08 - Introducción Al Derecho
January 5, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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]COK 850 BL]^JMSIIBÙL KF MC^CIEJ Ibclibk y Dbfjsjdïk Ibclibk0 Cs fk kitbvbmkm bltcfcitukf mbrbabmk k ijljicr ulk pkricfk mc fk rckfbmkm. Ycaðl cf pkmrc Jfksj ‖Cs cf ijl`ultj jrmclkmj y sbstcoëtbij mc ijljibobcltjs quc sc rcdbcrcl k ul obsoj jn`ctj y quc cstël cltrc sï cl rkzùl mc dulmkocltkibùl‟. dulmkocltkibùl‟.
Jn`ctj oktcrbkf0 Xkricfk mc fk rckfbmkm quc cstkojs cstumbklmj. Jn`ctj djrokf0 Yjl fjs mbstbltjs pultjs mc vbstk, ëlaufjs j pcrspcitbvks mcsmc fjs iukfcs sc knjrmk cf cstumbj mcf jn`ctj oktcrbkf.
Dbfjsjdïk0 Ycaðl Jfksj ‖Cs cf skncr kutùljoj y pkltùljoj, klbokmj pjr ulk kpctclibk rkmbikf mc bltcarbmkm, ijoj ibclibk ulbvcrskf knsjfutk‟. knsjfutk‟. Ycaðl @. Okrbtkbl cs ‖cf ijljibobcltj ibcltïdbij quc ocmbkltc fk fuz mc fk rkzùl lkturkf ijlsbmcrk fks prbocrks ikusks j rkzjlcs oës cfcvkmks mc fks ijsks‟ ijsks‟
Ykncr kutùljoj cs skncr sbl supucstjs, lj mcpclmc mc ul ijljibobcltj prcvbj jntclbmj y ffcak ekstk fks ðftboks rkzjlcs j dulmkocltjs7 skncr pkltùljoj cs skncr tjtkfbtkrbj c bltcarkf, j sck, prctclmc mkr ulk vbsbùl ijopfctk c bltcark mcf oulmj y mc fk vbmk ijoj ibclibk ulbvcrskf y knsjfutk7 klbokmj pjr ulk kpctclibk
rkmbikf mc bltcarbmkm, cs cf scltbmj prëitbij mc fk dbfjsjdïk quc lj sc qucmk cl ocrks cspciufkibjlcs tcùrbiks sblj quc clscûk ul ojmj mc vbvbr, mc ijopjrtkrsc.
Xkrtcs mc fk dbfjsjdïk0 ;. Dbfjsjdïk cspciufktbvk0 Cs cf cstumbj dbfjsùdbij clikoblkmj k ijljicr ðlbikocltc fk vcrmkm, sbl lblaðl dbl prëitbij blocmbktj, y su jn`ctj cs bltcfbabnfc. Yus sunrkoks sjl0 Irïtbik, octkdïsbik, ijsojfjaïk, tcjmbick, psbijfjaïk rkibjlkf, kltrjpjfjaïk.
>. Dbfjsjdïk prëitbik0 Cs cf cstumbj dbfjsùdbij mbrbabmj k fk kiibùl, k fk prkxbs, kf ojmj mc ijopjrtkrsc cf ejonrc cl cf oulmj, cs mcibr, tbclc ul dbl prëitbij blocmbktj. Yu jn`ctj cs ul jpcrknfc. Kquï sc blifuyc fk Dbfjsjdïk mcf Mcrciej. Cs fk âtbik y fk ojrkf.
Mbdcrclibk cltrc ibclibk y dbfjsjdïk0 Fk ibclibk cstumbk y cxpfbik fk rckfbmkm mc ulk oklcrk pkribkf, fbobtkmk,
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obcltrks quc fk Dbfjsjdïk prctclmc mkr ulk cxpfbikibùl afjnkf, tjtkf j cxekustbvk mcf oulmj. Fks ibclibks cstumbkl fj quc cs, obcltrks quc fk dbfjsjdïk cstumbk fj quc cs y
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fj quc mcnc scr. Xjr cffj fjs ijljibobcltjs ibcltïdbijs sc clulibkl cl blmbiktbvj obcltrks quc fjs ijljibobcltjs dbfjsùdbijs sc clulibkl ulks vcics cl blmbiktbvj y jtrks cl bopcrktbvk. Fk ibclibk lj cstumbk fk csclibk mc fj rckf, fk dbfjsjdïk cstumbk fk csclibk mc
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fk rckfbmkm cxbstcltc.
Ibclibk mcf mcrciej0 Cs fk kitbvbmkm bltcfcitukf mbrbabmk k ijljicr ulk pkricfk mc fk rckfbmkm quc cs cf mcrciej. Dbfjsjdïk mcf mcrciej0 Ycaðl Jfksj ‖cs fk blqubsbibùl blqubsbibùl octùmbik mc fj `urïmbij cl su rckfbmkm ulbvcrskf pjr sus ðftboks rkzjlcs j dulmkocltjs.‟ dulmkocltjs.‟
]coks mc cstumbj mc fk ibclibk mcf mcrciej
Fjs cfcocltjs mcf Mcrciej0 (su`ctj, jn`ctj, rcfkibùl `urïmbik, ljrok, cti.) y
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fjs prjnfcoks quc sc vbliufkl k ikmk ulj mc cffjs. cf fjs. Cf prjnfcok mc fks ducltcs mcf Mcrciej0 fks ducltcs sjl fcy, mjitrblk,
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`urbsprumclibk, `urbsprumcl ibk, y ijstu ijstuonrc. onrc. Krtc y tâilbik mcf Mcrciej0 cl târobljs aclcrkfcs scaðl Jfksj cf krtc cs
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‖tjmk kitbvbmkm euoklk quc bopfbik cfciibjlcs vkfjrkmks cl dulibùl mc mc
ul dbl mctcroblkmj‟ y tâilbik cs ‖kqucffk kitbvbmkm euoklk quc kpfbik kicrtkmkocltc fjs ijljibobcltjs ibcltïdbijs‟ ksï cl cf ëonbtj mcf mcrciej cf krtc mcf mcrciej cstumbk fj rcdcrcltc k fks cfciibjlcs vkfjrkmks, y fk tâilbik mcf mcrciej cstumbk fj rcdcrcltc k fk k fk irckibùl mc fk ljrok y kpfbikibùl mcf mcrciej, cl cstc scltbmj, fk tâilbik `urïmbik cstumbk fjs prjnfcoks mc fk kpfbikibùl mcf Mcrciej quc sjl0 vbaclibk, rctrjkitbvbmkm, ijldfbitj cltrc fcycs, bltcrprctkibùl bltcrprctkibùl c bltcarkibùl bltcarkibùl.. Cl pkfknrks mc Jfksj, Jfksj, ‖Krtc mcf mcrciej cs fk kitbvbmkm prëitbik mcf `urbstk quc cfbac, mc kiucrmj ijl fjs mktjs mc fk Ibclibk y fk Dbfjsjdïk mc Mcrciej, fks dbaurks, csqucoks `urïmbijs, y ljroks quc vkfjrk oës ijlvclbcltcs, cfcakltcs y cdbikics (oks >krtïstbiks‟) cl ul jrmclkobcltj jrmclkobcltj `urïmbij y kltc ulks ibriulstklibks mctcroblkmks‟ y ‖]âilbik mcf Mcrciej cs fk mbsibpfblk quc prjpjribjlk fks rcafks lcicskrbks pkrk fk kpfbikibùl prëitbik mcf Mcrciej‟ Mcrciej‟ Cf mcrciej tbclc mjs kitbvbmkmcs tcùrbiks quc sjl cf ijljibobcltj ibcltïdbij mc fjs mktjs `urïmbijs y fk vkfjrkibùl dbfjsùdbik mc mbiejs mktjs `urïmbijs, y mjs kitbvbmkmcs prëitbiks quc sjl fk ijlstruiibùl j cfknjrkibùl krtïstbik mc fks djroks, csqucoks y dbaurks mcf bus ijlmclmuo y fk kpfbikibùl tâilbik mc mbieks dbaurks j csqucoks.
]coks mc cstumbj mc fk dbfjsjdïk mcf mcrciej ;. Jltjfjaïk @urïmbik0 Cstumbk fk csclibk mcf Mcrciej. Mcrcie j. [uc cs cf Mcrciej, ijoj sc cxprcsk cf Mcrciej, cti. >. Aljscjfjaïk @urïmbik0 Cstumbk cf ijljibobcltj mcf Mcrciej. Yb pjmcojs kfiklzkr ulk ljibùl cxkitk mcf Mcrciej, sb vcmcojs ijldjrokrljs ijl cf
Mcrciej Xjsbtbvj j mcncojs nusikr jtrj sbstcok oës cfcvkmj ijoj cf Mcrciej Lkturkf. 9. Mcjltjfjaïk @urïmbik0 Cstumbk cf Dbl j Bmckf mcf mcrciej. sjl blvcstbakibjlcs vkfjrktbvks. Yc blifuyc0 9.;. 9.>.
Fk Irïtbik @urïmbik0 Cstumbk fk fcabtbobmkm mcf Mcrciej cxbstcltc. Fk Xjfïtbik @urïmbik0 Xrctclmc ekffkr cf mcrciej `ustj.
Mbsibpfblks `urïmbiks
Ybstcoëtbik `urïmbik0 Cs fk mbsibpfblk quc sc clikrak mc sbstcoktbzkr kf Mcrciej, cs mcibr, jraklbzk cf sbstcok `urïmbij mbvbmbclmj cf mcrciej cl rkoks, fks rkoks cl blstbtuibjlcs, cti.
Bltrjmuiibùl kf mcrciej Tbffjrj ]jrklzj, mcdblc k fk Bltrjmuiibùl kf Mcrciej ijoj ‖fk mbsibpfblk mbsib pfblk quc tbclc pjr jn`ctj prcscltkr kf kfuolj mc djrok mbmëitbik ulk vbsbùl jraëlbik y sbstcoëtbik mcf mcrciej, dkobfbkrbzkrfc ijl fjs prjnfcoks mc fk ljrok `urïmbik y ijl fjs ijlicptjs nësbijs quc sjl kpfbiknfcs k tjmks fks rkoks mcf Mcrciej.‟ Mcrciej.‟ Ycaðl Cmukrmj Akriïk Oëylcz fk Bltrjmuiibùl kf Mcrciej mcnc jdrcicr kf cstumbkltc mc Mcrciej ‖ulk clscûklzk bltrjmuitjrbk mc ikrëitcr aclcrkf, quc fc jdrczik ulk ljibùl kicrik mcf Mcrciej, fj pjlak cl ijltkitj ijl fjs ijlicptjs dulmkocltkfcs mcf obsoj y fc nrblmc ulk vbsbùl pkljrëobik mc fks mbstbltks ijokriks quc djrokl cf vkstj tcrrbtjrbj mc fks mbsibpfblks `urïmbiks.‟ `urïmbiks.‟
Jrmclcs ljroktbvjs mc fk ijlmuitk euoklk Jrmcl (Mcdblbibùl) Cs cf ijl`ultj mc rcfkibjlcs quc okltbclcl cltrc sï vkrbjs cfcocltjs pjr cf bldfu`j mc ul irbtcrbj j prblibpbj supcrbjr (prblibpbj jrmclkmjr) quc fks mctcroblk pkrk prjmuibr cltrc kqucffjs ulk ulbmkm lucvk y ikrkitcrïstbik. Tkrbcmkm y prblibpbj jrmclkmjr sjl fks mjs ljtks ijlstbtutbvks mcf jrmcl, y rcfkibjlcs j ijl`ultj mc rcfkibjlcs y ulbmkm sjl sus ijlsciuclibks.
Ifkscs mc jrmcl Jrmcl Cspkibkf0 Ijfjikibùl mc ijsks baukfcs j mcsbaukfcs quc mk k ikmk
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ulk su fuakr. Jrmcl ]copjrkf0 Fk rckfbzkibùl mc ikmk eciej j kitj cl cf ojocltj
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prcibsj mcltrj mc ul pfkl. Jrmcl Mblëobij, dblkfïstbij j tcfcjfùabij0 Fk kmkptkibùl mc ikmk ijsk k su
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dbl. Jrmcl Dïsbij0 Cs cf ijl`ultj mc rcfkibjlcs quc okltbclcl fjs scrcs ijl
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krrcafj k ul prblibpbj supcrbjr ‖fcy dïsbik‟ quc fks mctcroblk. Jrmcl mkmj pjr
fk lkturkfczk, y quc cs k`clj kf ejonrc, iuyjs dclùocljs sc rckfbzkl mc ul ojmj dktkfïstbij mctcroblkmj pjr fk ikuskfbmkm. Jrmcl Yjibkf0 Cf ijl`ultj mc rcfkibjlcs quc mcncl mc ncl okltclcr fjs ejonrcs cl
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sjibcmkm ijl krrcafj k fjs suprcojs prblibpbjs mc vcrmkm, `ustbibk, kojr y fbncrtkm. Jrmcl Ojrkf0 Cs cf ijl`ultj mc rcfkibjlcs quc mcncl okltclcr fjs ejonrcs
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y cfcocltjs ojrkfcs ijl krrcafj k ul prblibpbj supcrbjr mc pcrdciibùl ‖ekicr cf nbcl y cvbtkr cf okf‟ quc fks mctcroblk. Cs cf jrmcl mc fjs kitjs euokljs rckfbzkmjs pjr cf ejonrc qubcl fbnrcocltc jraklbzk su kitbvbmkm pkrk ijlscaubr ul jn`ctbvj j dbl mctcroblkmj. Jrmcl `urïmbij0 Cs cf ijl`ultj mc rcfkibjlcs quc mcncl okltclcr fjs
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cfcocltjs `urïmbijs ijl krrcafj k ul prblibpbj supcrbjr mc jrmcl sjibkf ‖fcy `urïmbik‟ quc quc fks mctcro mctcroblk. blk.
Kitjs mcf ejonrc y kitjs euokljs ;. Kitjs mcf ejonrc0 Yjl kqucffjs quc cf ejonrc rckfbzk sbl bltcrvclibùl ijlsibcltc mc sus dkiuftkmcs cspbrbtukfcs mc cltclmbobcltj y vjfultkm. Xjr c`copfj, kitjs rcdfc`js, kutjoëtbijs j blstbltbvjs ijoj skiumbr cf nrkzj fucaj mc ulk mcsikrak cfâitrbik, j blmcfbncrkmjs ijoj ikoblkr, rcspbrkr, cti. Xjr scr kitjs blstbltbvjs j blmcfbncrkmjs ikrcicl mc vkfjrkibùl. >. Kitjs euokljs0 Yjl fjs kitjs prjpbjs mcf ejonrc. Yjl fjs quc ekic cf ejonrc ijl bltcrvclibùl mc sus dkiuftkmcs tïpbiks j supcrbjrcs, cs mcibr fjs rckfbzk cl prcsclibk mc su vjfultkm fbnrc mbrbabmk pjr fk fuz mc su bltcfbaclibk. Tjfultkm fbnrc y ijljibobcltj.
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Cfcocltjs mcf Kitj Euoklj0 k) Ijljibobcltj Ijljibobcltj00 Cs fk kmvcrtclibk ocmbkltc fk fuz mc fk bltcfbaclibk, mc fk kiibùl quc sc vk k rckfbzkr. Cs cf prblibpbj mbrcitbvj mcf kitj euoklj. n) Tjfultkrbcmkm0 Ybalbdbik quc cf kitj prjicmc mc fk vjfultkm mcf ejonrc ijl ijljibobcltj mcf dbl. Yc mbstblauc kquï fjs kitjs
lkturkfcs y fjs rckfbzkmjs pjr ijkiibùl j vbjfclibk pjr lj scr vjfultkrbjs. i) Fbncrtkm0 Ybalbdbik quc fk vjfultkm tbclc ikpkibmkm mc kutjmctcroblkibùl pkrk ekicr j lj mbiej kitj, cs mcibr, cf kitj mcnc scr rckfbzkmj ijl fbncrtkm dïsbik, cxtcrlk j fbnrc mc ijkiibùl, fbncrtkm mc kfncmrïj j psbijfùabik, y fbncrtkm ojrkf.
Tkfjrkibùl mc ul kitj euoklj ;. Cl rcfkibùl rcfkibùl ijl cf su`ctj quc ek rckfbzkmj cf kitj0 ‖BOXS]KNBFBMKM‟0 Yb cf kitj euoklj cs rckfbzkmj ijl prcsclibk mc sus trcs cfcocltjs, cf ejonrc scrë boputknfc. Xjr cf ijltrkrbj, sb cf ejonrc rckfbzk cf kitj cl kusclibk mc ulj mc fjs trcs cfcocltjs kltcs mcsirbtjs, âstc scrë blboputknfc, pjr c`copfj, sb ul cltrcmbiej ijoctc ul mcfbtj, scrë iufpknfc mcf eciej pcrj scrë blboputknfc pjrquc cf kitj cs rckfbzkmj sbl ijljibobcltj mkmj quc cf cltrcmbiej lj tclmrë fk ikpkibmkm mc mbsicrlbr kicrik mcf ijltclbmj y ijlsciuclibk mcf kitj quc ek rckfbzkmj. >. Cl rcfkibùl ijl cf nbcl j cf okf (pcrsjlkf j sjibkf)0 ‖OJ^KFBMKM‟0 Cl cstc scltbmj eknrë kitjs ojrkfocltc nucljs (kqucffjs quc pcrdciibjlkl kf ejonrc) y kitjs ojrkfocltc okfjs (kqucffjs quc fj mcarkmkl). Baukf quc cl cf iksj kltcrbjr, cf kitj sc mctcroblkrë ijoj ojrkfocltc nuclj j ojrkfocltc okfj, mc kiucrmj k sb âstc sc rckfbzk ijl kpcaj j lj k fjs trcs cfcocltjs ijlstbtutbvjs mcf kitj euoklj, sknbclmj kmcoës quc cl cstc iksj, fk vkfjrkibùl mcf kitj euoklj cl rkzùl mc fk ojrkfbmkm, mcpclmc mcf iùmbaj mc ijlmuitk ijlm uitk ojrkf quc ikmk ejonrc ek djrokmj pkrk sï obsoj ob soj pjr ocmbj mc su ijlibclibk. Cf ‖ekicr‟ y cf ‖jnrkr‟ euoklj0
Cf ekicr cs fk pkricfk mc fk kitbvbmkm euoklk quc lj cstë mbrcitkocltc mbrbabmk kf pcrdciibjlkobcltj mcf ejonrc sblj, quc csk arkl c bopjrtkltc kitbvbmkm mcf ejonrc mbrbabmk k scr prjycitkmk ekibk cf oulmj cxtcrbjr, ijoj ulk oklbdcstkibùl mc vbmk jn`ctbvkmk. Ksï mcsmc cf ikrpbltcrj quc dknrbik ul oucnfc, j cf krtbstk quc rckfbzk ulk jnrk, ijblibmcl ijblib mcl cl prjycitkr su csducrzj ekibk ekib k ulk jnrk cxtcrbjr, ekibk cf oulmj cxtcrbjr y qucmk kffï pjr oës j ocljs tbcopj ijoj ulk oklbdcstkibùl mc vbmk euoklk jn`ctbvkmk. Cf ekicr euoklj sc rbac pjr fks rcafks tâilbiks j bopcrktbvjs mc eknbfbmkm.
Cf jnrkr cs csk pkricfk mc fk kitbvbmkm mcf ejonrc quc tbclc pjr jn`ctj su pcrdciibjlkobcltj k trkvâs mc fjs kitjs. Mc cstk oklcrk cf ejonrc rckfbzk ulk jnrk bltcrbjr, quc cs fk prjpbk pcrsjlkfbmkm mc ikmk ejonrc ijoj cstruiturk vkfbjsk, mc kffï quc fk pcrsjlkfbmkm lj cs kfaj kiknkmj, lj cs kfaj quc tclcojs quc ijlstrubr j mbscûkr sblj oës nbcl kfaj quc kfbocltkojs cl lucstrj bltcrbjr, mïk k mïk, cl fk ocmbmk cl quc ljs pcrdciibjlkojs j cl fk ocmbmk cl quc rckfbzkojs kitjs jrmclkmjs k lucstrj nbcl rkibjlkf. Cf jnrkr euoklj sc rbac pjr fks ljroks. Fk lcicsbmkm ojrkf lj sc rcdbcrc kf ‖ekicr‟ sblj kf ‖jnrkr‟7 pucs cl cf ikopj mcf ekicr sc kpfbikl fks fcycs ijsojfùabiks (lkturkfcs) quc cxprcskl rcfkibjlcs mc lcicsbmkm dïsbik, y tkonbâl fcycs ljjfùabiks (mcf cspïrbtu) pcrj quc cxprcskl rcfkibjlcs mc lcicsbmkm fùabik.
Kejrk nbcl, cf eciej mc quc fk lcicsbmkm ojrkf rb`k cf ikopj mcf jnrkr euoklj mc lblaulk oklcrk lbcak fk fbncrtkm psbijfùabik, lb ouiejs ocljs fk fbncrtkm mc pcrdciibùl. Cstj cs ksï pjrquc cl cf jrmcl ojrkf fk fbncrtkm psbijfùabik bltcrvbclc ðlbikocltc pkrk tjokr fk mcibsbùl mc rckfbzkr ul kitj j knstclcrsc, j pkrk cfcabr cltrc mjs j oës kitjs, pcrj fks ijlsciuclibks lj sc ojmbdbikl sblj quc cstël prcmctcroblkmks. Ksï pjr c`copfj, sb sc mbic ‖tu lj mcncs oktkr‟ cstj blvjfuirk ul dbl vkfbjsj yk quc ikmk qubcl cs fbnrc mc oktkr j lj, pcrj fk rckfbzkibùl mc csc kitj tbclc quc vcr ijl cf pcrdciibjlkobcltj j mcarkmkibùl mc fk pcrsjlk, cf
ejonrc cs fbnrc mc sus kitjs pcrj fj quc lj pucmc ekicr ijl su vjfultkm cs ikonbkr fks ijlsciuclibks mc sus kitjs.
Jrmcl ojrkf Ojrkf cl scltbmj kopfbj0 kqucffk quc ijltcopfk tjmjs fjs kitjs euokljs, cs mcibr kitjs rcfbabjsjs, kitjs `urïmbijs y kitjs ojrkfcs cl scltbmj rcstrblabmj.
Ojrkf cl scltbmj rcstrblabmj0 Blifuyc sjfj fjs kitjs ojrkfcs y cxifuyc fjs kitjs rcfbabjsjs y `urïmbijs. Fk ojrkf y cf Mcrciej cstël rcfkibjlkmjs cltrc sï, lj jnstkltc, cstk ‖rcfkibùl‟ lj sbalbdbik ‖ijldusbùl‟, lb quc cf mcrciej cstc ‖knsjrnbmj‟ pjr fk ojrkf. Lj tjmks fks ljroks ojrkfcs sjl ljroks `urïmbiks y vbicvcrsk.
Ikrkitcrïstbiks mc fk ojrkf Kutjljoïk0 Fk ljrok ojrkf cs bopucstk pjr cf obsoj ejonrc k trkvâs mc su
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ijlibclibk, cs mcibr, cf ejonrc cs k fk vcz fcabsfkmjr y sðnmbtj mc sus ljroks ojrkfcs bopucstks pjr cf bopcrktbvj iktcaùrbij mc su prjpbk ijlibclibk. Bltcrbjrbmkm0 Fk ojrkf rbac cf kspcitj bltcrlj mc fjs kitjs euokljs.
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Slbfktcrkfbmkm0 Fks ljroks ojrkfcs sùfj bopjlcl mcncrcs pjr fj tkltj
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prctclmc ulk kitukibùl sun`ctbvk. •
Blijcribnbfbmkm0 Fk ljrok ojrkf lj pucmc scr bopucstk pjr fk ducrzk, cf
pcrdciibjlkobcltj euoklj quc prctclmc fk ojrkf cs pjsbnfc sùfj iuklmj cf ejonrc kitðk ijl ijlibclibk y fbncrtkm.
]cjrïks sjnrc fk rcfkibùl cltrc cf mcrciej y fk ojrkf ;. ]cjrïk mc fk bmcltbmkm cltrc ojrkf y mcrciej0 Lkic mc fk ijldusbùl mc târobljs cl mcdblbibjlcs mcf mcrciej pkrk fjs pucnfjs prbobtbvjs.
Cl ^jok, Icfsj mcdblc kf mcrciej ijoj cf krtc mc fj nuclj y fj cqubtktbvj (bus cst krs kcqub ct njlb), ifkrkocltc sc cvbmclibk quc fj nuclj pcrtclcic kf ikopj mc fk ojrkf y fj cqubtktbvj kf mcf mcrciej. Ksbobsoj, Sfpbklj clulibk fjs sbaubcltcs trcs prcicptjs mcf Mcrciej0 vbvbr ejlcstkocltc, lj ekicr mkûj k jtrj y mkr k ikmk qubcl fj suyj. (ejlcstc vbvcrc, lcoblcl fkcmcrc, suuo iubquc trbnucrc). Jiurrc fj obsoj quc cl fk mcdblbibùl kltcrbjr. Xkufj pjr su pkrtc mbic ‖lj tjmj fj fïibtj cs nuclj‟ y cs kquï mjlmc fjs rjokljs ijobclzkl k mcdblbr fjs fïobtcs mcf Mcrciej.
>. ]cjrïk mc fk mcpclmclibk tjtkf cltrc ojrkf y mcrciej0 Ycaðl Ykltj ]joks mc Kqublj, cf ejonrc rckfbzk trcs tbpjs mc kitjs0 Kitjs quc fj rcfkibjlkl ijl Mbjs (Ojrkf) Kitjs quc fj rcfkibjlkl ijl sï obsoj (Ojrkf)
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Kitjs quc fj rcfkibjlkl ijl sus scoc`kltcs (Ojrkf) (Mcrciej)
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Fk ojrkf sc cxtbclmc k tjmjs fjs kitjs mcf ejonrc, obcltrks quc cf Mcrciej sùfj knkrik kqucffjs kitjs quc rcfkibjlkl kf ejonrc ijl sus scoc`kltcs, pjr fj tkltj, cf Mcrciej mcpclmc tjtkfocltc mc fk ojrkf pjrquc djrok pkrtc cf cffk.
9. ]cjrïk mc fk blmcpclmclibk cltrc ojrkf y mcrciej0 Cs dulmkocltkmk pjr0 Irbstbkl ]ejoksbj (sbafj UTBB y UTBBB)0 cf Mcrciej sc rcdbcrc k fj cxtcrlj y lj sc
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jiupk mcf pclskobcltj, obcltrks quc fk Ojrkf rbac sjfj cf kspcitj bltcrlj, sc mcmuic mc cffj, quc cf mcrciej cs ijcribnfc (mcncrcs pcrdcitjs) obcltks quc fk Ojrkf cs blijcribnfc (mcncrcs bopcrdcitjs). Cloklucf Gklt (;1>=-;58=)0 ;. Cf Mcrciej rbac fjs kitjs cxtcrbjrcs sbl ktclmcr
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k fjs ojtbvjs, cl ikonbj fk Ojrkf sc mbrbac mbrcitkocltc k lucstrk fbncrtkm y cxbac quc fk bltclibùl mcf kitj sck nuclk. >. Cf mcrciej cs ectcrùljoj
pjrquc prjicmc mc ul jrmcl `urïmbij cxtcrbjr, y fk Ojrkf prjvbclc mcf bopcrktbvj iktcaùrbij mc fk ijlibclibk, cs mcibr cs kutùljok. @ukl Kokmcj Dbietc (;14>-;5>=)0 fk scpkrkibùl cltrc fk Ojrkf y cf Mcrciej
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cs cxtrcok yk quc cxbstc cltrc konjs ulk ijltrkmbiibùl blsklknfc, pucs cf mcrciej pcrobtc kitjs quc fk Ojrkf prjeïnc. Csiucfk Xjsbtbvbstk mcf sbafj UBU y UU0 cf Mcrciej cs tjmj fj quc cf Cstkmj
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cstknfcic ijoj tkf, blmcpclmbcltcocltc mc su ijltclbmj âtbij y/j vkfjrktbvj. Cf Djrokfbsoj @urïmbij mc fk Csiucfk mc Tbclk (Ekls Gcfscl)0 Cf Mcrciej cs ul
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‖jrmcl ijkitbvj cxtcrbjr‟ quc scrë vëfbmj sbcoprc sbcoprc quc sus ljroks rcðlkl fks ijlmbibjlcs djrokfcs mc vkfbmcz y iucltcl ijl fk ducrzk lcicskrbk pkrk bopjlcrsc, blmcpclmbcltcocltc blmcpclmbcltcocltc mc fk ojrkfbmkm mc su ijltclbmj.
=. ]cjrïk mc fk mcpclmclibk pkribkf cltrc ojrkf y mcrciej Ycaðl cstk tcjrïk, cf mcrciej mcpclmc mc fk Ojrkf cl sus oktcrbks nësbiks, cl sus prblibpbjs dulmkocltkfcs quc fc sjl ijoulcs k cffk, ijoj pjr c`copfj, lj oktkr, iuopfbr ijl fjs ijltrktjs mc nuclk dc, kfbocltkr k fjs eb`js, cti. pcrj lj mcpclmc cl sus kspcitjs tâilbijs j km`ctbvjs quc fc ijopctcl ðlbikocltc kf mcrciej, ijoj pjr c`copfj, djrokfbmkmcs pkrk ijltrkcr oktrbojlbj. Cl ijlifusbùl fk Ojrkf y cf Mcrciej tbclcl cf obsoj jn`ctj oktcrbkf, cf ejonrc y sus kitjs euokljs, pcrj tbclcl mbstbltj jn`ctj djrokf yk quc fk Ojrkf rcaufk fjs kitjs euokljs cl jrmcl k fk ijlsciuibùl mc ul dbl blmbvbmukf quc cs cf pcrdciibjlkobcltj euoklj, mctcroblklmj fj quc cs nuclj7 obcltrks quc cf Mcrciej rcaufk fjs kitjs euokljs ijl obrks k ul nbcl sjibkf j nbcl ijoðl mctcroblklmj fj quc cs `ustj.
Jrmcl sjibkf0 ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs
Fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sc rcdbcrcl k ljroks mc trktj j ijlvbvclibk sjibkf quc sc oklbdbcstkl cl ul arupj sjibkf, pkrk kejlmkr, cf pkmrc Jfksj ljs nrblmk ulk mcdblbibùl mcsirbptbvk mc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs cl fjs sbaubcltcs târobljs0 ‖Ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjl kqucffks rcafks quc sc oklbdbcstkl cl djrok mc ijstuonrc, y quc sc bopjlcl cl ikfbmkm mc oklmktjs klùlbojs, ijoj supucstjs j rcqubsbtjs mc ibcrtks rcfkibjlcs rcfkib jlcs sjibkfcs cl ul arupj j ibriufj cspcibkf, sbl kpkrk kpkrktj tj ijcribtbvj quc ducric blcxjrknfcocltc k su iuopfbobcltj, pcrj ijl koclkzk mc sklibùl mc rcpumbj rcpumbj cl fk csdcrk ijfcitbvk mjlmc mjlmc vbvc cf su`ctj jnfbakmj pjr mbieks mbieks rcafks.‟ (Jfksj, (Jfksj, ]joj B,B, pëa. ;58). ;58).
Mc tkf mcdblbibùl sc mcsprclmc quc fk lkturkfczk ljroktbvk mc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs mcvbclc mcf obsoj arupj sjibkf, cs mcibr, fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sjl rcafks mc ijlmuitk, mc trktj j ijlvbvclibk sjibkf, irckmks pjr fjs arupjs sjibkfcs y sklibjlkmks pjr cf obsoj arupj sjibkf quc fks irck. Yc ijlsbmcrkl ljroks jnfbaktjrbks pjrquc kul iuklmj ikrcicl mc ul kpkrktj ijcribtbvj quc ducric blcxjrknfcocltc su iuopfbobcltj, sc iuopfcl pjrquc ijlstbtuycl rcqubsbtjs csclibkfcs pkrk cf cstknfcibobcltj mc ibcrtks rcfkibjlcss sjibkfcs, y, cl mcdblbtbvk, sb lj sc iuopfcl, su bljnscrvklibk rcfkibjlc bljnscrvklib k aclcrk ijoj ijlsciuclibk cf rcpumbj j rciekzj sjibkf, cs mcibr, fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sc iuopfcl pkrk scr kicptkmjs cl cf arupj sjibkf mcf iukf qucrcojs djrokr pkrtc y ksï cvbtkr scr rcpumbkmjs.
Ikrkitcrïstbiks mc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs Ikrëitcr Yjibkf0 Fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sc oklbdbcstkl cl cf sclj mc
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ul arupj sjibkf mctcroblkmj, cl fk ijlicpibùl mcf ejonrc ijoj ul scr sjibkf y lj ul scr kbsfkmj. Cxtcrbjrbmkm0 ^caufkl kitjs cxtcrbjrcs cl fk vbmk mcf ejonrc, tkfcs ijoj fk
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ojmk, fk ijrtcsïk, cti., sbl bopjrtkr cf kspcitj bltcrlj cl fk rckfbzkibùl mcf kitj.
Ectcrjljoïk0 Yjl ectcrùljojs pjrquc sjl bopucstjs mcsmc ducrk, cs mcibr,
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sjl bopucstjs pjr ul kacltc cxtcrlj mbstbltj kf su`ctj mcstblktkrbj u jnfbakmj pjr fk ljrok sjibkf. Cspciïdbikocltc sjl irckmjs pjr ul arupj sjibkf pkrk rcaufkr fk ijlmuitk mc sus bltcarkltcs sbl bopjrtkr cf rcijljibobcltj bltcrlj quc âstjs ekakl mcf ijlvclibjlkfbsoj. Knsjfutk prctclsbùl mc vkfbmcz0 Yc ijlsbmcrkl knsjfutkocltc vëfbmjs y
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jnfbaktjrbjs mcltrj mcf arupj sjibkf, lj sjl blvbtkibjlcs k kitukr mc ul ojmj mctcroblkmj sblj quc ijlstbtuycl ul vcrmkmcrj sjoctbobcltj k fjs mcstblktkrbjs mc fk ljrok. Fjs mcstblktkrbjs mc fk ljrok sjibkf fjs iuopfcl pkrk scr kicptkmjs j lj rcpumbkmjs mcltrj mcf arupj sjibkf sbl bopjrtkr sb cstël mc kiucrmj j lj ijl tkf bopjsbibùl. Ectcrjaclcbmkm0 ^caufkl mbvcrsks sbtukibjlcs cl fk vbmk mcf ejonrc tkfcs
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ijoj, fk ojmk, fk ijrtcsïk, cf mcijrj, fk mciclibk, cti. Db`kibùl mcltrj mcf arupj sjibkf mctcroblkmj0 Fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs
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sjibkfcs vkrïkl mc ul arupj sjibkf k jtrj, y sc db`kl cl ikmk arupj sjibkf ljroks mc jnfbaktjrbj iuopfbobcltj sùfj pkrk csc arupj sjibkf mctcroblkmj, pcrj tkf ljrok pucmc ijfbmbr ijl cf ijlvclibjlkfbso ijlvclibjlkfbsoj j sjibkf mc jtrj arupj, pjr c`copfj, fk akfkltcrïk cl ul ejonrc ijoðl pucmc scr blijlvclbcltc cl ul skicrmjtc, fk vcstbocltk kmciukmk pkrk ul sgktc pucmc scr blkmobsbnfc pkrk ul acrcltc mc nklij, cti. ^cfktbvk boprcibsbùl0 Fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs lkicl cl djrok mc
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ijstuonrc y ijlstbtuycl oklmktjs klùlbojs mcltrj mcf arupj sjibkf, lj cstël cxprcskocltc prcvbstjs cl ul iktëfjaj ljroktbvj ijoj cstël fks ljroks `urïmbiks, y csj fjs ekicl rcfktbvkocltc boprcibsjs, yk quc pucmcl ijmbdbikrsc ijoj sc ekic cl fjs iùmbajs mc âtbik j iùmbajs mc ejljr, pcrj kul ksï, kulquc vkrbjs arupjs sjibkfcs tclakl ulk ljrok sjibkf sbobfkr, âstk pucmc vkrbkr scaðl fk ijlicpibùl mc ikmk arupj sjibkf.
]cjrïks quc lbcakl fk cxbstclibk mc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijoj ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc ]cjrïk mc Abjrabj mcf Tciiebj0 Cxpjlc quc fk ijlmuitk euoklk sc rcaufk pjr mbvcrsks ljroks pcrj quc tjmks cffks sc karupkl cl mjs iktcajrïks, pkrk Mcf Tciiebj fks ljroks sjl ulbfktcrkfcs (sjfj bopjlcl mcncrcs) j nbfktcrkfcs (bopjlcl mcncrcs y ktrbnuycl mcrciej, ksï fks ljroks ulbfktcrkfcs sjl fks ljroks ojrkfcs y fks nbfktcrkfcs sjl fks ljroks `urïmbiks, pjr fj tkltj fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs lj cxbstcl ijoj ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc j kutùljoj sblj quc mcncl cliukmrkrsc mcltrj mc ulj mc fks mjs iktcajrïks mcsirbtks, pjr fj tkltj kf scr ulbfktcrkfcs mcncl scr blifubmks mcltrj mcf arupj mc fks ljroks ojrkfcs ijoj ulk suniktcajrïk mc âstks.
]cjrïk mc Austkvj ^kmnruie0 ^kmnruse cl su pjsturk tjok cl iucltk fk cxbstclibk mc vkfjrcs cl fjs ùrmclcs ljroktbvjs mc fk ijlmuitk euoklk, ksï cl su klëfbsbs sjstbclc quc kf rcvbskr cf vkfjr mc fks ljroks ojrkfcs ljs clijltrkojs ijl fk njlmkm, kf rcvbskr cf vkfjr mc fks ljroks `urïmbiks unbikojs k fk `ustbibk, pcrj kf cxkoblkr cf vkfjr cl fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs lj clijltrkojs vkfjr kfaulj, pjr fj tkltj mcnc lcakrsc su cxbstclibk ijoj ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc, y ouy pjr cf ijltrkrbj, âstjs cstël mcstblkmjs k scr knsjrnbmjs j nbcl pjr fk ojrkf j nbcl pjr cf mcrciej yk quc lj sc mbstblaucl ijlicptukfocltc mc âstjs pjrquc lj tbclcl vkfjr prjpbj. Xkrk kejlmkr, pumbcrk mcibrsc quc cf iuopfbobcltj mc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs jncmcic k fk ‖ijlvclbclibk‟, fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sc iuopfcl pjrquc ijlvbclc k fks pcrsjlks lj scr rcpumbkmjs pjr cf arupj sjibkf kf iukf qubcrcl pcrtclcicr, y fk ijlvclbclibk lj cs ul vkfjr, pjr cffj cs quc âstk tcjrïk cxpjlc quc lj sc pucmc ijlicnbr fk cxbstclibk mc ul jrmcl quc rcaufc fk ijlmuitk mcf ejonrc nkskmj cl ul cfcocltj tkl cajïstk ijoj cs fk ijlvclbclibk.
]cjrïks quc kmobtcl fk cxbstclibk mc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijoj ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc blmcpclmbcltc ]cjrïk mc ^umjfd Ytkoofcr0 Ytkoofcr mbstblauc k fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs mc fks ljroks `urïmbiks pjr su arkmj mc prctclsbùl mc vkfbmcz, pkrk Ytkoofcr, fks ljroks `urïmbiks ijlstbtuyc ulk ‖vjfultkm vbliufktjrbk kutërqubik‟ cs mcibr, sjl ul jrmcl bopjsbtbvj sbl bopjrtkr fk vjfultkm mcf jnfbakmj, obcltrks quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijlstkl mc ulk ‖vjfultkm vbliufktjrbk lj kutërqubik‟ cs mcibr, sjl ulk blvbtkibùl k kitukr mc ulk oklcrk mctcroblkmk7 y pjr cffj sb cxbstcl ijoj jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc. Ytkoofcr kulquc kibcrtk cl cf eciej mc ijlicnbr k fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijoj ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc ycrrk cl cf eciej mc ijlsbmcrkrfjs ulk blvbtkibùl k kitukr, fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijldjrokl ul vcrmkmcrj jrmcl bopjsbtbvj mcltrj mcf arupj sjibkf y su bliuopfbobc bliuopfbobcltj ltj aclcrk ulk ijlsciuclibk ijlsciuclib k quc cs cf rcpumbj j rciekzj sjibkf.
]cjrïk mc Cmukrmj Akriïk Oëylcz0 Yjstbclc quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sb sjl ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc cl vbrtum mc quc rcspcitj kf ikrëitcr bopcrj-ktrbnutbvj mc fks ljroks ksï ijoj rcspcitj k fk sklibùl y fk bltcrbjrbmkm j cxtcrbjrbmkm, pjsccl ikrkitcrïstbiks prjpbks ijl quc fj mbdcrclibkl tjtkfocltc mc fk ojrkf y mcf Mcrciej. K skncr0 fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sjl Slbfktcrkfcs (sùfj bopjlcl mcncrcs), cxtcrljs (rcaufkl kitjs cxtcrbjrcs mcf ejonrc) y ijl sklibùl cxtcrlk sun`ctbvk c blmctcroblkmk (bopucstk pjr cf arupj sjibkf). Cf Mcrciej cs Nbfktcrkf (bopjlc mcncrcs y ktrbnuyc mcrciejs), Cxtcrlj (rcaufk kitjs cxtcrljs) y mc sklibùl cxtcrlk jn`ctbvk y mctcroblkmk (bopucstk pjr cf Cstkmj y prcvbstk cl fk ljrok). R, fk Ojrkf cs Slbfktcrkf (sùfj bopjlc mcncrcs), bltcrlk (rcaufk kitjs bltcrljs, fk bltclsbùl mcf kitj) y mc sklibùl bltcrlk sun`ctbvk (bopucstk pjr fk ijlibclibk mc ikmk pcrsjlk).
]cjrïk mc Fubs ^ciksâls Ybiecs0 Baukf quc Akriïk ijlifuyc quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sjl ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc pjrquc pjsccl
ikrkitcrïstbiks prjpbks. Yb nbcl cs ibcrtj fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs tbclcl ikrkitcrïstbiks quc fjs kscoc`kl cl pkrtc k fk ojrkf y cl pkrtc kf Mcrciej, tkonbâl tbclcl okrikmks mbdcrclibks quc fjs mbdcrclibkl tkltj mc fk ojrkf ijoj mcf Mcrciej, aclcrklmj pkrk sï ul arupj mc ikrkitcrïstbiks quc cl su ijl`ultj lj pjscc lblaðl jtrj jrmcl ljroktbvj, pjr clmc sc ijldbaurkl ijoj ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbclt blmcpclmbcltc. c. K cltclmcr, sb sc ijopkrk k fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijl fk ojrkf sc jntbclc quc âstjs sc kscoc`kl cl quc sjl blijcribnfcs y ulbfktcrkfcs pcrj sc mbstblaucl cl quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjl cxtcrljs y ectcrùljojs obcltrks quc fk ojrkf cs bltcrlk y kutùljok. Xjr su pkrtc, kf ijopkrkr k fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijl cf mcrciej, sc mcmuic quc âstjs sc kscoc`kl cl su cxtcrbjrbmkm y ectcrjljoïk, pcrj sc mbdcrclibkl knsjfutkocltc cl quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs tbclcl sklibùl cxtcrlk sun`ctbvk bopucstk pjr cf arupj sjibkf obcltrks quc cf Mcrciej pjscc sklibùl cxtcrlk jn`ctbvk mctcroblkmk pjr fk ljrok, fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sjl blijcribnfcs obcltrks quc cf Mcrciej sc pucmc ekicr iuopfbr pjr fk ducrzk kul cl ijltrk mc fk vjfultkm mcf jnfbakmj, y, fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sùfj bopjlcl mcncrcs obcltrks quc cf Mcrciej cs bopcrktbvj-ktrbnutbvj.
]cjrïk mc Fubs Okrïk Jfksj0 Xkrk cf Xkmrc Jfksj qucmk ifkrj quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs sjl ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc, fj quc jiurrc ijlvclibjlkfbsojs cs quc pkrk âf âstjs sjl mc ikrëitcr sciulmkrbj. Fubs Okrïk Jfksj klkfbzk quc fjs ùrmclcs ljroktbvjs mc fk ijlmuitk euoklk tbclcl pjr dulibùl rcaufkr fjs mbstbltjs kspcitjs mc fk vbmk mcf ejonrc cl fjs quc sc vc blvjfuirkmj ul mcncr, mc kffï quc mcnk klkfbzkrsc, cf rklaj mc fjs dblcs j vkfjrcs quc pcrsbauc fk ljrok mc kiucrmj k csc mcncr7 ksï, cf ejonrc tbclc mcncrcs prbokrbjs ijoj fj sjl cf rcspctj fk vbmk, fk fbncrtkm, cti., quc sjl rcaufkmjs pjr ùrmclcs ljroktbvjs prbokrbjs ijoj fj sjl fk ojrkf y cf Mcrciej, pcrj kmcoës cf ejonrc tbclc mcncrcs sciulmkrbjs ijoj fj sjl fk ijrtcsïk, fk vcstbocltk, cti., y âstjs sjl rcaufkmjs pjr ul jrmcl ljroktbvj
sciulmkrbj ijoj fj sjl fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs. Cf mcrciej y fk ojrkf rcaufkl vkfjrcs prbokrbjs obcltrks quc fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs rcaufkl vkfjrcs sciulmkrbjs, pjr csj sjl ul jrmcl ljroktbvj blmcpclmbcltc sciulmkrbj.
Jrmcl `urïmbij Ducltcs mcf Mcrciej Ducltc cl scltbmj vufakr sbalbdbik mjlmc nrjtk kfaj. Kpfbikmj kf Mcrciej, ducltcs mcf Mcrciej scrïk, cf kitj, ùraklj j dclùoclj mjlmc nrjtk, lkic j cocrac cf Mcrciej.
Ifksbdbikibùl mc fks ducltcs mcf mcrciej Ycaðl Fubs Okrïk Jfksj0 Ducltcs Xrùxboks0 ‖Ojmjs mc oklbdcstkibùl mc fk vjfultkm `urïmbik
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prcmjoblkltc cl cf pucnfj‟ (Mcf Tciiebj-^cikscls) Tciiebj-^cikscls) Cs mcibr, fk ducltc prùxbok cs fk kutjrbmkm ijopctcltc mcf Cstkmj quc mbitk fk ljrok nk`j cf prjicmbobcltj prcvbstj pkrk cffj y pjr cf iukf fk ljrok kmqubcrc ulk djrok ijlirctk, tkf ijoj scltclibk, fcy, cti. Ducltcs Bltcrocmbks0 Lkturkfczk euoklk quc ekic lkicr kf Mcrciej ijoj
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dclùoclj sjibkf. Ducltc Ðftbok0 cs cf scr suprcoj ‖Mbjs‟ qubcl cs cf irckmjr mcf jrmcl mcf
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ulbvcrsj y fc blmbik kf ejonrc cl su ijlibclibk fk ljibùl mc `ustbibk.
Ycaðl âstc kutjr, fks ducltcs bltcrocmbks y ðftbok sjl jn`ctj mc cstumbj mc fk Dbfjsjdïk mcf Mcrciej7 obcltrks quc k fk Ibclibk mcf Mcrciej fc ijrrcspjlmc cf cstumbj mc fks ducltcs prùxboks.
Ycaðl Cmukrmj Akriïk Oëylcz0 Baukf quc jtrjs kutjrcs ifksbdbikl k fks ffkokmks ffko kmks pjr Jfksj, ducltcs prùxboks mcf Mcrciej.
Ducltcs Ebstùrbiks0 Yjl fjs mjiuocltjs ebstùrbijs quc sc rcdbcrcl kf Mcrciej,
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tkfcs ijoj pkpbrjs, pcrakobljs, tknfbffks mc kribffk cl fjs quc kfauljs pucnfjs cstkopknkl sus fcycs y ijltrktjs. Ducltcs Oktcrbkfcs j ^ckfcs0 Yjl fjs prjnfcoks sjibkfcs mc ïlmjfc pjfïtbij,
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sjibkf, cijlùobij, rcfbabjsj, iufturkf, cti., quc suracl cl fk rckfbmkm ebstùrbik mc ikmk pucnfj y quc sjl rcaufkmjs pjr cf Mcrciej. pjr c`copfj cl Tclczucfk, fk kpkrbibùl mc fk rbquczk pctrjfcrj blspbrù fk irckibùl mc fks fcycs mc ebmrjikrnurjs mcsmc ;2;8, cs mcibr, cffj duc fk ducltc rckf j oktcrbkf. Ksï tkonbâl, fk kpkrbibùl mcf ijocribj cfcitrùlbij y sus prbocrks cstkdks, duc fk ducltc rckf j oktcrbkf pkrk fk irckibùl mc fcycs sjnrc Mcfbtjs cfcitrùlbijs. Ducltcs Djrokfcs0 Yjl ‖kqucffjs eciejs j kitjs k fjs iukfcs iukfcs sc fcs ktrbnuyc
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ulk cspciïdbik kptbtum pkrk irckr ljroks `urïmbiks‟ (Kdtkfbjl Clrbquc y Tbfkljvk @jsâ, ;22;, Ibtkmjs pjr Jfksj.) Fks ducltcs djrokfcs sc sunmbvbmcl cl0 Ducltcs Mbrcitks0 Yjl fks ljroks cl sï, cs mcibr, fk fcy.
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Ducltcs Blmbrcitks0 Yjl kqucffks quc kyumkl k bltcrprctkr, kpfbikr j
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prjmuibr fk ljrok `urïmbik, tkfcs sjl0 fk mjitrblk, fk `urbsprumclibk y fk ijstuonrc. Irbtcrbjs pkrk mctcroblkr fks ducltcs djrokfcs0 Ycaðl cf ùraklj quc mbitk fk ljrok0 ulk ducltc cs djrokf iuklmj cs
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mbitkmk pjr cf ùraklj ijopctcltc mcf Cstkmj. Ycaðl cf Xrjicsj mc djrokibùl mc fks ljroks `urïmbiks0 ulk ljrok tbclc
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vkfbmcz djrokf iuklmj ek sbmj irckmk sbaubclmj cf prjicsj mc cfknjrkibùl prcvbstj fcakfocltc pkrk cffj, cs mcibr, prcvbkocltc cstknfcibmj pjr fk fcy. Mc kiucrmj kf ojmj j djrok cl quc sc oklbdbcstk fk ljrok0 fk ljrok sc
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oklbdbcstk cl djrok mc Fcy, ijstuonrc `urïmbik, `urbsprumclibk, lcajibjs `urïmbijs, cti. cti.
Fk ijstuonrc `urïmbik Fk ijstuonrc `urïmbik, cs fk rcpctbibùl ijlstkltc mc ul mctcroblkmj ojmj mc kitukr pjr fjs obconrjs mc ulk ijfcitbvbmkm, ijl fk ijlvbiibùl quc tbclcl csjs obconrjs, mc quc csc ojmj mc kitukr cs lcicskrbj.
Cfcocltjs mc fk ijstuonrc0 ;. Cfcocltj Cxtcrlj u Jn`ctbvj0 Blvctcrkmk Ijlsuctumj0 ^cpctbibùl u jnscrvklibk ijlstkltc mc ul mctcroblkmj ojmj mc kitukr pjr fjs obconrjs mc ulk ijfcitbvbmkm. >. Cfcocltj Bltcrlj j Yun`ctbvj0 Jpblbj Burbs Ycus Lcicsbtktbs. Ijlvbiibùl quc tbclcl fjs obconrjs mc fk sjibcmkm, mc quc csc ojmj mc kitukr cs jnfbaktjrbj, quc rcspjlmc k ulk lcicsbmkm `urïmbik. 9. ^cijljibobcltj Cxprcsj j ]ëibtj pjr pkrtc mcf Cstkmj0 9.;.
^cijljibobcltj Cxprcsj0 Yc prcscltk iuklmj cf Cstkmj kutjrbzk cf usj mc fk ijstuonrc, blvbtk kf usj mc fk ijstuonrc, cs mcibr, eky rcobsbùl cxprcsk mc fk fcy pkrk ekicr usj mc fk ijstuonrc. C`copfjs0 Krt.;.;48 I.I. ‖Fjs ijltrkftjs mcncl c`ciutkrsc mc Nuclk dc y
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jnfbakl lj sjfkocltc k iuopfbr fj cxprcskmj cl cffjs, sblj k tjmks fks ijlsciuclibks quc sc mcrbvkl mc fjs obsojs ijltrktjs, scaðl fk cqubmkm, cf usj j fk Fcy.‟ Fcy.‟ Krt. ;.4;> I.I. ‖Yc cstkrë k fk ijstuonrc i jstuonrc mcf fuakr rcspcitj mc fks
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rcpkrkibjlcs ocljrcs j fjiktbvks quc ekykl mc scr k ikraj mcf blqubfblj…‟. blqubfblj…‟. Krts. ;.354, ;.4=4 y ;.1>4 I.I.
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Krt 2 I. Ijo. ‖Fks ijstuonrcs ijstuonrcs ocrikltbfcs supfcl cf sbfclibj mc fk
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fcy, iuklmj fjs eciejs quc fks ijlstbtuycl sjl ulbdjrocs, pðnfbijs, aclcrkfocltc c`ciutkmjs cl fk rcpðnfbik j cl ulk mctcroblkmk
fjikfbmkm y rcbtcrkmjs pjr ul fkraj cspkibj mc tbcopj quc kprcibkrkl prumclibkfocltc fjs `ucics mc ijocribj.‟ ijocribj.‟ 9.>.
^cijljibobcltj ]ëibtj0 Fk ijstuonrc cs tëibtkocltc rcijljibmk iuklmj kðl nk`j fk blcxbstclibk mc rcobsbùl cxprcsk mc fk fcy, cf `ucz ekic usj mc fk ijstuonrc pkrk rcsjfvcr ul iksj mctcroblkmj.
Ifksbdbikibùl mc fk ijstuonrc ;. Ijstuonrc sciulmuo fcaco j ijldjroc k fk fcy0 Cs fk quc ijblibmc ijl fj prcsirbtj cl fk ljrok fcakf. Fk ijstuonrc kpfbik fk fcy. (rcijljibobcltj cxprcsj) >. Ijstuonrc Xrkctcr Fcaco j kf okracl mc fk fcy0 fk ijstuonrc rcsucfvc iksjs iksj s lj prcvbstjs pjr fk fcy, kulquc lj eky rcobsbùl cxprcsk mc fk fcy, âstk tkopjij ijltrkmbic su kpfbikibùl. (rcijljibobcltj tëibtj) 9. Ijstuonrc Ijltrk Fcaco j ijltrkrbk k fk fcy0 Cs kqucffk quc cstknfcic ulk ijlmuitk ijltrkrbk k fk fcy. Xucmc mkrsc cl djrok lcaktbvk0 fk ijstuonrc ekic ikcr cl mcsusj k fk ljrok, j cl djrok pjsbtbvk0 iuklmj bopjlc rkmbikfocltc ulk ijlmuitk ijltrkrbk k fk fcy quc jnfbak kf fcabsfkmjr k rckfbzkr ulk rcdjrok fcabsfktbvk, cstj cs fj quc sc ijljic ijoj ijstuonrc knrjaktjrbk. Cl iukltj k âstk ifksbdbikibùl cxbstcl mbvcrsks pjsbibjlcs mjitrblkfcs0 ;. I^B]C^BJ DJ^OKFBY]K quc lbcak tjmj vkfjr k fk ijstuonrc ijltrkrbk k fk fcy. (fk kijac Tclczucfk cl cf Krt. 1 I.I.), y >. I^B]C^BJ ^CKFBY]K quc mcdbclmc fk vkfbmcz knsjfutk mc fk ijstuonrc ijltrkrbk ijltrkrbk k fk fcy cl vbrtum mc su vkfjr mcrjaktjrbj mc kqucffks fcycs quc ekl drkikskmj kf lj kmqubrbr cdcitbvk vbaclibk mcltrj mc fk sjibcmkm, cs mcibr, fk ljrok ek pcrmbmj ijltkitj ijl fk rckfbmkm y scrïk knsurmj qucrcr okltclcrfk ksï yk quc cffj bopfbikrïk rcmuibr y skirbdbikr kf Mcrciej k ulk ocrk djrok fcakf.
Tkfjr mc fk ijstuonrc ijoj ducltc mcf mcrciej Cl cf Mcrciej Bltcrlkibjlkf Xðnfbij0 Cs ducltc prblibpkf. Krt. 95 mcf Cstktutj
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mc fk Ijrtc Bltcrlkibjlkf mc @ustbibk.
Cl cf Mcrciej Ijlstbtuibjlkf0 Cl fjs pkïscs quc tbclcl ijlstbtuibjlcs
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djrokfcs y fjs quc lj, ksï, kqucffjs quc lj tbclcl ijlstbtuibjlcs djrokfcs fk ijstuonrc tbclc ul vkfjr oëxboj ijoj ducltc mbrcitk mcf Mcrciej, cl fjs pkïscs quc sb tbclcl ijlstbtuibjlcs djrokfcs ijoj Tclczucfk, quc tbclc ulk ijlstbtuibùl djrokf rïabmk, lj sc tbclc k fk ijstuonrc ijoj ducltc mbrcitk sblj blmbrcitk cl fjs iksjs cl quc sck kpfbiknfc y mc ijldjrobmkm ijl cf jrmcl ijlstbtuibjl ijlstbtuibjlkf. kf. Cl cf mcrciej Kmoblbstrktbvj0 Fk ijstuonrc cs mc arkl vkfjr pkrk fk kiibùl
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mc fks kutjrbmkmcs kmoblbstrktbvks. Cf Krt. ;; mc fk Fcy Jraëlbik mc prjicmbobcltjs Kmoblbstrktbvjs (FJXK) cstknfcic quc cf prcicmcltc kmoblbstrktbvj mcnc scr cf prblibpbj aclcrkf k scr scaubmj pjr fk kmoblbstrkibùl cl fk tjok mc mcibsbjlcs. Cl cf Mcrciej Xclkf0 Fk ijstuonrc lj cs ducltc mcf mcrciej cl vbrtum mc
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quc cl oktcrbk pclkf rbac cf prblibpbj Luffuo Irbocl, Luffk Xjclk sblc fcac, cs mcibr, lj eky mcfbtj lb pclk sbl fcy prcvbk quc fj cstknfczik. Cl cf Mcrciej Xrjicskf0 Xjr fk icrtczk y cf rbajr quc rbacl fks djroks
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prjicskfcs,
fk
ijstuonrc
tbclc
ul
vkfjr
oïlboj.
Lj
jnstkltc,
cxicpibjlkfocltc, fk ijstuonrc cs ducltc mbrcitk cl cf iksj mc fk `ustbibk blmïaclk scaðl fj mbspjlc cf krtïiufj >48 ijlstbtuibjlkf. Cl cf Mcrciej Ibvbf0 Cl fk aclcrkfbmkm mc fks fcabsfkibjlcs sc kmobtcl fks
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ijstuonrcs scaðl fk fcy y kf okracl mc fk fcy, oës lj fk ijstuonrc ijltrk fk fcy. Cl Tclczucfk sc kmobtc fk ijstuonrc sciulmuo fcaco ijoj ducltc blmbrcitk, pjr su pkrtc, fk ijstuonrc kf okracl mc fk fcy qucmk jobtbmk pjr kpfbikibùl mcf krtïiufj = kpkrtc ðlbij mcf I.I. y fk ijstuonrc ijltrk fcaco qucmk cxifubmk pjr mbspjsbibùl mcf krtïiufj 1 c`usmco cl ijlijrmklibk ijl cf krtïiufj >;5 I^NT. Cl cf Mcrciej Ocrikltbf0 Cs ducltc mbrcitk, fk ijstuonrc prkctcr fcaco cs
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kmobtbmk ijoj ducltc supfctjrbk pjr mbspjsbibùl mcf krtïiufj 2 I. Ijo ibtkmj suprk.
Fk mjitblk Yjl fjs cstumbjs rckfbzkmjs pjr fjs cxâactks mcf Mcrciej, k trkvâs mc sus jnrks fbtcrkrbks, bltcrprctkibjlcs bltcrprctkibjlcs y klëfbsbs mc fks ljroks `urïmbiks. ]bclcl arkl bopjrtklibk ijoj ducltc mc Mcrciej yk quc pjr ulk pkrtc, bfustrkl kf fcabsfkmjr kf ojocltj mc irckr lucvks ljroks j ojmbdbikr ljroks cxbstcltcs, y pjr jtrk, tkonbâl fk mjitrblk cs mc arkl utbfbmkm pkrk fjs kpfbikmjrcs mc fks ljroks, pjr c`copfj, cs ijoðlocltc utbfbzkmk cl cf fbncfj mc mcoklmk y csirbtj mc ijltcstkibùl mc mcoklmk pkrk dulmkocltkr fjs kfcaktjs mc fks pkrtcs, y tkonbâl fks utbfbzk cf `ucz pkrk dulmkocltkr sus scltclibks. Yu vkfjr ijoj ducltc mc Mcrciej0 Yjl ducltc djrokf blmbrcitk.
Fk `urbsprumclibk Yjl fks mcibsbjlcs rcbtcrkmks mc fjs trbnulkfcs mc `ustbibk quc rcsucfvcl iksjs klëfjajs mc oklcrk scoc`kltc. Cf rcqubsbtj mc rcbtcrkibùl mc scltclibks, sc cfboblk cl iksj mc trktkrsc mc ulk scltclibk coklkmk mc fk Ykfk Ijlstbtuibjlkf mcf ]rbnulkf Yuprcoj mc @ustbibk, pjr scr âstk skfk cf oëxboj bltârprctc mc fk Ijlstbtuibùl y pjr clmc, pjr cf ikrëitcr vbliufkltc mc sus mcibsbjlcs. Cl iukltj kf vkfjr mc fk `urbsprumclibk ijoj ducltc mc Mcrciej0 cs ducltc djrokf blmbrcitk.
Fk fcy Ijoj ducltc mc Mcrciej mcnc cltclmcrsc k fk Fcy cl trcs scltbmjs0 Fcy cl scltbmj kopfïsboj0 Cs Fcy tjmk ljrok `urïmbik jnfbaktjrbk. (sc blifuycl
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fks ljroks ijlsuctumblkrbks y fjs kitjs mc kutjrbmkm) Fcy cl scltbmj kopfbj0 ]jmk ljrok `urïmbik mbitkmk pjr fk kutjrbmkm
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ijopctcltc mc ul Cstkmj, mc kiucrmj k fjs prjicmbobcltjs fcakfocltc
prcvbstjs pkrk cffj. (sc cxicptðk fk ijstuonrc `urïmbik, sc blifuycl ljroks quc lj coklkl mcf pjmcr fcabsfktbvj ijoj fks ljroks rcafkocltkrbks) Fcy cl scltbmj rcstrblabmj0 Ljrok mbitkmk pjr cf ùraklj fcabsfktbvj mc ul
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Cstkmj ocmbkltc cf prjicsj ijlstbtuibjlkfocltc cstknfcibmj pkrk cffj. (Krt. >8> I^NT).
Ikrkitcrïstbiks mc fk fcy Aclcrkfbmkm0 Fk fcy sc mbrbac k tjmjs pjr baukf y k lkmbc cl pkrtbiufkr.
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Knstrkiibùl0 Slk vcz quc kfaubcl c`ciutk cf supucstj mc eciej prcvbstj cl
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fk ljrok, knstrkitkocltc fk ljrok sc mbrbac mbrcitkocltc kf su`ctj. Xcroklclib Xcroklclibk0 k0 Cl krks mc akrkltbzkr fk scaurbmkm `urïmbi `urïmbik k fks ljroks sc mbitkl
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pkrk quc pcrmurcl ul tbcopj oës j ocljs prjfjlakmj, pumbclmj ojmbdbikrsc j sustbtubrsc sùfj k trkvâs mc fjs oâtjmjs fcakfocltc irckmjs pkrk cffj. Fcabtbobmkm djrokf0 Fk ljrok mcnc scr irckmk pjr fks kutjrbmkmcs mcf
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Cstkmj blvcstbmk mc tkf dkiuftkm y scaðl fjs prjicmbobcltjs quc fk ijlstbtuibùl y fks fcycs prcvckl pkrk su irckibùl. Jnfbaktjrbcmkm0 Fks ljroks `urïmbiks ijlstbtuycl kitjs bopjsbtbvjs, lj sjl
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ocrks blsblukibjlcs k kmqubrbr u jnscrvkr ulk ijlmuitk mctcroblkmk, mc kffï quc jnfbakl k sus mcstblktkrbjs k iuopfbrfks kul cl ijltrk mc su vjfultkm, mc fj ijltrkrbj fk ljrok `urïmbik lj kfiklzkrïk sus dblcs. Ijcribnfc0 Cf ikrëitcr ijcribtbvj mc fk ljrok `urïmbik ijlsbstc cl fk
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pjsbnbfbmkm fùabik mc quc fk ljrok sc iuopfk kul cl ijltrk mc fk vjfultkm mcf jnfbakmj, y pkrk cffj sc ekic usj mc fk ijkiibùl, quc cs cf usj mc fk ducrzk pðnfbik pkrk ekicr iuopfbr fk ljrok. Cs mcibr, fk ljrok cs ijcribnfc cl cf cltclmbmj mc su ikpkibmkm mc scr cxbabmk pjr fk ducrzk iuklmj lj sc iuopfc cspjltëlcko cspjltëlckocltc. cltc.
Xrblibpbjs aclcrkfcs kpfbiknfcs k fks fcycs Fk baljrklibk mc fk fcy lj cxiusk mc su iuopfbobcltj0 Krtïiufj > Iùmbaj Ibvbf
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(I.I.).
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Fk fcy lj tbclc cdcitj rctrjkitbvj0 Krtïiufj 9 I.I. Cl ijliktclkibùl ijl cf krtïiufj >= mc fk I^NT, pjr vïk mc cxicpibùl fks fcycs pclkfcs tbclcl cdcitj rctrjkitbvj iuklmj nclcdbibkl kf rcj.
Fk rclulibk mc fks fcycs cl aclcrkf lj surtc cdcitj0 Krtïiufjs 3 y 4 I.I.
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]bpjs mc fcycs Fcycs Jraëlbiks0 Krtïiufj >89 I^NT (cliknczkmj, prbocr y scaulmj kpkrtc)
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Fcycs Jrmblkrbks0 ]jmks kqucffks quc pjr krauocltj cl ijltrkrbj lj sckl
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fcycs jraëlbiks jraëlbiks.. Fcycs Cspcibkfcs0 Kqucffks quc rcaufkl ijl cspcibkfbmkm y prccoblclibk k
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fks fcycs aclcrkfcs, ulk mctcroblkmk oktcrbk. Fcycs Mc Nksc R Fcycs Mc Mcskrrjffj0 ^caufkl oktcrbks mc ijopctclibk
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ijliurrcltc. Krt. ;43 I^NT. Fcycs Eknbfbtkltcs0 Yjl mbitkmks pjr fk Kskonfck Lkibjlkf ijl cf jn`ctj mc
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mcfcakr cl cf Xrcsbmcltc mc fk ^cpðnfbik fk dkiuftkm mc fcabsfkr. Kpkrtc uftboj Krt. >89 I^NT. Ijlijrmklibk ijl cf kpkrtc uftboj mcf krtïiufj >89 I^NT y >94, 5° I^NT. •
Fcycs Kprjnktjrbks Mc ]rktkmjs Bltcrlkibjlkfcs0 Yjl sklibjlkmks pjr fk
Kskonfck Lkibjlkf y tbclcl pjr jn`ctj kprjnkr ul trktkmj, kiucrmj j ijlvclbj bltcrlkibjlkf susirbtj pjr cf Xrcsbmcltc mc fk ^cpðnfbik, ijl cf dbl
mc mkrfc vkfbmcz bltcrlk y quc pkscl k djrokr pkrtc mc lucstrj jrmclkobcltj `urïmbij bltcrlj.
Xrjicsj mc djrokibùl mc fks fcycs0 Blbibktbvk0 Krt. >8= I^NT (ijlijrmklibks0 Jrmblkf 3 ijl Krt. >5;,1¸ I^NT7 y
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Jrmblkf 1¸ ijl krt. >83 I^NT)
Mbsiusbùl0 Krtïiufjs0 Krtïiufjs0 >81 kf >;9 I^NT, Krtïiufj >83 y >84 I^NT.
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Yklibùl0 Krtïiufjs >81 y >82 I^NT. Cl iukltj k quc fk sklibùl ijrrcspjlmc
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djrokfocltc djrokfoclt c kf Xrcsbmcltc mc fk Kskonfck Lkibjlkf. Xrjoufakibùl Xrjoufakibùl00 Krtïiufj >;=, >;3, >;4 y >;1 I^NT.
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Mcirctjs fcycs Yjl kitjs fcabsfktbvjs coklkmjs mcf pjmcr c`ciutbvj ijl rklaj, vkfjr y ducrzk mc Fcy. Fj quc sbalbdbik quc cl cf arkmj `crërqubij sc cqubpkrkl k fks Fcycs mbitkmks pjr cf Xjmcr Fcabsfktbvj Lkibjlkf.
]bpjs mc mcirctjs fcycs ;. Mcirctjs fcycs mc ajnbcrljs mc BS^C0 Kqucffjs clokrikmjs cl fk ljroktbvk ijlstbtuibjlkf y fcakf mcf pkïs, y mbitkmjs pjr ajnbcrljs mc mcrciej, cs mcibr, ijlstbtuibjlkf pjr ajnbcrljs fcabtbok y ijlstbtuibjlkfocltc blstkurkmjs cl cf pjmcr. R pucmcl scr0 ;.;.
Ijl eknbfbtkibùl fcabsfktbvk0 Kqucffjs iuyj mbitkocl rcqubcrcl fk kutjrbzkibùl mcf pjmcr fcabsfktbvj. Cl Tclczucfk kqucffjs quc mbitk cf Xrcsbmcltc mc fk ^cpðnfbik cl vbrtum mc fjs mbspucstj cl fjs krtïiufjs >89 kpkrtc uftboj y >94, 5° mc fk I^NT.
;.>.
Ybl eknbfbtkibùl fcabsfktbvk0 Kqucffjs quc pucmc mbitkr cf Xrcsbmcltc mc fk ^cpðnfbik sbl rcqucrbr kutjrbzkibùl mcf Xjmcr Fcabsfktbvj. Xjr c`copfj, cl Tclczucfk tclcojs fjs mcirctjs mc cstkmjs mc cxicpibùl y/j rcstrbiibùl mc akrkltïks prcvbstj cl cf krtïiufj >94,1° I^NT, y fjs mcirctjs pkrk irckr, ojmbdbikr j suspclmcr scrvbibjs pðnfbijs cl iksj mc cocraclibk prcvbk kutjrbzkibùl mkmk pjr cf vjtj mc fks >/9 pkrtcs mc fk ijobsbùl mcfcakmk, cstj ijldjroc kf krtïiufj ;24,4° I^NT.
>. Mcirctjs fcycs mc ajnbcrljs mc dkitj0 Kqucffjs quc mbitk cf pjmcr c`ciutbvj blstkurkmj cl cf pjmcr pjr vïks mc eciej lj prcvbstks ijlstbtuibjlkfocltc ijoj fj sjl ul ajfpc mc cstkmj, fk ijlqubstk mc ul cstkmj pjr jtrj, cti.
^cafkocltjs Ljrok `urïmbik mc ikrëitcr aclcrkf mbitkmk pjr fk kmoblbstrkibùl pðnfbik y ijl vkfjr sunjrmblkmj k fk fcy. K mbdcrclibk mc fjs mcirctjs fcycs, tbclcl pjtcstkm pkrk mbitkr rcafkocltjs mbstbltjs mbstb ltjs ùraklj j cltcs mc fk kmoblbstrkibùl pðnfbik y lj sjfkocltc cf pjmcr c`ciutbvj. Kmcoës, fjs rcafkocltjs tbclcl rklaj sunfcakf, fj quc qubcrc mcibr quc cstël cl cf arkmj bldcrbjr `crërqubij blocmbktj k fks fcycs.
Xjtcstkm rcafkocltkrbk ;. Xrcsbmcltc mc fk ^cpðnfbik0 Mbitk rcafkocltjs c`ciutbvjs cl iukfqubcr oktcrbk (Krt. >94,;8° I^NT). >. Xjmcr Cfcitjrkf0 Mbitk rcafkocltjs sùfj cl oktcrbk cfcitjrkf (Krt. >29,;° I^NT). 9. Fk Kskonfck Lkibjlkf0 ]bclc dkiuftkm sùfj pkrk mbitkr su prjpbj rcafkocltj (Krt. ;51,;2° I^NT). Cstk pjtcstkm rcafkocltkrbk vbclc ijldcrbmk mbrcitkocltc pjr vïk ijlstbtuibjlkf, pcrj kmcoës iknc kmvcrtbr quc cf pjmcr c`ciutbvj cstkmkf y oulbibpkf, tkonbâl tbclcl dkiuftkm pkrk mbitkr rcafkocltjs, pcrj âstk dkiuftkm vbclc mkmk pjr vïk fcabsfktbvk k trkvâs mc ulk fcy cstkmkf y/j oulbibpkf, scaðl cf iksj, quc fjs kutjrbic pkrk cffj.
Ifkscs mc rcafkocltjs ;. Lkibjlkfcs, Cstkmkfcs y Oulbibpkfcs0 Ycrël rcafkocltjs lkibjlkfcs fjs quc mbitc cf c`ciutbvj lkibjlkf, rcafkocltj rcafkocltjss cstkmkfcs fjs quc mbitc cf c`ciutbvj cstkmkf mc ul cstkmj y rcafkocltjs oulbibpkfcs kqucffjs coklkmjs mcf pjmcr c`ciutbvj oulbibpkf. >. Bltcrljs y Cxtcrljs0 Yjl rcafkocltjs bltcrljs kqucffjs iuyj jn`ctj cs rcaufkr fk kitbvbmkm bltcrlk mc fk kmoblbstrkibùl pðnfbik, pjr fj tkltj sus
mcstblktkrbjs scrël fjs dulibjlkrbjs y copfckmjs pðnfbijs. Xjr su pkrtc sjl rcafkocltjs cxtcrljs kqucffjs mcstblkmjs k rcaufkr fks rcfkibjlcs cltrc fk kmoblbstrkibùl pðnfbik y fjs kmoblbstrkmjs kmoblbstrkmjs,, sbclmj âstjs sus mcstblktkrbjs. 9. C`ciutbvjs y Kutùljojs0 Fjs rcafkocltjs c`ciutbvjs sjl kqucffjs quc mcskrrjffkl ulk fcy prccxbstcltc, obcltrks quc fjs rcafkocltjs kutùljojs lj tbclcl fcy prccxbstcltc ijlvbrtbâlmjsc âstjs cl cf blstruocltj ljroktbvj ljroktbvj prblibpkf quc rcaufk fk oktcrbk. Fjs rcafkocltjs c`ciutbvjs pucmcl scr k su vcz, cspjltëlcjs0 iuklmj lj cxbstc rcqucrbobcltj pkrk su irckibùl7 y cxejrtkmjs iuklmj cxbstc ul rcqucrbobcltj pjr vïk fcakf j ijlstbtuibjlkf pkrk su irckibùl, cs mcibr, cxbstc ulk ljrok quc fc blmbik kf c`ciutbvj quc mcnc rcafkocltkr rcafkocltkr..
Fk bltcrprctkibùl mcf mcrciej Bltcrprctkr mcsmc cf pultj mc vbstk aclcrkf, cs mcsiunrbr cf scltbmj mc ulk cxprcsbùl. Fk Bltcrprctkibùl `urïmbik bopfbik cf cstknfcibobcltj mcf scltbmj y kfiklic mc fks ljroks kpfbiknfcs k ulk sbtukibùl ijlirctk. ]joklmj ijoj ducltc k Fblkrcs [ubltklk, fk bltcrprctkibùl cs fk kpfbikibùl mc fk Ecroclâutbik (Mbsibpfblk quc cstumbk y sbstcoktbzk fjs prblibpbjs y oâtjmjs bltcrprctktbvjs), bltcrprctktbvjs ), âstk mcsiunrc y db`k fjs prblibpbjs quc rbacl k kqucffk. Cl jtrks pkfknrks, fk bltcrprctkibùl mcf Mcrciej cs ul prjicsj k trkvâs mcf iukf sc nusik mctcroblkr cf sbalbdbikmj, scltbmj y kfiklic mc ulk ljrok `urïmbik pkrk db`kr ulk ijlsciuclibk `urïmbik cl ul iksj mctcroblkmj, yk sck pjrquc mbiek ljrok lj cstë ifkrkocltc cstknfcibmk cl fk fcy, cstë sjoctbmk k târobljs konbaujs, cti., pjr fj quc rcqubcrc mc tkf kifkrkibùl. Mc kffï quc, kf nusikr cf scltbmj mc fk ljrok sc ekic rcdcrclibk k su sbalbdbikmj, cs mcibr, ijlsbstc cl blmkakr sjnrc º[uâ eciej rcaufk fk ljrok:, ºIùoj fj rcaufk:, ºIuëf cs fk ijlsciuclibk `urïmbik quc fk ljrok ktrbnuyc kf supucstj mc eciej:, cti. y pjr su pkrtc, kf blvcstbakr sjnrc cf kfiklic mc fk ljrok, fk bltcrprctkibùl nusik mcsiunrbr mbiej kfiklic mcsmc mbvcrsjs pultjs mc vbstk, cs mcibr, su kfiklic pcrsjlkf, rcdcrbmk k qubcl vk mbrbabmk
fk ljrok7 su kfiklic tcopjrkf, rcdcrbmj k fk vbaclibk cl cf tbcopj mc fk ljrok y su kpfbikibùl rctrjkitbvk j uftrkkitbvk7 y su kfiklic cspkibkf rcdcrbmj kf cspkibj acjarëdbij j tcrrbtjrbj cl cf iukf fk ljrok cs kpfbiknfc. ]jmjs cffjs sjl cfcocltjs mc cxkocl kf ojocltj mc bltcrprctkr.
]bpjs mc bltcrprctkibùl `urïmbik ;. Xjr su Jrbacl0 ;.;.
Kutcltbik j Fcabsfktbvk0 Kqucffk quc rckfbzk mbrcitkocltc cf fcabsfkmjr. Xucmc scr cl cf obsoj tcxtj mc fk fcy, iksj cl cf quc sc mcljoblk ijltcxtukf7 j cl ulk fcy pjstcrbjr, scûkfkmk ijoj fcy kifkrktjrbk. Cl cffks cf prjpbj fcabsfkmjr mk fk bltcrprctkibùl ijrrcitk k ulk ljrok mctcroblkmk mcdblbclmj târobljs su`ctjs k konbaöcmkm, boprcibsbùl,
;.>.
cti. lj mc`klmj fuakr k mumks sjnrc su scltbmj y sbalbdbikibùl. @umbibkf0 Cs fk quc coklk mc fjs trbnulkfcs y ijltclbmk cl fks scltclibks. Cs fk bltcrprctkibùl pjr cxicfclibk.
;.9.
Mjitrblkrbk0 Cs fk rckfbzkmk pjr fjs cxcactks mcf mcrciej quc cxpfbikl y db`kl cf scltbmj mc fks fcycs j suabcrcl sjfuibjlcs pkrk iucstbjlcs kul lj fcabsfkmks j iksjs lj prcvbstjs cl fk fcy.
;.=.
Ssukf0 Fk quc prjvbclc mc fjs usjs y ijstuonrcs.
>. Xjr su Kfiklic u Jn`ctj0 >.;.
Mcifkrktbvk0 Kqucffk quc cxpjlc fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr. Drcltc k cffk, kfauljs kutjrcs unbikl fk ffkokmk bltcrprctkibùl rcitbdbikmjrk, quc sc mk iuklmj fk vjfultkm mcf fcabsfkmjr sc ek cxprcskmj blmcnbmkocltc. Fk Bltcrprctkibùl rcitbdbikmjrk, rcitbdbikmjrk, cs, rcstrbitbvk0 Iuklmj ulk fcy eknfk mc jtrjs mcrciejs, pcrj pbclsk sjfj cl fjs mcrciejs knsjfutjs), j cxtclsbvk0 (Xjr C`copfj, Slk mbspjsbibùl quc eknfk c ejonrcs rcdbrbâlmjsc k konjs scxjs).
>.>.
Cxtclsbvk0 Yb sc rcqubcrc fk kopfbkibùl mcf prblibpbj sklibjlkmj pjr ul prcicptj fcakf, cs mcibr, sb sc rcqubcrc br oës kffë mcf scltbmj quc cxprcskl
fjs târobljs mc fk ljrok, cstj cs, iuklmj iksjs lj blmbikmjs cxprcskocltc sc ekffkl bopfïibtkocltc ijoprclmbmjs cl su cspïrbtu. >.9.
^cstrbitbvk0 Bopfbik fk lj kpfbikibùl mc fk fcy k iksjs kpkrcltcocltc ijoprclmbmjs cl su tcxtj. Âstc tbpj mc bltcrprctkibùl sjfj cstë kutjrbzkmk iuklmj iuklmj fk aclcrkfbmkm mc fjs târobljs mc fk fcy sbl fbobtkibùl lb mbstblibùl kfaulk, cs tkf, quc sb sc tjokl kqucffjs cl tjmk su cxtclsbùl, sjnrcpkskl cvbmcltcocltc cf kfiklic mc fk fcy, y sc ekffkl cl ijltrkmbiibùl ijltrkmbiibù l oklbdbcstk ijl fk rkzùl mc fk obsok fcy.
Xrblibpkfcs prjnfcoks mc bltcrprctkibùl `urïmbik0 Ktcltkl ijltrk cf bmckf mc ijecrclibk j ijlsbstclibk mc ul sbstcok `urïmbij. Fjs prjnfcoks quc mcrbvkl sjl0
;. X^JNFCOKY FBLAÖÏY]BIJY0 Cstjs prjnfcoks pucmcl mcrbvkrsc mcf sbalbdbikmj mc fks pkfknrks j nbcl mc fk vbliufkibùl mc fks pkfknrks quc ijldjrokl ulk jrkibùl. Cltrc cffjs clijltrkojs0 k) Konbaöcmkmcs0 Xucmcl prjvclbr mc quc ulk jrkibùl cxprcsk oës mc ulk prjpjsbibùl.. Yc mbstblaucl mjs tbpjs0 prjpjsbibùl Konbaöcmkm scoëltbik0 tbclc fuakr iuklmj kfaulk mc fks pkfknrks quc
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bltcarkl fk jrkibùl tbclc oës mc ul sbalbdbikmj Konbaöcmkm sbltëitbik0 mk fuakr k fk ijldusbùl pjr fk ijlcxbùl mc fks
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pkfknrks quc fk ijldjrokl, okyjrocltc pjr fjs prjljonrcs, fjs km`ctbvjs j fk ijl`ulibùl ‖j‟ ‖j‟ n) Boprcibsbjlcs0 Xucmc pkskr quc fks cxprcsbjlcs utbfbzkmks sckl mcoksbkmj vkaks, pjr cf usj mc km`ctbvjs ijoj0 kftj, fc`js, pcqucûj, icrik, pcskmj, pjnrc, rbij, yk quc sjl prjpbcmkmcs quc lj tbclcl arkmjs j okalbtumcs mcdblbmks. Cstk vkaucmkm sc karkvk iuklmj sc uskl târobljs iuyks prjpbcmkmcs mc kpfbikibùl sjl tkltks quc su utbfbzkibùl mcsvbrtðk su prcibsbùl.
i) Ikrak Cojtbvk mcf Fclauk`c0 cstk ikrak pcr`umbik cf sbalbdbikmj ijaljsibtbvj mcf fclauk`c, fj quc dkvjrcic k su vkaucmkm. Fk ikrak cojtbvk prctclmc oklbdcstkr cstkmjs cojtbvjs, okrikr ulk sbalbdbikibùl cojtbvk j fjarkr quc csk ikrak sck ijopkrtbmk pjr fjs mcoës. m) Fk Ducrzk mc fks Jrkibjlcs0 Fks cxprcsbjlcs tbclcl ulk mctcroblkmk ‖ducrzk‟ j ‖dblkfbmkm‟, ksï fks jrkibjlcs pucmcl puc mcl copfckrsc pkrk prcsirbnbr ibcrtks kiibjlcs, pkrk cxprcskr ulk jrmcl, cojibùl, cti.…Fk ducrzk boprcsk cl fks jrkibjlcs ffcvk k fk ijldusbùl cl iukltj kf scltbmj j dblkfbmkm mc fks obsoks. C`. kf cxprcskrsc ulk pcrobsbùl sc ijldulmc ijl ulk prjebnbibùl. c) Mbdbiuftkmcs cl fk Xrjoufakibùl mc Ljroks 0 Yjl ulk scrbc mc prjnfcoks fblaöïstbijs quc pucmcl aclcrkrsc kf ojocltj mc djroufkr fk ljrok, tkfcs ijoj0 quc cf fcabsfkmjr lj csijabù nbcl fks pkfknrks pkrk ijoulbikr su oclsk`c, sc tbclc blicrtbmuonrc sjnrc cf tcxtj mcdblbtbvkocltc kprjnkmj cl cf pkrfkocltj, j nbcl crrjr cl fk rcprjmuiibù rcprjmuiibùl l mc fk fcy cl fk boprcltk jdbibkf.
>. X^JNFCOKY FÙABIJY0 sjl kqucffjs prjnfcoks quc supjlcl fk drustrkibùl mc ibcrtjs bmckfcs rkibjlkfcs quc mcncl sktbsdkicr ul sbstcok ljroktbvj c blifusbvc iukfqubcr sbstcok mc clulibkmj. Ijoj mcdbibclibks fùabiks tclcojs. k) Ijltrkmbiibjlcs cltrc Ljroks0 Ktcltkl ijltrk cf bmckf mc fk ijecrclibk j ijlsbstclibk mc ul sbstcok `urïmbij. Ycaðl Kfiejurrjl y Nufyabl0 ul sbstcok ljroktbvj cs blijlsbstcltc iuklmj ijrrcfkibjlk ul iksj ijl mjs j oës sjfuibjlcs y fj ekic mc tkf ojmj quc fk ijl`ulibùl mc csks sjfuibjlcs ijlstbtuycl ulk ijltrkmbiibùl ljroktbvk. Cstk ijltrkmbiibùl ljroktbvk ekic quc sc jntclakl ijlsciuclibks `urïmbiks fùabikocltc blijopktbn blijopktbnfcs. fcs. Ljrncrtj Njnnbj cxbac ijoj rcqubsbtjs pkrk quc sc mcl fks ijltrkmbiibjlcs j kltbljobks0 ;) quc sc trktc mc mjs ljroks quc pcrtclczikl pcrtclc zikl kf obsoj jrmclkobcltj jrmclkobclt j `urïmbij, >) quc tclakl bmâltbij ëonbtj mc vkfbmcz tkltj tcopjrkf tcopjrkf ijoj cspk cspkibkf, ibkf, pcrsjlkf y oktcrbkf.
Cs mcibr, fks ijltrkmbiibjlcs ijltrkmbiib jlcs cltrc ljroks sc mkl iuklmj cltrc mjs ljroks `urïmbiks quc ajzkl mc pfclk vkfbmcz rcaufkl ul obsoj supucstj mc eciej cstknfcibclmj ijlsciuclibkss `urïmbiks ijltrkrbk ijlsciuclibk ijltrkrbkss ulk mc jtrk. C`.0 ulk jnfbak y fk jtrk prjeïnc, ulk jnfbak y fk jtrk pcrobtc, j iuklmj ulk prjeïnc y fk jtrk pcrobtc, cl rcfkibùl k ul obsoj ijopjrtkobcltj. Mc cffj sc mcsprclmcl trcs tbpjs mc ijltrkmbiibjlcs0 ]jtkf ]jtkf ’ ’ ]jtkf0 ]jtkf0 Iuklmj konks ljroks tbclcl cf obsoj ëonbtj mc kpfbikibùl.
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]jtkf ’ Xkribkf0 Yb cf ëonbtj mc rcdcrclibk mc ulk ljrok cstë blifubmj
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tjtkfocltc cl cf mc jtrk, pcrj csk jtrk ijoprclmc kmcoës iksjs kmbibjlkfcs. Xkribkf Xkribkf ’ ’ Xkribkf0 Xkribkf0 Iuklmj kulquc fks ljroks rcaufcl supucstjs mc eciejs
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mbdcrcltcs, eky sbtukibjlcs cl fks iukfcs sc supcrpjl supcrpjlcl cl pkribkfocltc. Fks ijltrkmbiibjlcs j kltbljobks ijlffcvkl k fk jnscrvklibk mc ulk mc fks ljroks y k fk bljnscrvklibk mc fk jtrk, cs mcibr, sc kpfbik sjfj ulk mc fks ljroks y fk jtrk sc mcsikrtk cl nksc k trcs irbtcrbjs0 Irbtcrbj Irjljfùabij j Xrblibpbjs mc Fcx Xjstcrbjr0 Kltc mjs ljroks
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blijopktbnfcs rcsuftk mc kpfbikibùl prcdcrcltc fk pjstcrbjr (fcx pjstcrbjr mcrjakt prbjrb). Cltrc fcycs mc baukf rklaj j cltrc ulk supcrbjr drcltc k ulk bldcrbjr, fk fcy pjstcrbjr mcrjak fk prcicmcltc, (fk fcy pjstcrbjr cs cf rcdfc`j mcf prjarcsj `urïmbij, j cvjfuibùl mcf Mcrciej) pjr cf ijltrkrbj cstj lj sc iuopfc sb fk fcy pjstcrbjr cs mc rklaj bldcrbjr k fk prcicmcltc.
Irbtcrbj @crërqubij, j Xrblibpbj mc Fcx Yupcrbjr0 Kltc ul supucstj mc
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ijltrkmbiibùl ljroktbvk sc fc mcnc mkr prcdcrclibk k fk ljrok mc supcrbjr `crkrquïk, sc mcnc tjokr cl iucltk cl cstc prblibpbj fk rcfkibùl mc sunjrmblkibùl mc fjs mbstbltjs pfkljs mc fk fcakfbmkm, cl fjs iukfcs cl iksj mc ijfbsbùl cltrc mbstbltks fcycs, fk fcy supcrbjr prbvk sjnrc fk bldcrbjr yk quc pjr cf cdcitj mc fk aclcrkfbmkm mcircibcltc, fks fcycs aclcrkfcs vkl k cstknfcicr fjs prblibpbjs aclcrkfcs quc mcncl scr mcskrrjffkmjs pjr fcycs bldcrbjrcs, pjr fj quc cstks mcncl surabr cl ijlijrmklibk k kqucffk,
cstknfcibâlmjsc kmcoës cf prblibpbj mc suprcokiïk ijlstbtuibjlkf pjr cf iukf tjmks fks mcoës fcycs mc ul jrmclkobcltj `urïmbij lj mcncl ijfbmbr ijl fk ijlstbtuibùl (ljrok suprcok). Irbtcrbj mc fk Cspcibkfbmkm j Xrblibpbj mc Fcx Ypcibkfbs0 Cl iksj mc
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ijltrkmbiibùl cltrc mjs ljroks, ulk aclcrkf y jtrk cspcibkf, prcvkfcic fk fcy cspcibkf. Ybl conkraj cstj pumbcrk lj scr ksï sb fk ljrok aclcrkf cs supcrbjr k fk pjstcrbjr cl rcfkibùl ijl fk ljrok cspcibkf, pjr jtrk pkrtc, fk kpfbikibùl mc ulk ljrok cspcibkf lj trkc ijoj ijlsciuclibk fk mcrjakibùl mc ulk fcy aclcrkf sblj sùfj su mcspfkzkobcltj cl kqucffj cl fj quc sck blijopktbnfc ijl fk ljrok aclcrkf. n) ^cmulmklibk Ljroktbvk0 Yc prjmuic iuklmj ijliurrkl mjs ljroks ijl cf obsoj ëonbtj oktcrbkf mc kpfbikibùl y quc fks ijlsciuclibks `urïmbiks sckl bmâltbiks. Xucmcl scr tjtkf-tjtkf, tjtkf-pkribkf y pkribkf-pkribkf. Cf prjnfcok mc bltcrprctkibùl quc cstk rcmulmklibk aclcrk cs quc irck cl fjs `urbstks fk blicrtbmuonrc mc sb sc trktk cl cdcitj mc ulk rcpctbibùl mcnbmk prjnknfcocltc prjnknfcocl tc k ul fkpsus mcf fcabsfkmjr j sb sc trktk mc ulk ljrok mbstbltk k fk quc eky quc mkrfc jtrj scltbmj. i) Fks Fkaulks mcf Mcrciej 0 cxbac ulk tkrck oës ijopfc`k quc fk bltcrprctkibùl, quc cs fk bltcarkibùl mcf mcrciej. m) Fk Bljpcrklibk mc fks Ljroks @urïmbiks0 Cs fk bopjsbnbfbmkm mc kpfbikr ulk ljrok nbcl pjrquc su ijlmbibùl mc kpfbikibùl lj pucmc mkrsc j nbcl pjrquc fk ijlmuitk quc fk ljrok prcsirbn prcsirbnc c cs mc bopjsbnfc iuopfbobcltj. Cstk bopjsbnbfbmkm pucmc scr0 Fùabik C`. [uc ulk ljrok prcscltc ulk sklibùl pkrk fjs sjftcrjs quc bliurrkl cl nbakobk, sbclmj fk nbakobk7 Dëitbik Dëitb ik sb mc lblaulk oklcrk pucmc jiurrbr cl fjs eciejs j Ljroktbvk iuklmj ijltrkmbic fj mbspucstj cl jtrk ljrok.
9. IKONBJY MC FK YB]SKIBÙL J MCF IJL]CU]J LJ^OK]BTJ0 Mcrbvkl mcf dkitjr tcopjrkf, Fkrclz fk mcljoblk ikonbj mc fk sbtukibùl ljroktbvk. Cstc prjnfcok mcrbvk mcf ikonbj mc fk rckfbmkm sjibkf rcspcitj kf ojocltj cl quc cf fcabsfkmjr fk irck fk ljrok, pjr fj quc csk ljrok yk lj sc k`ustk k fks lucvks rcfkibjlcs j rckfbmkm. Cstc ikonbj cl cf ijltcxtj ljroktbvj tkonbâl
bopfbik prjnfcoks bltcrprctktbvjs ijoj0 trklsdjrokibùl mcf jrmcl `urïmbij, ikonbjs mc pkrkmbaok cl fk fcabsfkibùl vbacltc, lcicsbmkm mc cmuikibùl mcf mcrciej prcijlstbtuibjlkf k fjs prblibpbjs ijlstbtuibjlkfcs.
Irbtcrbjs j oâtjmjs aclcrkfcs mc bltcrprctkibùl Yjl pkutks quc sbrvcl mc kpjyj k fjs `urbstks k fk ejrk mc bltcrprctkr fks ljroks. ;. Irbtcrbj mc Bltcrprctkibùl Arkoktbikf j Fbtcrkf0 Bopfbik fk bltcrprctkibùl mc fks ljroks kiumbclmj kf sbalbdbikmj prjpbj mc fks pkfknrks, fk ijlcxbùl mc âstks cltrc sï, fjs sbaljs mc pultukibùl, cti. Cf scltbmj fbtcrkf kfumc kf sbalbdbikmj mc ul târoblj mc kiucrmj k fjs usjs ijoulcs k ocljs quc pucmk mctcroblkrsc ul sbalbdbikmj mbstbltj, quc sc mcrbvk, mcf usj cspcibkf mcf fclauk`c mc qubcl eknfk. (fclauk`c tâilbij `urïmbij). Fk Bltcrprctkibùl quc sc pcrsbauc ek sbmj mcljoblkmk pjr kfauljs kutjrcs ijoj Ybltëitbik, quc cs kqucffk cl cf quc sc prctclmc fk mctcroblkibùl mcf sbalbdbikmj mc ulk prjpjribùl, k trkvâs mc fk ijjrmblkibùl arkoktbikf quc mcltrj mc cffk tbclcl fks mbdcrcltcs pkfknrks y su rcspcitbvj vkfjr. >. Irbtcrbj mc fk Tjfultkm Yun`ctbvk j mcf Fcabsfkmjr Ebstùrbij0 ]bclc pjr jn`ctj blvcstbakr fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr ebstùrbij ebstùrbij,, cxkoblklmj fjs dblcs, vkfjrcs c bmcks ljroktbvks quc tuvj cl iucltk kf ojocltj mc cfknjrkrsc fk fcy. Fk vjfultkm mcf fcabsfkmjr, sc ijldjrok pjr fjs dblcs, vkfjrcs y mcibsbjlcs dulmkocltkfcs ijoprclmbmks cl fk bltclibùl rcaufkmjrk j quc mc cffk sc sbaucl, pjr fj tkltj âstk cs mctcroblkltc cl oktcrbk mc bltcrprctkibùl iuklmj sc kiumc k cstc irbtcrbj. Xjr jtrk pkrtc cstc irbtcrbj mcnc ijopfcocltkrsc ijl jtrjs, yk quc pjr sï sjfj, lkmk oës mkrë ijoj rcsuftkmj ulk rcdcrclibk kf jrbacl mc fk fcy, fk ijlcxbùl mc fks ljroks ijl fk ikonbkltc rckfbmkm sjibkf pfkltck lucvjs prjnfcoks quc cf fcabsfkmjr lj tuvj cl iucltk pjr fj quc cf `ucz mcncrë fjarkr fk kmciukibùl mcf tcxtj tcx tj fcakf k fk sbtukibùl ijlirctk kitukf.
9. Irbtcrbj ]cjfùabij u Jn`ctbvj0 Ijl cstc ljonrc sc kfumc k fj quc cl kfaulks fcabsfkibjlcs sc mcljoblk cspïrbtu y dblkfbmkm mc fks ljroks, pkrk mcsbalkr kfaj jn`ctbvj c blmcpclmbcltc mc fjs prjpùsbtjs c bltclibjlcs mcf kutjr mc fk fcy, pjr clibok mc fk vjfultkm quc tuvbcrc cf fcabsfkmjr. Ycaðl cstc irbtcrbj cf bltârprctc tbclc ijoj jn`ctbvj mcsiunrbr fk dblkfbmkm mc fks ljroks j dblkfbmkm mc fk fcy. =. Irbtcrbj Ebstùrbij0 Yc trktk mc fk blmkakibùl mc fjs cfcocltjs ebstùrbijs y fcabsfktbvjs mc fk ljrok, ijl cf jn`ctj mc ijljicr cf cstkmj mc fk fcabsfkibùl kltcs mc mbitkrsc cf lucvj prcicptj, ksï ijoj fk prjnfcoëtbik quc sc prctclmïk sjfuibjlkr sjfuibjlkr.. 3. Irbtcrbj Ybstcoëtbij0 Bopfbik ijlsbmcrkr ijlsbmcrkr fk unbikibùl mcf prcicptj, ksï ijoj su ijlcxbùl ijl jtrjs prcicptjs mcltrj mc fk obsok fcy, y ijl cf rcstj mc fk fcabsfkibùl. Fk mctcroblkibùl mcf scltbmj y kfiklic mc ul tcxtj ljroktbvj lj pucmc ekicrsc ocmbkltc cf klëfbsbs kbsfkmj mc su sbalbdbikmj fbtcrkf, sc rcqubcrc vcrbdbikr cf fuakr quc jiupk fk fcy y cstknfcicr su vbliufkibùl ijl jtrjs prcicptjs ijltclbmjs cl jtrks fcycs y ijl fks ljroks ijlstbtuibjlkfcs. 4. Irbtcrbj Yjibjfùabij0 Yc trktk mc mkr kf prcicptj cf sbalbdbikmj quc tbclc kf ojocltj mc su kpfbikibùl, cs mcibr, kmciukibùl mcf tcxtj k fk rckfbmkm sjibkf mc oklcrk quc sck ijopktbnfc ijl fjs dkitjrcs pjfïtbijs, sjibkfcs, cijlùobijs, iufturkfcs, cstkmjs mc ijlibclibk u jpblbùl pðnfbik y ijlvbiibjlcs bopcrkltcs cl ul ojocltj mkmj cl ulk mctcroblkmk sjibcmkm. 1. Ijldjroc k fk Ijlstbtuibùl0 Oës quc ul irbtcrbj mc ifksbdbikibùl sc pucmc ijlsbmcrkr ijoj ul rcqubsbtj k ojocltj mc bltcrprctkr fks ljroks `urïmbiks, rcqubsbtj mkmj pjr fk ffkokmk suprcokiïk ijlstbtuibjlkf, pjr fj tkltj fk tkrck mc bltcrprctkibùl mcnc scr jrbcltkmk k fks ljroks y prblibpbjs ijlstbtuibjlkfcs. Cstj sc pjmrïk ijlsbmcrkr ulk djrok mc bltcrprctkibùl sbstcoëtbik fk iukf bopfbik vbliufkr cf jn`ctj k bltcrprctkibùl ijl fjs mcoës prcicptjs ljroktbvjs.
Fk bltcrprctkibùl cl cf mcrciej vclczjfklj Cf prblibpbj rcitjr cl oktcrbk mc bltcrprctkibùl cl lucstrk fcabsfkibùl cstë cxprcskmj cl cf krtïiufj = mcf Iùmbaj Ibvbf quc mbspjlc0 ‖K fk fcy mcnc ktrbnuï rscfc rscfc cf scltbmj quc kpkrcic cvbmcltc mcf sbalbdbikmj prjpbj mc fks pkfknrks, scaðl fk ijlcxbùl mc cffks cltrc sï y fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr‟. fcabsfkmjr‟. Kejrk nbcl, cf eciej mc quc cstk sck ulk ljrok ijltclbmk cl fks mbspjsbibjlcs aclcrkfcs mcf Iùmbaj Ibvbf, lj qubcrc mcibr quc cstâ jrbcltkmk sjfj kf mcrciej prbvkmj, kf ijltrkrbj su unbikibùl rcspjlmc - tkf ijoj fj rcdbcrc F. O. Jfksj - k ulk prëitbik rcbtcrkmk pjr mbvcrsjs pkïscs, pcrj cl rckfbmkm cstc prcicptj ljroktbvj sc ijlsbmcrk ijoj ‖ljroks ulbvcrskfcs‟, y pjr tkltj kpfbiknfc kf mcrciej cl aclcrkf, cs mcibr, k tjmks fks rkoks mcf mcrciej. Lucstrj fcabsfkmjr lj oclibjlk j lj cstknfcic tkxktbvkocltc, quc sc kpcak k ul oâtjmj j irbtcrbj mc bltcrprctk bltcrprctkibùl ibùl cspciïdbij mc fjs cstumbkmjs kltcrbjrocltc, kltcrbjrocltc, sbl conkraj, cstj sc pucmc bldcrbr mcf krtïiufj = mc lucstrj Iùmbaj Ibvbf, ibtkmj prcicmcltcocltc, yk quc sb tjokojs cl iucltk sus prjpjsbibjlcs, cstks clokrikrïkl pcrdcitkocltc ijl fj pfkltckmj pjr cf oâtjmj cxcaâtbij quc scrïk cf usj mc fk bltcrprctkibùl arkoktbikf (Krt. (Krt. = I.I. ‖K fk fcy mcnc ktrbnuïrscfc cf scltbmj quc kpkrcic cvbmcltc mcf sbalbdbikmj prjpbj mc fks pkfknrks, scaðl fk ijlcxbùl mc cffks cltrc sï…‟) y fk bltcrprctkibùl fùabik. (Krt. = I.I. ‖…y fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr.‟) fcabsfkmjr.‟) Kejlmklmj cf klëfbsbs mcf rcdcrbmj krtïiufj = I.I. tclmrïkojs ifkrkocltc fk utbfbzkibùl mc trcs mc fjs irbtcrbjs mc bltcrprctkibù bltcrprctkibùl l kltcrbjrocltc mcdblbmjs k skncr0 iuklmj fk ljrok cxprcsk ‖K fk fcy mcnc ktrbnuïrscfc cf scltbmj quc kpkrcic cvbmcltc mcf sbalbdbikmj prjpbj mc fks pkfknrks, scaðl fk ijlcxbùl mc cffks cltrc sï…‟ ifkrkocltc kpkrcic cf oklmktj mc fk ljrok k bltcrprctkr scaðl cf irbtcrbj Arkoktbikf Ybltëitbij7 pcrj kmcoës fk cxprcsbùl ‖scaðl fk ijlcxbùl mc cffks cltrc sï‟ pucmc y mcnc cltclmcrsc ijoj clulibkmj k fk ijlcxbmkm lj l j sjfj cltrc fks pkfknrks quc ijldjrokl fk ljrok jn`ctj mc bltcrprctkibùl, sblj, oës kffë, k fk
ijlcxbmkm c bltcrrcfkibùl bltcrrc fkibùl quc cxbs cxbstc tc cltrc csk ljrok ijl fks mcoës ljroks j fcycs mcf jrmclkobcltj `urïmbij kf iukf djrok pkrtc, fj iukf ljs ffcvk kf usj mcf Irbtcrbj Ybstcoëtbij7 y dblkfocltc, iuklmj sc fcc mcf rcdcrbmj krtïiufj = ‖…y fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr‟, ifkrkocltc ifkrkocltc cffj sc rcdbcrc kf Irbtcrbj Yun`ctbvj j Irbtcrbj mc fk Tjfultkm Yun`ctbvk. Ijoj sc cvbmclibk, lucstrk fcabsfkibùl prjpjlc cf usj bltcrrcfkibjlkmj mc fjs oâtjmjs arkoktbikf sbltëitbij, sbstcoëtbij y sun`ctbvj, yk quc lj prctclmc cstknfcicr cf scltbmj purkocltc fbtcrkf mc fks pkfknrks sblj quc cxbac fk ‖ijlcxbùl mc cffks cltrc sï (blifubmks fks fcycs) y fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr.‟ Cf prjicmbo bcltj arkoktbikf rcvcfk su bopjrtklibk cl nksc k fk prcsulibùl mc quc cf fcabsfkmjr utbfbzù fks pkfknrks kmciukmks pkrk cxtcrbjrbzkr su bltclibùl j scltbmj mc fk ljrok, sbl conkraj cstk bltclibùl pucmc lj ekncrsc fjarkmj cxtcrbjrbzkr, pjr fj quc sc kpfkikrïk cf oâtjmj sbstcoëtbij pkrk blmkakr sjnrc fk rcfkibùl cxbstcltc cltrc fks ljroks y su dbl ijoðl, y fk bltclibùl mcf fcabsfkmjr pjr cf iukf cf bltârprctc, j fjs `ucics mcncl mctcroblkr fj quc cf fcabsfkmjr qubsj ljrokr. Lj jnstkltc, fk bltclibùl sun`ctbvk mcf fcabsfkmjr y jn`ctbvk mc fk fcy, mcncl tkonbâl cltclmcrsc ijoj bltcrrcfkibjlkmks, cstk bltcrrcfkibùl sc dulmk cl quc cf prjpùsbtj mcf fcabsfkmjr j cf mc fk fcy cs ulj sjfj, y pjr fj tkltj su bltcrprctkibùl mcnc scr ulk sjfk, fk iukf cstknfczik iukf cs fk vcrmkmcrk rkzùl, scltbmj, y prjpùsbtj mc fk ljrok.
^cdcrclibks nbnfbjarëdbiks CAKÛK, O.Y. (>88=). Ljtks mc Bltrjmuiibùl kf Mcrciej. Ikrkiks ’
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Tclczucfk. Cmbibjlcs Fbncr. AK^IÏK OËRLCP, C. (;258). Bltrjmuiibùl kf Cstumbj mcf Mcrciej. Kv.
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^cpðnfbik ’ ^cpðnfbik ’ Kracltblk. Kracltblk. Cmbtjrbkf Xjrruk, Y.K.
EC^LËLMCP AJ^MBFY, @. ^. (>88=). Bltrjmuiibùl kf Mcrciej. >ª rcboprcsbùl.
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Ikrkiks ’ Ikrkiks ’ Tclczucfk. Tclczucfk. Cmbtjrbkf Fcabs. FK^CLP, G. (>88;). Octjmjfjaïk mc fk Ibclibk mcf Mcrciej. >ª Cmbibùl.
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Nkricfjlk ’ Nkricfjlk ’ Cspkûk. Cspkûk. Cmbtjrbkf Krbcf. JFKYJ Y.@, F.O., (>883). Iursj mc Bltrjmuiibùl kf Mcrciej. Bltrjmuiibùl
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Dbfjsùdbik kf Cstumbj mcf Mcrciej. ]joj B (9crk cmbibùl7 ;>k rcboprcsbùl). Ikrkiks ’ Ikrkiks ’ Tclczucfk. Tclczucfk. Slbvcrsbmkm Iktùfbik Klmrâs Ncffj, Cmbtjrbkf ]cxtj, I.K. JFKYJ Y.@, F.O., IKYKF, @.O. (>883). Iursj mc Bltrjmuiibùl kf Mcrciej.
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Bltrjmuiibùl k fk ]cjrïk aclcrkf mcf Mcrciej. ]joj BB (=tk cmbibùl7 >mk rcboprcsbùl). Ikrkiks ’ Tclczucfk. Slbvcrsbmkm Iktùfbik Klmrâs Ncffj, Cmbtjrbkf ]cxtj, I.K. ^CIKYCLY YBIECY, YBIECY, F. (>889). Bltrjmuiibùl kf Cstumbj mcf Mcrciej. ;=ª Cmbibùl.
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Oâxbij M.D. Cmbtjrbkf Xjrruk, Y.K.
]cxtjs @urïmbijs Ijlstbtuibùl mc fk ^cpðnfbik Njfbvkrbklk mc Tclczucfk. Akictk Jdbibkf L¸
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94.548, mc dciek 98 mc mbibconrc mc ;222. ^cboprcsk pjr crrjrcs oktcr oktcrbkfcs bkfcs mcf cltc cobsjr cl fk Ikictk Jdbibkf L¸ 3.=39, cxtrkjrmblkrbj mc dciek >= mc okrzj mc >888. Iùmbaj Ibvbf. Akictk Jdbibkf L¸ >.22> Cxtrkjrmblkrbk mc dciek >4 mc `ufbj mc
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;25>. Iùmbaj mc Ijocribj. Akictk Jdbibkf L¸ =13 Cxtrkjrmblkrbk mc dciek >; mc
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mbibconrc mc ;233.
Fblg mc ijlsuftk y kpjyj Cf Mcrciej Ijoj Ibclibk. Xjr0 Mrk. Ybfvklk Okncf Akriïk. Cl0 Ybstcok mc Bldjrokibùl Bldjrokibù l Ibcltïdbik - ^cm mc ^cvbstks Ibcltïdbiks mc Koârbik Fktblk y cf Ikrbnc, Cspkûk y Xjrtuakf. ^cmkfyi.jra. ^cmkfyi.jra. ettp0//www.rcmkfyi.j ettp0//www.rcmkfyi.jra/etof/511/511;14>;88>/ ra/etof/511/511;14>;88>/
X^CASL]KY ;.- º[uâ bopjrtklibk rcvbstc fk Bltrjmuiibùl mcf Mcrciej ijoj Mbsibpfblk @urïmbik Kuxbfbkr: Kpjyk k fks mbsibpfblks dulmkocltkfcs.
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Cxifuycl k fks mbsibpfblks dulmkocltkfcs.
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Xrcvkfcic sjnrc fk sjibjfjaïk `urïmbik.
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Lblaulk mc fks kltcrbjrcs.
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>.- ºCl fk kitukfbmkm pucmcl ijlsbmcr ijlsbmcrkrsc krsc k fk O Ojrkf jrkf y kf Mcrciej ijoj Jrmclcs Ljroktbvjs Mcpclmbcltcs: Yb.
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Lj.
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Cs blmbdcrcltc.
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Lblaulk mc fks kltcrbjrcs.
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9.- ºCltclmbclmj quc tkltj fjs ijlvclibjlkfbsojs sjibkfcs ijoj cf Mcrciej sjl ùrmclcs ljroktbvjs quc rcaufkl fk ijlmuitk mcf ejonrc, quâ mbdcrclibk cxbstc cltrc sus ëonbtjs mc rcaufkibùl: Konjs tbclcl cf obsoj ëonbtj mc rcaufkibùl.
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Fjs Ijlvclibjlkfbsojs rcaufkl kitjs cxtcrljs y cf Mcrciej rcaufk kitjs
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bltcrljs.
Konjs rcaufkl kf ejonrc mc djrok ijcribnfc.
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Fjs Ijlvclibjlkfbsojs rcaufkl mcncrcs sciulmkrbjs y cf Mcrciej rcaufk
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mcncrcs prbokrbjs. =.- ºYcaðl fk ifksbdbikibùl mc fks ducltcs mcf mcrciej cl ducltcs mbrcitks c blmbrcitks, cl Tclczucfk iukf ducltc sc ijlsbmcrk fk ducltc djrokf mbrcitk:
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Fk Fcy.
Fk Ijstuonrc.
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Fk Mjitrblk.
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Fk @urbsprumclibk.
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3.- º[uâ vkfjr tbclcl fk ijstuonrc, ijstuonrc, fk mjitrblk y fk `urbsprumclibk cl fk kpfbikibùl mcf mcrciej vclczjfklj: Tkfjr knsjfutj.
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Yjl blkpfbiknfcs.
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Yjl ducltc djrokf blmbrcitk.
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Yùfj cs kpfbiknfc fk @urbsprum @urbsprumclibk. clibk.
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4.- ºIuëf cs cf sbalbdbikmj mc fk ijcribnbfbmkm mc fks ljroks `urïmbiks: [uc su iuopfbobcltj cs vjfultkrbj.
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[uc sc pucmcl ekicr iuopfbr djrzjskocltc.
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[uc lj sjl ijcribnfcs.
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Lblaulk mc fks kltcrbjrcs.
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1.- º[uâ cs ulk Fcy Eknbfbtkltc: Kqucffk quc mcdblc prblibpbjs eknbfbtkltcs.
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Ljrok quc pcrobtc fk eknbfbtkibùl.
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O blbstrjs. Ljrok ocmbkltc fk iukf sc mcfcak fk dulibùl fcabsfktbvk k fjs Oblbstrjs. Ljrok ocmbkltc fk iukf sc mcfcak fk dulibùl fcabsfktbvk kf Xrcsbmcltc mc fk
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^cpðnfbik. 5.- º[ubâl rckfbzk fk bltcrprctkibùl Kutâltbik Kutâltbik: : Fcabsfkmjr y @ucics.
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Fcabsfkmjr.
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@ucics.
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]jmjs fjs kltcrbjrcs.
2.- ºIuëf mc fjs sbaubcltcs irbtcrbjs mc bltcrprctkibùl kpfbik cf fcabsfkmjr vclczjfklj: Irbtcrbj Arkoktbikf.
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Irbtcrbj Yjibjfùabij. Irbtcrbj Ebstùrbij.
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Irbtcrbj Jn`ctbvj.
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;8.- Kpjrtc mc Gbrieokll cl fk mcdblbibùl mcf Mcrciej ijoj Ibclibk Mcdblc kf Mcrciej ijoj ibclibk sjibkf.
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Cxpfbik cf ikrëitcr lj ibcltïdbij mcf Mcrciej.
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Lblaulk mc fks kltcrbjrcs
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]jmks fks kltcrbjrcs.
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