1 Ed

 

= 5 >

7 0

Y`kjmrul Y`ce`ramk ^upo`c`k Ymhmk W`cuomwmh (Nurnucm \mktldrrazm Udxe) gmk Mktas`ptah Yutakj W`cuomwmh t`rlmgmp Humoatms Basah gmk Drjmkdo`ptah ^usu (Wl` `bb`nt db b``gakj nurnucm suppo`c`kt mkg mppoanmtadk db nurnucm t`mt mktas`ptah dk plysanmo mkg drjmkdo`ptan qumoaty db caoh)

ME^WU ^WUMH MH 2ME

Y`k`oatamk Y`k`oata mk aka e`rtufumk e`rtufumk uktuh c`kjh c`kjhmfa mfa p`kjm p`kjmrul rul p`ce`ramk p`ce`ramk supo supo`c`k `c`k pmhmk t`cuomwm t`cuomwmh h gmk :mktas`ptah putakj t`cuomwmh t`rlmgmp humoatms basah gmk drjmkdo`ptah susu. Y`k`oatamk c`kjjukmhmk Umknmkjmk h`odcpdh. W9 3 pmhmk emsmo (hdktrdo), W= 3 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% 1h`eutulmk EH), W5 3 t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v), W> 3 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) + t`mt =9gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v). Ymrmc`t`r ymkj gamcmta ymatu humoatms basah susu gmk drjmkdo`ptah susu. Gmtm EF g`kjmk  Ymar`g W W`st , gmtm drjmkdo`ptah  ==ymkj gap`rdo`l gamkmoasas c`kjjukmhmk mkmoasas rmjmc gmk gaufa omkfut g`kjmk Ymar`g =5gamkmoasas c`kjjukmhmk ufa Hurshmoo Zmooas gmk ufa omkfut Zaondxdk gmk gaguhukj g`kjmk mkmoasas g`shraptab. =>Lmsao p`k`oatamk c`kukfuhhmk emlwm p`re`gmmk p`romhumk supo`c`ktmsa gmk t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh e`rp`kjmrul =7kymtm t`rlmgmp EF susu (Y?9,90) gmk tagmh e`rp`kjmrul t`rlmgmp drjmkdo`ptah susu. Umtmmk lmsao gmra Pfa EF susu =0ymkj c`kgmpmt p`romhumk W9, W=, W5, gmk W> s`t`oml >9 lmra p`romhumk kaomakym mgmoml =,9508 =,9578 =,9578 =2=,950. Lmsao ufa drjmkdo`ptah susu pmgm h`odcpdh p`romhumk mgmoml susu e`rwmrkm putal h`hukakjmk (W>) gmk =:00% t`rmsm jural (W=). W`rgmpmt p`kakjhmtmk h`h`ktmomk susu e`rgmsmrhmk pmk`oas pmgm h`odcpdh p`romhumk =% - =0% c`kfmga >>% - 7>%. Gasacpuohmk emlwm p`ce`ramk tr`mtc`kt supo`c`k pmhmk gmk =1

mktas`ptah putakj t`cuomwmh gmpmt c`kakjhmthmk EF susu gmk cmcpu c`cp`remaha drjmkdo`ptah susu. Hukna6 W`cuomwmh, humoatms susu, drjmkdo`ptah susu

59Hmtm

5=ME^WUMNW

Wlas stugy macs td mss`ss tl` `bb`nt db b``gakj nurnucm suppo`c`kt mkg mppoanmtadk db nurnucm t`mt 55mktas mktas`ptan `ptan dk plysa plysanmom nmomkg kg drjmkdo`p drjmkdo`ptan tan qumoaty db caoh. Wl` stugy us`g m rmkgdcaz` rmkgdcaz`g g eodnh g`sajk watl 7 5>tr`mtc`kts mkg > jrdups, W9 3 emsmo b``g (ndktrdo), W= 3 nurnucm suppo`c`kt (=% GC), W5 3 nurnucm t`mt 57mktas`ptan (0% w/v), W> 3 nurnucm suppo`c`kt (=% GC) + nurnucm t`mt mktas`ptan (0% w/v). Wl` pmrmc`t`rs 50des`rv`g w`r` plysanmo qumoaty db caoh mkg drjmkdo`ptan caoh. Wl` gmtm detmak`g w`r` mkmoyz`g usakj MKDRM 52mkg burtl`r t`st`g ey Ymar`g W W`st. Wl` drjmkdo`ptan gmtm w`r` mkmoyz`g usakj Hurshmoo Zmooas mkg Zaondxdk 5:t`st, ms w`oo ms g`snraptav` mkmoysas. Wl` r`suots sldw`g tlmt tl` nurnucm suppo`c`ktmtadk aktd tl` ga`ts mkg tl` 5 jrdups mbt`r >9 gmys db tr`mtc`kt w`r` >9=.9508 =,9578 =,9578 mkg =,950 j/co8 r`sp`ntav`oy. Wl` caoh drjmkdo`ptan t`st r`suots sldw`g tlmt tl` caoh brdc >=tr`mtc`kt jrdups lmg 0:.0% y`oodwasl wlat` ndodr (W>) mkg 00% smvdry tmst` (W=). Wl`r` wms mk aknr`ms`g ak >5caoh tlanhk`ss ems`k dk pmk`oast bdr tl` nurnucm tr`mtc`kt jrdups brdc =>%-=0% td >>%-7>%. At wms ndknoug`g >>tlmt tl` mggatadk db nurnucm suppo`c`kt ms cunl ms =% GC mkg nurnucm t`mt mktas`ptan nduog aknr`ms` caoh  >7g`ksaty, cdr`dv`r, edtl tr`mtc`kts nduog acprdv` caoh drjmkdo`ptan. >0H`ywdrgs6

Nurnucm, caoh qumoaty, caoh drjmkdo`ptan

>2

Y@KGMLPOPMK

Ymgm eugagmym smpa p`rml, p`c`rmlmk c`rupmhmk mhtavatms rutak ymkj wmfae gaomhuhmk do`l >1gaomhuhmk uktuh c`kn`jml emht`ra ymkj cmsuh, fahm lmo t`rs`eut tagmh gaomhuhmk gmpmt c`ky`emehmk 79 p`kymhat e`rupm cmstatas. ^upo`c`k pmhmk fujm s`rakj gae`rahmk pmgm t`rkmh s`omak uktuh  7=c`kakjhmthmk p`rbdrcm gmk c`kakjhmthmk prdguhsa fujm uktuh c`cp`remaha p`rbdrcm t`rkmh ymkj smhat. at. Hmkguk Hmkgukjmk jmk mktaem mktaemht ht`ra `ra pmg pmgmm supo`c supo`c`k `k pmhmk pmhmk uktuh uktuh smpa smpa p`rml p`rml gmp gmpmt mt c`kjl c`kjlmce mcemt mt gmk 75smh smtukym mgmoml emht`ra ymkj c`ky`emehmk cmstatas (Qmcak `t mo., mo., 7>c`ceukul e`remjma emht`ra smoml smtukym >:

7759=>). Cmstatas 70

c`rupmhmk p`rmgmkjmk pmgm mceakj ymkj gas`emehmk do`l emht`ra pmtdj`k ymkj gmpmt 72c`kjmhaemthmk p`kurukmk humoatms susu. Y`kymhat cmstatas ucuckym gas`emehmk do`l e`remjma f`kas

 

7: emht`ra

mktmrm omak mgmoml ^tr`ptdndnnus mjmomntam`, mjmomntam`, ^tr`ptdndnnus gasjmomntam`, gasjmomntam`, ^tr`ptdndnnus ue`ras, ue`ras, 7c`ky`emehmk humoatms susu c`oaputa wmrkm, emu, h`h`ktmomk, pL gmk e`rmt f`kas e`rueml. Y`ruemlmk 07ymkj pmoakj c`kdkfdo gmomc susu gatukfuhmk g`kjmk p`ruemlmk wmrkm gmk t`rgmpmt jucpmomk pmgm 00susu. 02 Y`kn`jmlmk gmk p`kjdemtmk p`kymhat cmstatas c`kjjukmhmk emlmk l`remo emah s`nmrm n`oup 0: putakj cmupuk supo`c`k pmhmk sugml emkymh gat`oata, kmcuk g`cahamk p`kjjukmmk emlmk l`remo 0mktaakbomcmsa, mktaemht`ra gmk mktadhsagmk (^usmkty gmk Kurgak, 59=5). Hmkgukjmk s`kymwm-s`kymwm 27t`rs`e t`rs`eut ut ga gap`r p`rhar harmhm mhmk k smkjmt smkjmt emah emah ga gajuk jukmhm mhmk k uktuh uktuh c`kakj c`kakjhmt hmthmk hmk gmy gmymm tml tmlmk mk tueul tueul t`rkmh t`rkmh gmk c`kjurmkja p`rmgmkjmk mceakj mtmu cmstatas ymkj s`rakj t`rfmga pmgm t`rkmh (Kurgak, 599:). 20 22 Y`ce`ramk tr`mtc`kt galmrmphmk gmpmt c`kjurmkja h`rusmhmk susu ymkj t`rfmga mhaemt cmstatas 2:

gm gmk k ta tagm gmh h mg mgmmmhmk `b `b`h `hc`kjueml smcp smcpak akj j natm ym ymkj kj gata tace ceuo uohm hmk. k. susu Y` Y`ce ce`r `ram amk k tr tr`m `mtc tc`k `kt t c`kjjukmhmk t`cuomwmh  rmsmga gmk wmrkm s`lakjjm p`rou gaomhuhmk p`kjufamk t`rlmgmp 21humoatms susu. Y`kjufamk gaomhuhmk uktuh c`oalmt mgm tagmhkym p`ruemlmk basah c`oaputa e`rmt f`kas :9s`rtm drjmkdo`pta drjmkdo`ptah h c`oaputa c`oaputa wmrkm, mrdcm, rmsm gmk t`hstur t`hstur pmgm susu s`t`oml s`t`oml gae`rahmk gae`rahmk tr`mtc`kt . :=Yrdguh susu ymkj e`rhumoatms emah gmpmt galmsaohmk g`kjmk nmrm c`kn`jml h`rusmhmk susu ymatu :5g`kjmk c`omhuhmk p`kjufamk h`s`jmrmk susu uktuh c`k`ktuhmk gmym sacpmk susu ymkj dptacmo gmk c`cp`r p`rtml tmlmkh mkhmk mk wmr wmrkm km s`r s`rtm tm natm natm rmsm rmsm sus susu u ym ymkj kj emah. emah. Hmkguk Hmkgukjmk jmk s`kymw s`kymwmm ymkj ymkj gac gacaoa aoaha ha do`l do`l :>c`c :7t`cuo t`cuomwmh mwmh galmrmphm galmrmphmk k gmpmt gmpmt c`ky`ceulh c`ky`ceulhmk mk mtmu c`kjurmkj c`kjurmkjaa p`rmgmkjmk p`rmgmkjmk mceakj pmgm t`rkmh  t`rkmh  :0s`lakjjm humoatms susu ymkj c`oaputa wmrkm, emu, h`h`ktmomk, pL gmk e`rmt f`kas h`cemoa kdrcmo. Wufumk Wufu mk p`k`oatam p`k`oatamk k uktuh uktuh c`kjhmfa c`kjhmfa humo humoatms atms basah gmk drjmkdo`ptah drjmkdo`ptah susu gmra smpa p`rml ymkj :2 ::c`kgmpmt supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah putakj t`cuomwmh. Cmkbmmt p`k`oatamk gmpmt c`ce`rahmk :1h`gmomc j`oms nup uktuh gaufa. Gmtm hu`sadk`r pmk`oas c`kjjukmhmk e`ktuh e`ktuh sndrakj   sndrakj  s`emjma  s`emjma e`rahut 6 =79

 

=7=Wme`o =.

^ndrakj  hu`sadk`r   hu`sadk`r  ^hd Zmrkm r  = Hukakj 5 Yutal > Yutal h`hukakjmk

Mrdcm

Umsm

W`hstur

H`suhmmk

^mkjmt e`rmrdcm hlms t`cuomwmh E`rmrdcm hlms t`cuomwmh Wagmh e`rmrdcm hlms t`cuomwmh

Msak Cmkas Jural

H`ktmo @kn`r Mjmh @kn`r

Wagmh suhm ^uhm ^mkjmt suhm

7

^mkjmt jural

=75

Pktuh c`kj`t Pktuh c`kj`tmlu mluaa mgm ta tagmh gmhkym kym p`re`g p`re`gmmk mmk ym ymkj kj gas`e gas`emeh mehmk mk do`l do`l p`romh p`romhumk umk pmg pmgmm s`t s`tamp amp =77 pmrmc`t`r, cmhm gaomhuhmk p`kjufamk mktmrm lmra h` 9 gmk >9 g`kjmk Zaondxdk. ^`gmkjhmk lmsao gatmcpaohmk gmomc e`ktuh jrmbah jrmbah emtmkj. =70 p`kjufamk pmk`oas pmgm s`tamp pmrmc`t`r gatmcpaohmk =7>

=72Mkmoasas

Gmtm Ymrmc` Ymr mc`t`r t`r e`rmt e`rmt f`k f`kas as su susu su gamkmo gamkmoasa asass c`kjju c`kjjukmh kmhmk mk mkmoas mkmoasas as rmjmc rmjmc ( mkmo mkmoysas ysas db vmramkn` vmramkn`)) =7: =79. Gmtm drjmkdo`ptah susu gamkmoasas c`kjjukmhmk =09ufa Hurshmoo wmooas gmk ufa omkfut Zaondxdk gaguhukj g`kjmk mkmoasas g`shraptab. Gmtm stmtastah gadoml =0=g`kjmk c`kjjukmhmk mpoahmsa ^Y^^ =2.9. LM^AO GMK Y@CEMLM^MK

=05 =0>Y`kjmrul tr`mtc`kt

supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah putakj t`cuomwmh t`rlmgmp EF susu E`rgms E`r gmsmrh mrhmk mk p`k`oa p`k`oata tamk mk ymkj ymkj t`oml t`oml gaomhs gaomhsmkm mkmhmk hmk,, gap`rd gap`rdo`l o`l rmtmmk rmtmmk p`kjmr p`kjmrul ul EF susu susu ymkj ymkj =07 =00c`kgmpmt tr`mtc`kt supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah putakj t`cuomwmh gasmfahmk pmgm Wme`o 5. =02Wme`o

=0:

5. E`rmt f`kas (EF) susu smpa p`rml L9 Y`romhumk

L>9 Y Rmou` ----------j/co---------W9 =,955 =,950 9,5 =,959 =,950 9,9>1 me ^up`rshrap ymkj e`re`gm pmgm emras ymkj smcm c`kukfuhhmk p`re`gmmk ymkj kymtm (Y?9,90)

=0<

=.9> =.9>

=.9>

  s =.95    a   k   `    F    t =.95   m   r   `    E =.95

=.9> =.95

=.95

W=

W5

=.95 W9 =01 =29 =2=

Jmcemr =. EF susu s`t`oml p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra

W>

 

E`rgmsmrh E`rgms mrhmk mk mkmoas mkmoasas as pmgm pmgm smcp`o smcp`o susu susu lmra lmra h` >9 pmgm pmgm s`cum s`cum h`odcp h`odcpdh dh tagmh tagmh t`r t`rgmp gmpmt mt =2> p`re`gmmk (Jmcemr =), kmcuk g`cahamk fahm gaoalmt gmra lmra 9 h` lmra >9 s`p`rta ymkj gatmcpaohmk ga =27tme`o 5 pmgm h`odcpdh W9, W=, W5 tagmh e`re`gm kymtm, kmcuk pmgm W> c`kukfuhhmk lmsao ymkj =20sajkabahmk. Lmsao t`rs`eut c`kukfuhhmk emlwm pmgm smpa h`odcpdh W5 (t`mt gappakj) s`nmrm kuc`rah  =22mgm h`n`kg`rukjmk uktuh c`cp`remaha EF s`gmkjhmk p`kakjhmtmk EF sajkabahmk gap`rdo`l pmgm smpa =2:h`o h`odcp dcpdh dh W> g`kjmk g`kjmk p`romh p`romhumk umk hdceak hdceakmsa msa supo`c supo`c`k `k gmk t`mt t`mt gappak gappakj j t`c t`cuom uomwmh wmh ymkj ymkj cmc cmcpu pu =29. Y`kakjhmt Y`kak jhmtmk mk kaoma e`rmt f`kas susu s`t`oml gae`ra p`romhumk p`romhumk e`ouc e`ouc s`su s`suma ma ^KA (59==) (59==) ymat ymatu u =:9 =:=cakacmo =,95: j/co. Y`kakjhmtmk kaoma EF susu gagujm gagujm gap`kjmrula do do`l `l mgmkym p`kurukmk fucoml s`o s`o =:5sdcmt sdcmtah ah p`rmgmkjmk p`rmgmkjmk.. C`kurut C`kurut Yrmtawa `t mo.  mo.  (59=c`kur =:7c`cp`remaha prds`s eadsakt`sm susu. Ymgm p`k`oatamk Mjustakm `t mo. (59=1) mo. (59=1) emlwm p`kurukmk takjhmt =:0 p`rmgmkjmk ymkj pmoakj takjja gah`tmlua gmra fucoml s`o sdcmtah ymkj gat`cuhmk pmgm h`odcpdh W> =:2ymatu s`e`smr 0>,9 =::lmra cmcpu c`cp`remaha EF susu. =25

=:. =9 lmra t`rlmgmp = drjmkdo`ptah susu Ymrmc`t`r W9 W= W5 W> Y-vmou` Zmrkm 5,9> 5,=> 5,50 5,>0 9,71< Mrdcm 5,2> 5,0> 5,0< 5,79 9,22: m m m  e Umsm >,99 5,< 5,7> 5,>> 5,>< 9,< m m m  e H`suhmmk =, Wme`o

7. Y`kjmrul t`cuomwmh s`emjma supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah gappakj putakj s`omcm >9 lmra t`rlmgmp wmrkm susu Y`romhumk L9 L>9 Y-vmou` m  e W9 5,79 5,95 9,9>< W= 5,5: 5,=5 9,>>> W5 5,>5 5,50 9,255 W> 5,>5 5,>0 9,9 3 s`t`oml p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra =17

59=

Lmsao Lms ao hrushm hrushmoo oo wmooas wmooas (Wm (Wme`o e`o >) gm gmk k ufa waondx waondxdk dk (Wme`o (Wme`o 7) c`k c`kukf ukfuhm uhmk k eml emlwm wm p`rom p`romhum humk k gmk mktas`pt mktas`ptah ah puta putakj kj t`cuomwmh t`cuomwmh s`omcm >9 lmra tagmh c`ce`rahmk c`ce`rahmk p`kjmrul (Y;9,90) 597t`rlmgmp wmrkm susu. ^`t`oml >9 lmra p`romhumk, wmrkm susu cmsal gmomc hdkgasa kdrcmo s`suma g`kjmk 590hrat hrat`ram `ram susu s`jmr, s`jmr, ymat ymatu u e`rwmrkm e`rwmrkm putal putal h`hukakjmk h`hukakjmk.. C`kurut C`kurut Pscam Pscamta ta gmk Meuemhmr (5991) wmrkm 595

59>supo supo`c`k `c`k

592

susu kdrcmo mgmoml putal h`hukakjmk. Zmrkm susu gap`kjmrula do`l pmhmk ymkj gahdksucsa smpa (Mraymkta `t mo., mo. , 59=0). E`rgmsmrhmk lmsao p`k`oatamk p`ce`ramk t`pukj t`cuomwmh emahdo`l s`emjma 59 25,09%, 5=5s`gmkjhmk pmgm lmra h` >9 s`emjamk e`smr pmk`oas c`kfmwme e`rwmrkm putal h`hukakjmk ga s`cum 5=>h`odcpdh p`romhumk. Y`omhumk ymkj c`kgmpmt paoalmk wmrkm putal h`hukakjmk t`rtakjja mgmoml W> 5=7ymatu s`e`smr 0:,09%. Zmrkm putal gas`emehmk do`l r`bo`hsa nmlmym jodeuom o`cmh, s`gmkjhmk wmrkm 5=0h`hukakjmk pmgm susu gas`emehmk do`l hmrdt`k ymkj t`romrut pmgm o`cmh gmomc susu gmk f`kas pmhmk 5=2ymkj gae`rahmk. Zmrkm putal gmk h`hukakjmk pmgm susu s`suma g`kjmk p`kgmpmt Cmatacu `t mo. (59=>) mo. (59=>) 5=: emlwm wmrkm putal kdrcmo pmgm susu gas`emehmk do`l p`ky`emrmk eutarmk hdodag o`cmh s`gmkjhmk 5=. gmk Wme`o 0.

 

=99% 557Wme`o 550

t = l9

t 5l 9

t> l 9

^mkjmt mkjmt E` E`rrmrdc mrdcmm Hlms Hlms W`c W`cuom uomw wmh Wagmh E`rmrdcm Hlms W`cuomwmh 

t 9 l> 9

t =l > 9

t 5l >9

t > l> 9

E` E`rrmr mrdc dcmm Hlms Hlms W`c W`cuom uomw wmh 

Jmcemr >. Mrdcm ^usu ^`e`ouc Wr`mtc`kt (L9) gmk ^`t`oml Wr`mtc`kt  pmgm lmra h`->9 (L>9). 0. Y`kjmrul p`kjjukmmk t`cuomwmh s`emjma supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah gappakj putakj s`omcm >9 lmra t`rlmgmp mrdcm susu Y`romhumk L9 L>9 Y-vmou` W9 5,:5 5,25 9,592 m

 e

W 5 5,05 9,99= W= 5 5,,1 15 9m 5,0: e 9,990 m  e W> 5, 6 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) + t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v) 5>=L9 6 s`e`ouc p`romhumk 8 L>9 6 s`t`oml p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra

Emlwm p`romhumk Emlwm p`romhumk supo`c`k gmk mkta mktas`pt s`ptah ah gapp gappakj akj putakj putakj t`cu t`cuomwmh omwmh s`omcm >9 lmra tagmh  5>>c`ce`rahmk p`kjmrul (Y;9,90) t`rlmgmp mrdcm susu (Wme`o >). Lmsao ufa waondxdk (Wme`o 0) pmgm L9 5>7gmk L>9 c`kukfuhmk emlwm mgm p`re`gmmk mrdcm susu pmgm p`romhumkW=, W5 gmk W> (Y?9,90). 5>0 Umtmmk mrdcm smcp`o susu smpa pmgm lmra h` 9 gmk h` >9 (Jmcemr >) c`kukfuhhmk cmydratms 5>2 pmk`oas c`caoal paoalmk paoalmk tagmh e`rmrdcm hlms t`cuomw t`cuomwmh mh pmgm lmra h` 9 s`e`smr 10% gmk :9% pmgm lmra 5>5

5>:>9. Ymgm Wme`o 0, shdr paoalmk W9, W=, gmk W5 e`rmgm gamtms 5,0 ymkj c`kukfuhhmk n`kg`rukj tagmh  5>9% pmk`oas 5>1c`kjmtmhmk

emlwm susu c`caoaha mrdcm t`cuomwmh c`shapuk tagmh c`kgmpmt p`romhumk supo`c`ktmsa 579t`cuo t`cuomwmh. mwmh. Lmo aka c`kukfuhhmk c`kukfuhhmk emlwm p`ce`ramk p`ce`ramk tr`mtc`kt supo supo`c`k `c`k pmhmk gmk mkta mktas`pta s`ptah h putakj putakj 57=t`cuomwmh tagmh c`ce`rahmk gmcpmh k`jmtab t`rlmgmp mrdcm susu. 575 C`kurut C`kur ut ^KA (59==) susu kdrcmo c`caoaha c`caoaha emu ymkj tagmh e`ruem e`rueml l mtmu c`kyacp c`kyacpmkj mkj ymatu 57> e`rmrdcm hlms susu. Lmo t`rs`eut c`kukfuhhmk emlwm susu s`e`ouc gmk s`t`oml gae`ra p`romhumk 577gmomc h`mgmmk kdrcmo gmk s`suma stmkgmr. C`kurut Cmatacu `t mo. (59=>) emu hlms susu gas`emehmk 570hmr`km hmkgukjmk omhtdsm susu ymkj takjja gmk hmkgukjmk hldragm ymkj r`omtab r`kgml. Mrdcm susu 572 fujm gap`kjmrula do`l mrdcm pmhmk gmk oakjhukjmk s`hatmr ymkj cugml gas`rmp do`l susu (Mkakgatm `t  ., 59=:). 57:mo ., 579%   d   p   s   ` 59%    U    % =9% 9% W9L9 50= 505

W=L9 Msak

W5L9 Cmkas

W>L9 W9L>9 W=L>9 W5L>9 W>L>9 Jural ^mkjmt Jural

Jmcemr 7. Umsm ^usu ^`e`ouc Wr`mtc`kt (L9) gmk ^`t`oml Wr`mtc`kt  pmgm lmra h`->9 (L>9).

50> 507 500 502 50:Wme`o

2. Y`kjmrul p`kjjukmmk t`cuomwmh s`emjma supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah gappakj putakj s`omcm >9 lmra 50< t`rlmgmp rmsm susu Y`romhumk L9 L>9 Y-vmou` W9 5,20 >,99 9,92< W= 5,1: 5,,99 5,1: 9,171 W> 5,9: 5,99 9,295 501W9 6 hdktrdo 529W= 6 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) 52=W5 6 t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v) 525W> 6 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) + t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v) 52>L9 6 s`e`ouc p`romhumk 8 L>9 6 s`t`oml p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra 527

Lmsao ufa hrushmo hrushmo wmoo wmooas as (Wme` (Wme`oo >) mktmr mktmr p`romhumk p`romhumk pmgm L>9 c`kukfuhhmk c`kukfuhhmk emlwm t`rgmpmt t`rgmpmt 522 p`kjmrul sajkabahmk (Y?9,90), s`t`oml gaomhuhmk ufa omkfut waondxdk gah`tmlua emlwm p`re`gmmk 52:t`rgmpmt ga W>. Kmcuk lmsao ufa waondxdk (Wme`o 2) pmgm tamp p`romhumk mktmrm L9 gmk L>9 gah`tmlua 52 cmsal c`kukfuhhmk rmsm msak pmgm susu pmgm lmra h` >9 (09%), lmo 5:=gagujm e`rhmatmk g`kjmk takjhmt p`rmgmkjmk pmgm mceakj. Ymgm p`k`oatamk aka, smpa pmgm h`odcpdh

aka W> 5:5 pmgm lmra h` >9 cmsal c`kjmomca p`rmgmkjmk mceakj ymkj e`rsabmt suehoakas, lmo t`rs`eut gatmkgma  (NCW) e`rmgm pmgm kaoma 5,9< (^do`lml `t mo., mo., 5959). Y`rmgmkjmk 5:>g`kjmk shdr Nmoabdrkam Cmstatas W`st  (NCW) 5:7 pmgm mceakj c`ky`emehmk p`rc`meaoatms c`cermk s`o t`rjmkjju s`lakjjm hmgmr KmNo kmah  ., 59=:). 5:0(Cmlpugak `t mo ., E`rgmsmrhmk Jmcemr 7, pmk`oas c`kukfuhmk emlwm ga lmra h` 9 pmk`oas gdcakmk c`kfmwme susu 5:2 5::c`caoaha rmsm jural ymatu ga h`odcpdh W9 >:,0%, W= >0%, W5 75,0% gmk W> 79% s`gmkjhmk pmgm lmra 5:9 s`emjamk e`smr pmk`oas c`kfmwme susu c`caoaha rmsm jural g`kjmk p`rs`ktms` e`re`gm ymatu W9 5:175,0%, W= 00%, W5 70% gmk W> 79%. Lmsao p`kjufamk c`kukfuhhmk emlwm p`ce`ramk tr`mtc`kt tagmh  59 lmra t`rlmgmp t`hstur susu Y`romhumk L9 L>9 Y-vmou` m  e W9 5,90 5,>: 9,99= W= 5,=0m 5,75 e 9,99< m  e W5 5,=5 5,>5 9,9>> W> 5,50 5,>: 9,550

me

512

^up`rshrap ymkj e`re`gm pmgm emras ymkj smcm c`kukfuhhmk p`re`gmmk ymkj kymtm (Y?9,90) 51:W9 6 hdktrdo 5199W> 6 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) + t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v) >9=L9 6 s`e`ouc p`romhumk 8 L>9 6 s`t`oml p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra >95

Emlwm p`romhumk supo`c`k gmk mktas`ptah putakj t`cuomwmh s`omcm >9 lmra tagmh c`ce`rahmk >97 p`kjmrul (Y;9,90) t`rlmgmp t`hstur susu (Wme`o >). W`tmpa pmgm ufa waondxdk mktmrm L9 gmk L>9 >90c`kukfuhhmk emlwm lmsao p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra g`kjmk t`cuomwmh pmgm h`odcpdh W= gmk W5 >9>

>92t`rfmga p`ruemlmk pmgm t`hstur (Y?9,90) (Wme`o :). >9: Gacmkm t`rfmga p`kurukmk p`rs`ktms` p`kaomamk

`kn`r pmgm W= gmk W5 ga lmra h`-9 c`kfmga mjmh  >99, h`->9, s`lakj s`lakjjm jm p`rs`k p`rs`ktms tms`` fmwmem fmwmemk k mj mjmh mh h`ktmo h`ktmo pmgm pmgm lmra lmra h`h`->9 >9 c`k c`kakj akjhmt hmt.. >91Y`rs`ktms` mjmh h`ktmo pmgm W= c`kakjhmt gmra =5% ga lmra h` 9 c`kfmga 75% ga lmra h` >9. Y`rs`ktms` >=9mjmh h`ktmo pmgm W5 c`kakjhmt gmra =5% ga lmra h` 9 c`kfmga >5% ga lmra h` >9. ^`gmkjhmk pmgm W> >== fujm t`rfmga p`kakjhmtmk p`rs`ktms` fmwmemk pmk`oas emlwm susu gmra smpa W> mjmh h`ktmo, kmcuk >=5 p`kakjhmtmk aka tagmh sajkabahmk. Y`rs`k mjmh h`ktmo pmgm W> ga lmra 9 s`e`smr 50% c`kfmga >:% pmgm >=>lmr lmraa >9 >9.. Lmo aka c`kukf c`kukfuhh uhhmk mk emlwm emlwm p`ce`r p`ce`ramk amk tr`mtc`kt supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah putakj >=7t`cuomwmh tagmh c`ce`rahmk gmcpmh k`jmtab t`rlmgmp t`hstur susu. >=0 Umtmmk Umt mmk t`hstu t`hsturr smcp` smcp`oo susu susu smpa smpa s`e`ou s`e`ouc c gae`ra gae`ra p`rom p`romhum humk k gmk s`t`om s`t`oml l gae`ra gae`ra p`romh p`romhumk umk c`kukfuhh fuhhmk mk susu e`rt`hstur e`rt`hstur `kn`r. `kn`r. C`kurut C`kurut ^KA (59==) (59==) susu kdrcmo c`caoaha c`caoaha hdksast` hdksast`ksa ksa ymkj >=2c`kuk >=:kdrcmo ymatu tagmh t`romou h`ktmo gmk `kn`r. Lmo t`rs`eut c`kukfuhhmk emlwm susu s`e`ouc gmk s`t`oml >==1gap`kjmrula do`l h`kmahmk EF susu, s`cmhak e`smr EF susu mhmk s`cmhak h`ktmo t`hstur susu hmr`km EF >59susu gap`kjmrula do`l emlmk pmgmt euhmk o`cmh (Ptmca `t mo ., ., 59=7). Ymgm >5=c`shapuk c`kjmomca h`kmahmk tmpa cmsal e`rmgm gaemwml stmkgmr ^KA.

p`k`oatamk aka EF pmgm L>9

 

>55H`suhmmk

susu Wakjhmt h`suhmmk susu mhaemt p`romhumk p`ce`ramk supo`c`k t`cuomwmh =% h`eutulmk EH gmk >5> gatmcpaohmk pmgm Jmcemr 2. gmk Wme`o 57mktas`ptah t`cuomwmh gatmcpaohmk 50 >52

t = l9

t 5 l9

t >l 9

Wagmh ^uhm

^uhm

t 9 l> 9

t =l >9

t 5l > 9

t > l> 9

^mkjmt ^uhm

Jmcemr 2. Wakjhmt H`suhmmk ^usu ^`e`ouc Wr`mtc`kt (L9) gmk ^`t`oml Wr`mtc`kt Wr`mtc`kt pmgm  pmgm lmra h`->9 (L>9).

>5:Wme`o >5<

9 lmra t`rlmgmp h`suhmmk susu Y`romhumk L9 L>9 Y-vmou`

W9 =,>9W9 6 hdktrdo >>=W= 6 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) >>5W5 6 t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v) >>>W> 6 supo`c`k t`cuomwmh (=% h`eutulmk EH) + t`mt gappakj t`cuomwmh (0% e/v) >>7L9 6 s`e`ouc p`romhumk 8 L>9 6 s`t`oml p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra

9,>0

E`rgmsmrhmk Jmcemr 2, c`kukfuhhmk emlwm tagmh mgm p`re`gmmk takjhmt h`suhmmk pmgm W= gmk gacmkm gdcakmk pmk`oas cmsal c`kyuhma susu t`rs`eut ymatu W=s`e`smr 0%. >>9 takjhmt h`suhmmk pmk`oas pmgm W9 :9%, W= 0%. Ymgm h`odcpdh W> ga s`e`ouc p`k`oatamk p`k`oatamk,, s`emkymh s`emkymh 0:% pmk`oas pmk`oas tagmh c`kyuhma c`kyuhma rmsm susu t`rs`eut. t`rs`eut. ^`t`oml ^`t`oml >>1lmra h` 9 s`e`ouc >>2

>>:W5,

>79 p`romhumk s`omcm >9 lmra, lmra, p`rs`k pmk`oas ymkj tagmh tagmh c`kyuhma susu kmah >7= Lmsao ufa waondxdk waondxdk (Wme` (Wme`oo 9 c`kufuhmk

c`kfmga c`kfmga 75h`suhmmk (Y;9,90) pmgm p`romhumk W>. Y`kurukmk takjhmt h`suhmmk pmgm W> gagujm gas`emehmk hmr`km >7>rmsm msak ymkj gataceuohmk pmgm susu. Umsm msak pmgm susu s`rakj cuknuo pmgm mhlar cmsm omhtmsa gmk >77 fujm c`rupmhmk smoml smtu smtu nara gmra smpa ymkj t` t`rh`km rh`km cmstatas (Ude`rt, =11>). =11>). >70 Umtmmk takjhmt h`suhmmk pmk`oas t`rlmgmp smcp`o susu smpa s`e`ouc gae`ra p`romhumk gmk s`t`oml >72gae`ra p`romhumk c`kukfuhhmk suhm. Pfa h`suhmmk c`rupmhmk p`kaomamk t`rlmgmp sumtu prdguh uktuh  >7:c`kj`tmlua takjhmt h`suhmmk c`omoua shmom l`gdkah (Wmrw`kgml, 59=:). Wakjhmt h`suhmmk pmk`oas >771gmk h`lmousmk mtmu t`hstur. C`kurut ^astmktd `t mo. (59=7) p`kaomamk sumtu prdguh s`nmrm h`s`ourulmk >09smkjmt p`ktakj hmr`km takjhmt h`suhmmk pmk`oas t`rlmgmp sumtu prdguh tagmh lmkym gap`kjmrula do`l >0=smtu bmhtdr.

 

H@^ACYPOMK

>05

Y`ce`ramk tr`m Y`ce`ramk tr`mtc`kt tc`kt supo`c`k pmhmk gmk mktas`ptah t`cuomwmh gmpmt c`kakjhmthmk EF susu >07gmk gmk p`c `ce e`ram `ramk k tr`m tr`mtc tc`k `ktt tu tukj kjjm jmoo em emah ah supo supo`c `c`k `k pm pmhm hmk k cmup cmupuk uk mkta mktas` s`pt ptah ah gapp gappak akj j cmcp cmcpu u >00c`cp`remaha drjmkdo`ptah susu. >0>

GMBWMU YP^WMHM

>02 >0:Mjustakm,

G., Y. ^mcedgld gmk G. Z. Lmrfmkta. 59=1. Fucoml ^`o ^dcmtah Gmk Hmgmr Omhtdsm ^usu ^mpaa Y`rml ^mp Y`rml Y`k Y`kg`r g`ratm atm Cmstat Cmstatas as ^uehoa ^uehoaka kass Qmkj Qmkj C`kgmp C`kgmpmt mt Wr`mtc`kt   ^u ^upo po`c` `c`k k Gmk W`mt   Gappakj W`cuomwmh. ^hrapsa ^mrfmkm, Pkav`rsatms Gapdk`jdrd, ^`cmrmkj, Akgdk`sam.

>0< >01

>29Mkakgatm,

K. ^. gmk G. ^. ^dya. 59=:. ^tuga hmsus6 p`kjmwmsmk humoatms pmkjmk l`wmka c`omoua  p`kjufamk humoatms humoatms susu smpa ymkj e`r`gmr ga Hdtm Qdjymhmrtm. F. Y`t`rkmhmk Akgdk`sam. =1 (5)6 12 „ =90.

>2= >25

>2>Mraymkta,

G. Z., ^d`tradkd, @. ^. Lmka. 59=0. ^trmt`ja Y`cmsmrmk ^usu ^mpa Y`rml Umhymt ga G`sm H`cukakj Odr. ^hrapsa ^mrfmkm, Pkav`rsatms F`ce`r, F`ce`r, Akgdk`sam.

>27 >20(E^K) >22

Emgmk ^tmkgmrgasmsa Kmsadkmo. 59==. ^KA 9=„>=7=„59==. ^usu ^`jmr. Fmhmrtm (AG)6 Emgmk ^tmkgmrgasmsa Kmsadkmo.

>2:Gamstmra,

A. J. M. B. gmk H. H. Mjustakm. 59=>. Pfa drjmkdo`ptah gmk takjhmt h`msmcmk susu smpa

h`cmsmk ymkj gafumo ga pmsmr trmgasadkmo Hdtm G`kpmsmr. F. Akgdk`sam C`ganus R`t`rakus. 5 (7)6 70> „ 729.

>2< >21 >:9Hurkam, >:= >:5 >:>

M. A., C. W. Burqdk gmk E. Umlmyuga. 59= „  772=.

>:7Cmlpugak,

B. Zmlydkd gmk gmk G. Z. Lmrfmkta. 59=:. @b`htavatms `hstrmh gmuk ememgdtmk s`emjma jr``k mktas`ptah uktuh p`kn`oup putakj smpa p`rml. F. Mjrap`t =: (=) =0 -5>.

>:0

>:2Cmatacu,

N. R., M.C. O`jdwd gmk M.K. MoEmmrra. 59=>. Hmrmht`rastah cahrdeadodjas, hacam, basah gmk drjmkdo`ptah susu pmst`urasmsa g`kjmk p`kmcemlmk `hstrmh gmuk Mao`ru (Zrajltamnmoynakm ( Zrajltamnmoynakm)) s`omcm p`kyacpmkmk. F. Mpoahmsa W`hkdodja Ymkjmk. 5(=)6 =:: >:< >:1 Kurgak,

@. 599:. Y`kjmrul p`ce`ramk tdkjhdo eukjm cmtmlmra gmk pr`eadtah t`rlmgmp p`kurukmk g`rmfmt cmstatas pmgm smpa p`rml BL p`kg`ratm cmstatas suehoakas. F. Y`kj`cemkjmk Y`t`rkmhmk Wrdpas. >5 (5)6 :2-:1.

> >2

>9 „ 7=.

>19^do`lml, >1=

G. M., G. Z. Lmrfmkta gmk U. Lmrtmktd. 5959. Wakjhmt p`rmgmkjmk h`o`kfmr mceakj gmk pL susu smpa p`rml cmstatas suehoakas ymkj c`kgmpmt tr`mtc`kt t`mt gappakj  gmk   gmk supo`c`k pmhmk

>15 >1>

t`pukj W`cuomwmh (Nurnu (Nurnucm cm xmktldrra xmktldrrazm zm Udxe) Udxe).. ^hrap ^hrapsa sa ^mrfmkm, ^mrfmkm, Pkav`rsat Pkav`rsatms ms Gapdk`jd Gapdk`jdrd, rd, ^`cmrmkj, Akgdk`sam.

 

^astmk tmktd, td, >17^as

@. ^d`tra ^d`traskd skd gmk U. ^m` ^m`pug pugak ak.. 59=7. 59=7. ^abmt ^abmt bas basahd ahdhac hacam am gmk drj drjmkd mkdo`p o`ptah tah p`rc`k p`rc`k sus susu u (nmrmc`o ) rmsm fml` ( Vakjae`rdbbanak  Vakjae`rdbbanakmo` mo` Udsnd`) Udsnd`) gmk t`cuomwmh (Nurnucm ( Nurnucm xmktldrrazm Udxe). Udxe ). F. ^mak Y`t`rkmhmk Akgdk`sam. 1 (5)6 10 >12

>1:^usmkty,

L. gmk @. Kurgak. 59=5. @b`h p`ce`ramk t`cu putal ( Nurnucmz`gdmram Nurnucmz`gdmram)) t`rlmgmp humoatms susu smpa p`rml p`kg`ratm cmstatas suehoakas. F. Y`t`rkmhmk Akgdk`sam. =7 (5)6 >2< „ >:5.

>1< >11

A. Y.F.59=:. Furkmo  pmkjmk. Ymkjmk gmk 799Wmrw`kgml,

r`va`w6 stuga0 hdcpmrmsa mtraeut s`ksdras gmk h`smgmrmk c`r`h prdguh  Mjrdakgutra. Mj rdakgutra. (5)6 22 „ :> :>. .

79=Psca Pscamt mta, a,

^. gm gmk k Me Meue uemh mhmr mr.. 59 5991 91.. W`hk W`hkdo dodj djaa Y`kj Y`kjdo doml mlmk mk ^u ^usu su.. Emom Emomaa E`sm E`smrr Y` Y`k` k`oa oata tamk mk gm gmk k Y`kj`cemkjmk Ymsnmpmk`k Y`rtmkamk. Edjdr.

795 79>Ptmca,

H. E., O. @. Umgamta gmk Y. ^urfdwmrgdfd. 59=7. Hmfamk humoatms susu smpa p`rml YBL (stuga hmsus pmgm mkjjdtm Hdp`rmsa Mjrd Kamjm ga H`nmcmtmk Fmeukj Hmeupmt`k Cmomkj). F. Aocu Y`t`rkmhmk. 57 (5)6 0< „ 22.

797 790 792Qmcak, 79: 79<

M. M., M. ^ugmrcmk gmk G. @vvy`rka`. 59=>. Ak vatrd ruc`k b`rc`ktmtadk mkg mkta cmstatas  emnt`ramo mntavaty db db ga`t ndktmakakj e`t`o o`m o`mbb c`mo ( Yap`r e`to` O.). O.). F. C`gam Y`t`rkmhmk. >2(5)6 =>: „ =75.