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ADACAOD@M DO EAC^MVAJEBDPOÊÃM

A D A C A O D @ M D O E A C ^ M V A J E B D PO Ê Ã M  

ADP^M@RÊÃM eacrmpajebdtoêãm á cmdhbca`o cmem eoquaojbe sbea `b﬏datavo, qub vbe `m adjlés VB^EODBDP EOKB RV (VER). Á ue prmcbssm `brembstátacm, qub vaso benblbzor mu trodsgmreor o gocb, volmrazod`m ms troêms b suos bxprbssòbs. Mutrms Mutrms dmebs toenáe sãm `o`ms æ eacrmpajebdtoêãm, m eoas odtajm, cmem `brempajebdtoêãm mu totuojbe cmseátaco.

O

M mnibtavm `o eacrmpajebdtoêãm á prmemvbr nblbzo, rbssoltor troêms gmrtbs gmr tbs b blbvor o outmbstaeo b m nbe-bstor, `bstocod`m ms mlhms b rbvatolazod`m ms lïnams. Blo eml`o os smnrodcblhos, qub ﬏coe pbrgbatos, eblhmrod`m m ospbctm `b orámlos b copalorbs. O eacrmpajebdtoêãm utalazo rbcursms cme o adtrm`uêãm `b pajebdtms `b quola`o`b mrjîdaco b admrjîdaco.

PAVMS @B V^MCB@AEBDPMS @B EAC^MVAJEBDPOÊÃM • Smnrodcblhos Sho`mw mu Gams; • @bladbo`mr `b mlhms; • Eacrmpajebdtoêãm lonaol; • Cmrrbêãm `b orámlo mu Eacrmpajebdtoêãm poroeá`aco; • Protoebdtm `b bstraos; • Eacrmpajebdtoêãm copalor; • CC Jlmw.

_RODPM PBEVM @R^O O EAC^MVAJEBDPOÊÃM= O pblb á ue órjãm qub bstï be cmdstodtb rbdmvoêãm, sbd`m ossae, dãm tbe cmem `btbreador ue pbråm`m ﬏xm `b `uronala`o`b, co`o mrjodasem quod`m rbcbnb m pajebdtm

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Folodspo`mdb

 

A D A C A O D @ M D O E A C ^ M V A J E B D PO Ê Ã M

rbojb `b ueo gmreo, sbe golor toenáe dms d ms tapms `b pblb b cmstuebs `aïrams `b co`o clabdtb. Cmstuem `azbr `b 7 o ?> ebsbs be pblbs eoas mlbmsos b `b ?> otá >0 ebsbs be pblbs dmreoas bssb pbråm`m, jro`otavm,b, sbcos. jro`otavm sbd`m Opós d bcbssïram dbcbssïram ueo dmvom pajebdtm sbêãm poroaeplodtod`m eodutbdêãmsmgrbrï `o cmr cmr.ue . clorboebdtm

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

 

O VBLB

GRDÊÒBS @O VBLB V^MPBÊÃM » O pblb prmtbjb m cmrpm cmdtro o onrosãm b ms bgbatms dmcavms `o ro`aoêãm RW. RW. Aepb`b o bdtro`o `b eacrmmrjodasems b bvato o `bsa`rotoêãm, rb`uzad`m o pbr`o hå`raco. » Sbdsoêãm (pbrcbpêãm)9 M sastbeo tbjuebdtor pmssua rbcbptmrbs sbdsmraoas poro o `btbcêãm `b colmr, gram, totm, prbssãm b `mr. » ^bjuloêãm táreaco. » O quodta`o`b `b sodjub qub ﬎ua pblms copalorbs `o pblb b o otava`o`b `os jlîd`ulos su`mråporos oiu`oe o rbjulor o tbepbroturo cmrpmrol. » Vrm`uêãm `b vatoeado @. » _uod`m bxpmsto æ luz RW, RW, o pblb prm`uz ueo emláculo prbcursmro `b vatoeado @, ue aepmrtodtb cmepmstm poro o hmebmstosb jlmnol. » Soù`b óssbo, cor`amvosculor, cor`amvosculor, aeudmlójaco. » Vrmlagbroêãm, `agbrbdcaoêãm, `agbrbdcaoêãm, opmptmsb – adtbjra`o`b `o norrbaro bpa`áreaco. » Bxcrbêãm b Sbcrbêãm. » Vbqubdos Vbqubdos quodta`o`bs `b ebtonólatms sãm bxcrbto`os pblo pblb b pblos jlîd`ulos. » Os jlîd`ulos ácrados sbcrbtoe ïjuo, blbtrólatms, nacornmdotms, urbao, ebtoas pbso`ms btc.

BVA@B^EB O bpa`breb cmdsastb be ue bpatálam povaebdtmsm bstrota﬏co`m b qubrotadazo`m, `b mrajbe bctm`áreaco. Suo bspbssuro vorao oprmxaeo`oebdtb `b 6,60 o ?,2 ee `b ocmr`m cme o tmpmjro﬏o; 12% `os cálulos qub cmepòbe o bpa`breb sãm qubrotadócatms mrjodazo`ms be 0 coeo`os qub sb rbdmvoe cmdtaduoebdtb.

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

Sãm blos9 coeo`o nosol mu jbreadotavo, coeo`o bspadhmso, coeo`o jrodulmso b coeo`o córdbo. O coeo`o eoas prmgud`o, o nosol, oprbsbdto otava`o`b eatótaco, b ms qubrotadócatms rbsultodtbs `o `avasãm cblulor smgrbe `agbrbdcaoêãm æ eb`a`o qub sãm bepurro`ms poro os coeo`os eoas supbramrbs, sadtbtazod`m quodta`o`b crbscbdtb `b qubrotado dm sbu catmploseo. M tbepm eoturoêãm `b ueo cálulo nosol otá otadjar o coeo`o córdbo á `b oprmxaeo`oebdtb >7`b `aos.

Coeo`o nosol mu jbreadotavo, coeo`o bspadhmso, coeo`o jrodulmso b coeo`o córdbo Os coeo`os `o bpa`breb bstãm `aspmstos `b em`m qub suo supbrgåcab á rblotavoebdtb plodo, plodo, cme bxcbêãm `os ïrbos `os prbjos cutîdbos, sunebta`os o bxtbdsòbs b cmdtroêòbs. O nosb `o bpa`breb á sadumso, gmreo`o pmr cmdbs bpa`áreacms qub sb prmibtoe do `breb b bdcmdtroe-sb adtbrcolo`ms cme prmibêòbs `ajatagmrebs `o `breb `bdmeado`os popalos. Bsso `aspmsaêãm cmdgbrb jrod`b o`bsãm `o bpa`breb cme o `breb b eoamr supbrgåcab `b cmdtotm bdtrb blos, pbreatad`m ueo ïrbo b﬏coz `b trmco bdtrb bssbs `mas cmepmdbdtbs,  iï qub o bpa`breb á ovosculor b suo dutraêãm `bravo `ms copalorbs `áreacms. `áreacms. Adtbrcolo`ms bdtrb ms qubrotadócatms, Lodjbrhods b os cálulos hï `b mutrms Ebrkbl.tapms cblulorbs, cmem ms eblodócatms, os cálulos `b

VMVRLOÊÃM _RB^OPMCÅPACO COEO@O NOSOL Á o coeo`o eoas prmgud`o `o bpa`breb, `blaeatod`m-sb cme o `breb. Á cmdstatuå`o honatuolebdtb pmr ùdaco coeo`o `b qubrotadócatms qub pmssube catmploseo nosó﬏lm b dùclbms jrod`bs, olmdjo`ms, mvoas b hapbrcrmeïtacms, be cmdtåduo `avasãm eatótaco.

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

COEO@O BSVADHMSO MR EOLVAJHAODO Satuo-sb lmjm ocaeo `o coeo`o nosol b á gmreo`o pmr 2 o ?6 coeo`os `b qubrotadócatms cme cmd﬏juroêãm pmlaá`raco, ochotod`m-sb prmjrbssavoebdtb be `arbêãm æ supbrgåcab, cme sbus eoamrbs baxms porolblms o bsto. Os cálulos bspadhmsos bstãm uda`os ebcodacoebdtb bdtrb sa b æs cálulos nosoas suniocbdtbs pmr ebam `b pmdtbs adtbrcblulorbs `bdmeado`os `bsemssmems, bstruturos cmeplbxos qub cmdgbrbe æ pblb rbsastédcao o troueos ebcîdacms. Do coeo`o nosol, hï opbdos ueo ploco `b o`brédcao lajod`m o ebenrodo ploseïtaco `os cálulos nosoas æ ebenrodo nosol, bssos bstruturos `b o`bsãm sãm choeo`os hbea`bsemssmems. Odmreola`o`bs `ms `bsemssmems cousoe sbporoêãm `os cálulos (ocodtólasb), cme gmreoêãm `b nmlhos mu vbsåculos do bpa`breb. Á m qub mcmrrb be `mbdêos outmaeudbs cmem péd﬏jm gmlaïcbm b péd﬏jm vuljor, vuljor, md`b hï prm`uêãm `b odtacmrpms cmdtro os `bsemjlbådos ? b 3 (cmdstatuadtbs `ms `bsemssmems), rbspbctavoebdtb.

COEO@O J^ODRLMS J^ODR LMSO O Á cmepmsto pmr ? o 3 coeo`os ochoto`os `b qubrotadócatms cme gmreotm lmsodjulor b catmploseo rbplbtm `b jrîdulms `b qubrotm-haolado, qub `ï mrajbe æ ﬏lojrado, aepmrtodtb cmepmdbdtb `m bdvblmpb `os cálulos cmrdba﬏co`os. Dbsto coeo`o, iï sb mnsbrvoe, oláe `o ﬏lojrado, ms mutrms cmepmdbdtbs dbcbssïrams poro o emrtb prmjroeo`o `os cálulos b o gmreoêãm `o norrbaro supbr﬏caol aepbrebïvbl æ ïjuo, cmem advmlucrado, qubrotmladado, podcmrdulados b lmracrado. Do pblb`bdmeado`o `o rbjaãm polemplodtor, polemplodtor , hï Suos ueo coeo`o o`acamdol bdtrbbosgmreoe coeo`os jrodulmso b córdbo bstrotm lùca`m. cálulos sãm od uclbo`os oduclbo`os ueo goaxo cloro c loro b hmemjédbo, gmrtbebdtb cmro`os pblo bmsado æ eacrmscmpao óptaco.

COEO@O CÓ^DBO Á o coeo`o eoas supbr﬏caol `o pblb. Suo bspbssuro á voraïvbl `b ocmr`m cme o tmpmjro﬏o odotðeaco, sbd`m eoamr dos poleos b plodtos. M prmcbssm `b eoturoêãm `ms qubrotadócatms bstï cmeplbtm dm bstrotm córdbm, oprbsbdtod`m cálulos oduclbo`os cme ue sastbeo `b ﬏loebdtms `b qubrotado aebrsm be ueo eotraz cmdtåduo carcud`o`o pmr ebenrodo cblulor bspbsso`o.

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

VMVRLOÊÃM DÃM-_RB^O DÃM-_RB^OPPMCÅPACO

EBLODÓCAPMS Sãm cálulos `bd`råtacos `b mrajbe bctm`áreaco qub sadtbtazoe pajebdtm eblîdacm. Lmcolazoe-sb do coeo`o nosol b sbus `bd`ratms bstbd`be-sb pmr lmdjos `astîdcaos do bpa`breb, bstod`m be cmdtotm cme euatms qubrotadócatms poro ms quoas trodsgbrb eblodado. M eblodócatm b ms qubrotadócatms cme ms quoas sb rblocamdo cmdstatube os uda`o`bs bpa`bremeblîdacos `o pblb, dueo prmpmrêãm `b ? poro 37, rbspbctavoebdtb.

CÁLRLOS @B LODJB^HODS Sãm cálulos `bd`råtacos mrajado`os do eb`ulo óssbo qub cmdstatube > o 8% `os cálulos `o bpa`breb b lmcolazoe-sb do coeo`o bspadhmso. Do eacrmscmpao blbtrðdaco, sãm coroctbrazo`os pmr bstruturos catmploseïtacos `bdmeado`os jrîdulms `b Narnbck, qub sb ossbeblhoe o ueo roqubtb `b tédas. Pée gudêãm aeudmlójaco, cmem cálulos oprbsbdto`mros `b odtåjbdms oms ladgócatms P. CÁLRLOS @B EB^KBL Sãm cálulos `b mrajbe cmdtrmvbrso bdcmdtro`os dos bxtrbea`o`bs `astoas `ms `b`ms, lïnams, jbdjavos b noadho bxtbrdo `ms gmlåculms palmsms. Oljuds ocrb`atoe qub sbioe `b

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

mrajbe dburmbd`ócrado, pmas oprbsbdtoe jrîdulms adtrocatmploseïtacms cme sunstîdcaos dburmtrodseassmros dburmtrodseassmr os b bstãm be cmdtotm ådtaem cme ﬏nros dbrvmsos dbr vmsos `o `breb, cmdstatuad`m ms `ascms `b Ebrkbl, qub prmvovblebdtb sãm ebcodmrrbcbptmrbs.

IRDÊÃM Os cálulos `o@B^EMBVA@Á^EACO coeo`o nosol `o bpa`breb rbpmusoe smnrb ueo bstruturo choeo`o ebenrodo nosol. O eacrmscmpao óptaco, bsso zmdo laeåtrmgb cmro`o pblm ïca`m pbraó`acm `b Schast (VOS) (VOS) rbvblo ueo `bljo`o zmdo udagmreb `b rboêãm adtbdso. Ms bstu`ms `b eacrmscmpao blbtrðdaco bsclorbcbroe o cmeplbxa`o`b `bsso rbjaãm, m qub vbe gocalatod`m o cmeprbbdsãm `b vïraos `mbdêos cutîdbos. cutîd bos. O zmdo `o ebenrodo nosol á cmdstatuå`o pmr 0 ïrbos `astadtos9 o ebenrodo cblulor `o cálulo nosol; o lîeado lùca`o, smn o ebenrodo ploseïtaco `ms qubrotadócatms nosoas, cme sbus hbea`bsemssmems; o lîeado `bdso, gmreo`o pmr cmlïjbdm tapm AW; b o lîeado ﬏nrmrrbtaculor,, qub sb cmdtaduo cme o `breb suniocbdtb. ﬏nrmrrbtaculor O gudêãm `o zmdo `o ebenrodo nosol á gmrdbcbr o odcmrojbe b o o`bsãm `o bpa`breb cme o `breb, eodtbd`m o pbrebonala`o`b dos trmcos bdtrb bstbs `mas cmepmdbdtbs b otuod`m cmem ﬏ltrm poro o trodsgbrédcao `b eotbraoas b cálulos. Wïraos `mbdêos ebcodmnmlhmsos hbrb`atïraos b outm-aeudbs bdvmlvbe o sbporoêãm b o gmreoêãm `b nmlhos be vïrams dåvbas `o iudêãm `brembpa`áreaco, cmem bpa`breólasb nmlhmso, pbd﬏jma`b nmlhmsm, pbd﬏jma`b jbstocamdol b lùpus bratbeotmsm nmlhmsm.

@B^EB O `breb á o coeo`o satuo`o lmjm onoaxm `o bpa`breb, gmreo`o pmr `bdsm bstrmeo ﬏nrmblïstacm `b tbca`m cmdbctavm be ebam o ueo sunstîdcao gud`oebdtol, qub sbrvb `b supmrtb poro bxtbdsos rb`bs vosculorbs b dbrvmsos, b odbxms cutîdbms qub `bravoe `o bpa`breb. Ms pradcapoas cmepmdbdtbs `o `breb adclube m cmlïjbdm (:6 o 86%) poro rbsastédcao, o blostado (? o 3%) poro blostaca`o`b b ms prmtbmjlacodms, qub cmdstatube o sunstîdcao oemrgo be tmrdm `os ﬏nros cmlïjbdos b blïstacos.

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

O `breb `ava`b-sb be popalor (eoas bxtbrdo), rbtaculor (eoas adtbrdo) b `breb pbraodbxaol. O `breb popalor á eoas `bljo`o, oltoebdtb vosculorazo`o b prbbdchb os cmdcova`o`bs bdtrb os crastos bpa`áreacos, `od`m mrajbe æs popalos mu crastos `áreacos. Á gmreo`o pmr gbaxbs `blaco`ms `b ﬏nros cmlïjbdos (pradcapolebdtb `m tapm AAA) b blïstacos, `aspmstos be ueo rb`b grmuxo, carcud`o`o pmr onud`odtb jbl `b eucmpmlassocorå`bms. O `breb rbtaculor cmepòb o eoamr portb `o bspbssuro `o `breb, bstï onoaxm `m dåvbl `os crastos bpa`áreacos b á cmdstatuå`o `b ﬏nros cmlïjbdos (pradcapolebdtb `m tapm A) bdtrbloêo`os, oláe `b ﬏nros blïstacos qub bstãm `aspmstos porolbloebdtb æ supbrgåcab `o pblb. O `breb pbraodbxaol tbe o ebseo bstruturo `o `breb popalor, popalor, eos lmcolazo-sb be tmrdm `ms odbxms cutîdbms. M sastbeo blïstacm, qub pbrebao os ﬏nros cmlïjbdos `os `brebs popalor b rbtaculor rbtaculor,, á rbspmdsïvbl pblo blostaca`o`b cutîdbo, mu sbio, copoca`o`b `o pblb `b rbtmrdor æ pmsaêãm mrajadol quod`m sunebta`o om bstaroebdtm. O `breb cmdtáe pmpuloêãm easto `b cálulos, adcluad`m ﬏nrmnlostms, ﬏nrócatms, eocrógojms tbca`uoas, eblodógojms, eostócatms b lbucócatms sodjuådbms (cmem dbutró﬏lms, bmsadó﬏lms, ladgócatms, emdócatms b ploseócatms).

WOSCRLO^AYOÊÃM M supraebdtm vosculor `o pblb á laeato`m æ `breb b cmdstatua-sb `b ue plbxm prmgud`m be cmdbxãm cme ue plbxm supbr﬏caol. Bstbs plbxms cmrrbe porolblms æ supbrgåcab cutîdbo b bstãm lajo`ms pmr vosms cmeudacodtbs `aspmstms pbrpbd`aculorebdtb. M plbxm supbr﬏caol satuo-sb do pmrêãm supbr﬏caol `o `breb rbtaculor, rbtaculor, cme ortbråmlos or tbråmlos pbqubdos `os quoas portbe olêos copalorbs, qub oscbd`be otá m tmpm `b co`o popalo `áreaco b rbtmrdoe cmem copalorbs vbdmsms. M plbxm prmgud`m satuo-sb do nosb `o `breb rbtaculor b á cmepmstm pmr ortbråmlos b védulos `b porb`bs eoas bspbssos. Hï lajoêãm ådtaeo bdtrb bd trb ms plbxms pmr ebam `ms vosms cmeudacodtbs, b m cmdtrmlb `m ﬎uxm sodjuådbm `áreacm pmr bssbs vosms cmdtranua poro m cmdtrmlb `o tbepbroturo cmrpórbo.

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

HAVM@B^EB O hapm`breb mu podåculm o`apmsm á o coeo`o eoas prmgud`o `o pblb b bstï mrjodazo`o be lónulms `b jmr`uro `ava`a`ms pmr sbptms ﬏nrmsms cmepmstms `b cmlïjbdm, pmr md`b cmrrbe vosms sodjuådbms, ladgïtacms b dbrvms. Rdb o `breb æ gïscao prmgud`o suniocbdtb, onsmrvb chmqubs b gudcamdo cmem asmlodtb táreacm.

ADB^WOÊÃM O adbrvoêãm `o pblb á onud`odtb b cmdstatuå`o pmr dbrvms emtmrbs outmdðeacms b pmr dbrvms sbdsmraoas smeïtacms. M sastbeo outmdðeacm á cmepmstm pmr ﬏nros saepïtacos b á rbspmdsïvbl pblo palmbrbêãm, cmdstraêãm `o vosculoturo cutîdbo cutîd bo b sbcrbêãm `m sumr. sumr. Os ﬏nros qub adbrvoe os jlîd`ulos ácrados sãm saepïtacos, eos tée cmem c mem dburmtrodseassmr o ocbtalcmlado. M sastbeo smeïtacm á rbspmdsïvbl pblos sbdsoêòbs `b `mr `mr,, prura`m, totmsbdsatavms suovb, totm `ascraeadotavm, `ascraeadotavm , prbssãm, vanroêãm, prmpramcbpêãm b táreaco. Ms dbrvms d brvms tée rbcbptmrbs bspbcaolazo`ms `ava`a`ms gudcamdolebdtb be ebcodmrrbcbptmrbs, cmdstatuar bstruturos bspbcaolazo`os, cmem9 » cmrpùsculms `b Wotbr-Vocada, dos rbjaòbs polemplodtorbs; » bspbcå﬏cms poro prbssãm b vanroêãm; » cmrpùsculms `b Ebassdbr, Ebassdbr, dos pmlpos `ms `b`ms, bspbcå﬏cms poro m totm; » cmrpùsculms `b Krousb, dos ïrbos `b trodsaêãm bdtrb pblb b eucmsos, sbdsåvbas om gram; » cmrpùsculms `b ^uffida, sbdsåvbas om colmr. colmr. Vm`be toenáe sbr `bsprmva`ms `b coroctbråstacos bstruturoas bspbcå﬏cos, qub sãm os tbreadoêòbs dbrvmsos lavrbs rbspmdsïvbas pblo sbdsanala`o`b `o `mr `mr,, prura`m b portb `o táreaco.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

ODBXMS CRPÎDBMS

RDA@O@B VALMSSBNÏCBO Os uda`o`bs palmssbnïcbos sãm bdcmdtro`os smnrb tm`o o supbrgåcab `o pblb, bxcbtm dos rbjaòbs polemplodtorbs, dms lïnams b do jlod`b. Cmepòbe-sb `b ueo hostb palmso carcud`o`o pmr noadho bpatblaol cmdtåduo cme o bpa`breb, ueo jlîd`ulo sbnïcbo, eusculoturo laso palmbrbtmro b, be cbrtos cbr tos rbjaòbs cmrpórbos, `uctm bxcrbtmr `b ueo jlîd`ulo opócrado qub `bsbenmco ocaeo `o jlîd`ulo sbnïcbo. O hostb palmso á o portb `m pblm qub sb prmibto poro gmro `o pblb, b suo roaz á o rbjaãm qub ﬏co `bdtrm `o pblb. O hostb á cmepmsto pmr cutåculo bxtbrdo, córtbx cór tbx adtbreb`aïram b eb`ulo. O noadho bpatblaol `o roaz `ava`b-sb be noadhos ro`aculorbs bxtbrdo b adtbrdo. O bxtbrdo `ï cmdtadua`o`b æs cálulos `o coeo`o bspadhmso `o bpa`breb supbr﬏caol, b o adtbrdo á gmreo`o pmr trés coeo`os cblulorbs `astadtos9 coeo`o `b Hbdlb, coeo`o `b Huxlby b cutåculo, gmreo`o pmr bscoeos qub sb bdtrbloêoe cme os bscoeos `o cutåculo `m pblm. Do pmrêãm eoas adgbramr `m gmlåculm palmsm, hï ueo bxpodsãm choeo`o `b nulnm palmsm, qub cmdtáe o eotraz `m pblm. Dblo mcmrrb o otava`o`b eatótaco `m pblm b bdcmdtroe-sb ms eblodócatms, sbd`m, pmrtodtm, rbspmdsïvbl pblm crbscaebdtm b pajebdtoêãm `m pblm. Hï `mas tapms `b pblm9 m lodujm mu pblm gbtol, qub sãm curtms, `blaco`ms b clorms, a`édtacms

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Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

oms pblms vblus `m o`ultm; b m tbreadol, eoas jrmssm, bscurm b jrod`b, bdcmdtro`m dos oxalos, conblms, norno b rbjaãm pùnaco. Ms pblms dãm crbscbe cmdtaduoebdtb, b sae `b eodbaro cåclaco, pm`bd`m-sb a`bdta﬏cor 3 gosbs `astadtos9 » odïjbdo9 gosb `b crbscaebdtm otavm, cme `uroêãm `b > o 3 odms; cmrrbspmd`b o 82% `ms conblms; » cotïjbdo9 gosb `b advmluêãm, cme `uroêãm `b 3 sbeodos; cmrrbspmd`b o ?% `ms conblms; » tblójbdo9 gosb `b qub`o, cme `uroêãm `b 3 o 0 ebsbs; cmrrbspmd`b o ?0% `ms conblms.

JLÎD@RLOS SBNÏCBOS Os jlîd`ulos sbnïcbos sãm jlîd`ulos hmlócrados, hmlócrado s, cuio gudêãm á prm`uzar m sbnm, qub á ueo cmenadoêãm `b ástbrbs `b cbro, bsquolbdm, ástbrbs `b cmlbstbrml b trajlacára`bs. Á sbcrbto`m otrovás `m `uctm sbnïcbm do luz `m gmlåculm palmsm b rbcmnrb o supbrgåcab cutîdbo, otuod`m cmem lunra﬏codtb doturol d oturol `m pblm, oláe `b bvator o pbr`o `b ïjuo pblo coeo`o córdbo, prmtbjbr cmdtro bxcbssm `b ïjuo do supbrgåcab b tbr oêãm noctbraca`o b odtagùdjaco. Mcmrrbe pmr od`rójbdm. tm`o o pblb, bxcbtm do rbjaãm polemplodtor, polemplodtor, b sbu cmdtrmlb á hmremdol, bspbcaolebdtb

JLÎD@RLOS SR@M^ÅV SR@M^ÅVO^OS O^OS ÁC^ADOS Os jlîd`ulos su`mråporos ácrados `bravoe `o bpa`breb b dãm pbrtbdcbe æ uda`o`b palmssbnïcbo. Co`o jlîd`ulo á ue tùnulm saeplbs cme ue sbjebdtm sbcrbtmr bdmvblo`m satuo`m do `breb b ue `uctm rbtm qub sb bstbd`b otá o supbrgåcab `o pblb. Sãm adbrvo`os pmr ﬏nros saepïtacos, eos tée o ocbtalcmlado cmem eb`ao`mr. eb`ao`mr.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

?0

Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

Bstãm lmcolazo`os be tm`o o supbrgåcab cutîdbo, bxcbtm dos ïrbos `b pblb em`a﬏co`o, cmem ms lïnams, ms lbatms udjuboas b o jlod`b. Vortacapoe `o tbremrrbjuloêãm, prm`uzad`m prm`uzad`m sumr hapmtðdacm qub bvopmro `urodtb m colmr mu bstrbssb bemcamdol.

JLÎD@RLOS SR@M^ÅV SR@M^ÅVO^OS O^OS OVÓC^ADOS Os jlîd`ulos su`mråporos opócrados `bravoe `o bpa`breb b gozbe portb `o uda`o`b palmssbnïcbo, `bsbenmcod`m, be jbrol, dms gmlåculms palmsms. Lmcolazoe-sb dos oxalos, bscrmtm, prbpùcam, prbpùcam, pbqubdms lïnams, eoealms b rbjaãm pbradbol, oláe `b, em`a﬏co`oebdtb, dos pïlpbnros (jlîd`ulos `b Emll), eoeos (jlîd`ulos eoeïraos) b cmd`utm ou`atavm bxtbrdm (jlîd`ulos cbrueadmsos). Vrm`uzbe sbcrbêãm vascmso b lbatmso cmdstatuå`o `b prmtbådos, oêùcorbs, oeðdam b ïca`ms Vrm`uzbe jroxms; á adm`mro quod`m otadjb o supbrgåcab, eos os noctáraos o `bcmepòbe, cousod`m m`mr `bsojro`ïvbl. Sãm adbrvo`os pmr ﬏nros dbrvmsos saepïtacos b bstãm smn cmdtrmlb `ms hmreðdams sbxuoas. Suo gudêãm gudê ãm prmvovblebdtb prmvovblebdtb rbprbsbdto vbståjams `b bspácabs adgbramrbs, cuio cmeudacoêãm sbxuol sb `ï pmr ebam `b sunstîdcaos quåeacos.

GASAMLMJAO @O VBLB Os vïraos bstruturos `o pblb bxbrcbe gudêòbs praemr`aoas poro o smnrbvavédcao `m mrjodasem. Sãm blos9 » M bstrotm córdbm otuo cmem norrbaro poro o pbr`o `b ïjuo `os coeo`os bpa`áreacos adtbrdos b poro lbsãm prmvbdabdtb `m oenabdtb bxtbrdm, cmem o bdtro`o `b ojbdtbs tóxacms b eacrm-mrjodasems. » Ms eblodócatms bxbrcbe prmtbêãm cmdtro ms bgbatms ad`bsbiïvbas `o ro`aoêãm smlor ultrovamlbto pmr ebam `o eblodado, qub o onsmrvb oeploebdtb. » Ms dbrvms `áreacms tée o aepmrtodtb gudêãm `b pbrcbpêãm `m ebam. » Os ﬏nros cmlïjbdos b blïstacos `o `breb b suo sunstîdcao gud`oebdtol cmdgbrbe æ pblb prmprab`o`bs vascmblïstacos b `b rbsastédcao, qub o prmtbjbe cmdtro os gmrêos `b casolhoebdtm.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

?2

Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

» O tbremrrbjuloêãm sb `ï pblo bxtbdso rb`b vosculor cutîdbo, otrovás `m cmdtrmlb `m ﬎uxm sodjuådbm, b pblos jlîd`ulos su`mråporos ácrados, cuio sbcrbêãm prmpmrcamdo m rbsgraoebdtm pmr bvopmroêãm o portar `o supbrgåcab `o pblb. »æ M popbl pblb do prmtbêãm aeudmlójaco `m mrjodasem sb `bvb pradcapolebdtb cálulo `b`o Lodjbrhods, qub portacapo `b vïraos rboêòbs aeudmlójacos, adclusavb do adtbroêãm eocrógojm-cálulo P b dos adtbroêòbs bdtrb ladgócatms P b N. » O pblb `bsbepbdho ueo gudêãm bd`ócrado, pmas o oêãm `o ro`aoêãm ultrovamlbto smnrb m :-`ba`rmcmlbstbrml :-`ba`rmcmlbstbrml dms cbrotadócatms gmreo o vatoeado @3, qub bstaeulo o onsmrêãm `b cïlcam b gmsgotm dm adtbstadm.

CÁLRLOS @M PBCA@M P BCA@M CMDIRDPAWM M tbca`m cmdiudtavm prmpraoebdtb `atm sb oprbsbdto `b euatos gmreos, os quoas sãm coroctbrazo`os pblms tapms `b cálulos qub os cmepòb. Poas Poas cálulos pm`be sbr pbreodbdtbs b trodsatóraos9 » Vbreodbdtbs9 Ganrmnlostms, Eostócatms, Eocrógojms, Eo crógojms, O`apócatms, Vbracatms; Vbracatms; » Prodsatóraos9 (cálulos `b `bgbso)9 Vloseócatms, Dbutrm﬏lms, Bmsadó﬏lms, Ladgócatms.

SASPBEO AERDMLÓJACM M sastbeo aeudmlójacm, toenáe choeo`m `b sastbeo aeudb, á m qub jorodtb prmtbêãm om dmssm cmrpm, bvatod`m qub sunstîdcaos bstrodhos b potójbdms ogbtbe dbjotavoebdtb dmsso soù`b. Á ue sastbeo cmeplbxm qub bdvmlvb ueo sárab `b cálulos b órjãms qub gudcamdoe, be cmdiudtm, cmem ueo jrod`b norrbaro `b prmtbêãm. O copoca`o`b `m dmssm cmrpm `b prmtbjbr prmtbjbr-dms -dms cmdtro bssbs ojbdtbs á choeo`o `b aeuda`o`b. O aeuda`o`b pm`b sbr clossa﬏co`o be adoto b o`quara`o. O praebaro oprbsbdto ueo rbspmsto eoas oeplo, b ms ad`avå`ums iï doscbe cme ms ebcodasems qub o prmemvbe. Do sbjud`o os rbspmstos sãm eoas bspbcå﬏cos, b m ad`avå`um `bsbdvmlvb-o `urodtb suo os lm i o.c m e.n r

?7

Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

va`o.

AERDA@O@B ADO A DOPPO B O@_RA^A O@_RA^A@O @O O copoca`o`b `m dmssm cmrpm `b prmtbjbr prmtbjbr-dms -dms cmdtro ojbdtbs advosmrbs á choeo`o `b aeuda`o`b. Bsto pm`b sbr clossa﬏co`o `uos gmreos9 adoto b o`quara`o. aeuda`o`b adoto á o qub m ad`avå`um pmssua `bs`b m sbu`b doscaebdtm. Dblo tbems norrbarosOdoturoas ojad`m, cmem pblb b eucmsos, b toenáe ojbdtbs adtbrdms, cmem lbucócatms b cálulos gojmcåtacos. Dbssb tapm tbems ueo rbspmsto adbspbcå﬏co. O aeuda`o`b o`quara`o mcmrrb om lmdjm `m `bsbdvmlvaebdtm `m ad`avå`um b á eoas bspbcaolazo`o. Voro Voro sbr `bsbdvmlva`o, dbcbssato `m cmdtotm cme ue ojbdtb advosmr, advosmr, m quol `bsbdco`borï ueo sárab `b bvbdtms qub lbvoe æ otavoêãm `b `btbreado`os cálulos b æ sådtbsb `b odtacmrpms. O aeuda`o`b o`quara`o pm`b sbr clossa﬏co`o be huemrol mu eb`ao`o pmr cálulos. Oqublo á eb`ao`o pblms odtacmrpms, b bsto, pblms ladgócatms P. P.

EOC^ÓGOJMS M eocrógojm á ueo cálulo mrajado`o `ms emdócatms qub sãm cálulos `m sodjub. Suo pradcapol gudêãm bstï rblocamdo`o æ gojmcatmsb b padmcatmsb `b blbebdtms bstrodhms om mrjodasem b `b cálulos emrtos. Vmssua emrgmlmjao euatm vorao`o, pm`bd`m sbr ﬏xm, choeo`m `b hastaócatm mu eóvbl, emvbd`m-sb pmr beassãm `b psbu`ópm`ms. V^MCBSSM @B AEVLODPOÊÃM @M VAJEBDPM O prmgud`a`o`b `o `breb ﬏co be eá`ao `b ?ee onoaxm o noaxm `o portb eoas bxtbrdo `o pblb. Om pbdbtror do `breb, o tadto á rbcmdhbca`o pblos cálulos `m dmssm sastbeo aeudmlójacm cmem advosmrbs `m cmrpm. Lmjm qub o tadto á `bpmsato, ealhorbs `b cálulos qub gozbe m praebarm cmenotb cmdtro potójbdms (noctáraos b vårus), ms eocrógojms, sãm rbcruto`ms b bdjlmnoe os jmtåculos `o tadto. Do `breb bxastbe euatos ﬏nros bxtrocblulorbs bxtrocblulorbs qub gmreoe m tbca`m cmdiudtavm, cmem m cmlïjbdm. Opós gojmcator os jmtos `b tadto, ms eocrógojms ﬏coe prbsms dbsto rb`b `b ﬏nrmnlostms b cmlïjbdm, tmrdod`m-sb btbrdo, opbdos opojod`m lbvbebdtb `bpmas `b euatm tbepm `b sbr gbato, nostod`m pbqubdms rbtmqubs `urodtb o va`o poro ﬏cor nbe nmdato, pmrqub ms lasmssmems `bstos cálulos dãm cmdsbjube `ajbrar o tadto cme suos bdzaeos. Voro rbtaror ueo totuojbe á euatm eoas `agåcal b `mlmra`m `m qub gozbr. gozbr. Astm ocmdtbcb oc mdtbcb o losbr. losbr. M losbr tronolho ojatod`m os emláculos `b tadto qub oconoe rmepbd`m ms os lm i o.c m e.n r

?:

Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

eocrógojms qub oprasamdovoe blo. Voro rbemvbr bstos portåculos, blos prbcasoe ﬏cor nbe pbqubdados. Vmr Vmr assm, á eoas gïcal rbtaror totuojbds bscuros, pmas bstos sãm euatm eoas suscbtåvbas oms roams losbr b sb `bsadtbjroe eoas gocalebdtb. Lbenrod`m Lbenrod`m,, o totuojbe dãm goz eol o soù`b. Vmráe, `bca`ar pmr gozbr ueo á `b jrod`b rbspmdsonala`o`b, o﬏dol, á euatm `agåcal b corm opojor.. Mutro cmaso aepmrtodtb á gozbr o suo totuojbe be ue bstù`am cmd﬏ïvbl b laepm. opojor Vmr tronolhor cme eotbraoas pbrgurodtbs, pbr gurodtbs, os bxajédcaos sodatïraos `bvbe sbr eïxaeos poro bvator o cmdtoeadoêãm pmr `mbdêos cmem hbpotatb b HAW. HAW.

LADGMDM@MS Ladgócatm á ue tapm `b lbucócatm (jlónulm nrodcm) prbsbdtb dm sodjub. Sãm prm`uza`ms pblo eb`ulo óssbo vbreblho, otrovás `os cálulos-trmdcm ladgma`bs qub sb `agbrbdcaoe be cálulos prbnùrsacos b prb-taeócatms. Ms prbtaeócatms `ãm mrajbe oms Ladgócatms P, qub pmr suo vbz vãm oeo`urbcbr dms tbca`ms ladgma`bs; iï os cálulos prb-nùrsacos `ãm mrajbe oms Ladgócatms N. Hï oad`o ueo tbrcbaro clossb. Vmr suo oporédcao om eacrmscópam, hï `uos cotbjmraos `b ladgócatms9 ms jrod`bs b ms pbqubdms. O eoamrao, eos dãm tm`ms ms ladgócatms jrodulorbs cme toeodhms eoamrbs, sãm ms choeo`ms ladgócatms Doturol Kallbr (cálulos bxolo`mros doturoas). Ms ladgócatms ladgóc atms pbqubdms pm`be sbr ladgócatms P mu ladgócatms N. Ms ladgócatms tée ue popbl aepmrtodtb do `bgbso `m cmrpm. Ms ladgócatms P sãm ms pradcapoas rbspmdsïvbas pblo choeo`o aeuda`o`b cblulor, cblulor, ojad`m mro `b gmreo o bstaeulor mu otbduor o prm`uêãm `b odtacmrpms pblms ladgócatms N, mro `arbtoebdtb smnrb ms odtåjbdms mu cálulos cmrpmroas adgbcto`ms pmr bssbs, `bstruad`mms (gojmcatod`m). Ms ladgócatms N `ãm mrajbe oms ploseócatms b cálulos N `b ebeórao, qub jbroe ms odtacmrpms. Sãm ms pradcapoas rbspmdsïvbas pblo choeo`o aeuda`o`b huemrol, qub sb `ï vao prm`uêãm b `aluaêãm `b odtacmrpms dms ﬎ua`ms tbca`uoas mu cmrpmroas.

GOJMCAPMSB B ADGLOEOÊÃM Gojmcatmsb á m prmcbssm pblm quol ueo cálulo uso suo ebenrodo ploseïtaco poro bdjlmnor portåculos jrod`bs, `od`m mrajbe o ue cmeportaebdtm adtbrdm choeo`m gojmssmeo. Dms sastbeos aeudmlójacms `b mrjodasems eultacblulorbs, o gojmcatmsb á ue `ms pradcapoas ebcodasems uso`ms poro rbemvbr potójbdms b rbstms cblulorbs. os lm i o.c m e.n r

?8

Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

PAVMS @B VBLB DM^EOL O pblb dmreol tbe tbxturo sou`ïvbl b ovblu`o`o, prm`uzad`m jmr`uro be quodta`o`b o`bquo`o, sbe bxcbssm `b nralhm mu rbssbcoebdtm. Jbrolebdtb, o pblb dmreol oprbsbdto pmrms pbqubdms b pmucm vasåvbas. SBCO O pbr`o `b ïjuo be bxcbssm coroctbrazo o pblb sbco, qub dmreolebdtb tbe pmrms pmucms vasåvbas, pmuco lueadmsa`o`b b á eoas prmpbdso æ `bscoeoêãm `bscoeoêã m b vbreblha`ãm. Poenáe Poenáe pm`b oprbsbdtor eoamr tbd`édcao om oporbcaebdtm `b pbqubdos ladhos b ﬏ssuros. O pblb sbco pm`b sbr couso`o pmr gotmrbs jbdátacms mu hmremdoas, cmem ebdmpouso b prmnlbeos do tarbma`b, b toenáe pmr cmd`aêòbs oenabdtoas, cmem m tbepm gram b sbcm, m vbdtm b o ro`aoêãm Nodhms `bemro`ms b cme ïjuo qubdtb, pm`be prmvmcor mu cmdtranuar poro multrovamlbto. rbssbcoebdtm `o pblb.

MLBMSO Pbe ospbctm eoas nralhodtb b bspbssm, pmr couso `o prm`uêãm `b sbnm eoamr `m qub m dmreol. Oláe `o hbrodêo jbdátaco, cmdtranube poro o mlbmsa`o`b `o pblb ms gotmrbs hmremdoas, m bxcbssm `b sml, m bstrbssb b ueo `abto raco be olaebdtms cme oltm tbmr `b jmr`uro. O pblb mlbmso oprbsbdto pmrms `aloto`ms b eoamr tbd`édcao æ gmreoêãm g mreoêãm `b ocdb, `b crovms b `b bspadhos. EASPO Á m tapm `b pblb eoas grbqubdtb. g rbqubdtb. Oprbsbdto ospbctm mlbmsm b pmrms `aloto`ms do “zmdo P― P― (tbsto, doraz b qubaxm), pm`bd`m oprbsbdtor ocdb dbsto rbjaãm b sbcm dos nmchbchos b bxtrbea`o`bs.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

?1

Folodspo`mdb

 

O VBLB

BDWBLHBCAEBDPM GOPM^BS _RB V^BIR@ACOE O VBLB » BDWBLHBCAEBDPM V^BCMCB » O pblb bdvblhbcb adtradsbcoebdtb (crmdmlmjacoebdtb o portar por tar `b `bdtrm) b bxtradsbcoebdtb (`bva`m o gotmrbs bxtbrdms). M bdvblhbcaebdtm `o pblb adtrådsbco rbsulto `o possojbe `m tbepm b á pradcapolebdtb `bva`m æ oêãm `b bspácabs rbotavos `b mxajédam; Blo mcmrrb `bdtrm `o próprao pblb `bva`m o rb`uêòbs dms eostócatms `áreacms, ﬏nrmnlostms b prm`uêãm `b cmlïjbdm, b ue ochotoebdtm `o iudêãm bdtrb o bpa`breb b o `breb. O pblb adtradsbcoebdtb bdvblhbca`o á sbe `bgbatm, laso, pïla`o, sbco b ebdms blïstaco cme rujos ﬏dos. M bdvblhbcaebdtm `o pblb bxtrådsbco á couso`m pmr gotmrbs oenabdtoas, toas cmem9 » Gueor, Gueor, `abto, bxpmsaêãm o prm`utms quåeacms; » Proueo, bxpmsaêãm æ ro`aoêãm RW; » O eoamr gmdtb `b bdvblhbcaebdtm bxtrådsbcm á ocueulo`o, bxpmsaêãm `bsprmtbja`o æ ro`aoêãm RW; RW; eoas `b 86% `m bdvblhbcaebdtm `o pblb gocaol á `bva`m æ bxpmsaêãm RW crðdaco `b noaxm jrou. O bxpmsaêãm o RW toenáe adtbrrmepb o sådtbsb `b cmlïjbdm, lbvod`m o pbr`o oju`o `b cmlïjbdm; » Cme m ovodêm `o a`o`b, hï ueo rb`uêãm dms hmreðdams b sadoas quåeacms qub sãm aepmrtodtbs poro m crbscaebdtm b rbporm `o pblb, nbe cmem ue `bclådam dms rbcbptmrbs qub ms `btbcto, cmem pmr bxbeplm, m dùebrm `b rbcbptmrbs `b vatoeado @ dms qubrotadócatms bpa`áreacms `aeadua cme o a`o`b.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>6

Folodspo`mdb

 

@B^EM CMSEÁPACMS

 

@B^EMCMSEÁPACMS

O AEVM^PÎDCAO AEV M^PÎDCAO @MS @B^EMCM @B^ EMCMSEÁPACMS SEÁPACMS @B^EMCMSEÁPACMS » Wmcé Wmcé sonb m qub sãm= sãm= O `b﬏daêãm `b `bremcmseátacm á ue prm`utm qub tbe oêãm cmseátaco b `breotmlójaco, m qub﬏dola`o`bs, sbrï qub assm sajda﬏co do prïtaco= prïtacodo = Ms `bremcmseátacms sãm uso`ms poroeos `avbrsos bdtrb blos9 eodchos pblb, eodchos `b ocdb, odta-a`o`b, od ta-a`o`b, cblulatb, bdtrb euatms mutrms. Voro sbrbe clossa﬏co`ms cmem `bremcmseátacms, ms prm`utms prbcasoe tbr cmeprmvoêãm cabdtå﬏co b toenáe `b suo sbjurodêo `urodtb m usm, sbdãm dãm sãm lanbro`ms poro vbd`o cmem `bremcmseátacms. Vmr assm, ﬏qube sbeprb otbdtos sb m prm`utm á rbjastro`m do Odvaso (órjãm rbjulo`mr) poro pm`br usugruar `b tm`ms ms nbdbgåcams sbe dbdhue `odm.

B_ROLAYB^ GMOE

VBBLADJ

» M CC Jlmw Bquolazbr Gmoe otuo dm rbbqualånram `uro`murm `uro`murm `m pH `o pblb, bdquodtm rbolazo ueo laepbzo suovb b dãm ojrbssavo, prbporod`m `b eodbaro `bcasavo o pblb poro os btopos qub sb sbjube.

» @breolazb ^bsurgocadj Crastol Vbbladj prmemvb bsgmlaoêãm `o supbrgåcab `o pblb, rbjulorazod`m b udagmreazod`m m rblbv rblbvmm cutîdbm, prbporod`m o pblb poro o rbolazoêãm `b prmcb`aebdtms bstátacms.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>>

Folodspo`mdb

 

@B^EMCMSEÁPACMS

VOSSM O VOSSM VO^O VO^O RDAGM^E RDAGM^EAYO^ AYO^ O VBLB VB LB Bscmlho ue jbl bsgmlaodtb gocaol `b oltåssaeo quola`o`b cme eacrm bsgbros `b

? >

pmlaástbr.. Bvatb bsgbros `b pmlabtalbdm b mutrms pmlåebrms; pmlaástbr

3 0 2

Oplaqub m jbl bsgmlaodtb b eossojbab o pblb cme cua`o`m;

Hajabdazb o pblb cme ïjuo eacblor mu bspueo `b laepbzo (Dãm utalazor ïlcmml :6¹, poro dãm `bsa`rotor o pblb);

^bemvoo m ebsem lovod`m o rbjaãm; ^bemv Cbrta﬏qub-sb qub dãm ﬏cmu dbdhue rbså`um `m bsgmlaodtb do pblb.

NBDBGÅCAMS9 Rdagmreazor m rblbvm `o pblb b pmtbdcaolazor m bgbatm `m odbstásacm.

prmcb`aebdtms bstátacms. » Yadcm9 Reo `os gudêòbs eoas aepmrtodtbs `m zadcm á bstaeulor m

» @breolazb Vmwbr Mal Cmdtrml Eosk prmemvbb laepbzo sbcotavo b prmgud`o prmemv `o pblb, rbemvbd`m o mlbmsa`o`b bxcbssavoo b os aepurbzos o`bra`os b bxcbssav

tronolhm `ms jlónulms nrodcms `m sodjub. Blbs sãm gud`oebdtoas poro m sastbeo aeudmlójacm, ojad`m dm prmcbssm `b `bgbso `m mrjodasem cmdtro `avbrsos ojrbssòbs, cmem qubaeo`uros b gbra`os, qub surjbe do pblb. @b ocmr`m cme o @ro. Potaodo, `bsso gmreo, o sunstîdcao toenáe á ueo gmrtb olao`o poro m trotoebdtm `o ocdb, iï qub `aeadua m prmcbssm

prbporod`m o pblb poro rbolazoêãm `b

ad﬎oeotóram `os lbsòbs `b bspadhos.

MAL CMDP^ML

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>3

Folodspo`mdb

 

@B^EMCMSEÁPACMS

» Oca`m Solacålacm9 M ïca`m solacålacm tbe prmprab`o`bs bsgmlaodtbs b sbnmrrbjulo`mros, tbe oêãm odtaad﬎oeotórao; b bvato o cmdtoeadoêãm

rbdmvoêãm `os cálulos supbr﬏caoas `o pblb rbemvbd`m rbemvbd`m os cálulos emrtos b bstaeulod`m o prm`uêãm `b dmvos. Bssb ebcodasem `b oêãm oêã m prmemvb ue

pmr gudjms. bssbnoctáraos ïca`m do bpblb pblb= = Blb Cmem pbreatbotuo ueo

cmdtrmlb `o mlbmsa`o`b aepbrgbaêòbs `o pblb. `aeaduad`m os

VOSSM O VOSSM VO^O VO^O CMDP^MLO^ O MLBMSA@O@B ML BMSA@O@B @O VBLB

?

Bscmlho ue cmdtrmlo`mr `b mlbmsa`o`b gocaol `b oltåssaeo quola`o`b (Cua`o`m cme m rbssbcoebdtm bxcbssavm); bxcbssavm);

>

Opós o bsgmlaoêãm `o pblb poro davbloebdtm b rbemêãm `m bsgmlaodtb, oplaqub ueo coeo`o ﬏do `m cmdtrmlo`mr c mdtrmlo`mr `b mlbmsa`o`b;

3 0

@baxb m ebsem ojar pmr ?6 eadutms; ^bemvoo m cmdtrmlo`mr `b mlbmsa`o`b b oplaqub m odbstásacm. ^bemv

NBDBGÅCAMS9 Eb`aodtb rbemêãm `m bxcbssm `b mlbmsa`o`b tbrbems ueo rbjaãm eoas sou`ïvbl poro rbcbnbr m pajebdtm.odbstásacm.

CC JLMZ ^B@DBSS MGG » O bxclusavo tbcdmlmjao `b Lapa` ^bplocbebdt prmemvb prmemvb o prmtbêãm `os ebenrodos cblulorbs b o eodutbdêãm `o rb`b `b cmlïjbdm `o pblb `bva`m o suo olto otava`o`b odtamxa`odtb, prmtbtmro b ha`rotodtb. os lm i o.c m e.n r

>0

Folodspo`mdb

 

@B^EMCMSEÁPACMS

NLRB JBL » @breolazb Nlub Jbl OB @brem Cmdcbdtrotb á ue jbl ﬏reodtb `o pblb gmreulo`m bspbcaolebdtb poro otuor cmem ojbdtb bstruturodtb `áreacm.

VOSSM O VOSSM VO^O BWAPO^ O BXVODSÃM Bstbd`o o pblb poro cmdtrmlor o prmgud`a`o`b `o ojulho mu

? > 3 0 2

lîeado. (Vblbs eo`uros sãm eoas ﬏dos, dm bdtodtm goêo m aeplodtb eoas (Vblbs supbr﬏caol);

7

Eodtbdho o prmgud`a`o`b `m aeplodtb ajuol be tm`o ïrbo `o smnrodcblho (ïrbos eoas bscuros, eoas coeo`os).

Cua`o`m cme m îdjulm `m `breójrogm mu tbnmra onoaxm `b 86 jrous; Bvatb vblmca`o`b `b eïquado bxtrbeo; vblmca`o`b eá`ao / olto; Bvatb ﬏ms euatm próxaems, pradcapolebdtb do zmdo P; P; Bvatb oltm aepoctm do pblb. Bstacoebdtm á gud`oebdtol;

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>2

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

M _RB Á REO PADPO= O tadto á ueo cmepmsaêãm låqua`o, jbrolebdtb vascmso, pajebdto`o, qub om smgrbr ue prmcbssm `b sbcojbe gmreo ueo pblåculo ﬏do b mpoco, Pbd`m Pbd`m o ﬏dola`o`b ﬏d ola`o`b `b prmtbjbr b benblbzor.

CMEVMSAÊÃM NÏSACO • Vajebdtms • O`atavms • Smlvbdtbs (emlhodtbs)

SMLWBDPBS

Låqua`m vmlïtal, utalazo`m poro `aluar o rbsado b ms pajebdtms • Jlacbrado9 `alua, bstonalazo b eblhmro oplaconala`o`b. o placonala`o`b. • Vrmpalbdmjlacml9 `alua, bstonalazo b eblhmro oplaconala`o`b. o placonala`o`b. • Ïjuo `bamdazo`o9 `alua, custm, nmo onsmrêãm b bcmlmjacoebdtb cmrrbtm. • Ïlcmml asmprmpålacm9 `alua, bstonalazo, `aloto`mr sodjuådbm, rbssbco o pblb, pm`bd`m bscoeor b onsmrvb ïjuo `m cmrpm.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>:

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

O@APAWMS

Adjrb`abdtb qub, o`acamdo`m os tadtos, prmpmrcamdo coroctbråstacos bspbcaoas cmem9

Eblhmr oplaconala`o`b, prmtbêãm, oiustb `b vascmsa`o`b. Bdtrb mutrms.

VAJEBDPMS VAJEBDP MS X CM^ODPBS

  VAJEBDPMS Eotbraol sóla`m ﬏dm, adsmlùvbl dm ebam. Rtalazo`m poro cmdgbrar cmr cmr,, mpoca`o`b b mutrms bgbatms • Hovbd`m `mas jrupms9 admrjîdacms b mrjîdacms.

CM^ODPBS Ms cmrodtbs oláe `b cmdgbrarbe cmr om sunstrotm sãm smlùvbas dm ebam be qub sbrãm oplaco`ms, pmssube noaxo prmprab`o`b `b smla`bz æ luz b sãm trodsporbdtbs.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>8

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

M^JÎDACM MR ADM^JÎDACM VAJEBDPMS M^JÎDACMS • Sãm `bravo`ms `b vïrams prm`utms doturoas cmem9 eo`baro, popbl, lã, plodtos, cornmdm. Do suo eoamrao`amxozados, sãm prm`uza`ms vao mhodso, pbtrólbm b mmutrms. corvãm `b hulho9 gtolmcaodados, quadocra`mdos, ozmacms, bdtrb • M eoas cmdhbca`m m Dbjrm `b guem (Cornmd Nlock).

VAJEBDPMS ADM^JÎDACMS • Sãm `bravo`ms `b ebtoas cmem9 gbrrm, cmnrb, crmem, chuenm, cï`eam, eodjodés, ha`rotm `b gbrrm, ebrcùram, cmnoltm, bdtrb mutrms. • M eoas cmdhbca`m m @aóxa`m @ aóxa`m `b Patîdam. Patîdam.

OLJREOS CO^OCPB^ÅSPACOS • Be jbrol ms pajebdtms mrjîdacms tée eoamr pm`br `b cmnbrturo be rbloêãm oms pajebdtms admrjîdacms. • Ms pajebdtms mrjîdacms `ãm eoas nralhm b pmssube eoamr joeo `b cmrbs, pmráe cmdgbrbe ueo ebdmr rbsastédcao o bdbrjao lueadmso, cmem o luz `m sml b `m cmeputo`mr c meputo`mr.. • Ms pajebdtms admrjîdacms `aeadube m aepoctm `ms gotmrbs g otmrbs cmrrmsavms cmem o ro`aoêãm ultrovamlbto, pmráe cmdgbrbe ebdmr joeo `b cmrbs b ebdmr nralhm.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

>1

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

CMLM^AEBP^AO

Á o caédcao qub bstu`o o eb`a`o `os cmrbs b `bsbdvmlvb eátm`ms poro o quodta﬏coêãm `o cmr.. Be mutros polovros, á m `bsbdvmlvaebdtm `b volmrbs dueáracms `o cmr. cmr cmr.

CMLM^AEBP^AO DO EAC^MVAJEBDPOÊÃM CM^BS V^AEÏ^AOS9 OYRL, WB^EBLHM, OEO^BLM • Cmrbs praeïraos dãm `bpbd`be `b mutro poro bxastar.

CM^BS SBCRD@Ï^AOS9 ^MXM, WB^@B, LO^ODIO • Cmrbs sbcud`ïraos sãm oqublos qub surjbe `o easturo `b `uos praeïraos.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

36

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

CM^BS _RBDPBS WB^EBLHM | OEO^BLM | LO^ODIO Wanrodtbs Wan rodtbs b olbjrbs, sãm os cmrbs `m vbrãm.

CM^BS G^AOS OYRL | ^MXM | WB^@B Ebdms lueadmsos, rbebtbe om gram.

CM^BS DBRP^OS • Eorrme dbutrm • Iudêãm `os trés cmrbs c mrbs praeïraos, sbd`m 3 `b oeorblm, > `b vbreblhm b ? `b ozul poro bqualånram `m eorrme. • Wolb Wolb lbenror qub os easturos `b nosbs Rrnod Skad dãm usoe ozul b sae vbreblhm, oeorblm, prbtm, prbtm, nrodcm b lorodio (cmrbs laepos b puros).

os lm i o.c m e.n r

3?

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

RSM @O BSP^BLO @B MSZOL@

@BJ^O@OÊÃM @M VAJEBDPM DOS SMN^ODCBLHOS • Smnrodcblhos ozuas / rmxos om lmdjm `m tbepm; • Smnrodcblhos cadzos om lmdjm `m tbepm; • Smnrodcblhos vbreblhos om lmdjm `m tbepm; • Smnrodcblhos vbr`bs om lmdjm `m tbepm.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

3>

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

SMLA@BY Æ LRY Re `ms ospbctms eoas aepmrtodtbs aepmrtod tbs quod`m sb tronolho cme pajebdtm á o `uronala`o`b mu prmprab`o`b `b pbreodbcbr sbe oltbroêãm `b cmr. cmr. O luz `m sml cmdtáe ro`aoêòbs `b vïrams dåvbas

RE J^OD@B J^ OD@B GOPM^ SMN^B O CM^ OCAYBDP OCAYBD PO^ O prmgud`a`o`b do aeplodtoêãm `m pajebdtm pm`b bscurbcé-lm mu ocadzbdtï-lm pmr oljuds gotmrbs, sbd`m ue `blbs o adca`édcao `b luz do supbrgåcab, aepb`ad`m qub m ebsem sbio rbvblo`m. rbv blo`m. Bvatb gozbr sbu prmcb`aebdtm cme o eãm euatm pbso`o mu m u `breójrogm sbe prbcasãm poro dãm cmrrbr m rascm `b jbror ue troueo do pblb b dbe mntbr ue rbsulto`m euatm bscurm, ocazbdto`m, ocazbdto`m, ozul mu bxpodsãm `ms ﬏ms, cosm sbio eacrmpajebdtoêãm be smnrodcblhos.

os lm i o.c m e.n r

33

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

VO^O CO@O

BXASPB @AGB^BDÊO BDP^O PADPOS VO^O PBNM^A B @B^EÓJ^OGM=

PÁCDACO BXASPB RE BSCMLHO @AGB^BDPB @O CM^= (GAMS B SHO@MZ)

PADPO ER@O @B CM^ CME M ODBSPÁSACM=

VM^ _RB O_RBCBEMS OS PADPOS=

GALP^M SMLO^ ADPB^GB^B DO CM^=

VMSSM RPALAYO^ MRP^O EO^CO @B PADP PADPO O DM ^BPM_RB=

os lm i o.c m e.n r

30

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

@AGB^BDÊO PADPO HA@^MGÅLACO O tadto qub sb `assmlvb be ïjuo, pmssua o﬏da`o`b cme o ïjuo. Lmjm, á ueo tadto qub tbe pmlora`o`b (nosto lbenror `o eïxaeo be quåeaco qub `az9 “m sbeblhodtb `assmlvb sbeblhodtb―. PADPO HA@^MGÓNACO Vmssua ovbrsãm æ ïjuo, dãm d ãm sb `assmlvb be ïjuo. Bssos tadtos sãm opmlorbs. Re bxbeplm euatm cmeue sãm ms lapå`bms (jmr`uros).

os lm i o.c m e.n r

32

Folodspo`mdb

 

CMLM^AEBP^AO

os lm i o.c m e.n r

37

Folodspo`mdb