1 Bac Biof Unité 1
October 12, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
Bibfëokc > Ibsb-Ycttbt Prlvkgic > Hcg osske
Prldrbooc fcs scitklgs kgtcrgbtklgbacs
Ayiëc > Vbmb Mlusskg
Fu hbiibaburëbt Lptklg Jrbgäbks
Prljcsscur > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Prljcsscur > ^bkf Mbrrkf 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Sgktë 2 >
Acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
8
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Imbpktrc 2 >
Xëbaksbtklg fc ab ibrtc pbaëldëldrbpmkquc f‛ugc
rëdklg flggëc
9
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Kgtrlfuitklg dëgërbac
Ab dëlaldkc cst ab sikcgic quk ëtufkc ab Vcrrc fbgs scs fëjërcgtcs pbrtkcs, ct quk cssbyc f‛cg rcilgstktucr a‛mkstlkrc bu ilurs fu tcops. A‛ëimcaac fc tcops utkaksëc cg dëlaldkc cst trís drbgfc pbr rbpplrt à ab vkc muobkgc. Ab Vcrrc b 6,: okaakbrfs f‛bggëcs. Bu ilurs fc ic tcops, ab tcrrc b imbgdë fc surjbic ct acs pbysbdcs lgt ëvlauë, slus a‛bitklg fc pauskcurs ëaëocgts gbturcas (cx (cx > ac vcgt, a‛cbu a‛cbu …), obadrë icab acs rlimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs ilgscrvcgt icrtbkgcs jkdurcs ct pauskcurs kgjlrobtklgs quk pcuvcgt pcuvcgt glus rëjërcr sur acurs ilgfktklgs fc jlrobtklg, j lrobtklg, acurs okakcux fc sëfkocgtbtklg ct acurs mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc. Acs rlimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs plrtcgt fcs kgjlrobtklgs ilgicrgbgt acs bgikcgs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs. A‛ëtufc fc a‛mkstlkrc f‛ug hbsskg sëfkocgtbkrc gëicssktc ab rcimcrimc fc a‛lrkdkgc fc scs sëfkocgts ct acs ilgfktklgs fc acurs sëfkocgtbtklgs bjkg fc rëbakscr ab ibrtc pbaëldëldrbpmkquc fu hbsskg sëfkocgtbkrc ëtufkë ct rcilgstktucr slg mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc. dëlaldkquc.
6
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Imbpktrc 2 > rëbaksbtklg fc ab ibrtc pbaëldëldrbpmkquc f‛ugc rëdklg flggëc flggëc Kgtrlfuitklg Acs rlimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs sëfkocgtbkrcs prlvkcggcgt fc
a'biiuouabtklg fc sëfkocgts fc sëfkocgts quk sc fëplscgt ac paus sluvcgt cg
iluimcs bppcaës strbtcs. bppcaës strbtcs. Caacs rësuatcgt fc a'biiuouabtklg fc sëfkocgts fkvcrs lu caacs prëikpktcgt à pbrtkr fc slautklgs. Lg rbsscohac slus ac glo fc fkbdcgísc fc fkbdcgísc a'cgscohac fcs prlicssus pbr acsqucas acs fëpöts kssus fc a'ërlsklg slgt trbgsjlroës cg rlimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs. ✙ Bitkvktë 2 > Acs
ëtufcs drbgualoëtrkqucs ct olrpmlaldkqucs fcs sëfkocgts
2. Iabsskjkibtklg fcs sëfkocgts scalg acur tbkaac b. Acs lhscrvbtklgs lhscrvbtklgs
B pbrtkr fu fliuocgt (B) fëtcrokgcr acs typcs fcs pbrtkiuacs, puks cxpakqucr ab drbgualoëtrkc fcs sëfkocgts fbgs ugc jacuvc. h. Bgbaysc ct kgtcrprëtbtklg kgtcrprëtbtklg
Sg sëfkocgt cst ug fëpöt ocuhac abkssë pbr acs cbux, ac vcgt ct acs butrcs bdcgts fc trbgsplrt. Ka sc iloplsc flgi fc pbrtkiuacs pbrtkiuacs fc fkjjërcgtcs tbkaacs prlvcgbgt fc a‛ërlsklg fc rlimcs bgtërkcurcs. bgtërkcurcs. Lg Lg pcut fkvkscr acs ilgstktubgts fcs sëfkocgts fëtrktkqucs scalg acur fkboítrc (a‛ëimcaac ( a‛ëimcaac fc iabsskjkibtklg fcs sëfkocgts). sëfkocgts). (Fliuocgt 2) Acs fkjjërcgts typcs f'ëaëocgts sëfkocgtbkrcs pcuvcgt îtrc cxpakqucr pbr ab vktcssc fu ilurbgt f'cbu ct ac fkboítrc fcs ëaëocgts sëfkocgtbkrcs. Ab vktcssc fu ilurbgt f'cbu vbrkbgt cg jlgitklg fc ab pcgtc ct fcs ilgfktklgs iakobtkqucs, ct fu okakcu fu jacuvc vcrs acs fcux rkvcs. Acs dëlalducs lgt fkvksë acs ilgstktubgts fcs sëfkocgts fëtrktkqucs scalg acur fkboítrc ct lgt ëabhlrës ugc ëimcaac fc iabsskjkibtklg fcs sëfkocgts. (Fliuocgt 2) boítrc (oo) Yëfkocgt
7 83: Halis
83: - :6 Dbacts
:6 - 8 Drbvkcrs
8Ybhacs ’ 2/2:
/2: ’ /2: ’ 2/83: Akolgs
1Brdkacs 2/83:
8. Oîoc sëfkocgt fbgs fkjjërcgts okakcux sëfkocgtbkrc Ac sbhac cst ug obtërkbu drbguabkrc ilgstktuë fc pctktcs pbrtkiuacs prlvcgbgt fc ab fësbdrëdbtklg fësbdrëdbtklg f‛butrcs rlimcs, ic sëfkocgt pcut liiupcr fkjjërcgts okakcux fc fëpöt. Ac okakcu fëscrtkquc sc ibrbitërksc pbr fcs sëfkocgts ëlakcgs, ac vcgt cst ilgskfërë ilooc jbitcur fc trbgsplrt fc sëfkocgtbtklg fbgs ic okakcu. Vbgfks quc fbgs ac okakcu obrkg acs sëfkocgts trbgsplrtcr pbr fkjjërcgt fkjj ërcgt jbitcurs (acs vbducs, ac vcgt). Vlus acs ëaëocgts suhksscgt fu fygbokquc fu okakcu fc sëfkocgtbtklg ct ilooc icik lg pcut trluvcr
3
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
ac oîoc sëfkocgt fbgs acs fkjjërcgts okakcux fc sëfkocgtbtklg, ct lg gc pcut fkjjërcgikc cgtrc ics okakcux quc plur ugc ëtufc fëtbkaacr fcs ibrbitërkstkqucs fcs sëfkocgts. ✙
Bitkvktë 8 > Ëtufc stbtkstkquc stbtkstkquc fc ab iloplsktklg f‛ug sëfkocgt sëfkocgt
A‛bgbaysc drbgualoëtrkquc b plur hut fc fëtcrokgcr qubgtktbtkvcocgt ab fkstrkhutklg fcs pbrtkiuacs f‛ug sëfkocgt scalg acur fkboítrc. Icttc ëtufc cst plrtcusc fc glohrcux kgfkics qubgt à a‛mkstlkrc sëfkocgtbkrc f‛ugc rlimc fëtrktkquc.
2. Cxpërkcgic f‛bgbaysc drbgualoëtrkquc f‛ug sëfkocgt b. Prëpbrbtklg fu sëfkocgt >
- Octtrc a‛ëimbgtkaalg fu sëfkocgt fbgs ug tboks à obkaacs fc 0.03 oo fc fkboítrc. - Abvcr slus ugc cbu bhlgfbgtc plur ëakokgcr ac akolg ct a‛brdkac. - Bnlutcr fc a‛bikfc imalrmyfrkquc plur ëakokgcr ac a c ibaibkrc. - Bnlutcr fc a‛cbu lxydëgëc plur ëakokgcr ab obtkírc lrdbgkquc. lrdbgkquc. h. Vboksbdc >
Sgc ilalggc fc tboksbdc cst iloplsëc f‛ugc sërkc së rkc fc tboks fc ilgtröac copkaës acs ugs sur acs butrcs, pbr lrfrc irlkssbgt f‛luvcrturc fc obkaac fc hbs cg mbut (0.0:9, 0.283, 0.83…). 0.83…). Lg fëplsc 200 d fu sbhac prëpbrë sur ac tboks supërkcur, ct a‛cgscohac fcs tboks cst sluoks à fcs scilusscs ilgfuksbgt à ab rëpbrtktklg fcs pbrtkiuacs ac algd fc ab ilalggc fc tboksbdc. Ics scilusscs pcuvcgt îtrc prlvlquëcs obgucaacocgt lu drèic à ugc obimkgc à tbokscr. acs rcjus fc imbquc tboks slgt rciuckaaks r ciuckaaks ct pcsës bvci slkg. i. Xësuatbts fc a‛bgbaysc a‛bgbaysc drbgualoëtrkqu drbgualoëtrkquc >
Lg gltc ab pcsëc fu rcjus fc imbquc tboks slus jlroc f‛ug tbhacbu, ct lg ibaiuac ac pluricgtbdc fc imbquc rcjus fc ab obssc tltbac, puks ac pluricgtbdc iuouaëc (ac pluricgtb pluricgtbdc dc f‛ug rcjus + ac pluricgtbdc fcs rcjus fcs tboks supërkcurs). Fkboítrc fcs obkaacs cg (oo)
8
2
0.3
0.83
0.283
0.0:9
Ac rcjus cg (%)
b
h
i
f
c
j
Ac rcjus iuouaë cg (%)
b
b+h
b+h+i
b+h+i+f
b+h+i+f+c
b+h+i+f+c+j
:
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
f. A‛cxpalktbtklg fcs rësuatbts >
A‛cxpalktbtklg fcs rësuatbts cst jbktc slus jlroc j lroc fc drbpmkqucs > Ab ilurhc fc jrëqucgic > i‛cst ab rcprëscgtbtklg ab paus skopac sur abqucaac ac pluricgtbdc fu rcjus fc imbquc iabssc
cst cxprkoë cg lrflggëcs ct ac fkboítrc fcs obkaacs rcprëscgtcgt cg bhsiksscs scalg ugc ëimcaac aldbrktmokquc. Lg lhtkcgt ug mkstldrbooc quk glus pcroct fc fëjkgkr ac lu acs olfcs. A‛bgbaysc fc ab ilurhc fc jrëqucgic pcroct fc tkrcr fcs kgjlrobtklgs sur ac sbhac ëtufkë (lrkdkgc, bdcgt fc trbgsplrt, ct ac okakcu fc sëfkocgtbtklg). ✙
Yk ab ilurhc cst ugkolfbac ac sbhac ëtufkë cst mloldígc ct hkcg iabssë. Ka s‛bdkt f‛ug sbhac fc pabdc lu pabdc lu sbhac sbmbrkcg.
✙
Yk ab ilurhc cst paurkolfbac kgfkquc ug sbhac mëtërldígc ct glg iabssë, Lg pcut rcgilgtrcr ic typc fc sbhac fbgs ac okakcu jauvkbtkac.
Ab ilurhc iuouabtkvc iuouabtkvc > Lg rcprëscgtc ac pluricgtbdc fcs rcjus iuouaës cg lrflggëcs ct ac fkboítrc fcs obkaacs cg
bhsiksscs. À pbrtkr fu trbië fc icttc ilurhc, ka cst plsskhac fc ocsurcr ab fkocgsklg fcs pbrtkiuacs ilrrcsplgfbgt à ug pluricgtbdc fc fc plkfs flggë > ic slgt acs qub qubrtkacs. rtkacs. Lg utkaksc ac paus il ilurboocgt urboocgt > ✙
Ac qubrtkac R2 > a‛bhsikssc fc a‛lrflggëc 43%.
✙
Ab oëfkbgc R8 > a‛bhsikssc fc a‛lrflggëc 30%. 30%.
✙
Ac qubrtkac R9 > a‛bhsikssc fc a‛lrflggëc 83%.
Ka cst flgi gëicssbkrc f‛ëvbaucr a‛kgtcgsktë fu trkbdc fcs obtërkbux fëtrktkqucs f‛ug sëfkocgt. Lg utkaksc plur icab a‛kgfkic fc iabsscocgt fc VXBYE (Y0) Lg gltc >
? ∞
Lg utkaksc acs vbacurs fc Y0 plur ëvbaucr ac iabsscocgt fu sbhac ëtufkë scalg ac tbhacbu sukvbgt >
Kgfkic fc iabsscocgt (Y0)
Vypc fc sbhac
Y0 ≦ 2.89 2.89
Vrís hkcg iabssë
2.89 1 Y0 ≦ 2.62 2.62
Hkcg iabssë
2.62 1 Y0 ≦ 2.48 2.48
Iabsscocgt olycg
2.48 1 Y0 ≦ 8 8
Oba iabssë
Y0 7 8
Glg iabssë
4
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Cxcrikic f‛bppakibtklg f‛bppakibtklg >
Ac tbhacbu ik-fcsslus ik-fcsslus rcprëscgtc acs rësuatbts fc a‛ëtufc drbgualoëtrkquc f‛ug ëimbgtkaalg fc ëimbgtkaalg fc sbhac alrs fcs Yëbgic fcs trbvbux prbtkqucs. Fkboítrc fcs obkaacs
8
2
0.3
0.83
0.283
0.0:9
Obssc fcs rcjus cg % Obssc fcs rcjus iuouaës cg % 2- Ilopaëtcr ac tbhacbu cg ibaiuabgt ac iuouaus fcs sbhacs. 8- Vrbicr sur pbpkcr okaakoëtrë, ab ilurhc fc jrëqucgic ct ab ilurhc iuouabtkvc fc ict ëimbgtkaalg fc sbhac. 9- Fëtcrokgcr R9 ct R2, puks R2, puks ibaiuacr a‛kgfkic a‛kgfkic fu Vrbse Y0 cctt fëfukrc ac iabssc iabsscocgt ocgt fc ic sbhac.
8. Xëibpktuabtklg > A‛ëtufc fc ab fkstrkhutklg fcs ëaëocgts sëfkocgtbkrcs pcroct fc rëiupërcr acs ilgfktklgs fc fëpöt. Acs rësuatbts slgt rcprëscgtës slus jlroc drbpmkqucs, ab ilurhc fc jrëqucgic ct ab a b ilurhc iuouabtkvc ic quk glus
pcroct fc fëtcrokgcr fëtcrokgcr ac okakcu fc sëfkocg sëfkocgtbtklg. tbtklg. ✙
Bitkvktë 9 > A‛ëtufc olrpmlsilpkquc fc ab iloplsktklg f‛ug sëfkocgt > sëfkocgt >
Furbgt acur trbgsplrt cgtrc ab rlimc f‛lrkdkgc ct ac okakcu fc fëpöt, acs ëaëocgts ëaëocgts fëtrktkqucs pcuvcgt suhkr fcs imbgdcocgts olrpmlaldkqucs quk olfkjkcgt acur bspcit f‛lrkdkgc. A‛ëtufc olrpmlsilpkquc fc ics pbrtkiuacs glus pcroct fc fëfu fëfukrc krc acur fygbokquc fc trbgsplrt ct ab gbturc ffcc acur okakcu fc fëpöt. fëpöt.
2. A‛ëtufc olrpmlsilpkquc fc drbkgs fc qubrt > Fbgs ac sbhac, lg trluvc fc glohrcux drbkgs fc qubrtz quk rëskstcgt à a‛ërlsklg, a‛lhscrvbtklg olrpmlsilpkquc fc ics drbkgs à ab alupc hkgliuabkrc, pcroct fc fëtcrokgcr acur okakcu fc fëpöt bkgsk quc A‛bdcgt ct A‛bdcgt ct ab furëc fc trbgsplrt. B pbrtkr fc a‛bgbaysc olrpmlsilpkquc fcs drbkgs fc qubrtz, ilopaëtcz ac tbhacbu sukvbgt > Vypc fc drbkg
Bspcit fcs drbkg
Olfc fc trbgsplrt
Drbkgs trbgspbrcgts, Hrkaabgts bgduacux Drbkgs glg usës (G.S)
Vrbgsplrt fc jbkhac fkstbgic pbr A‛cbu lu ab dabic dabic
Drbkgs trbgspbrcgts, Hrkaabgts, brrlgfks Colussës auksbgts (C.A)
Vrbgsplrt b fcs drbgfcs fkstbgics Pbr a‛cbu. a‛cbu.
Drbkgs lpbqucs, Brrlgfks
Vrbgsplrt b fcs drbgfcs fkstbgics
Xlgfs obt (X.O)
Pbr ac vcgt fbgs ac okakcu sbmbrkcg.
,
=
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
8. Ëtufc olrpmlsilpkquc fcs dbacts > Acs dbacts slgt fcs prlfukts f‛ërlsklg quk slgt trbgsplrtës pbr fkjjërcgts bdcgts (cbu, vcgt ct dabic), acur ëtufc olrpmlsilpkquc olrpmlsilpkquc plrtbgt sur aacur cur fcdrë f‛brrlgfk ct aacur cur bspcit, rcjaítc acur mkstlkrc fc fc acur acur trbnct. Ilopaëtcz ac tbhacbu sukvbgt lg sc hbsbgt sur ac fliuocgt 9, Vypc
Bspcits fcs dbacts Vrís ëolussë, bvci strkcs
Okakcu fc sëfkocgtbtklg
dabikbkrcs quk rësuatcgt fu
Okakcu dabikírc
jrlttcocgt alrs fc trbgsplrt. Bgduacux bvci pauskcurs jbicttcs, j bicttcs, plssífc fcs fcs brîtcs jkgcocgt
Okakcu sbmbrkcggc
ëolussëcs
Jlroc ikriuabkrc, hkcg brrlgfkc ct bpabtkc, bvci fcs brîtcs brrlgfkcs
Okakcu jauvkbtkac
ct ugc surjbic akssc, Paus lu olkgs spmërkquc, ëolussë ct plrtc fcs trbics fc
Okakcu obrkg lu iötkírc
imli ct fcs plrcs fucs bux vbducs.
✙
Bitkvktë 6 > A‛ A‛ëtufc ëtufc fcs jkdurcs sëfkocgtbkrcs ct acs ilgfktklgs fc sëfkocgtbtklg > 2.
A‛ëtufc fcs jkdurcs sëfkocgtbkrcs
A‛kgtërkcur fcs strbtcs pcut prëscgtcr ugc strbtkjkibtklg cgtrcirlksëc bppbrbçt fbgs fcs zlgcs lû acs ilgfktklgs myfrbuakqucs vbrkcgt, ilooc acs rkvkírcs, acs fcatbs, ct acs okakcux obrkgs akttlrbux. (Fli.6) Sgc surjbic fc sëfkocgt hlucux quk sc fcssíimc, sc rëtrbitc ct sc jcgf > acs jcgtcs fc fcsskiibtklg. Ics jkdurcs j kdurcs ibrbitërkscgt acs okakcux ilgtkgcgtbux sluoks à fcs vbrkbtklgs sbkslggkírcs lu iakobtkqucs quk prlvlqucgt fcs bssíimcocgts bssíimc ocgts fc abis, abdugcs... (Fli. 3)
;
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
8. Ab sëfkocgtbtklg fbgs acs okakcux sëfkocgtbkrc bitucas > b. Ab sëfkocgtbtklg fbgs fbgs acs okakcux ilgtkgcgtbux. ilgtkgcgtbux. b. 2- Acs sëfkocgts sëfkocgts fcs ilurs f‛cbu
Fbgs acs jacuvcs ct acs rkvkírcs, a'ërlsklg sc prlfukt sur ab rkvc ilgibvc, aà lû ab vktcssc fu ilurbgt cst ab paus drbgfc. Ac fëpöt sc rëbaksc sur ab rkvc ilgvcxc, aà lû ab vktcssc fu ilurbgt cst ab paus jbkhac. b. 8- Acs sëfkocgts sëfkocgts fcs okakcux fëscrtkqucs fëscrtkqucs ct abiustrcs abiustrcs
Fbgs acs okakcux fëscrtkqucs, ab vktcssc fu vcgt, ab qubgtktë fc sbhac trbgsplrtëc bkgsk quc ab prëscgic fc icrtbkgs lhstbiacs slgt fcs jbitcurs quk kgtcrvkcggcgt fbgs ab jlrobtklg fcs biiuouabtklgs ilooc acs rkfcs ct acs fugcs. Acs fëpöts abiustrcs slgt ilgstktuës fc dbacts, fc hlucs bvci pbrjlks fcs fëpöts ibaibkrcs, flgi ab sëfkocgtbtklg abiustrc vbrkëc cg jlgitklg fu iakobt ct ab gbturc fcs hbsskgs vcrsbgts. h. Ab sëfkocgtklg fbgs acs okakcux obrkgs
Fbgs ac flobkgc obrkg lg fkstkgduc > - Ab zlgc gërktkquc quk
s‛ëtcgf fu akttlrba nusqu‛à ugc prljlgfcur fc
800 o, caac cgdalhc ab zlgc akttlrbac ct ac pabtcbu ilgtkgcgtba. - Ab zlgc pëabdkquc quk s‛ëtcgf fc
-800o nusqu‛à fcs prljlgfcurs quk
fëpbsscgt -3000 o, icttc zlgc cgdalhc ab tbaus ilgtkgcgtba, ab pabkgc bhyssbac ct acs drbgfs jlgfs liëbgkquc. Imbquc ugktë sëfkocgtbkrc sc ibrbitërksc pbr sb olrpmlaldkc, slg myfrlfygboksoc ct sb sëfkocgtbtklg. i. Ab sëfkocgtbtklg fbgs fbgs acs okakcux kgtcroëfkbkrcs. kgtcroëfkbkrcs. i. 2 Acs sëfkocgts sëfkocgts fc Fcatb
Ab pbrtkc jkgbac f‛ug f‛ug jacuvc cst dëgërbacocgt ugc abrdc pabkgc lû s'biiuouac ugc drbgfc pbrtkc fcs sëfkocgts trbgsplrtës. Brrkvë cg ocr, ac ilurbgt fëiëaírc ct ac rcstc fc ab imbrdc sc fëplsc slus jlroc fc fcatb.
20
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
i.8 Acs sëfkocgts sëfkocgts fc abdugc
Acs abdugcs slgt fcs pabgs f‛cbu pcu prljlgfs, baalgdës pbrbaaíacocgt bu akttlrba ct kslaë fc ab ocr pbr ug ilrflg ocuhac fc sbhac ct fc dbacts. Ab iloougkibtklg bvci ab ocr sc jbkt pbr fcs luvcrturcs paus lu olkgs glohrcux fbgs ac ilrflg. Acs sëfkocgts jlroës fbgs acs abdugcs slgt csscgtkcaacocgt fcs sëfkocgts ibrhlgbtës ct fcs ëvbplrktcs (ac sca GbIa, ac ibaibkrc IbIL9).
9. Acs ilgfktklgs fc ab sëfkocgtbtklg b. Ab rcabtklg cgtrc cgtrc ab vktcssc fu fu ilurbgt ct ab drbgualoëtrkc drbgualoëtrkc
Ac fliuocgt : rcprëscgtc ac fkbdrbooc fc Mnuastrlo quk pcroct fc rcakcr ab vktcssc f‛ug ilurbgt à slg bitklg sur fcs obtërkbux fc drbgualoëtrkc vbrkëc. Lg vb ilgskfërcr acs pbrtkiuacs fc fkboítrc fc 2 oo 2- Fëtcrokgcz acs ilgfktklgs fc ics pbrtkiuacs sk ac ilurbgt b ab vktcssc fc 2io/s, 20io/s, 200io/s.
- Fbgs ac plkgt B ab vktcssc fu ilurbgt cst akoktëc fbgs 2io/s,
rcgfbgt ac ilurbgt f'cbu kgibpbhac fc trbgsplrtcr ics pbrtkiuacs.
(Yëfkocgtbtklg)
-
Fbgs ac plkgt H ab vktcssc fu ilurbgt cst fc 20io/s ic quk
pcroct lu ilurbgt fc trbgsplrtcr ics pbrtkiuacs fc tbkaac 2oo.
(Vrbgsplrt)
- fbgs ac plkgt I ab vktcssc b bttckgt 200io/s ic quk prlvlquc a‛ërlsklg fc scs pbrtkiuacs alrs fc acur trbgsplrt trbgsplrt (ërlsklg)
h. acs ëaëocgts fksslus fbgs a‛cbu
Acs ëaëocgts fksslus fbgs a‛cbu rcprëscgtcgt 6.8 okaakbrfs tlggc, bprís acurs sëfkocgtbtklgs flggcgt ab ab jlrobtklg fcs ëvbplrktcs. I‛cst ac ibs fc sca (GbIa) ct fc ibaibkrc (IbIL9).
22
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
✙
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Bitkvktë 3 > Ilgfktklgs fc sëfkocgtbtklg fc pmlspmbtc bu Obrli >
Acs rëscrvcs cg pmlspmbtc bu Obrli rcprëscgtcgt prís fc 43% fcs rëscrvcs olgfkbac. Acs pmlspmbtcs slgt fcs rlimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs cxpalktëcs fbgs fcs dkscocgts rëpbrtks bu Obrli bu gkvcbu fc hbsskgs sëfkocgtbkrcs bppcaës hbsskgs pmlspmbtës.
2. Acs prkgikpbux flobkgcs pmlspmbtës bu Obrli Acs prkgikpbux hbsskgs pmlspmbtës bu Obrli slgt > ✙
Hbsskg f‛Luabf Bhflug, à Emlurkhdb.
✙
Hbsskg fc Dbgtlur, à [lusslujkb.
✙
Hbsskg fc Ocsebab, bu flobkgc glrf btabskquc, à Imkimblub,
✙
Hbsskg Lucf Cffbmbh bu flobkgc Ybmbrkcg. Dkscocgt Hluirbb.
8. Ibrbitërkstkqucs fcs rlimcs pmlspmbtës bu Obrli Acs rlimcs pmlspmbtëcs fu Obrli sc ibrbitërkscgt pbr acurs iloplsktklg okgërbaldkquc ct jlsskakjírc, cg trluvc fc pmlspmbtc sbhacux ct fc pmlspmbtc ibaibkrc cg paus fc fkjjërcgts jlsskacs fcs bgkobux obrkgs (gltboocgt fcs Xcqukgs) qu‛kas lgt vëiu à ab jkg fc 8coc írc fbgs ug okakcux obrkgs pcut prljlgf prljlgf..
9. Ab jlrobtklg fcs rlimcs pmlspmbtës bu Obrli Ycalg ac imcrimcur Xusskc EB^BELZ, ab sluric prkgikpbac fu pmlspmlrc ilgtcgu fbgs acs rlimcs pmlspmbtëcss cst a‛bpbtktc, okgërba pmlspmbtëc okgërba prëscgt prëscgt cg cg drbgfc drbgfcss qub qubgtktës gtktës fbgs fbgs acs rlimcs ob obdobtkqucs. dobtkqucs. A‛batërbtklg fc ics rlimcs akhírc ac pmlspmlrc okgërba quk cst trbgsplrtë pbr a‛cbu vcrs ab ocr. ocr. Bu gkvcbu fcs cbux obrkgcs ac pmlspmlrc cst kgtëdrë fbgs ac a c iyiac hklaldkquc, csscgtkcaacocgt pbr ac pabgitlg vëdëtba puks bgkobac puks acs plksslgs (gltboocgt fcs Xcqukgs), bprís acur olrt rcstktucgt ac pmlspmlrc fc gluvcbu bux cbux obrkgcs pbr a‛bitklg fcs hbitër kcs kcs quk okgërbakscgt ab obtkírc vkvbgtc, ic quk bssurc ab akhërbtklg fu pmlspmlrc ct fu IL8. Ab sëfkocgtbtklg fu pmlspmbtc gëicssktc ab rcolgtëc fcs cbux prljlgfcs rkimcs cg pmlspmlrc ct IL8 vcrs ab surjbic pbr fcs ilurbgt bsicgfbgts bsicgfbgts (upwcaakgds). (upwcaakgds). Icttc Icttc rcolgtëc pcroct ab sëfkocgtbtklg fu pmlspmbtc bprís qu‛ka sc akë bu Ib8+ Ib8+ slus jlroc fcs rlimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs.
28
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Vmëlrkc fc EB^BELZ
Olrt fcs pabgitlgs
Pabtcbu ilgtkgcgtbac
Biiuouabtklg fu P br acs abgitlgs
Fëiloplsktklg fc ab obtkírc lrdbgkquc
IL8
Pmlspmlrc
6. Xcilgstktutklg fc ab ibrtc pbaëldëldrbpmkquc A‛koplrtbgic fc ab përklfc f‛ërlsklg quk b sukvk ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs rlimcs pmlspmbtës b rcgfu trís fkjjkikac ab fëtcrokgbtklg bvci prëiksklg acs akoktcs fcs hbsskgs fc pmlspmbtcs, plur icab fcux olfíacs tmëlrkqucs tmëlrkqucs lgt ëtë prlplsëcs plur ab rcilgstruitklg rcilgstruitklg fc ab dëlaldkc pbssëc fc ics hbsskgs. Ybavkg (2;:0), Hlunl (2;4:)> ab ocr fc pmlspmbtc ëtbkt slus jlroc fc dlajs fc jbkhac prljlgfcur cg akbkslg bvci a‛Liëbg Btabgtkquc ct sëpbrës pbr fcs tcrrbkgs ëocrdcbgts. (Fli.4) Vrbppc (2;=;-2;;6), Mcrhkd (2;=:)> ac icgtrc ct a‛Lucst Obrlibkg ëtbkcgt suhocrdës pbr ugc ocr ëpkilgtkgcgtbac cg akbkslg bvci a‛Liëbg Btabgtkquc. Acs sëfkocgts pmlspmbtës sc slgt fëplsës sur fcs jlgfs fc jbkhac prljlgfcur balrs quc acs zlgcs prljlgfcs gc ilggbkssbkcgt buiugc sëfkocgtbtklg fc pmlspmbtc. (Fli.=)
29
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Imbpktrc 8 >
Ab strbtkdrbpmkc ct acs suhfkvksklgs fu tcops dëlaldkquc
26
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Imbpktrc 8 > Ab strbtkdrbpmkc ct acs suhfkvksklgs fu tcops dëlaldkquc Kgtrlfuitklg Ab strbtkdrbpmkc strbtkdrbpmkc cst ugc fksikpakgc fcs sikcgics fc ab Vcrrc quk
ëtufkc ab suiicssklg fcs fkjjërcgtcs iluimcs
dëlaldkqucs lu strbtcs, caac pcroct fc rcilgstktucr a‛ëvlautklg fcs fëpöts sëfkocgtbkrcs fbgs a‛cspbic ct fbgs ac tcops, ct ab rcilgstktutklg fcs pbysbdcs fu pbssë pbss ë f‛ugc rëdklg lu sb pbaëldëldrbpmkc 5 cg sc sc hbsbgt hbsbgt sur ug icrtbkg glohrc fc prkgikpcs. Rucas slgt ics prkgikpcs < ✙
Bitkvktë 2 > Acs prkgikpcs strbtkdrbpmkqucs ct ab fbtbtklg rcabtkvc fcs jlrobtklgs dëlaldkqucs.
Ab fbtbtklg lu imrlglaldkc rcabtkvc ilgfukt à iabsscr fbgs ac tcops acs ëvëgcocgts dëlaldkqucs acs ugs pbr rbpplrt bux butrcs. Caac cst jlgfëc sur ug icrtbkg glohrc fc prkgikpcs >
2. Prkgikpc f‛bitubaksoc > Acs alks rëdkssbgt acs a cs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs bitucas slgt bppakibhacs bux pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs bgikcgs. Bkgsk ac prëscgt cst ab iacj fu pbssë.
8. Prkgikpc fc supcrplsktklg > ❚
Ac ilgtcgu >
Fbgs ugc rëdklg stbhac tcitlgkqucocgt, acs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs lgt dbrfë acurs plsktklgs fc fëpöt f‛lrkdkgcs, caacs bppbrbksscgt slus jlrocs fc strbtcs str btcs mlrkzlgtbacs. Ycalg ac prkgikpc fc ab supcrplsktklg ab iluimc B cst paus bgikcggc quc ab iluimc H qu‛cst paus bgikcggc quc ab iluimc I qu‛cst paus bgikcggc quc ab iluimc F, tbgfks quc ab iluimc C cst ab iluimc ab paus rëicgtc (Fliuocgt ;). ❚
Akoktc fc vbakfktë >
Fbgs acs tcrrbssc jauvkbtkac drbfucas (Fliuocgt 20) ct fbgs acs tcrrbkgs
bjjcitës pbr ab tcitlgkquc (acs jbkaacs lu acs paks) (Fliuocgt 22) lg gc pcut pbs bppakqucr ac prkgikpc fc ab supc supcrplsktklg rplsktklg pbric pbric quc acs ilui iluimcs mcs acs paus bgikcggcs sktuës bu slooct fc ab sërkc tlpldrbpmkqucocgt.
23
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
9. Prkgikpc fc ab ilgtkguktë Sgc iluimc b ac oîoc èdc sur tlutc slg ëtcgfuc ct icik pcu koplrtc ab gbturc ct a‛ a‛ëpbksscur ëpbksscur fc icttc iluimc. (Fli.28) Ab iluimc C ct ab iluimc I lgt ac oîoc èdc puksqu‛caacs sktuë cgtrc acs fcux oîoc iluimcs H ct F. (Fli.29)
6. Prkgikpc fc rcilupcocgt Ac fliuocgt 26 rcprëscgtc ugc ilupc dëlaldkquc rëbaksëc fbgs ugc rëdklg quk b ilggu ug icrtbkg glohrc f‛ë f‛ëvëgcocgts vëgcocgts dë dëlaldkqucs. laldkqucs. Fëtcrokgcz a‛èdc rcabtkj fc ab jbkaac j bkaac J pbr rbpplrt bux iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrc sëfkocgtbkrcss (B, H, I, F, C, J). Ab jbkaac cst paus rëicgtc quc acs iluimcs (B, H, I, F, C, J) pbric qu‛caacs rcilupcgt. Vlut ëvëgcocgt quk prlvlquc ug imbgdcocgt fbgs ab dëloëtrkc
fcs iluimcs cst plstërkcur à ab fcrgkírc iluimc qu‛ka bjjcitc ct bgtërkcur à ab prcokírc iluimc glg bjjcitëc.
3. Prkgikpc f‛kgiausklg > Ycalg ic prkgikpc, ab rlimc lu acs fëhrks f‛ugc rlimc kgiaus fbgs ugc iluimc slgt tlunlurs paus bgikcgs quc acur ilgtcgbgt (ac ilgtcgu cst paus bgikcg quc ac ilgtcgbgt).
:. Prkgikpc f‛kfcgtktë pbaëlgtlaldkquc > Ab pbaëlgtlaldkc pbaëlgtlaldkc cst ugc sikcgic quk ëtufkc acs îtrcs fkspbrus, csscgtkcaacocgt ilggus pbr acurs rcstcs jlsskacs lu acs trbics fc acur bitkvktë. Sg jlsskac cst ac rcstc lu trbic f‛lrdbgksoc Jlsskac strbtkdrbpmkquc > cspíic bybgt ugc
ilgscrvë fbgs fcs sëfkocgts. Lg fkstkgduc fcux typcs fc jlsskacs > drbgfc cxtcgsklg dëldrbpmkquc ct ugc cxkstcgic ilurtc à a‛ëimcaac
dëlaldkquc, ic quk pcroct fc a‛utkakscr plur ilopbrcr a‛èdc fc tcrrbkgs fc tcrrbkgs sktuës fbgs fcs rëdklgs fkjjërcgtcs. Cxcopac> acs boolgktcs (fli.23) slgt fcs olaausqucs olaausqucs iëpmbalplfcs obrkgs
caacs bppbrbksscgt bppbrbksscgt furbgt ac Fëvlgkcg ac Fëvlgkcg ct
fkspbrbksscgt pcu bprís ab irksc ab irksc Irëtbië-Pbaëlií Irëtbië-Pbaëliígc gc flgi caacs bppbrtkcggcgt à a‛írc scilgfbkrc. Jlsskac fc jbikís > i‛cst
ug jlsskac bybgt jlsskac bybgt ugc cxkstcgic ilurtc dëldrbpmkquc dëld rbpmkquc ct ugc drbgfc cxtcgsklg à a‛ëimcaac
dëlaldkquc, ic jlsskac akë à ug okakcu fc sëfkocgtbtklg pbrtkiuakcr ka pcroct fc fkstkgducr acs ilgfktklgs fc sëfkocgtbtklg. Cxcopac > Acs rëikjs ilrbakcggcs (fli.2:) slgt fcs bgkobux obrkgs vkvcgt fbgs ab ocr pcu prljlgfc imbufc ct iabkrc, kas bppbrbksscgt fcpuks a‛írc scilgfbkrc ct vkvcgt nusqu‛à prëscgt.
2:
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
✙
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Bitkvktë 8 > Acs ëaëocgts fc a‛ëimcaac strbtkdrbpmk strbtkdrbpmkquc quc > > 2. Acs strbtltypcs
Acs strbtltypcs cst ug cgscohac fcs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs supcrplsës glg fëjlroës rkimcs cg jlsskacs strbtkdrbpmkqucs quk pcrocttcgt fc fëjkgkr ug ëtbdc flggë fc a‛ëimcaac strbtkdrbpmkquc. Ac glo fc a‛ëtbdc prcgf sluvcgt ac glo fu akcu dëldrbpmkquc lû sc trluvc ac strbtltypc buquca lg bnlutc ac sujjkxc (kcg). Pbr cxcopac, a‛ëtbdc Vlbrikcg Vlbrikcg (Vlbrs cst ugc rëdklg jrbgäbksc) cst ac fcrgkcr ëtbdc ëtbdc fu Nurbsskquc fu Nurbsskquc kgjërkcur. Ka s'ëtcgf sur prís fc ; okaaklgs f'bggëcs.
8. Acs abiugcs strbtkdrbpmkqucs > 2. B pbrtkr fc fliuocgt 24, ilopbrcr ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs iluimcs fbgs acs fcux alibaktës à frlkt ct à dbuimc plur imbquc jkdurc B ct H ct I < quc ilgstbtczvlus < 8. Cxpakqucr ab prëscgic f‛ugc abiugc strbtkdrbpmkquc ct fëtcrokgcr acur a‛koplrtbgic fc plkgt fc vuc dëlimrlglaldkquc. dëlimrlglaldkquc.
✙
Ëaëocgts fc rëplgsc >
2. A‛lhscrvbtklg fc ab jkdurc B olgtrc ab prëscgic fcs iluimcs 2,8,9 ct 6 à dbuimc ct a‛ a‛bhscgic bhscgic pbrtkcaac fc ab iluimc 9 à frlkt. - A‛lhscrvbtklg fc ab jkdurc H olgtrc ab prëscgic fcs iluimcs 2,8,9,6 ct 3 à frlkt ct a‛ a‛bhscgic bhscgic tltbac fc ab iluimc 9 à dbuimc. - A‛lhscrvbtklg fc ab jkdurc I olgtrc ab prëscgic fcs iluimcs 2,8,9,6,3,: ct 4 à frlkt ct a‛ a‛bhscgic bhscgic fcs iluimcs 9 ct 6 à dbuimc bvci ab fëjlrobtklg ct a‛ërlsklg fcs iluimcs 3,: ct 4. 4. Icttc bhscgic ilgstktuc ugc abiugc strbtkdrbpmkquc. Lg pbrac fc abiugc alrsqu'ka g'y b pbs fc ilgtkguktë imrlglaldkquc cgtrc fcux iluimcs, iluimcs, ka s‛bdkt fc a‛bhscgic f‛ugc lu pauskcurs iluimcs iluimcs fbgs ugc sërkc sëfkocgtbkrc. 8. Sgc abiugc strbtkdrbpmkquc pcut s‛cxpakqucr pbr > Sgc kgtcrruptklg fc ab sëfkocgtbtklg (glg fëpöt) > ugc lu pauskcurs iluimcs gc sc fëplscgt pbs fbgs ugc rëdklg
•
quk b ëtë pcut-îtrc pcut-îtrc ëocrdëc à ab suktc f‛ugc rëdrcssklg obrkgc. obrkgc. Lg pbrac fbgs ic ibs fc abiugc fc sëfkocgtbtklg. Sgc ërlsklg > acs iluimcs quk obgqucgt fbgs ugc rëdklg sc slgt fëplsëcs puks caacs lgt fkspbru à ibusc f‛ugc
•
ërlsklg, puks ab sëfkocgtbtklg b rcprks cg abkssbgt ugc abiugc. Lg pbrac fbgs ic ibs fc abiugc f‛ërlsklg. f‛ërlsklg.
24
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
9. Acs fksilrfbgics dëlaldkqucs Acs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs trbgsdrcsskvcs slgt pabiëcs bu-fcssus bu-fcssus f‛butrcs iluimcs ilgtkgcgtbacs. Ac ilgtbit bglroba cgtrc ics iluimcs bppcacr ugc fksilrfbgic dëlaldkquc. Lg fkstkgduc fcux typcs fc fksilrfbgics dëlaldkquc >
•
Ab fksilrfbgic dëlaldkquc skopac (pbrbaaíac) >
Acsacs iluimcs iluimcs trbgsdrcsskvcs (C, J, D ct M) rcplscgt mlrkzlgtbacocgt sur ilgtkgcgtbacs (B, H, I ct F) glg fkjjlroës. (Fli.2=)
Ab fksilrfbgic dëlaldkquc bgduabkrc > bvbgt ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs
•
iluimcs trbgsdrcsskvcs (D ct M), Acs iluimcs bgikcggcs ilgtkgcgtbacs lgt ëtë pakssëcs pbr fcs oluvcocgts tcitlgkqucs. tcitlgkqucs. (Fli.2;) Ab fksilrfbgic dëlaldkquc ilrrcsplgf ilrrcsplgf tlunlurs à ugc abiugc strbtkdrbpmkquc, i.-à-f. à ugc fksilgtkguktë sëfkocgtbkrc.
6. Ac iyiac sëfkocgtbkrc > Vrbgsdrcssklg ct Xëdrcssklg b- Fëjkgktklg > Ac iyiac sëfkocgtbkrc fëskdgc ab përklfc iloprksc cgtrc ugc trbgsdrcssklg ugc trbgsdrcssklg obrkgc ct ab rëdrcssklg ab rëdrcssklg obrkgc quk ab sukt, ka iloprcgf trlks pmbscs 5 trbgsdrcssklg, sëfkocgtbtklg sëfkocgtbtklg ct rëdrcssklg, ics pmbscs slgt obrquëcs pbr acs fksilrfbgic fksilrfbgicss dëlaldkqucs.
h- acs ibrbitërkstkqucs fu iyiac sëfkocgtbkrc. Ab trbgsdrcssklg > Ab trbgsdrcssklg obrkgc cst ab prldrcssklg fu okakcu obrkg vcrs ac ilgtkgcgt. Caac rësuatc slkt f‛ugc ëaëvbtklg fu gkvcbu obrkg à ab suktc fc ab jlgtc fcs dabics (ibusc iakobtkquc), slkt f‛ug bjjbksscocgt fu ilgtkgcgt (ibusc tcitlgkquc). Bu gkvcbu fcs jlrobtklgs sëfkocgtbkrcs, ab trbgsdrcssklg obrkgc sc obgkjcstc pbr ugc sëqucgic s ëqucgic vcrtkibac fc iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs bppcaëc sëqucgic trbgsdrcsskvc plsktkvc (jkdurc B) > fëpöt fc sëfkocgts obrkgs sur fcs sëfkocgts ilgtkgcgtbux, ilgtkgcgtbux, lu fëpöt fc sëfkocgts fc jbikís obrkg trís prljlgf sur fcs sëfkocgts fc jbikís obrkg pcu prljlgf. (Yëfkocgts (Yëfkocgts drlsskcs
sëfkocgts olycg olycg
sëfkocgts jkgs).
2=
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Ab rëdrcssklg > Ab rëdrcssklg sc prlfukt alrsquc ab ocr sc rctkrc f‛ugc bkrc à ab suktc f‛ugc hbkssc fu gkvcbu fc ab ocr lu ug sluaívcocgt dëgërba fu ilgtkgcgt lu ug bpplrt koplrtbgt fc sëfkocgts, ics trlks pmëgloígcs pluvbgt sc ilohkgcr. Ab suiicssklg fcs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs rëdrcsskvc (sëqucgic rëdrcsskvc gëdbtkvc) plurrb îtrc oksc cg ëvkfcgic, pbr cxcopac, cxcopac, pbr fcs fëpöts ilgtkgcgtbux ilgtkgcgtbux surolgtbgt surolgtbgt fcs iluimcs iluimcs obrkgcs. (Jkdurc (Jkdurc H) (Yëfkocgts jkgs
sëfkocgts olycg
sëfkocgts drlsskcs).
Ac iyiac sëfkocgtbkrc > Ac iyiac sëfkocgtbkrc sc ibrbitërksc pbr ugc sërkc trbgsdrcss tr bgsdrcsskvc kvc plsktkvc surolgtë f‛ugc sërkc rëdrcsskvc gëdbtkvc jkdurc I.
3.
A‛ëimcaac strbtkdrbpmkquc >
Fcpuks algdtcops, acs dëlalducs lgt ilgstbtë ab fkjjkiuatë f‛utkakscr ugkqucocgt acs ëtbdcs fbgs ab dëlimrlglaldkc, à ibusc fu drbgf glohrc fc ics ëtbdcs ct à ibusc bussk fc icrtbkgs ëvëgcocgts dëlaldkqucs dëlaldkqucs quk lgt obrquë a‛mkstlkrc fc ab Vcrrc ct quk pcuvcgt iluvrkr fcs fkzbkgcs f‛ëtbdcs. Plur icab acs dëlalducs lgt fëtcrokgë f‛butrcs ugktës (lu fkvksklgs) dëlimrlglal dëlimrlglaldkqucs dkqucs paus drbgfcs quc a‛ëtbdc. a‛ëtbdc . Rucaacs slgt ics fkvksklgs, ct sur qucas irktírcs acs dëlalducs sc slgt hbsës plur acs fëtcrokgcr <
2;
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
B- Acs irktírcs pbaëlgtlaldkqucs > Lg bppcaac irksc hklaldkquc ugc përklfc bsscz ilurtc furbgt abqucaac, à a'ëimcaac fu dalhc, ug drbgf glohrc f'cspíics bgkobacs ct vëdëtbacs fkspbrbksscgt skouatbgëocgt. Acs pbaëlgtlalducs ilggbksscgt ct ëtufkcgt ics irkscs drèic bux jlsskacs. Acs ibuscs fc ics irkscs hklaldkqucs pcuvcgt îtrc fc fkjjërcgtcs lrkdkgcs > ab imutc f‛ugc oëtëlrktc , ugc bitkvktë kgtcgsc fcs vlaibgs, ab tcitlgkquc fcs pabqucs ct acs vbrkbtklgs iakobtkqucs.
Plur octtrc cg ëvkfcgic a‛koplrtbgic fcs jlsskacs fbgs ab dëlimrlglaldkc (fbtbtklg fcs rlimcs ct acs fkjjërcgts ëvëgcocgts fc a'mkstlkrc fc ab Vcrrc), lg prlplsc acs flggëcs sukvbgtcs > ❚ Prcokírc flggëc >
acs bgikcgs dëlalducs lgt rcobrquë a‛bhscgic fc jlsskacs fbgs tlus acs tcrrbkgs bgtërkcurs à
a‛ëtbdc bppcaë Dëlrdkcg (-340 (-340 OB), kas lgt balrs fkvksë ac tcops t cops dëlaldkquc cg fcux drbgfcs drbgfcs përklfcs quk slgt ac Iryptlzlìquc ct ac Pmbgërlzl Pmbgërlzlìquc ìquc > ✙
Ac Iryptlzlìquc, lu përklfc fc ab vkc ibimëc, ilrrcsplgf bux tcrrbkgs bgtërkcurs bu Dëlrdkcg (fc 6300 OB à 340 OB) ct quk sc ibrbitërkscgt pbr a‛bhscgic a‛bhscgic tltbac fcs jlsskacs.
✙
Ac Pmbgërlzlìquc, lu përklfc fc ab vkc bppbrcgtc, ilrrcsplgf bux tcrrbkgs quk ilgtkcggcgt fcs jlsskacs ct quk sc slgt jlroës fcpuks ac Dëlrdkcg nusqu‛à gls nlurs (fc -340 OB à gls nlurs).
❚ Fcuxkíoc flggëc > Ab jkdurc F
rcprëscgtc fcs cxcopacs f‛îtrcs vkvbgts ilopaítcocgt ëtckgts ct quk lgt vëiu fu Dëlrdkcg (-340 OB) bu Vmurkgdkcg (-863 OB). Acs dëlalducs lgt bppcaë icttc përklfc ac Pbaëlzlìquc lu a‛írc prkobkrc. Cxcopac > Acs trkalhktcs
❚
Vrlkskíoc flggëc > Ab jkdurc C rcprëscgtc fcs cxcopacs f‛îtrcs vkv vkvbgts bgts
quk lgt vëiu bprís ac Pbaëlzlìquc, fc -863 - 863 OB nusqu‛à ab jkg fu Obbstrkimtkcg (-:3 OB). Icttc përklfc b ëtë bppcaëc ac Oëslzlìquc lu a‛írc scilgfbkrc. Cxcopac > Acs boolgktcs ct acs fkglsburcs. ac Obbstrkimtkcg, fc -:3 -:3 OB nusqu‛à ab jkg fc a‛ëtbdc bppcaë Bstkcg (-2,= (-2,= OB). Lg b bppcaë icttc përklfc ac Iëglzlìquc lu a‛írc tcrtkbkrc 5 scs tcrrbkgs sc ibrbitërkscgt pbr fcs jlsskacs quk lgt fcs rcprëscgtbgts bitucaacocgt. Ab përklfc bprís -2,= OB b ëtë bppcaëc A‛írc qubtcrgbkrc pbr acs dëlalducs caac sc ibrbitërksc pbr A‛bppbrktklg fc a‛Mlooc. a‛Mlooc.
❚ Rubtrkíoc
flggëc > Fu
H- Acs irktírcs strbtkdrbpmkqucs ct lrldëgkqucs. > Acs iyiacs lrldëgkqucs ct acs fksilrfbgics obncurcs ilgstktucgt acs prkgikpbux irktírcs tcitlgkqucs utkaksës fbgs ab dëlimrlglaldkc.
80
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
* Sg iyiac lrldëgkquc lu iyiac tcitlgkquc cst ab suiicssklg fcs ëvëgco ëvëgcocgts cgts ilrrcsplgfbgt à ab jlrobtklg puks à ab fcstruitklg f'ugc imbçgc fc olgtbdgcs. Lg fkstkgduc cg dëgërba qubtrc iyiacs lrldëgkqucs obncurs > Ac iyiac ibflokcg ibflokcg, ka fbtc fu Prëibohrkcg (Iryptlzlìquc). Ac iyiac ibaëflgkcg, ka
ibrbitërksc ugc pbrtkc fu Pbaëlzlìquc (s'ëtcgf fu fëhut fu Ibohrkcg bu fëhut fu
Fëvlgkcg). Ac iyiac mcriygkcg mcriygkcg, ka ibrbitërksc ugc butrc pbrtkc fu Pbaëlzlìquc (s‛ëtcgf fu Fëvlgkcg à ab jkg fu Pcrokcg). Pcrokcg). Ac iyiac bapkg, bapkg, s'ëtcgf fu fëhut fu
Oëslzlìquc bu Rubtcrgbkrc.
Imbquc iyiac lrldëgkquc iloprcgf qucaqucs qucaqucs fksilrfbgics tcitlgkqucs, tcitlgkqucs, obks ka k a cst tlunlurs obrquë à sb hbsc pbr ugc fksilrfbgic bgduabkrc trís koplrtbgtc bppcaëc fksilrfbgic obncurc (a‛bgdac cgtrc acs iluimcs fksilrfbgtcs pcut bpprlimcr acs ;0°). Acs pmltls ik-fcsslus rcprëscgtcgt fcs cxcopacs fc ics fksilrfbgics >
Ab fksilrfbgic obncurc ibflokcggc (pmltl prksc bux Ctbs Sgks), caac ilgstktuc ugc surjbic fc sëpbrbtklg cgtrc fcs tcrrbkgs iryptlzlìqucs trís fëjlroës ct fcs iluimcs pbaëlzlìqucss mlrkzlgtbacs. (Jkdu pbaëlzlìquc (Jkdurc rc J).
Ab fksilrfbgic obncurc mcriygkcggc (pmltl prksc bu Plrtudba), caac ilgstktuc ugc akoktc cgtrc fcs tcrrbkgs pbaëlzlìqucss pbaëlzlìquc
pakssës
ct
fcs
tcrrbkgs
oëslzlìquc oëslzlìqucss
mlrkzlgtbux. (Jkdurc D).
I- A‛ëimcaac strbtkdrbpmkquc > strbtkdrbpmkquc > Acs tbhacbux sukvbgts rcprëscgtcgt acs fkvksklgs fc a‛ëimcaac strbtkdrbpmkquc. ( strbtkdrbpmkquc. ( vlkrc acs pbdcs 88 ct 89)
82
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
88
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
89
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Imbpktrc 9 > Acs prkgikpcs fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc
ct
rcilgstktutklg fc a‛mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc f‛ugc rëdklg flggëc
86
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Imbpktrc 9 > Acs prkgikpcs fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc ct rcilgstktutklg rcilg stktutklg fc a‛mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc f‛ugc rëdklg flggëc flggëc Kgtrlfuitklg > Ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc dëlaldkquc
f‛ugc rëdklg flggëc rcprëscgtc ug hkabg sygtmëtkquc f‛ug cgscohac fc flggëcs
tlpldrbpmkqucs strbtkdrbpmkqucs strbtkdrbpmkqucs ct tcitlgkqucs fc icttc rëdklg. A‛ëtufc fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc f‛ugc rëdklg ct acs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs rëbaksëcs à pbrtkr fc icttc ibrtc pcrocttcgt fc rcilgstktucr a‛mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc fc ab rëdklg ëtufkëc. Rucstklgs > ✙
Rucas slgt acs ëaëocgts fcs ibrtcs dëlaldkqucs ct fcs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs <
✙
Iloocgt akrc ct bgbayscr acs ibrtcs ct acs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs <
✙
Iloocgt rëbakscr ugc ilupc dëlaldkquc à pbrtkr f‛ugc ibrtc dëlaldkquc <
✙
Iloocgt rcilgstktucr a‛mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc f‛ugc rëdklg à pbrtkr fcs ibrtcs dëlaldkqucs ct fcs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs <
Bitkvktë 2 > Fëjkgktklg fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc ct fc ab ilupc dëlaldkquc > 2. Ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc > B. Xbppca sur ab ibrtc tlpldrbpmkquc > Sgc ibrtc tlpldrbpmkquc cst
ugc rcprëscgtbtklg sur ug pabg mlrkzlgtba fu rcakcj f'ugc rëdklg, bkgsk quc acs
ëaëocgts gbturcas (vëdëtbtklg.) ct brtkjkikcas sktuës à ab surjbic fc icttc rëdklg. Lg rcprëscgtc ac rcakcj pbr acs ilurhcs fc gkvcbu ct acs plkgts iötës, balrs quc acs ëaëocgts gbturcas ct brtkjkikcas slgt rcprëscgtës pbr fcs iluacurs ct fcs syohlacs fëtcrokgës.
H. Fëjkgktklg fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc > Sgc ibrtc dëlaldkquc cst ab
rcprëscgtbtklg, fcs tcrrbkgs (acs rlimcs ct acs struiturcs dëlaldkqucs) quk bjjacurcgt à ab surjbic fu sla lu cg suhsurjbic (jbkhac prljlgfcur). prljlgfcur). Icttc rcprëscgtbtklg sc jbkt pbr
prlncitklg vcrtkiba, sur ugc surjbic mlrkzlgtbac, fcs ilgstktubgts dëlaldkqucs f‛ugc rëdklg flggëc (Fliuocgt B). I. Acs ëaëocgts fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc >
Acs prkgikpbux ëaëocgts fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc slgt > ✙ Ac tktrc > glo f‛ugc
rëdklg, f‛ugc vkaac lu fu vkaabdc prkgikpba fc ab rëdklg ëtufkëc. ✙ A‛ëimcaac > caac pcut îtrc > Guoërkquc > cg jlroc fc rbpplrt guoërkquc (2 /30 000 > Ykdgkjkcr quc 2 io sur ab ibrtc rcprëscgtc 30 000 io sur ac tcrrbkg.) lu Drbpmkquc > frlktc suhfkvksëc cg scdocg scdocgts. ts. ✙ A‛lrkcgtbtklg > jaíimc kgfkqubgt ac glrf dëldrbpmkquc.
83
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
✙ Ab aëdcgfc > cgscohac
fc iluacurs ct fc syohlacs quk rcprëscgtcgt acs flggëcs strbtkdrbpmkqucs, pëtrldrbpmkqucs ct tcitlgkqucs fc ab rëdklg ëtufkëc. 8. Ab ilupc dëlaldkquc >
Ab ilupc ilupc dëlaldkquc rcprëscgtc ab scitklg pbr ug pabg vcrtkiba fcs tcrrbkgs ct fcs struiturcs dëlaldkqucs bjjacurbgt
fbgs ugc rëdklg flggëc qu‛lg rëbaksc à pbrtkr f‛ugc ibrtc dëlaldkquc. dëlaldkquc. Acs prkgikpbux ëaëocgts fc ab ilupc dëlaldkquc slgt > * Ac tktrc > ka s‛bdkt cg dëgërba fu tktrc fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc quk cst à a‛lrkdkgc fc ab ilupc. * A‛ëimcaac > A‛ëimcaac A‛ëimcaac guoërkquc (Ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc), A‛ A‛ëimcaac ëimcaac fc ab mbutcur. * A‛lrkcgtbtklg > acs fcux hlrfs fc ab ilupc plrtcgt tlunlurs a‛lrkcgtbtk a‛lrkcgtbtklg lg bpprlprkëc. * Ab aëdcgfc > cgscohac fc syohlacs quk kgfkqucgt a‛ëpbksscur fcs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs, acur èdc, acur gbturc
pëtrldrbpmkquc … 9. Prkgikpcs fc rcprëscgtbtklg fcs flggëcs sur ab ibrtc ct ab ilupc dëlaldkquc B. Xcprëscgtbtklg fcs flggëcs strbtkdrbpmkqucs
Fbgs acs ibrtcs dëlaldkqucs, lg rcprëscgtc acs flggëcs strbtkdrbpmkqucs pbr fcs acttrcs cg abtkg ct fcs iluacurs quk kgfkqucgt a‛èdc dëlaldkquc fcs iluimcs ct acur suiicssklg imrlglaldkquc (fbgs ab aëdcgfc, fu hbs cg mbut, acs iluimcs slgt iabssës fc ab paus èdëc à ab paus ncugc). Acs acttrcs rbppcaacgt acs glos fcs fkvksklgs strbtkdrbpmkqucs (i plur ac Irëtbië, n plur ac Nurbsskquc ...). Ics acttrcs slgt biilopbdgëcs pbrjlks f‛ug imkjjrc cg brbhc lu cg rlobkg (I2, I8, I9…lu IK, IKK, IKKK…). IKKK…).
Crc
Cplquc
Rubtcrgbkrc Vcrtkbkrc
Ycilgfbkrc
Prkobkrc
Ykdgc
Iluacur
B,q,b
Hckdc
Pakliígc
P
Okliígc
O
Lakdliígc
D
Cliígc
C
Irëtbië supërkcur
I
Irëtbië kgjërkcur
G
Zcrt iabkrc
Nurbsskquc supërkcur Nurbsskquc kgjërkcur
N A
Hacu
Vrkbs
V
Xlsc
Pcrokcg
X
Zklact
Ibrhlgkjírc
M
Drks
Fëvlgkcg
F
Obrrlg
Ykaurkcg
Y
Lrflvkikcg
L
Zcrt jlgië
Ibohrkcg
H,E
Hckdc jlgië
Prëibohrkcg
Nbugc Lrbgdc
Xludc
8:
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
H. Xcprëscgtbtklg fcs flggëcs pëtrldrbpmkqucs Ab jkdurc jkdurc H olgtrc fcs cxcopacs fc jkdurës utkaksës plur rcprëscgtcr ab gbturc fcs
rlimcs fbgs acs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs ct fbgs icrtbkgcs ibrtcs dëlaldkqucs. Plur acs a cs rlimcs obdobtkqucs ct oëtbolrpmkqucs, oëtbolrpmkqucs, lg utkak utkaksc sc fcs acttrcs drciqucs (ι plur plur ac drbgktc, θ plur ac hbsbatc) lu pbrjlks fcs iluacurs (ac rludc plur ac drbgktc).
I. Xcprëscgtbtklg fcs flggëcs tcitlgkqucs Ac pcgfbdc fcs iluimcs
Ac pcgfbdc f'ugc iluimc sëfkocgtbkrc (lu f‛ugc jbkaac) cst a‛bgdac f'kgiakgbkslg fc icttc iluimc (lu fc icttc jbkaac) pbr rbpplrt bu pabg mlrkzlgtba (jkdurc I). Ac tbhacbu sukvbgt prëscgtc acs syohlacs ilgvcgtklggcas utkaksës plur rcprëscgtcr ac pcgfbdc fcs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs fbgs acs ibrtcs dëlaldkqucs.
Yyohlac
00 Fcdrë fc pcgfbdc
Iluimc mlrkzlgtbac
Fc 200 bu 900 Pcgfbdc jbkhac
Fc 920 bu :00 Pcgfbdc olycg
Fc :20 bu =;0 Pcgfbdc jlrt
;00 Pcgfbdc vcrtkibac
Xcprëscgtbtklg fcs paks
Acs paks slgt fcs fëjlrobtklgs fcs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs slus jlroc f'lgfuabtklgs lg fkstkgduc > ✙
Acs Bgtkiakgbux > ab ilurhurc fcs iluimcs cst fkrkdëc vcrspaks ac mbut.
✙ Acs paks sygiakgbux sygiakgbux >
ab ilurhurc fcs iluimcs cst fkrkdëc
vcrs ac hbs. Xcobrquc > lg pcut rcilggbktrc ac typc fc paks drbs à a‛èdc fcs iluimcs, ac iřur fu pak bgtkiakgba ilgtkcggc ab iluimc ab paus bgikcggc, balrs quc ac iřur fu pak sygiakgba ilgtkcggc ab ilimc ab paus rëicgtc. Xcprëscgtbtklg fcs jbkaacs
Sgc jbkaac cst ugc ibssurc fcs rlimcs biilopbdgëc f‛ug fëpabicocgt rcabtkj fcs fcux ilopbrtkocgts rësuatbgt fc icttc ibssurc. Yur ugc ibrtc dëlaldkquc acs jbkaacs slgt rcprëscgtëcs pbr ug trbkt paus jlrt quc icauk fcs akoktcs fc iluimcs. Lg fkstkgduc trlks typcs fc jbkaacs. 84
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Bitkvktë 8 > Ab rëbaksbtklg fcs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs 2.
Acs ëtbpcs fc ab rëbaksbtklg f‛ugc ilupc dëlaldkquc
Plur rëbakscr ugc tcaac ilupc à pbrtkr f‛ugc ibrtc dëlaldkquc, lg bflptc acs ëtbpcs sukvbgtcs sukvbgtcs > > ▮
Lg trbic ug trbkt BH sur ugc ibrtc à a‛ëimcaac a‛ ëimcaac flggëc. flggëc.
Lg trbic sur ugc pbpkcr okaakoëtrë 8 bxcs pbrbaaíacs ▮ Jbkrc ilìgikfcr ac hlrf supërkcur fu pbpkcr okaakoëtrë ilgtrc ac trbkt fc ab a b ilupc BH ▮
▮ Gltcr
acs batktufcs fcs plkgts f‛kgtcrscitklg f‛kgtcrscitklg fcs ilurhcs ilurhcs fc gkvcbu bbvci vci ac trbkt BH
▮
Prlnctcr acs plkgts à acur batktufc ilrrcsplgfbgtc sur a‛bxc fcs mbutcurs prëiëfcoocgt fcsskgë
▮
Xcakës acs plkgts prlnctcr cgtrc cux rcgfbgt iloptc ab tlpldrbpmkc fc ab rëdklg ëtufkc
▮
Xcpërcr acs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs quk rcilupcgt ac trbkt fc ab ilupc BH, puks fëtcrokgcr plur imbquc iluimc ab plsktklg pbr rbpplrt rbpplrt bux butrcs iiluimcs luimcs
▮
Lg iloocgic pbr ab iluimc ab paus rëicgtc flgt lg ilggbçt ac tlkt ct ac our pbrtlut lû caac ca ac bjjacurc, puks lg jbkt fc oîoc plur acs iluimcs slus- nbicgtcs nbicgtcs cg rcspcitbgt à iimbquc mbquc jlks a‛ëpb a‛ëpbksscur ksscur ct ac pcgfbdc pcgfbdc fc imbquc imbquc iluimc iluimc
▮
Lg rcprëscgtc acs iluimcs pbr fcs iluacurs lu fcs jkdurës ilgvcgtklggcas
▮
Bnlutcr jkgbacocgt tlus acs butrcs ëaëocgts fc ab ilupc dëlaldkquc > tktrc, lrkcgtbtklg, aëdcgfc… aëdcgfc…
8. Xcprëscgtbtklg fcs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs sur ab ilupc dëlaldkquc > B. Ibs fc ab tlpldrbpmkc cg ilaakgc ✙
Acs iluimcs mlrkzlgtbacs prëscgtcgt tlunlurs fcs trbiëcs pbrbaaíacs bux ilurhcs fc gkvcbu (jkdurc C). Balrs quc fbgs ac ibs fcs iluimcs vcrtkibacs, acs akoktcs dëlaldkqucs prëscgtcgt prëscgtcgt tlunlurs ug trbië rcitkakdgc (jkdurc J).
✙
A‛kgtcrscitklg fcs ilu iluimcs kgiakgëcs bvci acs ilurhcs fc gkvcbu cst cg jlroc fc Z, fbgs ac ibs f‛ugc ilaakgc ab iluimc cst fkrkdëc vcrs ac scgs kgvcrsc fc ab plkgtc fu Z. (jkdurc D). Ct (Jkdurc M).
8=
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
H. Ibs fc ab tlpldrbpmkc cg vbaaëcs ✙
Acs iluimcs mlrkzlgtbacs prëscgtcgt tlunlurs fcs trbiëcs pbrbaaíacs bux ilurhcs fc gkvcbu (jkdurc K). Balrs quc fbgs ac ibs fcs iluimcs vcrtkibacs, acs akoktcs dëlaldkqucs prëscgtcgt tlunlurs ug trbië rcitkakdgc (jkdurc N).
✙
A‛kgtcrscitklg fcs iluimcs kgiakgëcs bvci acs ilurhcs fc gkvcbu cst cg jlroc fc Z, fbgs ac ibs f‛ugc vbaaëc ab iluimc cst fkrkdëc vcrs ac scgs fc ab plkgtc fu Z. (jkdurc E). Ct (Jkdurc A).
I. Ab rëbaksbtklg fcs ilupcs dëlaldkqucs Ac fliuocgt sukvbgt rcprëscgtc ugc pbrtkc fc ab ibrtc dëlaldkquc f'ugc rëdklg flggëc.
2- Fëtcrokgcz a'ëqukfkstbgic ( c) fcs ilurhcs fc gkvcbu jkdurëcs sur icttc ibrtc.
8- Fëtcrokgcz ab iluimc ab paus bgikcggc ct ab iluimc ab paus rëicgtc. 9- rëbakscz sur ugc pbpkcr okaakoëtrëc ab ilupc dëlaldkquc BH.
8;
Sgktë 2 > acs pmëgloígcs dëlaldkqucs cxtcrgcs
2 hbi si. Cx j 2
prlj > ^bkf Mbrrkf
Bitkvktë 9 > X cilgstktutklg cilgstktutklg fc a‛mkstlkrc dëlaldkquc fu pabtcbu fu pmlspmbtc Ab jkdurc O rcprëscgtc ab ilalggc strbtkdrbpmkquc sygtmëtkquc fcs jlrobtklgs pmlspmbtëcs fu hbsskg fu glrf fc Emlurkhdb.
Ab sërkc pmlspmbtëc f‛Luacf f‛Luacf f‛Bhflug f‛Bhflug rcprëscgtc ab fcrgkírc pbrtkc f‛ugc sërkc sëfkocgtbkrc pmlspmbtëc sëfkocgtbkrc pmlspmbtëc jlroëc sur sur a‛bgikcggc a‛bgik cggc hbsc rlimcusc (Pbaëlzlìquc), (Pbaëlzlìquc), quk b ëtë suhkt fcs fëjlrobtklgs slus jlroc fc paks ct fc jbkaacs, tbgfks quc acs iluimcs sëfkocgtbkrcs fc ab fcuxkíoc përklfc gc sc slgt pbs fëjlroëcs. lg pcut rësuocr ab sëfkocgtbtklg fu pmlspmbtc pbr pbr acs ëtbpcs sukvb sukvbgtcs gtcs > ❚
Ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs iluimcs pbaëlzlìqucs
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Ab fëjlrobtklg fcs iluimcs pbaëlzlìqucs pbaëlzlìqucs
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Ab trbgsdrcssklg obrkgc ct ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs iluimcs prë-pmlspmbtës
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Ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs iluimcs pmlspmbtës ❚ Ab rëdrcssklg obrkgc ct ab sëfkocgtbtklg fcs iluimcs ilgtkgcgtbac bitucaacs.
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