09 Inteligencia Emocional en Estudiantes de Enfermería

 

 

XDKZH_]KI@I M@YÝNKM@ IH ]@DY@ B@_Â@ J@MXNY@I J@MXNY@ I IH MKHDMK@] [ YHMDLNLFÂ@] ]LMK@NH] [ CXB@DKI@IH] W_LF_@B@ W_LJH]KLD@N IH W]KMLNLFÂ@

Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n hd Hstuik`dths ih Hdjhrbhrâ` H djhrbhrâ`

Yhsks Wrhshdt`i` plr n` O`mcknnhr ]cyrnhy @nkssld @nkssld Chrblz` ]`dtls p`r` lothdhr hn tâtunl ih Nkmhdmk`i` hd Wskmlnlfâ`

 

@_HPXKW@ ” WH_Õ ?70? Âdikmh Hpâfr`jh

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Ihikm`tlrk`

6

_hsubhd

3

@ostr`mt

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M@WKYXNL K B`rml Yhýrkml

07

Kdtrliummkýd

07

Kdthrrlf`dth Wrkdmkp`n

0?

Z`rk`onh

0?

Kdthrrlf`dths shmudi`rk`s

0?

Loehtkvls

0?

Loehtkvl Fhdhr`n

0?

Loehtkvl Hsphmâjkmls

0=

@dthmhihdths thýrkml ” kdvhstkf`tkvls kdvhstkf`tkvls

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Lrkfhd ih n` Kdthnkfhd Kdthnkfhdmk` mk` Hblm Hblmkld`n kld`n

08

M`r`mthrâstkm`s judi`bhdt`nhs ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n

08

 

Hsquhb` ih n`s hsjhr`s hsjhr` s ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhd mk` Hblmkld Hblmkld`n `n

03

@ptktuihs Oàskm`s Hblmkld`nhs

0;

Mlbpldhdths ih n` kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n

??

Ihs`rrlnnl Ihs`rrl nnl ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhd mk` Hblm Hblmkld`n kld`n

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@pnkm`mkýd @pnk m`mkýd ih n`s @ptktuihs Oàskm`s Hblmkld`nhs

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Hn Mlmkhdth Hblm Hblmkld`n kld`n y hn Mlmkhdth Mlm khdth Kdthnhmtu`n Kdth nhmtu`n

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Bhikmkýd Bhikm kýd ih n` Kdthnkf Kdthnkfhdmk` hdmk` Hblm Hblmkld`n kld`n y hn MK

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Kbplrt`dmk` ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd nls shrvkmkls ih s`nui

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@pnkm`mkýd @pnkm `mkýd ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n

97

Hn cublr y nls muki`ils ih Hdjhrbhrâ`

9=

N` rhn`mk rhn`mkýd ýd p`mkhdth- hdjhrbhr`

99

M@WKYXNL KK Ikshðl Bhtlilnýfkml

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Ykpl l ikshðl ih n` Kdvhstkf`mkýd Kdvhst kf`mkýd

93

Yëmdkm`

93

Kdstrubhdtl

93

Wlon`mkýd y Buhstr`

8=

 

Hstr`thfk` ih rhmlnhmmkýd ih i`tls

8=

Mrkthrkls ih Wrlmhs`bkhdtl Ih kdjlrb`mkýd

8=

M@WKYXNL KKK. _hsunt`ils

88

Y`on` 0. Hsm`n` Kdtr`phrsld`n

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Y`on` ?. Hsm`n` Kdthrphrsld`n

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Y`on` =. Hsm`n` ih @i`pt`oknki`i

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Y`on` 9. Hsm`n` ih b`dhel ih Yhdskýd

8;

Y`on` 8.Hsm`n` ih Àdkbl fhdhr`n

:7 

Y`on` :. Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n

:0

Y`on` 6. Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n Wrkbhr `ðl

:?

Y`on` 3. Mlmkhdth ih kdthnk kdthnkfhdmk` fhdmk` hblmkld`n ]hfudil `ðl

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Y`on` ;. Mlmkhdth ih kdthnk kdthnkfhdmk` fhdmk` hblmkld`n Yhrmhr `ðl

:9

Y`on` 07. Mlmkh Mlmkhdth dth ih kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n Mu`rtl `ðl

:8

Y`on` 00. Mlmkh Mlmkhdth dth ih kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n Pukdtl `ðl

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Iksmuskýd

:6

Mldmnuskldhs

6?

 

]ufhrhdmk`s

69

Nkbkt`mkldhs

68

_hjhrhdmk`s

6:

@dhxls

 

 

„@ vhmhs shdtkbls quh nl quh c`mhbls hs h s t`d slnl ud` flt` hd hn b`r, phrl hhnn b`r shrk` bhdls sk nh j`nt`r` hs` flt`‒ B`irh Yhrhs` ih M`nmut`.

 

 

@ bks p`irhs plr su ``plyl, plyl, jlrt`nhz`, mmldjk`dz`, ldjk`dz`, `blr kdmldikmkld`n y mldst`dth mldst`dth iur`dth tli` bk vki`, plr hdshð`rbh y fuk`rbh fuk`rbh hd hn kdkmkl kdkmkl ih hst` duhv` ht`p` y hd hsphmk`n ` n` bhblrk` ih I`dkhn ]`dtls Mruz, bk `ouhnktl, `n quh së, nh `nhfr`râ` bumcl vhr ` su dkht` b`ylr nlfr`dil su rh`nkz`mkýd mlbl prljhskld`n. ]cyrnhy.

 

  _hsubhd N` prhshdth kdvhstkf`mkýd tuvl mlbl loehtkvl hv`nu`r hn dkvhn ihn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n ih nls udkvhrskt`rkls ih hdjhrbhrâ`

ih n` Xdkvhrski`i D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd @fustâd y ih n` n`

Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ`. N` buhstr` hstuvl mldjlrb`i` plr ??8 udkvhrskt`rkls, sh usý hn kdvhdt`rkl ih mlmkhdth hblmkld`n ih O`rLd mld 0== âthbs mld 8 `nthrd`tkv`s ih rhspuhst`. ]h hdmldtrý quh hn dkvhn ihn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n ih nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` hd `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs juh o`el skd b`ylrhs ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s.

W`n`or`s Mn`vh5 KKdthnkfhdmk` dthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, Hdjhrbhrâ`, Xdkvhrskt`rkls. Xdkvhrskt`rkls.

 

  @ostr`mt Ych b`kd purplsh lj tch jlnnlwkdf rhsh`rmc wlra w`s tl hv`nu`th tch hbltkld`n qultkhdt nhvhn lj durshry stuihdt jrlb tch Xdkvhrskty lj ]t. @ufustkdh `di tch M`tclnkm Xdkvhrskty Xdkvhrskty lj ]`kdt B`rk`. Ych s`bpnh mldsksthi lj ??8 mlnnhfh stuihdts1 `s kdstrubhdt w`s ushi tch Hbltkld`n Pultkhdt kdvhdtlr kdvhdtlryy oy O`rLd wktc 0==Kthbswktc 8rhspldsh `nthrd`tkvhs. Vh jludi tc`t tch nhvhn lj hbltkld`n qultkhdt kd tch durshry stuihdts jrlb oltc udkvhrsktkhs w`s nlw wktc dl b`elr skfdkjkm`dt ikjjhrhdmhs.

Ahywlris5 Hbltkld`n kdthnnkfhdmh, durshry, mlnnhfh stuihdts.  

 

M@WÂYXNL K B`rml Yhýrkml  Kdtrliummkýd ]h mldskihr` ` n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n mlbl n` m`p`mki`i hd n` quh sh puhih tlb`r mldtrln y mldmkhdmk` ih n`s hblmkldhs, mlbprhdihr nls shdtkbkhdtls ih nls ihbàs, shr m`p`mhs ih tlnhr`r prhskldhs y jrustr`mkldhs plr n`s quh sh p`s`d t`dtl hd n` vki` phrsld`n mlbl n`olr`n, ` su vhz n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n `mhdtõ` ud` `mtktui hbpàtkm` y slmk`n, slm k`n, quh  orkdi` okhdhst`r t`dtl p`r` udl bksbl mlbl p`r` n`s phrsld`s quh dls rlih`d (Flnhb`d, (Fl nhb`d, 0;;8). N` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n quh plshh ud` phrsld`, muy` n`olr judi`bhdt`n kdvlnumr` hn tr`tl, n` `thdmkýd y muki`il ` ltr`s phrsld`s, mlbl sh rhqukhrh hd nls prljhskld`nhs ih n` s`nui, tkhdh ud p`phn hshdmk`n p`r` ihthrbkd`r n` m`nk m` nki`i i`i ih sus rhn`mkldhs rh n`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs, n` hjhmtkvki`i y hn ohdhjkmkl quh prlpkmk` p`r` `quhnnls `quh nnls ` qukhdhs muki`. Wlr ltrl n`il, hsth tkpl ih kdthnkfhdmk` euhf` t`bokëd ud rln kbplrt`dth p`r` ihthrbkd`r n` m`p`mki`i ih thdskýd y prhskýd quh ud` phrsld` hdm`rf`i` ih lt ltrls rls puhih tlnhr`r. [` quh n` mm`p`mki`i `p`mki`i hblmkld`n sh vh skhbprh `jhmt`i` plr n`s hxphrkhdmk`s n`olr`nhs t`dtl plsktkv`s l dhf`tkv`s quh sh vkv`d, plr nl quh sh c`mh ëdj`sks hd ud` b`dhel `ihmu`il ih n` hblmkldhs, hn mu`n dl sh plirâ` c`mhr sk hs quh dl sh tkhdh pnhdl mldlmkbkhdtl ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n quh sh plshh. Ih hst` b`dhr` sh plirà nnhv`r ` m`ol ud tr`o`el prhvhdtkvl, quh mldskstkrà hd  prlplrmkld`r kdjlrb`mkýd slorh hn h n dkvhn ih kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hblmkld` n quh plshhd nls

 

hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ`, quh y` hd n` `mtu`nki`i vkhdhd rh`nkz`dil ikvhrs`s pràmtkm`s, pràmt km`s,  pldkëdilnls hd mldt`mtl ikrhmtl mld nls p`mkhdths, p`m khdths, pràmtkm`s ildih sh puhihd hbphz` hbphz`rr ` hvkihdmk`r jlrt`nhz`s t`dtl mlbl ihoknki`ihs y mld hn jkd ih bhelr`r hn ihs`rrlnnl ih su kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n ohdhjkmk`dil `sâ hn b`dhel ihn mldtrln ih sus hblmkldhs, p`r` ud` bhelr m`nki`i hd n`s rhn`mkldhs kdt kdthrphrsld` hrphrsld`nhs, nhs, sh rhqukhrh n` hn`olr`mkýd ih ud prlyhmtl ih kdvhstkf`mkýd hd rhn`mkýd ` hsth thb`. C`mkhdil plskonh quh su ihshbphðl hd hn àboktl n`olr`n bhelrh, thdkhdil mlbl o`sh nls rhsunt`ils lothdkils, lothd kils, p`r` quh hd hn h n juturl hn`olr`dil prlfr`b`s, t`nnhrhs ih m`p`mkt`mkýd su ihs`rrlnnl sh` hn `ihmu`il. Mldskihr`dil `ihbàs quh hd hn àboktl phrsld`n ud ouhd ihs`rrlnnl ih su kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n shrà ohdëjkml t`dtl p`r` hnnls bksbls mlbl p`r` su j`bknk`, mlbl ud bhelr b`dhel ih n` thdskýd, ud` bhelr m`p`mki`i ih `i`pt`oknki`i hdtrh ltr`s c`oknki`ihs ` ihs`rrlnn`r. Wlr nl t`dtl hs dhmhs`rk` ud` kdvhstkf`mkýd slorh hn dkvhn ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n y ihsmuorkr sk sh hdmuhdtr` `ihmu`i`bhdth ihs`rrlnn`i` hd nls juturls  prljhskld`nhs ih n` s`nui, hd hsth m`sl hdjhrbhrls, plr shr hhnn nnls ls qu qukhdhs khdhs p`s`r`d n` b`ylr m`dtki`i ih clr`s ` n`il ihn p`mkhdth, p`mkhdth, `thdikhdil su suss dhmhski`ihs. Ih t`n b b`dhr` `dhr` quh mld nls rhsunt`ils c`nn`ils sh pliràd pn`dth`r slnumkldhs l `nthrd`tkv`s quh `yuihd `n ouhd ihs`rrlnnl ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n mlbl ` su b`dthdkbkhdtl.  

 

 Kdthrrlf`dth Wrkdmkp`n Wrkdmkp`n ¼Muàn hs hn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hb hblmkld`n lmkld`n quh plshhd nls hstuik`dths ih Hdjhrbhrâ` ih @rhqukp`< Z`rk`onh Õdkm`5 Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n.

]h ihjkdh n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n mlbl hn mldeudtl ih c`oknki`ihs hblmkld`nhs,  phrsld`nhs, slmk`nhs y ihstrhz`s ihstrhz` s quh kdjnuyhd hd duhstr` c`o c`oknki`i knki`i ih `i`pt`mkýd y hdjrhdt`r n`s ihb`di`s y prhskldhs ihn bhikl.

 Kdthrrlf`dthss ]hmudi`rk`s  Kdthrrlf`dth ¼Hxkstkrà ikjhrhdmk` hd n` hsm`n` ih n` kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hdtrh nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XD]@ y n` XM]B< ¼C`orà ikjhrhdmk` hd n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hdtrh nls hstuik`dths hstui k`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih `muhril ` su `ðl ih hstuikl< ¼C`orà ikjhrhdmk` hd n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hdtrh nls hstuik`dths hstui k`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih nls ikvhrsls `ðls ih hstuikl ih `muhril ` su udkvhrski`i ih prlmhihdmk`< ¼Muàn shrà n` hsm`n` ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n bàs y bhdls ihs`rrlnn`i` ihs`rrl nn`i` hdtrh nls 8 `ðls ih n` m`rrhr` hd nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ`<

Loehtkvl Fhdhr`n Ihthrbkd`r hn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n ih nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih @rhqukp`.

 

Loehtkvls Hsphmâjkmls 0.  Ihthrbkd`r sk hxksth ikjhrhdmk` hd hn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmk hblmkld` ld`nn hdtrh nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` Xdkvhrski`i Xd kvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd. ?.  Hst`onhmhr sk hxksth ikjhrhdmk` hd hn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hdtrh nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih `muhril `n `ðl ih hstuikl. =.  Hst`onhmhr sk hxksth ikjhrhdmk` hd hn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hdtrh nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih nls 8 `ðls ih n` m`rrhr` ih `muhril ` n` udkvhrski`i ih prlmhihdmk`. 9.  Hdmldtr`r muàn hs n` hsm`n` ihn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n bàs y bhdls ihs`rrlnn`i` hdtrh nls 8 `ðls ih n` m`rrhr` hd nls hstuik`dths ih Hdjhrbhrâ`.

 @dthmhihdths Yhýrkml- Kdvhstkf`tkvls Kdvhstkf`tkvls Kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hs hn mldeudtl ih c`oknki`ihs phrsld`nhs, hblmkld`nhs, slmk`nhs y ih ihstrhz`s quh kdjnuyhd hd duhstr` c`oknki`i c`o knki`i p`r` `i`pt`rsh y hdjrhdt`r ` n`s ihb`di`s y  prhskldhs ihn bhikl. Mlbl t`n, duhstr` kdthnkfhdmk` dl mlfdktkv` hs ud j`mtlr j `mtlr kbplrt`dth hd n` ihthrbkd`mkýd ih n` c`oknki`i p`r` thdhr ëxktl hd n` vki` kdjnuyhdil kdjnuyhdil ikrhmt`bhdth i krhmt`bhdth hd hn  okhdhst`r fhdhr`n y hd n` s`nui hblmkld`n (O`rLd, 0;;6). Ih `muhril ` Flnhb`d (0;;8) n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hs n` `ptktui `ptktui quh tkhdhd nls shrhs cub`dls p`r` rhmldlmhr sus prlpkls shdtkbkhdtls, nls shdtkbkhdtls ih nls ihbàs, bltkv`rsh y b`dhe`r `ihmu`i`bhdth n`s rhn`mkldhs quh slstkhdhd mld nls ihbàs y mld hnnls bksbls. Ih b`dhr` skbkn`r ]`nlvhy & B`yhr (0;;8) ihjkdhd kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n ` ud mldeudtl

 

ih ihstrhz`s, c`oknki`ihs y mlbphthdmk`s mlbphthdmk` s quh ihthrbkd`d n` mldiumt` kdikvkiu`n, rh`mmkldhs, hst`ils bhdt`nhs, hstknls ih kbkt`mk kb kt`mkýd ýd y mlbudkm`mkýd. mlbud km`mkýd. Hd ltr`s ihjkdkmkldhs ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n thdhbls ` Mllphr Mllp hr &]`w`j (0;;=) qukhdhs sh rhjkhrhd ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n mlbl n` m`p`mki`i ih rhmldlmhr nls shdtkbkhdtls prlpkls y nls `ehdls, ih bltkv`rsh y ih b`dhe`r okhd n`s hblmkldhs hd udl bksbl y n`s rhn`mkldhs. W`r` Vkskdfhr V kskdfhr (0;;;) n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hs n` m`p`mki`i ih shdtkr, hdthdihr y `pnkm`r hjkm`zbhdth hj km`zbhdth hn plihr y n` mldjk`dz` ih n`s hblmkldhs mlbl juhdth ih hdhrfâ` cub`d`, kdjlrb`mkýd, mldhxkýd h kdjnuhdmk`. Wlsthrklrbhdth thdhbls quh shfõd shfõd _kiruhel, Bhikd` y _uokl _uokl (0;;6) n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hs hn usl kdthnkfhdth ih n`s hblmkldhs5 ih jlrb` kdthdmkld`n kdthdmkld` n sh c`mh quh n`s hblmkldhs tr`o`ehd p`r` udl bksbl, utknkzàdiln`s mld hn jkd ih quh `yuihd ` fuk`r hn mlbplrt`bkhdtl y ` phds`r hd quë b`dhr` bhelr`r nls rhsunt`ils. N` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n prlvhh kdjlrb`mkýd kbplrt`dth ih mýbl sh slnumkld`d slnum kld`d nls prlonhb`s ik`rkls. Ih chmcl, hn usl kdthnkfhdth ih duhstr`s hblmkldhs hs mldskihr`il mlds kihr`il hshdmk`n p`r` n` `i`pt`mkýd jâskm` y pskmlnýfkm` hd ikstkdt`s sktu`mkldhs y mldthxtls ih n` vki` vki`.. Ikmc` kdjlrb`mkýd hs dhmhs`rk` p`r` s`nk s` nkrr `ihn`dth `ih n`dth h kdmnuyh c`oknki`ihs mlbl tr`o`e`r hjhmtkv`bhdth hd hqukpl, rhmldlmhr y rhspldihr rhspldi hr ih b`dhr` `prlpk`i` ` nls shdtkbkhdtls  prlpkls y `ehdls, p`r` bltkv`rsh udl bksbl y bltkv`r ` ltrls (M`ib`d&Orhwhr, ?770, mkt`il plr W`p`nk`,Lnis y Jhnib`d?778). Y`bokëd `jhmt` n` jlrb` hd quh n` fhdth b`dhe` n`s rhn`mkldhs âdtkb`s y nl s`nui`onh quh hst`s phrb`dhmhd o`el hstrës (Mchrdkss, ?77?, mkt`il plr W`p`nk` y mlns. ?778).

 

 Lrkfhd Ih N` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n Hn blihnl ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hs prlpuhstl mn`r`bhdth hd 0;;7 plr ]`nlvhy y B`yhr. Whrl juh Flnhb`d (0;;9, p. :8) qukhd plpun`rkzý hn mldmhptl `n ihjkdkrn` mlbl „n` m`p`mki`i ih bltkv`rdls ` dlsltrls bksbls, ih phrshvhr`r hd hn hbphðl ` phs`r ih n`s plskonhs jrustr`mkldhs, ih mldtrln`r kbpunsls, ih ikjhrkr n`s fr`tkjkm`mkldhs, ih rhfun`r duhstrls prlpkls hst`ils ih àdkbl, ih hvkt`r quh n` `dfustk` kdthrjkhr` mld duhstr`s j`munt`ihs r`mkld`nhs y plr õntkbl n` m`p`mki`i ih hbp`tkz`r y mldjk`r hd nls ihbàs‒. Hd tli`s y m`i` ud` ih hst`s `jkrb`mkldhs, ihsih n` prkbhr` „bltkv`rdls‒, c`st` n` õntkb` „hbp`tkz`r y mldjk`r hd nls ihbàs‒ hstà prhshdth hn j`mtlr `jhmtkvl mlbl bliun`ilr ih n` mldiumt`. 

M`r`mthrâstkm`s M`r`mthrâstkm `s Ju Judi`bhdt`nhs di`bhdt`nhs ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk Kdthnkfhdmk`` Hblmkld`n Hb lmkld`n  Ihs`rrlnnl, b`iur`mkýd y hxprhskýd ih n` vki` hblmkld`n . N` plorhz` l rkquhz` `jhmtkvl/hblmkld`n ihphdih ih bumcls j`mtlrhs. ]kd iui` kdthrvkhdhd nls mlbpldhdths dhurlquâbkmls ihn mhrhorl y n` fhdëtkm`. Whrl ` dkvhn pskmlnýfkml, sh puhih j`vlrhmhr y ihs`rrlnn`r n` m`p`mki`i hblmkld`n ih n`s phrsld`s ihsih ud hdjlquh pur`bhdth mldiumtkst`, sh ihblstrý mlbl hn ihs`rrlnnl ih n`s rhspuhst`s hblmkld`nhs ih bkhil, `blr h kr` ihphdih ih n` ckstlrk` ih mldikmkld`bkhdtl ih m`i` phrsld`. phrsld `. Xd `iuntl hs „bkhilsl‒  plrquh hd su vki` sh c` `slmk`il `slm k`il l mldikmkld`il bumcls hstâbunls dhutrls ` nls hstâbun hstâbunls ls hsphmâjkmls hnkmkt`ilrhs ih n`s rhspuhst`s ih bkhil, b khil, hs ihmkr ud ru rukil kil juhrth l n` përiki` ih n` o`sh ih susthdt`mkýd (V`tsld ,0;?7 mkt`il plr Hnnks, 0;37).

Mlbprhdskýd ih n` pskmlfëdhsks ih n`s hblmkldhs. @udquh hn thbphr`bhdtl hblmkld`n  prlpkl ih m`i` suehtl ihphdih ih j`mtlrhs dhurlquâbkmls dhurlqu âbkmls y ih su ckstlrk` hblmkld`n, hn d`mkbkhdtl y ihs`rrlnnl ih n`s hblmkldhs/ shdtkbkhdtls mldmrhtls ihphdih, hd p`rth ih nls

 

`mldthmkbkhdtls quh vkvh hn suehtl y hd b`ylr mu`dtâ` ih mýbl hn suehtl kdthrprht` nls `mldthmkbkhdtls hs ihmkr ihn mldthdkil y jrhmuhdmk` ihn phds`bkhdtl. Mu`dil sh pkhds` hd `nfl ouhdl l b`nl quh `jhmt` `n suehtl sh hstàd thdkhdil shdtkbkhdtls l hblmkldhs rhsphmtkv`bhdth ouhd`s l b`n`s. Mu`dil sh m`bok` ih phds`bkhdtls sh ihe` ih thdhr t`nhs shdtkbkhdtls. N` pskmlfhdësks ih n`s hblmkldhs/shdtkbkhdtls hst` hd nls phds`bkhdtls quh tkhdh. ]h `jkrb`o` quh nls clborhs sld shfõd sh fõd nl quh sh ikmhd ` sâ bksbls. Hstl hs, shfõd su  prlpkl phds`bkhdtl `utl hv`nu`tkvl quh sh ikrkfh ` udl bksbl hd jlrb` ih `utlvhro`nkz`mkldhs. N`s shds`mkldhs/ shdtkbkhdtls ih okhdhst`r l b`nhst`r ihphdihd ih hs`s vhro`nkz`mkldhs kdthrklrhs (Hnnks, 0;37). _hsphmtl ` n`s rhn`mkldhs ihn ih n phds`bkhdtl hd fhdhr`n mld nls shdtkbkhdtls/hblmkldhs. Ihbuhstr` mlbl nls phds`bkhdtls ikstlrskld`ils y `utlbàtkmls dhf`tkvls b`dtkhdhd nls shdtkbkhdtls/hblmkldhs dhf`tkv`s. N` kdthrvhdmkýd hd hn phds`bkhdtl, okhd sh` p`r` skbpnhbhdth m`bok`rnl l p`r` r`mkld`nkz`r sus ikstlrskldhs i kstlrskldhs y j`nnls nýfkmls, hs n` o`sh ih su  prlfr`b` thr`pëutkml (Ohma ,0;6:). ,0;6 :).

 Kdmlrplr`mkýd ih n` hdhrfâ` hblmkld`n ` n` prlpk` vki`. Hstl supldh hd prkbhr nuf`r, `mhpt`r n` prlpk` vki` `jhmtkv` mlbl ud` hdhrfâ` hdhr fâ` plsktkv` p`r` nls prlpkls `mtls. Hd hsth m`sl n` mldiumt` hxphrkbhdt` ud m`bokl hsphmt`mun`r, nl quh `dths sh c`mâ` skd f`d`s, tlrphbhdth y mld hrrlrhs, `clr` sh c`mh mld kdthrës, `thdmkýd y muki`il. Hn phskbkst` plr thdhr ud` mldskihr`onh `utlkb`fhd ih jr`m`s`il, plr buy `ntl quh thdf` su mlhjkmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk`, v` ` c`mhr buy plml y sk c`mh `nfl ` nfl dl nl c`mh okhd. Hn phds`bkhdtl tr`ikmkld`n skhbprh pusl hd hdtrhikmcl n` vki` `jhmtkv`. @n clborh nh mlrrhspldiâ` mldtrln`r y c`st` kdmnusl `clf`r nls shdtkbkhdtls p`r` quh n` r`zýd puikhr` p uikhr` vhr

 

skd tr`o` n` vhri`i y n` oldi`i y ljrhmërshn`s `sâ ` n` vlnudt`i p`r` `mtu`r nkorhbhdth (_kolt, 0;78 mkt`il plr Hnnks, 0;37).

Z`nlr`mkýd plsktkv` ih n` `utlkb`fhd.  N` kb`fhd quh udl tkhdh t khdh ih sâ bksbl hs ud j`mtlr j `mtlr ihthrbkd`dth p`r` n` b`iurhz hblmkld`n. Ih hst` `utlkb`fhd ihphdih n` m`p`mki`i ih rhsksthdmk` `n ihshdm`dtl `dth ud jr`m`sl, jr`m` sl, hn fr`il ih shdtkbkhdtl ih munp`oknki`i y ltr`s bumc`s hblmkldhs dhf`tkv`s. M`i` clborh hs n` ckstlrk` ih sus „shdtkbkhdtls ih kdjhrklrki`i‒. Hn „shdtkbkhdtl‒ hs thrbkdl `bokful quh rhprhshdt` `n phds`bkhdtl y su m`r` `jhmtkv`. @n phds`r quh udl hs kdjhrklr sh skhdth kdjhrklr. N` fëdhsks ihn m`ràmthr dhurýtkml (`frhskvl) hst`râ` hd n` `utlkb`fhd ih `quhnn`s phrsld`s quh pkhds`d y sh skhdthd hd ud`  plskmkýd ih kdjhrklrki`i rhsphmtl ` nls ihbàs. N` `utlkb`fhd v` ` shr ud` m`thflrâ` judi`bhdt`n p`r` n` thr`pk` cub`dkst` (@inhr, 0;0?mkt`il plr Hnnks, 0;37).

M`p`mki`i ih `utlmldtrln ih n`s hblmkldhs. Nls shdtkbkhdtls y n`s hblmkldhs `ihbàs ih shr dhmhs`rkls puhihd nnhv`rdls ` n` rukd` phrsld`n. Hstl hr` nl quh prhlmup`o` skhbprh ` nls jknýsljls tr`ikmkld`nhs mlbl ]`dtl Ylb`s l Ihsm`rths hd su j`blsl tr`t`il „n`s  p`skldhs ihn `nb`‒ hsmrktl mld kdthdmkldhs blr`nkz`dths. Hn `utlmldtrln prhsupldh hn `utlmldlmkbkhdtl ih n` prlpk` vki` shdtkbhdt`n, n` hv`nu`mkýd ih n` kdthdski`i ih nls  prlpkls shdtkbkhdtls y hblmkldhs (I`b`skl, 0;;:). 0;; :).

 

 Hsquhb` ih n`s Hsjhr`s ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n

KDYHNKFHDMK@ HBLMKLD@N

@XYL MLDMKHDMK@ Mldlmhr n`s prlpk`s hblmkldhs

@XYLMLDY_LN B`dhe`r nn`s B`dhe`r `s hblmkldhs

HBW@YK@ @XYLBLYKZ@MKLD N` prlpk` bltkv`mkld

_hmldlmhr hblmkldhs hd nls ihb`s

_HN@MKLDH] KDYH_WH_]LD@NH] B`dhe`r n`s B`dhe`r n `s rhn`mkldhs.

]h kdmrhbhdt` n`s m`p`mki`ihs ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` ` n`s skfukhdths hsjhr`s hsjhr` s prkdmkp`nhs (]`nlvhy0;;7, mkt mkt`il `il plr Flnhb`d 0;;6)5

Mldlmhr n`s prlpk`s hblmkldhs. N` mldmkhdmk` ih udl bksbl hs n` mn`vh ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, hblmkld`n, n` m`p`mki`i ih mmldtrln`r ldtrln`r nls shdtkbkhdtls ih ud blbhdtl ` ltrl hs judi`bhdt`n p`r` n` phdhtr`mkýd pskmlnýfkm` y n` mlbprhdskýd ih udl bksbl. N` kdm`p`mki`i ih `ivhrtkr nls `utëdtkmls shdtkbkhdtls nls ihe` ` bhrmhi ih udl bksbl. N`s  phrsld`s quh tkhdhd ud b`ylr mldlmkbkhdtl mld rhsphmtl ` sus shdtkbkhdtls sld bhe bhelrhs lrhs fuâ`s ih su vki` y tkhdhd ud` dlmkýd dlm kýd shfur` ih nl quh skhdthd rh`nbhdth mld rhsphmtl ` n`s ihmkskldhs phrsld`nhs, ihsih mld qukhd m`s`rsh c`st` quh tr`o`el `mhpt`r (Flnhb`d, 0;;6).  

 B`dhe`r n`s hblmkldhs. B`dhe`r nls shdtkbkhdtls p`r` quh sh`d `ihmu`ils hs ud` m`p`mki`i quh sh o`s` hd n` mldmkhdmk` ih udl bksbl y n`s mldshmuhdmk`s ihn jr`m`sl hd hst` ihstrhz` hblmkld`n oàskm`, numc`r mldst`dthbhdth mldtr` shdtkbkhdtls ih `jnkmmkýd, bkhdtr`s `quhnn`s quh n`s tkhdhd ihs`rrlnn`i`s puhihd rhmuphr`rsh mld bumc` b`ylr r`pkihz ih nls rhvhshs y tr`stlrdls tr`stlrdl s ih n` vki`.

 

 N` prlpk` bltkv`mkýd. Lrihd`r n`s hblmkldhs `n shrvkmkl ih ud loehtkvl hs hshdmk`n p`r` prhst`r `thdmkýd `thdm kýd p`r` n` `utlbltkv`mkýd, hn ilbkdkl y p`r` n` mrh`tkvki`i. Hn `utlilbkdkl hblmkld`n skrvh ih o`sh ` tli` mn`sh m n`sh ih nlfrls y shr m`p`z ih kdthrd`rsh hd ud hst`il ih jnukihz, phrbkth ud ihshbphðl ihst`m`i` hd bumcls shdtkils. N`s phrsld`s quh tkhdhd hst` m`p`mki`i suhnhd shr bumcl bàs prliumtkv`s y hjkm`mhs hd mu`nqukhr t`rh` quh hbprhdi`d. 

 _hmldlmhr hblmkldhs hd nls ihbàs. N` hbp`tâ`, ltr` m`p`mki`i quh sh o`s` o` s` hd n` `utlmldmkhdmk` hblmkld`n, hs n` c`oknki`i judi`bhdt`n ih n`s phrsld`s y n`s quh tkhdhd hbp`tâ` hstàd bumcl bàs `i`pt`i`s ` n`s sutknhs shð`nhs shð`nh s slmk`nhs quh kdikm`d nl quh ltrls dhmhskt`d l qukhrhd. Hstl nls c`mh bhelrhs prljhskld`nhs prljh skld`nhs hd n` hdshð`dz`, n` vhdt` y n` `ibkdkstr`mkýd. 

 B`dhe`r n`s rhn`mkldhs. Hn `rth ih n`s rhn`mkldhs hs hd fr`d bhiki`, n` c`oknki`i c`o knki`i ih b`dhe`r n`s hblmkldhs ih nls ihbàs. Hst`s sld c`oknki`ihs quh rlih`d n` plpun`rki`i, hn nkihr`zfl y n` hjkm`mk` kdthrphrsld`n, n`s phrsld`s phrsld` s quh sh ihst`m`d hd hst`s hst` s c`oknki`ihs sh ihshbphð`d okhd hd mu`nqukhr mls` quh ihphdih ih i h n` kdthr`mmkýd shrhd` mld nls ihbàs1 „sld hstrhnn`s slmk`nhs‒.

 @ptktuihs Oàskm`s Hblmkld`nhs ]h c` mldskihr`il mkdml `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs mn`skjkm`i`s mn`s kjkm`i`s ` su vhz hd ils fr`dihs frupl fruplss (Flnhb`d 0;;6).

 @ptktui phrsld`n 5 ]ld n`s quh ihthrbkd`d hn ilbkdkl ih udl bksbl. `.  @utlmldlmkbkhdtl

 

 o.  @utlrrhfun`mkýd m.  Bltkv`mkýd

 @ptktui slmk`n 5 ]ld n`s quh ihthrbkd`d hn b`dhel ih n`s rhn`mkldhs. i.  Hbp`tâ` h.  C`oknki`ihs slmk`nhs @dths ih ihjkdkr m`i` ud` ih hst`s `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs hblmkld` nhs vh`bls ¼Puë hs n` `ptktui hblmkld`n< Flnhb`d (0;;6) shð`n` quh „hs ud` m`p`mki`i m`p `mki`i `prhdiki`, o`s`i` hd n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n quh lrkfkd` ud ihshbphðl n`olr`n slorhs`nkhdth‒.

 Hn `utlmldlmkbkhdtl. Mldskst Mldsksthh hd mldlmhr hn prlpkl hst`il kdthrdl, prhjhrhdmk`s, rhmursls h kdtukmkldhs. kdtukmkldhs. Hsth `utlmldlmkbkhdtl mlbprhdih ` su vhz trhs `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs5 Mldmkhdmk` hblmkld`n5 _hmldlmkbkhdtl ih n`s prlpk`s hblmkldhs y sus hjhmtls. @utl hv`nu`mkýd prhmks`5 Mldlmkbkhdtl ih nls prlpkls rhmursls kdthrklrhs, c`oknki`ihs y nâbkths. Mldjk`dz` hd udl bksbl5 Mhrthz` slorh hn prlpkl v`nlr y j`munt`ihs. 

 N` `utlrrhfun`mkýd. Mldsksth hd b`dhe`r nls prlpkls hst`ils kdthrdls, kbpunsls y rhmursls. Hst` `utlrrhfun`mkýd `utlrrhfun`m kýd mlbprhdih ` su vhz mkdml `ptktuihs hblmkld` hblmkld`nhs5 nhs5  @utlilbkdkl5 B`dthdhr o`el mldtrln n`s hblmkldhs y nls kbpunsls phreuikmk`nhs.  Mldjk`oknki`i 5 B`dthdhr dlrb`s ih cldhstki`i h kdthfrki`i. Hsmrupunlski`i5 @mhpt`r n`

rhsplds`oknki`i ihn ihshbphðl phrsld`n. @i`pt`oknki`i5 Jnhxkoknki`i p`r` rh`mmkld`r `dth nls m`bokls. Kddlv`mkýd5 hst`r `okhrtl y okhd ikspuhstl p`r` n`s kih`s, nls hdjlquhs dlvhilsls y n` duhv` kdjlrb`mkýd.

 

 Bltkv`mkýd .]ld n`s thdihdmk`s hblmkld`nhs quh fuâ`d l j`mknkt`d n` lothdmkýd ih bht`s. Hst` bltkv`mkýd mlbprhdih ` su vhz mu`trl `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs5  @jàdih trkudjl5 @jàd lrkhdt`ilr ih bhelr`r l rhspldihr ` ud` dlrb` ih hxmhnhdmk` Mlbprlbksl5 @nkdh`rsh mld nls loehtkvls ih ud frupl u lrf`dkz`mkýd.  Kdkmk`tkv`. Iksplskmkýd p`r` `prlvhmc`r n`s lplrtudki`ihs. Lptkbksbl5 Yhd`mki`i p`r` ousm`r hn loehtkvl, phsh ` nls lostàmunls lostàmu nls y rhvhrshs.

 N` hbp`tâ`. Hs n` m`pt`mkýd ih shdtkbkhdtls, dhmhski`ihs h kdthrhsh. Hst` hbp`tâ` mlbprhdih ` su vhz mkdml `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs5 Mlbprhdihr ` nls ihbàs5 phrmkokr nls shdtkbkhdtls, phrsphmtkv`s `ehd`s h kdthrhs`rsh `mtkv`bhdth plr sus prhlmup`mkldhs @yui`r ` nls ihbàs ` ihs`rrlnn`rsh5 Whrmkokr n`s dhmhski`ihs ih ihs`rrlnnl ih nls ihbàs y jlbhdt`r

su m`p`mki`i. Lrkhdt`mkýd c`mk` hn shrvkmkl. Wrhvhr, rhmldlmhr y s`tksj`mhr n`s dhmhski`ihs ihn mnkhdth. @ prlvhmc`r n` ikvhrski`i 5 muntkv`r n`s lplrtudki`ihs ` tr`vës ih phrsld`s ikvhrs`s. Mldmkhdmk` plnâtkm`5 Kdthrprht`r n`s mlrrkhdths mlrr khdths plnâtkm`s y slmk`nhs. 

 N`s c`oknki`ihs slmk`nhs. ]krvhd p`r` kdiumkr hd nls ltrls n`s rhspuhst`s ihsh`i`s. i hsh`i`s. Hst`s c`oknki`ihs slmk`nhs mlbprhdihd ` su vhz lmcl `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs5  Kdjnuhdmk`5 Kbpnhbhdt`r tàmtkm`s ih phrsu`skýd hjhmtkv`.  Mlbudkm`mkýd5 Hsmumc`r `okhrt`bhdth y tr`dsbktkr bhds`ehs mldvkdmhdths. B`dhel ih mldjnkmtls5 B`dhe`r y rhslnvhr ihs`muhrils.  Nkihr`zfl5 Kdspkr`r y fuk`r ` kdikvkiuls l frupls. M`t`nkz`ilr ih m`bokls5 Kdkmk`r l

b`dhe`r nls m`bokls. Hst`onhmhr vâdmunls. @nkbhdt`r n`s rhn`mkldhs kdstrubhdt`nhs. Mln`olr`mkýd y mllphr`mkýd5 Yr`o`e`r mld ltrls frupls p`r` `nm`dz`r loehtkvls

mlbp`rtkils. C`oknki`ihs ih hqukpl5 mrh`r skdhrfk` p`r` tr`o`e`r hd pls ih n`s bht`s mlnhmtkv`s. 

 

Mlbpldhdths ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n

MH KDY_@ WH_]LD@N

KDYH_ WH_]LD@N

MB ]H @H @_ KD

_K _] HB

@I@WY@OKNKI@I

B@DHEL IH YHD]KLD

@DKBL FHDH_@N

]W W_ JN

YY MK

JH LW

Hxksth 08 mlbpldhdths ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n prhmks`dil quh ikmc` i kmc` kdthnkfhdmk` y n`s c`oknki`ihs hblmkld`nhs ihs`rrlnn`i`s mld hn tr`dsmursl ihn tkhbpl m`bokhd iur`dth n` vki` y puhihd shr bhelr`i`s bhik`dth hhdtrhd`bkhdtl dtrhd`bkhdtl (O`rLd, 0;;6, mkt mkt`il `il plr @o`dtl, Ckfuhr`s & Muhtl ?777).

 Àrh` kdtr`phrsld`n Hs n` c`oknki`i quh tkhdh m`i` phrsld` p`r` hv`nu`r su yl kdthrklr.N` kdthnkfhdmk` kdtr`phrsld`n hs `quhnn` quh sh rhjkhrh rhj khrh ` n` `utlmlbprhdskýd, hn `mmhsl ` n` prlpk` vki` hblmkld`n, ` n` prlpk` f`b` ih shdtkbkhdtls, ih shdtkbkhdtls, n`  n` m`p`mki`i ih hjhmtu`r iksmrkbkd`mkldhs ih hst`s hblmkldhs y jkd`nbhdth pldhrnhs dlborh y rhmurrkr ` hnn`s mlbl bhikl ih kdthrprht`r y lrkhdt`r n` prlpk` mldiumt`. N`s phrsld`s quh plshhd ud` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthrphrsld`n dlt`onh, plshhd blihnls vk`onhs y hjkm`mhs hj km`mhs ih sâ bksbls. Whrl `n shr hst` jlrb` ih

 

kdthnkfhdmk` n` bàs prkv`i` ih tli`s, rhqukhrh ltr`s jlrb`s hxprhskv`s p`r` quh puhi` shr loshrv`i` hd judmkld`bkhdtl. N` kdthnkfhdmk` N` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthrphrsld` kdthrphrsld`nn phrbkth mlbprhdihr y tr`o`e`r mld nls ihbàs, n` kdtr`phrsld` kdtr`phrsld`nn  phrbkth mlbprhdihrsh bhelr y tr`o`e`r mld udl bksbl. Hd hn shdtkil kdikvkiu`n ih udl bksbl, hs plskonh c`nn`r ud` bhzmn` ih mlbpldhdths kdtr`phrsld`nhs h kdthrphrsld`nhs. Hn Hn shdtkil ih udl bksbl hs ud` ih n`s bàs dlt`onhs dlt`o nhs kdvhdmkldhs cub`d`s5 skbolnkz` tli` n` kdjlrb`mkýd plskonh rhsphmtl ` ud` phrsld` y quë hs. ]h tr`t` ih ud` kdvhdmkýd quh tlils nls kdikvkiuls mldstruyhd p`r` sâ bksbls.

Mldlmkbkhdtl hblmkld`n ih sâ bksbl (mb). Hs n` m`p`mki`i m`p`mki`i quh buhstr` hn kdikvkiul ih rhmldlmhr sus prlpkls prlp kls shdtkbkhdtls, ikjhrhdmk`r hdtrh hnnls, mldlmhr nl quh hstà skdtkhdil y s`ohr quh lm`skld` ikmcls shdtkbkhdt shdt kbkhdtls. ls. ] ]`ohr `ohr quh sh skhdth hd m`i` blbhdtl y ut utknkz` knkz`rr hs`s prhjhrhdmk`s p`r` lrkhdt`r duhstr` tlb` ih ihmkskldhs, thdhr ud` kih` rh`nkst` ih duhstr`s c`oknki`ihs y ud` okhd o khd o`s`i` mldjk`dz` hd udl bksbl. Hs ihmkr shr mldsmkhdth mldsm khdth ih duhstrl cublr y t`bokëd t`bokëd ih duhstr`s kih`s slorh hsh cublr (B`yhr &]`nlvhy &]`nlvhy 0;;7, mkt`il  plr Flnhb`d 0;;:). N` mldmkhdmk` ih udl bksbl b ksbl puhih shr ud` `thdmkýd ` hst`ils bàs kdthrdls quh dl prlvlquh rh`mmkýd dk eukmkl.

 @shrtkvki`i (`s). Hs n` m`p`mki`i m`p`mki`i quh tkhdh hn kdikvkiul ih hxprhs`r sus shdt shdtkbkhdt kbkhdtls, ls, mrhhdmk`s y phds`bkhdtls y ihjhdihr sus prlpkls ihrhmcls hd ud` jlrb` dl ihstrumtkv`.N` `shrtkvki`i sh ikjhrhdmk` y sh sktõ` hd ud pudtl kdthrbhikl hdtrh ltr`s ils mldiumt`s  pln`rhs5 n` `frhskvki`i n` `frhskvki`i y n` n` p`skvki`i  p`skvki`i (l dl `shrtkvki`i). ]uhnh ihjkdkrsh mlbl ud mlbplrt`bkhdtl ud mlbplrt`bkhdtl mlbudkm`mkld`n b`iurl hd hn mu`n n` phrsld` dl `frhih dk sh slbhth ` n` vlnudt`i n` vlnudt`i ih ltr`s phrsld`s, skdl quh b`dkjkhst` sus mldvkmmkldhs y ihjkhdih sus

 

ihrhmcls. M`oh bhdmkld`r quh n` `shrtkvki`i hs ud` mldiumt` ih n`s phrsld`s, ud mlbplrt`bkhdtl. Hs, t`bokëd, ud` jlrb` ih hxprhskýd mldsmkhdth, mldfruhdth, mn`r`, ikrhmt` y hquknkor`i`, muy` jkd`nki`i hs mlbudkm`r duhstr`s kih`s y shdtkbkhdtls l ihjhdihr duhstrls nhfâtkbls ihrhmcls skd n` kdthdmkýd kdthdmkýd ih chrkr chr kr l phreuikm`r, `mtu`dil ihsih ud hst`il kdthrklr ih `utlmldjk`dz`, hd nuf`r ih n` hblmkld`nki`i nkbkt`dth tâpkm` ih n` `dskhi`i, n` munp` l n` r`ok`(O`rLd, 0;;6, mkt`il plr @o`dtl y mlns. ?777).

 @utlmldmhptl (`m). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh buhstr` hn kdikvkiul kdikvkiul ih rh rhspht`rsh spht`rsh y `mhpt`rsh ` sk bksbl mlbl ud` phrsld` mld ouhd` `utlhstkb` skhdth quh hstà rh`nkz`i` y s`tksjhmc` mldskfl bksb`. Hd hn hxtrhbl lpuhstl sh hdmuhdtr` nls shdtkbkhdtls ih ud` `ihmu`mkýd  phrsld`n h kdjhrklrki`i. Ihst`m`bls trhs m`r`mthrâstkm`s hshdmk`nhs5  

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 Dl hs kdd`tl5 hs kdd`tl5 hn  hn `utlmldmhptl sh v` jlrb`dil mld n` n` hxphrkhdmk`  hxphrkhdmk` y n` kb`fhd  prlyhmt`i` l phrmkoki` hd nls ltrls. @ihbàs ihphdih ihphdi h ihn nhdfu`eh ihn nhdfu`eh skboýnkml.  skboýnkml. 

 

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Hs ud tlil lrf`dkz`il5 hn kdikvkiul tkhdih ` kfdlr`r n`s v`rk`onhs quh phrmkoh ih ën bksbl quh dl sh `eust`d `n mldeudtl y tkhdh su prlpk` ehr`rquâ` ih `trkoutls ` v`nlr`r.

 

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Hs ikdàbkml5 puhih blikjkm`rsh mld duhvls i`tls, prlvhdkhdths ih ud` rhkdthrprht`mkýd ih n` prlpk` phrsld`nki`i prlpk` phrsld`nki`i l ih eukmkls hxthrdls.

@ihbàs, mlbl `trkoutl ikdàbkml hn `utlmldmhptl sh vh rhtrl`nkbhdt`il rhtrl` nkbhdt`il (plsktkv` l dhf`tkv`bhdth) plr duhstrl hdtlrdl slmk`n slmk`n,, skhdil ihthrbkd`dth n`s lpkdkldhs l v`nlr`mkldhs ih n`s phrsld`s mld n`s quh hdt`on`bls rhn`mkldhs âdtkb`s (hstl hs duhstr`  p`rhe`, j`bknk`, `bkfls).

 

 @utlrrh`nkz`mkld (`r). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh tkhdh ud kdikvkiul p`r` ihs`rrl ihs`rrlnn`r nn`r sus  prlpk`s m`p`mki`ihs plthdmk`nhs. ]h ] h b`dkjkhst` `n kdvlnumr`rsh hd prlyhmtls quh mldiuzm`d mldi uzm`d ` ud` vki` bàs pnhd`, prlvhmcls` y skfdkjkm`tkv`. Mldiumt`s quh mldiumhd ` n` `utlrrh`nkz`mkýd5  

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Wrkbhr`5 @utlrrh`nkz`mkýd skfdkjkm` hxphrkbhdt`r pnhd`, vkvki` y phrsld`nbhdth, ud` tlt`n mldmhdtr`mkýd y `ostr`mmkýd. ]kfdk ] kfdkjkm` jkm` hxphrkbhdt`r sskd kd n` `utlmldmkhdmk` ihn `ilnhsmhdth.

 

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]hfudi`5 Hs n` vki` mlbl ud prlmhsl ih mldst`dth mlds t`dth hnhmmkýd ud` tr`s ltr`. Hd m`i` pudtl c`y n` plskoknki`i ih c`mhr ud` hnhmmkýd c`mk` hn prlfrhsl l ud` hnhmmkýd rhfrhskv`. N` `utlrrh`nkz`mkýd hs ud prlmhsl prlfrhskvl1 skfdkjkm` c`mhr m`i` udl ih n`s hnhmmkldhs hdtrh bhdtkr y shr cldhstls, rlo`r l dl rlo`r hd ud blbhdtl i`il, y skfdkjkm` c`mhrn` mlbl ud` hnhmmkýd c`mk` hn ihs`rrlnnl.

 

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Yhrmhr`5 C`on` `mhrm` ih n` `utlrrh`nkz`mkýd kbpnkm` quh hxksth ud [L plr rrh`nk h`nkz`r. z`r. Hn shr cub`dl dl hs ud` t`on` r`s` dk ud` b`s` ih o`rrl l pn`stknkd`. Hxksth ud [L, y nl quh hd lm`skldhs nl c` nn`b`il „hsmumc`r n`s vlmhs ih kbpunsl‒ quh skfdkjkm` phrbktkr n` s`nki` ih hsh [L.

 

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Mu`rt`5 @dth n` iui`, shr cldhstl, hd nuf`r ih dl shrnl. Kdmnuyh n` jr`sh „`dth n` iui`‒,  p`r` quh dl c`y` dhmhski`i ih iksmutkr i ksmutkr ihb`sk`il `mhrm` ih n` ikpn ikpnlb`mk`. lb`mk`. Mld jrhmuhdmk`, mu`dil hst`bls `dth n` iui`, dl slbls skdmhrls.

 

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Pukdt`5 C`st` `clr` chbls c`on`il ih n` hxphrkhdmk` skd n` `utlmldmkhdmk` ih tlb`r n` `nthrd`tkv` ihn ihs`rrlnnl hd nuf`r ih n` ihn thblr, ih lâr n`s vlmhs ihn kbpunsl, ih shr

 

skdmhrls y tlb`r rhsplds`oknki`ihs. Ylils hstls sld p`sls c`mk` n` `utlrrh`nkz`mkýd y tlils f`r`dtkz`d hnhmmkldhs p`r` ud` vki` bhelr.  

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]hxt`5 N` `utlrrh`nkz`mkýd dl sýnl hs ud hst`il jkd`n, skdl t`bokëd ud prlmhsl ih rh`nkz`mkýd ih n`s prlpk`s plthdmk`nki`ihs hd mu`nqukhr blbhdtl y hd mu`nqukhr fr`il.

 

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]ëptkb`5 N`s hxphrkhdmk`s muborh sld blbhdtls p`s`ehrls ih `utlrrh`nkz`mkýd. ]ld blbhdtls ih ëxt`sks quh dl puhihd mlbpr`rsh, mlbpr`r sh, dl puhihd f`r`dtkz`rsh h kdmnusl dl  puhihd ousm`rsh. Ihso`r`t`r ud` kn knuskýd, uskýd, ihsc`mhrsh ihsc`mhr sh ih ud` kih` j`ns`, s`ohr quh hs `quhnnl p`r` nl quh udl dl hs ouhdl, `vhrkfu`r muànhs sld duhstr`s plthdm plthdmk`nki`ihs, k`nki`ihs, tlil hstl jlrb` p`rth ihn ihsmuorkbkhdt ihsmuor kbkhdtll ih nl quh udl rh`nbhdth hs. M`sk tlils thdhbls hxphrkhdmk`s muborhs, phrl dl tlils nl s`ohbls.

 

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Lmt`v`5 Ihsmuorkr qukëd hs udl, quë hs, quë nh fust`, quë nh iksfust`, quë hs ouhdl y b`nl p`r` udl, c`mk` ildih sh ikrkfh y muàn hs su bkskýd -`orkrsh ` udl bksbl- skfdkjkm` n` rhvhn`mkýd ih n` pskmlp`tlnlfâ`. ]kfdkjkm` kihdtkjkm`r n`s ihjhds`s sh s h hikjkm`d mldtr` `nfl ihs`fr`i`onh.

 Kdihphdihdmk` (kd). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh tkhdh ud kdikvkiul p`r` fuk`rsh y mldtrln`rsh `  Kdihphdihdmk` sâ bksbl hd su jlrb` ih phds`r y `mtu`r y blstr`rsh nkorh ih mu`nqukhr ihphdihdmk` hblmkld`n. N`s phrsld`s kdihphdikhdths kdihphdikhdths mldjâ`d hd sk bksbls y tlb`d ihmkskldhs kbplrt`dths.

 Àrh` kdthrphrsld`n Hs n` quh dls phrbkth hdthdihr ` nls ihbàs. N` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthrphrsld`n hs bumcl bàs kbplrt`dth hd duhstr` vki` ik`rk` quh n` orknn`dthz `m`iëbkm`, plrquh hs n` quh ihthrbkd` n`

 

hnhmmkýd ih n` p`rhe`, nls `bkfls y, hd fr`d bhiki`, bhi ki`, duhstrl ëxktl hd hn tr`o`el l hd hn hstuikl. N` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthrphrsld`n sh o`s` hd hn ihs`rrlnnl ih ils fr`dihs tkpls ih m`p`mki`ihs, n` hbp`tâ` y n` m`p`mki`i ih b`dhe`r n`s rhn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs.   N` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthrphrsld`n jlrb` p`rth ihn blihnl ihn blihnl ih kdthnkfhdmk`s bõntkpnhs ih ih F`ridhr  F`ridhr (0;;8), `udquh ltr`s mlrrkhdths pskmlnýfkm`s n` ihdlbkd`d hbp`tâ`. ihdlbkd`d hbp`tâ`. Hsth  Hsth tkpl ih kdthnkfhdmk` phrbkth mlbprhdihr ` nls ihbàs y mlbudkm`rsh mlbudkm`r sh mld hnnls, thdkhdil hd muhdt` sus ikjhrhdths hst`ils ih àdkb àd kbl, l, thbphr`bhdtl thbphr`bhdtls, s, bltkv`mkldhs y c`oknki`ihs. Kdmnuyh n` m`p`mki`i p`r` hst`onhmhr y b`dthdhr rhn`mkldhs slmk`nhs y p`r` `subkr ikvhrsls rlnhs ihdtrl ih frupls, y` sh` mlbl ud bkhborl bàs l mlbl nâihr. Hsth tkpl ih kdthnkfhdmk` n`  plihbls ihthmt`r hd phrsld`s mld c`oknki`ihs slmk`nhs ihjkdki`s, plnâtkmls, nâ nâihrhs ihrhs ih frupls slmk`nhs l rhnkfklsls, ilmhdths, thr`phut`s y `shslrhs hium`tkvls. [ hd tlils `quhnnls kdikvkiuls quh `subhd rhsplds`oknki`ihs y buhstr`d m`p`mki`i p`r` `yui`r ` ltrls. ]ld `quhnnls kdikvkiuls quh plshhd n` nn`vh ih n`s rhn`mkldhs cub`d`s, ihn shdtkil ihn cublr5 ihsih phquhðls iksjrut`d ih n` kdthr`mmkýd mld `bkfls y mlbp`ðhrls hsmln`rhs, y hd fhdhr`n dl tkhdhd ikjkmunt`ihs p`r` rhn`mkld`rsh mld phrsld`s ih ltr`s hi`ihs ikjhrhdths ` n` suy`. @nfudls prhshdt`d ud` shdskoknk shds koknki`i i`i hsphmk`n hsphm k`n p`r` ihthmt`r nls shdtkbkhdtls ih nls ihbàs, sh kdthrhs`d plr nls ikvhrsls hstknls muntur`nhs y n`s ikjhrhdmk`s slmklhmldýbkm`s slmklhmldýbk m`s ih nls frupls cub`dls. N` b`ylrâ` ih hnnls h nnls kdjnuyhd slorh ltrls y fust`d ihn tr`o`el frup`n hsphmk`nbhdth hd prlyhmtls mln`olr`tkvls. ]ld m`p`mhs ih vhr ikstkdtls pudtls ih vkst` hd mu`dtl ` muhstkldhs slmk`nhs l plnâtk p lnâtkm`s, m`s, y `prhmk`d `prhm k`d v`nlrhs y lpkdkldhs ikjhrhdths ih n`s suy`s. ]uhnhd thdhr ouhd shdtkil ihn ih n cublr y m`hr skbpàtkmls ` `bkfls y mldlmkils, sskhdil khdil ëst` ud` ih n`s bàs `prhmk`i`s ih sus c`oknki`ihs kdthrphrsld`nhs, y` quh sld slmk`onhs plr d`tur`nhz`. Wlihbls ihmkr quh ud` vki` pnhd`bhdth jhnkz ihphdih hd fr`d p`rth ih n`

 

kdthnkfhdmk` kdthrphrsld`n. N` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthrphrsld`n hstà rhn`mkld`i` r hn`mkld`i` mld hn mldt`mtl  phrsld` ` phrsld` y n`s kdthr`mmkldhs hjhmtu`i`s hd `frup`mkldh `frup`mkldhss l tr`o`els hd hqu hqukpl. kpl. Hn hstuik`dth mld kdthnkfhdmk` kdtr`phrsld`n tkhdh n` j`munt`i ih kdt kdthr`mtu`r hr`mtu`r vhro`n vhro` n y dl vhro`nbhdth mld phrsld`s l mld ud frupl ih phrsld`s1 y hs qukhd tlb` hn h n p`phn ih nâihr.

 _hn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs kdthrphrsld`nhs (rk). Hs n` m`p`mki`i ih hst`onhmhr y b`dthdhr rhn`mkldhs butu`bhdth s`tksj`mtlrk`s quh hstàd m`r`mthrkz`i`s plr n` kdtkbki`i, y hn i`r y rhmkokr `jhmtl. Hst` suohsm`n` dl hstà rhn`mkld`i` mld hn ihshl ih thdhr ouhd`s rhn`mkldhs `bkf`onhs skdl t`bokëd mld n` m`p`mki`i ih shdtkr tr`dquknki`i tr`dqu knki`i y mlbliki`i mld ikmc`s rhn`mkldhs y b`dkjhst`mkldhs hxphmt`tkv`s, plsktkv`s rhn`mkldhs mld hn kdthrm`bokl slmk`n. Hd tli` rhn`mkýd kdthrphrsld`n kdthrvkhdh n` mlbudkm`mkýd, n` mlbudkm`mkýd, quh  quh hs n` m`p`mki`i ih n`s  phrsld`s p`r` lothdhr  kdjlrb`mkýd  kdjlrb`mkýd rhsphmtl ` su hdtlrdl y mlbp`rtkrn` mld hn rhstl ih n` fhdth. C`y quh thdhr hd muhdt` quh n`s rhn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs judmkld`d t`dtl mlbl ud bhikl p`r` `nm`dz`r mkhrtls loehtkvls mlbl ud jkd hd sâ bksbl. Hn shr cub`dl hs ud shr slmk`n y dhmhskt` hst`r hd mldt`mtl mld ltrls ih su bksb` hsphmkh.

 _hsplds`oknki`i slmk`n (rs). Hs n` m`p`mki`i ih ihblstr`rsh ` sâ bksbls mlbl ud bkhborl mln`olr`ilr, mllphr`ilr y mldstrumtkvl mld strumtkvl ih ud frupl slmk`n slm k`n.. Kbpnkm` `mtu`r hd jlrb` rhsplds`onh `ud sk hsl skfdkjkm` dl lothdhr `nfõd ohdhjkmkl phrsld`n. N` rhsplds`oknki`i slmk`n vkhdh ` shr ud mlbprlbksl u lonkf`mkýd quh nls bkhborls ih ud` slmkhi`i, y` sh` mlbl kdikvkiuls l mlbl bkhborls ih suofrupls, tkhdhd t khdhd mld n` slmkhi`i hd su mldeudtl1 mlbprlbksl quh kb kbpnkm` pnkm` n` mldskihr`mkýd iihn hn kbp`mtl, plsktkvl l dhf`tkvl, ih ud` ihmkskýd.

 

 _hsplds`oknki`i slmk`n p`r` n` s`nui. N` rhsplds`oknki`i slmk`n p`r` n` s`nui sh rhjnhe` hd n`s `mmkldhs ih nls rhsplds`onhs ih n` tlb` ih ihmkskldhs t`dtl ihn shmtlr põonkml põ onkml mlbl prkv`il, p`r` hst`onhmhr plnâtkm pl nâtkm`s `s y pràmtkm`s qquh uh prlbuhv`d y prlthe`d n` s`nui. N`s  plnâtkm`s y pràmtkm`s quh `pnkm`d nls shmtlrhs põonk põo nkml ml y prkv`il pr kv`il ihohd ih hvkt`r phreuikm`r n` s`nui ih nls kdikvkiuls1 prlthfhr hn bhikl hn bhikl `bokhdth y f`r`dtkz`r hn usl slsthdkonh ih nls rhmursls1 rhstrkdfkr n` prliummkýd y hn mlbhrmkl ih prliumtls y sust`dmk`s kdchrhdthbhdth  phreuikmk`nhs y ihs`nhdt`r n`s pràmtkm`s ih  ih bhrm`dtknhs dlmkv`s p`r` n` s`nui1 prlthfhr `n mkui`i`dl hd hn Bhrm`il y `n kdikvkiul hd hn nuf`r ih tr`o`el, h kdmnukr  hv`nu`mkldhs  hv`nu`mkldhs ihn kbp`mtl s`dkt`rkl mhdtr`i`s hd n` n` hquki`i  hquki`i mlbl p`rth kdthfr`n ihn ihs`rrlnnl ih n`s plnâtkm` plnâtkm`..

 Hbp`tâ` (hb). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh buhstr` hn kdikvkiul ih shr mldsmkhdth, hdthdihr y `prhmk`r nls shdtkbkhdtls ih nls ihbàs. Hs m`pt`r, shr shdskonh ` nl quh ltr`s phrsld`s skhdthd, mlbl nl skhdthd y plrquh nl skhdthd.   Hst` m`p`mki`i, `n bhdls hd n`s phrsld`s, hs susmhptkonh ih ihs`rrlnnl y `ubhdtl5 sh `mrhmkhdt` bàs jàmknbhdth hd nls quh dl c`d p`ihmkil prlonhb`s `jhmtkvls, mld p`irhs p `irhs quh sh c`d lmup`il ih hnnls, y quh c`d vkvkil hd ud `bokhdth hd hn quh c`d skil `mhpt`ils y mlbprhdikils, c`d rhmkokil mldsuhnl mu`dil nnlr`o`d l thdâ`d bkhil, y quh c`d vkstl mlbl sh prlblvâ` n` prhlmup`mkýd plr nls ihbàs. Hd ihjkdktkv`, mu`dil n`s dhmhski`ihs `jhmtkv`s y hblmkld`nhs c`d hst`il muokhrt`s ihsih nls prkbhrls `ðls ih vki`. @sâ puhs, n` hbp`tâ` ihsmrkoh n` m`p`mki`i ih ud` phrsld` ih vkvhdmk`r n` b`dhr` hd quh skhdth ltr` phrsld`1 plsthrklrbhdth, hsl puhih nnhv`r ` ud` bhelr mlbprhdskýd ih su mlbplrt`bkhdtl l ih su jlrb` ih tlb`r ihmkskldhs. Hs n` c`oknki`i p`r` hdthdihr n`s dhmhski`ihs, shdtkbkhdtls y prlonhb`s ih nls ihbàs, pldkëdilsh hd su nuf`r, y rhspldihr

 

mlrrhmt`bhdth ` sus rh`mmkldhs hblmkld`nhs. Mlbl t`n hs ud shdt ud  shdtkbkhdt kbkhdtll loehtkvl muyl ihs`rrlnnl rhqukhrh ud mkhrtl tkpl ih  ih  kdthnk kdthnkfhdmk`. fhdmk`. Pukhdhs  Pukhdhs p`ihmhd `utksbl, p`ihmhd `utksbl, sâdirlbh  sâdirlbh ih @sphrfhr l ihthrbkd`i`s ihthrbkd`i`s pskmlp`tâ`s  pskmlp`tâ`s vhd buy bhrb`i` hst` m`p`mki`i mlfdktkv`1 plr hn mldtr`rkl, qukhdhs hehrmhd ud nkihr`zfl ud nkihr`zfl `ntrukst`  `ntrukst` suhnhd m`r`mthrkz`rsh plr hn `bpnkl ihs`rrlnnl ih hst` m`p`mki`i. Nls hstuikls ihbuhstr`d quh hst` m`p`mki`i suhnh i`rsh bàs ` bhduil hd hn fëdhrl jhbhdkdl ih n` hsphmkh cub`d`, qukzà plr hn chmcl oklnýfkml ih thdhr ckels y muki`rnls, `udquh dl hs prkv`tkv` ihn bksbl. N`s phrsld`s mld hbp`tâ` sld `quhnn`s m`p`mhs ih hsmumc`r ` nls ihbàs y hdthdihr sus  prlonhb`s y bltkv`mkldhs1 plr hsl, plshhd dlrb`nbhdth `ntl rhmldlmkbkhdtl slmk`n y  plpun`rki`i, y` quh sh `dtkmkp`d ` n`s dhmhski`ihs, `dths kdmnusl ih quh sus mlbp`ðhrls mlbp`ðh rls sh`d mldsmkhdths ih hnn`s, y s`ohd kihdtkjkm`r y `prlvhmc`r n`s lplrtudki`ihs mlbud mlbudkm`tkv`s km`tkv`s quh nhs ljrhmhd ltr`s phrsld`s.

 Àrh` ih `i`pt`oknki`i   Hs n` c`oknki`i p`r` hv`nu`r hn ëxktl quh tkh t khdh dh ud` phr phrsld` sld` y `ihmu`rsh ` n`s hxkfhdmk`s ihn bhikl `bokhdth.

]lnumkýd ih prlonhb`s (sp). Hs n` m`p`mki`i m`p`mki`i ih kihdtkjkm`r y ihjkdkr nls prlonhb`s `sâ mlbl fhdhr`r y `pnk `p nkm`r m`r plthdmk`nbhdth n`s slnumkldhs `jhmtkv`s.@mtl `j hmtkv`s.@mtl ih thdihr ud puhdth hdtrh ils hst`ils, hn h n `mtu`n y hn quh dls fust`râ` quh sh ikhsh Yr`dsjlrb`r ud hst`il juturl  prhvkskonh, c`mkhdil quh hd hn juturl sh ih i h ltrl hst`il prhjhrkonh. N` m`p`m m`p`mki`i ki`i ih tlb`r ihmkskldhs ihoh hdmldtr`r su bàxkb` hxprhskýd hd n` m`p`mki`i ih slnumkld`r prlonhb`s. Xd` ihmkskýd dl hs t`n bkhdtr`s dl sh hxprhsh hd n` `mmkýd. Ylil hn prlmhsl ih slnumkýd ih  prlonhb`s hs ud hehrmkmkl ih tlb` ih ihmkskldhs. ihm kskldhs. 

 

•

  "Hst`r mldsmkhdth". C`y phrsld`s quh prhjkhrhd kfdlr`r nls prlonhb`s. Wkhds`d quh dl

hdjrhdtàdilnls ihs`p`rhmhd. ]hr mldsmkhdth ih quh hxksthd nls prlonhb`s hs hn prkbhr  p`fl p`r` slnumkld`rnls. •

  Loehtkvki`i. Ihspuës ih mldlmhrnls, c`y quh ihjkdkrnls, y hnnl hxkfh ud `dànksks loehtkvl

 p`r` ihsmuorkr iýdih hstà. Ih nl mldtr`rkl, sh `pnkm`d slnumkldhs ` nl quh hs hn hn vhri`ihrl prlonhb` •

  "Zkskýd". @ vhmhs sh tkhdhd n`s slnumkldhs vhri`ihr`s ih ud prlonhb`, phrl sh skhdth

bkhil ` `jrldt`rn`s. Whrl sk dl sh slnumkld` hn prlonhb` rh`n dl sh prlfrhs`. C`y quh shfukrn`s muhsthd nl quh muhsthd. •

  "Mldlmkbkhdtl". ]lnumkld`r ud prlonhb` kbpnkm` mldlmhr hn `sudtl. Xd` phrsld` quh

dl s`oh bhmàdkm` dl ihoh `orkr dk hn r`ik`ilr ih ud m`rrl. Wlr hnnl, c`y quh hst`r hbp`p`il ih nls thb`s quh kdthrhs`d •

  "Bhdth `okhrt`". Dl c`y slnumkldhs lovk`s p`r` nls prlonhb`s, plrquh hdtldmhs y` sh

cuokhr`d us`il. C`y quh thdhr jnhxkoknki`i. •

  "]hnhmmkýd ih `nthrd`tkv`s". Mu`dil c`y` v`râ`s slnumkldhs p`r` ud prlonhb`, prl onhb`, hd prkbhr

nuf`r c`y quh `mhpt`rn`s, `udquh puhi`d p`rhmhr hdtrh sâ mldtr`ikmtlrk`s1 y, hd shfudil nuf`r, c`y quh hstuik`rn`s ` jldil `dths ih tlb`r ud` ihmkskýd.

 Wruho` ih n` rh`nki`i (pr). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh buhstr` hn h n kdikvkiul ih hv`nu`r n` mlrrhspldihdmk` hdtrh nl quh hxphrkbhdt` y nl quh loehtkv`bhdth hxksth. Hst` c`oknki`i kdvlnumr` hn „m`pt`r‒ n` sktu`mkýd kdbhik`t`, kdthdt`dil b`dthdhr n` skt s ktu`mkýd u`mkýd hd n`  phrsphmtkv` mlrrhmt` y hxphrkbhdt`dil n`s mls`s mlbl hd rh`nki`i sld, skd j`dt`sh`r.  

 Jnhxkoknki`i. Hs n` m`p`mki`i ih ihbuhstr` ud` phrsld` p`r` `ihmu`r sus prlpk`s hblmkldhs, phds`bkhdtls y mlbplrt`bkhdtl ` n`s ikstkdt`s sktu`mkldhs y mldikmkldhs

 

m`bok`dths. N`s phrsld`s jnhxkonhs sld `fknhs y m`p`mhs ih rh`mmkld`r `n m`bokl skd blstr`r rkfkihz, sld m`p`mhs ih m`bok`r sus lpkdkldhs mu`dil n` hvkihdmk` sufkhrh quh hstàd hqukvlm`i`s.Hd lm`skldhs sh c` hdthdikil ` n` jnhxkoknki`i mlbl ud „mhihr‒ skhbprh p`r` hvkt`r mldjnkmtls, shr jnhxkonhs dl skfdkjkm` s kfdkjkm` ihe`rsh nnhv`r y shr mldihsmhdikhdths mld tlil y mld tlils. Hn `prhdihr ` hsmumc`r y ` loshrv`r mld `thdmkýd tlil nl quh lmurrh ` duhstrl `nrhihilr, mldstktuyh hn pudtl ih p`rtki` p`rt ki` p`r` tlb`r nl bhelr ih m`i` mkrmudst`dmk` y c`mhr ` ud n`il tlil `quhnnl quh loehtkv`bhdth dl hs mldvhdkhdth. Wlihbls `prhmk`r ud` `mtktui plml jnhxk j nhxkonh onh hd n`s phrsld`s quh rhmc`z`d ih jlrb` `utlbàtkm` tlil `quhnnl quh sh lpldh ` su jlrb` ih phds`r y ih shdtkr, `n fr`il ih mlbplrt`rsh hd lm`skldhs mlbl vhri`ihrls dhmkls h kdtr`dskfhdths. @dths ih i`r ud` rhspuhst` l hbprhdihr mu`nqukhr `mmkýd, hn shdtkil mlbõd ihohrâ` nnhv`rdls ` c`mhr ud`  p`us` p`r` mldskihr`r ihthdki`bhdth mu`nqukhr mu`nqu khr kih` l prlpuhst`, y ih hst` b`dhr` jlrb`rdls ud` bhelr lpkdkýd `n rhsphmtl. N` jnhxkoknki`i bhelr` duhstr` iksplskmkýd p`r` nnhf`r ` ud mlbõd `muhril y hdrkquhmhrsh ih n`s lpkdkldhs ih nls ihbàs, ih hst` b`dhr` `bo`s p`rths sh mlbpnhbhdt` y ohdhjkmk`d ohdhjk mk`d butu`bhdth. 

 Àrh` ih b`dhel ihn hstrës Hs n` c`oknki`i quh tkhdh ud` phrsld` p`r` hn b`dhel ih hst`ils ih thdskýd. Hn hstrës hblmkld`n fhdhr`nbhdth lmurrh hd sktu`mkldhs quh n`s phrsld`s mldskihr`d ikjâmknhs l kdb`dhe`onhs. Ikjhrhdths phrsld`s mldskihr`d ikvhrs`s sktu`mkldhs mlbl hstrhs`dths.

 

Hn b`dhel ihn hstrës kbpnkm` mldtrln`r y rhiumkr n` thdskýd quh lmurrh hd sktu`mkldhs hstrhs`dths, c`mkhdil m`bokls hblmkld`nhs y jâskmls. Hn fr`il ih hstrës y hn ihshl ih c`mhr blikjkm`mkldhs ihthrbkd`ràd quë t`dtl m`bokl tkhdh nuf`r.

Ylnhr`dmk` `n hstrës (th). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh tkhdh hn kdikvkiul ih rhskstkr ` n`s mkrmudst`dmk`s `ivhrs`s y ` n`s sktu`mkldhs nnhd`s ih thdskýd skd ihsblrld`rsh, hdjrhdt`dil `mtkv` y plsktkv`bhdth n` thdskýd. N`s phrsld`s mld hst` hs t` m`p`mki`i mlbkhdz`d ` mldtrln`r hn hn hstrës ihsih hn blbhdtl hd quh sh kdkmk` nn`` sktu`mkýd mldjnkmtkv`, sld phrsld`s phrsld `s pràmtkm`s y lptkbkst`s quh dl t`ri`d hd hdmldtr`r n` jlrb` ih bhelr`r `quhnnl quh dl judmkld`. Hst` m`p`mki`i sh o`s` hd5  - 

Xd` iksplskmkýd lptkbkst` c`mk` n`s hxphrkhdmk`s duhv`s hn m`bokl hd fhdhr`n y m`p`mki`i ih slorhnnhv`r ud prlonhb` hsphmâjkml.

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Xdl bksbl puhih mldtrln`r h kdjnukr hd n` sktu`mkýd quh lrkfkd` n` thdskýd.

Mldtrln ih kbpunsls (mk).Hs n` n` m`p`mki`i quh buhstr` hn kdikvkiul p`r` rhskstkr l mldtrln`r ud kbpunsl, `rr`dquh l thdt`mkýd p`r` `mtu`r.

 Àrh` ihn hst`il ih àdkbl hd fhdhr`n  Jhnkmki`i (jh). Hs n` m`p`mki`i quh tkhdh ud` phrsld` ih shdtkrsh s`tksjhmcl mld su  prlpk` vki`, iksjrut`r ih sâ bksbl y ih nls ltrls y ikvhrtkrsh. N` jhnk jh nkmki`i, mki`i, mldmhptl mld  prljudils skfdkjkm`ils, kdmnuyh `nhfrâ`, phrl t`bokëd ltr`s bumc`s hblmkldhs, `nfud`s ih n`s mu`nhs dl sld dhmhs`rk`bhdth plsktkv`s pls ktkv`s (mlbprlbksl, numc`, rhtl, kdmnusl ilnlr). il nlr).  Hs n` bltkv`mkýd, n` `mtkvki`i ikrkfki` ` `nfl, hn ihshl ih hnnl, su oõsquhi`, y dl hn nlfrl l n` s`tksj`mmkýd ih nls ihshls, nl quh prliumh hd n`s phrsld`s shdtkbkhdtls plsktkvls bàs  prljudils.

 

Lptkbksbl (lp). Hs n` m`p`mki`i ih hdmldtr`r hn n`il bàs prlvhmclsl prlvhmcl sl ih n` vki` y b`dthdhr ud` `mtktui plsktkv`, `ud hd n` `ivhrski`i. Hs n` thdihdmk` ` hsphr`r quh hn juturl ihp`rh rhsunt`ils j`vlr`onhs. Hn lptkbksbl hs hn v`nlr quh dls `yui` ` hdjrhdt`r n`s ikjkmunt`ihs mld ouhd àdkbl y phrshvhr`dmk`, phrshvhr`dm k`, ihsmuorkhdil nl plsktkvl quh tkhdhd n`s  phrsld`s y n`s mkrmudst`dmk`s, mldjk`dil hd duhstr`s m`p`mki`ihs y plsko plskoknki`ihs knki`ihs eudtl mld n` `yui` quh plihbls rhmkokr. N` prkdmkp`n ikjhrhdmk` quh hxksth hdtrh ud` `mtktui lptkbkst` lpt kbkst` y su mldtr`p`rth hn phskbksbl r`ikm` hd hn hdjlquh mld quh sh `prhmk`d n`s mls`s5 hbphð`rdls hd ihsmuorkr kdmldvhdkhdths y ikjkmunt`ihs dls prlvlm` `p`tâ` y ihsàdkbl. ihsàd kbl. Hn lptkbksbl supldh c`mhr hsh bksbl hsjuhrzl p`r` hdmldtr`r slnumkldhs, vhdt`e`s y plskoknki`ihs.   Hd fhdhr`n, p`rhmh quh n`s phrsld`s bàs lptkbkst`s tkhdihd ` thdhr bhelr cublr, ` shr bàs  phrshvhr`dths y hxkt h xktlsls lsls h, kdmn kdmnusl, usl, ` thdhr bhelr hst`il ih s`nui jâskm`. I Ihh chmcl, udl ih nls rhsunt`ils bàs mldsksthdths hd n` nkthr`tur` nkthr`tur` mkhdtâjkm` hs quh q uh `quhnn`s phrsld`s quh  plshhd `ntls dkvhnhs ih lptkbksbl y hsphr`dz` (`bols (`bol s tkhdhd quh vhr mld n` hxphmt`tkv` ih rhsunt`ils plsktkvls hd hn juturl y mld n` mrhhdmk` mrhhdm k` hd n` prlpk` m`p`mki`i ih `nm` ` nm`dz`r dz`r bht`s) tkhdihd ` s`nkr jlrt`nhmkils y ` hdmldtr`r ohdhjkmkl hd sktu`mkldhs tr`ubàtkm`s y hstrhs`dths.

 Ihs`rrlnnl ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n   ¼Mýbl dls ihs`rrlnn`bls, mlbl nnhf`bls ` shr y mýbl slbls< ¼Wlr quë ud` phrsld` sh vuhnvh ilbkd`dth y n` ltr` subks`< ¼Wlr quë ud` sh vuhnvh `b`onh l `bkstls` y n` ltr` sh vuhnvh clstkn< Hstl sumhih plr n` kdthr`mmkýd ih trhs `sphmtls prkdmkp`nhs5

 N` chrhdmk` l d`tur`nhz`. M`i` phrsld` chrhi` plr hn prlmhsl fhdëtkml mkhrt`s m`r`mthrâstkm`s y thdihdmk`s ih sus p`irh oklnýfkmls. @nfud`s hstàd ihthrbkd`i`s, plr

 

hehbpnl n` hst`tur`, mlnlr ih lels, htm. Dl D l lost`dth nls nls r` r`sfls sfls ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, t`nhs mlbl n` n`olrklski`i, n` clstknki`i, hn m`ràmthr `bkstlsl l n` v`nhdtâ` slnl hstàd kdjnuki`s p`rmk`nbhdth plr n` chrhdmk` fhdëtkm`, fhdët km`, n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld` hblmkld`nn ih nls p`irhs ih ud dkðl sh tr`sbkth ` hsth plr nls mrlblslb`s, y` quh nls dkðls d`mhd mld ihthrbkd`i`s ihthrb kd`i`s ih Kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, `nfudls bàs `mtkvls, bkhdtr`s quh ltrls sld b`s p`skvls, `nfudls krrkt`onhs, bkhdtr`s quh ltrls tkhdh bàs p`mkhdmk`.  

 Hn `prhdikz`eh l n` mrk`dz`. N`s mrhhdmk`s mrhhdmk`s y lpkdkldhs slorh hn blil ih muorkr n`s dhmhski`ihs sh ihs`rrlnn`d ` tr`vës ih hxphrkhdmk`s vkt`nhs, hs ihmkr ih nl quh sh vh, sh lyh l sh `prhdih. ]h puhih `prhdihr ih n` hxphrkhdmk` prlpk` (hxphrkhdmk` ikrhmt`) l ih nl quh vkstl c`mhr ` ltrls y sus mldshmuhdmk`s (hxphrkhdmk` kdikrhmt`).

 @pnkm`mkýd ih n`s @ptktuihs Oàskm`s Hblmkld`nhs Hblmkld`nhs ]u `pnkm`mkýd y ohdhjkmkls sh loshrv`d, loshr v`d, prkdmkp`nbhdth hd trhs àrh`s vkt`nhs ih m`i` shr cub`dl. ]us rhn`mkldhs ih p`rhe`, hn tr`o`el y n` mrk`dz` ih nls ckels. ]lnl = ih m`i` 07 b`trkbldkls rhmkhdths puhihd mldt`r quh shfukràd udkil mlbl p`rhe`. ]h rhjkhrh ` n`s ikjhrhdmk`s hblmkld`nhs hdtrh nls shxls p`r` hxpnkm`r h xpnkm`r hst` sktu`mkýd. Hd ud` p`rhe` hxksthd ils rh`nki`ihs hblmkld`nhs (Flnhb`d 0;;6). Ih dkðls, n`s buehrhs hstàd bàs hxpuhst`s ` n` kdjlrb`mkýd slorh n`s hblmkldhs. W Wlr lr hsl, hstuikls c`d ihsmuokhrtl quh n`s buehrhs buhstr`d bàs hbp`tâ` quh nls clborhs y ssuhnhd uhnhd shr bàs jàmkn kdthrprht`r nls shdtkbkhdtls ` p`rtkr ihn rlstrl ih ud` buehr quh ih ud clborh. Kfu`n p`r` n`s rhn`mkldhs n`olr`nhs. n`olr`nhs. N`s vkm vkmksktuihs ksktuihs hblmkld`nhs prhshdths hd hn nuf`r ih tr`o`el. @ vhmhs, n`s mrâtkm`s sh prhshdt`d mlbl `t`quhs phrsld`nhs `s quh mlbl quhe`s slorh n`s quh sh puhihd `mtu`r1 hxksthd hx ksthd `mus`mkldhs mld ilsks ils ks ih iksfustl, s`rm`sbl y

 

ihsiëd1 hnnl i` lrkfhd ` `mtktuihs ihjhdskv`s, hv`skýd ih n` rhsplds`oknki`i y, jkd`nbhdth, `n  onlquhl plr shdtkrsh kdeust`bhdth `t`m`il.

 Hn mlmkhdth Hblmkld`n y hn Mlmkhdth Kdthn Kdthnhmtu`n hmtu`n Hs dhmhs`rkl mldlmhr n` rhn`mkýd quh hxksth hdtrh hn M.H (mlmkhdth hblmkld`n) y hn M.K (mlmkhdth kdthnhmtu`n). Hn M.H. vkhdh hd `yui` ihn M.K. mu`dil dhmhskt`bls rhslnvhr kbplrt`dths prlonhb`s l tlb`r ihmkskldhs mn`vhs. Hn M.H dls phrbkth c`mhr hstl hd ud` jlrb` suphrklr yhd ud tkhbpl t khbpl bhdlr, mlbl hd udls plmls bkdutls l shfudil shfudils, s, hd nuf`r ih tlil ud iâ` l bàs, quh plirâ` rhquhrkr hn r`mklmkdkl nkdh`n hxc`ustkvl y shmuhdmk`n p`r` nnhf`r ` n` n` bksb` ihmkskýd (Orlmahrt y Or`ud, 0;66). @ihbàs @ihbàs quh n`s hblmkldhs ihspkhrt`d n` kdtukmkýd y murklski`i y mldtrkouyhd ` prhvhr prh vhr ud juturl kdmkhrtl y pn`dh`r duhstr`s `mmkldhs ih mldjlrbki`i. Hd mldmnuskýd sh puhih ihmkr quh hd hn hstknl ràpki`bhdth m`bok`dth, bàs `okhrtl y jnukil ih tr`o`el ih cly, sh dhmhskt` n` mlbokd`mkýd ih kdthnhmtl sld M.H hsphmk`nbhdth hd nl quh mldmkhrdh ` mldjk`r mldj k`r hd nls ihbàs y jlrb`r hqukpls p`r` rhslnvhr y `prlvhmc`r lplrtudki`ihs.

 Bhikmkýd ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n y hn MK N` buehr mld ud hnhv`il MK b`dkjkhst` ud` prhvkskonh prh vkskonh mldjk`dz` kdthnhmtu`n, hs m`p`z ih hxprhs`r mn`r`bhdth sus phds`bkhdtls, v`nlr` n`s muhstkldhs thýrkm`s y prhshdt` ud `bpnkl `o`dkml ih kdthrhshs hstëtkmls h kdthnhmtu`nhs. Y`bokëd tkhdih ` shr kdtrlsphmtkv`,  prhikspuhst` ` n` `dskhi`i, ` n` prhlmup`mkýd y n` munp`oknki`i, y sh buhstr` plml ikspuhst` ikspu hst` ` hxprhs`r põonkm`bhdth su hdj`il (`udquh puhi` hxprhs`rnl ih ud blil kdikrhmtl).Hstls rhtr`tls, lovk`bhdth, rhsunt`d m`rkm`turhsmls puhs tli` phrsld` hs hn rhsunt`il ih n` mlbokd`mkýd hdtrh hn MK y n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, hd ikstk i kstkdt`s dt`s prlplrmkldhs, prlplrmkldh s, phrl ljrhmhd

 

ud` vkskýd buy kdstrumtkv` ihn tkpl ih `ptktuihs hsphmâjkm`s quh `bo`s ikbhdskldhs puhihd `plrt`r `n mldeudtl ih mu`nki`ihs quh mldstktuyh ud` phrsld`.

Mlbpldhdths ih n` Kdthn Kdthnkfhdmk` kfhdmk` Hblmkld`n   ]hfõd I`dkhn Flnhb`d (0;;8) nls prkdmkp`nhs mlbpldhdths ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n sld5

 @utlmldlmkbkhdtl hblmkld`n (l mldmkhdmk` mldmkhdmk` ih udl bksbl)5 ]h rhjkhrh `n mldlmkbkhdtl ih n`s prlpk`s hblmkldhs y mýbl hst`s `jhmt`d. Hd buy kbplrt`dth mldlmhr hn blil hd hn quh hn hst`il ih àdkbl kdjnuyh hd hn mlbplrt`bkhdtl, muànhs sld n`s vkrtuihs y nls pudtls iëoknhs.

 @utlmldtrln hblmkld`n (l `utlrrhfun`mkýd)5 `utlrrhfun`mkýd)5 Hn `utlmldtrln phrbkth dl ihe`rsh nnhv`r  plr nls shdtkbkhdtls ihn blbhdtl. Hs s`ohr rhmldlmhr quh q uh hs p`s`ehrl hd ud` mrksks y quë  phriur`. Hs plskonh quh udl sh hdj`ih mld n` p`rhe`, phrl sskk sh ihe`shs skhbprh nnhv`r plr hn m`nlr ihn blbhdtl sh hst`râ` mldtkdu`bhdth `mtu`dil krrhsplds`onhbhdth y nuhfl pkikhdil phriýd plr hnnl.

 @utlbltkv`mkýd5 Ikrkfkr n`s hblmkldhs c`mk` ud loehtkvl phrbkth b`dthdhr n` bltkv`mkýd y jke`r n` `thdmkýd hd n`s bht`s hd nuf`r ih hd nls lostàmunls. Hd hstl hs dhmhs`rk` mkhrt` ilsks ih lptkbksbl h kdkmk`tkv`, ih jlrb` quh sh sh` hbprhdihilr hbprhdi hilr y sh `mtuë ih jlrb` plsktkv` `dth nls mldtr`tkhbpls.  

 _hmldlmkbkhdtl ih hblmkldhs `ehd`s (l hbp`tâ`)5N`s rhn`mkldhs slmk`nhs sh o`s`d bumc`s vhmhs hd s`ohr kdthrprht`r n`s shð`nhs quh nls ihbàs hbkthd ih jlrb` kdmldsmkhdth y quh ` bhduil sld dl vhro`nhs. Hn H n rhmldlmhr n`s hblmkldhs `ehd`s, `quh `quhnn nnll quh nls ihbàs

 

skhdthd y quh sh puhih hxprhs`r plr n` hxprhskýd ih n` m`r`, plr ud fhstl, plr ud` b`n` mldthst`mkýd, puhih `yui`r ` hst`onhmhr n`zls bàs rh`nhs y iur`ihrls mld n`s phrsld`s ihn hdtlrdl. Dl hd v`dl, hn rhmldlmhr n`s hblmkldhs `ehd`s hs hn prkbhr p`sl p`r` hdthdihrn`s h kihdtkjkm`rn`s.

 _hn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs kdthrphrsld`nhs (l c`oknki`ihs slmk`nhs)5Mu`nqukhr` puhih i`rsh muhdt` ih quh ud` ouhd` rhn`mkýd mld nls ihbàs hs ud` ih n`s mls`s bàs kbplrt`dths p`r` n` vki` y  p`r` hn tr`o`el. [ dl slnl tr`t`r ` nls quh p`rhmhd skbpàtkmls, ` nls `bkfls, ` n` j`bknk`, skdl s`ohr tr`t`r t`bokëd hxktls`bhdth ` `quhnnls quh hstàd hd ud` plskmkýd suphrklr, mlbl nls  ehjhs, l hdhbkfls.

 Kbplrt`dmk` ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n hd nls ]hrvkmkls ih ]`nui N` b`dhr` hd mlbl nls kdikvkiuls sh skhdthd tkhdh ud` kdjnuhdmk` hd su mlbplrt`bkhdtl n`olr`n. Mldtr`rk`bhdth ` nl quh sh pkhds`, nls shdtkbkhdtls sld ud j`mtlr prhpldihr`dth hd hn budil ih tr`o`el, tlils thdhbls shdtkbkhdtls y hs ud shdtkbkhdtl d`tur`n y ud` dhmhski`i rhn`mkld`rsh, hsphmk`nbhdth mu`dil mldskihr`bls n` m`dtki`i ih tkhbpl quh kdvhrtkbls hd hn bhikl n`olr`n N`s lrf`dkz`mkldhs sld hn nuf`r phrjhmtl p`r` prlblvhr hn `prhdikz`eh ih n`s c`oknki`ihs ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n. Hn tr`o`el mubpnh ud rln mhdtr`n hd n` vki` ih n`s phrsld`s, plr mldskfukhdth duhstr` kihdtki`i, `utlhstkb` y `mtktuihs hstàd hstàd `jhmt`i`s plr n`s hxphrkhdmk`s n`olr`nhs, y` sh` plsktkv` l dhf`tkv`bhdth. @ tr`vës ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n plihbls lptkbkz`r hn ihshbphðl phrsld`n, phrsld` n, n` mlbudkm`mkýd y plr mldskfukhdth hn mnkb` n`olr`n.

 

Hd nls shrvkmkls ih s`nui, n` `thdmkýd hblmkld`n ihoh shr p`rth judi`bhdt`n p`r` hn  ohdhjkmkl ih nls p`mkhdths, p`r` ën ë n mu`n mu`nqukh mu`nqukhrr hdmuhdtrl mld hn phrsld`n ih hdjhrbhrâ`  puhih shr ud` lplrtudki`i ih lothdhr kdjlrb`mkýd, mldsuhnl y tr`dquknki`i, hn prlonhb` hstà mu`dil hn phrsld`n p`s` plr `ntl n` jlrb` hd quh nls p`mkhdths rh`mmkld`d ` dkvh dkvhnn hblmkld`n, hsth ihsmukil plr n` rh`nki`i hblmkld`n hblm kld`n ih n` hdjhrbhi`i ihe` ih n`il ud mldeudtl mrhmkhdth ih pruho`s quh ihbuhstr`d quh nls hst`ils hblmkld`nhs ih n`s phrsld`s  puhihd euf`r ` vhmhs ud p`phn skfdkjkm`tkvl hd su vundhr`oknki`i `dth n` hdjhrbhi`i y hd hn hn mursl ih su rhmuphr`mkýd (Flnhb`d, 0;;8).

 @pnkm`mkldhs ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n hd n` Wrljhskýd ih Hdjhrbhrâ` Ihoh b`dhe`r sus shdtkbkhdtls y hblmkldhs `ihmu`i`bhdth y ` n` vhz mlbprhdihr nls shdtkbkhdtls ih nls ihbàs, b`dthdhr ouhd`s rhn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs j`vlrhmkhdil hn tr`o`el hd hqukpl y ` n` vhz orkdi`r or kdi`r ud` `thdmkýd ih m`nki`i ` duhstrls p`mkhdths `ihbàs ih5   - Hdjrhdt`r mldtr`tkhbpls y lostàmunls lostàmu nls ` dkvhn n`olr`n. - Hxprhs`r su lptkbksbl rh`nkst` p`r` hn nlfrl ih bht`s.

- Mlbprhdihr quh hn 37% ih su ëxktl ë xktl kdmkih hd sus m`p`mki`ihs hblmkld`nhs. - Hehrmhr n` ikrhmmkýd hium`dil hblmkld`nbhdth ` sus mlnhf`s, jlbhdt`dil ud nkihr`zfl. - Wrlplrmkld` ud` `mmkýd ih `yui` hd hn phrsld`n mld `ntko`els hblmkld`nhs suphr`dil hstrës n`olr`n (_kiruhel y mlns. 0;;6).

 

 N` Hbp`tâ` ih n`s _hn`mkldhs N`olr`nhs Xd` ih n`s `ptktuihs b`s v`nlr`i`s hd nls clspkt`nhs, udkvhrski`ihs hs n` hbp`tâ`, mlbl m`p`mki`i ih kdthrprht`r shdtkbkhdtls `ehdls. Fr`mk`s Fr`m k`s ` hst` c`oknki`i hblmkld`n sh puhihd b`dhe`r y tr`t`r ih blil `ihmu`il n`s hblmkldhs y shdtkbkhdtls ih n` fhdth mld n` quh dls rhn`mkld`bls mld hn h n budil n`olr`n.  N` hshdmk` ih n` hbp`tâ` mldsksth hd i`rsh muhdt` ih nl quh skhdthd nls ihbàs skd dhmhski`i ih quh dls nl ikf`d. ]k n` hbp`tâ` hs jlrz`i` y dl surfh ih jlrb` d`tur`n d`tur` n y skdmhr`, thrbkd`  plr ikst`dmk`rdls. Mu`dtl bàs mlbpnhel hs hn tr`o`el bàs dhmhs`rk` hs n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, `udquh n`s ihjkmkhdmk`s hd hst`s j`munt`ihs puhi`d ikjkmunt`r i kjkmunt`r n` `pnkm`mkýd `pnkm`mkýd hd n`s c`oknki`ihs ih n`  prljhskld`n ih hdjhrbhrâ` y hn kdthnhmtl quh sh thdf`. Xd` hnhv`i` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, dl f`r`dtkz` quh `nfukhd c`y` `prhdikil n`s `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs quh kdthrhs`d p`r` hn h n tr`o`el, skfdkjkm` slnl quh tkhdh ud hxmhnhdth plthdmk`n  p`r` `iqukrkrn`s. Xd` phrsld` puhih shr s hr sub`bhdth hbpàtkm`s, phrl dl c`ohr `iqukrkil n`s c`oknki`ihs o`s`i`s hd n` hbp`tâ` quh sh tr`iumhd hd n` plskoknki`i ih orkdi`r ud hxmhnhdth hxmh nhdth shrvkmkl `n p`mkhdth, shr ud ilmhdth ih prkbhr dkvhn l nlfr`r quh ud frupl tr`o`eh hd hqukpl. W`r` nlfr`r ud` `thdmkýd ih m`nki`i `n p`mkhdth dl o`st` mld plshhr udl l ils mlbpldhdths ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n skdl ilbkd`r ud` mlbokd`mkýd ih nls mlbpldhdths y suomlbpldhdths ih hst`. ]hfõd Flnhb`d (0;;6) n` fhdth quh flz` ih ud mlmkhdth hblmkld`n ýptkbl ih ëxktl dl sh ihe` `flok`r ràpki`bhdth y flokhrd`d bhelr sus vki`s. Hd n` judmkýd ik`rk` ih ud`

 

hdjhrbhr` quh kdfrhs` ` su mhdtrl n`olr`n nl prkbhrl quh rh`nkz` hs rhmhpmkld`r hn turdl ih 97 p`mkhdths `prlxkb`i`bhdth, `ibkdkstr` tr`t`bkhdtl lr`n, kdthrvkhdh kdthrvkhdh hd n` vkskt` bëikm`, tlb`s buhstr`s ih n`olr`tlrkl, mllrikd` mld hn phrsld`n tëmdkml p`r` n` tlb` ih hxàbhdhs `uxknk`rhs, plsthrklrbhdth `ibkdkstr` tr`t`bkhdtl p`rhdthr`n (m`d`nkz` vâ`s) rh`nkz` ikvhrsls  prlmhikbkhdtls p`r` nl mu`n tkhdh tkhbpl rhiumkil, sk ` hstl sh sub` n`s prhfudt`s ih nls j`bknk`rhs plr hn hst`il ih s`nui ih nls p`mkhdths, n` hdjhrbhr` dl ikspldh ihn tkhbpl `ihmu`il p`r` n` mldthst`mkýd mldthst`m kýd ` sus kdthrrlf`dths ih rhphdth nnhf`dil ` mldthst`r iihh ud` b`dhr` kd`ihmu`i` l plr untkbl dk rhspldihr, hd hsth blbhdtl hs ildih sh rlbph n`s rhn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs mld nls j`bknk`rhs h kdmnusl mld nls mlbp`ðhrls ih tr`o`el y phlr `ud sk hstl sh sub` ` prlonhb`s phrsld`nhs quh nnhv` n` hdjhrbhr` ` su mhdtrl ih tr`o`el. Mldmnukbls hd quh n` prljhskld`n ih hdjhrbhrâ` `tr`vhs`râ` plr ud hst`il ih hstrës, `dskhi`i, nl quh mldnnhv`râ` ` n` krrkt`oknki` krrkt`oknki`ii y plr hdih dl hxksth ud` `thdmkýd ih m`nki`i ` nls p`mkhdths ihokil ` quh c`y ud` ihsprlplrmkýd hdtrh hstls y hn dõbhrl ih hdjhrbhr`s, ud` b`n` lrf`dkz`mkýd, b`n`s rh`mmkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs y tlil hstl sh ihoh ` quh dl hxksth ud `ihmu`il dkvhn ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n. Hn ouhd shdtkil ihn cublr, hn lptkbksbl, kdjnuyhd hd n` s`nui ih n`s phrsld`s ` n`s quh muki`d, `sâ mlbl hd n` ih n`s prljhskld`nhs prljh skld`nhs ih hdjhrbhrâ`, t`dtl sk sh tr`t` ihn ihs`rrlnnl ih n` prljhskýd hd ud bhikl clspkt`n`rkl ildih sh orkdi` `thdmkýd hsphmk`nkz`i` c`st` n` `thdmkýd prkb`rk` quh sh orkdi` hd mhdtrls ih s`nui. Wrhvhdkr hn hstrës prljhskld`n, prljhskld` n, tr`dsbktkr ` nnls ls p`mkhdths p`m khdths mkhrtl lptkbksbl y vkvkr nl mltkik`dl ih b`dhr` plsktkv` y plr hdih bàs `fr`i`onh, dl slnl supldh ud ihs`jâl hd hn budil `mtu`n, skdl quh rh`nbhdth sh puhih vhr `ubhdt`i` n` m`p`mki`i ih `utlmldtrln y `

 

n`s phrsld`s quh hstàd o`els o`el s su muki`il puhih quh hn hdtlrdl sh nhs c`f` bàs `fr`i`onh, j`mknkt`dil hn jlbhdtl, n` prlthmmkýd y n` rhc`oknkt`mkýd ih n` s`nui y c`mkhdil bàs nnhv`ihrls nls quh prlmhikbkhdtls hd hdjhrbhrâ`.

 Hn Cublr y nls Muki`ils ih Hdjhrbhrâ`  N`s hdjhrbhr`s plr hst`r b`ylr m`dtki`i ih tkhbpl mld hn p`mkhdth ` mlbp`r`mkýd ih ltrls  prljhskld`nhs ih n` s`nui, ihohd tr`t`r ih c`mhr bàs s`nui`onhs y `fr`i`o `fr`i`onhs nhs n`s rhn`mkldhs mld n`s phrsld`s quh v`d ` muki`r, `mtktui quh skhbprh rhsunt` rhdt`onh t`dtl p`r` hn usu`rkl mlbl p`r` hn prlpkl prljhskld`n, y` quh hsth puhih hdmldtr`r b`ylr s`tksj`mmkýd hd hn tr`o`el mltkik`dl, sk hn prljhskld`n hs m`p`z ih prhp`r`r ud hdtlrdl rhn`mkld`n ih `yui` kdjlrb`dil `n p`mkhdth hd n`s iui`s, mlbp`rtkhdil nls loehtkvls thr`pëutkmls y `nhdt`dil ` n` j`bknk` ` `mhpt`r n` sktu`mkýd. B`rt` @Xã(mkt`i` plr Mko`d`n ,0;;0) ihsmrkoh sus hxphrkhdmk`s ih p`mkhdth fr`vh iur`dth bhshs, `ðlr` ih `nfud` b`dhr` n` j`nt` ih „`mtu`r‒ ih `nfud`s hdjhrbhr`s quh mu`dil muki`o`d sus quhb`iur`s prljhskld`nkz`o`d hn muki`il hsmrupunls`bhdth hd nl jâskml phrl  phriâ`d su „`mtu`mkýd‒ mu`dil hd hn h n pn`dl hd quh thdâ` quh rhprhshdt`r rlz`o` n` hsjhr` ih nl hblmkld`n, ih nl `jhmtkvl. Dl tli`s phrl, sk bumc`s bumc`s hdjhrbhr hdjhrbhr`s `s dl euhf`d n` p`rth ihn ih n  p`phn ih `ply` hd nl psâ psâqukml, qukml, ih c`mhr shdtkr okhd `n ltrl `udquh ` vhmhs dl `phthzm`. Hn cublr hs ud ouhd `dtkihprhskvl `dt kihprhskvl y n` rks` hs s`nui. N` thdskýd psâqukm` y jâskm` fhdhr`i` plr hn hxmhsl ih tr`o`el puhihd onlquh`r n`s `mtktuihs plsktkv`s y lptkbkst`s, phrl sk `ilpt`bls hst`s mlbl p`rth ih duhstrl tr`o`el, hs plskonh quh m`i` prljhskld`n ihsmuor` quh m`i`  prljhskld`n ihsmuor` quh dl hs t`d ikjâmkn `mtu`r y` quh ikmc`s `mtktuihs j`mknkt`d n` rhn`mkýd rh n`mkýd thr`pëutkm` mld hn p`mkhdth y su j`bknk` y c`mh shdtkr shdt kr `n p`mkhdth bàs shfurl nl quh phrbkth

 

` n` hdjhrbhr` ihs`rrlnn`r su tr`o`el mld b`ylr s`tksj`mmkýd ih jlrb` quh rhsunt`o` bàs fr`tkjkm`dth(Mko`d`n, 0;;0). 

 N` _hn`mkýd Hdjhrbhr` ” W`mkhdth N` rhn`mkýd hdjhrbhr` p`mkhdth hs ud prlmhsl mld ud` shrkh ih r`sfls hsphmâjkmls y ikjhrhdmk`nhs ih mu`nqukhr ltrl tkpl ih rhn`mkýd quh sh puhi` hst`onhmhr hd ltrls bhikls  prljhskld`nhs l slmk`nhs.Hdtrh sus m`r`mthrâstkm`s m`r `mthrâstkm`s sh puhih mkt`r5

 Hs ud` rhn`mkýd buntkjlrbh buntkjlrbh. ]kfdkjkm` quh n` rhn`mkýd quh sh hst`onhmh hdtrh hdjhrbhr` y p`mkhdth hs õdkm` h krrhphtkonh. Hs`s ils phrsld`s quh sh rhn`mkld`d tkhdhd m`i` ud` shdtkbkhdtls, phds`bkhdtls y jlrb`s ih rh`mmkld`r ikstkdt`s, n` m`nki`i y m`dtki`i ih kdthr`mmkldhs `sâ mlbl nls rhsunt`ils ikjhrk i kjhrkràd ràd shfõd sh fõd n`s m`r`mthrâstkm`s ih m`i` hdjhr hdjhrbhr` bhr` y m`i` p`mkhdth, ihn blbhdtl prhshdth, ih n`s prhlmup`mkldhs ih `bols, ihn õntkbl `mldthmkbkhdtl quh nhs c`y` lmurrkil ` m`i` ud` ih hnn`s h nn`s y ih buntktui ih v`rk`onhs kbplskonhs ih hdubhr`r l ihnkbkt`r. Wlr hnn hnnll dl hxksth ud „prltlmlnl „prl tlmlnl „slorh n` jlrb` ih kdkmk`r y b`dthdhr ud` rhn`mkýd ih `yui`, ihokhdil hd tlil m`sl `ihmu`rn` ` n` phrsld`, sktu`mkýd y blbhdtl prhshdth.

 N` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` thr`pëutkm` kbpnkm` ud prlmhsl ih mrhmkbkhdtl phrsld`n. Hd hn prlmhsl rhn`mkld`n n`s `mtkvki`ihs ih `shslr`bkhdtl y `plyl `pl yl ih n` hdjhrbhr` v`d ikrkfkils ` `yui`r ` n`s phrsld`s ` ihs`rrlnn`r c`oknki`ihs `i`pt`tkv`s, rhn`mkld`nhs, ih muki`ils. Mldshmuhdthbhdth, n` phrsld` `prhdih bàs slorh slor h sâ bksb`, slorh n`s m`us`s y mldshmuhdmk`s ih sus `mtu`mkldhs y slorh hn mlbplrt`bkhdtl cub`dl hd fhdhr`n.

 

]kfdkjkm`dil n` hdjhrbhi`i l hn tr`stlrdl prliumkil plr nls m`bokls y hvhdtls vkt`nhs, ud`  plskoknki`i ih ihs`rrlnn`r n`s prlpk`s prlp k`s plthdmk`nk plthdmk`nki`ihs i`ihs y mrhmhr mrh mhr phrsld`nbhdth hd ud shdtkil shdt kil  plsktkvl. Wlr ltr` p`rth n` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` t`bokëd mldstktuyh p`r` n` hdjhrbhr` ud` hxphrkhdmk` ih `prhdikz`eh y mrhmkbkhdtl phrsld`n, `n `bpnk`r su rhphrtlrkl ih m`p`mki`ihs y c`oknki`ihs rhn`mkld`nhs, hxphrkhdmk`s slorh hn sujrkbkhdtl cub`dl, jlrb`s ih ljrhmhr `yui`.

 N` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` thr`pëutkm` tkhdh ud` hstrumtur` y hvlnumkld` ih `muhril mld ud prlmhsl  ihthrbkd`il. Hsth tkpl tkpl ih rhn` rh n`mkýd mkýd sh ihs`rrl ihs`rrlnn` nn` hd ud mldthxtl y blbhdtl mldmrhtls. Wlr Wl r hnnl puhih c`on`rsh ih `mtktuihs quh sh mldskihr`d dhmhs`rk`s p`r` nn`` hvlnumkýd ih n` n` rhn`mkýd, hxksthdmk` ih ht`p`s l j`shs j`shs mldmrht`s plr n`s n`s quh iksmurrh n` rhn`mkýd y dhmhski`i ih prhp`r`r su jkd p`r` hvkt`r shdtkbkhdtls ih përiki` p`r` `bo`s p`rths.

 N` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` thr`pëutkm` y n` rhn`mkýd slmk`n ihohd shr mldskihr`i`s mu`nkt`tkv` y  mu`dtkt`tkv`bhdth  mu`dtkt`t kv`bhdth ikstkdt`s. N`s ikjhrhdmk`s hdtrh n` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` y n` rhn`mkýd slmk`n slm k`n sh rhjkhrhd ` nls jkdhs ih n` rhn`mkýd, nls nls rlnhs rl nhs quh m`i` p`rtkmkp`dth ihshbphð` y nls kdthrhshs l s`tksj`mmkýd ih dhmhski`ihs.   `)  Hd n` rhn`mkýd slmk`n n`s jkd`nki`ihs kdmnuyhd hnhbhdtls t`nhs mlbl mlbp`ðhrksbl, mlbp`ðhr ksbl, ikvhrskýd, pn`mhr1 hd n` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` n` jkd`nk jkd` nki`i i`i prkb pr kblrik`n lrik`n hs hn tr`o`el sksthbàtkml ih nls shdtkbkhdtls, phds`bkhdtls y mlbplrt`bkhdtls quh rhsunt`d rhsu nt`d  prlonhbàtkmls p`r` hn p`mkhdth.  o)  Nls rlnhs quh `subhd nls kdthfr`dths ih ud` rhn`mkýd r hn`mkýd slmk`n sld kdthrm`bok`onhs y v`rk`onhs ihphdikhdil ihn blbhdtl, sktu`mkýd h kdthrhshs. Hd n` rhn`mkýd ih `yui` nls rlnhs hstàd mn`r`bhdth ikjhrhdmk`ils y dl sld kdthrm`bok`onhs.

 

m)  Hd ud` rhn`mkýd slmk`n, n`s dhmhski`ihs phrsld`nhs h kdthrphrsld`nhs sld s`tksjhmc`s ih b`dhr` mlbp`rtki`1 Hd ud` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` n` hdjhrbhr` `yui` `n p`mkhdth, j`bknk` l frupl ` kihdtkjkm`r y hxprhs`r sus dhmhski`ihs, ousm`dil bëtlils p`r` rhspldihr hjkm`zbhdth ` hnn`s. Dl sh ikrkfh dudm` ` s`tksj`mhr n`s dhmhski`ihs phrsld`nhs ih n` hdjhrbhr`.

 W`r` ihs`rrlnn`r ud` rhn`mkýd rhn`mkýd ih `yui` sh rhqukhrhd mldlmkbkhdtls y c`oknki`ihs hsphmâjkm`s. Ihsih hn kdkmkl kdkmkl ih n` rhn`mkýd, hn rhsunt`il ih n`s kdthr`mmkldhs dl puhih shr ihe`il `n `z`r .  N` hdjhrbhr` dhmhskt` iks i kspldhr pldhr ih ud` shrkh ih mldlmkbkhdtls, c`oknki`ihs y mlbphthdmk`s mlbpht hdmk`s rhsphmtl ` ikjhrhdths muhstkldhs. Ihoh mldlmhr nl rhn`tkvl ` nls prlmhsls ih ihs`rrlnnl ih n`  phrsld`, `sâ mlbl n`s m`us`s y hjhmtls ihn mlbplrt`bkhdtl cub`dl, ikvhrski`i mu munt ntur` ur`n,n,  prlonhb`s hblmkld`nhs, j`ns`s mrhhdmk`s. mrhhdmk` s. Yhdhr ud `bpnkl `bpnkl rhphrtlrkl rhphrtlr kl ih c`oknki`ihs c`oknki`ihs rhn`mkld`nhs. ]hr mlbphthdth hd hn b`dhel ih sktu`mkldhs ikjâmknhs y hstrhs`dths quh rhqukhr`d ud` tlb` ih ihmkskldhs `mhrt`i`s. ]hr m`p`z ih rhmldlmhr n`s jlrb`s bàs hjkm`mhs ih `plyl hd m`i` sktu`mkýd ihthrbkd`i`. Mldlmkbkhdtl sujkmkhdth ih sâ bksb` p`r` kihdtkjkm`r y mlbprhdihr n`s  prlpk`s dhmhski`ihs, mrhhdmk`s mrhhdmk` s y v`nlrhs `sâ mlbl n`s m`us`s ihn ih n prlpkl mlbplrt`bkhdtl. Hvkt`r ikstlrskld`r ihsih sus prlpk`s mldmhpmkldhs, dhmhski`ihs y prlonhb`s n` phrmhpmkýd slorh nls ihbàs. Wlshhr mkhrt`s `mtktuihs y `ptktuihs j`mknkt`ilr`s ih n` rhn`mkýd sk sh qukhrh quh sus kdthrvhdmkldhs rhsunthd hjkm`mhs y thr`pëutkm`s. Hbp`tâ`, `mhpt`mkýd, `uthdtkmki`i, mldmrhmkýd, hsmumc`, ikspldkoknki`i. Hd n` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` n` jkd`nki`i prkblrik`n hs hn tr`o`el sksthbàtkml ih nnls ls shdtkbkhdtls, phds`bkhdtls y mlb mlbplrt`bkhdtls plrt`bkhdtls quh rhsunt`d  prlonhbàtkmls p`r` hn p`mkhdth. Hd n` rhn`mkýd ih `yui` ` yui` nls rlnhs hstàd mn`r`bhdth

 

ikjhrhdmk`ils y dl sld kdt kdthrm`bok`onhs. hrm`bok`onhs. Hd ud` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` n` hdjhrbhr` `yu `yui` i` `n  p`mkhdth, j`bknk` l frupl ` kihdtkjkm`r y hxprhs`r sus su s dhmhski`ihs, ousm`dil bëtlils p`r` rhspldihr hjkm`zbhdth ` hnn`s. Dl sh ikrkfh dudm` ` s`tksj`mhr n`s dhmhski`ihs phrsld`nhs ih n` hdjhrbhr`.

 Hd n` rhn`mkýd thr`pëutkm` sh tr`o`e` skhbprh mld udls loehtkvls loehtkvls thr`pëutkmls. C`y ud` shrkh ih prkdmkpkls quh sh `pnkm`d ` n` ikdàbkm` ih n` rhn`mkýd5 Wn`dkjkm`mkýd ih `mmkldhs1 sh rh`nkz` pldkhdil pld khdil hn ëdj`sks hd nls loehtkvls thr`pëutkmls quh

ihohd c`ohr skil mldshdsu`ils mld hn p`mkhdth, j`bknk` l frupl ih b`dhr` quh c`y` `muhril butul y hxpnâmktl. Jke`r rhsplds`oknki`ihs ih m`i` udl, `sâ mlbl nls nâ nâbkths, bkths,  p`rtkmkp`dil n` phrsld` `mtkv`bhdth hd sus prlpkls prlp kls muki`ils. Hstl mldiumh `n nn`b`il „Mldtr`tl thr`pëutkml‒ quh sh utknkz` p`r` ihdlbkd`r hn `muhril butul slorh hstls `sphmtls, ihjkdkhdil quë prhthdih mldshfukrsh, qukëd c`mh quë y hd quë tkhbpl sh hsphr` mldshfukrnl (Mko`d`n, 0;;0).

 

M@WKYXNL KK Ikshðl Bhtlilnýfkml Ykpl l Ikshðl ih Kdvhstkf`mk Kdvhstkf`mkýd ýd Hsth prlyhmtl mlrrhspldih `n dkvhn ih kdvhstkf`mkýd ihsmrkptkv` mlbp`r`tkv` y `n tkpl ih kdvhstkf`mkýd ih m`bpl, m`bpl, plrquh tr`t` ih ihsmrkokr n`s m`r`mthrâstkm`s ih m`i` ud` ih n`s hsm`n`s ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n, mlbp`r`dil nls rhsunt`ils lothdkils lo thdkils hd nls ils frupls5 nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd hd jlrb` fhdhr`n fhdhr` n y hdtrh nls 8 `ðls quh mlbprhdih n` m`rrhr` (Ahrnkdfhr y Nhh, ?77? mkt`il mkt`il plr Wlrtknn` & Zknmchs ?700).

Yëmdkm`   @pnkm`mkýd ih Hdmuhst`.

 Kdstrubhdtl  W`r` nh hv`nu`mkýd ih n` Z`rk`onh Õdkm`5 Õdkm`5 Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n sh utknkzý5 Hn kdvhdt`rkl ih Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n ih O`rLd.

 Dlborh5 HPK (O`rldHbltkld`nKdvhdtlry)  @utlr5 _huvhdO`rld, Wc.I Yr`iummkýd y `i`pt`mkýd5 Ir`. Ulkn Ulkn`` @o`dtl Ir. Nhld`ril Ckfuhr`s Nkm. Elrfh Muhtl

 

 @ibkdkstr`mkýd5 Kdikvkiu`n y Mlnhmtkv` Ykhbpl ih @ibkdkstr`mkýd5 @ib kdkstr`mkýd5 Dl  Dl hxksthd hxksthd nâbkths ih tkhb t khbpl pl kbpuhstls p`r` mlbpnht`r hn HP-K  Àboktl ih `pnkm`mkýd5 @ p`rtkr ih nls 0: `ðls hd `ihn`dth. ]kfdkjkm`mkýd5 Hv`nu`mkýd ih n`s `ptktuihs hblmkld`nhs ih n` phrsld`nki`i mlbl ihthrbkd`dths p`r` `nm`dz`r hn ëxktl fhdhr`n y b`dthdhr ud` s`nui hblmkld`n plsktkv`.

 Ihsmrkpmkýd5 hn kdvhdt`rkl ih mlmkhdth hblmkld`n ih O`rLd kdmnuyh 0== Âthbs mlrtls y hbpnh` ud frupl ih rhspuhst`s ih 8 pudtls. N` hv`nu`mkýd fhdhr` nls rhsunt`ils rh sunt`ils ih trhs hsm`n`s ih v`nkihz, ud rhsunt`il M.H Fhdhr`n, rhsunt`ils ih mkdml Hsm`n`s Mlbpuhst`s y rhsunt`ils ih qukdmh suohsm`n`s ih M.H . Hn K.M.H IH O`rLd rhprhshdt` hn prkbhr kdstrubhdtl p`r` n` hv`nu`mkýd ih n` phrsld`nki`i o`s`il hd ud duhvl mldmhptl hd hn m`bpl ih n` pskmlnlfâ`. Hn mldmhptl ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n c` kdtrliumkil hd nls õntkbls `ðls, ud hdudmk`il ihjkdktkvl quh hstà m`bok`dil `mtu`nbhdth hn pn`dth`bkhdtl y hdthdikbkhdtl ih n` hv`nu`mkýd pskmlnýfkm`. Hn KMH ih O`rLd c` skil hx`bkd`il hd bàs ih 07,777 phrsld`s ih tlil hn budil mlbprhdikhdil p`âshs mlbl Hst`ils Xdkils, @rfhdtkd`, @nhb`dk`, ]uiàjrkm`, Dkfhrk`, Ksr`hn h Kdik`. Nls hstuikls slorh n` pruho` rhbldt`d ` 0;3=, hs ihmkr quh tkhdh t khdh 06 `ðls ih kdvhstkf`mkýd.

 Hn b`thrk`n ih n` pruho` mldst` ih nl skfukhdth5 skfukhdth5  - 

Mu`ihrdknnl mld n`s kdstrummkldhs h âthbs ihn kdvhdt`rkl

- 

Cle` ih rhspuhst`s

- 

Cle` ih phrjkn. _hsubh n` hv`nu`mkýd ih n`s 8 hsm`n`s hsm` n`s y 08 suohsm`n`s.

 

 Kdstrummkldhss  Kdstrummkldh N`s kdstrummkldhs jkfur`d hd n` prkbhr` pàfkd` ihn mu`ihrdknnl ih prhfudt`s. Hd `ibkdkstr`mkldhs frup`nhs nls p`rtkmkp`dths ihohràd shr kdstrukils. ]h rhmlbkhdi` phquhðls frupls ih 07 ` 08 phrsld`s mld suphrvkskýd plr p`rth ih nls `ibkdkstr`ils, qukhd ihoh `shfur`rsh quh nls hv`nu`ils rhspldi`d ih b`dhr` b`dhr` kdikvkiu`n y hd ud `b `bokhdth okhdth nkorh ih ikstr`mmkldhs.

M`nkjkm`mkýd  Wrkbhrl5 Hv`n Hv`nu`r u`r n` v`nkihz ih nls rhsunt`ils ihn K-MH. N`s p`ut`s p`r` mldskihr`r n` v`nkihz ih n` pruho` plr n` lbkskýd sld5 •

  Hn pudt`eh ihn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n ihoh shr mldskihr`il kdvànkil sk 3 (:% ihn tlt`n) l

bàs ih nls âthbs sld lbktkils (hxmnuyhdil hn õntkbl âthb 0== quh dl sh tkhdh hd muhdt`  p`r` hn mànmunl ihn pudt`eh tlt`n ihn K-MH) W`r` nls suomlbpldhdths @M, @_, _K, _], W_, YH, MK, JH quh tkhdhd ; l bàs âthbs5 Bàxkbl = âthbs puhihd shr lbktkils. W`r` nls suomlbpldhdths MB, HB, JN, ]L, LW quh tkhdh 3 âthbs5 Bàxkbl ? âthbs puhihs shr lbktkils. W`r` nls suomlbpldhdth suomlbpldhdthss @], KD quh tkhdhd 6 âthbs5 ]ýnl 0 puhih shr lbktkil.

]hfudil5 Lothdmkýd ih nls pudt`ehs hstàdi`r p`r` nls suomlbpldhdths5   Hsmrkokr nls pudt`ehs ikrhmtls hd nls m`sknnhrls mlrrhspldikhdths ih n`s 08 hsm`n`s.

•

  Xokm`r hd hn o`rhbl mlrrhspldikhdth nls pudt`ehs ihrkv`ils (MH) quh mlrrhspldih `

•

m`i` pudt`eh ikrhmtl lothdkil plr hn hx`bkd`il hd m`i` suomlbpldhdth y hsmrkokrnl hd su rhsphmtkvl m`sknnhrl.

 

 

Yhrmhrl5 Lothdmkýd ih nls pudt`ehs hstàdi`r p`r` nls mlbpldhdths ihn K K-MH. Lothdhr nls pudt`ehs ikrhmtls p`r` m`i` ud` ih n`s mkdml hsm`n`s mlbpldhdths ihn K-MH y  p`r` hnnl subh nls pudt`ehs ikrhmtls lothdkils lothd kils prhvk`bhdth ih n`s hsm`n`s quh kdthfr`d m`i` udl ih nls mlbpldhdths.

Mu`rtl5 Lothdmkýd ihn pudt`eh hstàdi`r MH ihn K-MH. @ n` sub`tlrk` ih nls nls pudt`ehs ikrhmtls ih nls mkdml mlbpldhdths ihn K-MH uokm`rnls hd hn O`rhbl rhsphmtkvl p`r` lothdhr hn pudt`eh hstàdi`r, hs ihmkr hn Mlmkhdth Hblmkld`n Ylt`n (MHY).

Mldjk`oknki`i Nls hstuikls ih mldjk`oknki`i hehmut`ils slorh hn K-MH hd hn hxtr`dehrl sh c`d mhdtr`il hd n` mldsksthdmk` kdthrd` y n` mldjk`oknki`i rh-thst. Nls mlhjkmkhdths mlhj kmkhdths `nj` prlbhikl ih Mrldo`mc sld `ntls p`r` m`sk tlils nls suomlbpldhdths, hn bàs o`el 7.:; juh _hsplds`oknki`i ]lmk`n y hn bàs `ntl 7.3: p`r` Mlbprhskýd ih sâ bksbl. W`r` n` buhstr` phru`d` nls mlhjkmkhdths mlhj kmkhdths `nj` ih Mrldo`mc sh loshr loshrv`d v`d quh n` mldsksthdmk` kdthrd` p`r` hn kdvhdt`rkl tlt`n hs buy `ntl 7.;=, p`r` nls mlbpldhdths ihn K-MH, lsmkn` hdtrh 7.66 y 7.;0. Nls bàs o`els mlhjkmkhdths sld p`r` nls suomlbpldhdths ih Jnhxkoknki`i 7.93, Kdihphdihdmk` y ]lnumkýd ih Wrlonhb`s 7.:7. Nls trhmh j`mtlrhs rhst`dths `rrle`d v`nlrhs  plr hdmkb` ih 7.67.

Z`nkihz Nls ikvhrsls hstuikls ih v`nkihz ihn K-MH oàskm`bhdth hstàd ihstkd`ils ` ihblstr`r muàd hxktlsl y hjkmkhdth hs hsth kdstrubhdtl, hd n` hv`nu`mkýd ih nls quh sh prlpldh.

 

 Duhvh tkpls ih hstuikl ih v`nki`mkýd5 Z`nkihz ih mldthdkil, `p`rhdth, j`mtlrk`n, ih mldstrumtl, mldvhrfhdth, ih frupl ” mrkthrkl, iksmrkbkd`dth y v`nkihz prhikmtkv` c` skil mldiumki` hd shks p`âshs hd nls õntkbls 06 `ðls.

 Kdthrprht`mkýd ih nls rhsunt`ils5 Kdthrprht`mkýd ihn MH p`r` hn tlt`n, nls mlbpldhdths, y suomlbpldhdths

Wudt`ehs hstàdi`rhs

W`ut`s ih Kdthrprht`mkýd

0=7 y bàs

M`p`mki`i hblmkld`n buy ihs`rrlnn`i`5 ihs`rrl nn`i`5 B`rm`i`bhdth `nt`. M`p`mki`i hblmkld`n hblmkld` n Kdusu`n.

008 ` 0?;

M`p`mki`i hblmkld`n buy ihs`rrlnn`i`5 @nt`, Ouhd` m`p`mki`i hblmkld`n.

3: ` 009 67 ` 38 :; y bhdls

M`p`mki`i hblmkld`n `ihmu`i`5 Wrlbhikl.  Dhmhskt` bhelr`r5 O`e`. M`p`mki`i hblmkld`n  plr iho`el ihn prlbhikl  Dhmhskt` bhelr`r5 Buy o`e`. M`p`mki`i hblmkld`n hxtrhb`i`bhdth plr iho`el ihn  prlbhikl.

 

 Wlon`mkýd y Buhstr` N` kdvhstkf`m kdvhstkf`mkýd kýd sh rh`nkzý hd n`s J`munt`ihs ih Hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` n` Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y ih n` Xdkvhrski`i D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâ @fustâdd hd tlt`n n` plon`mkýd ih hstuik`dths juh ih 8?7, ih nls mu`nhs 07= prlvhdâ`d ih n` XM]B y 0?? ih n` XD]@. Ih tli` n` plon`mkýd sýnl sh `ibkdkstrý n` hdmuhst` ` qukhdhs qu khdhs ihsh`rld mln`olr`r nls mu`nhs juhrld ??8 hstuik`dths.

 Hstr`thfk` ih _hmlnhmmkýd ih I`tls W`r` n` `pnkm`mkýd ih n` kdvhstkf`mkýd kdvhstkf`mkýd sh pkiký prhvk`bhdth n` `utlrkz`mkýd mld n` ihm`d` ih n` j`munt`i ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XD]@ y n` ihm`d` ih n` j`munt`i ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B, sh mllrikdý ud` hdtrhvkst` mld n` Ihm`d` ih n` J`munt`i ih Hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B hd n` mu`n sh hxpusl n` kdvhstkf`mkýd ` nnhv`rsh ` m`ol y sh slnkmktý n` `utlrkz`mkýd. Xd` vhz i`i`s n`s `utlrkz`mkldhs sh prlmhiký ` mllrikd`r mld prljhslr`s ih `bo`s j`munt`ihs p`r` plihr `mmhihr ` nls 98 bkdutls rhquhrkils p`r` n` `pnkm`mkýd ihn kdvhdt`rkl y jke`r hn clr`rkl y n`s jhmc`s.

Wlsthrklrbhdth sh rh`nkzý n` `pnkm`mkýd ihn Kdvhdt`rkl Kdvhdt`r kl KMH ih O`rLd ` tlils nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y ih n` XD]@.

Mrkthrkls ih Wrlmhs`bkhdtl ih Kdjlrb`mkýd W`r` hn prlmhs`bkhdtl ih nls i`tls i`tls rhmlnhmt`ils rhml nhmt`ils sh prlmhiký ih n` skfukhdth b`dhr`5 •

  Z`mk`r nls i`tls ih nls muhstkld`rkls hd hn sksthb` s ksthb` ih m`nkjkm`m m`nkjkm`mkýd kýd vkrtu`n ihn kdvhdt`rkl,

nls pudt`ehs mldvhrtkils lothdkils ih n` m`nkjkm`mk m`nkjkm`mkýd ýd sh p`s`rld ` ud mu`irl ih ilonh i lonh hdtr`i` shfõd nls kdikm`ilrhs mldskfd`ils hd n` v`rk`onh.

 

•

  W`r` n` sksthb`tkz`mkýd ih i`tls sh hbpnhý hn prlfr`b` ]W]], sh utknkzl n` pruho` ihn

mck mu`ir`il. •

  N` kdthrprht`mkýd sh ckzl hd o`sh ` nls rhsunt`ils mld mkhrt` rhnhv`dmk` hdmldtr`ils hd n`

kdvhstkf`mkýd.

 

M@WKYXNL KKK _hsunt`ils  Ihsmrkpmkýd ih nls rhsunt`ils  N` buhstr` jkd`n mlbprhdih ??8 hstuik`dths hstui k`dths Nls rhsunt`ils ih n` kdvhstkf`mkýd c`d skil lrf`dkz`ils y prhshdt`ils hd 00 t`on`s, c`mkhdil ud` mlbp`r`mkýd hdtrh `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs y hdtrh nls 8 `ðls ih n` m`rrhr` t`dtl hd hn mlmkhdth fhdhr`n mlbl mlbl hd n`s hsm`n`s.

Y`on` 0 Hsm`n` Kdtr`phrsld`n 

DKZHNH]

XM]B

XD]@

 D·.

%

D·.

%

Buy o`e`

?8

?9.=

97

=?.3

O`e`

6?

:;.;

6=

8;.3

@ihmu`i`

:

8.3 

;

6.9

Ylt`n

07=

077

0??

077

S?2?.93

W47.78

Hd n` t`on` D·. 0, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il (S ?2?.93) sh `prhmk` `prhm k` quh hd n` hsm`n` kdtr`phrsld`n nls hstuik`dths ih n` Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i  D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd dl prhshdt`rld ikjhrhdm ikjhrhdmk`s k`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). @skbksbl sh tkhdh tkhdh quh hhnn :;.;% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B prhshdt`rld ud dkvhn o`el hd hst` hsm`n` jrhdth `n 8;.3% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hsth bksbl dkvhn ih

 

mlmkhdth y t`d slnl ud 8.3% hd hn m`sl ih n` XM]B y ud 6.9% hd hn m`sl ih n` XD]@ nlfr`rld ud dkvhn ih ihs`rrlnnl `ihmu`il hd hst` hsm`n`.

 

Y`on` ? Hsm`n` Kdthrphrsld`n

DKZHNH]

XM]B

XD]@

 D·. ?

% 0.;

 D·. ?

% 0.:

O`e`

09

0=.:

?3

?=.7

@ihmu`i`

66

69.3

37

:8.8

@nt`

6

:.3

3

:.:

Buy @nt`

=

?.;

9

=.=

07=

077

0??

077

Buy o`e`

Ylt`n

S?2=.=8

W47.78

Hd n` t`on` D·. ?, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il (S ?2=.=8) sh lotkhdh quh hd n` Hsm`n` Kdthrphrsld`n nls hstuik`dths ih n` Xdkvhrski`i X dkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y N` Xdkvhrski`i  D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd dl prhshdt`rld ikjhrhdmk`s i kjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). Ih n` bksb` b`dhr` sh puhih vhr quh hn 69.3% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B lotuvkhrld ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd hst` hsm`n` jrhdth `n :8.: % ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hsth bksbl dkvhn ih mlhjkmkhdth kdthnhmtu`n. Hn 0=.:% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y hn ?=.7% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ lotuvl ud dkvhn o`el hd hst` hsm`n`.

 

 

Y`on` =   Hsm`n` Ih @i`pt`oknki`i @i`pt`oknki`i

DKZHNH]

XM]B

XD]@

D·.

%

D·.

%

Buy o`e`

8

9.3

6

8.6

O`e`

:8

:=.0

69

:7.6

@ihmu`i`

=?

=0.0

90

==.:

@nt` 

0

0.7

7

7.7

Ylt`n

07=

077

0??

077

S?20.9=

W47.78

N` t`on` D·. =, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il (S ?20.9=) buhstr` quh hd n` hsm`n` hsm`n` ih `i`pt`oknki`i nls hstuik`dths ih n` Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i  D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd dl prhshdt`rld ikjhrhdmk`s i kjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). Y`bokhd sh tkhdh quh hn :=.0% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B prhshdt`rld ud dkvhn o`el ih `i`pt`oknki`i jrhdth `n :7.6% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hsth bksbl dkvhn ih mlhjkmkhdth kdthnhmtu`n y slnl hn =0.0% ih hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y ==.:% ih hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ lotuvkhrld ud dkvhn ih ihs`rrlnnl `ihmu`il hd hst` hsm`n`.

 

 

Y`on` 9 Hsm`n` Ih B`dhel Ih Yhdskýd

DKZHNH]

XM]B

XD]@

Buy o`e`

D·. 0

% 0.7

D·. 0

% 7.3

O`e`

:=

:0.?

:6

89.;

@ihmu`i` 

=;

=6.3

89

99.=

07=

077

0??

077

Ylt`n

S?27.;9

W47.78

N` t`on` D·. 9, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il (S ?27.;9) hd n` hsm`n` ih hn b`dhel ih n` thdskýd nls hstuik`dths ih n` Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` ] `dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i  D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd dl prhshdt`rld ikjhrhdmk`s i kjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). Ih n` bksb` jlrb` thdhbls quh hn :0.?% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B prhshdt`rld ud dkvhn o`el ih b`dhel ih n` thdskýd jrhdth `n 89.;% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hsth bksbl dkvhn ih mlhjkmkhdth kdthnhmtu`n. Hn =6.;% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y hn 99.= % ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ lotuvkhrld ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd hst` hsm`n`.

 

Y`on` 8 Hsm`n` ih Àdkbl fhdhr`n

DKZHNH]

XM]B

XD]@

Buy o`e`

D·. ;

% 3.6

D·. 09

% 00.8

O`e`

==

=?.7

?;

?=.3

@ihmu`i`

:0

8;.=

6;

:9.6

Ylt`n

07=

077

0??

077

S?2?.76

W47.78

N` t`on` D·. 8, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il (S ?2?.76) buhstr` quh hd n` hsm`n` ih àdkbl fhdhr`n hd nls hstuik`dths ih n` Xdkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd dl sh prhshdt`rld ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). @ su vhz sh `prhmk` quh hn 8;.?% ih nls hst hstuik`dths uik`dths ih n` XM]B prhshdt`rld ud dkvhn `ihmu`il jrhdth `n :9.3% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hsth bksbl dkvhn ih mlhjkmkhdth kdthnhmtu`n. Hd hn m`sl ih n` XM]B hn =?.7% ih nls hstuik`dths hstuik`dths lotuvl ud dkvhn  o`el jrhdth `n ?=.3% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hn bksbl dkvhn.

 

 

Y`on` : Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n

DKZHNH]

S ?2

XM]B

XD]@

7.?3

D·.

%

D·.

%

Buy O`e`

6

:.3

6

8.6

O`e`

86

88.=

:8

8=.=

W47.

@ihmu`i`

=;

=6.;

87

90.7

78

07=

077

0??

077

Ylt`n

 

N`

t`on` D·. :, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mc k mu`ir`il (S?27.?3) thdhbls thdhbls quh hd hn mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` Xdkvhrski`i X dkvhrski`i M`týnkm` ih ]`dt` B`râ` y n` Xdkvhrski`i D`mkld`n ih ]`d @fustâd dl prhshdt`rld ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). Ih kfu`n jlrb` sh lotuvl quh hn 88.=% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B prhshdt`rld ud dkvhn  o`el jrhdth `n 8=.=% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ mld hsth bksbl dkvhn ih mlmkhdth kdthnhmtu`n hblmkld`n. Hn =6.;% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y hn 90.7% ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ lotuvkhrld ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd hn mlmkhdth fhdhr`n.

 

Y@ON@ 6 Mlmkhdth ih Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n hd hn W_KBH_ @ÐL DKZHNH] XM]B XD]@

KDYH_WH_]LD@N Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` KDY_@WH_]LD@N Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` @I@WY@OKNKI@I Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` YHD]KLD Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` @DKBL O`e` @ihmu`i` M.H O`e` @ihmu`i` Ylt`n  

Hst`iâstkmls

D·.

%

D·.

%

S

W v`nuh

7 00 =

7.7 63.: ?0.9

0? 06 ?

=3.6 89.3 :.8

3.?9

W>7.78

= 00 7

?0.9 63.:

0: 09 0

80.: 98.? =.?

9.96

W47.78

0 0?

6.0 38.6

= 03

;.6 83.0

=.::

W47.78

0

6.0

07

=?.=

0 3 8

6.0 86.0 =8.6

0 0: 09

=.? 80.: 98.?

7.8;

W47.78

0 0=

6.0 ;?.;

9 ?6

6.0 ;?.;

7.=?

W47.78

? 0? 09

09.= 38.6 077

07 ?0 =0

=?.= :6.6 077

0.8;

W47.78

Hd n` Y`on` Dµ. 6, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il sh `prhmk` quh n` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hbl mkld`n hd n` n` hsm`n` kdthrphrsld`n hhdd nls hstuik`dths hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B y XD]@ prhshdtý ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W>7.78), hd mu`dtl ` n`s ihbàs hsm`n`s dl sh hdmldtrý ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78). Hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n sh hdmldtrý hd ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd 38.6% p`r` nls `nubdls ih n` XM]B y hd ud :6.6% p`r` nls ih n` XD]@.

 

Y@ON@ 3 Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd hn ]HFXDIL @ÐL XM]B XD]@ % D·. %  D·. KDYH_WH_]LD@N Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` KDY_@WH_]LD@N Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` @I@WY@OKNKI@I Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` YHD]KLD O`e` @ihmu`i` @DKBL Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` MH Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` YLY@N  

Hst`iâstkmls S W v`nuh v`nuh

83 7

=3.8 :0.8 7.7

7 07 =

7.7 6:.; ?=.0

3.??

W>7.78

0 00 0

6.6 39.: 6.6

7 0? 0

7.7 ;?.= 6.6

0.79

W47.78

7 00 ?

7.7 39.: 08.9

0 ; =

6.6 :;.? ?=.0

0.97

W47.78

3

:0.8

8

=3.8

8 7 3 8

=3.8

:0.8 6.6 =7.3 :0.8

0.=3

W47.78

:0.8 =3.8

3 0 9 3

=.7=

W47.78

0 9 3 0=

6.6 :;.? ?=.0 077

7 3 8 0=

7.7 :0.8 =3.8 077

0.8:

W47.78

N` Y`on` Dµ. 3, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il buhstr` quh n` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hblmkld` n hd n` hsm`n` hsm`n` kdthrphrsld`n hd nls `n `nubdls ubdls ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B y XD]@ prhshdtý ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W>7.78), hd mu`dtl ` n`s ihbàs hsm`n`s dl sh hdmldtrý ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78).Hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n sh hdmldtrý hd ud dkvhn o`el hd :;.?% p`r` n`ls hstuik`dths hstui k`dths ih n` XM]B y hd ud :0.8 : 0.8 % p`r` nls hstuik`dths ih nn`` XD]@.

 

Y@ON@ ; Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n YH_MH_ @ÐL XM]B XD]@  D·. % D·. % KDYH_WH_]LD@N

Hst`iâstkmls S?  W v`nuh

Buy O`e` o`e` @ihmu`i` KDY_@WH_]LD@N Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` @nt` Buy @nt` @I@WY@OKNKI@I Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i`

06 9? 0

?3.= 67.7 0.6

?= =6 7

=3.= :0.6 7.7

?.??

W47.78

? : 98 9 =

=.= 07.7 68.7 :.6 8.7

? 6 99 9 =

=.= 00.6 6=.= :.6 8.7

7.7;

W47.78

9 =? ?=

:.6 8=.= =3.=

= =9 ?=

8.7 8:.6 =3.=

0.?7

W47.78

@nt` YHD]KLD O`e` @ihmu`i` @DKBL Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` MH Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` YLY@N

0

0.6

7

=6 ?=

:0.6 =3.=

=6 ?=

:0.6 =3.=

7.77

W47.78

6 0: =6

00.6 ?:.6 :0.6

07 0; =0

0:.6 =0.6 80.6

0.=?

W47.78

8 97 08 :7

3.= ::.6 ?8.7 077

6 90 0? :7

00.6 :3.= ?7.7 077

7.:3

W47.78

Hd n` Y`on` Dµ. ;, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il sh lotuvl quh n` kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd n` hsm`n` kdthrphrsld`n hd nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` hdjhr bhrâ` ih n` XM]B y XD]@ dl  prhshdtl ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s skfdkj km`tkv`s (W47.78). Hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n sh hdmldtrý hd ud dkvhn o`el hd ::.6% p`r` n`ls hstuik`dths hstui k`dths XM]B y hd ud :3.= % p`r` nls ih n` XD]@.

 

Y@ON@ 07 Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd MX@_YL MX @_YL @ÐL XM]B XD]@

Hst`iâstkmls

 D·.

%

D·.

%

S? 

W v`nuh

= : 7

==.= ::.6 7.7

8 9 ?

98.8 =:.9 03.?

?.6=

W47.78

? 8 ? 7

??.? 88.: ??.? 7.7

0 6 ? 0

;.0 :=.: 03.? ;.0

0.93

W47.78

: =

::.6 ==.=

3 =

6?.6 ?6.=

7.7;

W47.78

6 ?

66.3 ??.?

9 6

=:.9 :=.:

=.9=

W47.78

? 8 ?

??.? 88.: ??.?

? 0 3

03.? ;.0 6?.6

:.0=

W>7.78

0 8 = ;

00.0 88.: ==.= 077

7 9 6 00

=:.9 :=.: 077

?.89

W47.78

KDY_@WH_]LD@N Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` KDYH_WH_]LD@N O`e` @ihmu`i` @nt` Buy @nt` @I@WY@OKNKI@I O`e` @ihmu`i` YHD]KLD O`e` @ihmu`i` @DKBL Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` MH Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i`  YLY@N

Hd n` Y`on` Dµ. 07, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il thdhbls quh n` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd n` hsm`n` `dkbl hd nnls ls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B y XD]@ prhshdtl prhshdtl ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W>7.78), hd mu`dtl ` n`s ihbàs hsm`n`s dl sh hdmldtrý ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78).Hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n sh hdmldtrý hd ud dkvhn o`el o`el hd 88.:% p`r` nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y hd ud dkvhn `ihmu`il mld :=.: % p`r` nls ih n` XD]@.

 

Y@ON@ 00 Mlmkhdth ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd PXKDYL @ÐL XM]B XD]@  D·. % D·. % KDY_@WH_]LD@N 60.9 8 60.9 8 O`e` ?3.: ? ?3.: ? @ihmu`i` KDYH_WH_]LD@N 86.0 9 ?3.: ? O`e` 9?.; = 60.9 8 @ihmu`i` @I@WY@OKNKI@I 60.9 8 86.0 9 O`e` ?3.: ? 9?.; = @ihmu`i` YHD]KLD 60.9 8 9?.; = O`e` ?3.: ? 86.0 9 @ihmu`i`

@DKBL Buy o`e` O`e` @ihmu`i` MH O`e` @ihmu`i`  YLY@N  

Hst`iâstkmls S?   W v`nuh 7.77

W47.78

0.06

W47.78

7.=0

W47.78

0.06

W47.78

7 = 9

7.7 9?.; 86.0

0 0 8

09.= 09.= 60.9

?.00

W47.78

0 : 6

09.= 38.6 077.7

? 8 6

?3.: 60.9 077.7

7.9?

W47.78

N` Y`on` Dµ. 00, shfõd n` pruho` ih mck mu`ir`il sh `prhmk` quh n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd n` hsm`n` `dkbl hd nls hhstuik`dths stuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih nn`` XM]B y XD]@ dl prhshdtl prhshdtl ikjhrhdmk`s hst`iâstkm`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s (W47.78).Hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n sh hdmldtrý hd ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd 38.6% p`r` n`ls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B y hd ud 60.9% p`r` nls ih n` XD]@.

 

 Iksmuskýd Nls rhsunt`ils lothdkils shð`n`d quh hn dkvhn ihn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n hs o`el p`r` nls hstuik`dths ih `bo`s `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs, hd ud 88. 88.=% =% hd hn m`sl ih nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B y ud 8=.=% hd m`sl ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@. Hs plskonh quh hstls rhsunt`ils rhsunt`ils sh `slmkhd ` n`s m`r`mthrâstkm`s prlpk`s ih nn`` phrsld`nki`i y nn`s `s hxphrkhdmk`s vkvki`s hd hn tr`dsmursl ih su vki`. vki`. N` dhmhski`i ih ud `ihmu`il ihs`rrlnnl ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n kdvlnumr`rà ud b`ylr  okhdhst`r p`r` n` phrsld` y qukhdhs nl rlih`d, plr nls mlbpldhdths quh hst` hdfnlo`, mld nls mu`nhs plirhbls fhdhr`r ud hst`il ih s`tksj`mmkýd t`dtl p`r` hn hstuik`dth hd hn mubpnkbkhdtl ih su rln y quh hd hn juturl plirà utknkz`r mlbl prljhskld`n `n muki`il ih nls ihbàs. ]h hdmldtrý quh dl hxksthd hxksthd ikjhrhdm ikjhrhdmk`s k`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s hdtrh nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs, n` hsm`n` bàs ihs`rrlnn`i` juh n` Kdthrphrsld`n mld bàs ihn :7%, i`il quh ihdtrl ihn hstuikl ih n` kdt kdthnkfhdmk` hnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n sh i` bumc` kbplrt`dmk` ` n` hbp`tâ`, ihohbls rhm`nm`r n` vkt`n kbplrt`dmk` ih hst` ihdtrl ih nl quh hs ud` m`rrhr` ih s`nui, ihikm`i` `n muki`il muki`il ih nls ihbàs y ud `ihmu`il `ihmu`il ihs`rrlnnl hd hst` àrh` `yui` ` fh fhdhr`r dhr`r rhn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs s`tksj`mtlrk`s, orkdi`dil plr p`rth ih n` hdjhrbhr` ud` bhelr m`nki`i ih muki`il, j`mknktàdilnh hn plihr rhmldlmhr n`s dhmhski`ihs ih sus p`mkhdths, `ikmkld`n ` hstl, mld hst` hsm`n` sh hdmuhdtr` hd rhn`mkýd, n` rhsplds`oknki`i slmk`n, quh mlbprhdih ` n`s phrsld`s quh mllphr`d y mldtrkouyhd mlbl bkhborls prliumtkvls ihdtrl ih ud frupl frupl slmk`n (@o`dtl y mln mlns. s. ?777).

 

N` hsm`n` mld ud` fr`d dhmhski`i dhmhs ki`i ih tr`o`e`r hd prl iihh su ihs`rrlnnl juh n` ih `i`pt`oknki`i, hd n` quh hdmldtr`rld nls plrmhdt`ehs ihn bàs ih :7% uokm`ils hd hn dkvhn o`el ih ihs`rrlnnl, nl quh fhdhr`râ` ud hsphmk`n hsphm k`n kdthrës i`i` n` kbplrt`dmk` ih hst` c`oknki`i hd hn juturl ihshbphðl ih sus rlnhs mlbl prljhskld`nhs ih n` s`nui, quh ik`rk`bhdth hdtr`d hd mldt`mtl mld ud` fr`d m`dtki`i ih phrsld`s mld ihb`di`s y dhmhski`ihs ikjhrhdths. Hn kdthrës prkdmkp`n hd n` n` dhmhski`i ih ihs`rrlnn`r hsth `sphmtl sh sh hdmuhdtr` hd quh hn `nubdl ih hdjhrbhrâ`, ihohrà ih plshhr p lshhr n` c`oknki`i p`r` kihdtkjkm`r prlonhb`s y fhdhr`r ud` slnumkýd, `eustàdilsh ` nl quh ihb`di` n` sktu`mkýd, y` quh mlbl prljhskld`nhs sh rhquhrkrà ih hnnls hsth `sphmtl mld bàs jrhmuhdmk` hd hn ihs`rrlnnl ih sus judmkldhs ik`rk`s y hd nls kbprhvkstls y phrm`dmhs phrm`dmhs quh sh prhshdthd, hd nls quh sh dhmhskt`r` ud` ràpki` y hjhmtkv` `mmkýd Wlihr mldtrln`r duhstr`s hblmkldhs rhqukhrh ih n` mlbokd`mkýd ih hblmkýd ” phds`bkhdtl (]`nlvhy y B`yhr, 0;;8), mldskihr`dil hsth mldmhptl plihbls hdthdihr quh nls prlmhsls mlfdktkvls `n kr eudtl ` duhstr`s hblmkldhs shràd n`s rhsplds`onhs ih duhstr` m`p`mki`i p`r` b`dhe`r hn hstrës lm`skld`il plr n`s `mtkvki`ihs y n` rutkd` ihdtrl ihn ihshbphðl ih nls hstuik`dths ih Hdjhrbhrâ`. Nls hstuik`dths hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B buhstr`d hd ud b`ylr plrmhdt`eh ud` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n kdtr`phrsld`n o`e` hd mlbp`r`mkýd ` nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@. I`il quh n`s hblmkldhs sld hst`ils `jhmtkvls, hst`ils kdthrdls, bltkv`mkldhs, ihshls, dhmhski`ihs hd vkdmun`mkýd mld mld n`s mldiumt`s ih nn`` phrsld`, su phds`bkhdtl y hxphrkhdmk`s hs ikjâmkn hst`onhmhr muàn shrà hn prlmhihr ihn kdikvkiul. ]hfõd Flnhb`d (0;;3)

`jkrb` `jkrb` quh m`i` phrsld` hxphrkbhdt` ud` hblmkýd ih jlrb` p`rtkmun`r,

ihphdikhdil ih sus hxphrkhdmk`s `dthrklrhs, `prhdikz`eh, m`ràmthr y ih n` sktu`mkýd mldmrht`. I`ils tlils hstls j`mtlrhs shrâ` kbplskonh ihthrbkd`r n` r`zýd ih n`s ikjhrhdmk`s, skd

 

hbo`rfl sh c`râ` ëdj`sks hd shð`n`r n` kbplrt`dmk` ihn ihs`rrlnnl ih hst` hsm`n` y` quh dl slnl mlbprhdih hn plihr rhmldlmhr n`s hblmkldhs, bltkv`mkldhs ih m`i` udl skdl quh t`bokëd ihohbls shr m`p`mhs ih plihr hxprhs`rnls ih b`dhr` `ihmu`i`, `mhpt`rnls, mlbprhdihrnls y plihr bhelr`r mlbl phrs phrsld`s ld`s mld bhelrhs bhelrhs ihmkskldhs y b`ylr shfurki`i shfurki`i hd sâ bksbls. Hd n` hsm`n` ih b`dhel ih thdskýd sh hdmldtrý quh nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` hd `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs lotuvkhrld lotuvkhrld ud dkvhn o`el, loth lothdkhdil dkhdil nnls ls `nubdls ih n` n` XD]@ ud 89.;% hd mlbp`r`mkýd ` nls `nubdls `nubdls ih n` XM]B mld ud :0.?%. ]k n` c`oknki`i p`r` nkik`r nkik`r mld hvhdtls l sktu`mkldhs hstrhs`dths, `jrldt`r hblmkldhs juhrths y `i`pt`rsh ` mldtkduls m`bokls prlpkls ih n` ihb`di` ih hst` prljhskýd prljh skýd sh hdmuhdtr` o`e` phreuikm`rà krrhbhik`onhbhdth t`dtl `n hdjhrbhrl mlbl ` n`s phrsld`s ` su muki`il. Hd hn prkbhr m`sl hn prljhskld`n prljhskld`n sh vvlnvhrâ` lnvhrâ` prlphdsl ` m`hr hd sktu`mkldhs l hst`ils hst`ils ih ihskik`, ihskik`, jrustr`mkýd h kdmnusl hdmldtr`r ihdtrl ihn frupl vundhr`onh ` ihs`rrlnn`r hn sâdirlbh ihn Ourdlut hdmldtr`il mld jrhmuhdmk` hd prljhskld`nhs quh sh hdmuhdtr`d hd ud` rhn`mkýd mldst`dth y ikrhmt` mld mld ltr`s phrsld`s (B`sn`mc 0;3:).

Vhsmcnhr hd 0;=;-0;97 (mkt`il plr O`rLd ?777) tr`tý hstls j`mtlrhs dl kdthnhmtu`nhs hd n` kdthnkfhdmk` fhdhr`n1 hd hshdmk` hsth kdmnuyh n` m`p`mki`i ih `i`pt`rsh ` sktu`mkldhs duhv`s y hdjrhdt`r ih b`dhr` hxktls` n`s skt sktu`mkldhs u`mkldhs ih n` vki`. Hd n` hsm`n` ih àdkbl hd fhdhr`n dl sh hdmldtr`rld rhsunt`ils skfdkjkm`tkvls, blstr`dil ud dkvhn `ihmu`il t`dtl nls `nubdls ih n` XD]@ hd ud b`ylr plrmhdt`eh mld ud :9% quh nls `nubdls ih n` n` XM]B mld ud 8;%. Mldskihr`dil quh hst` hsm`n` rhprhshdt` rhprh shdt` hn hst`il kdthrdl ih nls hv`nu`ils hd hsh blbhdtl, ihphdikhdil ih nls `mldthmkbkhdtls rhmkhdths

 

vkvkils, hn fr`il fr`il ih jhnkmki`i quh hstls nnhs hs fhdhr`rld y su ``mtktui mtktui plsktkv` jrhdth ` sumhsls dhf`tkvls l plsktkvls shfõd su phrsphmtkv`. Hd nls rhsunt`ils o`s`ils shfõd `ðl ih hstuikl lothdhbls quh juhrld nls hstuik`dths ih PXKDYL @ÐL qukhdhs lotuvkhrld hn prlbhikl bàs `ntl hd hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n hd `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs y quh plr hn mldtr`rkl juhrld nls `nubdls ihn ]HFXDIL @ÐL ih n` XM]B y nls `nubdls ihn YH_MH_ @ÐL ih n` XD]@ qukhdhs lotuvkhrld hn prlbhikl bàs  o`el. Hn ihs`rrlnnl ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n t`bokëd hstà ihthrbkd`il plr hn `prhdikz`eh, hs ihmkr quh ihs`rrlnn`bls c`oknki`ihs ` tr`vës ih nl quh vhbls, lâbls, c`mhbls dlsltrls bksbls l ih n` n`olr ih ltr`s phrsld`s. C`mkhdil rhjhrhdmk` ` n`s hsm`n`s quh mldjlrb`d hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n hdmldtr`bls quh hd nls 8 `ðls hn àdkbl fhdhr`n hs n` hsm`n` mld b`ylr plrmhdt`eh hd hn prlbhikl `ihmu`il. Hd hn m`sl ih nls hstuik`dths ihn prkbhr `ðl ih `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs n` ihjkmkhdmk` sh lotuvl hd n` hsm`n` ih `i`pt`oknki`i, prlo`onhbhdth hn rhsunt`il sh iho` `n m`bokl, `n tràdsktl plr hn quh p`s`rld nls hv`nu`ils ih su vki` hd hn mlnhfkl ` n` vki` udkvhrskt`rk`. Hd nls hstuik`dths ihn shfudil `ðl n` hsm`n` mld hn prlbhikl bàs o`el juh n` kdtr`phrsld`n, n`s  phrsld`s hbphz`bls ` jlrb`r duhstrl duh strl `utlmldlmkbkhdtl ` p`rtkr ih n`s hxphrkhdmk`s ih vki` quh thdf`bls, n`s mu`nhs kràd kdmrhbhdt`dil mld hn tr`dsmurrkr ihn tkhbpl. Hd hn m`sl ih nls `nubdls ihn thrmhr `ðl hdmldtr`bls quh hs n` hsm`n` kdtr`phrsld`n n` quh lotuvl hn b`ylr prlbhikl mld bàs ihn 67%, tlil nl mldtr`rkl ` n` hsm`n` Kdthrphrsld`n quh lotuvl ud prlbhikl o`el, n` dhmhski`i ih s`ohr rhn`mkld`rdls mld n`s phrsld`s ih duhstrl hdtlrdl hs oàskm` y judi`bhdt`n, judi`bhdt`n, bàs `ud hhdd ud` prljhskýd hd n` quh hn plihr hb hbp`tkz`r p`tkz`r y

 

hst`onhmhr vâdmunls mld n` ltr` phrsld` hs mn`vh p`r` hn hdthdikbkhdtl ih sus dhmhski`ihs y su bhelrâ`. W`r` jkd`nkz`r hdmldtr`bls hdmldtr`bls prlbhikls bàs o`els hd nls hstuik`dths hstuik`dths ihn Mu`rtl y Pukdtl `ðl hd n`s hsm`n`s ih @i`pt`oknki`i y B`dhel ih thdskýd, ihs`rrlnn`r ud` `mtkvki`i ik`rk`bhdth mld skbknktui hd hn prlmhikbkhdtl phrl mld ikjhrhdmk`s hd n` `pnkm`mkýd ih hstls shfõd m`i` phrsld` kbpnkm` ud` ouhd` y ràpki` `i`pt`mkýd ihn prljhskld`n ih n` s`nui p`r` hn bhelr ihshbphðl ih su judmkýd. Ylb`dil mlbl rhjhrhdmk` hstls rhsunt`ils y mlbp`ràdilnls hdtrh `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs lothdhbls quh sld nls nls hstuik`dths hstuik`dths ih hdjhrb hdjhrbhrâ` hrâ` ih n` n`

XM]B qukhd qukhd rhfkstr`d nls

 plrmhdt`ehs ih pudtu`mkýd bàs o`els hd rhn`mkýd ` nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@, hstls rhsunt`ils puhihd hst`r rhn`mkld`ils mld hn tkhbpl ih pràmtkm`s quh ihs`rrlnn`d, su murrâmun` hium`tkv` quh c` phrbktkil `n frupl ih ud` udkvhrski`i `iqukrkr bàs hxphrkhdmk`s y pr`mtkm` hd rhn`mkýd ` n` `thdmkýd y muki`il ih phrsld`s.

 

Mldmnuskldhs  Wrkbhr`. Hd n` hsm`n` ih mlmkhdth hblmkld`n tlt`n sh hdmuhdtr` ud dkvhn O@EL, dl hdmldtràdilsh ud ikjhrhdmk` i kjhrhdmk` hst`iâstkm` skfdkjkm`tkv` t`dtl p`r` nls hstuik`dths ih hdjhrbhrâ` ih n` XM]B mlbl p`r` nls ih n` XD]@.

]hfudi`. Hd n` b`ylrâ` ih hsm`n`s sh hdmuhdtr` ud dkvhn O`el, dl prhshdtàdilsh ikjhrhdmk`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s skfdkjkm`tkv`s hd nn`s `s hsm`n`s Kdtr`phrsld` Kdtr`phrsld`n,n, @i`pt`oknki`i y B`dhel ih hstrës, hstrës, skhdil nls `nubdls ih n` XD]@ nls quh ihbuhstr`d ud prlbhikl p rlbhikl b`ylr hd mlbp`r`mkýd mlbp`r`m kýd mld nls `nubdls ih n` XM]B.

Yhrmhr`. Hd n` hsm`n` kdthrphrsld`n nls hstuik`dths ih `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs  prhshdt`rld ud dkvhn @IHMX@IL, @IHMX @IL, dl prhshdtàdilsh ikjhrhdmk`s i kjhrhdmk`s skfd skfdkjkm`tkv`s, kjkm`tkv`s, skhdil nls `nubdls ih n` XM]B qukhdhs lotuvkhrld ud plrmhdt`eh b`ylr `n ih nls `nubdls ih n` XD]@.

Mu`rt`. Hn dkvhn bàs o`el sh lotuvl hd n` hsm`n` kdtr`phrsld`n hd b`ylr plrmhdt`eh  plr p`rth iihh nls hstuik`dths ih n` XM]B, y hn ltrl dkvhn o`el o `el hdmldtr`il hdmldtr `il juh hd n` hsm`n` ih @i`pt`oknki`i quh `n kfu`n quh hn `dthrklr mld ud b`ylr b`ylr plrmhdt`eh plr p`rth ih nls `nubdls ih n` XM]B hd mlbp`r`mkýd ` nls ih n` XD]@.

Pukdt`. Hs n` hsm`n` ih Àdkbl hd fhdhr`n qukhd lotuvl hn bàs `ntl prlbhikl ihdtrl ih nls 8 `ðls quh juhrld hv`nu`ils hd `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs.

]hxt`. ]ld nls `nubdls ihn Wrkbhr y Pukdtl `ðl ih n` m`rrhr` ih hdjhrbhrâ` hdjhrbhr â` hd n` XM]B qukhdhs lotuvkhrld hd ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n fhdhr`n.

 

]ëptkb`. Hd hn m`sl m`sl ih nls hstuik`dths ih n` XD]@ hs hn qukdtl `ðl ih hdjhrbhrâ`, qukhd lotuvl ud dkvhn `ihmu`il hd hn mlmkhdth hblmkld`n fhdhr`n.

 

]ufhrhdmk`s  Wrkbhr`. N` `bpnk`mkýd `bpnk`mkýd ih n` kdvhstkf`mkýd slorh hn ddkvhn kvhn ih mlmkhdth hblmkld`n  prhshdth hd nls hstuik`dths, rh`nkz`dil rh` nkz`dil ud shfukbkhdtl p`r` hdmldtr`r n`s jlrt`nhz`s y ihjkmkhdmk`s hd hst` àrh`. ]hð`n`dil n` n` kbplrt`dmk` ih quh ud `ihmu`il `ihmu`il dkvhn ih kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n prlplrmkld`r` bhelrhs rhsunt`ils t`dtl `n hstuik`dth mlbl ` su ihshbphðl `mtu`n y juturl.

]hfudi`. Hn ihs`rrlnnl ih prlfr`b`s ih prlblmkýd ih n` Kdthnkfhdmk` Hblmkld`n, ildih hn hstuik`dth hstuik`dth y juturl prljhskld`n ih n` s`n s`nui ui nlfrh hxprhs`r mlrrhmt`bhdth sus shdtkbkhdtls nl quh plsthrklrbhdth nh j`mknkth ud mldlmkbkhdtl y mldtrln ih hst`.

Yhrmhr`. Nls ilmhdths ih hst`s j`munt`ihs ihohrâ`d plihr rhmkokr ud` m`p`mkt`mkýd  p`r` hn prlblvhr hn `ihmu`il ihs`rrlnn ihs`rrl nnll ih n` Kdthnkfh Kdthnkfhdm dmk` k` hblm hblmkld`n kld`n,, kb kbpnhbhdtàdilnl pnhbhdtàdilnl ihdtrl ih ud pn`d murrkmun`r ih ud` jlrb` bàs ikrhmt` y `mtkv`, thdkhdil hd muhdt` quh mld hn tkhbpl y n`s pràmtkm`s quh kdvlnumr` hn hstuikl ih Hdjhrbhrâ` Hdjhrbhr â` plirâ`d fhdhr`r l `cldi`r ihjkmkhdmk`s y` hxksthdths.

Mu`rtl. Mld n` kbpnhbhdt`mkýd kbpnhbhdt`mkýd ih prlfr`b`s prlfr`b` s y m`p`mkt`mkýd p`r` hn ihs`rrlnn ihs`rrl nnll ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n sh ihohrâ` `ikmkld`r ` hstls, ud` hv`nu`mkýd y `sâ plihr `prhmk`r sk t`nhs prlfr`b`s y m`p`mkt`mkldhs ikhrld i khrld rhsunt`ils ohdhjkmklsls t`dtl ` nls hstuik`dths mlbl nls ilmhdths.

Pukdtl. Y`nnhrhs ih mldvkvhdmk`, ihdtrl ihn bksbl shbhstrh mlbl hdtrh nls ikjhrhdths `ðls, jlbhdt`dil `sâ hn kdkmkl y bhelr ihs`rrlnnl ihs`rrl nnl ih rhn`mkldhs kdthrphrsld`nhs ihdtr ihdtrll ih n` j`munt`i.

 

 Nkbkt`mkldhss  Nkbkt`mkldh  Wrkbhr`. Hd n` buhstr` n` m`dtki`i ih hstuik`dths ih m`i` udkvhrski`i dl juh hqukt`tkv`, y` quh hd n` XD]@ hn dõbhrl ih hv`nu`ils quh `mmhikhrld `mm hikhrld vlnudt`rk`bhdth suphr`o` `n ih n` XM]B.

]hfudi`. N` ikjkmunt`i p`r` hst`onhmhr clr`rkls y n` m`dtki`i ih tkhbpl rhquhrki`  p`r` n` `pnkm`mkýd ihn kdvhdt`rkl, dl ckzl c kzl plsk plskonh onh `o`rm`r hd su tlt`nki`i ` nls hstuik`dths ih n` j`munt`i ih Hdjhrbhrâ` ih `bo`s udkvhrski`ihs.

 

  _hjhrhdmk`s @o`dtl, U. Ckfuhr`s, N. & Muhtl, E. (?777) KMH Kdvhdt`rkl ih Mlmkhdth Hblmkld`n ih  O`rLd. Yhst p`r` p`r ` n` bhiki` ih n` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n. B`du`n Yëmdkml. Nkb`5 Hi.

Nkb`.   jhnkmki`i .B`irki5 @rfynh,B.(0;36).  N` pskmlnlfâ` ih n` jhnkmki`i  .B`irki5 @nk`dz` Hiktlrk`n Hiktlr k`n..  

O`mc, H.&Jlrës H.&Jlrës, @. (?773).  N` `shrtkvki`i . O`rmhnld`5Wn`t`jlrb` Hiktlrk`n. O`rLd, _. (0;;6).Wskmlnlfâ`.Bëxkml5Wrhdtkmh C`nn Cksp`dl`bërkm` ].@. Ohma, @. (0;6:).Mlfdktkvh tchr`py lj ihprhsskld.Dhw [lra5 Fuknjlri. kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n.   Orlmahrt, ]. & Or`ud F. (0;;6).  NlsYhst ih n` kdthnkfhdmk`

O`rmhnld`5Hi. _lokd Olla. Mko`d`n, N. (0;;0). N`rhn`mkýd hdjhrbhr`- p`mkhdth. Mlnlbok`5 Hi. Xdkvhrski`i ih @dtklquk`. Mllphr, _ &]`w`j, @. (0;;=). N` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n `pnkm`i` `n nkihr`zfl y ` nl lrf`dkz`mkld`n. Olfltà5Hi. Dlrb`.

I`b`skl, @. (0;;:).Hn hrrlr ih Ihsm`rths. N` hblmkýd, n` r`zýd y hn mhrhorl cub`dl. O`rmhnld`5 Wn`t`jlrb` Hiktlrk`n Hiktlr k`n..  

Hnnks, @. (0;37). _`zýd y hblmkýd hd pskmlthr`pk`. O`rmhnld`5Ihsmnhh ih Orluwhr.

 

 Kdthnkfhdmk`s bõntkpnhs.O`rmhnld`5 Hi. W`kiýs F`ridhr, C. (0;;8). Kdthnkfhdmk`s

F`rmâ`, N. (?77=). Orhvh ckstlrk` ih n` pskmlnlfâ`. Hsp`ð`5 Hi.]`n`b`dm`.  Kdthnkfhdmk`` hblmkld`n. @rfhdtkd`5 Hi. E`vkhr Zhrf`r` ].@. Flnhb`d, I. (0;;8). Kdthnkfhdmk  N` s`nui hblmkld`n. Ouhdls @krhs5 Hi. E`vkhr Zhrf`r` ].@. Flnhb`d, I. (0;;6). N`

B`sn`mc, M.& E`masld, ]. (0;;6). B`sn`mco  B`sn`mcourdlut urdlut kdvhdtlry. Hsp`ð`5 Hi.W`thrs Bkdflth, E. & Wërhz, ]. (?77=). Hstrës hd n` hdjhrbhrâ`, hn muki`il ihn muki`ilr Hsp`ð`5Hi. Hsp`ð`5Hi. Iâ`z ih ]`dtls ].@. W`p`nk`, Lnis &Jhnib`d. (?778).  Ihs`rrlnnl cub`dl. Mlnlbok`5 Bm. Fr`w F r`w Cknn. Wlrtknn` Mc. &Zknmchs J. (?700). Kdvhstkf`mkýd  Kdvhstkf`mkýd hd pskmlnlfâ`. Wrhp`r`mkýd ih thsks, ikshrt`mkýd l `rtâmunls `rtâmunls ih kdvhstkf`mkýd ih `muhril ` n`s dlrb`s @W@. @W@. (:t` hi.) Whrõ5

XM]B _kiruhel, @. Bhikd` B. & _uokl E. (0;;6). Wskmlnlfâ` bëikm`. B`irki5 Bm. Fr`w Cknn.  Bëtlils ih kdvhstkf`mkýd. kdvhstkf`mkýd. Bëxkml5 Wrhdtkmh C`nn. ]`nakdi, D. (0;;;). Bëtlils `tthdtkld, mn`rkty `di rhp`kr . Hxpnlrkdf ]`nlvhy, W.& B`yhr, E. (0;;8). Hbltkld`n `tthdtkld, hbltkld`n kdthnnkfhdmh uskdf tch tr`kt bht` blli sm`nh. V`sckdft V`sckdftld ld IM5 @bhrkm`d

Wsymclnlfkm`n @sslmk`tkld.  Kdthnnkfhdmh fhdmh `di kts us ushs hs. X]@5C`rphr's B`f`zkdh.  Yclrdikah, _. (0;?7). Kdthnnk

Z`ufc`d, ]. (?777). N` pskmlnlfâ` ihn lptkbksbl.O`rmhnld`5Hi. W`kiýs.

 

 N` kdthnkfhdmk` kdthnkfhdmk` hblmkld`n hd hn tr`o` tr`o`el el. @rfhdtkd`5 Hi. E`vkhr Zhrf`r` Vkskdfhr, C. (0;;;). N`

].@.

 

  @dhxls

 

KD]Y_XMMKLDH] Xi. Hdmldtr`rà 0== `jkrb`mkldhs slorh b`dhr`s ih shdtkr, phds`r l `mtu`r. Në`n` `thdt`bhdth ihmki` hd quë bhiki` m`i` ud` ih hnn`s hnn `s ihsmrkoh l dl su vhri`ihrl blil ih shr. Hxksthd mkdml (8) plskoknki`ihs ih rhspuhst` B@_M@ 0  ]k tu rhspuhst` hs5 _@_@ ZHU L DXDM@ 

B@_M@ B@_M@ B@_M@ B@_ML

]k tu tu rhspuhst` hs5 WLM@]   ZHMH] =?  ]k rhspuhst` hs5 @NFXD@] ZHMH] 9  ]k tu rhspuhst` hs5 BXMC@] ZHMH] 8 ]k tu rhspuhst` hs5 BX[ J_HMXHDYHBHDYH L ]KHBW_H 

0 ? = 9 8 0 ? = 9 8 :6 3 ; 07 00

W`r` suphr`r n`s ikjkmunt`ihs quh sh bh prhshdt`d, `mtõl p`sl `  p`sl. Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn iksjrut`r ih n` vki`. Wrhjkhrl ud tk tkpl pl ih tr`o`el hd hn mu`n bh kdikquh quh c`mhr. ]ë mýbl b`dhe`r nls prlonhb`s bàs ihs`fr`i`onhs. Bh `fr`i`d n`s phrsld`s quh mldlzml.

?? ?= ?9 ?8

Yr`tl ih v`nlr`r y i`rnh shdtkil ` bk vki`. Bh rhsunt` rhn`tkv`bhdth jàmkn hxprhs`r bks shdtkbkhdtls. Yr`tl ih shr rh`nkst`, dl bh fust` j`dt`sh`r dk slð`r ihspkhrtl (`). Hdtrl jàmknbhdth hd mldt`mtl mld bks hblmkldhs. ]ly kdm`p`z ih ihblstr`r `jhmtl. Bh skhdtl shfurl (`) ih bk bksbl (`) hd n` b`ylrâ` ih n`s sktu`mkldhs. Yhdfl n` shds`mkýd quh `nfl dl hstà okhd hd bk m`ohz`. Yhdfl prlonhb`s p`r` mldtrln`rbh mu`dil bh hdlel. Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn mlbhdz`r mls`s duhv`s. Jrhdth ` ud` sktu`mkýd prlonhbàtkm` lothdfl n` b`ylr m`dtki`i ih kdjlrb`mkýd plskonh p`r` mlbprhdihr bhelr nl quh hstà p`s`dil. Bh fust` `yui`r ` n` fhdth. Bh hs ikjâmkn sldrhâr. ]ly kdm`p`z ih mlbprhdihr mýbl sh skhdthd nls ihbàs Mu`dil tr`o`el mld ltr`s phrsld`s, tkhdil ` mldjk`r bàs hd n`s kih`s ih nls ihbàs quh hd n`s bâ`s prlpk`s. Mrhl quh thdfl n` m`p`mki`i p`r` plihr mldtrln`r n`s sktu`mkldhs ikjâmknhs Dl puhil kihdtk kihdtkjkm`r jkm`r bks mu`nki`ihs, dl së rh`nbhdth p`r` quë mls`s sly ouhdl (`). Dl sly m`p`z ih hxprhs`r bks shdtkbkhdtls Bh hs ikjâmkn mlbp`rtkr bks shdtkbkhdtls bàs âdtkbls Dl thdfl mldjk`dz` hd bksbl (`) Mrhl quh ch phrikil n` m`ohz`

?: ?6 ?3 ?;

M`sk tlil nl quh c`fl, nl c`fl mld lptkbksbl Mu`dil mlbkhdzl ` c`on`r bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn ihthdhrbh. Hd fhdhr`n, bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn `i`pt`rbh ` nls m`bokls @dths ih kdth kdthdt`r dt`r slnumkld`r ud prlonhb` bh fust` lothdhr ud

0? 0= 09 08 0: 06 03 0; ?7 ?0

 

=0 =? ==

 p`dlr`b` fhdhr`n ihn bksbl Dl bh blnhst` `prlvhmc`rbh ih nls ihbàs, hsphmk`nbhdth sk sh nl bhrhmhd. ]ly ud` phrsld` o`st`dth `nhfrh y lptkbkst`. Wrhjkhrl quh nls ltrls tlbhd n`s ihmkskldhs plr bk Wuhil b`dhe`r sktu`mkldhs ih hstrës skd pldhrbh ihb`sk`il

=9 =8 =: =6 =3 =; 97 90 9? 9= 99

dhrvklsl (`) Yhdfl phds`bkhdtls plsktkvls p`r` mld nls ihbàs Bh hs ikjâmkn hdthdihr mlbl bh skhdtl Ch nlfr`il buy plml hd nls õntkbls `ðls Mu`dil hstly hdle`il (`) mld `nfukhd sh nl puhil ihmkr Ch thdkil thdkil hxphr hxphrkhdmk`s khdmk`s hxtr`ð`s quh sld kdhxpnkm`onhs Bh rhsunt` jàmkn c`mhr `bkfls (`s) Bh thdfl bumcl rhsphtl C`fl mls`s buy r`r`s ]ly kbpunskv kbpunskvll (`) y hstl bh tr`h prlonhb`s Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn m`bok`r ih lpkdkýd Yhdfl n` m`p`mki`i p`r` mlbprhdihr nls shdtkbkhdtls `ehdls

=7

98 9: 96 93 9; 87 80 8? 8= 89 88 8: 86 83 8; :7 :0 :? := :9 :8 :: :6

Nl prkbhrl quh c`fl mu`dil thdfl ud prlonhb` hs ihthdhrbh `  phds`r @ n` fhdth nh rhsunt` ikjâmkn mldjk`r hd bâ Hstly mldthdtl (`) mld bk vki` Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn tlb`r ihmkskldhs plr bâ bksbl (`) Dl rhskst rhskstll `n hstrës Hd bk vki` dl c`fl d`i` b`nl Dl iks iksjrutl jrutl nl quh c`fl Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn hxprhs`r bks shdtkbkhdtls bàs âdtkbls N` fhdth dl mlbprhdih bk b`dhr` ih phds`r Hd fhdhr`n hsphrl quh sumhi` nl bhelr Bks `bkst`ihs bh mldjâ`d sus kdtkbki`ihs kdtkbki`ihs Dl bh skhdtl okhd mldbkfl bksbl Whrmkol mls`s hxtr`ð`s quh nls ihbàs l vhd N` fhdth bh ikmh quh o`eh hn tldl ih vlz mu`dil iksmutl Bh rhsunt` jàmkn `i`pt`rbh ` sktu`mkldhs duhv`s. Jrhdth ` ud` sktu`mkýd prlonhbàtkm`, `d`nkzl tli`s n`s lpmkldhs y nuhfl lptl plr n` quh mldskihrl bhelr ]k vhl ` ud dkðl nnlr`dil bh ihthdfl ` `yui`rnl, `udquh hd hsh blbhdtl thdf` ltrl mlbprlbksl ]ly ud` phrsld` ikvhrtki` ]ly mldsmkhdth ih mýbl bh skhdtl ]khdtl quh bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn mldtrln`r bk `dskhi`i D`i` bh phrturo` Dl bh hdtusk`sb`d bumcl bks kdthrhshs Mu`dil dl hstly ih `muhril mld `nfukhd skhdtl quh sh nl puhil ihmkr

 

:3 :; 67 60 6? 6= 69 68 6: 66 63 6; 37 30 3? 3= 39

Yhdfl ud` thdihdmk` ` phrihr mldt`mtl mld n` rh`nki`i y ` j`dt`sh`r. Bh hs ikjâmkn rhn`mkld`rbh mld nls ihbàs Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn `mhpt`rbh t`n mlbl sly Bh skhdtl mlbl sk hstuvkhr` shp`r`il (`) ih bk muhrpl Bh kbplrt` nl quh puhih sumhihrnh ` nls ihbàs ]ly kbp` kbp`mkhdth mkhdth Wuhil m`bok`r bks vkhe`s mlstuborhs Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn hsmlfhr n` bhelr slnumkýd mu`dil thdfl quh rhslnvhr ud prlonhb` ]k puikhr` vkln`r n` nhy skd p`f`r n`s mldshmuhdmk`s, nl c`râ` hd ihthrbkd`i`s sktu`mkldhs. Bh ihprkbl ]ë mýbl b`dthdhr n` m`nb` hd sktu`mkldhs ikjâmknhs Dudm` ch bhdtkil Hd fhdhr`n, bh skhdtl bltkv`il (`) p`r` shfukr `ihn`dth, kdmnusl mu`dil n`s mls`s sh pldhd ikjâmknhs Yr`tl ih shfukr `ihn`dth mld n`s mls`s quh bh fust`d

;7 ;0 ;? ;= ;9 ;8 ;: ;6 ;3 ;; 077 070 07?

Bh ihel rhsunt` ikjâmkn "dl" `udquhythdf` hn ihshl ih c`mhrnl Bh nnhv`r plrihmkr bk kb`fkd`mkýd bks j`dt`sâ`s Bks rhn`mkldhs bàs mhrm`d`s skfdkjkm`d bumcl, t`dtl p`r` bâ mlbl p`r` bks `bkfls Bh skhdtl jhnkz mldbkfl bksbl (`) Yhdfl rh`mmkldhs juhrths, kdthds`s quh sld ikjâmknhs ih mldtrln`r Hd fhdhr`n, bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn rh`nkz`r m`bokls hd bk vki` mltkik`d` ]ly mldsmkhdth ih nl quh bh hstà p`s`dil, `õd mu`dil hstly `nthr`il (`) W`r` plihr rhslnvhr ud` sktu`mkýd quh sh prhshdt`, `d`nkzl tli`s n`s plskoknki`ihs hxksthdths ]ly rhsphtulsl (`) mld nls ihbàs Dl hstly buy mldthdtl (` mld bk vki` Wrhjkhrl shfukr ` ltrls, ` shr nâihr Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn hdjrhdt`r n`s mls`s ihs`fr`i`onhs ih n` vki` Dudm` ch vkln`il n` nhy Iksjrutl ih n`s mls`s quh bh kdthrhs`d Bh rhsunt` rhn`tkv`bhdth jàmkn ihmkrnh ` n` fhdth nl quh pkhdsl Yhdfl thdihdmk` ` hx`fhr`r ]ly shdskonh ` nls shdtkbkhdtls ih n`s ltr`s phrsld`s B`dthdfl ouhd`s rhn`mkldhs mld n` fhdth Hstly mldthdtl (`) mld bk muhrpl ]ly ud` phrsld` buy hxtr`ð` ]ly kbpunskv kbpunskvll (`)

07= 079

Bh rhsunt` ikjâmkn m`bok`r bks mlstuborhs Mldskihrl quh hs kbplrt`dth shr ud (`) mkui`i`dl (`) quh rhspht`

38 3: 36 33 3;

 

078 07: 076 073 07; 007 000 00? 00= 009 008 00: 006 003 00; 0?7 0?0 0?? 0?= 0?9 0?8 0?: 0?6 0?3 0?; 0=7 0=0 0=? 0==

n` nhy. Iksjrutl n`s v`m`mkldhs y nls jkdhs ih shb`d`. Hd fhdhr`n , thdfl ud` `mtktui plsktkv` p`r` tlil, `õd mu`dil sure`d kdmldvhdkhdths Yhdfl thdihdmk` ` `phf`rbh ihb`sk`il ` n` fhdth Mrhl hd bk m`p`mki`i p`r` b`dhe`r nls prlonhb`s bàs ikjâmknhs. Dl b bhh skhdtl `vhrfldz`il (`) plr d`i` ih nl quh ch chmcl c`st` `clr` Yr`tl ih `prlvhmc`r `n bàxkbl n`s mls`s quh bh fust`d Nls ihbàs pkhds`d quh dl bh c`fl v`nhr, quh bh j`nt` jkrbhz` ]ly m`p`z ih ihe`r ih j`dt`sh`r p`r` kdbhik`t`bhdth pldhrbh ` tldl mld n` rh`nki`i Nls ihbàs lpkd`d quh sly ud` phrsld` slmk`onh Hstly mldthdtl (`) mld n` jlrb` hd quh bh vhl Yhdfl phds`bkhdtls hxtr`ðls quh nls ihbàs dl nlfr`d hdthdihr Bh hs ikjâmkn ihsmrkokr nl quh skhdtl Yhdfl b`n m`ràmthr Wlr nl fhdhr`n, bh tr`ol mu`dil `d`nkzl ikjhrhdths lpmkldhs p`r` rhslnvhr ud prlonhb` Bh hs ikjâmkn vhr sujr sujrkr kr ` n` fhdth Bh fust` ikvhrtkrbh Bh p`rhmh quh dhmhsktl ih nnls ls ihbàs, bàs ih nl nl quh hnnls bh dhmhskt`d Bh pldfl `dsklsl Dudm` thdfl ud b`n iâ` Kdthdtl dl chrkr nls shdtkbkhdtls ih nls ihbàs Dl tthdfl hdfl kih` ih nnll quh qukhrl c`mhr hd bk vki` Bh hs ikjâmkn c`mhr v`nhr bks ihrhmcls Bh hs ikjâmkn shr rh`nkst` Dl b`dthdf b`dthdfll rhn`mkýd mld bks `bkst`ihs Bks mu`nki`ihs suphr`d ` bks ihjhmtls y ëstls bh phrbkthd hst`r mldthdtl (`) mldbkfl bksbl (`) Yhdfl ud` thdihdmk` ` hxpnlt`r ih r`ok` jàmknbhdth ]k bh vkhr` lonkf`il (`) ` ihe`r bk m`s` `mtu`n, bh shrâ` ikjâmkn `i`pt`rbh duhv`bhdth. Hd fhdhr`n, mu`dil mlbkhdzl `nfl duhvl thdfl n` shds`mkýd quh vly ` jr`m`s`r. Ch rhspldikil skdmhr` y cldhst`bhdth ` n`s jr`shs `dthrklrhs. YLY@N