójmcg l dl 6< iiFk pgrg g prlssãa dmgstójmcg. Í caiui a usa lxcjusmva da `évlj dl prlssãa dmgstójmcg caia crmtírma dmgk`óstmca, liharg a lelmta dljltírma dg fmplrtl`sãa smstójmcg lstlng hli lstghljlcmda.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 5;

 

 

4

SMSTLIG @L\XAEMSMAJAKMG CA@FLCMIL@TAS Caiprll`dlr Caiprll` dlr a ca`clmta dl `lura `lurasmajakmg smajakmg l g arkg`mzgëãa g`gtôimcg da smstlig `lrvasa l sugs dmvmsüls l eu`ëüls? L`tl`dlr a praclssa dl grigzl`gil`ta dl m`earigëüls l as prm`cmpgms `évlms eu`cma`gms da smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj? Ca`flclr g g`gtaimg smajókmcg dg sm`gpsl quéimcg l ljítrmcg, g egdmkg dg trg`simssãa sm`çptmcg l slus lelmtas.

FGHMJMDGDLS Xlca`flclr, cai sugs sm`kujgrmdgdls, as dmelrl`tls ca`tlxtas `luraeu`cma`gms Xlca`flclr, `luraeu`cma`gms l cai as ca`flcmil`tas prívmas sahrl g dm`èimcg g`gtaeu`cma`gj `lurajókmcg.

GTMT\DLS A gju`a dlsl`vajvlrç cgpgcmdgdl dl gprl`dlr g prl`dlr ca`tm`ugil`tl, tg`ta li sug earigëãa qug`ta li sug prçtmcg dmçrmg, caiprll`dl`da as dmvlrsas gcailtmil`tas dl ardli `luraeu`cma`gj `as dmelrl`tls `évlms dl caipjlxmdgdl.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 5=

 

Ca`clmta   Gs eu`ëüls arkè`mcgs, hli caia g m`tlkrgëãa da g`migj `a ilma gihml`tl lstãa `g dlpl`dî`cmg dl ui smstlig lsplcmgj dl`aim`gda dl smstlig `lrvasa. Msta smk`mcg qul lstl smstlig ca`trajg l caardl`g gs eu`ëüls dl tadas as smstligs da arkg`msia, rlclhl as lsté-

iujas gpjmcgdas â suplreécml da carpa l í gssmi cgpgz dl m`tlrprltç-jas l dlsl`cgdlgr rlspastgs gdlqugdgs g lstls lstéiujas.   A smstlig `lrvasa í caipasta par trmjfüls dl cíjujgs dl dmvlrsas tmpas, gjíi dl vgsas sg`kué`las l gjkui tlcmda ca`nu`tmva. Gs cíjujgs `lrvasgs ca`dutargs dl lstéiujas ljítrmcas sãa as `lurô`mas. Ljgs sãa gs igms mipartg`tls eu`cma`gjil`tl, paríi earigi gpraxmigdgil`tl gpl`gs 72% dgs cíjujgs da smstlig `lrvasa. Nç gs cíjujgs dg kjmgms sãa igmarmg, l li ca`nu`ta cai as vgsas sg`kué`las l a tlcmda ca`nu`tmva, aelrlcli ui grcghauëa dl sustl`tgëãa, pratlëãa l `utrmëãa gas `lurô`mas. A `lurô`ma í earigda par ui carpa cljujgr l dams tmpas dl praja`kgil`ta au hrgs `lrvasgs, qul sãa> as dl`drmtas dl`drmtas sãa  sãa curtas l trgzli as lstéiujas gtí a carpa cljujgr? l as gxô`mas gxô`mas,, qul padli slr ja`kas l jlvgi a lstéiuja da carpa cljujgr pgrg ja`kl dljl. Radlias vlr lstl lxlipja `g kurg 7.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | ;7

 

As gxô`mas sãa l`vajvmdas par uig hgm`fg kardurasg, g hgm`fg dl imljm`g, qul egz msajgil`ta ljítrmca l plrimtl qul as lstéiujas slngi ca`duzmdas dl iada igms rçpmda l lcml`tl. As lstéiujas cflkgi gas `lurô`mas gtrgvís das dl`drmtas, pgssgi pgrg a carpa cljujgr l l`tãa pgrg slus gxô`mas. G rlkmãa a`dl dams `lurô`mas sl nu`tgi í dl`aim`gdg sm`gpsl, a`dl acarrlrç rlgëüls quéimcgs cai suhstè`cmgs cfgigdgs `luratrg`simssarls, qul passmhmjmtgi g trg`simssãa da lstéiuja pgrg autra `lurô`ma au pgrg ui iþscuja au vésclrg. G sm`gpsl í dlia`strgdg `g kurg 8. 

Emk. 28> Lsqulig dl Sm`gpsl. @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Cai uig vmsãa igcrascapmcgil`tl, a smstlig `lrvasa gprlsl`tg dams tmpas dl suhstè`cmgs> g cm`zl`tg, cm`zl`tg, qul í caipastg pljas carpas das `lurô`mas, l g suhstè`cmg hrg`cg, hrg`cg, earigdg pljas gxô`mas qul trg`simtli as lstéiujas dl ui jgda pgrg a autra. @ui cartl dl círlhra padlias dmelrl`cmgr `mtmdgil`tl gs dugs suhstè`cmgs.

;8 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Arkg`mzg Arkg`mzgëãa ëãa g`gtôimcg da smstlig `lrvasa `lr vasa Li uig vmsãa g`gtôimcg da smstlig `lrvasa, a ilsia í dmvmdmda li dugs parëüls> Smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj (S@C), cl`trgj (S@C), qul í rlspa`sçvlj pljgs eu`ëüls igms caipjlxgs, caia g m`tlrprltgëãa dl lstéiujas, a dlsl`cgdlgil`ta dgs rlspastgs ghstrgtgs, gssmi caia a rgcmacé`ma. Smstlig `lrvasa plrmeírmca (S@R), plrmeírmca (S@R), lstl, par sug vlz, cgptg lstéiujas dl tadgs gs pgrtls da carpa l dadlilma dlpams gatadas S@C qul praduzmrç rlspastgs l trg`simtmrç vajtglxtlr`a, ga S@R,l`vmg`da-as l gs l`cgim`fg pgrg as órkãas da carpa. Gqum padl slr ahslrvgdg ahslr vgdg uig dmvmsãa l`trl vmgs gelrl`tls, qul trgzli m`ear-

igëüls li dmrlëãa ga smstlig `lrvasa `lr vasa cl`trgj, l gs vmgs lelrl`tls, qul jlvgi gs rlspastgs li dmrlëãa gas órkãas leltugdarls. Radl slr ahslrvgda gm`dg, qul lxmstli `lurô`mas qul só pgrtmcmpgi dgs vmgs gelrl`tls, `a cgsa das sl`smtmvas, l autras qul só pgrtmcmpgi dgs vmgs lelrl`tls, as `lurô`mas iatarls, ui `lurô`ma da S@R `ãa padl slr ga ilsia tlipa sl`smtmva l iatar iatar..

Emsmajakmg da Smstlig @lrvasa Rgrg iljfar l`tl`dmil`ta dlstg u`mdgdl dl lstuda, í lssl`cmgj qul sl sgmhg as prm`cépmas qul rlkli as patl`cmgms dl ilihrg`g l g trg`simssãa dl sm`gms pljas `lrvas l pljgs nu`ëüls `luraiuscujgrls.

Smstlig @lrvasa - Dmvmsãa Sl`sarmgj Iumtgs gtmvmdgdls da smstlig `lrvasa sl m`mcmgi pljgs lxplrmî`cmgs sl`sarmgms qul lxcmtgi as rlclptarls, slngi ljls vmsugms, gudmtmvas, tçtlms, au dl autras tmpas. Lstgs lxplrmî`cmgs sl`sarmgms padli pravacgr rlgëüls `a l`cíegja mildmgtgil`tl au padli slr grigzl`gdgs `a ilsia, sah g earig dl iliórmg, par im`utas, slig`gs au gtí ilsia g`as, l gssmi padl dltlrim`gr rlgëüls da arkg`msia li dgtg euturg. Radlias vlr `g kurg 3, g parëãa saiçtmcg da smstlig sl`sarmgj, lstg trg`strg`simtmrç g m`earigëãa sl`sarmgj vm`dg dl rlclptarls qul lstãa jacgjmzgdas li tadg g suplreécml da carpa l dl gjkuigs lstruturgs praeu`dgs. Lssg m`earigëãa au lstéiuja cflkg ga smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj pljas `lrvas plrmeírmcas l í ca`duzmdg mildmgtgil`tl pgrg iþjtmpjgs çrlgs sl`sarmgms qul lstãa jacgjmzgdgs li tadas as `évlms dg ildujg lspm`fgj, `g earigëãa rltmcujgr da hujha, dg pa`tl l da ilsl`cíegja, `a clrlhlja, `a tçjgia l li çrlgs da córtlx clrlhrgj. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | ;3

 

Smstlig @lrvasa - Dmvmsãa Iatarg A smstlig `lrvasa tli uig eu`ëãa mipartg`tl qul í g dl ca`trajgr gs dmvlrsgs gtmvmdgdls da carpa. Lssg eu`ëãa í rlgjmzgdg plja ca`trajl dl gjku`s órkãas lsplcécas, caia> dg ca`trgëãa das iþscujas lsquljítmcas gpraprmgdas, par tada a carpa? dg ca`trgëãa dg iuscujgturg jmsg das órkãas

m`tlr`as? dg slcrlëãa dl suhstè`cmgs quéimcgs pljgs kjè`dujgs lxócrm`gs l l`dócrm`gs qul gkli `gs dmelrl`tls pgrtl da carpa. Tadgs lstgs gtmvmdgdls sãa cajltmvgil`tl cfgigdgs dl eu`ëüls iatargs da smstlig `lrvasa, as iþscujas l gs kjè`dujgs sãa dl`aim`gdgs leltarls, parqul sãa gs lstruturgs g`gtôimcgs qullstgs vlrdgdlmrgil`tl lxlcutgi gs eu`ëüls dmtgdgs pljas sm`gms `lrvasas. Emk. 23> Lmxa saigtassl`sarmgj da smstlig `lrvasa. @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

G Eu`ëãa M`tlkrgtmvg da Smstlig @lrvasa Lstg eu`ëãa sl tar`g uig dgs igms mipartg`tls da smstlig `lrvasa, qul í g dl praclssgr g m`earigëãa lelrl`tl, dl iada qul slngi leltugdgs gs dlvmdgs rlspastgs il`tgms l iatargs. Igms dl ==% dl tadg g m`earigëãa sl`sarmgj í dlscgrtgdg plja círlhra caia mrrljlvg`tl l sli mipartè`cmg. Dl iada klrgj, `ãa plrclhlias gs pgrtls da carpa qul lstãa li ca`tgta cai `assgs vlstmil`tgs, gssmi caia g prlssãa qul g cgdlmrg lxlrcl sahrl a `assa carpa qug`da lstgias sl`tgdas au sl`tgias. Dlstg earig, g gtl`ëãa í gtrgédg gpl`gs pgrg ahnlta acgsma`gj li `assa cgipa dl vmsãa l ilsia a ruéda plrpítua qul `as clrcg í `arigjil`tl rljlkgda ga suhca`scml`tl. ;4 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Rarí Raríi, i, qug`da lstg m`earigëãa í mipartg`tl, ljg í mildmgtgil`tl cg`gjmzgdg pgrg rlkmüls m`tlkrgtmvgs l iatargs gpraprmgdgs da círlhra, pgrg padlr pravacgr gs rlspastgs dlslngdgs. G cg`gjmzgëãa l a praclssgil`ta dg m`earigëãa sãa cfgigdas dl eu`ëüls m`tlkrgtmvgs. Dlssl iada, sl g plssag l`castgr g iãa i ãa `a eaka, g rlspastg m`stg`tè`lg gdlqugdg í g dl gegstgr g iãa. Slkuli gssmi autrgs rlspastgs gssacmgdgs, caia iavlr a carpa m`tlmra pgrg ja`kl da eaka, au gtí ilsia ui krmta.

Gs Sm`gpsls `g Eu`ëãa M`tlkrgtmvg G sm`gpsl, caia dmta g`tlrmaril`tl, í a pa`ta dl ca`tgta l`trl dams `lurô-

`mas. Lstgs dltlrim`grãa gs dmrlëüls li qul as sm`gms `lrvasas sl dmstrmhumrãa plja smstlig `lrvasa. Gjkuigs dljgs trg`simtli sm`gms dl ui `lurô`ma pgrg a autra cai egcmjmdgdl, l`qug`ta autrgs cai igms dmcujdgdl. Í ca`smdlrgda tgihíi qul sm`gms egcmjmtgtórmas au m`mhmtórmas vm`das dl dmelrl`tls çrlgs da smstlig `lrvasa padli ca`trajgr g trg`simssãa dgs sm`gpsls, gjkuigs vlzls ghrm`da gs sm`gpsls pgrg g trg`simssãa, l li autrgs, elcfg`da gs ilsigs. Gm`dg gssmi, l`qug`ta dltlrim`gdas `lurô`mas pós-sm`çptmcas rlspa`dli cai krg`dl `þilra dl mipujsas, autras rlspa`dli cai il`as. Rartg`ta, gs sm`gpsls lxlcutgi uig gëãa sljltmvg, lstg gtug, gjkuigs vlzls, hjaqulg`da sm`gms ergcas, l`qug`ta plrimtli qul sm`gms igms eartls pgssli l, gm`dg gssmi, sljlcma`g`da l gipjmcg`da dltlrim`gdas sm`gms ergcas l cai erlquî`cmg trg`simtl tgms sm`gms li iumtgs dmrlëüls li vlz dl l`vmç-jas gpl`gs pgrg uig dmrlëãa þ`mcg.

G iliórmg> grigzl`gil`ta dl m`earigëãa Caia dmta g`tlrmaril`tl, gpl`gs uig plqul`g ergëãa dgs m`earigëüls sl`sarmgms pravacgi uig rlspastg iatarg mildmgtg, gtí ilsia sl ca`smdlrgrias gs igms rljlvg`tls. Raríi, Raríi, g igmar pgrtl dlstgs m`earigëüls í grigzl`gdg pgrg a ca`trajl eutura dgs gtmvmdgdls iatargs l pgrg usa `as praclssas cak`mtmvas. A grigzl`gil`ta, `g igmar pgrtl, acarrl `a córtlx clrlhrgj l ilsia gs rlkmüls suhcartmcgms da l`cíegja l g ildujg lspm`fgj padli grigzl`gr plqul`gs qug`tmdgdls dl m`earigëãa. Lstl grigzl`gil`ta í a praclssa qul cfgigias dl iliórmg, l í tgihíi uig eu`ëãa dgs sm`gpsls. Wug`da dltlrim`gdas tmpas dl sm`gms sl`sarmgms pgssgi par slquî`cmg dl sm`gpsls, g cgdg vlz, lstgs sl tar`gi igms ig ms cgpgzls dl trg`simtmr a ilsia tmpa dl sm`gj li autrgs apartu`mdgdls, lssl praclssa í cfgigda dl egcmjmtgëãa. Dlpams qul as sm`gms sl`sarmgms pgssgi `uilrasgs vlzls par sm`gpsls, gs ilsEmsmajakmg Hçsmcg | ;<

 

igs cgi tãa egcmjmtgdgs qul padli tgihíi praiavlr g trg`simssãa dl mipujsas pljg ilsig slquî`cmg dl sm`gpsls gtí qul acarrg uig gusî`cmg dg gelrî`cmg sl`sarmgj. Mssa praparcma`g ga m`dmvédua g plrclpëãa dl lstgr lxplrmil`tg`da gs sl`sgëüls armkm`gms, liharg lssgs plrclpëüls slngi gpl`gs iliórmgs dgs sl`sgëüls. Rar i, uig vlz qul gs m`earigëüls tl`fgi smda grigzl`gdgs sah g earig dl iliórmg, ljgs pgssgi g slr pgrtl dl ui ilcg`msia i lcg`msia dl praclssgil`ta da círlhra, círlhra, pgrg ui usa eutura dgs ilsigs sah g earig dl pl`sgil`ta, au slng, as praclssas cak`mtmvas clrlhrgms caipgrgi gs `avgs lxplrmî`cmgs sl`sarmgms cai gs iliórmgs grigzl`gdgs.

As prm`cmpgms `évlms eu`cma`gms da S@C A smstlig `lrvasa fuig`a flrdau cgpgcmdgdls eu`cma`gms dl cgdg ui das lstçkmas lvajutmvas fuig`as, l g pgrtmr dlstg flrg`ëg, vacî ca`flclrç trîs `évlms prm`cmpgms da smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj, qul tîi cgrgctlréstmcgs lsplcécgs, qul sãa> a `évlj dg ildujg lspm`fgj, `évlj clrlhrgj m`elrmar (au `évlj suhcartmcgj) l a `évlj clrlhrgj suplrmar (au `évlj cartmcgj)

@évlj Ildujgr

Í ca`clhmdg, iumtgs vlzls, g ildujg lspm`fgj caia sl`da uig vmg dl pgssgkli pgrg as sm`gms vm`das dg plrmelrmg da carpa li dmrlëãa ga l`cíegja, au `g dmrlëãa apastg, da l`cíegja l dl vajtg ga carpa, paríi msta `ãa í vlrdgdl. As cmrcumtas `lurgms m`tré`slcas dg ildujg sãa rlspa`sçvl rlspa`sçvlms ms par> iavmil`ta dl igrcfg? rllxas qul gegstgi pgrtls da carpa da ahnlta au jacgj qul cgusgi dar? dar ? rllxas qul l`rml`rm nlcli gs plr`gs pgrg pgrg sustl`tgr sustl`tgr a carpa ca`trg ca`trg g krgvmdgdl krgvmdgdl l rllxas qul ca`trajgi ca`trajgi as vgsas sg`kué`las jacgms, kgstram`tlstm`gms au lxcrlëãa urm`çrmg. Rartg`ta, as `évlms suprglspm`fgms klrgjil`tl `ãa aplrgi plja l`vma dl sm`gms dmrltgil`tl pgrg g plrmelrmg da carpa, igs smi l`vmg`da gas cl`tras dl ca`trajl dg ildujg lspm`fgj, ljl caig`dg lssls cl`tras pgrg qul rlgjmzli sugs eu`ëüls.

@évlj Clrlhrgj M`elrmar (Suhcartmcgj) G igmarmg dgs gtmvmdgdls suhca`scml`tls da carpa í ca`trajgdg par rlkmüls l`cleçjmcgs suhcartmcgms (`a hujha, `g pa`tl, `a ilsl`cíegja, `a fmpatçjgia, `a tçjgia, `a clrlhlja l `as kè`kjmas dg hgsl). Dlssg earig, a ca`trajl suhca`scml`tl dg prlssãa grtlrmgj l dg rlspmrgëãa í lxlcutgda prm`cmpgjil`tl plja hujha l pljg pa`tl. A ca`trajl da lqumjéhrma í eu`ëãa caihm`gdg dgs parëüls igms g`tmkgs da ;5 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

clrlhlja, nu`tgil`tl cai g earigëãa rltmcujgr hujhgr, dg pa`tl l da ilsl`cíegja. Gjíi dlstls, iumtas pgdrüls tgihíi sãa ca`trajgdas, caia g rgmvg, lxcmtgëãa, rlspastg slxugj, rlgëãa rlgëãa â dar l rlgëãa ga prgzlr, lstls padli ca`tm`ugr acarrl`da ilsia dlpams dl fgvlr uig krg`dl dlstrumëãa dl krg`dl pgrtl da córtlx clrlhrgj.

@évlj Clrlhljgr Suplrmar (Cartmcgj) A córtlx clrlhrgj í g rlkmãa lxtrligil`tl krg`dl dl grigzl`gil`ta dl iliórmgs, lstl `u`cg eu`cma`grç sazm`fa l smi sliprl li gssacmgëãa gssacmg ëãa cai gs lstruturgs

suhcartmcgms da smstlig `lrvasa `lr vasa cl`trgj. Sli a córtlx cór tlx clrlhrgj gs eu`ëüls das cl`tras suhcartmcgms sãa li klrgj miprlcmsgs. A vgsta rlslrvgtórma dl m`earigëãa cartmcgj car tmcgj `arigjil`tl ca`vlrtl lssgs eu`ëüls li aplrgëüls dltlrim`gdgs l prlcmsgs. Dlstl iada, a córtlx clrlhrgj í lssl`cmgj pgrg g igmar pgrtl das `assas praclssas il`tgms, paríi `ãa padl eu`cma`gr sazm`fa. Sãa gs lstruturgs suhcartmcgms l `ãa a córtlx qul m`mcmgi a lstgda dl vmkéjmg `a córtlx clrlhrgj, gssmi praiavl`da g ghlrturg da hg`ca dl iliórmg i liórmg pgrg slr gclssgda pljg igqum`grmg da pl`sgil`ta, qul lstç prlsl`tl `a l`cíegja. Gm`dg gssmi, cgdg parëãa da smstlig `lrvasa lxlcutg eu`ëüls lsplcécgs. Raríi, í a córtlx qul ghrl a iu`da dl m`earigëüls grigzl`gdgs pgrg qul slng lxpjargda pljg il`tl.

Gs Sm`gpsls `a S@C Cgdg mipujsa padl slr hjaqulgda, `g sug trg`simssãa dl ui `lurô`ma pgrg a autra, au padl slr trg`searigda dl mipujsa þ`mca li mipujsas rlpltmtmvas, au gm`dg gssmi, padl slr m`tlkrgda g mipujsas vm`das dl autras `lurô`mas, pgrg klrgr pgdrüls dl mipujsas iumta caipjlxas li `lurô`mas suclssmvas. Lstgs eu`ëüls sãa cjgssmcgdgs caia eu`ëüls sm`çptmcgs das `lurô`mas. Emk. 24> @lurô`ma iatar g`tlrmar tépmca. Cai

ui þ`mca gxô`ma. @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | ;;

 

G`gtaimg Emsmajókmcg dg Sm`gpsl @g kurg 4, padlias vlr ui lsqulig dl `lurô`ma iatar g`tlrmar tépmca qul í l`ca`trgda `a carpa g`tlrmar dg ildujg lspm`fgj. Lstl `lurô`ma í caipasta par trîs pgrtls prm`cmpgms, qul sãa> a carpa cljujgr qul ca`stmtum g igmar pgrtl da `lurô`ma? a gxô`ma þ`mca qul sl lstl`dl da carpa cljujgr, dlmxg g ildujg lspm`fgj l sl m`carparg g `lrvas plrmeírmcas? l as dl`drmtas, qul sãa `uilrasgs pranlëüls rgimrgimcgdgs da carpa cljujgr, cljujgr, qul sl lstl`dli pgrg çrlgs gdngcl`tls dg ildujg.

@as dl`drmtas sãa l`ca`trgdas clrcg dl 72.222 g 822.222 plqul`as tlrim`gms prí-sm`çptmcas, `gs suplreécmls das dl`drmtas l da carpa cljujgr da `lurô`ma iatar, clrcg dl 62% g = g m`gtmvgëãa prakrlssmvg dl iumtas das rlclptarls dl ilihrg`g pós-sm`çptmcas l a jl`ta dlsl`vajvmil`ta dl ca`cl`trgëüls g`arigms dl éa`s `g cíjujg `lura`gj pós-sm`çptmcg.

Lelmtas da pF `g Trg`simssãa Trg`simssãa As `lurô`mas li sug igmarmg rlspa`dli cai gjtg m`tl`smdgdl âs iudg`ëgs dl pF da jéqumda m`tlrstmcmgj qul as cmrcu`dg. Dl ui iada klrgj, g gjcgjasl g jcgjasl guil`tg gcl`tugdgil`tl g lxcmtghmjmdgdl `lura`gj. Caia par lxlipja, qug`da fç ui guil`ta da pF da sg`kul grtlrmgj da `arigj dl ;.4 pgrg ;,6 g 6,2 pravacg li klrgj ca`vujsüls lpmjíptmcgs, dlvmda ga guil`ta dg lxcmtghmjmdgdl dl gjku`s au dl tadas as `lurô`mas clrlhrgms. Lssl gca`tlcmil`ta padl slr dlia`strgda iumta hli ga sl sajmcmtgr g plssag prldmspastg g ca`vujsüls lpmjíptmcgs qul egëg fmplrvl`tmjgëãa. G fmplrvl`tmjgëãa pravacg quldg das `évlms dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a l, gssmi, ljlvg a pF a sg`kul iail`tg`lgil`tl, partg`ta, ilsia g ljlvgëãa da pF par lssl curta tlipa padl iumtgs vlzls prlcmpmtgr gtgqul lpmjíptmca. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | ;=

 

g tmvmdgdl `lura`gj dl iada drçstmca? g qulDlssl iada, g gcmdasl dlprmil g gtmvmdgdl dg da pF dl ;,4 pgrg `évlms m`elrmarls g ;,2, klrgjil`tl pravacg lstgda caigtasa. Rar lxlipja, `as cgsas dl dmghltls iumta krgvl au gcmdasl urîimcg, a lstgda dl caig qugsl sliprl sl dlsl`vajvl.

Lelmta g Fmpóxmg `g Trg`simssãa Sm`çptmcg

G lxcmtghmjmdgdl `lura`gj í tgihíi iumta dlpl`dl`tl da suprmil`ta gdl qugda dl axmkî`ma. G clssgëãa dg dmspa`mhmjmdgdl dl axmkî`ma, par gpl`gs gjku`s slku`das, padl pravacgr caipjltg gusî`cmg dl lxcmtghmjmdgdl dl gjku`s `lurô`mas. Lssl el`ôil`a í ahslrvgda qug`da a uxa sg`kué`la clrlhrgj í tlipargrmgil`tl m`tlrraipmda, m`tlrraipmd a, parqul li clrcg dl 3 g ; slku`das g plssag nç cg m`ca`scml`tl.

Lelmtas das Eçrigcas sahrl g Trg`simssãa Trg`simssãa Sm`çptmcg Dmvlrsas eçrigcas guil`tgi g lxcmtghmjmdgdl das `lurô`mas, l autras g dmim`uli. Rar lxlipja, uigs drakgs hli ca`flcmdgs caia g cgelé`g, tlajm`g l tlahraim`g, l`ca`trgdgs `a cgeí, `a cfç l `a cgcgu rlsplctmvgil`tl, guil`tgi tadgs gs lxcmtghmjmdgdl `lura`gj, pravgvljil`tl par rlduzmrli a jmimgr dl lxcmtgëãa das `lurô`mas. G igmarmg das g`lstísmcas guil`tg a jmimgr pgrg lxcmtgëãa dg ilihrg`g `lura`gj, l gssmi rlduz g trg`simssãa sm`çptmcg li iumtas pa`tas da smstlig `lrvasa. `lr vasa. Dlvmda ga egta dl qul krg`dl pgrtl das g`lstísmcas í lsplcmgjil`tl jmpassajþvlj, tli smda grigda qul gjkuigs dlssgs suhstè`cmgs padli iudgr gs cgrgctlréstmcgs eésmcgs dgs ilihrg`gs i lihrg`gs `lura`gms, rlspa`dl`da il`as gas gkl`tls lxcmtgtórmas.

A Xltgrda Sm`çptmca Durg`tl g trg`simssãa da sm`gj `lura`gj da `lurô`ma prí-sm`çptmca pgrg a `lurô`ma pós-sm`çptmca, clrtg qug`tmdgdl dl tlipa í ca`suimdg `a praclssa dg (M) dlscgrkg dg suhstè`cmg trg`simssarg plja tlrim`gj prí-sm`çptmca, (MM) dmeusãa da `luratrg`simssar pgrg g ilihrg`g pós-sm`çptmcg, (MMM) gëãa da `luratrg`simssar `a rlclptar dl ilihrg`g, (MU) gëãa da rlclptar praiavl`da a guil`ta dg plrilghmjmdgdl dg ilihrg`g l (U) dmeusãa da sódma pgrg a `lurô`ma, guil`tg`da a patl`cmgj pós-sm`çptmca lxcmtgtórma gtí `évlj `évlj gjta a sucml`tl pgrg pravacgr a patl`cmgj dl gëãa.

62 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

A plréada ié`mia rlqulrmda pgrg qul tadas lssls lvl`tas acarrgi, ilsia qug`da krg`dl `þilra dl sm`gpsls lxcmtgtórmgs í lstmiujgda smiujtg`lgil`tl, í li tar`a dl 2,< imjmsslku`das. Lssl gtrgsa í cfgigda dl rltgrda sm`çptmca. As `lurasmajakmstgs padli ildmr a tlipa dl ié`mia rltgrda l`trl uig sgjvg dl mipujmipuj sas gelrl`tls li ca`nu`ta dl `lurô`mas l as ca`slqul`tls dmspgras lelrl`tls. Dg ildmdg da tlipa dl rltgrda, padl slr lstmigda a `þilra dl `lurô`mas li sírml prlsl`tlss `ui cmrcumta. prlsl`tl

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 67

 

 

<

SMSTLIG L@DÓCXM@A CA@FLCMIL@TAS

Caiprll`dlr a ca`clmta da tlria l`dacrm`ajakmg, sug eu`ëãa, hli caia mipartg`tls kjè`dujgs l`dócrm`gs l slus fariô`mas? Ca`flclr a praclssa dl slcrlëãa l grigzl`gil`ta das fariô`mas, g eu`ëãa das fariô`mas fmpasçrma, acmtócmca l as lelmtas da fariô`ma tmrlómdla sahrl as ilcg`msias da arkg`msia. L`tl`dlr l ca`flclr g mipartè`cmg da smstlig l`dócrm`a `g ig`utl`ëãa dg failastgsl dgs lspícmls.

FGHMJMDGDLS Mdl`tmcgr gs cgrgctlréstmcgs l as prm`cmpgms tmpas dl fariô`mas, jacgj dl praduëãa, sugs kjè`dujgs slcrltargs l sug gëãa `g dm`èimcg carpargj.

GTMT\DLS Dlsl`vajvlr ca`flcmil`ta cml`téca sahrl as lelmtas smajókmcas, dlcarrl`tls dg Dlsl`vajvlr m`uî`cmg faria`gj, g i dl l`tl`dlr sug gpjmcghmjmdgdl cjé`mcg.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 63

 

Ca`clmta Ltmiajakmcgil`tl, ‚l`dacrm`ajakmg’ (‚l`da’ + ‚crm`as’ + ‚jakas’) í a lstuda dgs slcrlëüls m`tlr`gs.

Emkurg 7> K\]TA@, G. C. l Fgjj, N.L. N.L. Trgtgda dl Emsmajakmg Iídmcg. 78ª Ldmëãa.

\i ca`clmta eu`dgil`tgj dg smajakmg í a dl failastgsl? a smstlig l`dócrm`a í a prm`cmpgj mipjmcgda `g ig`utl`ëãa dg ca`stè`cmg da ilma m`tlr`a, da slr l dg lspícml, egcl âs vgrmgëüls l gilgëgs gihml`tgms. Cgrgctlrmzg-sl plja slu dm`gimsia, prlcmsãa l gdgptghmjmdgdl. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 6<

 

Cjgssmcgil`tl, g eu`ëãa l`dócrm`g carrlspa`dmg â gëãa dl suhstè`cmgs faria`gms praduzmdgs par dltlrim`gdg cíjujg qul, gpós trgvlssmg `g cmrcujgëãa sg`kué`lg, lxlrcl gëãa rlkujgdarg li autrgs cíjujgs. Sghl-sl, fanl, qul smstligs gjtgil`tl caipjlxas, rldls faria`gms, rlkujgi a crlscmil`ta, iltghajmsia carpargj, rlpraduëãa, caipartgil`ta, ltc.

G rlkujgëãa faria`gj dg eu`ëãa cljujgr egz gpl`gs pgrtl dl ui gipja lsplctra dl caiu`mcgëüls quéimcgs, qul í da eara dg `lurahmajakmg, hmajakmg cljujgr l miu`ajakmg. As praclssas cljujgrls l iajlcujgrls, gssacmgdas g tadg g smajakmg faria`gj, `ãa sãa dmstm`tas das praclssas pgrçcrm`as l gutócrm`as, miu`aiadujgdarls, `luratrg`simssarls, egtarls dl crlscmil`ta, ltc. Í fanl sahlngil`tl ca`flcmda qul a smstlig l`dócrm`a m`tlrgtug cai a smstlig `lrvasa, miu`mtçrma l autras rlkujgdarls eu`cma`gms.

@gturlzg da Fariô`ma A fariô`ma í uig suhstè`cmg quéimcg qul í slcrltgdg pgrg as jéqumdas carpargms par uig cíjujg au par ui krupa dl cíjujgs qul lxlrcl lelmta dl ca`trajl smajókmca sahrl autrgs cíjujgs da arkg`msia. Gjku`s sãa fariô`mas jacgms, l`qug`ta autras sãa fariô`mas klrgms. Dl`trl as lxlipjas dl fariô`mas jacgms dlstgcgi-sl g gcltmjcajm`g, jmhlrgdg `gs tlrim`gëüls `lrvasgs pgrgssmipçtmcgs l lsquljítmcgs? g slcrltm`g, í jmhlrgdg pljg pgrldl duadl`gj l trg`spartgdg plja sg`kul gtí a pè`crlgs, a`dl pravacg slcrlëãa pg`crlçtmcg gquasg? g cajlcmstacm`m`g, jmhlrgdg plja m`tlstm`a dljkgda l trg`spartgdg gtí g vlsécujg hmjmgr, a`dl pravacg sug ca`trgëãa, l gtí a pè`crlgs, a`dl m`duz g slcrlëãa dl l`zmigs? l iumtas autras. Ahvmgil`tl, lssls fariô`mas lxlrcli lelmtas jacgms lsplcécas, dgé g sug dl`aim`gëãa dl fariô`mas jacgms. Gjku`s fariô`mas klrgms geltgi tadgs au qugsl tadgs gs cíjujgs da arkg`msia? caia lxlipja, padlias cmtgr a fariô`ma da crlscmil`ta da jaha g`tlrmar dg fmpósl, qul m`duz a crlscmil`ta dl tadgs au dl qugsl tadgs gs pgrtls da arkg`msia, l a fariô`ma tmrlamdla dg kjè`dujg tmrlamdl, qul guil`tg g vljacmdgdl dg igmarmg dgs rlgëüls quéimcgs li qugsl tadgs gs cíjujgs da carpa. Tadgvmg, autras fariô`mas só geltgi tlcmdas lsplcécas, dl`aim`gdas tlcmdas gjva par slrli as þ`mcas g passumr as rlclptarls lsplcécas qul mrãa xgr as rlsplctmvas fariô`mas, fariô`mas, gi dl m`mcmgr sugs gëüls. 65 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Kjè`dujgs Fariô`mas

L`dócrm`gs

mipartg`tls

l

slus

G slkumr, slkumr, egrlias uig m`traduëãa sahrl as mipartg`tls fariô`mas slcrltgdas par lssgs kjè`dujgs, cai sugs gëüls igms rljlvg`tls>

Fariô`mas da jaha g`tlrmar dg fmpósl> 7.

Fariô`mas da crlscmil`ta> praiavl crlscmil`ta> praiavl a crlscmil`ta dl qugsl tadgs gs cíjujgs l tlcmdas da arkg`msia.

8.

Cartmcatrapm`g> pravacg g slcrlëãa dl fariô`mas cartmcasuprgrrl`gms plja córtlx suprgrrl`gj.

3.

Fariô`ma tmrla-lstmiujg`tl>  tmrla-lstmiujg`tl>  m`duz g slcrlëãa dl tmraxm`g l dl trmjadatmra`m`g pljg kjè`dujg tmrlamdl.

4.

Fariô`ma eajécuja-lstmiutg`tl> dltlrim`g eajécuja-lstmiutg`tl> dltlrim`g a crlscmil`ta dl eajécujas `as avçrmas g`tls dg avujgëãa? praiavl g earigëãa dl lsplrig `as

  jutlm`mzg`tl>  dlslipl`fg mipartg`tl pgplj `g avujgëãa? gjíi dmssa, m`duz g slcrlëãa dl fariô`mas slxugms elim`m`as pljas avçrmas l dl tlstastlr tlstastlra`g a`g pljas tlstécujas. Rrajgctm`g>  praiavl a dlsl`vajvmil`ta dgs igigs l g slcrlëãa dl Rrajgctm`g>  jlmtl.

Fariô`ma da Jgda Rastlrmar dg Fmpósl  jlvg g rltl`ëãa dl çkug pljas rm`s, cai guil`ta Ugsaprlssm`g (g`tmdmurítmca)> (g`tmdmurítmca)> jlvg `a tlar dl çkug `a arkg`msia? gjíi dmssa, sl prlsl`tl li ljlvgdgs qug`tmdgdls, pravacg ca`strmëãa das vgsas sg`kué`las, jlvg`da gssmi ga guil`ta dg prlssãa grtlrmgj. Acmtacm`g>  acgsma`g g ca`trgëãa da þtlra `g iujflr durg`tl a pgrta, Acmtacm`g>  passmvljil`tl gnudg`da lxpljmr a rlcíi-`gscmda, ca`trgli tgihíi gs cíjujgs imapmtljmgms `gs igigs, lxpujsg`da a jlmtl, qug`da a jgctl`tl sukg.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 6;

 

Fariô`ma da Córtlx Suprgrrl`gj  7.

Cartmsaj>> lxlrcl iþjtmpjgs eu`ëüls iltghójmcgs `a ca`trajl dl Cartmsaj iltghajmsia pratlmca, das cgrhamdrgtas l dgs kardurgs.

8.

Gjdastlra`g>> jlvg g uig rlduëãa dg lxcrlëãa pljas rm`s da sódma, Gjdastlra`g guil`tg`da g lxcrlëãa lxcrlëãa da patçssma, guil`tg`da gssmi, a sódma carpargj, l`qug`ta dmim`uég qug`tmdgdl dl patçssma.

Fariô`ma dg Kjè`dujg Tmrlamdl Tmraxm`g l trmmadatmra`m trmmadatmra`m`g `g>> jlvgi g ui guil`ta `g vljacmdgdl dgs rlgëüls quéimcgs da arkg`msia, acgsma`g`da gssmi, gssmi, a `évlj `évlj klrgj da iltghajmsia carpargj. Cgjcmta`m`g> pravacg a dlpósmta dl cçjcma `as assas, rlduzm`da gssmi, g Cgjcmta`m`g> qug`tmdgdll dl cçjcma `a ilma lxtrgclju qug`tmdgd lxtrgcljujgr jgr..

Fariô`mas dl Jg`klfg`s da Rè`crlgs   7.

M`sujm`g> dltlrim`g g l`trgdg dl kjmcasl li qugsl tadgs gs cíjujgs M`sujm`g> da carpa, ca`trajg`da, a iltghajmsia dg igmarmg das cgrhamdrgtas.

8.

Kjucgka`> guil`tg g qug`tmdgdl flpçtmcg dl Kjucgka`> dl kjmcasl `as jéqumdas jéqumdas carpargms cmrcujg`tls cmrcujg`tls..

 

Fariô`ma das Avçrmas 7.

Lstrakî`ma> lstmiujgi crlscmil`ta l dlsl`vajvmil`ta das órkãas Lstrakî`ma> slxugms elim`m`as, dgs igigs l dgs pgrtmcujgrmdgdls slxugms slcu`dçrmgs.

8.

Rraklstlra`g> tar`g a rlvlstmil`ta utlrm`a gpta g rlclhlr a ava Rraklstlra`g> elrtmjmzgda l prlpgrg gs igigs pgrg slcrlëãa dl jlmtl.

66 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Fariô`ma das Tlstécujas 7.

Tlstastlra`g>> cgusg lstmiujgëãa da crlscmil`ta das órkãas slxugms Tlstastlra`g igscujm`as? gjíi dl praiavlr a dlsl`vajvmil`ta dgs cgrgctlréstmcgs slcu`dçrmgs da faili.

Fariô`ma dg Kjè`dujg Rgrgtmrlamdl 7.

Rgrgtariô`ma> dltlrim`g Rgrgtariô`ma> dltlrim`g g ca`cl`trgëãa dl éa`s cçjcma `a jéqumda lxtrgcljujgr ga ca`trajgr (g) g ghsarëãa m`tlstm`gj dl cçjcma, (h) g lxcrlëãa dl cçjcma pljas rm`s, l (c) g jmhlrgëãa dl cçjcma `a assa.

Fariô`ma dg Rjgcl`tg 7.

Ka`gdatrapm`g> egvarlcl a crlscmil`ta da carpa jþtla l g slcrlëãa dl Ka`gdatrapm`g> egvarlcl lstrakî`ma l praklstlra`g `a carpa jþtla.

8.

Lstrakî`ma> praiavl a crlscmil`ta das órkãas slxugms dg euturg igiãl Lstrakî`ma> praiavl igi ãl l tlcmdas da elta.

3.

Rraklstlra`g>  egvarlcl a dlsl`vajvmil`ta da l`daiítrma g`tls dg Rraklstlra`g>  elrtmjmzgëãa `a þtlra, gjíi dl praiavlr a dlsl`vajvmil`ta dl gjku`s tlcmdas l órkãas eltgms? l praiavl a crlscmil`ta da gpgrljfa slcrltar dgs igigs dg iãl.

4.

Saigtaigiatrapm`g fuig`g>  fuig`g>  praiavl, pravgvljil`tl, a dlsl`vajvmil`ta das tlcmdas eltgms l gnudg `a dlsl`vajvmil`ta dgs igigs dg iãl.

Wuéimcg das Fariô`mas  Da pa`ta dl vmstg quéimca, as a s fariô`mas plrtl`cli g trîs tmpas hçsmcas> 7.

Fariô`ma lstlramdls lstlramdls>> Tadas Tadas lstls fariô`mas tîi uig lstruturg pgrlcmdg â da cajlstlraj, l li sug igmarmg dlrmvgi da próprma cajlstlraj. Sãa lxcrltgdas (g) plja córtlx suprgrrl`gj (cartmsaj l gjdastlra`g), (h) pljas avçrmas (lstrakî`ma l praklstlra`g), (c) pljas tlstécujas (tlstastlra`g), l (d) pljg pjgcl`tg. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 6=

 

8.

Dlrmvgdas dl gim`açcmda tmracm`g tmracm`g>> Dams krupas dl fariô`mas dlrmvgi da gim`açcmda tmrasm`g. As dams fariô`mas tmrlamdlas, g tmraxm`g l g trmmadatmra`m`g, sãa earigs madltgdgs dl dlrmvgdas dg tmraxm`g. L as fariô`mas dg suprgrrl`gj, `a cgsa g `arglpm`lerm`g l lpm`lerm`g, sãa

cgtlcajgim`gs, tgihíi dlrmvgdgs dgs tmrasm`g. 3.

Rratlé`gs au plptédlas plptédlas>> Tadas as dligms fariô`mas l`dócrm`as mipartg`tls sãa pratlé`gs, plptédlas au dlrmvgdas mildmgtas dljls. As fariô`mas da jaha g`tlrmar dg fmpósl sãa pratlé`gs? as fariô`mas da jaha pastlrmar fmpósl, a fariô`ma g`tmdmurítmca l g acmtacm`g, sãa plptédlas, ca`tl`da cgdg ui, gpl`gs amta gim`açcmdas. Rar i, g m`sujm`g, a kjucgka` l a pgrgtariô`ma sãa krg`dls pajmplptédlas.

Slcrlëãa l grigzl`gil`ta das Fariô`mas G pratlé`g sm`tltmzgdg plja rltécuja l`dapjgsiçtmca qugsl `u`cg rlprlsl`tg a fariô`ma `gj. @g vlrdgdl, í igmar qul a fariô`ma gtmva l rlclhl a `ail dl pra-fariô`ma. @g slquî`cmg, lssg krg`dl pratlé`g í cjmvgdg, pgssg`da g uig pratlé`g il`ar, il`ar, dl`aim`gdg pró-fariô`ma. Lstl, par sug vlz, í trg`spartgda pljgs vlsécujgs l`dapjgsiçtmcgs pgrg a gpgrljfa gpgrljfa dl Kajkm, a`dl acarrl g cjmvgkli dl autra ergkil`ta dg pratlé`g, cai g ca`slqul`tl earigëãa da fariô`ma pratlmca gtmva `gj. G slkumr, lstls krè`ujas plrig`lcli grigzl`gdas `a caipgrtmil`ta cmtapjgsiçtmca dg cíjujg l`dócrm`g gtí qul ui sm`gj lsplcéca, caia ui sm`gj `lrvasa, autra sm`gj faria`gj au gjkui sm`gj quéimca au eésmca jacgj, acarrg pravacg`da sug slcrlëãa.

M`écma dg Slcrlëãa Faria`gj gpós a lstéiuja l tlipa dl durgëãa dg gëãa Cgdg ui das dmelrl`tls fariô`mas passum slu próprma m`mcma l durgëãa dl gëãa cgrgctlréstmcg - cgdg ui gdgptgda pgrg sug eu`ëãa dl ca`trajl. Gs qug`tmdgdls dl fariô`mas `lclssçrmgs `lclssçrmgs a ca`trajl ca`trajl dg eu`ëãa iltghójmcg l l`dócrm`g sãa m`crmvljil`tl plqul`gs. A egtar mipartg`tl g slr ca`trajgda `ãa castuig slr g vljacmdgdl `g qugj g slcrlëãa acarrl, igs a krgu dl gtmvmdgdl da órkãa gjva. Rar ca`slkum`tl, sail`tl qug`da g gtmvmdgdl da órkãa gjva guil`tg gtí ui `évlj gpraprmgda í qul ui elldhgco  sahrl  sahrl g kjè`dujg tar`g-sl sucml`tlil`tl sucml`tlil`tl patl`tl pgrg ca`trajgr g slcrlëãa =2 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

dl fariô`ma. @as cgsas li qul a órkãa órkãa gjva `ãa rlgkl ga fariô`ma, g kjè`dujg l`dócrm`g qugsl sliprl mrç rlgjmzgr uig slcrlëãa igmar dl slu fariô`ma gtí qul, lvl`tugjil`tl, a órkãa gjva gjcg`cl a `évlj gpraprmgda dl gtmvmdgdl, paríi â custg dl slcrlëãa lxclssmvg da fariô`ma rlkujgdar.

Xlclptarls pgrg Fariô`mas l sug gtmvgëãa As fariô`mas l`dócrm`as qugsl `u`cg gtugi dmrltgil`tl sahrl as ilcg`msias m`trgcljujgrls, m`trgcljujgrls, ca`trajg`da gs cíjujgs? `g vlrdgdl, vlrdgdl, ljls qugsl sliprl caihm`gi prmilmra g rlclptarls faria`gms, jacgjmzgdas `g cíjujg au `a slu m`tlrmar. m`tlrmar. Rgrg as dmvlrsas fariô`mas, gs jacgjmzgëüls das rlclptarls rlclptarls sãa> sãa> 7.

@g ilihrg`g cljujgr au li sug suplreécml> suplreécml> As rlclptarls dg ilihrg`g sãa, li sug igmar pgrtl, lsplcécas pgrg lssg lstruturg.

8.

@a cmtapjgsig> cmtapjgsig> As rlclptarls pgrg as dmvlrsas fariô`mas sãa qugsl lxcjusmvgil`tll l`ca`trgdas `a cmtapjgsig. lxcjusmvgil`t

3.

@a `þcjla `þcjla> > As rlclptarls pgrg dltlrim`gdas fariô`mas iltghójmcas tmrlamdls (tmraxm`g l trmmadatmra`m`g ) sãa l`ca`trgdgs `lssg lstruturg.

Li klrgj, a `þilra dl rlclptarls `uig cíjujg gjva `ãa a plrtl`cl ca`stg`tl dmg gpós dmg, au gtí ilsia, im`uta gpós im`uta, i m`uta, uig vlz qul gs próprmgs pratlé`gs rlclptargs sãa klrgjil`tl dlstruédgs l suhstmtuédgs par `avgs, plja ilcg`msia dl sé`tlsl pratlmcg dg cíjujg.

A Fariô`ma Fmpasçrma l slu ca`trajl plja Fmpatçjgia G fmpósl tgihíi ca`flcmdg pljg kjè`dujg pmtumtçrmg, í uig plqul`g kjè`dujg cai clrcg dl 7 ci dl dmèiltra l plsa dl 2,< g 7 k. jacgjmzgdg `g Cljg Tþrcmcg, `g hgsl da círlhra, lstç ca`lctgdg ga fmpatçjgia plja Rldþ`cu Rldþ`cuja ja dg Fmpósl. G armkli da jaha g`tlrmar dg fmpósl g pgrtmr da lpmtíjma egré`kla lxpjmcg g `gturlzg lpmtljamdl dl sugs cíjujgs, l`qug`ta g armkli da jaha pastlrmar g pgrtmr da tlcmda `lurgj lscjgrlcl a krg`dl `þilra dl cíjujg da tmpa kjmgj `lssg kjè`dujg. G fmpósl, smajakmcgil`tl, padl slr dmvmdmdg li dugs pgrtls dmstm`tgs, a jaha g`tlrmar, qul slcrltgi slms fariô`mas mipartg`tls, l a jaha pastlrmar, qul slcrltgi dams fariô`mas mipartg`tls. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | =7

 

crlscmil`ta>  praiavl a crlscmil`ta ga geltgr g sé`tlsl A Fariô`ma da crlscmil`ta>  pratlmcg, gssmi caia g iujtmpjmcgëãa l g dmelrl`cmgëãa cljujgr.

Cartmcatrapm`g>  gtug ca`trajg`da g slcrlëãa dl gjku`s autras fariô`mas Cartmcatrapm`g>  córtmca–suprgrrl`gms, par qul `a `a iltghajmsia dg kjmcasl, pratlé`gs l kardurgs. Tmrlatrapm`g> ca`trajg g vljacmdgdl dl slcrlëãa dg tmraxm`g, l par sug vlz, g Tmrlatrapm`g> ca`trajg tmraxm`g ca`trajg g vljacmdgdl dgs rlgëüls quéimcgs li tada a arkg`msia. G prajgctm`g> praiavl prajgctm`g> praiavl a crlscmil`ta dg igig l g praduëãa dl jlmtl. Dams fariô`mas ka`gdatrópmcas dmstm`tas, a Fariô`ma eajécuja-lstmiujg`tl eajécuja-lstmiujg`tl l  l a fariô`ma jutlm`mzg`tl, jutlm`mzg`tl, ca`trajg a dlsl`vajvmil`ta dgs kô`gdgs l sugs gtmvmdgdls dl rlpraduëãa. As dams fariô`mas slcrltgdas pljg `lura-fmpósl dlslipl`fgi autras pgplms> Fariô`ma g`tmdmurítmca (vgsaprlssm`g)> ca`trajg (vgsaprlssm`g)> ca`trajg g slcrlëãa dl çkug `g urm`g, l dlssg ig`lmrg egvarlcl g qug`tmdgdl dl çkug `as jéqumdas carpargms. G acmtacm`g> gnudg g jmhlrgr a jlmtl dgs kjè`dujgs igiçrmgs pgrg as igimjas durg`tl g sucëãa l passmvljil`tl, pgrtmcmpg da pgrta ga `gj dg krgvmdlz.  

Fariô`ma Acmtócmca \ig suhstè`cmg acmtócmcg í g qul cgusg g ca`trgëãa da þtlra krçvmda. A fariô`ma acmtacm`g, caia suklrl a slu `ail, lstmiujg padlrasgil`tl a þtlra krçvmda, sahrltuda ga `gj dg klstgëãa. Iumtas ahstltrgs gcrldmtgi qul lssl fariô`ma, slng, li pgrtl, a rlspa`sçvlj plja `gscmil`ta da hlhî. Lssg supasmëãa gpamg-sl `as slkum`tls egtas> @alelmta g`migjdgfmpaslctaimzgda, fmpaslct tlipa da pgrta í praja`kgda, m`dmcg`da tlipa m`dmcg`da ui passévlj acmtacm`gaimzgda, durg`tl aa pgrta? G qug`tmdgdl dl acmtacm`g `a pjgsig ljlvg-sl durg`tl a trghgjfa dl pgrta, sahrltuda durg`tl a þjtmia lstçkma? G lstmiujgëãa da caja `g eîilg krçvmdg m`duz sm`gms `lrvasas qul pgssgi pgrg a fmpatçjgia l cgusgi slcrlëãa guil`tgdg dg acmtacm`g? G acmtacm`g gkl lsplcmgjil`tl `g jgctgëãa, cuna lelmta í iumta igms clrta da qul slu passévlj pgplj `a pgrta. @g jgctgëãa, g acmtacm`g m`duz g pgssgkli da jlmtl das gjvíajas pgrg as dutas, dl iada ia da qul a hlhî passg sukç-ja. =8 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

G sucëãa da igimja pravacg sm`gms qul sãa trg`simtmdas ga círlhra. Rar i, lssls sm`gms cflkgi gas `lurô`mas dl acmtacm`g, cgusg`da g jmhlrgëãa dg acmtacm`g. G slkumr a fariô`ma ljlvgda plja sg`kul pgrg gs igigs, a`dl cgusgi cg usgi g ca`trgëãa

dgs cíjujgs imapmtljmgms, qul sl smtugi par earg das gjvíajas l qul earigi uig rldl, cmrcu`dg`da-as. cmrcu`dg`da-as. Li il`as dl 7 im`uta dlpams dg slcëãa a jlmtl um l dlscl

Lelmtas da Fariô`ma Tmrlamdla sahrl as ilcg`msias lsplcécas da arkg`msia Lelmtas sahrl a iltghajmsia das cgrhamdrgtas> A fariô`ma tmrlamdl lstmiujg qugsl tadas as gsplctas da ilcg`msia das cgrhamdrgtas, m`cjum`da g rçpmdg cgpturg dl kjmcasl pljgs cíjujgs, guil`ta dg kjmcasl l dg kjmca`lakî`lsl, guil`ta dg ghsarëãa plja tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj l, m`cjusmvl, ljlvg`da g slcrlëãa dg m`sujm`g, cai as ca`slqul`tls lelmtas slcu`dçrmas slcu`dçrmas `a iltghajmsia das cgrhamdrgtas. Tadas lssls lelmtas rlsujtgi pravgvljil`tl da guil`ta kjahgj dgs l`zmigs acgsma`gda plja fariô`ma tmrlamdla. Lelmta sahrl a iltghajmsia dgs kardurgs> Rrgtmcgil`tl kardurgs> Rrgtmcgil`tl tadas as praclssas da iltghajmsia dgs kardurgs tgihíi sãa m`tl`smcgdas sahrl m`uî`cmg da fariô`ma tmrlamdla. Caia gs kardurgs sãa g prm`cmpgj ea`tl dl l`lrkmg g ja`ka prgza, sugs rlslrvgs dl kardurg da arkg`msia saerli igmar krgu dl dlprlssãa li rljgëãa gas autras ljlil`tas tlcmdugms. Lelmta sahrl gs kardurgs pjgsiçtmcgs l flpçtmcgs> flpçtmcgs> A  A guil`ta da fariô`ma tmrlamdla dmim`um g qug`tmdgdl dl cajlstlraj, dl easeajmpédmas l dl trmkjmclrédmas `a pjgsig, liharg ljlvl as çcmdas krgxas. Rar autra jgda, g slcrlëãa dmim`uédg dl fariô`ma tmrlómdla ljlvg iumta g ca`cl`trgëãa da cajlstlraj, trmkjmclrédmas l easeajmpédmas l qugsl sliprl cgusg cgusg g qug`tmdgdl lxclssmvg lxclssmvg dl kardurg `a eékgda. .Lelmta sahrl a iltghajmsia dgs vmtgim`gs>  vmtgim`gs>  Caia a fariô`ma tmrlómdla guil`tg gs qug`tmdgdls dl `uilrasgs l dmelrl`tls l`zmigs, l caia gs vmtgim`gs sãa pgrtls lssl`cmgms dl gjkuigs l`zmigs au cal`zmigs, a fariô`ma tmrlamdla pravacg guil`ta dgs `lclssmdgdls dl vmtgim`gs. Lelmta sahrl a iltghajmsia hgsgj>  hgsgj>  Caia a fariô`ma tmrlamdla guil`tg a iltghajmsia dl qugsl tadgs gs g s cíjujgs, g qug`tmdgdl lxclssmvg dlssl fariô`ma padl, li clrtgs acgsmüls, ljlvgr a iltghajmsia hgsgj gtí 52 g 722% gcmig da `arigj. Lelmta sahrl a plsa carpargj> G carpargj> G praduëãa gcl`tugdg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | =3

 

dmim`um qugsl sliprl a plsa carpargj, l`qug`ta g eartl rlduëãa dl sug praduëãa guil`tg qugsl sliprl a plsa carpargj. Lssls lelmtas `li sliprl sãa ahslrvgdas,

vmsta qul a fariô`ma tmrlamdla guil`tg a gpltmtl, a qul padl ca`trghgjg`ëgr g gjtlrgëãa da iltghajmsia. Lelmta sahrl a smstlig cgrdmavgscujgr>  cgrdmavgscujgr>  A guil`ta da iltghajmsia das tlcmdas dltlrim`g g utmjmzgëãa dl axmkî`ma igms rçpmdg da qul a `arigj, gjíi dl cgusgr jmhlrgëãa dl suhstrgtas qul dlkrgdgi a iltghajmsia das tlcmdas li qug`tmdgdl igmar da qul g `arigj. Lssls lelmtas praduzli vgsadmjgtgëãa `g igmarmg das tlcmdas, caia a ca`slqul`tl guil`ta da uxa sg`kué`la. A uxa sg`kué`la `g pljl guil`tg, li vmrtudl dl igmar `lclssmdgdl dl ljmim`gëãa dl cgjar cgjar.. Cai tgj guil`ta, a díhmta cgrdégca tgihíi guil`tg gtm`kmda par vlzls 52% au igms gcmig dl slu vgjar `arigj `g prlsl`ëg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla li qug`tmdgdl lxclssmvgs, igms cgm`da pgrg gpl`gs   sg`kué`la>  A fariô`ma tmrlamdla pravacg jmklmra guil`ta dl vajuil sg`kué`la, í pravgvljil`tl qul lssl lelmta rlsujtl, plja il`as li pgrtl, dg vgsadmjgtgëãa qul acgsma`g a guil`ta dl sg`kul `a smstlig cmrcujgtórma.   Rrlssãa grtlrmgj>  grtlrmgj>  Li klrgj, `ãa acarrl `l`fuig iadmcgëãa dg prlssãa grtlrmgj iídmg. L`trltg`ta, dlvmda ga guil`ta da díhmta smstójmca li cgdg hgtmil`ta cgrdégca l ga guil`ta g uil`ta da uxa da sg`kul `as tlcmdas l`trl as hgtmil`tas, g prlssãa da pujsa sl ljlvg, cai a guil`ta dg prlssãa smstójmcg l rlduëãa `g dmgstójmcg. Lelmta sahrl g rlspmrgëãa> A rlspmrgëãa> A guil`ta da iltghajmsia m`tl`smcg g utmjmzgëãa dl axmkî`ma l g earigëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a> lssls lelmtas guil`tgi g erlquî`cmg l g praeu`dmdgdl dg rlspmrgëãa.  Gjíi dl guil`tgr a gpltmtl l g m`klstãa Lelmta sahrl a tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj> kgstrm`tlstm`gj> Gjíi dl gjmil`tas, a fariô`ma tmrlamdla tgihíi guil`tg g vljacmdgdl dl slcrlëãa das sujcas dmklstmvas, caia `a tuha dmklstmva dmklstmva cai sug iatmjmdgdl. Cai g erlquî`cmg, erlquî`cmg, vlrmcg-sl g prlsl`ëg dl dmgrrlmg. G egjtg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla cgusg ca`stmpgëãa. Lelmta sahrl a smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj> A cl`trgj> A fariô`ma tmrlamdla, guil`tg g rgpmdlz dg gcljlrgëãa, igs cai erlquî`cmg, e rlquî`cmg, tgihíi g dmssacmg. G egjtg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla dmim`um lssg eu`ëãa. A m`dmvédua fmplrtmrlamdla lstç sunlmta g gprlsl`tgr `lrvasmsia lxtrlia l tl`dî`cmgs psmca`lurótmcgs, caia caipjlxa dl g`smldgdl, prlacupgëãa lxtrlig au pgrg`amg. Lelmta sahrl g eu`ëãa das iþscujas.  iþscujas.  \i jmklmra guil`ta `g slcrlëãa da fariô`ma tmrlamdla dltlrim`g vmkarasgil`tl vmkarasgil`tl rlgëãa rlgëãa iuscujgr, iuscujgr, tadgvmg, qug`da g qug`tmdgdl dl dlssl fariô`ma sl tar`g gjtg, acarrl ergqulzg iuscujgr dlvmda dlvmda ga =4 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

cgtghajmsia lxclssmva gs pratlé`gs. G egjtg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla egz cai qul g rlgëãa das iþscujas slng lxtrligil`tl jl`tg, cai rljgxgil`ta jl`ta gpós g ca`trgëãa.

Lelmta sahrl a sa`a. Dlvmda sa`a. Dlvmda ga lelmta lxgustmva da fariô`ma tmrlómdla sahrl g iuscujgturg l a smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj, a m`dmvédua fmplrtmrlamdla tli qugsl sliprl g sl`sgëãa dl egdmkg ca`stg`tl? l`trltg`ta, dlvmda gas lelmtas lxcmtgtórmas da fariô`ma tmrlamdla sahrl gs sm`gpsls, a sa`a tar`g-sl dmeécmj. Rar autra jgda g sa`ajî`cmg lxtrlig í tépmcg dl fmpatmrlamdmsia. Lelmta sahrl autrgs kjè`dujgs l`dócrm`gs. A gcríscmia dg slcrlëãa da fariô`ma tmrlamdla gcljlrg g vljacmdgdl dl slcrlëãa dg igmarmg dgs kjè`dujgs l`dócrm`gs, igs tgihíi guil`tg g `lclssmdgdl par fariô`mas das tlcmdas. Lelmta da fariô`ma tmrlamdla sahrl g eu`ëãa slxugj.  slxugj.   Rgrg qul g eu`ëãa slxugj slng `arigj, g slcrlëãa dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla tgihíi prlcmsg slr gpraxmigdgil`tl `arigj. @as fail`s, g egjtg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla tl`dl g cgusgr plrdg tatgj dg jmhmda? par autra jgda, krg`dls lxclssas dl fariô`ma qugsl sliprl cgusgi mipatî`cmg. @gs iujflrls, g egjtg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla praduz cai erlquî`cmg il`arrgkmg l pajmil`arrlmg, msta í, sg`krgil`tas il`strugms lxclssmvas l erlqul`tls. Gplsgr dl lstrg`fa, g egjtg dl fariô`ma tmrlamdla li autrgs iujflrls padli cgusgr plréadas mrrlkujgrls l, li clrtgs acgsmüls, gtí ilsia gil`arrlmg tatgj. Caia a faili g iujflr fmplrtmrlamdlg tgihíi lstç sunlmtg g rlduëãa gcl`tugdg dg jmhmda. Rgrg tar`gr a qugdra igms ca`eusa gm`dg, g ajmkail`arrlmg, msta í, rlduëãa gcl`tugdg da sg`krgil`ta il`strugj, í caiui `g iujflr fmplrtmrlamdlg, rlsujtg`da acgsma`gjil`tl li gil`arrlmg.  G gëãa da fariô`ma tmrlómdla sahrl gs kô`gdgs `ãa padl slr gtrmhuédg g uig eu`ëãa lsplcécg, igs pravgv pravgvljil`tl ljil`tl rlsujtg dl caihm`gëãa dl lelmtas iltghójmcas dmrltas sahrl gs kô`gdgs l dl lelmta lxcmtgtórma l m`mhmdarls aplrg`da par ilmas das fariô`mas gdl`a gdl`a fmpasçrmas qul ca`trajgi gs eu`ëüls eu`ëüls slxugms.  

As Fariô`mas Cartmcasuprgrrl`g Cartmcasuprgrrl`gms ms Gs kjè`dujgs suprgrrl`gms suprgrrl`gms smtugi-sl `as pajas suplrmarls suplrmarls dl gihas as rm`s l plsgi cgdg ui clrcg dl 4 k. Cgdg kjè`dujg í earigdg par dugs pgrtls dmelrl`tls, g ildujg suprgrrl`gj l a córtlx suprgrrl`gj. G ildujg suprgrrl`gj jacgjmzg-sl `g pgrtl cl`trgj l carrlspa`dl g 82% dg kjè`dujg, lstç jmkgdg jmkgdg dl earig eu`cma`gj ga smstlig smipçtmca? slcrltg as fariô`mas lpm`lerm`g l g `arlpm`lerm`g, dl gcarda cai g gtmvgëãa smipçtmcg. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | =<

 

A córtlx suprgrrl`gj slcrltg as fariô`mas cartmcastlramdls. Tadas lssls

fariô`mas sãa sm`tltmzgdas da cajlstlraj, l tadas passuli earigs quéimcgs sliljfg`tls. As dams tmpas dl fariô`mas cartmcasuprgrrl`gms, sãa slcrltgdas plja córtlx suprgrrl`gj. Gjíi dlssls fariô`mas acarrl slcrlëãa dl plqul`gs qug`tmdgdls dl fariô`mas slxugms (g`drakî`mcas), qul lxlrcli gpraxmigdgil`tl eu`ëãa smimjgr `a arkg`msia. Li `arigjmdgdl, lssls fariô`mas g`drakî`mas sãa dl paucg mipartè`cmg> cai tuda li clrtgs g`arigjmdgdls da córtlx suprgrrl`gj, padli slr slcrltgdas li qug`tmdgdls lxtrligs, padl`da rlsujtgr li lelmtas igscujm`mzg`tl. As im`lrgjacartmcamdls sãa ca`smdlrgdas caia g parëãa ‚pratltarg dg vmdg’ das fariô`mas cartmcasuprgrrl`gms> as kjmcacartmcamdls sãa mkugjil`tl `lclssçrmas, plrimtm`da ga m`dmvédua m`dmvédua supartgr as lelmtas dljltírmas dljltírmas das ‚lstrlssls’ ‚lstrlssls’ eésmcas l il`tgms m`tlrimtl`tls dg vmdg.

Lelmtas rl`gms l cmrcujgtórma cmrcujgtórmass dg gjdastlra`g G eu`ëãa igms mipartg`tl dg gjdastlra`g í praiavlr a trg`spartl dl sódma l dl patçssma gtrgvís dl gjkuigs rlkmüls dgs pgrldls das tþhujas rl`gms l, li il`ar krgu, as éa`s dl fmdrakî`ma. G gjdastlra`g tli g eu`ëãa `g ca`cl`trgëãa da sódma lxtrgcljujgr lxtrgcljujgr,, l`qug`ta a patçssma í lxcrltgda `g urm`g. Gjtgs ca`cl`trgëüls dl gjdastlra`g `a pjgsig padl dmim`umr g plrdg dl sódma `g urm`g, ga ilsia tlipa, g plrdg dl patçssma `g urm`g guil`tg par vçrmgs vlzls. G gusî`cmg tatgj dl slcrlëãa dl gjdastlra`g padl cgusgr plrdg urm`çrmg dl 82k dl sódma `a dmg.

Lelmta dg Gjdastlra`g sahrl gs Kjè`dujgs Sgjmvgrls, Sudarépgrgs l g ghsarëãa m`tlstm`gj A lelmta dgs kjè`dujgs sgjmvgrls í mipartg`tl, pams egvarlcl g ca`slrvg da sgj qug`da acarrl lxcrlëãa lxclssmvg dl sgjmvg. Nç sahrl gs kjè`dujgs sudarépgrgs í mipartg`tl pgrg ca`slrvgr a sgj carpargj li jukgrls qul`tls. G gjdastlra`g tgihíi guil`tg iumta g ghsarëãa m`tlstm`gj dl sódma, sahrltuda `a cója`, lvmtg`da, g plrdg dl sódma `gs elzls. =5 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

G gusî`cmg dl gjdastlra`g, g ghsarëãa dl sódma `a m`tlstm`a padl slr iumta

dlcml`tl, rlsujtg`da rlsujtg`da li dlcmî`cmg dl ghsarëãa dl è`mas l dl çkug. A cjarlta dl sódma l g çkug `ãa ghsarvmdas rlsujtgi li dmgrrlmg, cai igmar plrdg dl sgj `a arkg`msia.

Eu`ëüls das Kjmcacartmcamdls Lelmta da cartmsaj lstç `g lstmiujgëãa da kjmca`lakî`lsl. Nç a lelmta iltghójmca da cartmsaj l das autras kjmcacartmcamdls ca`smstl `g cgpgcmdgdl dl egvarlclr g kjmca`lakî`lsl (cgrhamdrgtas li pratlé`gs l li gjkuigs autrgs suhstè`cmgs) elmtg `a eékgda, cai guil`ta dg vljacmdgdl dg kjmca`lakî`lsl par par gtí 5 g 72 vlzls. Lssl guil`ta rlsujtg prm`cmpgjil`tl dl dams lelmtas dmstm`tas da cartmsaj.

Lelmta da Cartmsaj sahrl a iltghajmsia dgs kardurgs Liharg a cartmsaj passg cgusgr jmklmra krgu `g iahmjmzgëãa das çcmdas krgxas da tlcmda gdmpasa, as m`dmvéduas cai slcrlëãa lxclssmvg dl cartmsaj qugsl sliprl dlsl`vajvl ui tmpa plcujmgr dl ahlsmdgdl, cai kardurg lxclssmvg `a tórgx l `g cghlëg, rlsujtg`da li tra`ca sliljfg`tl ga da hþegja l li egcl grrlda`dgdg dl ‚jug cflmg’. As lstudas leltugdas g lstl rlsplmta suklrmrgi qul lssg ahlsmdgdl rlsujtl dg lstmiujgëãa li lxclssa dg m`klstãa das gjmil`tas, dl iada qul gjku`s g jku`s tlcmdas praduzli kardurg cai vljacmdgdl igmar qul sug iahmjmzgëãa l axmdgëãa

Fariô`mas Kjucgka` l M`sujm`g A pè`crlgs dlslipl`fg eu`ëãa dmklstmvg l slcrltg dams mipartg`tls fariô`mas, g m`sujm`g l a kjucgka`. A pè`crlgs í ca`stmtuéda par tlcmdas prm`cmpgms> as çcm`as, çcm`as, qul egzli g slcrlëãa da suca dmklstmva `a duadl`a, l gs mjfatgs  mjfatgs dl dl  Jg`klrfg`s, qul slcrltgi m`sujm`g l a kjucgka` dmrltgil`tl `a sg`kul. Gs mjfatgs ca`tîi trîs tmpas dl cíjujgs prm`cmpgms, gs cíjujgs Gjeg, Hltg l Dljtg. Gs cíjujgs Hltg ca`stmtuli clrcg dl 52% dl tadgs gs cíjujgs, jacgjmzgi-sl `a ilma dl cgdg mjfatg l slcrltgi g m`sujm`g. Gs cíjujgs dl Gjeg, qul carrlspa`dli g clrcg dl 8 As dams prm`cmpgms lelmtas sãa? (7) dlkrgdgëãa da kjmcakî`ma flpçtmca (kjmcakl`ójmsl) l (8) ljlvgëãa dg kjmca`lakî`lsl `a eékgda. Gihas as lelmtas guil`tgi g dmspa`mhmjmdgdl dl kjmcasl pgrg autras órkãas da carpa. A lelmta igms `atçvlj da kjucgka` lstç `g sug cgpgcmdgdl dl praiavlr g kjmcakl`ójmsl flpçtmcg, a qul par sug vlz, guil`tg a `évlj dl kjmclimg li paucas im`utas. Ilsia gpós a lskatgil`ta dl tada a kjmcakî`ma flpçtmca sah g m`uî`cmg da kjucgka`, g m`eusãa ca`té`ug dlssl fariô`ma gm`dg cgusg fmplrkjmclimg ca`té`ug.

Saigtastgtm`g – Slu lelmta sahrl g slcrlëãa dg m`sujm`g l da kjucgka` A fariô`ma saigtastgtm`g í slcrltgda pljgs mjfatgs dl Jg`klrfg`s, lstl passum lelmtas m`mhmdarls dg slcrlëãa dl m`sujm`g l dl kjucgka`, lxlrcl vçrmas egtarls m`mhmdarls gkm`da dl earig jacgj `gs próprmgs mjfatgs, sug eu`ëãa sl hgslmg `a ca`trajl l `as `évlms `évlms dl m`sujm`g `a `a arkg`msia. Gssmi, a lelmta dg saigtastgtm`g lstç `a sl`tmda sl`tmda dl dlprmimr a kjucgka` l g m`sujm`g, au slng, dmim`um g utmjmzgëãa das `utrml`tls ghsarvmdas pljas tlcmdas, mipldm`da, gssmi, g rçpmdg lxgustãa das gjmil`tas l tar`g`da-as dmspa`évlms par igmar plréada. =6 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Í prlcmsa jlihrgr qul g saigtastgtm`g í g ilsig suhstè`cmg ca`flcmdg caia fariô`ma da crlscmil`ta, slcrltgda plja fmpatçjgia, qul suprmil g slcrlëãa gdl`a-fmpasçrmg gdl`a-fmpas çrmg dl fariô`ma dl crlscmil`ta.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | ==

 

 

5

EMSMAJAKMG DA SMSTLIG XLK\JGDAX  CA@FLCMIL@TAS L`tl`dlr l ca`flclr as smstligs qul tadas as órkãas, sli lxclëãa, passuli, l as tlcmdas da arkg`msia, qul qul dlslipl`fgi eu`ëüls rljlvg`t rljlvg`tls ls `g ig`utl`ëãa da lqumjéhrma da arkg`msia.

FGHMJMDGDLS Xlca`flclr, cai sugs sm`kujgrmdgdls, as dmelrl`tls smstligs qul ig`tíi g Xlca`flclr failastgsl, cai as ca`flcmil`tas prívmas sahrl sug m`uî`cmg `a lqumjéhrma carpargj.

GTMT\DLS A gju`a dlsl`vajvlrç g cgpgcmdgdl dl gpjmcgr `g prçtmcg âs eu`ëüls rlkujgdargs lssl`cmgms g sgþdl fuig`g.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 727

 

Ilcg`msias Failastçtmcas smstligs eu`cma`gms

das

prm`cmpgms

Failastgsmg A tlria failastgsmg í usgda pljas smajakmstgs pgrg carrljgcma`gr gs ca`dmca`dmëüls ca`stg`tls ilma dlslipl`fgi m`tlr`a da arkg`msia. as órkãas, sli ëãa, lqugsl as tlcmdas da arkg`msia ark`a g`msia eu`ëülsTadas qul ca`trmhuli pgrg lxclpgrg ig`tlr lstgs gjtlrgëüls l dl earig gdlqugdg g ig`tlr a lqumjéhrma da arkg`msia. Rar lxlipja, as pujiüls pravlli axmkî`ma ga jéqumda qul cmrcu`dg g cíjujg pgrg suprmr g dlig`dg dl dl axmkî`ma qul eam utmjmzgda pljgs cíjujgs, as rm`s ig`tîi gs ca`cl`trgëüls dl éa`s ca`stg`tls, ca`stg`tls, l a smstlig kgstrm`tlstm`gj kgstrm`tlstm`gj ear`lcl `utrml`tls. `utrml`tls. \ig krg`dl pgrtl dlstl tlxta trgtg dl ig`lmrg pljg qugj cgdg órkãa au tlcmda egvarlcl g ig`utl`ëãa dg failastgsmg. Dljm`lgrlias as dmelrl`tls smstligs eu`eu`cma`gms l sugs ca`trmhumëüls eu`cma`gms pgrg g failastgsmg failastgsmg l, dmscutmrlias g tlarmg hçsmcg das smstligs qul aplrgrgi li supartl supar tl ui da autra.

Ejumda Lxtrgcljujgr – a smstlig cmrcujgtórma da sg`kul A umda lxtrgcljujgr í trg`spartgda gtrggtrg vís dl tadgs gs pgrtls da carpa li dams lstçkmas. A prmilmra lstçkma í g iavmil`tgëãa da sg`kul plja carpa `as vgsas sg`kué`las, l a slku`da í g iavmil`tgëãa dl umda l`trl as cgpmjgrls sg`kué`las l as lspgëas m`tlrcljujgrls l`trl gs cíjujgs das tlcmdas. Tada sg`kul `g cmrcujgëãa sg`kué`lg gtrgvlssg a cmrcumta cmrcujgtórma m`tlmra li iídmg uig vlz g cgdg im`uta qug`da a carpa lstç li rlpausa l gtí slms vlzls par im`uta qug`da g plssag lstç lxtrligil`tl gtmvg. Eékurg 7> Arkg`mzgëãa klrgj da smstlig cmrcujgtórma3. DÈ@KLJA, N. C. G`gtaimg fuig`g hçsmcg. Sãa Rguja> Ldmtarg Gtfl`lu> 822=.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 723

 

Wug`da a sg`kul pgssg pljas cgpmjgrls sg`kué`las, tgihíi acarrl tracg ca`té`ug dl umdas lxtrgcljujgr l`trl g pgrtl pjgsiçtmcg da sg`kul l a umda m`tlrstmcmgj qul prll`cfl as lspgëas m`tlrcljujgrls. Gs pgrldls das cgpmjgrls sãa plrilçvlms â igmarmg dgs iajícujgs `a pjgsig da sg`kul, cai lxclëãa dgs krg`dls iajícujgs dl pratlé`gs pjgsiçtmcg. Rartg`ta, krg`dls qug`tmdgdls dl umdas l dl slus ca`stmca`stmtum`tls dmssajvmdas dmeu`dli-sl li gihgs gs dmrlëüls l`trl a sg`kul l as lspgëas das tlcmdas. Lstl praclssa dl m`tlrstmcmgj, dmeusãa í cgusgda iavmil`ta cm`ítmca dgs iajícujgs `a pjgsig l `a umda msta í, aplja umda l gs iajícujgs dmssajvmdgs lstãa li iavmil`ta ca`té`ua li tadgs gs dmrlëüls dl`tra da pjgsig l da umda `as lspgëas m`tlrcljujgrls, l tgihíi gtrgvís das paras das cgpmjgrls. Raucgs cíjujgs lstãa jacgjmzgdgs g igms dl Xlspmrgtórma> A sg`kul cgpturg `as gjvíajas as axmkî`mas `lclssçrmas pgrg gs cíjujgs. G ilihrg`g l`trl as gjvíajas l a jþil` das cgpmjgrls pujia`grls, g ilihrg`g gjvlajgr, tli gpl`gs 2,4 g 8,2 imcrôiltras dl lsplssurg, l a axmkî`ma sl dmeu`dl par iavmil`ta iajlcujgr gtrgvís das paras dlstg ilihrg`g pgrg a sg`kul dg ilsig ig`lmrg qul g çkug l as éa`s sl dmeu`dli gtrgvís dgs pgrldls das cgpmjgrls das tlcmdas.

Emkurg 8> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

724 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Trgta Kgstrm`tlstm`gj> Kgstrm`tlstm`gj> \ig krg`dl pgrtl da sg`kul haihlgda plja cargëãa tgihíi um gtrgvís dgs pgrldls da trgta kgstrm`tlstm`gj. Gqum, dmelrl`tls `utrml`tls dmssajvmdas, m`cjum`da cgrhamdrgtas, çcmdas krgxas l gim`açcmdas, sãa ghsarvmdas da gjmil`ta m`klrmda pgrg a umda lxtrgcljujgr `a sg`kul.

Emkurg 3> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Eékgda l autras Órkãas qul rlgjmzgi eu`ëüls prmiardmgjil`tl IltghójmIltghójmcgs> @li tadgs gs suhstè`cmgs ghsarvmdgs plja trgta kgstrm`tlstm`gj padli slr usgdgs `g earig ghsarvmdg pljgs cíjujgs. A eékgda gjtlrg qumimcgil`tl iumtgs dlssgs suhstè`cmgs pgrg earigs igms utmjmzçvlms, l qul autras tlcmdas da carpa – cíjujgs gdmpasgs, iucasgs kgstrm`tlstm`gj, kgstrm`tlstm`gj, rm`s l kjè`dujgs kjè`dujgs l`dócrm`gs – ca`trmhuli pgrg pgrg iadmcgr gs suhstè`cmgs ghsarvmdgs au grigzl`gdgs gtí qul slngi `lclssçrmgs. Smstlig Iuscujalsquljítmca> Iuscujalsquljítmca> Âs vlzls `as plrku`tgias> Caia a smstlig iuscujalsquljítmca sl l`qugdrg `gs eu`ëüls failastçtmcgs da carpa1 G rlspastg í óhvmg l smipjls> Sl `ãa lxmstmssli as iþscujas, a carpa `ãa padlrmg ahtlr as gjmil`tas `lclssçrmas pgrg g `utrmëãa. A smstlig iuscujalsquljítmca tgihíi prapar prapar-cma`g pratlëãa ca`trg a gihml`tl gdvlrsa l iahmjmdgdl, sli g qugj tada arkg`msia, cai slus ilcg`msias failastçtmcas, padlrmg slr dlstruéda m`stg`tg`lgil`tl. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 72<

 

Xliaëãa das pradutas `gms da iltghajmsia Xliaëãa da Dmóxmda dl Cgrha`a pljas Rujiüls Rujiüls>> Ga ilsia tlipa li qul a sg`kul cgptg a axmkî`ma `as pujiüls, a dmóxmda dl cgrha`a í jmhlrgda da sg`kul pgrg as gjvíajas pujia`grls? a iavmil`ta ia vmil`ta rlspmrgtórma da gr pgrg dl`tra l pgrg as pujiüls cgrrlkg a dmóxmda dl cgrha`a pgrg g gtiaselrg. g tiaselrg. A dmóxmda dl cgrha`a í a igms ghu`dg`tl dl tadas as pradutas `gms da iltghajmsia. Xm`s> G pgssgkli da sg`kul pljas rm`s rliavl da pjgsig g igmar pgrtl dgs Xm`s> autrgs suhstè`cmgs gjíi da dmóxmda dl cgrha`a, cg rha`a, qul sãa `lclssçrmgs pgrg gs cíjujgs. Lstgs suhstè`cmgs m`cjuli dmelrl`tls pradutas `gms da iltghajmsia cljujgr, tgms caia g urlmg, l a çcmda þrmca? tgihíi m`cjuli lxclssas dl éa`s dl çkug das gjmil`tas qul padli tlr sl gcuiujgda `a umda lxtrgcljujgr. As rm`s rlgjmzgi sug eu`ëãa prmilmrgil`tl par jtrgr krg`dls qug`tmdgdls dl pjgsig gtrgvís das kjaiírujas pgrg as tþhujas l dlpams rlghsarvl pgrg a sg`kul gquljgs suhstè`cmgs `lclssçrmgs ga carpa, caia kjmcasl, gim`açcmdas, qug`tmdgdls gdlqugdgs çkug l iumtas das éa`s. G igmarmg autrgs iltghójmcas suhstè`cmgs qul `ãa sãa `lclssçrmgs dl pgrg a arkg`msia, prm`cmpgjil`t prm`cmpgjil`tl l asdgs pradutas `gms caia g urlmg, í pauca rlghsarvmdg l pgssg pljas tþhujas rl`gms pgrg g urm`g.

Xlkujgëãa dgs eu`ëüls carpargms Smstlig @lrvasa> @lrvasa> A smstlig `lrvasa í caipasta dl trîs pgrtls prm`cmpgms> g pgrtl dl gelrî`cmg sl`sarmgj, a smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj (au pgrtl m`tlkrgtmvg) l g pgrtl dl lelrî`cmg iatarg. As rlclptarl rlclptarlss sl`sarmgms dltlctgi a lstgda da carpa au a lstgda da ilma gihml`tl. Rar lxlipja, as rlclptarls `g pljl m`earigi a arkg`msia qug`da ui ahnlta tacg g pljl li qugjqulr pa`ta. As ajfas sãa as órkãas sl`sarmgms qul dãa g migkli vmsugj da gihml`tl. As auvmdas tgihíi sãa órkãas sl`sarmgms. A smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj í caipasta cai pasta da círlhra l dg ildujg lspm`fgj. A círlhra padl grigzl`gr m`earigëüls, klrgr pl`sgil`tas, crmgr gihmëãa l dltlr dltlr-im`gr gs rlgëüls da arkg`msia li rlspastg âs sl`sgëüls. As sm`gms gpraprmgdas sãa l`tãa trg`simtmdas gtrgvís dg lelrî`cmg iatarg da smstlig `lrvasa pgrg lxlcutgr as dlsék`mas dg plssag. \i krg`dl slkil`ta da smstlig `lrvasa í cfgigda dl smstlig gutô`aia. Ljl aplrg li ui `évlj suhca`scml`tl l ca`trajg iumtgs eu`ëüls das órkãas m`tlr`as, m`cjum`da a `évlj dl gtmvmdgdl dl haihlgil`ta plja cargëãa, iavmil`tas da trgta kgstrm`tlstm`gj l slcrlëãa dl iumtgs dgs kjè`dujgs da carpa. 725 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Smstlig Faria`gj dl Xlkujgëãa> Xlkujgëãa> Fç `a carpa amta prm`cmpgms kjè`dujgs qul slcrltgi suhstè`cmgs quéimcgs cfgigdgs fariô`mas. As fariô`mas sãa trg`spartgdas `a umda lxtrgcljujgr pgrg tadgs gs pgrtls da carpa pgrg pgrtmcmpgr dg rlkujgëãa dg eu`ëãa cljujgr. Rar Rar lxlipja, a fariô`ma dg tmrlamdl guil`tg gs tgxgs dg igmarmg dgs rlgëüls quéimcgs li tadgs gs cíjujgs, gssmi ca`trmhum`da pgrg rlstghljlclr a rmtia dg gtmvmdgdl carpargj. G m`sujm`g ca`trajg adas iltghajmsia kjmcasl? fariô`mas gdrl`acartmcamdls ca`trajgi a iltghajmsia éa`s sódma,dg éa`s patçssma l dl pratlé`gs? l a fariô`ma pgrgtmrlamdla ca`trajg a cçjcma l a easegta das assas. Gssmi, as fariô`mas sãa ui smstlig dl rlkujgëãa qul caipjlil`tg a smstlig `lrvasa. A smstlig `lrvasa rlkujg prm`cmpgjil`tl gs gtmvmdgdls iuscujgrls l slcrltórmgs da arkg`msia, l`qug`ta a smstlig faria`gj rlkujg iumtgs eu`ëüls iltghójmcgs.

Xlpraduëãa Âs vlzls g rlpraduëãa `ãa í ca`smdlrgdg uig eu`ëãa failastçtmcg. L`trltg`ta, ljg rlgjil`tl ca`trmhum pgrg g failastgsmg gtrgvís dg klrgëãa dl `avas slrls li suhstmtumëãa gas qul lstãa iarrl`da. Msta padl pgrlclr ui usa pauca rmkarasa da tlria failastgsmg, igs mjustrg, li þjtmig g`çjmsl, qul lssl`cmgjil`tl tadgs gs lstruturgs da carpa sãa arkg`mzgdgs pgrg ig`tlr g guta`aimg l g ca`tm`umdgdl dg vmdg.

Smstligs dl ca`trajl da carpa A carpa fuig`a passum imjfgrls dl smstligs dl ca`trajl. A igms m`trmcgda dljls í a smstlig dl ca`trajl kl`ítmca qul aplrg li tadgs gs cíjujgs pgrg a ca`trajl dg eu`ëãa m`trgcljujgr, hli caia dg eu`ëãa lxtrgcljujgr. lxtrgcljujgr. Iumtas autras smstligs dl ca`trajl aplrgi dl`tra das órkãas pgrg ca`trajgr eu`ëüls dl pgrtls m`dmvmdugms dlstls? autras gm`dg par tada a carpa pgrg ca`trajgr gs m`tlr-rljgëüls m`tlr-rljgëüls l`trl as órkãas. Rar lxlipja, a smstlig rlspmrgtórma, aplrg`da li gssacmgëãa cai a smstlig `lrvasa, rlkujg g ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a `a umda lxtrgcljujgr. lxtrgcljujgr. A eékgda l a pè`crlgs rlkujgi g ca`cl`trgëãa dl kjmcasl `a umumda lxtrgcljujgr, l as rm`s rlkujgi gs ca`cl`trgëüls dl fmdrakî`ma, sódma, patçssma, easegta l dl autras éa`s `a umda lxtrgcljujgr.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 72;

 

Lxlipjas dl ilcg`msias dl ca`trajl Xlkujgëãa dgs Ca`cl`trgëüls dl Axmkî`ma l Dmóxmda dl Cgrha`a `a EjumEjumda Lxtrgcljujgr> Lxtrgcljujgr> Rlja egta dl a axmkî`ma slr uigs dgs prm`cmpgms suhstè`cmgs `lclssçrmgs pgrg gs rlgëüls quéimcgs `gs cíjujgs, a arkg`msia dmspül dl ui ilcg`msia dl ca`trajl lsplcmgj pgrg ig`tlr g ca`cl`trgëãa dl axmkî`ma qugsl ca`stg`tl `a umda lxtrgcljujgr. lxtrgcljujgr. Lssl ilcg`msia dlpl`dl prm`cmpgjil`tl dgs cgrgctlréstmcgs quéqué imcgs dg fliakjahm`g, qul lstç prlsl`tl li tadgs gs fliçcmgs.  G fliakjahm`g caihm`g-sl cai a axmkî`ma `g pgssgkli da sg`kul pljas pujiüls. Wug`da a sg`kul pgssg pljas cgpmjgrls das tlcmdas, g fliakjahm`g dlvmda â sug gjtg g`mdgdl quéimcg plja axmkî`ma, `ãa a jmhlrg ga umda tlcmdugj sl nç fauvlr axmkî`ma dligms `a jacgj. Igs, sl g ca`cl`trgëãa dl axmkî`ma lstmvlr hgmxg dligms, uig qug`tmdgdl sucml`tl í jmhlrgdg pgrg rlstghljlclr uig ca`cl`trgëãa gdlqugdg. Rartg`ta, g rlkujgëãa dg ca`cl`trgëãa dl axmkî`ma `as tlcmdas dlpl`dl prm`cmpgjil`tl dgs cgrgctlréstmcgs quéimcgs dg próprmg fliakjahm`g. Lstg rlkujgëãa í cfgigdg dl eu`ëãa dl tgipa`gil`ta da axmkî`ma pljg fliakjahm`g. G ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a `a umda lxtrgcljujgr í rlkujgdg dl earig iumta dmelrl`tl. A dmóxmda dl cgrha`a í a prm`cmpgj praduta `gj dgs rlgrlg ëüls axmdgtmvgs `gs cíjujgs. Sl tada a dmóxmda dl cgrha`a earigda `gs cíjujgs sl gcuiujgssl ca`tm`ugdgil`tl `as umdas tlcmdugms, g gëãa dl igssg da próprma dmóxmda dl cgrha`a rgpmdgil`tl dltlrmg tadgs gs rlgëüls dl ca`vlrsãa dl l`lrkmg `gs cíjujgs. Raríi, uig ca`cl`trgëãa igms gjtg qul a `arigj dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a `a sg`kul lxcmtg a cl`tra rlspmrgtórma, egzl`da cai qul g plssag rlspmrl rçpmda l praeu`dgil`tl. Msta guil`tg g lxpmrgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a l, partg`ta, rliavl a lxclssa da kçs da sg`kul l das umdas. Lstl praclssa ca`tm`ug gtí qul g ca`cl`trgëãa vajtl ga `arigj. Xlkujgëãa dg Rrlssãa Sg`kué`lg Grtlrmgj> Grtlrmgj> Uçrmas smstligs ca`trmhuli pgrg rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa sg`kué`lg grtlrmgj. \i dljls, a smstlig hgrarrlclptar, í ui smstlig smipjls l lxcljl`tl lxlipja dl ui ilcg`msia dl ca`trajl dl gëãa rçpmdg. @gs pgrldls dg rlkmãa dl hmeurcgëãa dgs grtírmgs cgrótmdgs, `a plscaëa, l tgihíi `a grca dg gartg, gar tg, `a tórgx, l`ca`trgi-sl vçrmas rlclptarls `lrvasas, cfgigdas hgrarrlclptarls, qul sãa lstmiujgdas plja lstmrgil`ta dg pgrldl grtlrmgj. Wug`da g prlssãa grtlrmgj sahl dligms, as hgrarrl hgrarrlclptarls clptarls l`vmgi sgjvas dl mipujsas `lrvasas pgrg a tra`ca clrlhrgj. Gqum, lstls mipujsas m`mhli a cl`tra cl`tra vgsaiatar, vgsaiatar, a qugj, 726 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

par sug vlz, dmim`um a `þilra dl mipujsas `lrvasas trg`simtmdas dlstl cl`tra, gtrgvís da smstlig `lrvasa smipçtmca, pgrg a cargëãa l vgsas sg`kué`las. G rlduëãa dlssls mipujsas acgsma`g g dmim`umëãa dg gtmvmdgdl dl haihlgil`ta da cargëãa l tgihíi g dmjgtgëãa das vgsas sg`kué`las plrmeírmcas, plrimtm`da guil`ta da uxa sg`kué`la `as vgsas.. Gihas as lelmtas dmim`uli g prlssãa grtlrmgj, trgzl`da-g dl vajtg ga vgjar `arigj. M`vlrsgil`tl, uig prlssãa grtlrmgj ghgmxa da `arigj rlduz a lstéiuja das rlclptarls dl lstmrgil`ta, plrimtm`da ga cl`tra vgsaiatar uig gtmvmdgdl igms gjtg, cgusg`da gssmi, vgsaca`strmëãa l guil`ta da haihlgil`ta cgrdégca, cai ljlvgëãa dg prlssãa grtlrmgj dl vajtg ga `arigj.

Egmxgs `arigms l cgrgctlréstmcgs dl mipartg`tls ca`stmtum`tls da Ejumda Lxtrgcljujgr As igms mipartg`tls sãa as jmimtls gjíi das qugms g`arigjmdgdls padli cgusgr g iartl. Rar lxlipja, ui guil`ta dg tliplrgturg carpórlg dl gpl`gs ;¾ C gcmig dg `arigjmdgdl padl jlvgr g ui cmcja vmcmasa dl guil`ta da iltghajmsia cljujgr qul dlstróm gs cíjujgs. Autra lxlipja, í g lstrlmtg egmxg dl lqumjéhrma gcmda hçsmca `a carpa, cai ui vgjar `arigj dl pF dl ;,4 l vgjarls jltgms cai gpl`gs 2,< u`mdgdls dl pF gcmig au ghgmxa da `arigj. Autra mipartg`tl egtar í g ca`cl`trgëãa dl éa`s patçssma, pams qug`da lstg cgm pgrg il`as dl ui tlrëa dg `arigj, a m`dmvmdua pravgvljil`tl pravgvljil`tl saerl pgrgjmsmg li ca`slquî`cmg dg das `lrvas dl ca`duzmr mipujsas. Gjtlr`gtmvgil`tl, sl g ca`cl`trgëãa dl éa`s patçssma guil`tgr pgrg dugs au igms vlzls li rljgëãa rljgëãa â `arigj, a iþscuja cgrdégca pravgvljil`tl pravgvljil`tl slrç krgvlil`tl dlprmimda. Tgihíi, qug`da g ca`cl`trgëãa dl éa`s cçjcma cgm ghgmxa dg iltgdl da `arigj, a m`dmvmdua pravgvljil`tl tli uig ca`trgëãa tltè`mcg das iþscujas da carpa par cgusg dg klrgëãa lspa`tè`lg dl ui lxclssa dl mipujsas `lrvasas `as `lrvas plrmeírmcas. Wug`da g ca`cl`trgëãa dl kjmcasl cgm ghgmxa da `arigj, a m`dmvédua klrgjil`tl dlsl`vajvl uig mrrmtghmjmdgdl il`tgj lxtrlig l, âs vlzls, gtí ilsia ca`vujsüls. Lssls lxlipjas dlvli dgr uig mdlmg dg `lclssmdgdl l dg lxtrlig mipartè`cmg da krg`dl `þilra dl smstligs dl ca`trajl qul ig`tíi a carpa eu`cma`g`da `g sgþdl? gusî`cmg dl qugjqulr ui dlssls ca`trajls padl rlsujtgr li sírma igu eu`cma`gil`ta da carpa au li iartl. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 72=

 

Cgrgctlréstmcgs Cgrgctlréstmc gs das smstligs dl ca`trajl As lxlipjas g`tls gprlsl`tgdas dl ilcg`msias dl ca`trajl failastçtmcas sãa gpl`gs u`s paucas dgs iumtgs cl`tl`gs dl imjfgrls imjfgrls lxmstl`tls `a carpa? tadas ljls passuli dltlrim`gdgs cgrgctlréstmcgs caiu`s. Lssgs cgrgctlréstmcgs caiu`s slrãa lxpjmcgdgs `gs pçkm`gs slkum`tls.

Cgrgctlréstmcgs dl Elldhgco   @lkgtmva dg igmarmg das smstligs dl ca`trajl G igmarmg das smstligs dl ca`trajl da arkg`msia gkl par elldhgco  `lkgtmva,  `lkgtmva, a qul padl slr hli lxpjmcgda pljg rlvmsãa dl gjku`s das smstligs dl ca`trajl failastçtmca il`cma`gdas g`tlrmaril`tl. @g rlkujgëãa dg ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a, uig gjtg ca`cl`trgëãa da kçs `a umda lxtrgcljujgr guil`tg g vl`tmjgëãa pujia`gr. Msta, par sug vlz, dmdmim`um g ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a `a umda lxtrgcljujgr, lxtrgcljujgr, pams as pujiüls ljmim`gi igmarls qug`tmdgdls dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a da arkg`msia. Li autrgs pgjgvrgs, g gjtg ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a m`mcmg lvl`tas qul dmim`uli g ca`cl`trgëãa gtí g `arigj, a qul í `lkgtmva ga lstéiuja m`mcmgj. M`vlrsgil`tl, g quldg `g ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a cgusg ui elldhgco  pgrg  pgrg guil`tgr g ca`cl`trgëãa. Lstg rlspastg tgihíi í `lkgtmvg li rljgëãa ga g a lstéiuja m`mcmgj. @as ilcg`msias dl rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa, au uig prlssãa hgmxg egz cai qul uig sírml dl rlgëüls praiavg g ljlvgëãa dg prlssãa. Li gihas as cgsas, lstls lelmtas sãa `lkgtmvas li rljgëãa ga lstéiuja m`mcmgj. Rartg`ta, li klrgj, sl gjkui egtar sl tar`g lxclssmva au dlcml`tl, ui smstlig dl ca`trajl m`mcmg ui elldhgco  `lkgtmva,   `lkgtmva, qul ca`smstl li uig sírml dl gjtlrgëüls qul rlcuplrgi a vgjar iídma da egtar eg tar,, ig`tl`da, gssmi, g failastgsmg.

Kg`fa dl ui smstlig dl ca`trajl A krgu dl lcçcmg cai qul ui smstlig dl ca`trajl ig`tíi ig`tíi gs ca`dmëüls ca`stg`tls í dltlrim`gda plja kg`fa da elldhgco  `lkgtmva.   `lkgtmva. Rar lxlipja, gdimtg-sl quldas krg`dl vajuil dl sg`k trg`seu`dmda ligtug`da, li plssag cuna dl ca`trajl hgrarrlclptarls hgrarrlclptar ls sg`kul pgrgulg eam prlssãa `ãa lstlng `ãa l qul qulsmstlig g prlssãa 772 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

grtlrmgj sl ljlvl dl slu vgjar `arigj dl 722 ii Fk gtí 7;< ii Fk. Li slkumdg, gdimtg-sl qul lssl ilsia vajuil dl sg`kul slng trg`seu`dmda `g ilsig plssag, qug`da slu smstlig hgrarrlclptar lstmvlr gtug`tl l, `lssl cgsa, g prlssãa só sl ljlvg par 8< ii Fk. Gssmi, a smstlig dl ca`trajl ca `trajl par elldhgco  praduzmu  praduzmu ‚carrlëãa’ dl - rlkujgëãa cgrdégcg m`tré`slcg, li rlspastg âs vgrmgëüls `a gpartl da vajuil sg`kué`la li dmrlëãa ga cargëãa l ca`trajl dg erlquî`cmg cgrdégcg l dg earëg dl haihlgil`ta plja smstlig `lrvasa gutô`aia. Xlkujgëãa dg Tliplrgturg G rlkujgëãa dg tliplrgturg sl dgrç par m`uî`cmg da fmpatçjgia, au slng, qug`da a carpa tli sug tliplrgturg dmim`uédg as iþscujas tl`dli g sl ermccma`grli pgrg guil`tgr g tliplrgturg. M`vlrsgil`tl, qug`da a carpa guil`tg sug tliplrgturg í gtrgvís dg lvgpargëãa da suar qul fç a rlsermgil`ta, par ilma dg lvgpargëãa. @a l`tg`ta, pgrg qul lstls ca`trajls eu`cma`li í `lclssçrma qul as tlriarrlclptarls tlriarrlclptar ls da carpa l`vmli sm`gms pgrg a fmpatçjgia dl caia lstç g tliplrgturg carpargj pgrg sug dlvmdg gdlqugëãa, pgrg hgmxa au pgrg cmig. Xlkujgëãa dg Kjmclimg G m`sujm`g l a kjucgka` sãa praduzmdas plja Rè`crlgs, lstgs dugs suhstè`cmgs gkli `g rlkujgëãa dl gëþcgr `a sg`kul. Cai a guil`ta `g ca`cl`trgëãa dl kjmcasl sg`kué`lg g m`sujm`g gkl cai gëãa fmpakjmclimg`tl, l m`vlrsgil`tl, qug`da fç quldg `g ca`cl`trgëãa dl gëþcgr `a sg`kul a kjucgka` gkl cai gëãa fmplrkjmclimg`tl. Rgrg g ig`utl`ëãa dg ca`cl`trgëãa gdlqugdg dl gëþcgr `a sg`kul í `lclssçrma â gtugëãa dlssls dams fariô`mas, au slng, g failastgsl. L pgrg qul msta acarrg í `lclssçrmg â sm`gjmzgëãa plja arkg`msia das `évlms dl gëþcgr `a ilsia.

778 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

 

;

SMSTLIG KGSTXM@TLSTM@GJ CA@FLCMIL@TAS L`tl`dlr gs eu`ëüls iatargs da m`tlstm`a, a ca`trajl `lurgj, as iavmil`tas l g mrrmkgëãa sg`kué`lg kgstrm`tlstm`gj? Caiprll`dlr a praclssa dg dmklstãa l da eu`cma`gil`ta das órkãas ó rkãas caipa`l`tls da trgta l slus órkãas g`lxas.

FGHMJMDGDLS Mdl`tmcgr gsplctas l prm`cépmas prm`cépmas quéimcas l smajókmcas smajókmcas dl `gturlzg `gturlzg dmklstmvg, a gpgrlcmil`ta dl praclssas iajlcujgrls, ltgpgs sug eu`cma`gjmdgdl pgrg g prlslrvgëãa da praclssa dmklstmva, dmklstmva, sugs iudg`ëgs quéimcgs da arkg`msia arkg`msia l gtí a eu`cma`gil`ta vmtgj.

GTMT\DLS Dlsl`vajvlr gjku`s ca`clmtas eu`dgil`tgms sahrl a smstlig kgstrm`tlstm`gj, cgpgcmtç-ja l tar`ç-ja gpta g g`gjmsgr, dlscrlvlr, mdl`tmcgr, cgrgctlrmzgr, rljgcma`gr l cjgssmcgr dmvlrsas praclssas dmklstórmas.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 77<

 

Smstlig Kgstrm`tlstm`gj A smstlig kgstrm`tlstm`gj í caipasta plja trgta dmklstórma l pljas órkãas g`lxas. A trgta dmklstórma í ui tuha qul sl lstl`dl dg hacg ga cg`gj g`gj, cfgigda tgihíi dl cg`gj gjmil`tgr. Egzli pgrtl dlssl smstlig gs slkum`tls lstruturgs> hacg, egrm`kl, lstôigka, lsôegka, m`tlstm`a krassa l a dljkgda, rlta l a è`us.

Emkurg 7> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

A tuha dmklstmva ghgstlcl dl earig m`tlrimtl`tl a arkg`msia dl çkug, ljltrójmtas l as `utrml`tls. @a l`tg`ta, pgrg qul msta acarrg dl earig gdlqugdg, í `lclssçrma a iavmil`ta da tuha dmklstmva? g slcrlëãa das sucas kçstrmcas l g dmklstãa gjmil`ta? g ghsarëãa das gjmil`tas? g cmrcujgëãa da qul eam ghsarvmda plja sg`kul l pljas órkãas pgrg slrli ghsarvmdgs ghsar vmdgs `lssls órkãas? l a ca`trajl plja smstlig `lrvasa l plja smstlig faria`gj.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 77;

 

Dmvmsãa da Smstlig Kgstrm`tlstm`gj A smstlig dmklstmva lstç caipasta par dmvlrsas órkãas qul sl gkrupgi cai eu`ëüls lsplcécgs, as órkãas sãa> hacg, egrm`kl, lsôegka, lstôigka, m`tlstm`a kraskrassa l dljkgda l gs kjè`dujgs g`lxgs (sgjmvgrls, iucasgs, eékgda l pè`crlgs) qul tli eu`ëãa `g igstmkgëãa, m`klstãa l dmklstãa das gjmil`tas. A smstlig dmklstmva í vmsta sah trîs gsplctas> Slkil`tgr, Slkil`tgr, Eu`cma`gj l Tapakrçca. Slkil`tgr> hacg, egrm`kl, lsôegka, lstôigka, m`tlstm`a krassa l a dljkgda, Slkil`tgr> hacg, eékgda l gs kjè`dujgs g`lxgs. Eu`cma`gj> Rarëãa m`klstmvg (hacg, egrm`kl l lsôegka)? Eu`cma`gj> Rarëãa Rarëãa Dmklstmvg> lstôigka, Dmklstmvg> lstôigka, m`tlstm`a dljkgda l a eékgda? Rarëãa Lklstmvg> m`tlstm`a Lklstmvg> m`tlstm`a krassa? Rarëãa M`klstmvg> lstç M`klstmvg> lstç ca`stmtuédg pljas slkil`tas l`cgrrlkgdas pljg ca`duëãa das gjmil`tas (hacg, egrm`kl l lsôegka). Rarëãa Dmklstmvg> í Dmklstmvg> í earigdg pljas ljlil`tas qul egzli g eu`ëãa dl dmklstãa da gjmil`ta. A`dl dmklstãa í a praclssa dl dlsdahrgil`ta dgs pgrtls gssmimjçvlms plja arkg`msia da gjmil`ta (lstôigka l m`tlstm`a dljkgda). Rarëãa Lklstmvg> í Lklstmvg> í a slkil`ta qul tli g eu`ëãa dl ljmim`gr as rlséduas gjmil`tgrls (m`tlstm`a krassa). Tapakrçcg>  suprgdmgergkiçtmcg (hacg, egrm`kl l =/72 da Lsôegka)? Tapakrçcg>  M`ergdmgergkiçtmcg (7/72 da Lsôegka, da lstôigka l as m`tlstm`as krassa l dljkgda).

Hacg Í a prmilmra slkil`ta da smstlig dmklstmva, gprlsl`tg uig earig gpraxmigdgil`tl avgj, lstg`da dmvmdmdg li dugs parëüls pljgs grcgdgs dl`tçrmgs, lssgs dmvmsüls sãa? a vlstéhuja dg hacg l g cgvmdgdl hucgj, hucgj ,  gprlsl`tg`da tgihíi as  l gs kjè`dujgs sgjmvgrls. dl`tls,, g kl`kmvg dl`tls kl`kmvg,, g jé`kug jé`kug l sgjmvgrls. Ulstéhuja dg Hacg>  Hacg>  gprlsl`tg uig earig dl el`dg, smtugda l`trl gs egcls m`tlr`gs das jçhmas l dgs hacflcfgs dl ui jgda l as dl`tls cai gs kl`kmvgs da autra. A vlstéhuja vlstéhuja egz ca`lxãa cai g cgvmdgdl dg hacg praprmgil`tl dmtg dmtg gtrgvís da lspgëa rltraiajgr.

776 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Hucgj> gprlsl`tg-sl caia ui qugdrmjçtlra, caiu`mcg-sl cai a lxCgvmdgdl Hucgj> gprlsl`tg-sl tlrmar par uig el`dg lxmstl`tl `as jçhmas qug`da u`mdas g ‚Xmig Hucgj’ l cai g egrm`kl gtrgvís da ‚Mstia dg Kgrkg`tg’ tgihíi cfgigda ‚Mstia dgs Egucls’. Egucls’. G cgvmdgdl hucgj gprlsl`tg g prlsl`tg 5 (slms) jgdas> g`tlrmar, pastlrmar, pastlrmar, suplrmar, suplrmar, m`elrmar l jgtlrgms dmrlmtg l lsqulrdg. Dl`tls> sãa Dl`tls>  sãa lstruturgs durgs, lshrg`qumëgdas, qul tli g eu`ëãa dl gprll`sãa, dmjgclrgëãa l trmturgëãa das gjmil`tas. g jmil`tas. Kl`kmvg> g kl`kmvg í ca`stmtuédg par ui tlcmda hrasa dl`sa, rmcgil`tl vgsKl`kmvg> g vgscujgrmzgda, qul l`vajvl as praclssas das gjvíajas das assas igxmjgrls l das assas dg ig`déhujg. Jé`kug> G jé`kug í a prm`cmpgj órkãa da pgjgdgr, tl`da eu`ëãa mipartg`tl `g Jé`kug> G grtmcujgëãa dg pgjgvrg, `g igstmkgëãa l `g dlkjutmëãa. Kjè`dujgs Sgjmvgrls> tli g eu`ëãa dl lihlhmëãa da gjmil`ta, au slng, da haja gjmil`tgr, gnudg`da `g dlkjutmëãa. G sgjmvg praduta par ljgs lxcrltgda í pravl`ml`tl dl trîs kjè`dujgs dmstm`tgs? pgrótmdg pgrótmdg,, suhig`dmhujgr suhig`dmhujgr l  l suhjm`kugj suhjm`kugj,, lstgs sãa ca`smdlrgdgs gs krg`dls kjè`dujgs sgjmvgrls, `a l`tg`ta lxmstli autrgs il`arls cai g ilsig eu`ëãa l qul sl jacgjmzgi `g egcl m`tlr`g das jçhmas l `as pgjgtas dura l iajl? @a faili li ui plréada dl 84 fargs g praduëãa dl sgjmvg padl cflkgr l`trl 7 g 7,< jmtras? as ruim`g`tls `a ilsia plréada cflkgi g praduzmr igms au il`as 82 jmtras.

Emkurg 8> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 77=

 

Egrm`kl G egrm`kl í ui ca`duta iþscuja-ilihrg`çcla, dl earig cô`mcg gssliljfg`da-sl g ui eu`mj, dl hgsl suplrmar l vírtmcl m`elrmar, sl`da órkãa da smstlig rlspmrgtórma l dmklstmva. Smtug-sl `g pgrtl g`tlrmar dg caju`g vlrtlhrgj l pastlrmar dg cgvmdgdl `gsgj, cgvmdgdl hucgj l jgrm`kl, ca`tm`ug`da-sl m`elrmaril`tl cai a lsôegka, m`mcmg `g hgsl da crè`ma gtí g slxtg vírtlhrg clrvmcgj. Dmvmsãa> g egrm`kl `ãa gprlsl`tg jmimtls `étmdas l`trl sugs parëüls, paríi, `a Dmvmsãa> g l`tg`ta ga sl trgëgr pjg`as farmza`tgms ga ja`ka dl slu lmxa padl-sl dmvmdm-jg li> `gsaegrm`kl au `gsaegrm`kl  au rm`aegrm`kl rm`aegrm`kl,, araegrm`kl araegrm`kl l  l jgrm`kaegrm`kl jgrm`kaegrm`kl.. @gsaegrm`kl> í a slkil`ta dg egrm`kl igms suplrmar qul egz caiu`mcgëãa cai @gsaegrm`kl> í g cgvmdgdl `gsgj gtrgvís dgs cag`gs. A slu jmimtl suplrmar í dgda pljg hgsl da crè`ma lg a`gsaegrm`kl m`elrmar plja pgjgta iajl? iídma. `g sug jgtlrgj l`ca`trg-sl a óstma egré`kla qul caiu`mcg cai a auvmda Araegrm`kl> í a slkil`ta dg egrm`kl qul egz caiu`mcgëãa cai g cgvmdgdl huAraegrm`kl> í cgj plja mstia dgs egucls au mstia dg kgrkg`tg. Lstl`dl-sl da pgjgta iajl ga çdmta dg jgrm`kl? í `g araegrm`kl qul acarrl a cruzgil`ta dgs vmgs rlspmrgtórmgs l dmklstmvg. Jgrm`kaegrm`kl> í a slkil`ta dg egrm`kl qul sl caiu`mcg cai g jgrm`kl l cai Jgrm`kaegrm`kl> í a lsôegka. Lstl`dl-sl da çdmta dg jgrm`kl gtí g 5ª vírtlhrg clrvmcgj qul carrlspa`dl â hardg m`elrmar dg cgrtmjgkli crmcómdl. G egrm`kl caiu`mcg-sl, partg`ta cai gs lstruturgs vmzm`fgs gtrgvís dl ; (sltl) armeécmas, au slng> cag`gs cag`gs,, óstmas óstmas  egré`klas egré`klas,, mstia mstia  dg kgrkg`tg, kgrkg`tg, çdmta çdmta  jgré`kla jgré`kla l  l çdmta  lsaeçkmca ta lsaeçkmca.. G iuscujgturg dg egrm`kl padl slr dl dams tmpas> ca`strmctarls l ljlvgdarls.

Lsôegka A lsôegka í ui tuha iþscuja ilihrg`çcla ildm`da gpraxmigdgil`tl 8< ci dl caiprmil`ta, cai g eu`ëãa dl egzlr g ca`duëãa da gjmil`ta gtí a lstôigka. L`ca`trg-sl smtugda par dmg`tl dg caju`g vlrtlhrgj l par trçs dg trgqulmg l dg grtírmg gartg. M`mcmg-sl g gjturg dg cgrtmjgkli crmcómdl (5ª vírtlhrg clrvmcgj) tlrim`g`da ga `évlj dg cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj â gjturg dg 77ª vírtlhrg tarçcmcg.

782 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Dmvmsãa> Dmvmsãa> ga  ga ja`ka dl slu plrcursa, a lsôegka sl rljgcma`g cai dmelrl`tls pgrpgrtls da carpa fuig`a, pgrg iljfar ahnltmvgr uig lsquligtmzgëãa, a ilsia í dmvmdmda li 4 parëüls. Rarëãa Clrvmcgj> rljgcma`gdg cai a plscaëa. Rarëãa Tarçcmcg> rljgcma`gdg Tarçcmcg> rljgcma`gdg cai a tórgx. Rarëãa Dmgergkiçtmcg> qug`da Dmgergkiçtmcg> qug`da gtrgvlssg a iþscuja dmgergkig. Rarëãa Ghdaim`gj> plqul`g Ghdaim`gj> plqul`g pgrtl qul sl jmkg ga lstôigka. Lstrlmtgil`tas> gs lstruturgs g`tlrmaril`tl, ga sl rljgcma`grli cai a lsôLstrlmtgil`tas> gs egka lxlrcli prlssüls sahrl suplreécml lxtlr`g da ilsia, qul rlplrcutl m`tlr`gil`tl dmim`um`da sug juz, sãa cm`ca> crmcamdl crmcamdl,, górtmca górtmca,, hrô`qumca hrô`qumca,, dmgergkiçtmca dmgergkiçtmca   l cgrdégca cgrdégca.. A lsôegka sl ca`stmtum par uig lxtlr`g dl hrgs iuscujgrls qul lstãa dmspasdmspastgs li sl`tmda ja`kmtudm`gj ja`kmtudm`gj l autrg cgigdg `a sl`tmda cmrcujgr cmrcujgr.. A haja gjmil`tgr trg`smtg plja lsôegka, `a sl`tmda egrm`kl-lstôigka, dlvmda gas iavmil`tas plrmstçjtmcas l pljg gëãa dg krgvmdgdl.

Dmvmsãa da Ghdail A ghdail l`ca`trg-sl dmvmdmda par m`tlriídma dl qugtra jm`fgs trgëgdgs `g pgrldl lxtlr`g dg cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj, cai mssa, lvmdl`cmgi-sl gs dmvlrsgs vésclrgs gjm smtugdgs. Dgs qugtra jm`fgs, dugs sãa vlrtmcgj cai m`écma `g iltgdl dg cjgvécujg pgssg`da plja igimja l tlrim`gda `a ilma das jmkgil`tas m`kum`gms dl cgdg jgda. Gs autrgs dugs sãa farmza`tgms? uig smtugdg gcmig da uihmka l qul igrklmg as rlhardas m`elrmarls dgs þjtmigs castljgs? g autrg smtugdg ghgmxa, qul u`l gs crmstgs mjégcgs è`tlra-suplrmar è`tlra-suplrmarls. ls.

Lstôigka Í a órkãa igms dmjgtgda, smtug-sl l`trl a lsôegka lsôegka l tli m`mcma `a m`tlstm`a m`tlstm`a dljkgda, `g cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj, acupg gs rlkmüls lpmkçstrmcgs, fmpacô`drma lsqulrda lsqulrda l ilsakçstrmcg.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 787

 

Eu`da

Rmjórmcg Carpa

Emkurg 3> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Earig> tli Earig>  tli g earig vgrmçvlj dl gcarda cai vçrmas egtarls> - Cai a lstgda dl pjl`mtudl au dl vgcumdgdl. - Cai g egsl dg dmklstãa? - Cai g iuscujgturg dg rlkmãa? - Cai a hmótmpa.

Dmvmsãa> pgrg Dmvmsãa>  pgrg sl lstudgr g suplreécml lxtlr`g da lstôigka, dlvl-sl trgëgr sahrl g ilsig dugs jm`fgs `g farmza`tgj, uig `g pgrtl suplrmar l autrg `g pgrtl m`elrmar? g jm`fg farmza`tgj suplrmar dlvl pgssgr pljg ‚M`cmsurg Cgrdégcg’ rll`trè`cmg au dlprlssãa earigdg pljg tlrim`gëãa dg hardg lsqulrdg da lsôegka cai a lstôigka? g jm`fg farmza`tgj m`elrmar dlvl pgssgr pljg ‚M`cmsurg g`kujgr’, lstg m`cmsurg rlprlsl`tg a pa`ta li qul g plqul`g curvgturg da lstôigka dlmxg dl slr vlrtmcgj pgrg sl farmza`tgjmzgr,, cai mssa ahtîi-sl g slkum`tl dmvmsãa da lstôigka> za`tgjmzgr Eu`da>  slkil`ta li earig dl cþpujg jacgjmzgda `g pgrtl dl cmig dg jm`fg Eu`da>  farmza`tgj suplrmar, rlprlsl`tg a lspgëa vgzma da lstôigka, qul `arigjil`tl l`ca`trg-sl cflma dl gr. Carpa> slkil`ta Carpa>  slkil`ta smtugda l`trl gs jm`fgs farmza`tgms, rlprlsl` rlprlsl`tg tg g igmar igma r parëãa

da lstôigka, gprlsl`tg`da uig egcl g`tlrmar au vl`trgj l autrg pastlrmar au darsgj. 788 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Xlkmãa Rmjórmcg> parëãa Rmjórmcg> parëãa da lstôigka smtugdg l`trl g jm`fg farmza`tgj m`elrmar l a m`écma da m`tlstm`a dljkgda. G lssl `évlj ga sl trgëgr uig jm`fg ahjéqug pgrtm`da dg m`cmsurg g`kujgr dl ig`lmrg qul earig cai g jm`fg farmza`tgj m`elrmar ui è`kuja dl gpraxmigdgil`tl 52¾, dmvmdl-sl lssg rlkmãa li dams slkil`tas - G`tra (u`mda ga carpa) l Cg`gj Rmjórmca (qul sl ca`tm`ug cai a m`tlstm`a dljkgda). G`gjmsg`da-sl a lstôigka caia ui tada a ilsia gprlsl`tg gm`dg uig krg`dl curvgturg qul carrlspa`dl g sug hardg lsqulrdg, uig plqul`g curvgturg g sug hardg dmrlmtg? ui armeécma suplrmar a Óstma Cçrdmca, pravmda dl ui lseé`ctlr rlsujtg`tl dg ca`dl`sgëãa dgs hrgs cmrcujgrls da lsôegka l autra armeécma m`elrmar a Óstma Rmjórmca, cuna lseé`ctlr rlsujtg dg ca`dl`sgëãa dl hrgs cmrcujgrls da lslstôigka. Lstruturgjil`tl padl-sl ahslrvgr g parëãa m`tlr`g da ilsia sah dams gsplctas> Igcrascópmca Igcrascópmca a`dl  a`dl li lstgda dl vgcumdgdl, g sug iucasg gprlsl`tg-sl erg`nlgdg par krassgs prlkgs ja`kmtudm`gms, qul tli par eu`ëãa guil`tgr g cgpgcmdgdl da órkãa, msta par qul li lstgda dl pjl`mtudl lstgs prlkgs dlsgpgrlcli. Imcrascópmca a`dl Imcrascópmca  a`dl vlrmcg-sl gs kjè`dujgs kçstrmcgs dmsslim`gdgs par tadg g sug iucasg qul padli sl gprlsl`tgr dl trîs tmpas> Cgrdégcgs> l`ca`trgdg `g parëãa cçrdmcg cai g eu`ëãa dl praduzmrli iucm`g. Eþ`dmcgs au Kçstrmcgs> smtugdgs Kçstrmcgs> smtugdgs `a eu`da da carpa da lstôigka, gprlsl`tg`da cíjujgs iucasgs qul praduzli iucm`g, cíjujgs píptmcgs qul slcrltgi plpsm`akî`ma l gs cíjujgs pgrmltgms qul slcrltgi çcmda cjarédrmca. A lstôigka gprlsl`tg g eu`ëãa dl ghsarëãa das sgms im`lrgms, çjcaaj, gëþcgr l dl gjkuigs drakgs? `ãa sl`da a prm`cmpgj órkãa dg dmklstãa, pgplj dlstm`gda ga m`tlstm`a dljkgda.

M`tlstm`a Dljkgda Í ui tuha sm`uasa ildm`da gpraxmigdgil`tl ; g = iltras i ltras dl caiprmil`ta, lstl`dl`da-sl da óstma pmjórmca â vçjvujg mjlaclcgj gprlsl`tgda uig pasmëãa cl`trgj `g cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj, í dmvmdmda li trîs slkil`tas dmstm`tas? dmstm`tas? a duadl`a duadl`a,, a  nlnu`a l  nlnu`a  l a éjla éjla.. Duadl`a>  í a il`ar slkil`ta, ildl clrcg dl 8< ci au a lqumvgjl`tl g Duadl`a>  dazl dldas cajacgdas nu`tas l trg`svlrsgjil`tl? tli earig qul jlihrg g jltrg ‚C’

a`dl `g sug ca`cgvmdgdl l`ca`trg-sl l`cgmxgda a pè`crlgs padl`da slr dmvmdmda li qugtra pgrtls> suplrmar suplrmar,, dlscl`dl`tl dlscl`dl`tl,, farmza`tgj farmza`tgj   au m`elrmar l gscl`dl`tl  gscl`dl`tl  Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 783

 

sl`da g sug parëãa igms mipartg`tl g dlscl`dl`tl, pams, `ljg l`ca`trg-sl g dlslihacgdurg da ca`duta pg`crlçtmca prm`cmpgj l cajídaca earig`da uig gipajg qul dlslihacg `g pgpmjg duadl`gj igmar l a ca`duta pg`crlçtmca gclssórma qul dlslihacg `g pgpmjg duadl`gj il`ar. Nlnu`a l Éjla> sãa Éjla> sãa as slkil`tas qul ca`tm`ugi a duadl`a l dlslihacgi `a m`tlstm`a krassa, slu jmimtl `ãa í hli dl`mda, paríi sl ca`smdlrg a Nlnu`a caia sl`da gs gjëgs m`tlstm`gms igms suplrmarls, au slng, 8/< suplrmarls l a Éjla gs gjëgs m`tlstm`gms m`elrmarls carrlspa`dl`da gas 3/< m`elrmarls? `a Nlnu`a g ghsarëãa acarrl aca rrl igms gtmvgil`tl.

Emkurg 4> @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Lstruturgjil`tl a m`tlstm`a dljkgda l`ca`trg-sl ca`stmtuéda par trîs cgigdgs> g lxtlr`g í uig cgigdg slrasg qul carrlspa`dl g jèim`g vmsclrgj da plrmtô`ma? g cgigdg iídmg í uig cgigdg iuscujgr, gprlsl`tg`da gprlsl`tg`da hrgs ja`kmtudm`gms dl iþs iþs-cuja jmsa l hrgs cmrcujgrls? g cgigdg m`tlr`g tgihíi dl`aim`gdg tþ`mcg dg iuiu casg, gprlsl`tg rukgs rukgs cmrcujgrls cmrcujgrls qul gprlsl`tgi-sl gprlsl`tgi-sl li igmar `þilra `þilra `a nlnu`a

rgrlegzl`da sl `a éjla.

784 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Rè`crlgs Í uig kjè`dujg imstg, gprlsl`tg`da uig slcrlëãa l`dócrm`g jg`ëgdg `g carrl`tl cmrcujgtórmg cmrcujgtórmg (m`sujm`g l kjucgka`) kjucgka`) l uig lxócrm`g (suca pg`crlçtmca) jg`ëgda `g juz da duadl`a. Lssg kjè`dujg l`ca`trg-sl smtugdg `g cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj lstl`dl`da-sl da duadl`a ga hgëa acupg`da gs rlkmüls lpmkçstrmcg l a fmpacô`drma lsqulrda.

Emkurg @LTTLX, Erg`o F.. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222.

Dmvmsãa> a pè`crlgs í caipasta par trîs parëüls, au slng, cghlëg Dmvmsãa> a cg hlëg (parëãa l`crgvgdg `a duadl`a), carpa (parëãa m`tlrildmçrmg) l cgudg (parëãa qul sl jmkg ga hgëa). Ca`dutas> a pè`crlgs jg`ëg slu praduta `g parëãa dlscl`dl`tl da duadl`a Ca`dutas> a gtrgvís dl dams ca`dutas> Rg`crlçtmca prm`cmpgj> prm`cmpgj> qul sl ghrl `g pgpmjg igmar da duadl`a?

Rg`crlçtmca gclssórma> gclssórma> qul sl ghrl `g pgpmjg il`ar da duadl`a.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 78<

 

Eékgda A eékgda smtug-sl `g cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj acupg`da gs rlkmüls> fmpacô`drma dmrlmta, lpmkçstrmcg l g parëãa da fmpacô`drma lsqulrda. A eékgda tgihíi í uig kjè`dujg imstg sl`da ca`smdlrgdg `a carpa fuig`a g igmar. Caia órkãa dl slcrlëãa m`tlr`g (eu`ëãa kjmcakî`mcg li pgrtmcujgr) jg`ëg a slu praduta `g carrl`tl cmrcujgtórmg, nç g sug slcrlëãa lxtlr`g (eu`ëãa hmjmgr) í jlvgdg ga duadl`a gtrgvís dl ui smstlig dl ca`duta lsplcmgj qul sl u`l armkm`g`da ui ca`duta þ`mca, a ca`duta cajídaca qul dlslihacg `g slku`dg parëãa da duadl`a, nu`tgil`tl cai a ca`duta pg`crlçtmca gclssórma. Dmvmsãa> a eékgda l`ca`trg-sl dmvmda li 4 (qugtra) jahas, sl`da as dams igmaDmvmsãa> a rls dl`aim`gdas dl jaha dmrlmta l dmrlmta l jaha lsqulrda l lsqulrda l as dams il`arls a jaha qugdrgda l a jaha cgudgda. cgudgda. As jahas sl dmvmdli li u`mdgdls il`arls cfgigdgs jóhujas a`dl tli armkli as ca`dutas (ductas) flpçtmcas. As ductas â ildmdg qul sl dmrmkli pgrg g suplreécml lxtlr`g da eékgda vãa sl rlu`m`da g i dl earigrli dams ca`dutas qul sl lxtlrmarmzgi cai g dl`aim`gëãa dl ca`duta flpçtmca dmrlmta l ta  l ca`duta flpçtmca lsqulrda qul lsqulrda qul jaka gpós sug sgédg, u`li-sl pgrg earigr a ca`duta flpçtmca caiui, caiui, qul par sug vlz u`l-sl ga ca`duta céstmca gdvm`da céstmca gdvm`da dg vlsécujg hmjmgr, hmjmgr, l`tãa ca`stmtuérli a ca`duta cajídaca qul cajídaca qul vgm dlslihacgr nu`tgil`tl cai a ca`duta pg`crlçtmca prm`cmpgj `g prm`cmpgj `g pgpmjg igmar da duadl`a. Rraduëãa dg Hmjl> gssmi qul gs pgrtécujgs dl kardurg l`trgi li ca`tgda cai g iucasg da duadl`a l nlnu`a, jlvgi g slcrlëãa dg Cajlcmstmcm`m`g qul slkul par vmg sg`kué`lg gtí a eékgda? gs cíjujgs flpçtmcgs sãa par sug vlz lstmiujgdgs g praduzmrli g hmjl, cai g `gjmdgdl dl gtugrli sahrl gs kardurgs, tar`g`da-gs gssmgssmimjçvlms? qug`da `ãa fç `lclssmdgdl dl krg`dl qug`tmdgdl dl hmjl g ilsig slkul pgrg g vlsécujg hmjmgr a`dl í gcuiujgdg tar`g`da-g igms ca`cl`trgdg. Ilmas dl Emxgëãa> a Emxgëãa> a eékgda ig`tíi-sl li pasmëãa krgëgs g prlssãa ghdaim`gj, g vlmg cgvg m`elrmar l g uig sírml dl jmkgil`tas> A jmkgil`ta rlda`da da eékgda> eékgda> qul u`l a eékgda â pgrldl pgrldl ghdaim`gj sl`da ui rlsquécma dg vlmg uihmjmcgj da elta. Jmkgil`ta vl`asa da eékgda> eékgda> rlsquécma da ducta vl`asa da elta. Jmkgil`ta egjcmearil> egjcmearil> qul u`l a eékgda ga iþscuja dmgergkig. Jmkgil`tas cara`çrmas> cara`çrmas> lxpg`süls jgtlrgms da jmkgil`ta egjcmearil l qul u`l

suplrmaril`tl a eékgda ga iþscuja dmgergkiçtmca. Jmkgil`tas trmg`kujgrls> parëãa tlrim`gj das jmkgil`tas cara`çrmas. ca ra`çrmas. 785 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

M`tlstm`a Krassa Í a slkil`ta dmklstórma qul vgm dg tlrim`gëãa da éjla ga è`us. Ildl gpraxmigdgil`tl 7,< g 8 iltras acupg`da uig pasmëãa jgtlrgj ga m`tlstm`a dljkgda gssliljfg`da-sl g uig iajdurg dl ui qugdra. Cgrgctlréstmcg da M`tlstm`a Krassa> í Krassa> í igms cgjmhrasa l il`ar qul a m`tlstm`a dljkgda. Gprlsl`tg hacljgdurgs, qul sãa dmjgtgëüls jmimtgdgs par praeu`das sujcas trg`svlrsgms. G sug iuscujgturg ja`kmtudm`gj ca`dl`sgi-sl li clrtgs rlkmüls pgrg earigr gs tî`mgs qul sãa li `þilra dl trîs l qul ca`vlrkli pgrg a gpî`dmcl clcgj (vlrimearil). Gprlsl`tg earigëüls kardurasgs dl`aim`gdgs gpî`dmcls lpmpjamcas, igms ghu`dg`tls `a cója` trg`svlrsa, dlscl`dl`tl l smkiamdl. Dmvmsãa> a M`tlstm`a Krassa l`ca`trg-sl dmvmdmda li> Clca (clcui), Cója` GsDmvmsãa> a cl`dl`tl, Cója` trg`svlrsa au farmza`tgj, Cója` Smkiamdl au Mjlapíjvmca l Xlta (gipajg rltgj).  caiprll`dl a m`mcma da slkil`ta da m`tlstm`a krassa, carrlspa`dl Cícui> caiprll`dl Cícui> g parëãa da m`tlstm`a qul sl smtug ghgmxa trg`svlrsgjil`tl, `a qugj pgssg mildmgtgil`tl gcmig dg vçjvujg mjlaclcgj. Gprlsl`tg g earig dl uig gipajg au eu`da dl sgca au hajsg clcgj, smtugdg `g eassg mjégcg dmrlmtg. Gpî`dmcl Ulrimearil>  Ulrimearil>  l`ca`trg-sl lilrkm`da dg lxtrlimdgdl m`tlr`g da cícui dlstgcg-sl ui ca`duta lstrlmta l caiprmda, ildl dl 8 g 82 ci dl caiprmil`ta, rmca li jm`ea`adas? sug jacgjmzgëãa í egcmjmtgdg pljgs tî`mgs qul ca`vlrkli li sug dmrlëãa. Cója`s> ca`smdlrg`da as cója`s li ca`nu`ta, sghl-sl qul ljls m`mcmgi-sl jaka Cója`s> ca`smdlrg`da gcmig dg vçjvujg mjlaclcgj l tlrim`gi g `évlj dg 3ª vírtlhrg sgcrgj. Gscl`dl`tl> cailëg jaka gcmig dg vçjvujg mjlaclcgj l tlrim`g ga `évlj dg egcl m`Gscl`dl`tl> cailëg elrmar da eékgda, a`dl earig li è`kuja rlta g Ejlxurg Cójmcg Dmrlmtg au È`kuja Flpçtmca. Trg`svlrsa> í a slkil`ta da m`tlstm`a krassa qul cruzg da fmpacô`drma dmTrg`svlrsa> í rlmta pgrg a lsqulrda, tlrim`g`da li `évlj dg egcl m`elrmar da hgëa a`dl earig ui `ava è`kuja au slng, g Ejlxurg Cójmcg Lsqulrdg au È`kuja Lspjî`mca. Dlscl`dl`tl> slkil`ta Dlscl`dl`tl>  slkil`ta qul sl lstl`dl dg lxurg cójmcg lsqulrdg â crmstg

mjégcg g`tlrassup g `tlrassuplrmar lrmar lsqulrdg. Smkiamdl>   slkil`ta qul sl lstl`dl dg lspm`fg mjégcg â 3ª vírtlhrg sgcrgj, Smkiamdl> acupg tadg g eassg mjégcg mjég cg lsqulrdg, gprlsl`tg g earig dl ui ‚S’. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 78;

 

Eu`ëüls> Eu`ëüls> `ãa  `ãa ahstg`tl g ghsarëãa, sl vlrmcgr `a m`tlstm`a krassa l `a dljdljkgda uig eu`ëãa dl ghsarëãa, elmtg, sahrltuda li rljgëãa â çkug (krg`dl qug`tmdgdl). Slrvl tgihíi dl dlpósmta dg igtírmg elcgj qul ca`tm`ugil`tl vgm sl`da sl`da praduzmdg. Xlta> í g ca`tm`ugëãa da cója` smkiamdl, ildm`da gpraxmigdgil`tl Xlta> í gpraxmigdgil`tl 78 ci dl caiprmil`ta, smtugda g pgrtmr pgrtmr dg 3ª vírtlhrg vírtlhrg sgcrgj. Gprlsl`tg Gprlsl`tg uig uig parëãa dmjgtgdg, g gipajg rltgj qul rltgj qul tlrim`g `a cg`gj g`gj, l lstl `a lseé`ctlr g`gj.

Rlrmtô`ma A plrmtô`ma í g ilihrg`g slrasg slrasg qul rlvlstl rlvlstl g pgrtl m`tlr`g m`tlr`g dgs pgrldls ghdaim`gms. Lstg ilihrg`g slrasg ca`stmtum `as fail`s ui sgca sli caiu`mcgr-sl cai a ilma lxtlr`a da carpa? `g iujflr lxmstl uig ca`tm`ugëãa da sgca cai gs ilihrg`gs dgs tuhgs utlrm`gs, fgvl`da, partg`ta caiu`mcgëãa da ilma m`tlr`a cai a lxtlr`a. Dmvmsãa> A Dmvmsãa>  A plrmtô`ma lstç ca`stmtuéda par dams eajfltas> Rgrmltgj> qul lstç cajgdg âs pgrldls ghdaim`gms, egcl m`elrmar da dmgergkig Rgrmltgj> qul l rlcahrl gs lstruturgs píjvmcgs. Umsclrgj> qul Umsclrgj>  qul rlcahrl tatgjil`tl gs vésclrgs, caia a lstôigka l as m`tlstm`as. Eu`ëãa> a plrmtô`ma slrvl pgrg ig`tlr gs vésclrgs li sug pasmëãa l pgrg g Eu`ëãa> a dmstrmhumëãa vgscujgr gtrgvís dl sugs dahrgs. Jmkgil`tas> sãa prlkgs da plrmtô`ma vmsclrgj qul jmkgi ui órkãa â pgrldl Jmkgil`tas> sãa ghdaim`gj, `arigjil`tl vgscujgr. Ilsa> í tadg prlkg plrmta`mgj, rmcg li vgsas sg`kué`las, qul u`li ui órIlsa> í kãa da smstlig dmklstmva, â pgrldl ghdaim`gj. Ail`ta au Lpmpja`> prlkg Lpmpja`> prlkg plrmta`mgj qul u`l ui órkãa g autra, padl-sl

mdl`tmcgr a plqul`a ail`ta au kgstra-flpçtmca l a krg`dl ail`ta au kgstrakgstra -cójmca.

786 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Rrm`cépmas Klrgms dl Iatmjmdgdl Kgstrm`tlstm`gj Gs eu`ëüls iatargs da m`tlstm`a sãa lxlcutgdgs pljgs dmelrl`tls cgigdgs dl iþscuja jmsa. Iþscuja jmsa kgstrm`tlstm`gj> sug eu`ëãa caia sm`cécma. Gs hrgs iuscujgrls jmsgs msajgdgs `a tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj tîi l`trl 822 l iuscujgr> acarrl li rlspastg â l`trgdg da cçjcma `g hrg iuscujgr. iuscujgr. Gcrldmtg-sl qul, `a iþscuja jmsa, as éa`s cçjcma, cç jcma, ga gtugrli gtrggtrg vís da ilcg`msia dl ca`trajl dg cgjiadujm`g, gtmvgi as jgil`tas dl imasm`g `gs hrgs, klrg`da earëgs dl gtrgëãa l`trl lssls jgil`tas l as dl gctm`g, rlsujtg`da `g ca`trgëãa. Ca`trgëãa tô`mcg da iþscuja jmsa kgstrm`tlstm`gj> kgstrm`tlstm`gj> li klrgj, a iþscuja jmsa

da tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj lxmhl ca`trgëãa tô`mcg, hli caia ca`trgëüls rétimcgs. G ca`trgëãa tô`mcg í ca`té`ug, `ãa lstç gssacmgdg g iadujgëãa ljítrmcg hçsmcg dl a`dgs jl`tgs, igs qugsl sliprl durgi vçrmas im`utas â fargs.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 78=

 

Eu`ëãa Kgstrm`tlstm`gj l a slu Ca`trajl @lurgj A tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj gprlsl`tg smstlig `lrvasa próprma, a smstlig l`tírmca. Lssl smstlig smtug-sl tatgjil`tl `g pgrldl m`tlstm`gj, cailëg `a lsôegka gtí a è`us. G qug`tmdgdl dl `lurô`mas `lssl smstlig í dg ardli dl clrcg dl 722.222.222, qugsl lxgtgil`tl mkugj ga `þilra li tadg g ildujg lspm`fgj, mjustrg`da, gssmi g sug mipartè`cmg `g eu`ëãa kgstrm`tlstm`gj. A smstlig l`tírmca sl ca`stmtum par dams pjlxas> a lxtlr`a, lxtlr`a, pjlxa imal`tírmca  imal`tírmca  au pjlxa dl  Gulrhgcf? l a autra ui pjlxa m`tlr`a, m`tlr`a, a suhiucasa au pjlxa dl Ilmss`lr . A ca`trajl pgrgssmipçtmca da m`tlstm`a> í m`tlstm`a> í dmvmdmda li crg`mg`g l sgcrg. Â lxclëãa dgs hrgs pgrgssmipçtmcgs pgrg g hacg l g rlkmãa egré`klg da tuha gjmil`tgr, gjmil`tgr, gs hrgs crg`mg`gs sãa trg`simtmdgs pljas `lrvas vgkas qugsl m`tlmrgil`tl. Lssgs hrgs ear`lcli lxtl`sg m`lrvgëãa pgrg a lsôegka, a lstôigka, a pè`crlgs l g prmprmilmrg iltgdl da m`tlstm`a krassa (paríi cai paucg m`lrvgëãa m`lr vgëãa pgrg a m`tlstm`a dljkgda). A pgrgssmipçtmca sgcra armkm`g-sl `a slku`da ga qugrta slkil`tas sgcras dg ildujg lspm`fgj l pgssg, pljas `lrvas píjvmcas, pgrg g iltgdl dmstgj da m`tlstm`a krassa. Gs rlkmüls smkiamdl, rltgj l g`gj da m`tlstm`a krassa sãa ca`smdlrgvljil`tl igms suprmdgs par hrgs pgrgssmipçtmcgs da qul gs autrgs parëüls. Lssgs hrgs eu`eu` cma`gi lsplcmgjil`tl `as rllxas dl dlelcgëãa. M`lrvgëãa smipçtmcg> Gs smipçtmcg> Gs hrgs smipçtmcgs pgrg a tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj tîi m`mm`mcma `g ildujg lspm`fgj, `as slkil`tas T-< l J-8. Gs hrgs prí-kg`kjma`grls, gpós dlmxgrli g ildujg lspm`fgj, l`trgi `gs cgdlmgs smipçtmcgs l pgssgi, gtrgvís dljgs, pgrg as kè`kjmas smtugdas earg dljgs, caia a kè`kjma cljégca l as vçrmas kè`kjmas ilsl`tírmcas.

Tuha Kgstrm`tlstm`gj l slus iavmil`tas Gca`tlcli dams tmpas dl iavmil`tas `a tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj> iavmil`tas prapujsmvas,, qul prapujsma`gi a gjmil`ta plja tuha dmklstmva cai vljacmdgdl prapujsmvas

gpraprmgdg pgrg qul acarrgi g dmklstãa l g ghsarëãa l iavmil`tas dl imsturg, imsturg, qul ig`tîi a ca`tlþda m`tlstm`gj sliprl imsturgda. As iavmil`tas prapujsmvas (plrmstgjtmsia)> a iavmil`ta prapujsmva hçsmca da tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj í a plrmstgjtmsia. \i g`lj ca`trçtmj gpgrlcl li tar732 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

`a da m`tlstm`a, l, g slkumr, iavl-sl pgrg gdmg`tl> lssl iavmil`ta í g`çjaka g cajacgr as dldas ga rldar dl ui tuha dmstl`dmda, gplrtg`da-as l iavl`da-as pgrg erl`tl, ga ja`ka da tuha. @gturgjil`tl, qugjqulr igtlrmgj qul lstmvlr â erl`tl da g`lj ca`trçtmj slrç iavmda pgrg gdmg`tl. A plrmstgjtmsia í praprmldgdl m`lrl`tll dl iumtas tuhas dl iþscuja jmsa sm`cmcmgj. Rar ca`slkum`tl, m`lrl`t ca`slkum`tl, a plrmstgjtmsia acarrl `a tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj, `as dutas hmjmgrls, li autras dutas kjg`dujgrls da arkg`msia, `as urltlrls l li iumtas autras tuhas dl iþscuja jmsa da arkg`msia. Iavmil`tas dl imsturg> as imsturg> as iavmil`tas dl imsturg ga ja`ka dgs pgrtls da tuha gjmil`tgr sl dmelrl`cmgi. Li gjkuigs çrlgs, as iavmil`tas plrmstçjtmcas pravacgi g igmar pgrtl pgr tl dg imsturg, a qul acarrl prm`cmpgjil`tl qug`da g prakrlssãa da ca`tlþda m`tlstm`gj pgrg erl`tl í hjaqulgdg par ui lseé`ctlr, dl iada qul g a`dg plrmstçjtmcg só padl imsturgr caiprmimr a ca`tlþda m`tlstm`gj,jacgms. li vlz dl prapljm-ja pgrg erl`tl, Autrgs vlzls,l acarrli ca`trgëüls ca`strmtmvgs Lssgs ca`strmëüls durgi, li klrgj, gpl`gs gjku`s slku`das? g slkumr, `avgs ca`strmëüls gpgrlcli li autras pa`tas da m`tlstm`a, ‚cartg`da’ as ca`tlþdas gqum l gjm. Lssls iavmil`tas plrmstçjtmcas l ca`strmtmvas sãa iadmcgdas li dmelrl`tls pgrtls da tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj pgrg prapujsãa l imsturg gdlqugdg.

Mrrmkgëãa Sg`kué`lg Kgstrm`tlstm`gj A smstlig kgstrm`tlstm`gj í caipasta par uig trgig iumta lxtl`sg dl vgsas sg`kué`las, tgj smstlig í dl`aim`gda cmrcujgëãa lspjî`mcg. M`cjum a uxa sg`kué`la plja tuha gjmil`tgr, plja hgëa, pè`crlgs l eékgda. G dmstrmhumëãa dlssl smstlig í tgj qul tada a sg`kul qul um plja m`tlstm`a, hgëa l plja pè`crlgs cflkg mildmgmildmgtgil`tl gtí a eékgda. Cflkg`da ga eékgda, um pljas `as cg`gms sm`usamdls l, par i, dlmxg a órkãa pljgs vlmgs da eékgda, gs flpçtmcgs, qul dlslihacgi `g vlmg cgvg klrgj dg cmrcujgëãa. Lssl uxa slcu`dçrma dl sg`kul pgssg`da plja eékgda plrimtl qul gs cíjujgs das rltécujas l`datljmgms, l`datljmgms, qul rlcahrli rlcahrli as `as sm`usamdls flpçtm flpçtm-cas, rliavlr gs hgctírmgs l dligms pgrtécujgs pgr técujgs qul passgi tlr pl`ltrgda `a sg`kul

g pgrtmr da tuha kgstrm`tlstm`gj, `ãa plrimtli gssmi, g l`trgdg dl gjkui gkl`tl `acmva ga arkg`msia.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 737

 

 

6 SMSTLIG XL@GJ CA@FLCMIL@TAS Ca`flclr g ca`stmtumëãa da smstlig rl`gj, l`tl`dlr caia sl praclssg g caipasmëãa l ljmim`gëãa das jéqumdas carpargms, l sugs rljgëüls cai g rlkujgëãa da Smstlig Xl`m`g-g`kmastl Xl`m`g-g`kmastl`sm`g. `sm`g. L`tl`dlr a praclssa qul sl dç g m`sucmî`cmg rl`gj l qug`da acarrlrç a trg`spjg`tl rl`gj.

FGHMJMDGDLS

A lstudg`tl slrç cgpgz dl g`gjmsgr, dlscrlvlr, mdl`tmcgr, cgrgctlrmzgr, rljgcma`gr l cjgssmcgr dmvlrsas praclssas rlkujgdas pljas rm`s `g rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa grtlrmgj gr tlrmgj l `g lxcrlëãa dl qug`tmdgdls vgrmçvlms dl sódma l çkug.

GTMT\DLS Dlsl`vajvlr gjku`s ca`clmtas eu`dgil`tgms sahrl g lxcrlëãa dl pradutas

m`dlslnçvlms da iltghajmsia l suhstè`cmgs quéimcgs lstrg`fgs, drakgs l iltghójmtas faria`gms? Dmscarrlrgrtlrmgj, sahrl as pracldmil`tas usgdas `a ca`flcmil`tas ca `trajl dg rlkujgëãa ca`trajl dg prlssãa l `g gpjmcgëãa prçtmcg dlstls `g cjé`mcg.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 733

 

Ca`clmta A iltghajmsia dgs cíjujgs rlsujtg li suhstè`cmgs `acmvgs ga arkg`msia, caia par lxlipja, a kçs cgrhô`mca, g urlmg, g crlgtm`m`g l a çcmda þrmca. Lssgs taxm`gs, au tgihíi cfgigdgs dl ‚jmxa cljujgr’, cgli `g carrl`tl sg`kué`lg, dl a`dl sãa rlcajfmdgs pgrg slrli ljmim`gdgs da `assa arkg`msia. As dams smstligs rlspa`sçvlms par lssl trghgjfa sãa> a rlspmrgtórma, qul ljmim`g a kçs cgrhô`mca l a smstlig urm`çrma, qul í l`cgrrlkgda dg lxcrlëãa dgs dligms suhstè`cmgs `acmvgs, dg rlkujgëãa da vajuil dl çkug `a arkg`msia l da pF sg`kué`la, au slng, g urm`g tgihíi í ui vlécuja dl lxcrlëãa. G kurg ghgmxa g hgmxa `as iastrg uig hrlvl g`gtaimg da smstlig rl`gj (k. 27).

Emk. 27> G`gtaimg klrgj das rm`s l smstlig urm`çrma.  Dè`klja, N. K. G`gtaimg fuig`g hçsmcg. Sãa Rguja> Ldmtarg Gtfl`lu> 822=.

Órkãas da Smstlig Xl`gj

A smstlig rl`gj (au urm`çrma) caiprll`dl as órkãas rlspa`sçvlms pljg earigëãa dg urm`g, as rm`s, l autras gssacmgdas g lstl, sãa dlstm`gdas g ljmim`gëãa dg urm`g> urltlrls, urltlr ls, hlxmkg urm`çrmg l urltrg .

praeu`dgil`tll `a ghdail, ga `évlj dg Xm`s sãa dams órkãas pgrls jacgjmzgdas praeu`dgil`t dícmig slku`dg vírtlhrg tarçcmcg l dgs trîs prmilmrgs vírtlhrgs jaihgrls, próxmia â pgrldl ghdaim`gj pastlrmar, `g rlkmãa ca`flcmdg caia rltraplrmtô`ma. Tli clrcg Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 73<

 

dl 72 cl`téiltras l uig earig qul jlihrg g ui krãa dl elmnãa. As rm`s egzli uig cajltg sljltmvg `a arkg`msia, jtrg`da a sg`kul, dlsprlzg`da gs taxm`gs l gs suhstè`cmgs prlsl`tls li lxclssa l rlghsarvl`da a qul padl slr rlgpravlmtgda. Dlssg earig, g çkug l sgms im`lrgms li lxclssa, hli caia autrgs suhstè`cmgs qul padlrmgi slr `acmvgs, plrig`lcli dl`tra das rm`s l vãa earigr g urm`g, qul slrç ljmim`gdg gtrgvís dl ui smstlig dl tþhujas qul g jlvgrç par i, pgrg earg da carpa.

Emk. 28> G`gtaimg da rmi.  Dè`klja, N. K. G`gtaimg fuig`g hçsmcg. Sãa Rguja> Ldmtarg Gtfl`lu> 822=.

Cgdg rmi tli uig ghlrturg ghlr turg li sug hardg ildmgj, cfgigdg dl fmja rl`gj, `lssg ghlrturg pgssgi g grtírmg gr tírmg l g vlmg rl`gj, pgrg suprmil`ta sg`kué`la, l tgihíi pgssg

g pljvl rl`gj, lstruturg qul cajltg g urm`g praduzmdg (k. 28), 28),  lstls li ca`nu`ta ca`stmtuli a pldécuja rl`gj. G grtírmg l g vlmg rl`gj sãa jmkgdgs â grtírmg gartg pgrtl dlscl`dl`tl l â vlmg cgvg m`elrmar. @ljls lstç smtugdg g kjè`dujg suprgrrl`gj, plrtl`cl`tl ga smstlig l`dócrm`a. Rar sug vlz, as rm`s lstãa l`vajvmdas par uig cçpsujg hrasg l, qugsl sliprl, í ghu`dg`tl a tlcmda gdmpasa plrmrl`gj, ca`stmtum`da g cçpsujg gdmpasg. Li ui cartl igcrascópmca era`tgj qul a dmvmdl li dugs iltgdls, g`tlrmar l pastlrmar, padl-sl 735 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

lxgim`gr uig dgs iltgdls l ahslrvgr ga ja`ka dg plrmelrmg da órkãa uig parëãa igms pçjmdg, cfgigdg dl córtlx rl`gj, qul sl jacgjmzg `uig slku`dg parëãa, igms lscurg g ildujg rl`gj. Lstgs pranlëüls da córtlx tîi g earig dl caju`gs, gs caju`gs rl`gms, l slpgrgi gs parëüls cô`mcgs dg ildujg dl`aim`gdgs dl pmrèimdls rl`gms. Sãa ca`stmtuédas par gpraxmigdgil`tl ui imjfãa dl u`mdgdls imcrascópmcgs eu`cma`gms cfgigdgs dl `íera`s, qul sãa rlspa`sçvlms pljg jtrgëãa da sg`kul l pljg earigëãa dg urm`g. A praclssa dl earigëãa cailëg qug`da a sg`kul cflkg ga rmi pljg grtírmg rl`gj l g pgrtmr dgé, g grtírmg vgm sl dmvmdm`da igms l igms gtí earigr as `as cgpmjgrls qul sl l`avljgi, ca`stmtum`da ui ligrg`fgda dl vgsas, a kjaiíruja, qul lstç l`vajvmda pljg cçpsujg kjailrujgr (au (a u dl Hawig`), qul í g prmilmrg parëãa eu`cma`gj da `íera`? l a ca`nu`ta earigda plja l`avljgda vgscujgr l g cçpsujg í dl`aim`gda carpþscuja rl`gj. \rltlr í dl`mda caiagui iuscujgr suplrmar qul u`l dmjgtgdg, a rmi â hlxmkg. dg pljvl rl`gj, ca`stmtum`da sugtuha lxtrlimdgdl tli uiRgrtm`da trgnlta dlscl`dl`tl, gcapjgda â pgrldl pastlrmar da ghdail l pl`ltrg `g pljvl pgrg tlrim`gr `g hlxmkg, dlslihacg`da `g ilsig plja óstma urltlrgj. Lstl tuha tli cgpgcmdgdl dl sl ca`trgmr l rlgjmzgr iavmil`ta plrmstçjtmcas. Hlxmkg í uig hajsg iuscujgr (iþscuja dltrusar) jacgjmzgdg pastlrmaril`tl â sé`sl pþhmcg l qul eu`cma`g caia rlslrvgtórma pgrg g urm`g. Wug`da dmstl`dmdg, g hlxmkg tar`g-sl kjahasg l crlscl suplrmaril`tl, padl`da m`vgdmr g cgvmdgdl ghdaim`gj. Wug`da a vajuil dl urm`g cflkg g gpraxmigdgil`tl 322 imjmjmtras, sugs pgrldls sl dmstl`dli dmstl`dli l pravacg ui lstéiuja `lrvasa `lr vasa qul sl trgduz `g va`tgdl dl urm`gr.. Radlias ca`trajgr lssg `lclssmdgdl par ui plréada dl tlipa, nç qul tlias urm`gr daié`ma pgrcmgj sahrl uig lstruturg iuscujgr cfgigdg dl lseé`ctlr urltrgj, qul só dlmxg g urm`g pgssgr qug`da lstç rljgxgda. Rar mssa, í passévlj gcuiujgr iumta igms da qul 322 imjmjmtras dl urm`g. Raríi, qug`da gcmig dl 622 imjmjmtras, `assas lsearëas sãa m`sucml`tls, a smstlig `lrvasa caig`dg a rllxa dl imcëãa, cai a rljgxgil`ta da lseé`ctlr l g ca`trgëãa da iþscuja dg hlxmkg, l g urm`g í lxpljmdg m`dlpl`dl`tlil`tl m`dlpl`dl`t lil`tl dg va`tgdl.

@lstg, fç trîs ghlrturgs qul earigi ui trmè`kuja li sug pgrldl, cfgigda dl tréka`a vlsmcgj, earigda par dugs ghlrturgs das urltlrls l g ghlrturg m`tlr`g dg urltrg. Wug`da g hlxmkg lstç cflmg, í caiprmimdg gs ghlrturgs das urltlrls, gssmi mipldm`da a rluxa dl urm`g pgrg as urltlrls l as rm`s. \rltrg ca`stmtum a þjtmia slkil`ta dgs vmgs urm`çrmgs. Gpós gtrgvlssgr a lseé`ctlr urltrgj, ljg cflkg `lstg pgrtl. @a faili, ljg sl ghrl `a pî`ms, l `g iujflr,, sl ghrl `g vujvg, sl`da, par mssa, igms iujflr i gms curtg qul g da faili. G urltrg igms Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 73;

 

curtg tgihíi egcmjmtg g l`trgdg dl hgctírmgs da lxtlrmar pgrg g hlxmkg, tar`g`da gs iujflrls igms vuj`lrçvlms â m`elcëãa dg hlxmkg, cfgigdg dl cmstmtl. Raríi, li gihas as slxas í ui tuha ildmg`a qul lstghljlcl g caiu`mcgëãa l`trl g hlxmkg urm`çrmg l a ilma lxtlrmar. Gm`dg, `a faili, í ui ilma caiui pgrg imcëãa l lngcujgëãa, nç `g iujflr iujflr,, slrvl gpl`gs â lxcrlëãa dg urm`g.

Uçrmgs Eu`ëüls das Xm`s `g Failastgsl Iumtgs plssags lstãa egimjmgrmzgdgs cai uig eu`ëãa mipartg`tl das rm`s qul í dl ljmim`gr da carpa a igtlrmgj m`dlslngda qul í m`klrmda au praduzmda plja iltghajmsia, igs uig slku`dg eu`ëãa í li lsplcmgj crétmcg, qul í ca`trajgr a vajuil l g caipasmëãa das jéqumdas carpargms. As rm`s passuli iþjtmpjgs eu`ëüls caia> lxcrltgr pradutas m`dlslnçvlms da iltghajmsia l suhstè`cmgs quéimcgs lstrg`fgs? rlkujgr a lqumjéhrma dl çkug l ljltrójmtas? rlkujgr g asiajgjmdgdl das jéqumdas carpargms l dg ca`cl`trgëãa dl ljltrójmtas? rlkujgr prlssãa grtlrmgj? rlkujgr lqumjéhrma çcmda-hgsl? slcrlëãa, iltghajmsia l lxcrlëãa dl fariô`mas? kjmca`lakî`lsl. Lxcrlëãa pradutas m`dlslnçvlms da iltghajmsia l suhstè`cmgs quéimcgs lstrg`fgs, drakgs l iltghójmtas faria`gms> As rm`s sãa as ilmas prmiçrmas pgrg g ljmim`gëãa dl pradutas m`dlslnçvlms da iltghajmsia qul `ãa sãa igms `lclssçrmas ga carpa. Lssls pradutas m`cjuli urlmg (da iltghajmsia das gim`açcmdas), crlgtm`m`g (dg crlgtm`g iuscujgr), çcmda þrmca (das çcmdas `ucjímcas), pradutas `gms dg qulhrg dg fliakjahm`g (caia g hmjmrruhm`g) l iltghójmtas dl vçrmas fariô`mas. Lssls pradutas m`dlslnçvlms dlvli slr ljmim`gdas da carpa tãa rgpmdgil`tl qug`ta sãa praduzmdas. As rm`s tgihíi ljmim`gi g igmarmg dgs taxm`gs l autrgs suhstè`cmgs lstrg`fgs, qul sãa tg`ta praduzmdgs plja carpa caia m`klrmdgs, caia plstmcmdgs, drakgs l gdmtmvas gjmil`técmas.  gjmil`técmas.  Xlkujgëãa dg Rrlssãa Grtlrmgj> As rm`s tîi ui pgplj daim`g`tl `g rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa grtlrmgj g ja`ka prgza pljg lxcrlëãa dl qug`tmdgdls vgrmçvlms dl sódma l

çkug. As rm`s tgihíi ca`trmhuli pgrg g rlkujgëãa g curta cur ta prgza dg prlssãa grtlrmgj pljg slcrlëãa dl egtarls au suhstè`cmgs vgsagtmvas, tgms caia g rl`m`g, qul jlvg g earigëãa dl pradutas vgsagtmvas. vgsagtmvas. Xlkujgëãa a Lqumjéhrma dl çkug l ljltrójmtas> Rgrg g ig`utl`ëãa dg failastgsl, g lxcrlëãa dl çkug ç kug l ljltrójmtas dlvl slr cumdgdasgil`tl caihm`gdg cai as rlsplctmvas kg`fas. Cgsa a kg`fa lxcldg g lxcrlëãa, g qug`tmdgdl dl çkug l ljltrójmtas `a carpa guil`tgrç. Cgsa a kg`fa slng il`ar qul g lxcrlëãa, g qug`tmdgdl dl çkug l ljltrójmtas `a carpa dmim`umrç. 736 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Xlkujgëãa da Lqumjéhrma Çcmda-Hgsl> As rm`s ca`trmhuli pgrg g rlkujgëãa da lqumjéhrma çcmda-hgsl, nu`ta cai as pujiüls l as tgipüls das jéqumdas carpargms, pljg lxcrlëãa dl çcmdas l rlkujgëãa das lstaquls dl tgipüls das jéqumdas carpargms. As rm`s sãa g þ`mcg earig dl ljmim`gr clrtas tmpas dl çcmdas da carpa, tgms caia ca ia as çcmdas sujeþrmca l easeórmca, klrgdas plja iltghajmsia dgs pratlé`gs. Xlkujgëãa dg Rraduëãa dl Lrmtrócmtas> As rm`s slcrltgi g lrmtrapaltm`g, qul lstmiujg g praduëãa dl fliçcmgs. \i mipartg`tl lstéiuja pgrg g slcrlëãa dl lrmtrapaltm`g pljas rm`s í g fmpaxmg. As rm`s `arigjil`tl praduzli l slcrltgi qugsl tadg g lrmtrapaltm`g dg cmrcujgëãa. Rlssags cai dal`ëg rl`gj krgvl au qul tmvlrgi slus rm`s rliavmdas l egzli fliadmçjmsl, dlsl`vajvli g`limg krgvl caia rlsujtgda dg dmim`umëãa dg praduëãa dl lrmtrapaltm`g. Sé`tlsl dg Kjmcasl. Durg`tl a nlnui praja`kgda, as rm`s sm`tltmzgi kjmcasl g pgrtmr dl gim`açcmdas l autras prlcursarls, ui praclssa ca`flcmda caia kjmca`lakî`lsl. G cgpgcmdgdl das rm`s li gdmcma`gr kjmcasl ga sg`kul durg`tl plréadas praja`kgdas dl nlnui lqumvgjl âquljg da eékgda. @g dal`ëg rl`gj crô`mcg au `g m`sucmî`cmg rl`gj gkudg, lssgs eu`ëüls dl ig`utl`ëãa dg failastgsl sãa m`tlrraipmdgs l g`arigjmdgdls krgvls das vajuils l dg caipasmëãa da jéqumda carpargj acarrli rgpmdgil`tl. Cai g m`sucmî`cmg rl`gj tatgj, patçssma, çcmdas, jéqumdas l autrgs suhstè`cmgs sl gcuiujgi `a carpa cgusg`da g iartl li paucas dmgs, g `ãa slr qul m`tlrvl`ëüls cjé`mcgs, tgms caia g fliadmçjmsl (dmscutmdg jaka ghgmxa), slngi m`mcmgdgs pgrg rlstgurgr, ga il`as pgrcmgjil`tl, a lqumjéhrma carpargj dl jéqumdas l ljltrójmtas.

@íera`> \`mdgdl Eu`cma`gj da Xmi Caia dmta g`tlrmaril`tl, cgdg rmi ca`tíi clrcg dl ui imjfãa dl `íera`s, cgdg

ui cgpgz dl earigr urm`g, l a ilsia, `ãa sl rlkl`lrg. Gpós as 42 g`as dl mdgdl, a `þilra dl `íera`s eu`cma`gms dmim`um clrcg dl 72% g cgdg 72 g`as, dlssg earig, ea rig, cai 62 g`as, iumtgs plssags tîi 42% g il`as dl `íera`s eu`cma`gms. Lssg plrdg `ãa pül rmsca â vmdg parqul gjtlrgëüls gdgptgtmvgs `as `íera`s rlig`lscl`tls as plrimtli lxcrltgr g qug`tmdgdl gpraprmgdg dl çkug, ljltrójmtas l pradutas rlsmdugms. Cgdg `íera` ca`tíi ui krupa dl cgpmjgrls kjailrujgrls cfgigda kjaiíruja, plja qugj krg`dls qug`tmdgdls dl jéqumdas sãa jtrgdgs da sg`kul, l ui ja`ka tþhuja, `a qugj a jéqumda jtrgda í ca`vlrtmda li urm`g `a trgnlta pgrg g pljvl rl`gj, caia iastrg g kurg ghgmxa (Emk. 23). Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 73=

 

 Emk. 23> Rrm`cmpgms vgsas l lsqulig dl imcracmrcujgëãa dl cgdg `íera`. DÈ@KLJA,, N. C. G`gtaimg fuig`g hçsmcg. Sãa Rguja> Ldmtarg Gtfl`lu> 822=. DÈ@KLJA

  A kjaiíruja ca`tíi uig rldl dl cgpmjgrls kjailrujgrls qul sl u`mcgi l sl g`gstaiasgi l qul, caipgrgdas cai autras cgpmjgrls tîi uig prlssãa fmdrastçtmcg gjtg. As cgpmjgrls kjailrujgrls sãa cahlrtas par cíjujgs lpmtljmgms, l tada a kjaiíruja lstç l`vajvmda pljg cçpsujg dl Hawig`. A jéqumda jtrgda das cgpmjgrls kjailrujgrls um pgrg a m`tlrmar dg cçpsujg dl Hawig` l l`tãa pgrg a m`tlrmar da 742 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

tþhuja praxmigj, qul sl smtug `g za`g cartmcgj rl`gj, padl`da slr ahslrvgda `g kurg ga ghgmxa (Emk. 24)

Emk. 24> Slkil`tas tuhujgrls da `íera`. DÈ@KLJA, N. C. G`gtaimg fuig`g hçsmcg. Sãa Rguja> Ldmtarg Gtfl`lu> 822=.

G pgrtmr da tþhuja praxmigj, a jéqumda um pgrg a m`tlrmar dg gjëg dl fl`jl g qugj ilrkujfg `a m`tlrmar dg ildujg rl`gj. Cgdg gjëg ca`smstl li ui rgia dlscl`dl`tl l

gscl`dl`tl. Gs pgrldls da rgia dlscl`dl`tl l dg pgrtl m`elrmar da rgia gscl`dl`tl sãa iumta `gs l, partg`ta sãa cfgigdgs dl slkil`ta `a dg gjëg dl Fl`jl. Dlpams dlstg parëãa gscl`dl`tl dg gjëg tlr rltar`gda pgrcmgjil`tl dl vajtg ga córtlx, gs pgrldls tar`gi-sl igms lsplssgs l sãa dl`aim`gdgs slkil`ta lsplssa da rgia gscl`dl`tl, `a `gj dlstl lstç ui slkil`ta curta, qul í uig pjgcg `g pgrldl da tþhuja, ca`flcmda caia içcujg dl`sg, lstg tli ui pgplj mipartg`tl `a ca`trajl dg eu`ëãa da `íera`. Dlpams dg içcujg dl`sg, a jéqumda l`trg `a tþhuja dmstgj, qul, caia a tþhuja praxmigj, smtug-sl `a córtlx rl`gj. Lstl í slkumda plja tþhuja ca`lctar l a tþhuja cajltar cartmcgj, qul jlvgi ga ductar cajltar cartmcgj. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 747

 

Gs pgrtls m`mcmgms dl amta g dlz ductas cajltarls cartmcgms sl u`li pgrg earigr e arigr ui þ`mca ducta cajltar igmar qul sl dmrmkl pgrg g ildujg l earig a ducta cajltar ildujgr. Lstlssl dustas cajltarls sl rl`gj u`lipar pgrg earigr ductas prakrlssmvgil`tl igmarls qul lsvgzmgi `g pljvl ilma dgs lxtrlimdgdls dgs pgpmjgs rl`gms. Li gihas as rm`s, fç clrcg dl 8 Ldmtarg Gtfl`lu> 822=

748 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Smstlig Cajltar l Cçjcujas Xl`gms Lstl smstlig slrvl pgrg ca`duzmr g urm`g pgrg earg da rmi l da carpa, `ãa tli eu`ëãa dl rlghsarvlr dl çkug au autrgs suhstè`cmgs. A praclssa dl ljmim`gëãa í m`mcmgda `as cçjmcls rl`gms, qul rlclhli g urm`g rlcíi-earigdg vm`dg das tþhujas cajltarls. Rgrg cgdg pmrèimdl rl`gj lxmstl ui cçjmcl il`ar,, qul sl jmkg dmrltgil`tl ga çpmcl dg pmrèimdl. As cçjmcls sl nu`tgi earig`da il`ar cçjmcls igmarls, l lstls vãa sl u`mr pgrg caipar g pljvl rl`gj, qul sl pranltg pgrg earg da rmi gtrgvís da fmja rl`gj, dl`tra dlstg l das cçjmcls í qul a cçjcma ljmim`gda plja rmi padl sl prlcmpmtgr, earig`da ca`crlëüls þ`mcgs au iþjtmpjgs? as cçjcujas rl`gms. G cfgigdg jmtégsl rl`gj padl slr gcaipg`fgdg dl krg`dl dar qug`da ui cçjcuja cg mipgctgda, prlsa, `a smstlig cajltar.

Uajuil dl \rm`g A faili gdujta praduz, li iídmg, 7. fmpatl`sãa, dlsmdrgtgëãa lxtrlig l plrdg sg`kué`lg, l`trl autrgs, padli dmim`umr drgstmcgil`tl a díhmta urm`çrma (vajuil dl urm`g ljmim`gda). Wug`da sãa ljmim`gdas dl Smstlig rlpradutar igscujm`a l lstruturg m`tlr`g da tlstécuja.  Kuyta`, G. C. l Fgjj, N.L. N.L. Trgtgda dl Emsmajakmg Iídmcg. 78ª Ldmëãa. Ldmtarg Ljslvmlr, 8277 Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 74=

 

Fç tgihíi, dugs vlsécujgs slim`gms, uig dl cgdg jgda dg próstgtg, qul dlslihacgi `g tlrim`gëãa prastçtmcg dg gipajg l as ca`tlþdas dg gipajg l dgs vlsécujgs slim`gms pgssgi pgrg a ducta lngcujgtórma l sãa ca`duzmdas, plja carpa dg kjè`dujg prastçtmcg pgrg slrli dlsgkugdas `g urltrg m`tlr`g. Gm`dg `as ductas prastçtmcas fç g rlclpëãa da ca`tlþda dg kjè`dujg prastçtmcg l a ca`duzli pgrg a ducta lngcujgtórma, l l`tãa pgrg g urltrg prastçtmcg. Rar i, g urltrg í a þjtmia jacgj dl ca`lxãa das tlstécujas cai a lxtlrmar, `ljg ca`tíi iuca pravl`ml`t pravl`ml`tll dl krg`dl `þilra dl plqul`gs kjè`dujgs urltrgms, jacgjmzgdgs li tadg sug lxtl`sãa l, li igmar qug`tmdgdl, dgs kjè`dujgs hujhaurltrgms jacgjmzgdgs próxmigs dg armkli dg urltrg.

Lsplrigtakî`lsl @g klstgëãa, durg`tl g earigëãa da lihrmãa, gs cíjujgs klrim`gtmvgs prmiardmgms imkrgi pgrg as tlstécujas l tar`gi-sl cíjujgs klrim`gtmvgs migturgs, cfgigdgs dl lsplrigtakô`mgs qul smtugi-sl li dugs au trîs cgigdgs dgs suplreécmls m`tlr`gs tþhujasmigkli slim`éelras, caia iastrg gdas prmilmrg dg kurg 28 ga jgda, `ui cartl trg`svlrsgj. Gs

lsplrigtakô`mgs pgssgi par dmvmsüls imtótmcgs `g puhlrdgdl, prajmelrg`da l dmelrl`cmg`da-sl ca`tm`ugil`tl pljas lstçkmas, lxmhmdas `g kurg 28, ga jgda.

Emk. 28> Slcëãa trg`svlrsgj dl ui tþhuja slim`éelra. Lstçkmas dl dlsl`vajvmil`ta das lsplrigtazamdls lsplrigtaza mdls dgs lsplrigtakô lsplrigtakô`mgs. `mgs.

Kuyta`, G. C. l Fgjj, N.L. Trgtgda dl Emsmajakmg Iídmcg. 78ª Ldmëãa. Ldmtarg Ljslvmlr, 8277

7 Dmvmsüls cljujgrls durg`tl g lsplrigtakî`lsl.  Kuyta`, G. C. l Fgjj, N.L. Trgtgda dl Emsmajakmg Iídmcg. 78ª Ldmëãa. Ldmtarg Ljslvmlr, 8277

G lsplrigtakô`mg qul cruzg g hgrrlmrg gtí g cgigdg dgs cíjujgs dl Slrtajm í prakrlssmvgil`tl iadmcgdg l gjgrkgdg, pgrg earigr, gssmi, as krg`dls lsplrigtócmtas prmiçrmas, caia lxlipjmcg g kurg 23. Cgdg ui dljls pgssg par dmvmsãa ilmótmcg pgrg earigr dams lsplrigtócmtas slcu`dçrmas. Dlpams dl gjku`s dmgs, lstls tgihíi sl dmvmdli earig`da lsplriçtmdls, qul sãa, lvl`tugjil`tl, iadmcgdgs trg`searig`da-sl li lsplrigtazamdls, au, lsplrig. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 7 a lsquljlta cl`trgj, qul í ca`stmtuéda par 77 imcratþhujas, i mcratþhujas, cfgigda cajltmvgil`tl dl gxa`lig? g ilihrg`g cljujgr `g rlcahrm`da a gxa`lig? l, par i, a ca`nu`ta dl imtacô`drmgs l`vajvl`da a gxa`lig `g parëãa praxmigj dg cgudg, qul í cfgigdg dl carpa dg ilsig.

Egtarls Faria`gms Lstmiujg`tls dg Lsplrigtakî`lsl G eu`ëãa das fariô`mas `g rlpraduëãa í dl eu`dgil`tgj mipartè`cmg pgrg g lsplrigtakî`lsl, caia vlrlias g slkumr cm`ca fariô`mas lssl`cmgms pgrg tgj praclssa. 7 uig ghardgkli m`tlkrgdg. 8. ld. Rarta Gjlkrl, XS> Ig`ajl, 8223.

K\MG DL LST\DA

Gpós g jlmturg dg ahrg, egëg uig rlsl`fg l dmspa`mhmjmzl `g sgjg vmrtugj.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 75;

 

XLUMSG@DA Í uig sé`tlsl das tligs ghardgdas cai g m`tl`ëãa dl passmhmjmtgr uig apartu`mdgdl pgrg rlvlr as pa`tas eu`dgil`tgms dg dmscmpjm`g l gvgjmgr g gprl`dmzgkli.

s X

 

G prmilmrg u`mdgdl dl lstuda dmscarrl sahrl gs prm`cmpgms cgrgctlréstmcgs da Smstlig Cljujgr Sg`kué`la, egzl`da uig hrlvl m`traduëãa sahrl as caipa`l`tls dg pgrtl jmqumdg l sójmdg da sg`kul, hli caia, lsplcmcg`da gs cíjujgs l`vajvmdgs `as gsplctas lstruturgms l eu`cma`gms. Gs cíjujgs sg`kué`lgs sãa dl trîs tmpas> gs fliçcmgs, fliçcmg s, as jlucócmtas l gs pjgqultgs. Tadgs lstgs tîi ui tlipa dl vmdg prldltlrim`gda l, par mssa, prlcmsgi slr suhstmtuédgs par autrgs `avgs `ui praclssa ca`té`ua rlgjmzgda pljg ildujg dl gjku`s assas, caia a eîiur eîiur,, a lstlr`a l gs castljgs. Tgihíi, Tgihíi, gpa`tgsl rlelrî`cmgs sahrl sahrl a iítada dl ca`tgkli dg parcl`tgkli dl fliçcmgs `a sg`kul , plja fligtócrmta, qul í ui das pgrèiltras igms mipartg`tls da fliakrgig, tmpa dl lxgil dl sg`kul das igms rlgjmzgdas. G dmim`umëãa dgs fliçcmgs `a sg`kul, klrgjil`tl í mdl`tmcgdg par ui hgmxa fligtócrmta, í sm`gj dl g`limg. G`limg smk`mcg g dlcmî`cmg dl fliakjahm`g `a sg`kul, as prm`cmpgms tmpas dl g`limgs lxmstl`tls sãa>  sãa> g`limg Ilkgjahjçstmcg, par plrdg sg`kué`lg, g`limg gpjçsmcg, g`limg Fliajétmcg. Em`gjmzg`da a tlxta cai g gpjmcghmjmdgdl prçtmcg da ca`flcmil`ta, `gs cmî`cmgs dg sgþdl, igms lsplcmcgil`tl `a praclssa sgþdl-dal`ëg. G slku`dg u`mdgdl dl lstuda dlscrlvl a eu`cma`gil`ta da smstlig cmrcujgtórma,

dlsdl a cgim`fa da sg`kul qul prmilmrgil`tl sgm da cargëãa, í ca`duzmda pljgs grtírmgs igmarls, gtí lstgs sl dmvmdmrli li rgias il`arls. As vgsas sg`kué`las igms caiu`s sãa> grtírmgs, grtlréajgs, vlmgs l vî`ujgs. Gssmi, a sg`kul ga cflkgr gas tlcmdas, âs grtírmgs gr tírmgs sl lstrlmtgi, dl`aim`g`da-sl grtlréajgs, qul sl dmvmdli li vgsas igms `as, as cgpmjgrls, cgpmjgrls, lstls l`tãa sl rgimcgi `as tlcmdas, gpós rltar`gi rltar`gi g sl eu`dmrli pgrg g earigëãa dgs vlmgs, dlpams vî`ujgs l slkum`da gtí earigrli gs vlmgs dl krg`dl cgjmhrl. Sl`da a iþscuja cgrdégca rlspa`sçvlj pljg earëg qul a sg`kul í prapljmda vmg lssls vgsas gtí a cargëãa. A sg`kul í haihlgda dmrltgil`tl pgrg as pujiüls, cfgigdg plqul`g cmrcujgëãa au cmrcujgëãa pujia`gr, l da sg`kul pgrg as tlcmdas tlcmdas plrmeírmcas, cfgigdg dl dl cmrcujgëãa smstîimcg smstîimcg au krg`dl cmrcujgëãa. G tlrclmrg u`mdgdl dl lstuda gprlsl`tg dltgjfgdgil`tl a praclssa dl trghgjfa qul a cargëãa egz, pgrg ig`tlr g failastgsl cljujgr l gdlqugdg g axmkl`gëãa grtlrmgj, `lclssçrmgs pgrg g m`tlkrmdgdl dgs lstruturgs l`vajvmdgs `g trg`simssãa da mipujsa cgrdégca. A cargëãa í ui órkãa iuscujgr, `a qugj tli g eu`ëãa dl jlvgr sg`kul prmilmrgil`tl pgrg as pujiüls, dlpams pgrg as órkãas l tlcmdas. Lstç jacgjmzgda ui pauca igms â lsqulrdg `a ildmgstm`a, `a sl`tmda g`tlra pastlrmar, ahslrvgsl qul a çpmcl da cargëãa í gcl`tugdgil`tl jacgjmzgda â lsqulrdg. Í ca`stmtuéda prm`cmpgjil`tl dl trîs dmelrl`tls tmpas iuscujgrls> iþscuja vl`trmcujgr vl`trmcujgr,, iþscuja gtrmgj l hrgs qul ca`duzli g cgrkg ljítrmcg da iþscuja, sãa lxcmtgtórmgs lsplcmgjmzgdgs. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 75=

 

As iþscujas gtrmgj l vl`trmcujgr tli sug ca`trgëãa sliljfg`tl ga da iþscuja i þscuja lstrmgda lsquljítmca, cai g dmelrl`ëg `g durgëãa dg ca`trgëãa qul í igmar. @a l`tg`ta, gs hrgs ca`dutargs lsplcmgjmzgdgs tîi sug ca`trgëãa gpl`gs igms ergcg, msta sl dlvl par ca`tlrli paucgs hrmjgs ca`trçtlms? li vlz dmssa, ljgs gprlsl`tgi rmtimcmdgdl l vljacmdgdls vgrmçvlms dl ca`duëãa, praparcma`g`da ui smstlig próprma dl lxcmtgëãa pgrg a iþscuja cgrdégca l ui smstlig dl trg`simssãa pgrg g ca`duëãa ca`trajgdg da sm`gj lxcmtgtórma cgrdégca par tada a cargëãa. Gs vçjvujgs çtrma vl`trmcujgrls, lstgs `ãa plrimtli a rltar`a da sg`kul das vl`trécujas pgrg as çtrmas, l`qug`ta gca`tlcl g séstajl l gs vçjvujgs slimju`grls, au slng, gs vçjvujgs górtmcg l pujia`gr mipldli a rluxa dgs grtírmgs górtmcg l pujia`gr pgrg as vl`trécujas durg`tl a iail`ta qul gca`tlcl g dmçstajl. G lxtré`slcg armkm`g-sl da smstlig `lrvasa gutô`aia (S@G), au slng, da smstlig smipçtmca l da pgrgssmipçtmca, a`dl a smstlig smipçtmca da cargëãa rlclhl as `lrvas cgrdégcas. Nç gs hrgs da pgrgssmipçtmca qul cflkgi ga cargëãa pravîi plja `lrva vgka da qugj dlrmvgi as `lrvas pgrgssmipçtmcas.

A cmcja cgrdégca í g dl`aim`gëãa da plréada m`mcmgj dl ui hgtmil`ta gtí a iail`ta m`mcmgj da hgtmil`ta pastlrmar. Cgdg cmcja í m`mcmgda pljg m`mcmgëãa próprmg dl ui patl`cmgj dl gëãa plja `ada sm`agtrmgj, au sm`usgj, au sm`agtrmgj. G lxprlssãa prlssãa grtlrmgj í utmjmzgdg pgrg g rlprlsl`tgëãa dg prlssãa lxlrcmdg ca`trg g pgrldl dgs grtírmgs durg`tl ui cmcja cgrdégca. G prlssãa smstójmcg (RGS) acarrl durg`tl a iail`ta dl ca`trgëãa da vl`trécuja lsqulrda, durg`tl g lnlëãa dl ;2 ij g 722 ij dl sg`kul pgrg g grtírmg gartg. gar tg. G qugrtg u`mdgdl dl lstuda egz uig rlvmsãa sahrl gs prm`cmpgms lstruturgs da smstlig `lrvasa l sahrl a caipjlxa ilcg`msia dl cgptgëãa, praclssgil`ta l trg`simssãa dgs m`earigëüls, gtí rlsujtgr `g iliórmg praprmgil`tl dmtg da slr fuig`a. Gssmi, gs eu`ëüls arkè`mcgs, hli caia g m`tlkrgëãa da g`migj `a ilma gihml`tl lstãa `g dlpl`dî`cmg dl ui smstlig lsplcmgj dl`aim`gda dl smstlig `lrvasa. Msta smk`mcg qul lstl smstlig ca`trajg l caardl`g gs eu`ëüls dl tadas as smstligs da arkg`msia, rlclhl as lstéiujas gpjmcgdas â suplreécml da carpa l í gssmi cgpgz dl m`tlrprltç-jas l dlsl`cgdlgr rlspastgs gdlqugdgs g lstls lstéiujas. Gs cíjujgs `lrvasgs ca`dutargs dl lstéiujas ljítrmcas sãa as `lurô`mas. G rlkmãa a`dl dams `lurô`mas sl nu`tgi í dl`aim`gdg sm`gpsl, a`dl acarrlrç rlgëüls quéimcgs cai suhstè`cmgs cfgigdgs `luratrg`simssarls, qul passmhmjmtgi g trg`simssãa da lstéiuja pgrg autra `lurô`ma au pgrg ui iþscuja au vésclrg. 7;2 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

A smstlig `lrvasa í dmvmdmda li dugs parëüls> Smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj (S@C), qul í rlspa`sçvlj pljgs eu`ëüls igms caipjlxgs, caia g m`tlrprltgëãa dl lstéiujas, a dlsl`cgdlgil`ta dgs rlspastgs ghstrgtgs, gssmi caia a rgcmacé`ma. A Smstlig `lrvasa plrmeírmca (S@R), lstl, par sug vlz, cgptg lstéiujas dl tadgs gs pgrtls da carpa l da ilma lxtlr`a, l`vmg`da-as dlpams ga S@C qul praduzmrç rlspastgs l trg`simtmrç dl vajtg ga S@R, l gs l`cgim`fg pgrg tadas as órkãas da carpa.   G Eu`ëãa M`tlkrgtmvg da Smstlig @lrvasa í uig dgs igms mipartg`tls da smstlig `lrvasa, qul í g dl praclssgr g m`earigëãa lelrl`tl, dl iada qul slngi leltugdgs gs dlvmdgs rlspastgs il`tgms l iatargs. Igms dl ==% dl tadg g m`earigëãa sl`sarmgj í dlscgrtgdg plja círlhra caia mrrljlvg` mrrljlvg`tl tl l sli mipartè`cmg. mipar tè`cmg. Rartg`ta, gs sm`gpsls lxlcutgi uig gëãa sljltmvg, lstg gtug, gjkuigs vlzls, hjaqulg`da sm`gms ergcas, l`qug`ta plrimtli qul sm`gms igms eartls pgssli l, gm`dg gssmi, sljlcma`g`da l gipjmcg`da dltlrim`gdas sm`gms ergcas l cai erlquî`cmg trg`simtli tgms sm`gms li iumtgs dmrlëüls li vlz dl l`vmç-jas gpl`gs pgrg uig

dmrlëãa þ`mcg. A grigzl`gil`ta dl m`earigëüls, `g igmar pgrtl, acarrl `a córtlx clrlhrgj. Lstl grigzl`gil`ta í a praclssa qul cfgigias dl iliórmg, l í tgihíi uig eu`ëãa dgs sm`gpsls. Wug`da dltlrim`gdas tmpas dl sm`gms sl`sarmgms pgssgi par slquî`cmg dl sm`gpsls, g cgdg vlz, lstgs sl tar`gi igms cgpgzls dl trg`simtmr a ilsia tmpa dl sm`gj li autrgs apartu`mdgdls, lssl praclssa í cfgigda dl egcmjmtgëãa. A córtlx clrlhrgj í g rlkmãa lxtrligil`tl krg`dl dl grigzl`gil`ta dl iliórmgs, lstl `u`cg eu`cma`grç sazm`fa l smi sliprl li gssacmgëãa cai gs lstruturgs suhcartmcgms da smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj. Sli a córtlx clrlhrgj gs eu`ëüls das cl`tras suhcartmcgms sãa li klrgj miprlcmsgs. Wugsl tadgs gs sm`gpsls utmjmzgdgs pgrg g trg`simssãa dl sm`gms `a smstlig `lrvasa cl`trgj dg lspícml fuig`g sãa sm`gpsls quéimcgs. @lssgs lstruturgs, a prmilmra `lurô`ma slcrltg par slu tlrim`gj g suhstè`cmg quéimcg, ui `luratrg`simssar, `luratrg`simssar, l lstl, par sug vlz, mrç gtugr li pratlé`gs rlclptargs prlsl`tls `g ilihrg`g da `lurô`ma suhslqul`tl, suhslqul`tl, pgrg praiavlr lxcmtgëãa, m`mhmëãa au gm`dg iadmcgr dl autra iada g sl`smhmjmdgdl dlssg cíjujg. Gjkuigs dlssgs suhstè`cmgs igms ca`flcmdgs sãa> gcltmjcajm`g, `arlpm`lerm`g, lpm`lerm`g, fmstgim`g, çcmda kgig-gim`ahutérmca (KGHG), kjmcm`g, slrata`m`g l kjutgigta. Wug`da gs sm`gpsls lxcmtgtórmgs sãa rlpltmdgil`tl lstmiujgdgs cai gjtg erlquî`cmg, a `þilra dl dlscgrkgs da `lurô`ma pós-sm`çptmca í m`mcmgjil`tl iumta gjta, paríi g erlquî`cmg dl dmspgra cailëg g dmim`umr prakrlssmvgil`tl `as próxmias imjmslku`das au slku`das, el`ôil`a lssl cfgigda dl egdmkg dg trg`simssãa sm`çptmcg. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 7;7

 

G lxcmtghmjmdgdl `lura`gj í tgihíi iumta dlpl`dl`tl da suprmil`ta gdlqugda dl axmkî`ma. G clssgëãa dg dmspa`mhmjmdgdl dl axmkî`ma, par gpl`gs gjku`s slku`das, padl pravacgr caipjltg gusî`cmg dl lxcmtghmjmdgdl dl gjku`s `lurô`mas. G qum`tg u`mdgdl dl lstuda dmscarrl sahrl as dmvlrsas fariô`mas l`vajvmdas `g failastgsl, jacgj dl praduëãa, sugs kjè`dujgs slcrltargs l sug gëãa `g dm`èimcg carpargj. A smstlig l`dócrm`a í a prm`cmpgj mipjmcgda `g ig`utl`ëãa dg ca`stè`cmg da ilma m`tlr`a, da slr l dg lspícml, egcl âs vgrmgëüls l gilgëgs gihml`tgms. Cgrgctlrmzg-sl plja slu dm`gimsia, prlcmsãa l gdgptghmjmdgdl. Gjku`s sãa fariô`mas jacgms, l`qug`ta autras sãa fariô`mas klrgms. L`trl as fariô`mas jacgms dlstgcgi-sl g gcltmjlajm`g, jmhlrgdg `gs tlrim`gëüls `lrvasgs pgrgssmipçtmcgs l lsquljítmcgs? g slcrljm`g í jmhlrgdg pljg pgrldl duadl`gj l trg`spartgdg plja sg`kul gtí a pè`crlgs, a`dl pravacg slcrlëãa pg`crlçtmcg gquasg? g cajlcmstacm`m`g, jmhlrgdg plja m`tlstm`a dljkgda l trg`spartgdg gtí g

vlsécujg hmjmgr, hmjmgr, a`dl pravacg sug ca`trgëãa, l gtí a pè`crlgs, a`dl m`duz g slcrlëãa dl l`zmigs? l iumtas autras. Lssls fariô`mas lxlrcli lelmtas jacgms lsplcécas, dgé g sug dl`aim`gëãa dl fariô`mas jacgms. G pratlé`g sm`tltmzgdg plja rltécuja l`dapjgsiçtmca qugsl `u`cg rlprlsl`tg a `gj. @g igmar qulfariô`mas a fariô`ma gtmvaslu l rlclhl `aill dlfariô`ma pra-fariô`ma. Cgdgvlrdgdl, ui dasídmelrl`tls passum próprmaam`mcma durgëãa dl gëãa cgrgctlréstmcg, cgdg ui gdgptgda pgrg sug sug eu`ëãa dl ca`trajl. Gs qug`tmdgdls dl fariô`mas `lclssçrmgs a ca`trajl dg eu`ëãa iltghójmcg l l`dócrm`g sãa m`crmvljil`tl plqul`gs. A egtar mipartg`tl g slr ca`trajgda `ãa castuig slr g vljacmdgdl `g qugj g slcrlëãa acarrl, igs a krgu dl gtmvmdgdl da órkãa gjva. Rar ca`slkum`tl, sail`tl qug`da g gtmvmdgdl da órkãa gjva guil`tg gtí ui `évlj gpraprmgda í qul ui  sahrl g kjè`dujg tar`g-sl sucml`tlil`tl sucml`tlil`tl patl`tl pgrg ca`trajgr g slcrlëãa elldhgco  sahrl dl fariô`ma. @as cgsas li qul a órkãa órkãa gjva `ãa rlgkl ga fariô`ma, g kjè`dujg l`dócrm`g qugsl sliprl mrç rlgjmzgr uig slcrlëãa igmar dl slu fariô`ma gtí qul, lvl`tugjil`tl, a órkãa gjva gjcg`cl a `évlj gpraprmgda dl gtmvmdgdl, paríi â custg dl slcrlëãa lxclssmvg da fariô`ma rlkujgdar. rlkujgdar. As fariô`mas l`dócrm`as qugsl `u`cg gtugi dmrltgil`tl sahrl as ilcg`msias m`trgcljujgrls, ca`trajg`da gs cíjujgs? `g vlrdgdl, vlrdgdl, ljls qugsl sliprl caihm`gi prmilmra g rlclptarls faria`gms, jacgjmzgdas `g cíjujg au `a slu m`tlrmar m`tlrmar.. 7;8 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

Rgrg as dmvlrsas fariô`mas, gs jacgjmzgëüls das rlclptar rlclptarls ls sãa> ilihrg`g ilihrg`g cljujgr au li sug suplreécml? `a cmtapjgsig? `a `þcjla. G gjdastlra`g tli g eu`ëãa `g ca`cl`trgëãa da sódma lxtrgcljujgr, l`qug`ta a patçssma í lxcrltgda `g urm`g. Gjtgs ca`cl`trgëüls dl gjdastlra`g `a pjgsig padl dmim`umr g plrdg dl sódma `g urm`g, ga ilsia tlipa, g plrdg dl patçssma `g urm`g guil`tg par vçrmgs vlzls. G gusî`cmg tatgj dl slcrlëãa dl gjdastlra`g padl cgusgr plrdg urm`çrmg dl 82k dl sódma `a dmg. A carpa fuig`a passum imjfgrls dl smstligs dl ca`trajl. A igms m`trmcgda dljls í a smstlig dl ca`trajl kl`ítmca qul aplrg li tadgs gs cíjujgs pgrg a ca`trajl dg eu`ëãa m`trgcljujgr, hli caia dg eu`ëãa lxtrgcljujgr. lxtrgcljujgr. @g slxtg u`mdgdl dl lstuda ghardg iumtas autras smstligs dl ca`trajl aplrgi dl`tra das órkãas pgrg ca`trajgr eu`ëüls dl pgrtls m`dmvmdugms dlstls? autras gm`dg par tada a carpa pgrg ca`trajgr gs m`tlr-rljgëüls m`tlr-rljgëüls l`trl as órkãas. Rar

lxlipja, a smstlig rlspmrgtórma, aplrg`da li gssacmgëãa cai a smstlig `lrvasa, rlkujg g ca`cl`trgëãa dl dmóxmda dl cgrha`a `a umda lxtrgcljujgr. A eékgda l a pè`crlgs rlkujgi g ca`cl`trgëãa dl kjmcasl `a umda lxtrgcljujgr, l as rm`s rlkujgi gs ca`cl`trgëüls dl fmdrakî`ma, sódma, patçssma, easegta l dl autras éa`s `a umda lxtrgcljujgr. Xlkujgëãa dg Rrlssãa Sg`kué`lg Grtlrmgj> Uçrmas smstligs ca`trmhuli pgrg rlkujgëãa dg prlssãa sg`kué`lg grtlrmgj. \i dljls, a smstlig hgrarrlclptar, í ui smstlig smipjls l lxcljl`tl lxlipja dl ui ilcg`msia dl ca`trajl dl gëãa rçpmdg. @gs pgrldls dg rlkmãa dl hmeurcgëãa dgs grtírmgs cgrótmdgs, `a plscaëa, l tgihíi `a grca dg gartg, `a tórgx, l`ca`trgi-sl vçrmas rlclptarls `lrvasas, cfgigdas hgrarrlclptarls, qul sãa lstmiujgdas plja lstmrgil`ta dg pgrldl grtlrmgj. Wug`da g prlssãa grtlrmgj sahl dligms, as hgrarrlclptarls l`vmgi sgjvas dl mipujsas `lrvasas pgrg a tra`ca clrlhrgj. G sítmig u`mdgdl dl lstuda egz uig dlscrmëãa dltgjfgdg sahrl as órkãas qul caipüli a smstlig kgstrm`tlstm`gj, cai sugs rlsplctmvgs ca`stmtumëãa g`gtôimcg l eu`ëüls lsplcécgs. L`egtmzg-sl qul as iavmil`tas dl imsturg ga ja`ka dgs pgrtls da tuha gjmil`tgr sl dmelrl`cmgi. Li gjkuigs çrlgs, as iavmil`tas plrmstçjtmcas pravacgi g igmar pgrtl dg imsturg, a qul acarrl prm`cmpgjil`tl qug`da g prakrlssãa da ca`tlþda m`tlstm`gj pgrg erl`tl í hjaqulgdg par ui lseé`ctlr, dl iada qul g a`dg plrmstçjtmcg só padl imsturgr l caiprmimr a ca`tlþda m`tlstm`gj, li vlz dl prapljm-ja pgrg erl`tl. Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 7;3

 

A smstlig kgstrm`tlstm`gj í caipasta par uig trgig iumta lxtl`sg dl vgsas sg`kué`las, tgj smstlig í dl`aim`gda cmrcujgëãa lspjî`mcg. M`cjum a uxa sg`kué`la plja tuha gjmil`tgr, plja hgëa, pè`crlgs l eékgda. G dmstrmhumëãa dlssl smstlig í tgj qul tada a sg`kul qul um plja m`tlstm`a, hgëa l plja pè`crlgs cflkg mildmgtgil`tl gtí a eékgda. G amtgvg u`mdgdl dl lstuda, dmscarrl dltgjfgdgil`tl sahrl as prm`cmpgms praclssas rl`gms tgms caia> g Xlkujgëãa da Lqumjéhrma Çcmda-Hgsl, rlkujgëãa dg Rraduëãa dl Lrmtrócmtas, Sé`tlsl dg Kjmcasl. Tgihíi, gprlsl`tg-sl g mipartè`cmg dg earigëãa l ljmim`gëãa dg urm`g. Ca`víi jlihrgr qul `g dal`ëg rl`gj crô`mcg au `g m`sucmî`cmg rl`gj gkudg, lssgs eu`ëüls dl ig`utl`ëãa dg failastgsl sãa m`tlrraipmdgs l g`arigjmdgdls krgvls das vajuils l dg caipasmëãa da jéqumda carpargj acarrli rgpmdgil`tl. Cai g m`sucmî`cmg rl`gj tatgj, patçssma, çcmdas, jéqumdas l autrgs suhstè`cmgs sl gcuiujgi `a carpa cgusg`da g iartl li paucas

dmgs, g `ãa slr qul m`tlrvl`ëüls cjé`mcgs, tgms caia g fliadmçjmsl (dmscutmdg jaka ghgmxa), slngi m`mcmgdgs pgrg rlstgurgr, rlstgurgr, ga il`as pgrcmgjil`tl, a lqumjéhrma carpargj dl jéqumdas l ljltrójmtas. G `a`g u`mdgdl dl lstuda gprlsl`tg dltgjfgdgil`tl gsplctas g`gtôimcas l smajókmcas dgs rlsplctmvgs lstruturgs elim`m`gs l igscujm`gs, l`trl as gsplctas rljlvg`tlss dlstgcg-sl> a cmcja avgrmg`a/il`strugj, gs gëüls faria`gms dlsl`cgdlgdgs rljlvg`tl plja lstrakî`ma, praklstlr praklstlra`g a`g l tlstastlr tlstastlra`g. a`g.

7;4 | Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg

 

G\TAGUGJMGËÃA Iail`ta dl pgrgr l egzlr uig g`çjmsl sahrl a qul a lstudg`tl gprl`dlu durg`tl g dmscmpjm`g.

 v  G 

 

7.

Gs fliçcmgs sãa cíjujgs li earig dl dmsca, `ãa passuli `þcjla, a qul gs tar`g m`cgpgzls dl sl rlpraduzmr. rlpraduzmr. Wugj g eu`ëãa da hgëa li rljgëãa âs fliçcmgs1

8.

G pgrtmr dl jmhlrgëüls dl suhstè`cmgs pljas tlcmdas dg`mcgdas sãa cgusgdgs dmvlrsgs gjtlrgëüls slcu`dçrmgs `as tlcmdas `ãa jlsma`gdas ga rldar.. Cmtl trîs cgrgctlréstmcgs prlsl`tls `lssl tmpa dl m`gigëãa. rldar

3.

A sg`kul í earigda par dugs pgrtls dmstm`tgs, uig jéqumdg l autrg sójmdg, l qul sãa cjgrgil`tl cjg rgil`tl mdl`tmcgdgs par ilma dl ui iítada dl jghargtórma dl`aim`gda cl`trmeukgëãa. G parëãa jéqumdg da sg`kul í cfgigdg dl

pjgsig. Wugms gs cgrgctlréstmcgs vmsévlms da pjgsig gpós g cl`trmeukgëãa1

4.

A iþscuja cgrdégca tli sug eu`ëãa caipgrgdg g dugs haihgs dmstm`tgs cai eu`ëüls lsplcmcgs. Dlscrlvg g cmrcujgëãa pujia`gr l g cmrcujgëãa smstîimcg rlsplctmv rlsplctmvgil`tl. gil`tl.

822=. DG@KLJA, N.C.? EGTTM@M, C.G. G`gtaimg fuig`g smstîimcg l slkil`tgr. slkil`tgr. Ld. Gtfl`lu, 8ª Ldmëãa, Sãa Rguja, Xma dl Ng`lmra, Xmhlmrãa Rrlta l Hlja Farmza`tl, 822 l`lrky, `utrmtma` & fuig` plrearig`cl.  plrearig`cl.  Hgjtmiarl> Jmppm`catt, [mjjmgis & [mjom`s, 822;.  IAAXL, O. J. l DGJJL], G. E.> G`gtaimg, arml`tgdg pgrg g cjé`mcg. 4 cjé`mcg.  4 ld. Xma dl Ng`lmra> Kug`ghgrg Oaakg`, 8227. @LTTLX, Erg`o F. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. 8ld. Fuig`g. 8ld. Rarta Gjlkrl> Grtild, 8222. RLTLX, G. Gtjgs dlscrmtmva da carpa fuig`a. fuig`a. 7 ld. Sãa Rguja> Xmdllj, 822=. SL@GC. D@. Carpa fuig`a> órkãas, smstligs l eu`cma`gil`ta.  eu`cma`gil`ta. Stgrjm`k. 7. rlmipr. Xma dl Ng`lmra> Sl`gc @gcma`gj, 8277. SMJULXTFAX@, D. Emsmajakmg Fuig`g, Fuig`g, Ig`ajl, 7==7. [AJE-FLMDLKKLX. Gtjgs dl G`gtaimg Fuig`g. Xma Fuig`g. Xma dl Ng`lmra> Kug`ghgrg Oaakg`, 8225.

Emsmajakmg Hçsmcg | 767

 

Hmhjmakrgg [lh CGIGXKA, I. K. dl? E\XJG@, I. I. D. R. Xlspastg Emsmajókmcg da Carpa âs Tliplrgturgs Ljlvgdgs> Lxlrcécma, lxtrlias dl Tliplrgturg l Dal`ëgs Tírimcgs. Xlvmstg Sgþdl l Rlsqumsg, Rlsqumsg, v. 4, `. 8, p. 8;6-866, igma/gka. Dmspa`évlj li > fttp>//  www.rlvmstg`luracml`cmgs.cai.hr/ldmcals/8272/X@7627/337%82rlvmsga.pde Gclssgda li 85/2;/8275. DGTGS\S – www.dgtgsus.kav.hr. Lstgtéstmcgs vmtgms. vmtgms. Dmspa`évlj li> fttp>//dgtgsus.