1. Answers to Test Yourunderstanding Questions

I L[MDK TH ZKM@W[ZI@GK CI\ Gbiptkr 9: I@W\KZW TH TKWT ]H[Z[@DKZWTI@DM@L Y[KWTMH@W

9st Kdmtmh`, :>><

Gbiptkr 9:

I@W\KZW TH TKWT ]H[Z[@DKZWTI@DM@L ]H[Z[@DKZWTI@DM@L Y[KWTMH@W Gbiptkr 9—Tbk @iturk he Zkm`suri`gk 9. Ms tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`t truk hr eicsk8 –M`suri`gk i`d rkm`suri`gk irk eu`diok`ticcy dmeekrk`t m` cklic tkros.‟ I`swkr6 Eicsk. M` –Ghooh` Ciw‟ ghu`trmks irhu`d tbk whrcd, rkm`suri`gk ms lk`kriccy skk` is ckliccy iam` th m`suri`gk. :. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l ohst igguritkcy dksgrmjks Eiguctitmvk Zkm`suri`gk8 I`swkr6 (g) Eiguctitmvk rkm`suri`gk ms rkm`suri`gk tbit tbk rkm`surkd gi` heekr th rkm`surkrs i`d rkm`surkrs gi` iggkpt. 7. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l ghucd jk dksgrmjkd is ^rhphrtmh`ic ZM i`d wbmgb @h`-^rhphrtmh`ic8 I`swkr6 (i) Yuhti Wbirk—^rhphrtmh`ic (j) Eiguctitmvk Hjcmlithry—^rhphrtmh`ic (g) Wthp Chss—@h`-^rhphrtmh`ic (d) Eiguctitmvk—Ghucd jk jhtb. 4. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l ms cmakcy th jk dksgrmjkd is Hjcmlithry Zkm`suri`gk8 I`swkr6 (i) Wurpcus. Zkm`surkd (`hroiccy) oust gkdk, Zkm`surkr oust iggkpt. \bkrkis (j) Zmsa R/C—Lri`tm`l R/C—Lri`tm`l ghvkr ehr i pkrmhd ehr i prmgk1 (g) Wthp Chss—Lri`tm`l Chss—Lri`tm`l ghvkr ehr i pkrmhd ehr i prmgk1 (d) Eiguctitmvk Eiguctitmvk Hjcmlithry— Zkm`surkd dhks `ht bivk th gkdk, Zkm`surkr oust iggkpt. ;. [`dkr ^rhphrtmh`ic Zkm`suri`gk wbmgb rkeckgts tbk ghrrkgt oktbhd he gicgucitm`l i chss8 I`swkr6 (d) Icchgitmh` he chssks jktwkk` rkm`surkd i`d rkm`surkrs ms jiskd h` tbk icchgitmh` he tbk hrmlm`ic rmsa—tbk pkrgk`tilk he  i`y chss (i`d i`y prkomuo) prkomuo) ms gicgucitkd jiskd h` tbk icchgitmh` icchgitmh` he tbk hrmlm`ic hrmlm`ic rmsa. WM 9>>,>>>, Zktim` 4>,>>>, Gkdk 5>,>>>—Icchgitmh` 4>%‗5>%. \bkrkis (g) Icchgitmh` he chssks jktwkk` rkm`surkd i`d rkm`surkrs dkpk`ds me tbk chss ms cirlk hr soicc—ohrk cmakcy th rkeckgt @h`-^rhphrtmh`ic. 5. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l kxpcim`s tbk ghrrkgt whram`ls he i :`d Wurpcus Trkity8 I`swkr6 (d) Zkm`surkrs wmcc rkgkmvk i sbirk he rmsas tbit irk cirlkr tbi` tbk rktk`tmh` i`d gkssmh` th 9st Wurpcus. Me tbk prhlriook ms jiskd h` Wurpcus Trkitmks, icc soicckr rmsas wbmgb eicc wmtbm` tbk rktk`tmh` wmcc jk rktim`kd 9>>%—me tbk rmsa ms cirlkr tbi` tbk rktk`tmh` rktk`tmh` tbk –surpcus‟ wmcc jk gkdkd th tbk 9st Wurpcus u`tmc tbit ms eucc, h`cy tbk` wmcc i sbirk he tbk rmsa (prkomuo i`d i`y chssks) chssks) jk gkdkd th tbk :`d Wurpcus. >%‟ oki`s6 (m) Tbk rkm`surkd gi` put m` 9 gcimo m` tbk ykir—@h. Tbk rkm`surkd rkm`surkd gi` rkm`stitk rkm`stitk up th 9>>% he tbk hvkricc cmomt cmomt lmvk` (9 x tbk cmomt) (mm) Tbk Zkm`stitkok`t Zkm`stitkok`t ^rkomuo wmcc jk 9>>% he wbit tbk rkm`surkd pimd ehr 9: oh`tbs ghvkr—@h. 9>>% oki`s tbit tbk ditk he chss wmcc @HT jk tiak` m`th igghu`t wbk` gicgucitm`l gicgucitm`l tbk prkomuo duk. 2. \bmgb ms tbk truk kxpci`itmh` he tbk kxtk`dkd kxpmritmh` gciusk8 I`swkr6 I`swkr6 (d) Me i pkrmc ghvkrkd bis stirtkd giusm`l dioilk it tbk k`d he tbk gh`trigt gh`trigt pkrmhd tbms gciusk gh`emros tbit tbk wbhck chss eiccs h` tbk ykir tbk chss stirtkd stirtkd m`—sujfkgt th `h chss erho tbk siok –bippk`m`l‟ –bippk`m`l‟ jkm`l gcimokd he i`y sujskquk`t ykir is wkcc. =. Jiskd h` –oirakt tkrom`hchly‟ wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l jkst rkeckgts tbk tkro –Wthp Chss‟8 I`swkr6 I`swkr6 (g) I rkm`suri`gk rkm`suri`gk prhtkgtm`l prhtkgtm`l i phrtehcmh phrtehcmh he jusm`kss tbit wmcc piy me i chss m` tbk ykir ehr icc rmsas ghvkrkd i chss ritmh he  R%—–Wthp R%—–Wthp Chss‟ ms `hroiccy uskd th dksgrmjk dksgrmjk tbms ehro he rkm`suri`gk rkm`suri`gk wbkrk tbk Ghvkr i`d Dkdugtmjck Dkdugtmjck irk kxprksskd is i % he  rktim`kd prkomuo—mts ohrk igguritk `iok pkrbips—–Kxgkss he Chss Zitmh Ghvkr‟.

Zhjkrt Okram`

I L[MDK TH ZKM@W[ZI@GK CI\ Gbiptkr 9: I@W\KZW TH TKWT ]H[Z[@DKZWTI@DM@L Y[KWTMH@W

9st Kdmtmh`, :>><

\bkrkis (i) I Eiguctitmvk Zkm`suri`gk tbit wmcc piy me i` m`dmvmduic chss ms cirlkr tbi` $8—Tbms tkro `hroiccy whucd ippcy hvkr i phrtehcmh he jusm`kss ehr i pkrmhd he tmok. 9>. Dh tbk whrds –Tkros1 Is hrmlm`ic, i`d th ehcchw skttckok`ts m` icc rkspkgts‟ oki` tbit tbk ehcchwm`l tkros irk cmakcy th jk iuthoitmgiccy m`ghrphritkd m`th i Zkm`suri`gk8 I`swkr6 (i) Hrmlm`ic ^rkomuo—]ks (j) Hrmlm`ic dkdugtmh`s—]ks (g) Irjmtritmh`—@h (d) Chgic Ciw—@h (k) Chgic Furmsdmgtmh`—@h. I wmdk ri`lk he ghurt gisks gh`tm`uk th m`smst tbit me tbk pirtmks m`tk`d mtkossugb mtkossugb is (g), (d) i`d (k) th jk rkeckgtkd rkeckgtkd m` tbk Zkm`suri`gk, Zkm`suri`gk, tbms sbhucd jk oidkspkgmemgiccy gckir m` tbk Zkm`suri`gk.

Gbiptkr :—Ehroitmh` he Zkm`suri`gk Ilrkkok`ts 9. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l kckok`ts dktkrom`k wbktbkr i rkm`suri`gk ghopi`y ms girrym`l h` jusm`kss m` tbk [`mtkd Am`ldho8 I`swkr6 (i) tbk pcigk wbkrk tbk ilrkkok`t ilrkkok`t ms `klhtmitkd i`d oidk (j) tbk pcigk wbkrk tbk u`dkrwrmtm`l dkgmsmh` ms tiak` (d) tbk pcigk wbkrk chssks irk pimd. :. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk truk m` rkcitmh` th tbk iutbhrmsitmh` rkqumrkok`t8 I`swkr6 (i) i rkm`surkr oust jk iutbhrmskd th girry h` m`suri`gk m`suri`gk jusm`kss m` tbk [.A. (j) i rkm`surkr oust jk iutbhrmskd th girry h` rkm`suri`gk jusm`kss m` tbk [.A. (d) [.A. iutbhrmsitmh` gh`ekrs tbk rmlbt he dmrkgt sicks kcskwbkrk m` tbk KKI. 7. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 (i) i` u`iutbhrmskd m`surkr ms icwiys cmijck th mts phcmgy bhcdkrs (d) i` u`iutbhrmskd m`surkr wbh bis th piy mts phcmgy bhcdkrs ms ijck th rkghvkr erho mts rkm`surkrs m` icc gmrguosti`gks. 4. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 (j) i sujsgrmptmh` th i rkm`suri`gk scmp ms i gh`trigt he rkm`suri`gk. ;. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 (d) tbk jrhakr gi` viry tbk sujsgrmjkd pkrgk`tilks th i` hvkrsujsgrmjkd scmp. 5. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 (j) i gh`trigt he rkm`suri`gk oidk m` idvi`gk he i gh`trigt he m`suri`gk ms i u`mcitkric u`mcitkric gh`trigt (d) i jrhakr gi` eigk pkrsh`ic cmijmcmty th rkm`surkrs wbk` pcigm`l rkm`suri`gk m` idvi`gk he m`suri`gk. ><

(i) i cm`k scmp gh`stmtutks i` ilk`gy ilrkkok`t jktwkk` u`dkrwrmtkrs (d) i ckidm`l u`dkrwrmtkr gciusk ms mrrkvhgijck. =. M` tbk  Wpbkrk Driak  gisk, wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l ehcchwm`l bkid he cmijmcmty cmijmcmty wkrk eigkd jy tbk u`dkrwrmtm`l ilk`t8 I`swkr6 Icc he tbko. (i) jrkigb he gh`trigt gh`trigt (j) jrkigb he duty he girk (g) jrkigb he emdugmiry duty (d) gh`spmrigy th m`furk. 9>. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l rmsas dhks tbk kxtkr`ic rkm`suri`gk he tbk okojkrs he i rkm`suri`gk phhc ghvkr8 I`swkr6 (i) u`dkrwrmtm`l chssks m`gurrkd jy tbk phhc”s okojkrs (j) kxtk`dkd cmijmcmty cmijmcmty m` tbk kvk`t he tbk m`shcvk`gy he i phhc okojkr (g) jrkigb he duty h` tbk pirt he tbk u`dkrwrmtm`l u`dkrwrmtm`l ilk`t. 99. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts gh`gkr`m`l tbk m`surijck m`tkrkst he i rkm`surkr irk truk8 I`swkr6 (i) tbk rkm`surkd”s m`surijck m`tkrkst ms icwiys m` mts cmijmcmty (g) tbk rucks rkcitm`l th m`surijck m`tkrkst u`dkr tbk dmrkgt phcmgy ippcy th rkm`suri`gk.

Gbiptkr 7—[tohst Lhhd Eimtb 9. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 I`swkr6 (g) tbk rkm`surkd rkm`surkd oust dmsgchsk dmsgchsk icc oitkrmic oitkrmic eigts wbmgb bk a`kw hr wbmgb bk tur`kd i jcm`d kyk th. :. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 I`swkr6 (i) i`y oitkrmic oitkrmic eicsk stitkok`t oidk jy tbk rkm`surkd ms i jrkigb he tbk duty he utohst lhhd eimtb. 7. M` wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l gmrguosti`gks ms i eigt oitkrmic8 I`swkr6 (i) mt wis rklirdkd is oitkrmic jy tbk rkm`surkrs m`vhcvkd. 4. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l ehcchwm`l oust jk sbhw` th lmvk rmsk th m`dugkok`t8 m`dugkok`t8 I`swkr6 (j) tbk rkm`surkrs oust sbhw tbit tbk rmsa whucd h` tbk jici`gk he prhjijmcmtmks jkk` wrmttk` h` dmeekrk`t tkros, hr `ht it icc, bid eucc dmsgchsurk jkk` oidk (d) tbk rkm`surkrs rkm`surkrs gi` rkcy uph` tbk prksuoptmh` he m`dugkok`t h`cy me tbky irk u`ijck th lmvk tbkmr hw` kvmdk`gk h` m`dugkok`t. m`dugkok`t. ;. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l eigts irk oitkrmic ehr rkm`suri`gk purphsks8 I`swkr6 (j) tbk rkm`surkd”s gcimos kxpkrmk`gk (g) ruohurs tbit kvk`ts lmvm`l rmsk th phssmjck chssks bivk hggurrkd (d) tbk dmsbh`ksty he tbk issurkd. 5. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk truk8 I`swkr6 (i) i eigt `kkd `ht jk dmsgchskd dmsgchskd me mt wis a`hw` th tbk rkm`surkrs rkm`surkrs (j) i eigt `kkd `ht jk dmsgchskd dmsgchskd me mt hulbt th bivk jkk` a`hw` th tbk rkm`surkrs rkm`surkrs m` tbk hrdm`iry ghursk he tbkmr jusm`kss. ><

m`ehroitmh` (g) tbk rkm`surkrs rkm`surkrs oiy ivhmd tbk phcmgy me tbkrk ms i jrkigb he tbk gh`tm`um`l gh`tm`um`l duty. 2. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts gh`gkr`m`l tbk rkm`surkrs” rkokdmks ehr jrkigb he tbk duty he utohst lhhd eimtb irk ghrrkgt8 I`swkr6 (i) tbk rkm`surkrs gi` ivhmd tbk phcmgy. =. Tbk rkm`surkrs irk k`tmtckd th ivhmd tbk gh`trigt ehr `h`-dmsgchsurk jy tbk rkm`surkd”s jrhakrs m` wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l gmrguosti`gks8 I`swkr6 (i) tbk eigts wkrk `ht a`hw` th tbk jrhakr jut wkrk a`hw` th tbk rkm`surkd rkm`surkd (g) tbk eigts wkrk a`hw` th tbk rkm`surkd”s pcigm`l jrhakr i`d wkrk dkrmvkd erho bms rkcitmh`sbmp wmtb tbk rkm`surkd (d) tbk eigts wkrk a`hw` th tbk rkm`surkd”s pcigm`l jrhakr jut wkrk dkrmvkd erho lk`kric oirakt a`hwckdlk. 9>. Tbk rkm`surkrs irk erkk jy gh`trigt tkro th wimvk tbkmr rmlbts rmlbts u`dkr tbk duty he utohst lhhd eimtb m` wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l ehcchwm`l gmrguosti`gks8 I`swkr6 (i) m``hgk`t hr `klcmlk`t eimcurk jy tbk rkm`surkd th dmsgchsk oitkrmic eigts (j) m``hgk`t hr `klcmlk`t eimcurk jy tbk rkm`surkd”s jrhakr th dmsgchsk oitkrmic eigts.

Gbiptkr 4—Tkros he Zkm`suri`gk Ilrkkok`ts 9. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts ms truk8 I`swkr6 (i) I tkro oiy jk mopcmkd m`th i rkm`suri`gk rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t me tbk tkro ms `kgkssiry th lmvk jusm`kss keemgigy th tbk ilrkkok`t (g) I tkro oiy jk mopcmkd m`th i rkm`suri`gk rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t me tbkrk ms oirakt kvmdk`gk he i gustho. gustho. :. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts ms truk m` rkcitmh` th tbk –eucc rkm`suri`gk gciusk‟8 I`swkr6 (g) Tbk gciusk m`ghrphritks tbhsk tkros he tbk dmrkgt phcmgy wbmgb irk lkroi`k th rkm`suri`gk. 7. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l tkros wmcc lk`kriccy jk m`ghrphritkd jy i eucc rkm`suri`gk gciusk8 I`swkr6 (i) ghvkrilk gciusks (j) gcimos prhvmsmh`s (g) wirri`tmks. 4. \bkrk i tkro bis jkk` m`ghrphritkd jy i eucc rkm`suri`gk rkm`suri`gk gciusk, wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l keekgts keekgts oiy tbk tkro bivk m` tbk rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t8 I`swkr6 Jhtb. (i) Tbk m`ghrphritkd tkro oiy hpkritk is i prhvmsmh` wbmgb lhvkr`s tbk gh`trigtuic rkcitmh`sbmp jktwkk` rkm`surkd i`d rkm`surkr (j) Tbk m`ghrphritkd tkro oiy hpkritk is i stitkok`t he tbk gh`trigtuic phsmtmh` is jktwkk` tbk rkm`surkd i`d tbk dmrkgt issurkd. ;. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l gh`dmtmh`s irk `kgkssiry ehr tbk m`ghrphritmh` he i` irjmtritmh` (hr kxgcusmvk furmsdmgtmh`) gciusk m`th i rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t8 I`swkr6 (j) Tbk irjmtritmh` gciusk oust jk gipijck he –oi`mpucitmh`‟ sh tbit mt gi` jk kxtk`dkd th rkm`suri`gk dmsputks. (g) Tbkrk oust jk i` kxprkss rkekrk`gk th tbk irjmtritmh` gciusk m` tbk m`ghrphritm`l whrds m` tbk rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t. 5. \bkrk i wirri`ty wirri`ty bis jkk` m`ghrphritkd m`ghrphritkd erho i dmrkgt phcmgy lhvkr`kd jy i ehrkml` ehrkml` ciw m`th i rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t ilrkkok`t lhvkr`kd jy K`lcmsb ciw, wbmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts ms truk8 I`swkr6 I`swkr6 (j) Tbk gh`strugtmh` gh`strugtmh` he tbk wirri`ty ms th jk rklirdkd is lhvkr`kd jy tbk ehrkml` ciw. ><

(j) Tbk prm`gmpck he jiga th jiga ghvkr ippcmks h`cy th prhphrtmh`ic rkm`suri`gks (d) Tbk prm`gmpck he jiga th jiga ghvkr ms i rkjuttijck rkjuttijck ruck he gh`strugtmh` gh`strugtmh` h`cy.

Gbiptkr ;—Zmlbts i`d Hjcmlitmh`s he tbk ^irtmks 9. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts igguritkcy rkeckgt tbk ipprhigb he tbk ghurts th tbk gh`strugtmh` he rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`ts8 I`swkr6 (g) Tbk scmp oiy jk tiak` m`th igghu`t m` gh`strum`l gh`strum`l tbk whrds he tbk phcmgy (d) Tbk ghurts oust tiak igghu`t he tbk oirakt jigalrhu`d ilim`st ilim`st wbmgb tbk phcmgy wis wrmttk`. wrmttk`. :. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts ms truk8 I`swkr6 (i) Me tbk rkm`surkd eimcs th ghopcy wmtb i gh`dmtmh` prkgkdk`t th tbk rmsa, tbk rmsa `kvkr ittigbks. 7. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts ms truk8 I`swkr6 (i) Me tbk rkm`surkd eimcs th ghopcy wmtb i gh`dmtmh` prkgkdk`t th tbk rkm`surkrs” cmijmcmty, tbk rkm`surkrs irk `ht cmijck (d) I gh`dmtmh` gh`dmtmh` prkgkdk`t th cmijmcmty cmijmcmty oiy jk grkitkd h`cy jy u`kqumvhgic u`kqumvhgic whrdm`l. 4. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts ms truk8 I`swkr6 (j) Me tbk rkm`surkd eimcs th ghopcy wmtb i jirk gh`dmtmh`, tbk m`surkrs irk ijck th trkit tbk gh`trigt is rkpudmitkd me tbk gh`dmtmh` ms kssk`tmic th tbk phcmgy (g) Me tbk rkm`surkd eimcs th ghopcy wmtb i jirk gh`dmtmh`, gh`dmtmh`, tbk m`surkrs irk ijck th trkit tbk gh`trigt is rkpudmitkd rkpudmitkd me tbk jrkigb ms i skrmhus h`k (d) Me tbk rkm`surkd eimcs th ghopcy wmtb i jirk gh`dmtmh` gh`dmtmh` tbk rkm`surkrs rkm`surkrs oiy bivk tbk rmlbt th rkeusk th piy tbk gcimo jut `ht th trkit tbk phcmgy is rkpudmitkd. ;. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk igguritk m` rkcitmh` th wirri`tmks8 I`swkr6 (j) Jrkigb he wirri`ty iuthoitmgiccy tkrom`itks tbk rmsa. 5. \bmgb he tbk ehcchwm`l stitkok`ts irk truk m` rkcitmh` th tbk piyok`t he tbk prkomuo u`dkr i rkm`suri`gk ilrkkok`t8 I`swkr6 I`swkr6 (j) Tbk iohu`t he tbk prkomuo oiy jk virmkd durm`l tbk ghursk he i ch`l-tkro ch`l-tkro ilrkkok`t. ilrkkok`t.