09 Alineamiento de Ejes

 

Hb`mlh lhk` k`lm lmttf gl ln lnls ls

 

SLQHYF IBHYL HMWLS@FS

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Sfghk`lmtfs Gls`omhi`ùm Kàtfgfs gl kfmthnl Dhnhs W`pfs gl Dhnhs Ièbiubf gl bh bfmo`tug

 

IFKQLWLMI@H>> IHQHI@GHG WLSK@MHB / IFKQLWLMI@H Ylblii`fmh lblklmtfs gl kèqu`mhs y bucr`ihmtls, ifrr`ol

dhbbhs y rlhb`zh klnfrhs lmy lqu`pfs `mgustr`hbls. Qbhm`d`ih lb prfilg`k`lmtf slblii`fmh rliursfs phrh rlhb`zhr lb khmtlm`k`lmtf ifrrlit`vf. IFKQLWLMI@H LYQLIËD@IH GL BHlstèm YLY@ÙM> Hb d`mhb`zhr bh sls`ùm, bfs lstug`hmtls lm bh ihphi`ghg gl Qbhm`d`ihr y rlhb`zhr bfs ièbiubfs phrh bhs ifrrlii`fmls y ifkplmshi`fmls pfr pf r glshb`mlhk`lmtf.

 

KFW@THI@ÙM

 

IFMWLM@GFY GL BH YLY@ÙM W`pfs gl glshb`mlhk`lmtf. Klg`i`ùm glb glshb`mlhk`lmtf. Hmoubhr`ghg. Lvhbuhi`ùm y Qrfilg`k`lmtf gl hb`mlhk`lmtf.

 

Lvhbuhi`ùm Hiilglkfs h qu`zz`z

 

BH @KQFSW @KQFSWHMI HMI@H @H GLB GLB HB@ HB@MLH MLHK@LM K@LMWF WF GL LNLY ¶Iuèb ls bh pfs`i`ùm gl bfs lnls iuhmgf bh kèqu`mh kèqu`mh lstè phrhgh6 ¶Iuèb ls bh pfs`i`ùm pfs`i`ùm gl bfs lnls iuhmgf bh kèqu`mh lstè dumi`fmhmgf6

3

 

SLY\BWHGFY SLY\BWHGFY GLB HB@MLHK@LMWF IFM IF M QSL SLI@ I@Y@ Y@Ù ÙM>

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Hkpb`tu Hkpb `tugls gls rlgui rlgui`gh `ghss gl bh bh v`c v`crhi` rhi`ùm. ùm.

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M`vlblss gl tlkplr M`vlbl tlkplrhturh hturh gl dumi`fm dumi`fmhk` hk`lmt lmtff kès chn chnfs fs

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T`ghh kès bhr T`g bhroh oh glb glb rfg rfghk hk`lm `lmtf tf

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Bhroh Bhr oh gurh gurhi` i`ùm ùm glb glb buc bucr`i r`ihmt hmtll

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T`gh kès T`gh kès bhroh bhroh glb glb hif hifpbh pbhk`l k`lmt mtff  Klm Klmfs fs t`lk t`lkpf pf kulrtf kulrtf mf prf prforh orhkhg khgf. f.

 

Bfs ifstfs glb glshb`mlhk`lmtf sl trhm tr hmsi siur urrl rlmm h trh trhvàs vàs gl. gl... .. 

Qàrg`gh gl prf Qàrg`gh prfgui guii` i`ùm ùm  Glorhghi`ùm klièm`ih gl bfs lqu`pfs. 

Ifms If msuk ukff gl gl lm lmlr lroë oëhh

Ifkphrhg Ifkp hrhgfs fs ifmt ifmtrh rh sus sus ifst ifstfs fs sl glc glclm> lm> 

Klg`r Klg `r lb gls glshb hb`m `mlhk lhk`lm `lmtf tf

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Hmhb`zh Hmh b`zhrr bh s`tuhi`ùm s`tuhi`ùm y gltlrk`mh gltlrk`mhrr bh ifrrlith ifrrlith hb`ml hb`mlhi`ùm hi`ùm..

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Ifrrlo`r Ifrrlo `r lb lb glshb glshb`ml `mlhk`l hk`lmtf mtf lx`stl lx`stlmtl mtl

 

¶I\ÈB LY LB FCNLW@TF GL BH HB@MLHI@ÙM IFM QSLI@Y@ÙM6

Slgui`r bhs dulrzhs hx`hbls y rhg`hbls lxils`vhs lm bfs ifn`mltls phrh hslourhr umh v`gh kès bhroh glb ifn`mltl y umh lsthc`b`ghg glb rftfr chnf ifmg`i`fmls gl dumi`fmh dumi` fmhk`lm k`lmtf tf g`mèk g`mèk`ih `ihs. s.

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L b`k`mhr bh pfs`c`b`ghg gl dhbbh glb lnl glc`gf h dht`oh iëib`ih.

 

Slgui`r hb këm`kf bh ihmt`ghg gl

dblx`ùm glb lnl

lm lb

s`ùlm tgfl. K lmhlmrtolëmhlrehbsftshnul llb oiffsn`m`mlttllrmgflsb lpuxmttrflkgfl gbhlbthrhimfspk bh`k nu hgli hg liuh uhgf gfss glb glb rftf rftfr. r.

Slgui`r hb këm`kf bh ihmt`ghg gl ifkpfm ifk pfmlmt lmtls ls glb hif hifpbh pbhk`l k`lmtf mtf.. 88

glsohstl

lm bfs

 

Slgui`r lb ifmsukf

gl lmlroëh

(Bfs ihsfs gfiuklmthgfs

ehm glkfstr glkfstrhgf hgf bfs hefrrfs hefrrfs lmt lmtrl rl lb 3 e ehsth hsth llbb 8?%) 8?%).. Chnhr bfs m`vlbls gl bh v`crhi`ùm lm iuc`lrths gl bh kèqu`m kèq u`mh, h, iuc`lrth iuc`lrthss gl if ifn`mlt n`mltl, l, y rftfrls. rftfrls.

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WHCB CBH H GL WF WFBLS BLSHM HMI@ I@H H WH

 

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KLG@HMW IHB@CSHGFS GFS GL LYQ LYQLYF LYFSLY SLY KLG@HMWLL IHB@CSH

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KLG@H MWL SL SLBF BFNN GL IH IHSÈ SÈW\ W\BH BH KLG@HMWL

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LSSFSL LSSF SLY Y GL HI HIFQB FQBHK HK@L @LMW MWF F

LSSFSL LSSF SLY Y GL DH DHIL ILH HGF

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LSSF LS SFSL SLY Y GL HI HIFQ FQBH BHK@L K@LMW MWF F

Ldlitf glb lr lrrfr gl dhilhgf

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LNL GFCBH CBHGF GF (Q (QHM HMGL GLF) F) LNL GF

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QFY@I@ÙM FCB@I\F GLB I\CF GLBB HIFQB GL HIFQBHK HK@L @LMW MWF F (Q (QHM HMGL GLF) F)

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LS LSSF SFSL SLY Y GL GL IL ILMW MWSH SHGF GF

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K@G@LMG K@G@L MGF F LB GLY GLYILM ILMWS WSHGF HGF Hounlrf glb iucf glb Hifpbhk`lmtf dulrh glb ilmtrf (lrr (l rrfr fr gl il ilmt mtrh rhgf gf)) Ldlitf Ldl itf glb gl glsi silmt lmtrh rhgf gf

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@MYWHBHI@ÙM GLB SLBFN IFKQHSHGFS QHSH GLWLIWHS LSSF LS SFSL SLY Y GL HI HIFQ FQBH BHK@ K@LM LMWF WF

O`rl bfs 941± lb iucf

8?

glb hi glb hifp fpbh bhk` k`lm lmtf tf

 

@msthbhi`ùm glb rlbfn ifkphrhgfr phrh gltl gl tlit ithr hr lrr lrrfrl frlss gl hif hifpbh pbhk`l k`lmtf mtf

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LS LSSF SFSL SLY Y GL HB HB@M @MLH LHK@L K@LMW MWF F

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WSLY W@QFY HB@MLHK@LMWF GL LSSFSLY GL

3<  

OSHGFY GL B@CLSWHG GLB GLYHB@MLHK@LMWF

8. Qhrhbl blbf bf Tl Tlrrt`ihb

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OSHGFY GL B@CLSWHG GLB GLYHB@MLHK@LMWF

Qhrh rhbl blbf bf Ef Efr` r`zzfmt mthb hb 3. Qh

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OSHG HGFY FY GL GL B@CLSW B@CLSWHG HG GL GLBB OS GLYHB@MLHK@LMWF

9. Hmoubh bhrr Tlrt`ihb

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OSHG HGFY FY GL GL B@CLSW B@CLSWHG HG GL GLBB OS GLYHB@MLHK@LMWF

7. Hm Hmooubh bhrr Ef Efr` r`zzfmt mthb hb

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OS OSHG HGFY FY GL GL B@CLS B@CLSWH WHG G GL GLBB GLYHB@MLHK@LMWF Tlrt`ihb

Tlrt`ihb

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YFBW\SH GL GL Q@L Yfbturh Qhrhblbh

Klg`i`ùm

Yfbturh Hmoubhr

Slsu Sl subt bthg hgff gl gl bh

Slo`strhmgf lb rlsubthgf

klg`i`ùm

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gl bh bh klg lg`i `i``ùm

 

If Ifrr rr`o` `o`lm lmgf gf bh bh sfbtu sfbturh rh gl p` p`ll

Bèk`mh ifkpblth

Bèk`mh lm ‒\‛

Bèk`mh lm ‒N‛

Bèk`mh lm ‒B‛

Bèk`mh lm W`rh

@msth @m sthbh bhmg mgff bh bhss ihbzhs f bèk`mhs lsihbfmhghs

Bhs bèk`mhs f ihbzhs sùb`ghs, khrihghs `mg`v`guhbklmtl ifm su lsplsfr, lstèm g`spfm`cbls lm ihgh thkhøf. T`lmlm lm phqultls gl 81 phrh ihgh lsplsfr glsgl 1.13 F>

HMO\BHS TLSW@IHB y HMO\BHS EFS@^FMWHB Lb rlbfn sl ut`b`zh phrh klg`r Hmoubhr`ghg lm bh ihv` ih v`gh ghgg dr drfm fmth thbb glb hifpbhk`lmtf, f lm umh suplrd`i`l drfmthb  y ifm bfs iu iucf cfss lm lmbh bhzh zhgf gfss. Ehi`lmg Ehi`lmgff ifmthitf ifmthitf lm bh ihv`gh ihv`ghg g drfm dr fmth thbb glb iu iucf cf

Ehi`lmgff ifmthit Ehi`lmg ifmthitff lm umh suplrd sup lrd`i` `i`ll drf drfmth mthbb

Lb rlbfn ifkphrhgfr sl kfmth phrhblbf h bfs lnls ifm

lb àkcfbf ehi`lmgf ifmthitf hx`hb lm um hiffpb hi pbhk hk`l `lmt mtff f lm um umhh sup uplr lrd` d`i` i`ll drfm drfmth thb. b.

iucf

glb

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BLIW\SH GLB GLYHB@MLHK@LMWF HMO\BHS TLSW@IHB P EFS@^FMWHB LM LB SL SLBF BFNN IF IFKQH KQHSH SHGF GFSS Qhrh gltlrk`mhr g`dlrlmi`h vlrt`ihb gl bh Hmoubhr`ghg glb hiilfrfpbhkl`mlmtufm,h lbpfrsl`bif`nùmsl vldr`nth`ihhb (83>11 ù 4>11)  y sl rfth 851±.

Qhrh gltlrk`mhr g`dlrlmi`h efr`zfmthb gl bh Hmoubhr`ghg glb hifpbhk`lmtf, lb rlbfn sl d`nh h ilrf lm umh pfs`i`ùm efr`zfmthb

(0>11 ù 9>11)  y sl rfth 851±.

9<  

Bh klg`i`ùm gltlrk`mh bh g`dlrlmi`h vlrt`ihb u efr`zfmthb gl bh hmoubhr`ghg glb hifpbhk`lmtf ifm lb g`èkltrf gl ifmthitf glb rlbfn rlb fn if ifkph kphrh rhgf gfr. r. Qhrh gltlrk`mhr lb glshb`mlhk`lmtf hmoubhr, g`v`gh bh g`dlrlmi`h gl bh hmoubhr`ghg f plmg`lmtl glb hifpbhk`lmtf pfr lb g`èkltrf gl if ifmt mthi hitf tf gl glbb rl rlbf bfnn if ifk kph phrh rhgf gfr. r.

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Lnlkpbf> Lb rlbfn ifkphrhgfr sl d`nh h ilrf lm bhs 9>11. Lb `mg`ihgfr sl rfth 851 orhgfs h bhs 0>11. Lm lb rlbfn sl bll 81 kbbs (1,181‛). Lb g`èkltrf gl ifmthitf glb rlbfn ls < pubohghs. Lb glshb`mlhk` glshb`mlhk`lmtf lmtf hmoubhr ls gltlrk`mhgf g`v`g`lmgf bh g`dlrlmi`h gl bh hmoubhr`ghg glb hifpbhk`lmtf pfr lb g`èkltrf gl QHSHBLBF QHSH BLBF TL TLSW@I SW@IHB HB y QHS QHSHBLB HBLBF F EFS EFS@^F @^FMW MWHB HB Ehi`lmgf Ehi`lm gf ifm ifmthi thitf tf llmm bh QLS@ QL S@DL DLS@ S@H H glb glb iu iucf cf

Ehi`lmgf ifmthitf lm umh Y\QL Y\ QLSD SD@I @I@L @L QLS@ QLS@DÀ DÀS@ S@IH IH

Lb rlbfn ifkphrhgfr rhg`hb glcl slr `msthbhgf plrplmg`iubhr h bfs lnls ifm lb àkcfbf ehi`lmgf ifmthitf rhg`hbklmtl lm um

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iucf glb hifpbhk`lmtf .

 

Lb rlsubthgf gl lsth klg`i`ùm mf mfs kulstrh lb glshb`mlhk`lmtf hituhb glb lnl kfv`cbl. Bh klg`gh ifrrlspfmgl h bh bliturh tfthb vlrt`ihb u efr`zfmthb glb rlbfn (BWS). Yl g`v`gl BWS pfr gfs phrh gltl gl tlrk rk`m `mhr hr lb gl glsh shb` b`ml mlhk hk`l `lmt mtff ph phrh rhbl blbf bf hi hitu tuhb hb (h (h). ). Y` bfs gfs lnls mf sfm phrhblbfs (h), lb phrhblb`skf slrè g`dlrlmtl lmtrl bfs gfs iucfs. Bh g`rlii`ùm glb rlifrr`gf glb rlbfn ifkphrhgfr (+/-) mf mlilshr`hklmtl `mg`ih bh pfs`i`ùm rlhb glb lnl. Bfs s`omfs lsthrèm lm dumi`ùm gl quà iucf lstè lm ifmthitf ifm lb àkcfbf glb rlbfn y lm quà pfs`i`ùm sl d`nh h ilrf glb rlbfn ifkphrhgfr.

9<  

Qhrh gltlrk`mhr lb glsh gl shb` b`ml mlhk hk`l `lmt mtff phrh phrhbl blbf bf,, g`v`gh lb BWS pfr gfs y gltlrkëmlsl s` lb lnl kfv`cbl ls hbtf (+) f chnf (-), blnfs (+) f ilrih (-).

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Bliturh tfthb glb glb rlbfn ; BWS Bliturh tfthb

 

HB@MLHK@L HB@MLH K@LMWF MWF IFM SLBF SLBFNN LM I\HW I\ HWSF SF QHY HYF FY

Hb`mlhk`lmtf hmo hmoubh ubhrr pfr ièbi ièbiubf ubf kht khtlkè lkèt`i t`iff s`k s`kpbl pbl H. Ihbiubhr bh plmg`lmtl glb glshb`mlhk`lmtf ‒ ‛

g`èkltrff gl ifmthit ifmthitff G ; g`èkltr h ; Bliturh lm lb rlbfn (h8 ’ h3)

9?  

C. Ihbiubhr bh hbturh gl ifrrlii`ùm  P‛  ‒P‛ B

; Bfmo`tug Bfmo`tug gl bhchsl bh chsl

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; Qlmg`l Qlmg`lmtl mtl gl glshb glshb`mlhk `mlhk`lmtf `lmtf

I. Ifrrlii`ùm Ifrrlii`ùm glb g glshb`ml lshb`mlhk`l hk`lmtf mtf lm iuhtrf iuhtrf phsfs> 8± Hm Hmoub oubhr hr vlr vlrt`i t`ihb hb 3± Hmoubhr efr`zfmthb 9± Qh Qhrh rhbl blbf bf vlr vlrt`i t`ihb hb

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7± Qhrhblbf efr`zfmthb

90  

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Tlrt`ihb

9

7 Tlrt`ihb

8

3

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\sh \shmgf mgf lb hb` hb`mlh mlhgfr gfr bhs bhslr lr

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SLQHYF

W`pfs gl glshb`mlhk`lmtf.

 

Y@O\@LMWL IBHYL….

Khmtlm`k`lmtf gl rlguitfrls