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Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

7

UBSFU]BUFY IFA INEB_N  SUFGUNKNILÙA MB NR@N

Latrfmuiilùa

B` kuamf ba b` qub b` n`ukanmf vlvb n mlnrlf bs prbsbatnmf nhfrn nhfrn mbsmb `fs kbmlfs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa trnmlilfan`bs y mlgltn`bs qub dfrkna pnrtb mb `n iftlmlnablmnm. @n prbasn barlqubib su pbrspbitlvn mb `n rbn`lmnm y `bs knatlbab ntbatfs n su anturn`bzn inkelnatb. Bs ba bsb inkelf mlnrlf ba b` qub sb dfr ona sus ladfrk ladfrknilf nilfabs abs y ifaf ifafilkl ilklbatfs batfs.. B` mbsnr mbsnrrf` rf``f `f mb sus latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs bstî lad`ulmf pfr `ns aftlilns y `fs rbpfrtnobs mb inmn mën. @fs `bitfrbs mb pbrlùmlifs y rbvlstns ninenrîa slbamf `bitfrbs mb `lerfs. Mb nhë b` kîxlkf latbrìs ba prfiurnr ua nibrinklbatf nmbiunmf n bstfs kbmlfs, qub `bs hngn ifkprbambr `ns mldbrbatbs pbrspbitlvns mb `n rbn`lmnm. Nmbkîs, mbeba sbr irbnmfrbs ba bsn ifkp`bon `nefr ladfrkntlvn? `n irbntlvlmnm mbeb sbr lkpu`snmn mbsmb `n rbd`bxlùa pnrn `fgrnr rbsu`tnmfs frlglan`bs ba `fs bsirltfs y ba `ns tnrbns qub sb prfpfaba, qub iu`klana ifa `n irbnilùa mb np`linilfabs (npps).

]NUBNY Irbn uan plbzn rnmlfdùalin f pfminst. B`nefrnr ua iurrëiu`uk. Mldbrbailnr batrb aftliln lkprbsn y mlgltn`. Ubmnitnr uan aftliln mb` îkeltf bsif`nr. ]rnasdfrknr ]r nasdfrknr uan aftliln ba inrtb`. Bsirlelr uan inrtn sferb `n latb`lgbailn pbrsfan`. Irbnr np`linilfabs pnrn kbofrnr `n vlmn mb `ns pbrsfans.

Ifkpbtbailns i` i`nvb

Feobtlvfs

Ifkualinilùa `lagðëstlin (I@)

❟ Ifkprbambr y vn`frnr b` sbatlmf g`fen` mb tbxtfs frn`bs y bsirltfs, rbifafilbamf `n latbailùa mb` bklsfr. ❟

Ifkpbtbailn mlgltn` (IM) Nprbambr n nprbambr (INN) Ifkpbtbailns sfiln`bs y iëvlins (IYI) Ybatlmf mb lalilntlvn y bspërltu bkprbambmfr (YLBB) Ifailbailn y bxprbslfabs iu`turn`bs (IBI)

]bkpfrn`lznilùa

Ntbailùa n `n mlvbrslmnm

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

Nan`lznr b latbrprbtnr tbxtfs mb `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa. suegìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs. ❟ Ubifafibr `n bstruiturn, inrnitbrëstlins b latbailùa ifkualintlvn mb aftlilns y rbpfrtnobs. ❟ Srfmuilr tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs n pnrtlr mb tbxtfs kfmb`f. ❟ Lmbatldlinr `ns mlstlatns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs sbgÿa su bstruiturn slatîitlin y bkp`bnr`ns ba `ns prfmuiilfabs prfplns. ❟ Ifafibr `ns rbg`ns mb usf `ns `btrns ``  /  / y, y np`linr`ns ba `ns prfmuiilfabs prfplns. ❟ Lmbatldlinr `fs mlstlatfs

Yb rbifklbamn mbsnrrf``nr bstn ualmnm n `f `nrgf mb nprfxlknmnkbatb >3 sbslfabs. @ns sbiilfabs mb IFAFILKLBA]F MB @N @BAGRN y `n ]NUBN DLAN@ abibsltnrîa mfs sbslfabs inmn uan mb b``ns. Bstn rbifkbamnilùa mbpbambrî mb `ns inrnitbrëstlins mb` grupf y mb `ns abibslmnmbs mb rbdubrzf mb mbtbrklanmfs ifatbalmfs qub ifaslmbrb b` prfdbsfr. @n ualmnm mlmîitlin latbgrnmn ifatrleuyb n` mbsnrrf``f mb `ns ifkpbtbailns i`nvb mb` n`ukanmf ba ensb n `fs prlailplfs mb bmuinilùa lai`uslvn, pnrtlilpnilùa y iffpbrnilùa. iffpbrnilùa. Sfr `f tnatf, `ns tnrbns mb `n ualmnm prfplilna prfmuiilfabs prfmuiilfabs mlvbrsns ba inmn n`ukaf, latbgrna mldbrbatbs alvb`bs y pbrkltba vnrlbmnm mb rbspubstns ifrrbitns. Nslklskf, pnrn ntbambr n `ns abibslmnmbs bspbiëdlins mb n`guafs n`ukafs sb prbsbatn `n Nmnptnilùa Iurrliu`nr mb mbtbrklanmfs npnrtnmfs mb `n prfpubstn gbabrn`.

>43

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Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Srfgrnknilùa mb `n ualmnm

Ba `n tne`n sb prbsbatna `fs ifatbalmfs mb `n RALMNM 7 vlaiu`nmfs ifa `fs irltbrlfs mb bvn`unilùa y `fs bstîamnrbs mb nprbamlznob, rb`nilfanmfs ifa `ns ifkpbtbailns i`nvb qub mbsnrrf``na. Ba `n prfgrnknilùa mb nu`n mlgltn`lznmn y bmltne`b lai`ulmn ba `fs Ubiursfs mb` prfdbsfr, `fs bstîamnrbs mb nprbamlznob mb `n ualmnm npnrbiba rb`nilfanmfs ifa lamlinmfrbs, qub sfa `ns nitlvlmnmbs mb` @lerf mb` n`ukaf nsfilnmns n inmn bstîamnr.

Ifatbalmfs

Irltbrlfs mb bvn`unilùa

Bstîamnrbs mb nprbamlznob

Ifkualinilùa frn`? bsiuihnr y hne`nr Ifkprbaslùa, latbrprbtnilùa   >. Ifkprbambr, latbrprbtnr y vn`frnr tbxtfs y vn`frnilùa mb tbxtfs frn`bs frn`bs y bsirltfs mb mldbrbatb tlpf. ba rb`nilùa ifa `n dlan`lmnm (I@, YLBB, IBI) qub pbrslguba? `n aftliln y b` rbpfrtnob. Snrtlilpnilùa ba mbentbs, if`fqulfs y ifavbrsnilùa ùa bspfatîabn fesbrvnamf   5. Snrtlilpnr y vn`frnr `n latbrvbailùa y rbspbtnamf `ns afrkns eîslins ba mbentbs, if`fqulfs y ifavbrsnilfabs mb latbrniilùa, latbrvbailùa bspfatîabns. (I@, YLBB, IBI) y ifrtbsën qub rbgu`na bstns   9. Tn`frnr `n lkpfrtnailn mb `n ifavbrsnilùa prîitlins frn`bs. ba `n vlmn sfiln` prnitlinamf nitfs mb hne`n? ifatnamf, mbsirlelbamf, fplanamf, mln`fgnamf..., ba sltunilfabs ifkualintlvns prfplns mb `n nitlvlmnm bsif`nr. bsif`nr. (I@, YLBB, IBI)

  >.>. Ifkprbamb b` sbatlmf g`fen` mb tbxtfs frn`bs prfplfs mb` îkeltf pbrsfan`, bsif`nr/ninmìklif y sfiln` lmbatldlinamf `n bstruiturn, `n ladfrknilùa rb`bvnatb y `n latbailùa ifkualintlvn mb` hne`natb. (I@, YLBB, IBI)   >.5. Ifkprbamb b` sbatlmf g`fen` mb tbxtfs ladfrkntlvfs y mb fplalùa prfibmbatbs mb `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa, mlstlagulbamf `n ladfrknilùa mb `n fplalùa ba aftlilns, rbpfrtnobs, bti. lmbatldlinamf `ns bstrntbglns mb badntlznilùa y mb bxpnaslùa. (I@, YLBB, IBI)

  5.>. Snrtlilpn nitlvnkbatb ba mbentbs, if`fqulfs... bsif`nrbs rbspbtnamf `ns rbg`ns mb latbrniilùa, latbrvbailùa y ifrtbsën qub `fs rbgu`na, knaldbstnamf su fplalùa y rbspbtnamf `ns fplalfabs mb `fs mbkîs. (I@, YLBB, IBI)

9.>. Latbrvlbab y vn`frn su pnrtlilpnilùa ba nitfs ifkualintlvfs frn`bs.   9.5. Yb ilþb n` tbkn, af mlvngn y ntlbamb n `ns lastruiilfabs mb` kfmbrnmfr ba mbentbs y if`fqulfs. (I@, YLBB, IBI)

  9.9. Bvn`ÿn `ns latbrvbailfabs prfplns y nobans. (I@,YLBB)

Ifkualinilùa bsirltn? `bbr y bsirlelr @biturn, ifkprbaslùa, latbrprbtnilùa y vn`frnilùa mb tbxtfs bsirltfs mb îkeltf pbrsfan`, ninmìklif/bsif`nr y îkeltf sfiln`. Ifafilklbatf y usf mb `ns tìialins y bstrntbglns pnrn `n prfmuiilùa mb tbxtfs bsirltfs? p`naldlinilùa, fetbailùa mb mntfs, frgnalznilùa mb `n ladfrknilùa, rbmniilùa y rbvlslùa mb` tbxtf. Rtl`lznilùa prfgrbslvnkbatb nutùafkn mb `fs mliilfanrlfs, mb `ns ele`lftbins y mb `ns ]biaf`fgëns mb `n Ladfrknilùa y `n Ifkualinilùa ifkf dubatb mb fetbailùa mb ladfrknilùa.

  =. Bsirlelr tbxtfs ba rb`nilùa ifa b` îkeltf

  =.>. Bsirleb tbxtfs prfplfs mb` îkeltf pbrsfan` y dnkl`lnr, bsif`nr/ninmìklif y sfiln` lkltnamf lklt namf tbxtfs kfmb`f. (I@, NN, YLBB) YLBB)

mb usf. (I@, NN, YLBB)

  =.5. Ubn`lzn bsqubkns y knpns y bxp`lin pfr bsirltf b` slgaldlinmf mb `fs b`bkbatfs vlsun`bs qub pubmba npnrbibr ba `fs tbxtfs. (I@,NN)

  2. @bbr, ifkprbambr, ifkprbambr, latbrprbtnr y vn`frnr

  2.>. Ubtlbab ladfrknilùa y rbifafib `n lmbn prlailpn` y `ns lmbns sbiuamnrlns ifkprbamlbamf `ns rb`nilfabs batrb b``ns. (I@, NN)

tbxtfs. (I@, NN)

  4. Bsirlelr tbxtfs ba rb`nilùa ifa b` îkeltf

  4.>. Bsirleb tbxtfs prfplfs mb` îkeltf pbrsfan` y dnkl`lnr, bsif`nr/ninmìklif y sfiln` lkltnamf lklt namf tbxtfs kfmb`f. (I@, IM, NN,IBI)

mb usf. (I@, IM, NN, YLBB,IBI)

  7. Yb`biilfanr `fs ifafilklbatfs qub sb

  7.>. Ifafib y utl`lzn hbrrnklbatns mb `ns ]biaf`fgëns mb `n Ladfrknilùa y `n Ifkualinilùa, pnrtlilpnamf, latbrinkelnamf fplalfabs, ifkbatnamf y vn`frnamf bsirltfs nobafs f bsirlelbamf y mnamf n ifafibr `fs suyfs prfplfs. (I@, IM,IYI, IBI)

fetbagna mb `ns ele`lftbins f mb iun`qulbr ftrn dubatb mb ladfrknilùa lkprbsn ba pnpb` f mlgltn` latbgrîamf`fs ba ua prfibsf mb nprbamlznob ifatlauf. (I@, NN, YLBB)

Ifafilklbatf mb `n `bagun Ubifafilklbatf, usf y bxp`linilùa mb `fs b`bkbatfs ifastltutlvfs mb `n frnilùa slkp`b? suobtf y prbmlinmf. Frnilfabs lkpbrsfan`bs, nitlvns y frnilfabs pnslvns. Ubifafilklbatf, lmbatldlinilùa y bxp`linilùa mb` usf mb `fs mlstlatfs grupfs mb pn`nerns? grupf afklan`, nmobtlvn`, prbpfslilfan`, vbren` y nmvbreln` y mb `ns rb`nilfabs qub sb bstne`biba batrb `fs b`bkbatfs qub `fs ifadfrkna ba b` knrif mb `n frnilùa slkp`b. Ubifafilklbatf, usf y bxp`linilùa mb `fs mldbrbatbs rbiursfs mb kfmn`lznilùa ba duailùa mb `n pbrsfan qub hne`n f bsirleb. Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

8. Fesbrvnr, rbifafibr y bxp`linr `fs usfs

  8.>. Ubifafib y bxp`lin ba `fs tbxtfs b` duailfanklbatf slatîitlif mb` vbref n pnrtlr mb su slgaldlinmf mlstlagulbamf `fs grupfs mb pn`nerns qub pubmba duailfanr ifkf ifkp`bkbatfs vbren`bs nrgukbatn`bs y nmouatfs. (I@, NN)

mb `fs grupfs afklan`bs, nmobtlvn`bs, vbren`bs, prbpfslilfan`bs y nmvbreln`bs mbatrf mb` knrif mb `n frnilùa slkp`b (I@, NN)

  3.>. Ubifafib `n ifhbrbailn mb ua mlsiursf ntbamlbamf n `n latbailùa ifkualintlvn mb` bklsfr, lmbatldlinamf `n bstruiturn y mlspfslilùa mb ifatbalmfs. (I@,NN)

frn`bs y bsirltfs tbalbamf ba iubatn `fs b`bkbatfs `lagðëstlifs, `ns rb`nilfabs grnkntlin`bs y `ìxlins, `n bstruiturn y mlspfslilùa mb `fs ifatbalmfs ba duailùa mb `n latbailùa ifkualintlvn. (I@,NN)

>>. Ifkprbambr y vn`frnr `ns rb`nilfabs

>>.>. Ubifafib y usn slaùalkfs y natùalkfs mb uan pn`nern bxp`linamf su usf ifairbtf ba uan drnsb f ba ua tbxtf frn` f bsirltf. (I@, NN, YLBB)

mb lgun`mnm y mb ifatrnrlbmnm qub sb bstne`biba batrb `ns pn`nerns y su usf ba b` mlsiursf frnr y bsirltf.(I@, NN)

>4>

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

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7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

KNSN MB IFA]BALMFY \ UBIRUYFY SUFGUNKNILÙA MB NR@N

WFUM \ SMD UBDRBU_F NMNS]NILÙA IRUULIR@NU

NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD MLNGAÙY]LIF

@@fs fs gìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs ❟@n @n bstruiturn ❟

NKS@LNILÙA

@ns latb`lgbailns @ns

❟

kÿ`tlp`bs ba b` nu`n @n aftliln @n NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD

❟

NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD

NKS@LNILÙA

mb `n aftliln B` rbpfrtnob B` NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD

❟

Inkpf sbkîatlif y nsfilntlvf NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD

❟

Ralmnm 7. Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn IFKRALINILÙA FUN@ \ BYIUL]N BYIRIHNU \ HNE@NU

@BBU \ IFKSUBAMBU

NAN@L_NU \ UBIFAFIBU

NKS@LNU B@ @ÌXLIF

BYIULELU

@n aftliln frn`

Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs

@fs tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs (L)

B` `ìxlif mb `n latb`lgbailn. Inkpf sbkîatlif y nsfilntlvf

Ra inrtb` n pnrtlr mb uan aftliln

NSN N MB @N RALMNM KNS

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs

UBDRBU_F

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ @f qub mbebs snebr  sferb  sfe rb Fr Frsfa sfa Wb Wb````bs bs

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ «Mbsndëf bkprbambº  prbkln  prbk ln n 5> 5> n`ukafs n`ukafs ifa ua vlnob n Yl`lifa Tn``by 

LADFUKNILÙA MLGL]N@

NRMLF

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ B` e`fg mb Inr`ftn

TËMBF HBUUNKLBA]NY

SSrfgrnkns rfgrnkns mb grnenilùa y bmlilùa mb numlf ❟Inan` Inan` fa`lab BA@NIB WBE ❟

@n bstruiturn mb `n aftliln BY^RBKN LA]BUNI]LTF

HBUUNKLBA]NY

Np`linilùa fa`lab pnrn irbnr iurrëiu`uks BA@NIB WBE

NRMLF

NRMLF UBDRBU_F

@fs gìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs SUBYBA]NILÙA

IFAYR@]N

Mbsndëf Bkprbamb BA@NIB WBE

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ ❟]rbs ]rbs bstumlnatbs mb `n RSAN gnana `fs Srbklfs n `ns Kbofrbs Lmbns mb Bkprbamlklbatf If`bitlvf ❟Ra Ra nutlstn batrb `ns iubrmns

Ifatbalmf mb usf bxi`uslvf mb` prfdbsfr. Ifatbalmf pnrn b` usf mb` prfdbsfr y mb` n`ukaf. @n vbrslùa mb` prfdbsfr mlspfab mb `ns sf`uilfabs mb tfmns `ns nitlvlmnmbs.

NRMLF

HBUUNKLBA]NY

Hbrrnklbatns mlgltn`bs pnrn irbnr ua inrtb` BA@NIB WBE

ELE@LFGUNDËN N@ILAN DUNAIH, Ouna y E@BIRN, Ofsì Knaub`? Grnkîtlin Bspnþf`n, Bmltfrln`

Nrlb`, Enrib`fan, >>.ª bmlilùa, 533>. N@NUIFY @@FUNIH, Bkl`lf? Grnkîtlin mb `n `bagun bspnþf`n, Bspnsn In`pb, Ubn` Ninmbkln Bspnþf`n If`biilùa Aberlon y Eb``f, Knmrlm, >. EFY^RB, Lganilf? @ns intbgfrëns grnkntlin`bs, Bmltfrln` Yëatbsls, Knmrlm, 5335. EFY^RB, Lganilf? Ubpnsf mb slatnxls trnmlilfan`? Bobrililfs mb nutfifk prfenilùa,  prfen ilùa, Nrif/@lerfs, Knmrlm, > GNUIËN DBUAÎAMB_, @uls? @n grnkîtlin mb `fs ifkp`bkbatfs tbkpfrn`bs,

Tlsfr, Knmrlm, 5333. GL@L GN\N,

?

Ynkub`  Iursf Yupbrlfr mb Ylatnxls Bspnþf`n, TFX, >2.ª bmlilùa, 5333. GÙKB_ ]FUUBGF, @bfanrmf?  Naî`lsls Naî`lsls slatîitli slatîitlif. f. ]bfrën ]bfrën y prîitlin, prîitlin, Bmlilfabs YK, Knmrlm, 5337.

>45

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

   

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

UBDRBU_F

II`nsbs `nsbs mb frnilfabs ❟]rnasdfrknilùa mb nitlvn n pnslvn NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD ❟

NKS@LNILÙA

Tbrefs trnasltlvfs Tbrefs

HBUUNKLBA]NY SNUN @N BTN@RNILÙA

Bvn`unilùa

❟

❟

❟

bYuobtf latrnasltlvfs. ❟Yuobtf ngbatb y suobtf pnilbatb NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY \ SMD

 UUÿerlin ÿerlin pnrnnmnptnmn bvn`unr `n tnrbn Bvn`unilùa NI]LTLMNMBY MLGL]N@BY WFUM \ SMD

❟

IFAFILKLBA]F MB @N @BAGRN

NS@LINU \ YLA]B]L_NU

]NUBN DLAN@ Ran np`linilùa kùvl`

NAN@L_NU \ UBIFAFIBU

SUNI]LINU @N FU]FGUNDËN

@ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs

@ns `btrns `` / y. Hfkùdfafs ifa `` / y 

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ ❟  N`gulba  N`gu lba bspbil bspbiln`  n`  ❟B` B` bxnkba mb kntbkîtlins ❟Bs Bs enl`nrlan

MLI]NMF

NRMLF

IFAYR@]N

IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@  ¶@n bsiub` bsiub`nn kntn kntn `n irbntlvlmnm6

❟Ifaiursf Ifaiursf mb `n FAIB

BBa`nibs a`nibs ifa ladfrknilùa sferb mlvbrsns npps BA@NIB WBE

❟

NRMLF

NRMLF BY^RBKN UBDRBU_F

@ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs SUBYBA]NILÙA

@ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs SUBYBA]NILÙA

HBUUNKLBA]NY

Kurn` mlgltn` Kurn`

❟

BA@NIBY WBE IFKSUBAYLÙA FUN@ ❟  Npps dfr Gffm  ❟@n @n FAIB pfab ba knrihn  su 95 Ifai Ifaiursf ursf Bsif` Bsif`nr  nr 

NRMLF

WBEGUNDËN Kbmln Unmlf. @n prfgrnknilùa rnmlfdùalin. Kntbrln` mfibatb. Gfelbraf mb Bspnþn. Klalstbrlf mb Bmuinilùa?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/  Bmuinilùa?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/  `b5b3725 Sbrlùmlifs mlgltn`bs mb Bspnþn? http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b3729 Sfminst ba b` nu`n. Guën rîplmn. Bmuinifa]LI mb` Klalstbrlf mb bmuinilùa? http?//laliln.f http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b upb.bs/`b5b372= 372= Ifasbofs pnrn bstlku`nr `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs. E`fg tlihlag?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b3722 tlihlag?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b3722 Iubstlfanrlf pnrn lmbatldlinr `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs. E`fg Bsiub`n ifa Ibrberf. Aburfilbailn np`linmn n `n bmuinilùa?http?//laliln. http?//laliln. fupb.bs/`b5b3724 Mbsiuerlbamf `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs. E`fg tlihlag?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b3727 tlihlag?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b3727 Sîglan fdliln` mb Hfwnrm Gnrmabr? http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b3728 Sîglan wbe latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs If`bgl Kfatsbrrnt?http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b372< Kfatsbrrnt? http?//laliln.fupb.bs/`b5b372<

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

>49

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

   

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

 

MBYNUUF@@F MB @N RALMNM Snrn bkpbznr bkpbznr… …

UBSFU]BUFY IFA INEB_N 

BYIRIHNU \ HNE@NU @N AF]LILN FUN@ >.  Tlslfan b` vëmbf B` e`fg mb Inr`ft n y fesbrvn quì kls-

7

tbrlf sb rbsub`vb ba bstb inpëtu`f.

¶^RÌ YNEBY \N6

¶^RÌ ¶^ RÌ TN TNY Y N NS NSUB UBAM AMBU BU6 6

Ba ualmnmbs natbrlfrbs hbkfs nan`lznmf `ns prlailpn`bs kfmn`lmnmbs tbxtun`bs? `fs tbxtfs anrrntlvfs, mbsirlptlvfs, bxpfsltlvfs, nrgukbatntlvfs b lastruitlvfs. Ifklbazn ba bstn ualmnm b` bstumlf mb `fs tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs, ba `fs qub pfmbkfs baifatrnr bstns kfmn`lmnmbs ifkelanmns. Nan`lznrbkfs, ba prlkbr `ugnr, mfs gìabrfs ladfrkntlvfs? `n aftliln y b` rbpfrtnob.

IFKRALINILÙA FUN@ \ BYIUL]N 

Ba Ifafilklbatf mb `n `bagun ifai`uyb b` bstumlf mb `n frnilùa slkp`b ifa b` naî`lsls mb `ns mlstlatns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs sbgÿa su bstruiturn slatîitlin.

  BYIRIHNU \ HNE@NU. @n aftliln frn`   @BBU \ IFKSUBAMBU.  IFKSUBAMBU.  Latb`lgbailns  kÿ`tlp`bs   NAN@L_NU \ UBIFAFIBU. @fs tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs (L)   NKS@LNU B@ @Ì XLIF.  B` `ìxlif mb `n XLIF. B` latb`lgbailn. Inkpf sbkîatlif y nsfilntlvf   BYIULELU.  Ra inrtb` n pnrtlr mb uan aftliln

IFAFILKLBA]F MB @N @BAGRN  NAN@L_NU \ U BIFAFIBU. @ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs   SUNI]LINU @N FU]FGUNDËN.  FU]FGUNDËN.   @ns `btrns `` trns  `` / y. Hfkùdfafs ifa `` ifa `` / y 

 lif  p ÿ e ` l  if  a  p  r  b a  Hn e ` `nn r  Hn

¶MB ¶M B ^RÌ ^RÌ YBUÎ YBUÎY Y INS INSN_ N_6 6

 tu u  nub  n  t  ob bagun o  `b  ` n  sus   tn tba  ba  iuba t y  tb  ln n  y   lb bai l m l  tb brbsbs.   la t fa   lf gu l   a u   n r f  ef y  b `n e in  y   ﬎i na l ﬎  `n  ❟ S `  ❟ abs.   lfa  dfrrkni lf  l a df  `ns la ifa `n    tk t k    l l s  mb  r f   lfs ÿn  ink e lf  tÿ bi t  db  ❟ B d  ❟  `n n y usn pn ` ùa y   lù  tf fani l  `n ba t ba `n  b   `b fabs  qub  `  lf prbs l  xp  y   b x  errns  y  e `f   n  `f f k s  ls  l k n  la  l a   m  y n y   zn b z  vb  v l v mba v pfabs.  xp qub b x

n  b `  tn  ❟ N mnp t  ❟

Ifkprbambr b` sbatlmf g`fen` mb tbxtfs frn`bs y bsirltfs, rbifafilbamf `n latbailùa mb` bklsfr.   Nan`lznr b latbrprbtnr tbxtfs mb `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa.   Lmbatl﬎inr `fs mlstlatfs suegìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs.

5.   Mbspuìs mb` vlslfanmf, rbspfambm bstns iubstlfabs?

  Ubifafibr `n bstruiturn, inrnitbrëstlins b latbailùa ifkualintlvn mb aftlilns y rbpfrtnobs.

❟  ¶^uì

prbfiupn n Inr`ftn6 ¶Iùkf ¶Iùkf `n nyumna sus nklgfs6 b`bkbatfs mb` `bagunob numlfvlsun` mna n batbambr qub sb bstî gbabrnamf uan latb`lgbailn if`bitlvn6 ❟  ¶Iuî` bs b` rbsu`tnmf mb bstb bsdubrzf iffpbrntlvf6 ❟  ¶^uì

  Srfmuilr tbxtfs pbr lfmëstlifs n pnrtlr mb tbxtfs kfmb`f.   Lmbatl﬎inr `ns mlstlatns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs sbgÿa su bstruiturn slatîitlin y bkp`bnr`ns ba `ns prfmuiilfabs prfplns.

9.  @fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa bxlgba ua trnenof if`nef-

rntlvf. Slbasn ba ua bobkp`f y b`nefrn uan tne`n qub rbifon tfmns `ns pbrsfans lkp`linmns ba `n pue`linilùa mb uan aftliln, sus tnrbns y `fs rf`bs qub mbsbkpbþna.

  Ifafibr y np`linr `ns rbg`ns mb usf `ns `btrns `` `btrns `` / y .

Srfpubstn  Lknglanm qub dfrkîls pnrtb mb` bqulpf mb uan rnmlf `fin` y abibsltîls nukbatnr `n numlbailn. Tnls n irbnr uan plbzn rnmlfdùalin f  pfminst  mb  mb 5 klautfs ifa uan lkpnitnatb aftliln y ua nauailf ``nkntlvf mb vubstrn bklsfrn.

  NS@LINU \ YLA]B ]L_NU

=.   Ba grupf, lavbatnm vubstrn prfpln bklsfrn. Sbasnm ba

b` afkerb, tlpf mb numlbailn, feobtlvf (ladfrknr, batrbtbabr…), hfrn mb bklslùa, prfgrnknilùa, bti. 2.  Irbnm uan iuþn pue`liltnrln mb pfifs sbguamfs pnrn `n

bklsfrn? pbasnm ba b` bs`fgna, `n kÿslin, `ns vfibs, bti. 4.  Lavbstlgnm ba `n prbasn f ba vubstrf batfraf y b`bglm

uan aftliln qub rbspfamn n `fs latbrbsbs mb vubstrn numlbailn. Ifkpfabm`n? tltu`nr lkpnitnatb, iubrpf pnrn `bbr`f n vnrlns vfibs, tbstlkfalfs… 7

 ]nrbn ﬎an`

   7 Ubpnrtlm `fs rf`bs y basnynm `n `fiuilùa. Grnenm b` nu-

@f ÿ`tlkf ba  npps

mlf ifa n`gÿa prfgrnkn mb grnenilùa y bmlilùa mb numlf f numlf  f mb irbnilùa mb  pfminst,  pfminst, y  y gunrmnm b` nrihlvf mb numlf ba ua mlspfsltlvf f ba ua inan` inan` fa`lab  fa`lab..

¶Iùkf pfmbkfs kbofrnr `n vlmn mb `fs mbkîs6 Ba `n tnrbn mb bstn ualmnm fs prfpfabkfs trnenonr ba bqulpf pfalbamf vubstrns inpnilmnmbs b latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs n trnenonr pnrn

8.   Ifkpnrtlm `fs  pfminst   y ifkbatnm`fs batrb tfmfs.

irbnr uan np`linilùa kùvl` ÿtl`, kùvl` ÿtl`, qub mnrìls n ifafibr n trnvìs mb uan AF]LILN .

¶^uì rnmlf tbamrën knyfr numlbailn6 ¶Sfr quì6

Yugbrbailns Yugbrbailn s mlmîitlins ❟ Yb

ifkbaznrî `n ualmnm prfpfalbamf `n `biturn ba vfz n`tn mb ¶^RÌ TNY N NSUBAMBU6 y ¶MB ^RÌ YBUÎY INSN_6 pnrn qub `fs n`ukafs ifafzina `fs ifatbalmfs ifatbalmfs qub vna n trntnr ba `n ualmnm y ifkbatba quì bxpbitntlvns tlbaba sferb `ns mbstrbzns y ifafilklbatfs qub vna n nmqulrlr ba bstn ualmnm. ❟ Snrn qub `fs n`ukafs rbifafzina `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs sb bstne`bibrî uan ifavbrsnilùa sferb `ns mlstlatns inpnilmnmbs mb `fs n`ukafs y `n lkpfrtnailn y ifkp`bkbatnrlbmnm mb inmn uan mb b``ns. Nmbkîs, pfmrîa mbsiuerlr`ns ba `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa sfiln`

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

❟ @n

pruben mb mlngaùstlif pbrkltlrî mbtbitnr `fs ifafilklbatfs qub `fs n`ukafs tlbaba mb `fs ifatbalmfs sferb `fs qub sb ifastrulrî b` nprbamlznob ❟ Ifa b` knpn kbatn` mb `n ualmnm sb pubmb prbsbatnr n `n i`nsb `n sbiubailn mb nprbamlznob qub sb sbgulrî ba `n ualmnm? ◗ B` knpn pbrkltb vlsun`lznr b` rbifrrlmf mb `n ualmnm y `n latbrrb`nilùa qub bxlstb batrb `fs mlstlatfs ifatbalmfs qub sb trnenonrîa. ◗ Ba bspbiln`, ba bstn ualmnm sb hnib bspbiln` ìadnsls ba `fs tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs.

>4=

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

 

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifkualinilùa frn` y bsirltn? bsiuihnr y hne`nr Yugbrbailns Yugbrbailn s mlmîitlins 2. Sbmlr qub prbpnrba ba bqulpf `f p`natbnmf ba b` `lerf mb` n`ukaf. Snrn lavbatnr `n bklsfrn y p`naldlinr `n iuþn

❟ B`

feobtlvf mb bstns nitlvlmnmbs bs qub b` n`ukanmf rbd`bxlfab mb dfrkn irbntlvn sferb `fs tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs ba mlstlatfs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa (rnmlf, e`fg) y `n lkpfrtnailn ba b``fs mb` trnenof ba bqulpf. Snrn rbsf`vbr`ns `fs n`ukafs np`linrîa bstrntbglns mb ifkualinilùa frn` y mb` `bagunob  pfminst  nst   numlfvlsun` ba `n anrrnilùa mb aftlilns. Grnenrîa ua pfmi mb rnmlf pnrn ifkpnrtlr`f ifa sus ifkpnþbrfs y kbofrnr `n numlbailn mb su bklsfrn. @n n`dnebtlznilùa numlfvlsun` sb nmqulbrb mb knabrn prfgrbslvn n trnvìs mb pbqubþns prîitlins ifkf `ns mb bstn tnrbn. ❟ Ba b` vëmbf, Inr`ftn sb prbfiupn pfrqub af tlbab vlsltns ba su e`fg. Yus nklgfs iffpbrna ifa b``n y ouatfs `fgrna kbofrnr`f. Yb prfpfab prfpfab `n slgulbatb sbiubailn sbiubailn mlmîitlin? >. Natbs mb vbr b` vëmbf, irbnr ua i`lkn mb mlî`fgf ba b` nu`n. Yb nitlvnrîa `fs ifafilklbatfs prbvlfs mb `fs n`ukafs ifavbrsnamf sferb `fs e`fgs y `fs aubvfs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa ba `n rbm. B` klstbrlf qub mbeba rbsf`vbr klbatrns vba b` vëmbf? Inr`ftn af sn`b ifa sus nklgfs pfrqub bstî fiupnmn hnilbamf su e`fg. 5. Tlslfanr b` vëmbf  ouatfs ba b` nu`n. Ubsf`vbr ba grna grupf b` iubstlfanrlf sferb `n sltunilùa ifkualintlvn p`natbnmn ba b` vëmbf. Yb rbifklbamn nan`lznr `n aftliln qub lai`uyb Inr`ftn ba su batrnmn y ifavbrsnr sferb iùkf `n iffpbrnilùa y b` trnenof ba bqulpf nyumna n sf`uilfanr iun`qulbr prfe`bkn. @fs tn`batfs y `ns ifkpbtbailns mb inmn pbrsfan sb ifkp`bkbatna. Bstne`bibr ifa `fs n`ukafs iùkf mbebrën sbr `n bstruiturn mb bstb aubvf kbmlf mb ifkualinilùa, b` e`fg,  y rbsf`vbr`f ouatfs ¶Sfr quì bs tna lkpfrtnatb tbabr vlsltns ba bstb kbmlf6 ¶\ ba ftrfs6 ¶^uì slgaldlinmf tlbab6 9. Ubn`lznr `n trns`nilùa mb `f vlstf ba b` bplsfmlf n su prfpln bxpbrlbailn sferb `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa. Laslstlr ba qub sb pue`lina grnilns n` trnenof if`nefrntlvf mb

pue`liltnrln utl`lznrîa `n tìialin irbntlvn grupn` mb «ernlastfrklagº f ``uvln mb Lmbns. Bs lkpfrtnatb qub `fs n`ukafs latbrniilfaba ifasu`tnamf `n prbasn bsirltn f `n prbasn mlgltn` pnrn sb`biilfanr `n aftliln (wbegrndën). Mb bstb kfmf, sb lalilnrîa ba `f qub nprbambrîa ba bstn ualmnm mb knabrn nitlvn y duailfan`. N ifatlaunilùa, basnynr `n bklslùa klmlbamf b` tlbkpf. Yb pubmb grnenr ifa mlspfsltlvfs kùvl`bs f rbiursfs ba `ëabn. Ba b` insf mb qub af sbn pfsle`b sb suglbrb rbn`lznr uan rbprbsbatnilùa mb `n bklslùa mb rnmlf. 4. Bvn`unr b` prfibsf mb trnenof y `n prfmuiilùa dlan` fesbrvnamf `n ifhbrbailn y nmbiunilùa mb `ns ladfrknilfabs qub sb trnaskltba. ¶^uì aftlilns rbsu`tna latbrbsnatbs y nitun`bs6 ¶^uì rbiursfs bxprbslvfs sfa kîs ``nkntlvfs pnrn uan bklslùa rnmlfdùalin6

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs   5. ❟Inr`ftn Inr`ftn sb prbfiupn pfrqub hna mlsklaulmf `ns vlsltns

n su e`fg.

❟ Dbranamf prfpfab inkelnr b` mlsbþf mb `n pîglan: Ynrn,

pfabr kîs lkîgbabs: Inr`fs, lai`ulr ftrf `fgf pnrn hnibr b` e`fg kîs pbrsfan`: Dbranamf, latrfmuilr kîs vnrlbmnm mb tbkns y mleuofs y Inr`fs, nþnmlr vëmbfs. ❟ @fs inkelfs mb p`naf rbn`lznmfs ifa rnplmbz pnrn kfstrnr `f qub inmn klbkerf mb` grupf hnib. ❟ Grnilns n` trnenof iffpbrntlvf, b` e`fg mb Inr`ftn n`inazn ba qulaib klautfs kîs vlsltns qub ba `fs trbs ÿ`tlkfs mëns prbvlfs n `ns kfmldlinilf kfmldlinilfabs abs rbn`lznmns. 9. Ubspubstn `lerb. Snrn `n rbsf`uilùa mb `n prfpubstn (nitlvlmnmbs =, 2, 4, 7 y 8), sb prfpfab sbgulr `ns sugbrbailns mlmîitlins.

mlstlatns pbrsfans (dftùgrndfs, bmltfrbs, rbmnitfrbs, knqubtnmfrbs, pbrlfmlstns, mlrbitfr…) ifa b` dla mb fdrbibr uan ladfrknilùa vbrnz y ifatrnstnmn. ¶Fiurrb `f klskf ba `ns rbmbs sfiln`bs. \ ba ftrfs kbmlfs ifkf `fs e`fgs6 @n tne`n prfpubstn pbrkltb hnibr vlsle`b bstn rbn`lmnm y bstruiturnr b` pbasnklbatf. =. Srbsbatnr `n tnrbn frn`. Yb prfpfab n `fs n`ukafs qub sb lknglaba ba `n sltunilùa ifkualintlvn vbrfsëkl` mb uan bklslùa mb rnmlf ba `n qub fdrbibrîa ladfrknilùa y pue`lilmnm ifa b` dla mb gnanr numlbailn.

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

IFA]BALMFY MLGL]N@BY Mfiukbatfs?

Srfgrnknilùa mb nu`n Knpn ifaibptun` mb `n ualmnm Nitlvlmnmbs?

Mlngaùstlif laliln`

>42

Tëmbf?  Tëmbf?  B` e`fg mb Inr`ftn Hbrrnklbatns?   Hbrrnklbatns?

Srfgrnkns mb grnenilùa y bmlilùa mb numlf Inan` fa`lab

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

 

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifkualinilùa frn` y bsirltn? `bbr y ifkprbambr 7

 r… …  `bb r  a t bs mb `b

N f6  ¶Ba  quì   tf tb x t b  tb  tb  tbabib  b s t b  pb r tb abrf  irb bs  qu inmf6  `    li l  e u p   bin  `b  hn h b `    tb b  la t s   b la f  tb  lf ba t  lb i l kbm l  ﬎i  \  pfr i fb ﬎ 6 ¶ \  ln6 gb ai ln  `lg  tb b `l  la t  lbambs pfr la  t lb  ❟ ¶^uì ba  ❟ 6 f k  lsk  ls k   f    `f ` a n  ﬎i ga l ﬎i  lg 6 ¶Y l  `6 un `  tu  t

  >. >.  

¶Iùkf kbmlr n`gf tna ifkp`bof ifkf `f latb`lgbatb qub pfmbkfs ``bgnr n sbr6 ¶Yf`f ifa b` ifb﬎ilbatb latb`bitun`>6 @n ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns Kÿ`tlp`bs afs mbsiuerb qub pfmbkfs ``bgnr n sbr kuy latb`lgbatbs nuaqub af sbpnkfs suknr. Nvbrlgun iùkf y eusin tu kbofr latb`lgbailn.

Fetbabr ladfrknilùa mb` tbxtf   5. 5. ¶^ulìa  ¶^ulìa bs b` prftngfalstn mb bstb rbpfrtnob6 ¶^uì kìrltfs sb `b n trleuyba6   9. 9. ¶^uì  ¶^uì ftrns pbrsfans sb iltna ba b` tbxtf6 ¶N quì sb mbmlina6   =. =. Npfyîamftb  Npfyîamftb ba b` tbxtf, mb﬎ab `n ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns Kÿ`tlp`bs.   2. 2.   Lamlin n quì latb`lgbai latb`lgbailn ln ifrrbspfamba `ns slgulbatbs inpnilmnmbs, sbgÿa bstn tbfrën?

Ylbkprb hny n`gulba ba `n i`nsb n qulba sb `b mna kbofr `fs aÿkbrfs, f qub bsirleb kbofr qub hne`n, f b` grna mbpfrtlstn, f b` qub platn mb knrnvl``n, f b` qub tlbab bspbiln` sbaslel`lmnm ifa b` kbmlf nkelbatb. Inmn uaf mb afsftrfs tbabkfs hnstn fihf tlpfs mb latb`lgbailns qub mna rbspubstn n bstns hnel`lmnmbs huknans, y ifafibr iuî`bs mb b``ns bstî kîs mbsnrrf``nmn f mbebkfs pftbailnr bs `n i`nvb pnrn rbamlr kîs ba b` if`bglf, trntnr kbofr n `ns pbrsfans f ``bvnrafs mb knrnvl``n ifa afsftrfs klskfs.

Gnrmabr `ns bxp`lin nsë ba su ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns Kÿ`tlp`bs. Nvbrlgun iuî` tlbabs kîs mbsnrrf``nmn. >.  @lagðëstlin? `n inpnilmnm mb nan`lznr `n ladfrknilùa y

irbnr prfmuitfs qub lkp`lquba b` usf mb `bagunob frn` y bsirltf. 5.  @ùglif-Kntbkîtlin? `n hnel`lmnm pnrn mbsnrrf``nr biun-

ilfabs, rbn`lznr iî`iu`fs y rbsf`vbr prfe`bkns nestrnitfs. 9.  Bspniln`? `n inpnilmnm mb rbifafibr y knalpu`nr n grna

y pbqubþn bsin`n lkîgbabs bspniln`bs. =. Kÿslin? `n inpnilmnm mb prfmuilr mldbrbatbs pntrfabs

mb sfalmf y batbambr su slgal﬎inmf. lmbatl﬎inr y mlstlagulr ba2.  Anturn`lstn? `n inpnilmnm pnrn lmbatl﬎inr trb `fs mldbrbatbs tlpfs mb p`natns, nalkn`bs, y `ns dfrknilfabs kbtbfrf`ùglins mb` kuamf anturn`. 4.  Ifrpfrn`-jlabstìslin? `n inpnilmnm mb utl`lznr lznr b` iubrpf

pnrn irbnr prfmuitfs f rbsf`vbr prfe`bkns. 7.  Latbrpbrsfan`? `n hnel`lmnm pnrn rbifafibr y batbambr

`fs bstnmfs mb îalkf mb ftrns pbrsfans, sus mbsbfs, kftlvnilfabs b latbailfabs. 8. Latrnpbrsfan`? `n hnel`lmnm pnrn rbifafibr y batbambr

sus prfplfs bstnmfs mb îalkf, mbsbfs, b latbailfabs.

@bb ifa ntbailùa y bsiuihn bsiuihn b` tbxtf mb `n pîglan pîglan natbrlfr. natbrlfr.

ì  ❟ ¶ N   quì  g  ❟

LA]B@LGBAILNY Kß@]LS@BY

Nsë, sbgÿa `n tbfrën bstne`bilmn pfr b` psliù`fgf mb `n Ralvbrslmnm mb Hnrvnrm y Srbklf Srëailpb mb Nsturlns 53>>, Hfwnrm Gnrmabr, inmn pbrsfan mbsnrrf``n hnstn fihf tlpfs mb latb`lgbailns mlstlatns, y sbgÿa `ns pftbailbkfs pfmrbkfs nprbambr kbofr y mb dfrkn kîs fptlklznmn. Snrn ì`, `n latb`lgbailn bs `n inpnilmnm mb frmbanr `fs pbasnklbatfs y iffrmlanr`fs ifa `ns niilfabs.

7

@BBU \ IFKSUBAMBU

IFKRALINILÙA FUN@ \ BYIUL]N

n. Ifkprbambr `fs sbatlklbatfs y bkfilfabs mb ftrns pbrsfans. e. Ifkualinr n trnvìs mb` `bagunob frn` f bsirltf. i. Sbrilelr y utl`lznr lkîgbabs latbrans y bxtbrans. m. In`iu`nr y rbsf`vbr fpbrnilfabs kntbkîtlins ifkp`bons.

Ifkprbambr b latbrprbtnr b` tbxtf   4. 4. Lamlin  Lamlin ba quì sbiilùa mb ua kbmlf mlgltn ` bs kîs nmbiunmf pue`linr bstb tbxtf. Oustl﬎in tu b`biilùa.   7. 7.   @fin`lzn y sbþn`n ba quì drngkbatfs mb` tbxtf sb mbsnrrf``na bstns lmbns? n. Hfwnrm Gnrmabr mb﬎bamb ba su tbfrën qub hny mlstlatns dfrkns mb knaldbs-

¶Snrn quì afs slrvb mlstlagulr`ns6 Îagb`bs Inrrlzfsn bs psliù`fgn y frlbatnmfrn mb` Ibatrf Bmuintlvf Yngrnmf Ifrnzùa mb Ybvl``n, y n b``n `b slrvba mb rbdbrbailn. «Ba b` îkeltf ninmìklif, ifafibr y rbifafibr `ns latb`lgbailns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs slrvb pnrn mnr rbspubstn n `ns abibslmnmbs mb n`guafs n`ukafs qub rbqulbrba mb ftrns vëns mb dfrknilùa pnrn nprbambr, mbpbamlbamf mb sus hnel`lmnmbsº, bxp`lin. «Drbiubatbkbatb afs baifatrnkfs ifa n`ukafs qub sfa rbspbtufsfs f ifkprbaslvfs pbrf qub af prfkfilfana pfrqub af tlbaba hnel`lmnmbs pnrn `ns kntbkîtlins f `n `bagunº, vn`frn Inrrlzfsn. «Yfa n`ukafs inpnibs mb bkpntlznr, qub sfa eubafs ifkpnþbrfs, bmuinmfs, pbrf qub af sb noustna n` slstbkn mb bvn`unilùa. Bsfs n`ukafs mbsnrrf``na hnel`lmnmbs sfiln`bs y pbrsfan`bs qub sfa duamnkbatn`bs tnkelìa pnrn nmnptnrsb n` kbmlf y vlvlr ba sfilbmnmº, nþnmb.

tnr `n latb`lgbailn, mb sbr latb`lgbatbs. e. Inrrlzfsn hn fesbrvnmf ba sus n`ukafs qub nprbamba kbofr iunamf sb

ifatbkp`na y pftbailna tfmns sus latb`lgbailns. i. ]fmns `ns pbrsfans sfkfs mldbrbatbs y pfmbkfs mbstninr ba mlstlatfs îkel-

tfs sl sb afs rbifafiba `fs mlstlatfs tlpfs mb latb`lgbailn. m. @ns fihf latb`lgbailns bxp`lina hnel`lmnmbs qub b` ifb﬎ilbatb latb`bitun` af

ifaslmbrn.   8. 8. ¶^ulìa  ¶^ulìa hne`n ba b` ÿ`tlkf pîrrndf6 Bxp`lin quì b`bkbatfs mb` tbxtf tb hna pbrkltlmf snebr`f. 5. Eusin >5.  Eusin ba b` tbxtf y rnzfan `n ﬎an`lmnm mb` bkp`bf mb bstfs rbiursfs?

Ubſtbxlfanr y vn`frnr b` ifatbalmf y `n dfrkn >>. Ybþn`n >>.  Ybþn`n `ns mlstlatns pnrtbs ba `ns qub sb bstruiturn bstb rbpfrtnob. ¶Iuî` bs `n ifai`uslùa ﬎an`6

www.tbrtu`lnnamn`uzn.ifk (nmnptnilùa)

n.  Frnilfabs latbrrfgntlvns.

e.  Ifkl``ns.

i.  Mfs puatfs.

>9. Bxp`lin >9.  Bxp`lin `n knabrn ba `n qub `n nutfrn mb` tbxtf `fgrn trnaskltlr ua kbasnob feobtlvf n `fs `bitfrbs.

ifb﬎ilbatblatb`bitun`? aÿkbrf qub bxprbsn `n latb`lgbailn rb`ntlvn mb

>

uan pbrsfan y qub sb mbtbrklan mlvlmlbamf su bmnm kbatn` pfr su bmnm dëslin y ku`tlp`linamf pfr >33. Yb klmb kbmlnatb tbs t bstnamnrlznmfs.

>=  

>3=

¶^uì latb`lgbailns irbbs qub pftbailns iunamf iffpbrns ifa tus ifkpnþbrfs ba `n rbn`lznilùa mb uan tnrbn6 Nrgukbatn tu rbspubstn.

 abb r  pff a  ifk p  y if  r  y   rbbn r  I r  x-tb x frn mb`  tb  tf n nu t  tn @n pbrlfmls t frbs?   tf n  `fs  `bi t  tf  sb  mlrlgb   tf  )   b`lgbailn )  tb la t brlgun iuî` (  vb «N v º.  mbsnrrf``nmn  tllbabs  kîs   t 6 n  tn  t s b u p s b r   tu ¶Iuî` sbrën  tu bihf  bfrën  sb  hn  h  tb n  t  tn   Bs t  y   pbrsfub  hn y na  pfpu`nr  q  tn  t uiurrëi   ans  qub  mlsbþna  sum  f  trrna   iùkf l tnb  kfs t  vl tn `uk  v b tb tlpf mb la t n  tl mbsnrrf``n inm f,  ba  pn  yf tu y   b`  tu `lgbailn.  Hnz umn   yu  y n   n `   a f i   , ` l tn pb`  f  mlg tn  drrbibb  f d  tb qub  t mb`  kfmb`f  kfs nrrlen. >32

Yugbrbailns mlmîitlins ❟ Yb

p`natbn `n ifkprbaslùa mb ua rbpfrtnob ladfrkntlvf  pue`linmf ba ua kbmlf mlgltn`, ua tbxtf pbrlfmëstlif. Ba bstb tbxtf ba b` qub prbmfklan `n sbiubailn bxpfsltlvn sb prfduamlzn ba `n tbfrën mb latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs kÿ`tlp`bs mb Hfwnrm Gnrmabr, prbklf Srëailpb mb Nsturlns 53>> mb Ilbailns Yfiln`bs.

N ifatlaunilùa, sb rbifklbamn rbd`bxlfanr sferb b` gìabrf tbxtun` mb` tbxtf fesbrvnamf, sla `bbr, `bbr, `ns plstns tbxtun`bs (ifabitfrbs, pîrrndfs, ifkl``ns, gulfabs, latbrrfgnilfabs...) y b` kbmlf ba b` qub sb hn pue`linmf. 5. Murnatb `n `biturn. Yb rbifklbamn lalilnr ba b` n`uk-

❟ B`

prfpùsltf mb bstn `biturn bs qub b` n`ukanmf mbsiuern ba prlkbrn pbrsfan `n tbfrën mb `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs y b` inkelf mb kbatn`lmnm pfr bstn aubvn ifaibpilùa pslif`ùglin. Natbs `n latb`lgbailn sb batbamën ifkf n`gf bstîtlif ba `n qub prlknen `f gbaìtlif y `ns inpnilmnmbs kîs rb`nilfanmns ifa b` pbasnklbatf `ùglif y `lagðëstlif. Batrb ftrns ifsns, Gnrmabr hne`n mb 8 knabrns mlstlatns mb sbr latb`lgbatbs y vn`frn `fs nspbitfs bkfilfan`bs b latbrrb`nilfan`bs qub dnvfrbiba `n in`lmnm mb vlmn mb `n sfilbmnm. Snrn dnvfrbibr `n ifkpbtbailn `bitfrn, sb rbifklbamn `n slgulbatb sbiubailn?

anmf b` nprbamlznob mb `n `biturn bstrntìglin mb bstb rbpfrtnob. @n ifkprbaslùa mb tbxtfs bxpfsltlvfs bs lkprbsilamle`b ba tfmns `ns îrbns y bxpbrlbailns bmuintlvns mb `fs bstumlnatbs. Yb nifasbon b` slgulbatb prfibsf ba b` mbsnrrf``f mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs? n. @biturn rîplmn  mb enrrlmf ba ifkÿa f lamlvlmun`

ifkf prlkbr nibrinklbatf mb ifkprbaslùa mb` tbxtf. Yb pubmba sbþn`nr `ns pn`nerns bxtrnþns f mbsifafilmns pnrn eusinr`ns mbspuìs. e. Snrn `n `biturn ifkpnrtlmn mb` tbxtf ifkp`btf, sb rbif-

>. Natbs mb `bbr. Yb suglbrb nitlvnr `fs ifafilklbatfs

klbamn qub b` mfibatb bxp`lqub qub vna n rbn`lznr uan `biturn bstrntìglin mb inmn pîrrndf mb dfrkn nutùafkn b lamlvlmun` slgulbamf bstns nutflastruiilfabs?

prbvlfs mb `fs n`ukafs natlilpnamf b` ifatbalmf mb `n `biturn dloîamfsb ba b` tëtu`f, b` suetëtu`f y `n l`ustrnilùa. ¶N`guan vbz hna hbihf ua tbst mb latb`lgbailn6 Bs pfsle`b qub yn sbpna n`gf sferb b` tbkn. Ba iun`qulbr insf,

«Klbatrns `bf, plbasf, `f bsirlef y mbspuìs `f bxpfa-

bs prfvfinr b`vltn` ifad`litf ifgaltlvfndlrknilfabs ifkpnrnamflkpfrtnatb su prfpln bxpbrlbailn ifa n`guans pf`ìklins («sbr kuy latb`lgbatbs nuaqub af sbpnkfs suknrº) y prbguatns (¶^ulìa bs kîs latb`lgbatb Blastbla f Ufan`mf6 ¶Kfznrt f Gnrmabr6 ¶Slinssf f Ibrvnatbs6). Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

gf ba vfz Sfriubatn bobkp`f drnsbs ifkf? «¶^uì mlib6º, «@fn`tnº. qub sb kbifa rbiubrmn...º, «¶Sfr quì mlib bstf6º, «¶^uì pnsnrî nhfrn6º, «Kb suglbrb bstns prbguatns…º, «Kb mfy iubatn mb qub af batlbamf…º, bti.

>44

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

 

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

i. N ifatlaunilùa, sb pfaba ba ifkÿa `fs ifkbatnrlfs

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs

frgnalzîamf`fs ba ua knpn kbatn` f iunmrf. Ba `fs pîrrndfs, bs lkpfrtnatb lmbatldlinr qulìa hne`n ba inmn pnrtb mb` tbxtf mlsirlklanamf bklsfr mb` rbpfrtnob y `fs mb `fs tbstlkfalfs, `ns iltns `ltbrn`bs batrbifkl``nmns, `fs vbrefs, `ns ni`nrnilfabs batrb ifkns, `ns pn`nerns i`nvb y su rb`nilùa ifa b` tbkn. @n dlan`lmnm bs qub b` n`ukanmf mbsnrrf``b `n kbtnifgalilùa mb su prfibsf `bitfr pnrn kbofrnr su ifkprbaslùa mb `fs tbxtfs.

  5. B` prftngfalstn bs b` psliù`fgf mb `n Ralvbrslmnm mb

Hnrvnrm y Srbklf Srëailpb mb Nsturlns 53>>, Hfwnrm Gnrmabr. B` kìrltf qub sb `b ntrleuyb ifaslstb ba hnebr dfrku`nmf `n tbfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs.   9. Îagb`bs Inrrlzfsn, psliù`fgn, y Mnalb` Gf`bkna, Gf`bkna, qub

mbsnrrf``ù `n tbfrën mb `n Latb`lgbailn Latb`lgbailn Bkfilfan`.   =. @n ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs mbdlbamb qub

9. Mbspuìs mb `bbr ouatfs.  Srfplilnr ifkprbaslùa kbmlnatb `n rbsf`uilùa lamlvlmun` mb `ns`nprbguatns mb` `lerf

bxlstba fihf tlpfs mlstlatfs mb latb`lgbailn? `lagðëstlin, `ùglif-kntbkîtlin, bspniln`, kuslin`, anturn`lstn, ifrpfrn`-jlabstìslin,, latbrpbrsfan` b latrnpbrsfan`. pfrn`-jlabstìslin

(kfmb`f mb naî`lsls SLYN) ifa uan aubvn `biturn kîs rbd`bxlvn. Yb prfpfab b` slgulbatb prfibsf? n. @fin`lznr y fetbabr ladfrknilùa ifairbtn y `ltbrn` sferb `n tbfrën mb latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs qub pbrkltn lmbatldlinr inmn uan mb b``ns y su nutfr. e.Ladbrlr e. Ladbrlr uan ifkprbaslùa b latbrprbtnilùa g`fen`   mb` ifatbalmf mb` tbxtf mbtbrklanamf b` kbmlf ba b` qub sb pue`lin b` rbpfrtnob y `ns lmbns prlailpn`bs. i. Ubd`bxlfanr y vn`frnr  `f  `f qub sb mlib ba b` tbxtf y iùkf sb mlib. Yb nan`lzna `ns pnrtbs ba `ns qub sb bstruiturn b` tbxtf y `ns ifastruiilfabs `lagðëstlins inrnitbrëstlins mb` rbpfrtn ob y mb `f `fss tbx tbxtfs tfs bxp bxpfs fsltl ltlvf vfs. s. @ns la latb tb`l`lgb gbail ailns ns kÿ` kÿ`tl tlp` p`bs bs sb

2. n. Latbrpbrsfan`. e. @lagðëstlin. i. Bspniln`. m. @ùglif

kntbkîtlin.   4. Sfmrën lai`ulrsb ba `n sbiilùa mb Yfilbmnm, mb Iu`turn,

mb Ilbailn f mb Bmuinilùa, n` sbr ua rbpfrtnob qub sb mbmlin n` bstumlf mb `n latb`lgbailn huknan.   7. n. «Inmn pbrsfan mbsnrrf``n hnstn fihf tlpfs mb latb`l-

gbailns mlstlatnsº. e. «… rbifafibr `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs slrvb pnrn

mnr rbspubstn n `ns abibslmnmbs mb n`guafs n`ukafs qub rbqulbrba mb ftrns vëns mb dfrknilùa…º i. «Bs duamnkbatn` trnaskltlr qub tfmfs `fs klbkerfs

pfaba ba oubgf iunamf sb iffpbrn ba prfybitfs ifkuabs.

m. Sfabr ba ifkÿa `n sb`biilùa mb prbguatns qub mbtbr-

pubmba sbr erl``natbs y npfrtnr vn`frbs n` trnenof…º.

klab b` mfibatb. Yb nalkn n qub mln`fguba y rbsukna b` tbxtf ba ua knpn ifaibptun` if`bitlvf ba `n plznrrn f SML ifa `ns ifai`uslfabs mb su `biturn bstrntìglin y `fs vn`frbs qub sb trnaskltba. B` mfibatb pubmb rbn`lznr ftrns tnrbns rb`nilfanmns ifa latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs ifa ftrfs rbiursfs (wbegrndën). =. Irbnr y ifkpfabr. Yb prfpfab qub b` n`ukanmf mbtbrklab `f qub sb `b mn kbofr, sus latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs, ba ua bspbiln` iurrëiu`uk vltnb mbsmb ua puatf mb vlstn fptlklstn? `fs `nmfs dubrtbs, `fs tn`batfs. Ba `n wbegrndën sb npfrtna n`guafs iubstlfanrlfs y tbsts qub nyumnrîa n `n nutfbvn`unilùa mb `fs n`ukafs. Dlan`kbatb, sb rbifklbamn ifkpnrtlr bstn nitlvlmnm y nan`lznr sl fesbrvna bstn ifaibpilùa ba su bmuinilùa. B` mfibatb pubmb ifastntnr qub bstn tbfrën prbsbatn ilbrtfs prfe`bkns pnrn nmnptnrsb n` iurrëiu`uk bsif`nr nuaqub fdrbib lkpfrtnatbs vbatnons. Sfr bobkp`f, bstb kfmb`f mb basbþnazn dnvfrbib `n bmuinilùa lai`uslvn pnrn tfmf b` n`ukanmf. 2. Snrn nkp`lnr. Ba `n prfpubstn mlgltn` sb lavltn n qub `fs n`ukafs prfduamliba ba b` tbkn ifa ua vëmbf y ua prfgrnkn rnmlfdùalif. Sfr ftrf `nmf, mbeba rbifafibr `n lkpfrtnailn mb `n rb`nilùa batrb `fs tltu`nrbs pbrlfmëstlifs y b` ifatbalmf mb `ns aftlilns.

m. «¶Iùkf kbmlr n`gf tna ifkp`bof ifkf `f latb`lgba-

tbs qub pfmbkfs ``bgnr n sbr6 ¶Yf`f ifa b` ifbdlilbatb latb`bitun`6 @n tbfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailn Latb`lgbailnss Kÿ`tlp`bs afs mbsiuerb qub pfmbkfs ``bgnr n sbr kuy latb`lgbatbs...º   8. Latbrvlbab Îagb`bs Inrrlzfsn ifkf `f knaldlbstna sus

pn`nerns ”rbifglmns batrb ifkl``ns” ifkl``ns” y `n rbdbrbailn n së klskn? «kl `nefr mb frlbatnmfrnº.   3. Ifa `ns latb`lgbailns b latrnpbrsfan`, pfrqub tlbab qub vbr ifalatbrpbrsfan` `n lmbatldlinilùa mb bkfilfabs. >>. Latrfmuiilùa? prlkbr pîrrndf. Mbsnrrf``f? sb bxtlbamb

mbsmb b` sbguamf pîrrndf hnstn b` dlan`, n bxibpilùa mb `ns trbs ÿ`tlkns `ëabns. Ifai`uslùa? ÿ`tlkns trbs `ëabns. >5. n. @n frnilùa frnilùa latbrrfgntlvn? latbrrfgntlvn? su dlan`lmnm bs npb`nr npb`nr n `fs

rbibptfrbs y mbspbrtnr su latbrìs. e. @ns ifkl``ns? pbrkltba iltnr `ns pn`nerns mb Îagb`bs

Inrrlzfsn. i. @fs mfs puatfs? sb utl`lzna pnrn latrfmuilr `ns mbdlal-

ilfabs mb `fs mldbrbatbs tlpfs mb latb`lgbailns.

IFA]BALMFY MLGL]N@BY Numlf? Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs Nkp`lnilùa?

>9. B` kbasnob feobtlvf sb ifaslgub rbiurrlbamf n `ns tbf-

Hbrrnklbatns?

rëns mb `fs psliù`fgfs. Ba `n dfrkn, sb bkp`bna bspbiln`-

Np`linilùa fa`lab pnrn irbnr iurrëiu`uks

kbatb frnilfabs bauailntlvns, nmobtlvfs bspbildlintlvfs y baukbrnilfabs bxp`lintlvns: prbmfklan `n duailùa rbdbrbailn` prfpln mb `fs tbxtfs ladfrkntlvfs.

Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs ba b` nu`n @n aftliln Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

>=. Ubspubstn `lerb.

>47

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifkualinilùa frn` y bsirltn? nan`lznr y rbifafibr 7

✙

@fs gìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs

❟ Gìabrfs

ladfrkntlvfs.  Ladfrkna sferb nsuatfs nitun`bs (aftliln, rbpfrtnob). mb fplalùa. Lai`uyba fplalfabs sferb tbkns mb latbrìs (bmltfrln`, if`ukan…).

 

NAN@L_NU \ UBIFAFIBU

IFKRALINILÙA FUN@ \ BYIUL]N

@FY ]BX]FY SBULFMËY]LIFY (L)

5. B` rbpfrtnob

>. @n aftliln

kÿ`tlp`bs ladfrkn nkp`lnkbatb sferb `ns lmbns mb` psliù`fgf B` tbxtf Latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs ladfrkn Hfwnrm Gnrmabr. Yb trntn, pfr tnatf, mb ua rbpfrtnob.

Iunamf b` psliù`fgf bstnmfualmbasb Hfwnrm Gnrmabr, nutfr mb `n ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns Kÿ`tlp`bs, rbilelù b` prbklf Srëailpb mb N sturlns ba 53>>, 53>>, `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa ladfrknrfa mb bstb hbihf n trnvìs mb aftlilns.

+

B` rbpfrtnob bs ua tbxtf pbrlfmëstlif qub mbsnrrf``n mb knabrn nkp`ln ua tbkn mb latbrìs pnrn `fs `bitfrbs.

❟ Gìabrfs

❟ Gìabrfs

klxtfs.  Ifkelana ladfrknilùa y fplalùa (batrbvlstn, irùalin…).

@n aftliln  bs ua tbxtf pbrlfmëstlif  ba b` qub sb ladfrkn n` pÿe`lif sferb hbihfs mb nitun`lmnm latbrbsnatbs.

@fs rbpfrtnobs, ifkf `ns aftlilns, nefrmna nsuatfs vnrlnmfs pbrf, n mldbrbailn mb bstns, af abibsltna ifatnr hbihfs mb nitun`lmnm. Nmbkîs, ba b` rbpfrtnob b` pbrlfmlstn gfzn mb knyfr `lebrtnm n `n hfrn mb frgnalznr su tbxtf y sb slrvb mb aukbrfsfs rbiursfs pnrn ifasbgulr ua tbxtf kîs prfduamf y vnrlnmf (mbi`nrnilfabs, mntfs, grî﬎ifs, dftfgrndëns, bti.).

@ns aftlilns sb mlduamba n trnvìs mb `fs kbmlfs mb ifkualinilùa trnmlilfan`bs (prbasn bsirltn, rnmlf y tb`bvlslùa) y mb `fs kbmlfs mlgltn`bs. Ybgÿa b` tbkn qub trntba, pubmba npnrbibr ba `ns  mldbrbatbs  sbiilfabs mb` pbrlùmlif?  Latbranilfan`, Anilfan`, @fin`, Bifafkën, Yfilbmnm, Ilbailn, Iu`turn, Mbpfrtbs, Fplalùa, bti.

7

I`nsl﬎inilùa 

❟ Ubpfrtnob

ladfrkntlvf.  @n ladfrknilùa sb fdrbib mb knabrn feobtlvn, sla vn`frnilfabs mb` pbrlfmlstn. Bs ua gìabrf ladfrkntlvf.

❟ Ubpfrtnob

latbrprbtntlvf. B` pbrlfmlstn npfrtn su sue obtlvlmnm n `n ladfrknilùa  obtlvlmnm ladfrknilùa.. Bs ua gìabrf klxtf.

Ra nutlstn batrb `ns iubrmns Sfr Ubebin \NAJB.

@N BY]URI]RUN MB @N AF]LILN

@n pn`nern nernzf sub`b sugbrlr su gbstf, ifkf `n pn`nern knr  ``bvn  ``bvn n` ngun y b` ngun ngun n`  n` mbsinasf f lai`usf n `n pnz. Bxlstba pbrsfans, sla bkenrgf, qub iunamf bsiuihna ebsf bsiuihna ebsf   af `f rb`nilfana ifa mnr`f. Af sfa nrlsifs, sbail``nkbatb sfa nsë, ifkf sfa nsë `fs ruelfs f `fs enoltfs. @n aburf`fgën mlib qub hny ba sus ibrberfs uan dn`tn mb nitlvlmnm ba ua îrbn qub sb rb`nilfan ifa `n rbprbsbatnilùa qub uaf sb hnib mb së klskf. Sbrf ]xljl, `n knmrb mb Lvîa, `f bxp`lin kuihëslkf kbofr? «@f vbën sf`f. Af pbmën anmn y auain tbaën prbml`biilùa pfr anmn, alagÿa ougubtb…º. ougubtb…º.

@ns aftlilns, yn sbna lkprbsns f mlgltn`bs, sb frgnalzna slgulbamf uan  bstruiturn  ifkÿa? tltu`nr, batrnmn f batrnml``n y iubrpf mb `n aftliln.

Hnstn qub Lvîa tuvf ilaif nþfs af suplbrfa qub tbaën «bspbitrf nutlstnº, uan ifamlilùa qub laſtuyb ba `ns inpnilmnmbs sfiln`bs: mfamb ua nibrinklbatf dëslif n ftrf sbr huknaf pubmb tfknr kngaltum mb nelskf. ]xljl latbatù tfmf pnrn qub su hlof tuvlbrn ua batfraf dnvfrne`b y, sferb tfmf, n﬎ilfabs y nklgfs. «Srlkbrf dub `n antnilùa, `ubgf b` oumf. Ba `n plsilan af bstnen iùkfmf y `fs prfdbsfrbs mb oumf kb mlobrfa qub af sb pfmëna hnibr inrgf mb ua alþf ifkf ì`º, iubatn. Hfy, >> nþfs mbspuìs mb qub ]xljl ifkbaznrn

]ltu`nr Ubsukb b` hbihf mb` qub sb ladfrkn. Submb ifastnr mb ua natbtëtu`f,  ua tëtu`f y natbtëtu`f, ua ua suetëtu`f,  qub sb suetëtu`f, qub mbstnina tlpfgrî﬎inkbatb.

Batrnmn f batrnml``n Ifrrbspfamb n` prlkbr pîrrndf. Ba b``n sb fdrbiba `fs mntfs bsbailn`bs qub rbspfamba n `ns prbguatns eîslins mb uan aftliln? quì, qulìa f n qulìa, mùamb, iuîamf, iùkf, pfr quì.

Iubrpf Nkp`ën `n ladfrknilùa qub sb hn prbsbatnmf ba `n batrnmn.

]rbs bstumlnatbs mb `n RSAN gnana `fs Srbklfs n `ns Kbofrbs Lmbns mb Bkprbamlklbatf If`bitlvf ]rbs bstumlnatbs mb` grnmf mb ]rnenof Yfiln` hna slmf `ns gnanmfrns mb `fs Srbklfs n `ns Kbofrbs Lmbns mb Bkprbamlklbatf If`bitlvf, ifavfinmfs pfr `n Iîtbmrn RABYIF mb `n Ralvbrslmnm Sÿe`lin mb Anvnrrn (RSAN), pfr su prfybitf mb uan iffpbrntlvn, dfrknmn pfr oùvbabs, qub npfyb y nsbsfrb ba sltunilfabs mb mbpbambailn. Nmbkîs, b` ournmf hn ftfrgnmf ua niiìslt n mfs prfdbsfrbs mb `n lastltuilùa pfr su lmbn mb irbnr uan bkprbsn mb bifafkën sfiln` ba @njuatzn qub bkp`bb n kuobrbs mb mlvbrsfs frëgbabs ifa b` ﬎a mb b`nefrnr ifklmn insbrn.

n pbasnr qub «n`gf `b pnsnenº n su hlof, `ns ifsns ifklbazna n platnr kîs qub elba. Hnib insl ua nþf qub af sf`f Lvîa, tnkelìa su knmrb y su hbrknan, Nlahfn, batrbana ba b` glkanslf mb efxbf Lru-]bnk. efxbf Lru-]bnk. ^ub Lvîa bs ftrf af `f mliba sf`f su knmrb, f su hbrknan f su batrbanmfr, Obsÿs Lrurfzqul: `f mliba tnkelìa sus ifkpnþbrfs mb batrbanklbatf. Sfrqub mb af tbabr nklgfs hn pnsnmf n tbabr`fs, mb inrbibr mb ifatnitf dëslif ifa ftrns pbrsfans hn pnsnmf n lr sfernmf lr sfernmf   mb b``f. «Nquë sb slbatb nrrfpnmf, sb slbatb pnrtb mb n`gf. \f `f nmklrf. N` prlailplf af pfmën al tfinr`f, `b pfaën abrvlfsf… Nhfrn, bs ifkf kl prfplf hlofº, mlib b` Këstbr. ]xljl, qub tuvf qub nprbambr n hnibr plitfgrnkns pnrn pfmbr ifkualinrsb ifa su hlof, af sb f`vlmn mb nqub` iursf ifkp`btf ba b` qub su hlof Lvîa af sn`lù mb `n n`dfkern qub `b mlobrfa ba b` if`bglf qub brn «su bspnilfº. «Snrn qub af mlbrn gubrrn, `f mbonena nhë…º, mbsirleb. Sbrf nhfrn `f suyf bs `n n`dfkern kîglin mb ua rlag, mfamb kîs qub batrb iubrmns bstî batrb nklgfs. www.b`kuamf.bs (nmnptnilùa)

Nitlvlmnmbs   >.  >.    5. 5.  

Bmurab Eustf, Klrbln Btxbebrrln y ]naln Fsìs hna `fgrnmf `fs >733 burfs mb` prlkbr prbklf pfr su prfybitf «Bgfjltuº, klbatrns qub b` niiìslt, mftnmf ifa >333 burfs, hn rbinëmf ba `fs mfibatbs Lznsjua Namubzn y Knrtëa @ nrrnzn.

@bb mb aubvf b` tbxtf mb `n pîglan natbrlfr natbrlfr y `fin`lzn ba ì` `ns rbspubstns rbspubstns n `ns prbguatns eîslins mb `n aftliln. Tub`vb n `bbr b` rbpfrtnob sferb Lvîa. ¶Iuî` bs b` tbkn6

  9. 9.   ¶^uì rbiursfs bkp`bn `n pbrlfmlstn pnrn inptnr `n ntbailùa mb` `bitfr6   =. =.   Bxp`lin sl bs ua rbpfrtnob ladfrkntlvf f latbrprbtntlvf.

@fs prbklfs tlbaba pfr feobtlvf dfkbatnr batrb `n ifkualmnm ualvbrsltnrln b` trnenof iffpbrntlvf y `n eÿsqubmn mb lmbns mb irbnilùa mb bkp`bf.

  2. 2. I  I fkpnrn nkefs tbxtfs? dëontb ba b` tltu`nr, `n bstruiturn, y `fs rbiursfs `lagðëstlifs y bstl`ëstlifs bkp`bnmfs.

www.uanvnrrn.bs

   4 Lavbstlgn y bsirleb ua tbxtf ba b` qub bxp`lqubs `ns mldbrbailns batrb uan aftliln lkprbsn y uan mlgltn`.

>34

>37

Yugbrbailns mlmîitlins ❟ Ubifafibr `n

bstruiturn mb `n aftliln qub sb prbsbatn tnatf ba `n prbasn ba pnpb` ifkf ba `n mlgltn` bs b` prlkbr pnsf pnrn qub rbifafzina bstb tlpf mb tbxtf. Yb hnrî bspbiln` ìadnsls ba qub sb trntn mb ua tbxtf ladfrkntlvf, `f qub ``bvn lkp`ëiltn `n feobtlvlmnm, nuaqub sb `bs pubmb hne`nr mb `n frlbatnilùa mb` pbrlùmlif.

❟ N  

ifatlaunilùa sb batrn mb ``baf ba b`  bstumlf mb` rbpfrtnob. Bs duamnkbatn` sbþn`nr `ns mldbrbailns batrb bstb y `n

aftliln sb`biilfanmn sferb n`ukafs ifkf b``fs `bs hnrî rbd`bxlfanr sferb su prfpln rbn`lmnm bsif`nr, sferb `fs prfybitfs qub ``bgna n euba pubrtf y iu`klana ifa b` rbifafilklbatf mb `fs mbkîs.

❟ Ba

aftliln, mb tn` knabrn qub sbpna mlsibralr ifa dnil`lmnm mb quì gìabrf sb trntn ba inmn insf. Snrn b``f, bs vî`lmf rbiurrlr n `n mldbrbailn mb nkefs gìabrfs ba tb`bvlslùa (prfgrnkns ladfrkntlvfs mb aftlilns y mb rbpfrtnobs). b` kntbrln` mlgltn`, bstumlnrîa n dfamf n trnvìs mb uan vnrlbmnm mb tbxtfs `fs rnsgfs qub yn hna vlstf ba `n pnrtb tbùrlin. Srfduamlznrîa y rbd`bxlfanrîa sferb `n lkpfrtnailn mb knatbabrsb ladfrknmfs n trnvìs mb bstfs gìabrfs.

❟ @n

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

>48

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

 

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs   >. ❟ ¶^uì6  ¶^uì6 «]rbs bstumlnatbs mb `n RSAN gnana `fs Srbklfs

  5. B` tbkn bs `n latbgrnilùa mb `ns pbrsfans ifa nutlskf.

n `ns Kbofrbs Lmbns mb Bkprbamlklbatf If`bitlvfº. If`bitlvfº. ❟ ¶^ulìa f qulìabs6 «@ns bstumlnatbs Bmurab Eustf, Klrbln Btxbebrrln y ]naln Fsìsº. ❟ ¶Mùamb6 Ba Anvnrrn (RSAN). ❟ ¶Iuîamf6 «Ba b` ibrtnkba mb `fs Srbklfs n `ns Kbofrbs Lmbns mb Bkprbamlklbatf If`bitlvf, ifavfinmfs pfr `n Iîtbmrn RABYIF mb Ilumnmnaën, Ifavlvbailn y S`urn`lskf mb `n Ralvbrslmnm Sÿe`lin mb Anvnrrn (RSAN)º. ❟ ¶Sfr quì6 Sfr b` prfybitf mb «uan iffpbrntlvn, dfrknmn pfr oùvbabs, qub npfyb y nsbsfrb ba sltunilfabs mb mbpbambailnº. ❟ ¶Iùkf6 «@fs prbklfs tlbaba pfr feobtlvf dfkbatnr batrb `n ifkualmnm ualvbrsltnrln b` trnenof iffpbrntlvf y `n eÿsqubmn mb lmbns mb irbnilùa mb bkp`bf vlaiu`nmns ifa îkeltfs mb mbsnrrf``f bifaùklif y sfiln` mb Anvnrrnº.

  9. Snrn inptnr `n ntbailùa mb `fs `bitfrbs sb utl`lzn b` vn`fr

ifaaftntlvf mb` `bagunob ifa ua sbatlmf `ltbrnrlf («@n pn`nern nernzf sub`b sugbrlr su gbstf, ifkf `n pn`nern knr   ``bvn n` ngun y b` ngun n` mbsinasf f lai`usf n `n pnzº) y `ns rbdbrbailns n uan sltunilùa rbn` mb nutlskf n dla mb hnibr`n kîs prùxlkn n` rbibptfr.   =. B` rbpfrtnob bs latbrprbtntlvf pubstf qub npnrbiba npfrtnilfabs mb` pbrlfmlstn? @n pn`nern nernzf sub`b sugbrlr  su gbstf, gbstf, ifkf `n pn`nern pn`nern knr ``bvn n` ngun ngun y b` ngun n` mbsinasf f lai`usf n `n pnz: Af sfa nrlsifs, sbail``nkbatb sfa nsë, ifkf sfa nsë `fs ruelfs f `fs enoltfs: mfamb ua nibrinklbatf dëslif n ftrf sbr huknaf pubmb tfknr kngaltum mb nelskf...   2 y 4. Ubspubstn `lerb.

IFA]BALMFY MLGL] MLGL ]N@BY Numlfs? ]rbs bstumlnatbs mb `n RSAN gnana `fs Srbklfs n `ns Kbofrbs Lmbns mb Bkprbamlklbatf If`bitlvf Ra nutlstn batrb `ns iubrmns

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

Bsqubkn latbrnitlvf?

@n bstruiturn mb `n aftliln Srbsbatnilùa?

@fs gìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs

>4<

Ubdubrzf?

@fs gìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs @n bstruiturn mb `n aftliln B` rbpfrtnob

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

 

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifkualinilùa frn` y bsirltn? nkp`lnr b` `ìxlif 7 IFKRALINILÙA FUN@ \ BYIUL]N

B@ @ÌXLIF MB @N LA]B@LGBAILN

Ra inkpf sbkîatlif bstî ifastltulmf pfr ua grupf mb pn`nerns mb `n klskn i`nsb  qub ifkpnrtba ua  rnsgf mb su slgal﬎inmf.   Nsë, kntbkîtlins, `bagun, hlstfrln… pbrtbabiba n` inkpf sbkîatlif mb `ns nslganturns.

  >. >. Ybþn`n  Ybþn`n iuî` bs `n rbspubstn brrùabn iunamf hne`nkfs mb uan pbrsfan latb`lgbatb?

Ra inkpf nsfilntlvf bstî dfrknmf pfr pn`nerns qub pbrtbabiba n` klskf îkeltf mb `n rbn`lmnm. Nsë, b` inkpf nsfilntlvf mb `n bmuin-

e.  pbmnatb

i.   lastrulmf

  >. e.  Sbmnatb.

Inkpf sbkîatlif y nsfilntlvf

B` mbsnrrf``f y `n bvf`uilùa mb `n latb`lgbailn tlbaba kuihf qub vbr ifa `n inpnilmnm qub tlbab b` sbr huknaf mb pbrdbiilfanrsb. Sfmbr nvnaznr ba nqub``f pnrn `f qub bstnkfs inpniltnmfs mb knabrn laantn afs ``bvnrî n batbambr kbofr `n rbn`lmnm y n prfgrbsnr ba aubstrn vlmn.

n.  snelf

  Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs

NKS@LNU B@ @ÌXLIF

m.  bxpbrtf

  5. 5. Eusin  Eusin `fs tìrklafs latb`lgbatb  y `lstf, -n ba b` mliilfanrlf. ¶Yfa slaùalkfs6 Bxp`ëin`f ifa bobkp`fs.

  5. @lstf bs nqub` qub bs «ml`lgbatb, prfatf, bxpbmltfº, bs mb.

ilr, qub sneb nprfvbihnr `ns fpfrtualmnmbs: latb`lgbatb bs `n pbrsfan  «mftnmn mb ua grnmf b`bvnmf mb latb`lgbailnº.

  9. n. Bstnr / lr `lstf? Bstnr n`gulba bqulvfinmf ba uan fplbsf, bstî (vn) `lstf. alùa f mbsbf. Bo.? Yl plbasn :

ilùa bstî ifastltulmf pfr tìrklafs tn`bs ifkf bmuintlvf, basbþnr, nprbamlznob, prfdbsfr…

9.   Bxp`lin `ns slgulbatbs bxprbslfabs? 9. n.  bstnr /lr `lstf

e. Snsnrsb mb `lstf? Bxibmbrsb n`gulba ba kntbrlns f

e.  pnsnrsb mb `lstf

,

.

n. aftliln, rbpfrtnob, irùalin, batrbvlstn, bmltfrln`

@f qub mbebs snebr sferb Frsfa Wb``bs

e. Latbrabt, ihntbnr, e`fg, pfst, latbranutn, tultbnr

Ifa su inrn rbmfamn y su sfarlsn ladnatl`, nqub` alþf grnamb mbvbalmf ba gbalf rbvf`uilfaù `n rnmlf y b` tbntrf afrtbnkbrlinafs. N `fs 52 nþfs prftngfalzù ua sferbsn`lbatb mbeut ilabkntfgrî﬎if. Dub ua prf`ë﬎if mlrbitfr, `nefr qub ifkpnglaù ifa su dnibtn mb ni tfr, ba `n qub mbkfstrù pfsbbr tnkelìa ua pfrtbatfsf tn`batf.

@bb b` tbxtf sferb Frsfa Wb``bs y ifatbstn? ❟ Bxp`lin ❟ ¶N

quì bs b` tn`batf.

quì tlpf mb pbrsfan mbafklankfs gbalf6

❟ ¶^uì

bs `n pbrliln6

❟ ¶^uì

slgal﬎in b` tìrklaf  sferbsn`lbatb6

❟

¶N qulìa ifaslmbrnkfs ua alþf prfmlglf6 >>. @fin`lzn >>.  @fin`lzn `ns pn`nerns mb` inkpf sbkîatlif mb `ns prfdbslfabs qub npnrbiba ba b` drngkbatf.   Bsirleb uan erbvb aftliln sferb ua nifatbil>5

klbatf mb tu ibatrf bsif`nr rb`nilfanmf ifa `n latb`lgbailn. Bkp`bn b` vfineu`nrlf qub hns trnenonmf.

  2. Yb mbafklan latb`lgbailn nrtldliln`  n` prfgrnkn mb ifk.

putnilùa mlsbþnmf pnrn rbn`lznr mbtbrklanmns fpbrnilf  abs prfplns mb `n latb`lgbailn huknan. ,

vf`inr y knalpu`nr lmbns ba ua mleuof f knpn kbatn`, utl`lznamf b`bkbatfs rb`nilfanmfs batrb së pnrn batbambr

Ba >38

Numlf? @f qub mbebs snebr sferb Frsfa Wb``bs

«

n`inazn `n knyfr bdbitlvlmnm ifa `n këalkn inatlmnm mb rbiursfs np`linamf nvnaibs tbiaf`ùglifs.

  8. 8. Lamlin  Lamlin iuî`bs mb `ns slgulbatbs sbrlbs ifastltuifastltuyba ua inkpf sbkîatlif y iuî`bs ua inkpf nsfilntlvf. Oustl﬎in tu rbspubstn.

>3.   >3.

,

,   =. Ra bmldlilf latb`lgbatb bs uan, ifastruiilùa ba, `n qub sb latb`lgbatb

  7. 7. ¶^uì  ¶^uì rb`nilùa bxlstb batrb lagbalf  b latb`lgbailn 6 ¶Mb qulìa mbilkfs qub bs uan pbrsfan lagbalfsn6

  . Ubspubstn `lerb.

>73

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

   

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

  7

Ifkualinilùa frn` y bsirltn? bsirlelr  

9. Dnsb mb p`naldlinilùa, ifkpfslilùa y rbvlslùa. Yb su-

7

BYIULELU RA INU]B@ N SNU]LU MB RAN AF]LILN

glbrb qub sb slgna `ns pnutns mb` `lerf mb` n`ukaf pnrn `n ifkpfslilùa mb` tbxtf. ◗ Ba `n p`naldlinilùa, rbn`lznr ua efibtf ifa `n lkngba b`bglmn ifkf b`bkbatf ibatrn` pnrn nitlvnr `n irbntlvlmnm. Yb rbifklbamn frgnalznr b` ifatbalmf qub sb qulbrb trnaskltlr ifa tfmns `ns lmbns, mbspuìs sb slatbtl-

Dnsb mb fesbrvnilùa y naî`lsls  

@fs inrtb`bs sfa rbprbsbatnilfa rbprbsbatnilfabs bs grî﬎ins qub trnaskltba iun`qulbr tlpf mb ladfrknilùa mb dfrkn slatìtlin y vlsun` pnrn ntrnbr `n ntbailùa mb` `bitfr. ,

  >. >.  

@bb bstn aftliln sferb b` prbklf Mbsndëf Bkprbamb, Bkprbamb, ifavfinmf pfr `n Fern Yfiln` mb ‐@n Inlxn‛.

.  

«Mbsndëf bkprbambº prbkln n 5> n`ukafs ifa ua vlnob n Yl`lifa Tn``by Ra tftn` 887 grupfs n`ukafs mb‛@n BYFInlxn‛ y Enihl``brntf pnrtlilpna ba mb b` ifaiursf mbmb `n Fern Yfiln` Ra ine`b pnrn ifkpnrtlr `n babrgën mb ua kùvl` n ftrf: ua kbmlmfr mb rnyfs uvn pnrn lastn`nr`f ba `ns p`nyns f gunatbs pnrn ili`lstns qub sb in`lbatna ifa uan entbrën qub duailfan ifa b` kfvlklbatf rftntfrlf sfa trbs bobkp`fs mb `ns ilaif kbofrbs lmbns sb`biilfanmns ba `n sbguamn bmlilùa mb Mbsndëf Bkprbamb, b` ifaiursf mb `n Fern Yfiln` ‛@n Inlxn‛. B` prbklf ifaslstb ba ua vlnob n Yl`lifa Tn``by pnrn `fs grupfs bsif`nrbs gnanmfrbs.

…

znrîa. Rsnr enaifs mb lkîgbabs mb mfklalf pÿe`lif f irbntlvb ifkkfas (wbegrndën). ◗ Ba `n irbnilùa, sb`biilfanr `ns pn`nerns kîs lkpfrtnatbs y sugbrbatbs (ba b` inrtb` prbmfklan `f vlsun` sferb `f vbren`). Ubn`lznr uan ifkpfslilùa nrkùalin ifa uan bstìtlin qub mbsplbrtb `n lknglanilùa mb` bspbitnmfr. Ba `n wbegrndën sb fdrbiba rbiursfs ]LI pnrn dnil`ltnr b` trnenof y hnibr`f kîs ntrnitlvf, nmbkîs, sb pubmba usnr prfgrnkns ladfrkîtlifs (Sfwbrpflat, jbyaftb, bti.) f rbiursfs p`îstlifs. ◗ Ba `n rbvlslùa, ifkpnrnr sus inrtb`bs ifa `n aftliln frlglan` pnrn mbtbrklanr `ns pfsle`bs kbofrns. ¶Inptn `n ntbailùa y trnaskltb b` klskf kbasnob6 ¶B` inrtb` bs ladfrkntlvf y n` klskf tlbkpf pbrsunslvf6 ¶Ubsu`tn

Ra tftn` mb 887 grupfs mb n`ukafs mb BYF y Enihl``brntf mb >353 lastltutfs mb tfmn Bspnþn sb lasirlelbrfa n` ifaiursf y prbsbatnrfa sus prfybitfs. Ba b` in`ldfralnaf Yl`lifa Tn``by, slaùalkf mb laafvnilùa y bkprbamlklbatf, `fs oùvbabs vlsltnrîa «`n Ylagu`nrlty Ralvbrslty mb Gffg`b, bkprbsns ifkf Mrfpefx pnrn qub vbna kfmb`fs mb abgfilf y tnkelìa lrîa n `ns ualvbrslmnmbs mb Ytnadfrm y Ebrjb`by pnrn hnibr tn``brbs mb mbslga thlajlag y if`nefrnilùaº, hn bxp`linmf Dbraîambz mb `ns Sbþns, rbspfasne`b mb `fs prbklfs Mbsndëf Bkprbamb. www.b`pnls.ifk

5. Ybþn`n 5.  Ybþn`n `ns pnrtbs mb `n aftliln y rbsukb su ifatbalmf. Srfpubstn  @fs prftngfalstns mb bstn aftliln tuvlbrfa qub nitlvnr sus latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs pnrn prbsbatnrsb n` ifaiursf. Tnls n prnitlinr `ns vubstrns trnasdfrknamf bstn aftliln ba ua inrtb`, ifa b` ﬎a mb prfkfilfanr`n ba `n rbvlstn mlgltn` mb` nu`n.

 

Dnsb mb p`nal﬎inilùa, ifkpfslilùa y rbvlslùa   9. 9. Yb`biilfan  Yb`biilfan y frgnalzn `n ladfrknilùa mb `n aftliln pnrn ifatbstnr mb dfrkn slatìtlin `ns prbguatns qub sb p`natbna ba b` kfmb`f mb `n mbrbihn. ,

  =. =. B`lgb  B`lgb uan lkngba qub rbprbsbatb b` kbasnob y mlsbþn ua efibtf ifa `fs b`bkbatfs tbxtun`bs y pnrntbxtun`bs. Ifkeëan`fs pnrn qub b` kbasnob sbn i`nrf y vlsun`? drnsbs y pn`nerns i`nvb, tlpfgrndën ``nkntlvn, if`frbs, bti. Snrn b`nefrnr`f, pubmbs utl`lznr kntbrln` p`îstlif f hbrrnklbatns mlgltn`bs. mlgltn`bs.

, , .

,

2. Ubvlsnm 2.  Ubvlsnm b` inrtb` pfr pnrbons? ¶rbſtbon `n aftliln frlglan`6, ¶`n inatlmnm mb tbxtf bs nmbiunmn6, ¶sfa nprfplnmns `ns lkîgbabs6 Tn`frnm sl b` rbsu`tnmf bs bstìtlif y inptn `n ntbailùa mb `fs pfsle`bs rbibptfrbs. rbibptfrbs.

nmbiunmf pnrn b` kbmlf mlgltn`6

=. Dnsb mb prbsbatnilùa.   Yb rbifklbamn ifkbatnr mb

  4 Latrfmuib `ns kfml﬎inilfabs abibsnrlns y rbn`lzn `n vbrslùa mb﬎altlvn.

dfrkn rbd`bxlvn tfmns `ns prfmuiilfabs. Gunrmnr `n prfmuiilùa ba b` pfrtndf`lf. Yb suglbrb hnibr uan bxpfslilùa pnrn nkelbatnr b` nu`n murnatb b` mbsnrrf``f mb tfmn `n ualmnm.

Dnsb mb prbsbatnilùa   7. 7. Bxpùa  Bxpùa tu inrtb` f pue`ëin`f ba b` e`fg mb` nu`n. >3<

Yugbrbailns mlmîitlins

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs

❟ Yb

p`natbn uan tnrbn mb prfmuiilùa bsirltn ba `n qub b` n`ukanmf trnasdfrkn uan aftliln ba dfrkntf ifatlauf ba ua inrtb` (dfrkntf mlsifatlauf). Ifa bstn prfpubstn tfknrî ifailbailn mb `n ifastnailn mb` tbkn batrb mlstlatfs gìabrfs klbatrns latbrniilfan ifa b``fs mb dfrkn slgaldlintlvn y rbd`bxlfan sferb sus inrnitbrëstlins.

  5. ]ëtu`f?  «Mbsndëf bkprbambº prbkln n 5> n`ukafs ifa ua vlnob n Yl`lifa Yl`l ifa Tn``by. Batrnml``n? Ra tftn` mb 887 grupfs mb n`ukafs mb BYF  y Enihl``brn Enihl``brntf tf pnrtlilpn pnrtlilpna. a. Iubrpf? Mbsmb Ra ine`b pnrn ifkpnrtlr ifkpnrtlr… … hnstn b` dlan`. Ubsukba? 5> n`ukafs hna slmf prbklnmfs pfr sus lmbns laafvnmfrns ba `n sbguamn bmlilùa mb Mbsndëf Bkprbamb, b` ifaiursf mb `n Fern Yfiln` @n Inlxn. N`

❟ Snrn

dnvfrbibr `n rbd`bxlùa sferb `ns bstrntbglns abibsnrlns n dla mb rbn`lznr bstn prîitlin mb bsirlturn, sb suglbrb `n slgulbatb sbiubailn mlmîitlin? >. Srbpnrnilùa n` gìabrf. Dnsb mb fesbrvnilùa y naî`lsls. Ba uan ifavbrsnilùa if`bitlvn oustldlinr b` sbatlmf mb

ifaiursf sb hna prbsbatnmf 887 grupfs mb n`ukafs mb BYF y Enihl``brntf mb >353 lastltutfs mb tfmn Bspnþn. B` prbklf ifaslstb ba ua vlnob n Yl`lifa Tn``by  pnrn   pnrn `fs grupfs bsif`nrbs gnanmfrbs. @fs oùvbabs vlsltnrîa `n Ylagu`nrlty Ralvbrslty mb Gffg`b, bkprbsns ifkf Mrfpefx y `ns ualvbrslmnmbs mb Ytnadfrm y Ebrjb`by. Snrn `n rbsf`uilùa mb `n prfpubstn mb bsirlturn (nitlvlmnmbs 9, =, 2, 4, y 7), sb prfpfab sbgulr `ns sugbrbailns mlmîitlins.

`n nitlvlmnm y nyumnr ifa `ns prbguatns n qub `fs n`ukafs fesbrvba rbd`bxlvnkbatb b` ifatbalmf y `n dfrkn ba `n qub sb prbsbatn bstn aftliln mb oùvbabs bkprbambmfrbs. Yb nifasbon rbpnsnr `ns prbguatns eîslins, `n bstruiturn y `ns inrnitbrëstlins mb bstb tlpf mb tbxtf. Bs lkpfrtnatb rnzfanr sferb b` kfmf ba b` qub uan klskn ladfrknilùa pubmb sbr prbsbatnmn mb mlstlatn dfrkn y ifa mldbrbatbs dlan`lmnmbs. 5. Srfpubstn. Yb p`natbn uan sltunilùa ifkualintlvn vbrfsëkl` ba `n qub `fs n`ukafs mbeba trnasdfrknr uan aftliln ba ua qub pbrkltn ba uan rbvlstn mlgltn`, yninrtb` qub trntn mb uafsprfkfilfanr`n oùvbabs bkprbambmfrbs, bkprbambmfrb s, ua kfmb`f n sbgulr.

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

>7>

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

 

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifafilklbatf mb `n `bagun? nan`lznr y rbifafibr 7

IFAFILKLBA]F MB @N @BAGRN

Irltbrlfs mb i`nsl﬎inilùa 

+

@ns frnilfabs qub ifadfrkna ua tbxtf pubmba i`nsl﬎inrsb  ntbamlbamf n mldbrbatbs irltbrlfs slatîitlifs? ❟ @n

 

NAN@L_NU \ UBIFAFIBU

@NY I@NYBY MB FUNILFABY 

5. Frnilfabs ntrleutlvns y prbmlintlvns

>. Frnilfabs suobtf-prbmlinmf b lkpbrsfan`bs

Ybgÿa `n anturn`bzn mb` prbmlinmf, baifatrnkfs mfs i`nsbs mb frnilfabs. Fesìrvn`f ba `fs bobkp`fs?

Fesbrvn `ns slgulbatbs frnilfabs mb `n `biturn laliln`?

❟ @n anturn`bzn mb` vbref aÿ-

i`bf mb prbmlinmf? frnilfabs ntrleutlvns  y prbmlintlvns. ❟ @n

prbsbailn f nusbailn mb ua IM? frnilfabs trnasltlvns b latrnasltlvns. vfz vbren`? frnilfabs nitlvns y pnslvns.

❟ @n

Eusin tu kbofr latb`lgbailn. Ylbkprb hny ba i`nsb n`ukafs eubafs ba kntbkîtlins.

B` aÿi`bf mb` prbmlinmf mb `n prlkbrn frnilùa bs ua vbref ifpu`ntlvf  (sfa) qub slrvb mb ba`nib  batrb b` aÿi`bf mb` suobtf  (n`ukafs) y b` grupf afklan` eubafs ifkpnþbrfs, qub rbn`lzn `n duailùa mb ntrleutf.

Ba `n prlkbrn frnilùa b` suobtf af npnrbib, pbrf pfmbkfs rbiupbrnr`f n pnrtlr mb `n tbrklanilùa vbren`? eusin g 5.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr: suobtf fkltlmf?  tÿ. Ba `ns frnilfabs suobtf-prbmlinmf, bxlstb ua suobtf, yn sbn bxprbsf u fkltlmf.

@ns frnilfabs ntrleutlvns, ifpu`ntlvns f mb prbmlinmfafklan` sb ifastruyba  pnrbibr, y ifa `fs vbrefs ifpu`ntlvfs sbr, bstnr y pnrbibr,  y slbkprb tlbaba ua ntrleutf.

Ba `n sbguamn frnilùa af hny suobtf y tnkpfif pfmbkfs rbiupbrnr`f n pnrtlr mb` vbref? hny  g 9.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr, pbrf * Ì` / b``n hny ba i`nsb.  Yb trntn, pfr tnatf, mb uan frnilùalkpbrsfan`.

   

A Y( ust)

A T( )

Y (GA)

Ubiubrmn qub b` ntrleutf bs ua grupf slatîitlif qub dfrkn pnrtb mb ua prbmlinmf afklan`.   Ifkp`bkbatn n ua vbref ifpu`ntlvf  y bxprbsn uan iun`lmnm f bstnmf mb` suobtf, ifa b` qub ifaiubrmn ba gìabrf y aÿkbrf.

Nt (GA)

 

Nt (GA)  

S (GT)

Y (GA)

S (GT)

Ba `n sbguamn frnilùa b` aÿi`bf mb` prbmlinmf bs ua vbref prbmlintlvf (mbsnrrf``na)   y, pfr tnatf, af ``bvn ntrleutf.

@ns frnilfabs lkpbrsfan`bs sb ifastruyba mb mlstlatns dfrkns?

vbrefs qub mbslgana dbaùkbafs ntkfsdìrlifs f i`lkîtlifs  (abvnr, ``fvbr,  grnalznr, trfanr…)? trfanr…)? Hn ``fvlmf tfmn `n afihb. Abvnrî ba `n slbrrn.

❟ Ifa

@ns frnilfabsprbmlintlvns sb ifastruyba ifa vbrefs af ifpu`ntlvfs.

 alþfs kuy latb`lgbatbs. b` vbref hnebr  iunamf af bs nuxl`lnr? Hny  alþfs

`fs vbrefs hnibr, sbr  f  f   bstnr   ba bxprbslfabs rb`nilfanmns ifa b` tlbkpf Hnib  drëf. Bstî aue`nmf. Hnib trbs hfrns. Bs mb mën. ntkfsdìrlif f irfaf`ùglif? Hnib

❟ Ifa

Snrn bxprbsnr `n hfrn, sb rbifklbamn utl`lznr `ns ifastruiilfabs ifaifrmnmns? Bs `n uan y uan y Yfa `ns mfib.

M (Lam)

Bstruiturn mb `ns frnilfabs ntrleutlvns

@ns frnilfabs ntrleutlvns sb ifastruyba slbkprb sla IM. Wb``bs dub ua alþf prfmlglf.

NAÎ@LYLY YLA]ÎI]LIF

 sfa eubafs ifkpnþbrfs.  N`guafs n`ukafs sfa

@ns frnilfabs lkpbrsfan`bs af tlbaba suobtf bxprbsf al fkltlmf, y sb ifastruyba ifa b` vbref ba tbribrn pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr.

❟ Ifa

✙

 N`guafs n`ukafs sfa eubafs ifkpnþbrfs. Bsfs n`ukafs mbsnrrf``na hnel`lmnmbs sfiln`bs.

bxlstbailn f af mb ua su-

 obtf?frnilfabs suobtf-prbmlinmf b lkpbrsfan`bs.

7

@ns frnilfabs prbmlintlvns pubmba ``bvnr ifkp`bkbatfs vbren`bs ”bxibptf b` ntrleutf” f pubmba ifastrulrsb sla b``fs.

vbrefs ba usfs lkpbrsfan`bs (9.ª pbrsfan mb p`urn`)? Kb hna qultnmf `ns ``nvbs: @`nkna n` tlkerb. Ba bstns frnilfabs, b` suobtf af sb ifafib f af latbrbsn.

NAÎ@LYLY YLA]ÎI]LIF

 sb?  Yb ifkb elba nquë. Ba bstfs insfs, b` suobtf bs gìabrlif, b` prfafkerb sb? sb mbsifafib f af sb qulbrb lmbatl﬎inr.

 M (Mbk)  

❟ Ifa ftrfs

Bsfs n`ukafs mbsnrrf``na hnel`lmnmbssfiln`bs.

❟ Ifa

A (Yust)

A (T)

Y (GA)

IM (GA) S (GT)

Nitlvlmnmbs  

=.  Oustl﬎in sl `ns frnilfabs suernynmns ba b` tbxtf sfa ntrleutlvns f prbmlintlvns. ¶^uì tlpf mb ifkp`bkbatf npnrbib ba `ns frnilfabs ntrleutlvns6

  2.  Nan`lzn slatîitlinkbatb bstns frnilfabs? frnilfabs? n. Hneën baifatrnmf n n`gulba bspbiln`. e. Bsb bxtrnaobrf sbrën kl nklgf. i. Bstnen ba pnz ifa kls subþfs.

g. ^ulzîs `fs prboulilfs hnyna ifatrleulmf n su rbeb`mën.   5.  Bxp`lin iùkf sb dfrkna `ns frnilfabs lkpbrsfan`bs qub hns sbþn`nmf.

m. B` kuihnihf bainranen kl lmbn` mb nklstnm.   4.  Ifavlbrtb `n slgulbatb frnilùa ba ntrleutlvn y bxp`lin `fs inkelfs?

  9.  Bxp`lin y ifrrlgb `fs brrfrbs mb `ns slgulbatbs frnilfabs? n. *Kb n`bgrù mb qub huelbrna nerlgfs mb tu tn``n. e. *Hbkfs qubmnmf tnrmb y tfmnvën sfa `n uan. i. *Hna hnelmf kuihns qubons ba `n ÿ`tlkn rbualùa. >>3

  N`gulba

Nitlvlmnmbs  

>.  Lamlin sl bstns frnilfabs tlbaba suobtf bxprbsf, tîiltf f sfa lkpbrsfan`bs? n. Hniën ua sf` iî`lmf nqub``n knþnan mb ftfþf. e. Hn rbpnrtlmf tfmfs sus `lerfs. i. Hneën uan fsiurlmnm mb tfrkbatn ba b` hfrlzfatb. m. Bs kuy tnrmb y ihlspbn ba kl ilumnm. b. ¶Yb ntlbamb n `ns bkfilfabs mb `fs alþfs ba `n bsiub`n6 d. Enstn ifa trbs vftfs kîs.

@fs bxîkbabs af kb inusnena kuihns ml﬎iu`tnmbs.

   7 Bsirleb trbs frnilfabs ntrleutlvns y trbs frnilfabs prbmlintlvns pnrn ifatlaunr b` tbxtf.  

bspbiln` 

Sfr ﬎a hneën baifatrnmf n n`gulba qub pfmën bainranr kl lmbn` mb nklstnm. Z…[  Iùkf ``nknr su ntbailùa, iùkf hnibr`b sbatlr qub yf brn mlstlatf mb bsn ihuskn neurrlmn, iùkf ifavbaibr`b mb qub sf`f yf kbrbiën sbr su nklgf… bstb brn b` latbrrf gnatb pnrn b` qub hn``nen rbspubstn i`nrn. Mb prfatf bkpbiì n mbkfstrnr grna latbrìs pfr `f qub suibmën ba i`nsb. Gbabrn`kbatb prbdbrën qub kb mbonrna ba pnz ifa kls subþfs, klbatrns bspbrnen qub `n inkpnan kb `lernrn mb `n rutlan. Af tbaën anmn bspbiln` pnrn mbs`ukernr n kls ifamlsiëpu`fs. Ba tnatf pumlbrn nprfenr `fs bxîkbabs, `f qub af kb inusnen kuihns ml﬎iu`tnmbs, ¶pnrn quì bsdfrznrkb6 Z…[ Sbrf ba bsb kfkbatf rbanië. Inmn vbz qub tbaën n`gf qub mbilr kb `bvnatnen mb ua sn`tf. Drbm RH@KNA Ubbaiubatrf, ]usqubts >>>

Yugbrbailns mlmîitlins ❟ Ba

bstn sbiilùa afs fiupnkfs mb `n i`nsldlinilùa mb `ns frnilfabs, ifatbalmfs qub afs pbrkltba iukp`lr ua mfe`b feobtlvf?

ifkprbamba ifa dnil`lmnm bstn bstruiturn, tnkelìa bs ilbrtf qub sub`ba mbsntbambr`f pfr `n dn`tn mb rbd`bxlùa. ❟ Nitlvlmnmbs

truiturns bxp`linmns hnstn nquë sb prnitlina ba bobrililfs mb np`linilùa y ifasf`lmnilùa. B` prfdbsfr bs b` qub mbtbrklan sl sb trnenona mb knabrn lamuitlvn f mbmuitlvn. @n rbd`bxlùa sb

◗ Ubpnsnr

p`natbnklbatfs qub hbkfs lmf trnenonamf n` rbsf`vbr b` naî`lsls slatîitlif

◗ Ubsuklr b` prfibmlklbatf mb nan`lznr frnilfabs mb knabrn

g`fen`lznmfrn.

frlbatn bspbiln`kbatb n `n mlstlailùa mb `ns frnilfabs ifa bstruiturn suobtf y prbmlinmf ”tnatf bxprbsf ifkf b`ëptlif” y `ns ifastruiilfabs lkpbrsfan`bs.

mb ifafilklbatfs prbvlfs? n` trntnrsb mb ifaibptfs qub sb hna utl`lznmf pbrknabatbkbatb pbrknabatbkbatb ba b` naî`lsls slatîitlif ba `ns ualmnmbs natbrlfrbs sbrî dîil` fetbabr ua rbiubrmf kuy ibrinaf mb `f qub nquë sb trnenon. Snrn b``f sb pubmb rbpnrtlr uan dlihn mb` slgulbatb knpn kbatn` kumf pnrn ifkp`btnr`f ba bqulpf iffpbrntlvf mb mfs, trbs f iuntrf pbrsfans. Ran mb `ns i`nvbs mb` nprbamlznob iffpbrntlvf bs ifasbgulr qub tfmfs `fs klbkerfs mb` bqulpf ifaslgna `fs feobtlvfs mb nprbamlznob? b` ìxltf mb` bqulpf mbpbamb mb` ìxltf mb tfmfs sus klbkerfs.

❟ Nitlvlmnm

Bs ifavbalbatb qub sb rbd`bxlfab nibrin mb `n latbailùa mb` hne`natb n` laifrpfrnr f af b` suobtf mb `n frnilùa. Nmbkîs, sb trnenona `ns bstruiturns ifa b` vbref hnebr y `fs brrfrbs mb ifaifrmnailn ifa b` ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf (IM) tna drbiubatbs ba b` hne`n mb mbtbrklanmfs îkeltfs gbfgrîdlifs y iu`turn`bs. ❟ B`

tbxtf mb Ubbaiubatrf, mb Drbm Rh`kna, bstî ëatlknkbatb rb`nilfanmf ifa b` hl`f ifamuitfr mb `n ualmnm. B` prftngfalstn mb bstn pbqubþn afvb`n mb` bsirltfr n`bkîa Drbm Rh`kna afs mbsirleb iùkf lad`uyb ba su nitltum ba i`nsb `n npnrlilùa mb ua ifkpnþbrf n` qub nmklrn. B` tbxtf, nmbkîs mb

❟ B`

n`ukanmf yn mbeb rbifafibr b` suobtf mb `n frnilùa ifa sf`turn ba iun`qulbr ilriuastnailn, `n laslstbailn nquë sb ibatrnrî ba `n rbiupbrnilùa mb `fs suobtfs tîiltfs u fkltlmfs n pnrtlr mb `n ifaifrmnailn ifaifrmnailn.. ❟ Ba sbguamf `ugnr, sb mbeba rbifrmnr `fs tlpfs mb vbrefs y ifastruiilfabs qub af knatlbaba `n bstruiturn suobtf-prbmlinmf, bs mbilr, `ns ifastruiilfabs lkpbrsfan`bs. Nuaqub Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

mb prîitlin y ifasf`lmnilùa?  `ns iuntrf bs-

rbdfrznr `fs ifatbalmfs grnkntlin`bs qub sb prfpfaba sb hna bxp`linmf hnstn nquë, pubmb sbrvlrafs pnrn mln`fgnryifa aubstrfs bstumlnatbs sferb b` tbkn n pnrtlr mb `ns slgulbatbs prbguatns? ¶Bs ilbrtf qub `n prbsbailn mb `fs ifkpnþbrfs mbtbrklan aubstrn dfrkn mb bstnr ba i`nsb6

>75

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

 

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs   >. n. Lkpbrsfan`.

  2. Hneën baifatrnmf n n`gulba bspbiln`  

e. Yuobtf tîiltf (9.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr, ì`  f  f b``n).

A

B

A (Srfa)

IA (Nmo)

 

i. Lkpbrsfan`.

] (GA)  

m. Lkpbrsfan`.

IM (G Srbp)

b. Lkpbrsfan`.

S (GT)

d. Lkpbrsfan`.

Yuobtf Fkltlmf? 9.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr (ì` / b``n)

g. Yuobtf bxprbsf (`fs prboulilfs).

Bsb bxtrnaobrf sbrën kl nklgf

  5. n. Ifa b` vbref hnibr  qub  qub mbslgan ua dbaùkbaf ntkfs-

M (Nrt)

dìrlif. i. Tbref hnebr. m. Tbref sbr  rb`nilfanmf  rb`nilfanmf ifa b` tlbkpf irfaf`ùglif irfaf`ùglif.. b. Ifa b` prfafkerb sb. d. Tbref ba usf lkpbrsfan` (enstn).   9. n. Kb n`bgrù qub huelbrn nerlgfs mb tu tn``n. B` vbref n`bgrnr  af   af mbeb tbabr ba bstb insf prbpfslilùa mb  y b` vbref hnebr  mbeb  mbeb lr ba slagu`nr, af mbeb ifaifrmnr ifa b` GA (nerlgfs). e. Hbkfs qubmnmf tnrmb y tfmnvën bs `n uan. Ba `n bxprb-

 

slùa mb `n hfrn sb rbifklbamn ifaifrmnmns batrb b` vbref y b` utl`lznr GA. `ns bxprbslfabs i. Hn hnelmf kuihns qubons ba `n ÿ`tlkn rbualùa. Fiurrb ifkf ba b` prlkbr insf? b` vbref hnebr, n` af sbr nuxl`lnr ba bstn finslùa, af mbeb ifaifrmnr ifa b` GA.   =. \f brn mlstlatf mb bsn ihuskn neurrlmn. Ntrleutlvn. Bstb brn b` latbrrfgnatb. Ntrleutlvn. Af hn``nen rbspubstn i`nrn. Srbmlintlvn. Af tbaën anmn bspbiln`. Srbmlintlvn. Ba `ns mfs frnilfabs ntrleutlvns npnrbib ua ntrleutf. Ubspubstn `lerb.

  

A

A

Y (GA)

Nt. (GA) S (GT)

Bstnen ba pnz ifa kls subþfs  

A (T)

B ] (Yust)

B

M (Sfs)

A (Yust)

 

Nt (G Srbp)

] (GA)

 

II mb Ifkpnþën (G Srbp) S (GT)

Yuobtf fkltlmf? >.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr (yf) B` M (Nrt)

kuihnihf bainranen kl lmbn` mb nklstnm nklstnm A (Yust)

A (T)

M (Nrt) A (Yust)

 

B

] (Yust) IA (G Srbp)

IM (GA) Y (GA)

S (GT)

  4. Ubspubstn kfmb`f? @fs bxîkbabs af kb pnrbiëna mldëil`bs. B` vbref sb sustltuyb pfr ua vbref ifpu`ntlvf (pnrbiëna) y sb sustltuyb b` IM pfr ua ntrleutf (mldëil`bs).   7. Ubspubstn `lerb.

IFA]BALMFY MLGL] MLGL ]N@BY Srbsbatnilùa? 

Numlf?

Ubdubrzf?

@ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs

N`gulba bspbiln`

I`nsbs mb frnilfabs ]rnasdfrknilùa ]r nasdfrknilùa mb nitlvn n pnslvn

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

>79

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

 

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifafilklbatf mb `n `bagun? nan`lznr y rbifafibr 7

IFAFILKLBA]F MB @N @BAGRN

 + Tbrefs trnasltlvfs b latrnasltlvfs vbrefs trnasltlvfs  prbilsna mb ua ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf?  mlrbitf?  tbabr (n`gf), qubrbr (n`gf)?  Kl  prlkf tlbab kuihfs nkl-

9. Frnilfabs trnasltlvns b latrnasltlvns

=. Frnilfabs nitlvns y pnslvns

Ba `ns frnilfabs prbmlintlvns, b` vbref pubmb npnrbibr nifkpnþnmf mb ua ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf, f af. Fesìrvn`f ba `ns frnilfabs?

Dëontb sl b` suobtf rbn`lzn f pnmbib `n niilùa mb` vbref ba bstns frnilfabs? Gnrmabr  lmbù  lmbù `n ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns Kÿ`tlp`bs.

Ba `n prlkbrn frnilùa, b` aÿi`bf mb` prbmlinmf bs ua  vbref trnasltlvf  (mbsnrrf``n) qub sb`biilfan ua ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf (b` grupf afklan` fihf tlpfs mb latb`lgbailns mlstlatns) mb` qub af sb pubmb prbsilamlr (*Inmn pbrsfan mbsnrrf``n).  Yb trntn mb uan frnilùatrnasltlvn.

@ns frnilfabs nitlvns prbsbatna ua suobtf ngbatb qub rbn`lzn `n niilùa mb` vbref f pnrtlilpn nitlvnkbatb ba b``n .

@fs n`ukafs prbsbatnrfa `fs  prfybitfs. g  @fs prfybitfs dubrfa prbsbatnmfs pfr `fs

@ns frnilfabstrnasltlvns sb ifastruyba ifa ifkp`bkbatfmlrbitf.

NAÎ@LYLY YLA]ÎI]LIF Gnrmabr  lmbù  `n ]bfrën mb `ns Latb`lgbailns Kÿ`tlp`bs .

NAÎ@LYLY YLA]ÎI]LIF

  A (Yust)   Y (GA)

Inmn  pbrsfan pbrsfan mbsnrrf``n fihf tlpfs mb latb`lgbailns mlstlatns. M (Lam)

A (Yust)

A (T )

IM (GA)

A (T )

IM (GA) S (GT )

  Y (GA)

S ( GT )

Ba `n sbguamn frnilùa, ba inkelf, b` suobtf (Yu trnenof) af rbn`lzn `n niilùa slaf qub `n rbileb: bs, pfr tnatf, ua suobtf pnilbatb. B` ngbatb mb `n niilùa npnrbib ba b` prbmlinmf, prbibmlmf mb `n prbpfslilùa  pfr   (pfr b` ournmf) y rbn`lzn `n duailùa mb ifkp`bkbatf ngbatb.

@n sbguamn frnilùa sb ifastruyb ifa ua vbref latrnasltl latrnasltlvf vf qub af rbqulbrb ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf, nuaqub së ftrfs ifkp`bkbatfs. Bs uan frnilùa latrnasltlvn. @ns frnilfabslatrnasltlvns inrbiba mb ifkp`bkbatfmlrbitf.

  ]rnasdfrknilùa  ✙   mb nitlvn n pnslvn Ba `n RALMNM 4 vlkfs qub n` ifavbrtlr uan frnilùa nitlvn n `n vfz pnslvn, sb prfmuiba n`guans trnasdfrknilfabs?

Yu trnenof hn slmf rbifafilmf pfr b` ournmf.

@n tbfrën mb Gnrmabr trntn mb `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs.

7

Ba `n prlkbrn frnilùa, b` ngbatb qub rbn`lzn f pnrtlilpn ba `n niilùa (lmbù) iflailmb ifa b` suobtf (Gnrmabr):  sb trntn, pfr tnatf, mb ua suobtf ngbatb. 

Inmn pbrsfan mbsnrrf``n fihf tlpfs mb latb`lgbailns mlstlatns.

❟ @fs

 gfs:   ^ulbrf bsb `lerf.   B` ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf pubmb af npnrbibr bxprbsf, pbrf sb sferbbatlbamb? Inatn tfmf b` mën (Inatn inailfabs tfmf b` mën). ❟ @fs vbrefs latrnasltlvfs af prbilsna mb ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf,  nuaqub pubmba npnrbibr nifkpnþnmfs mb ftrfs ifkp`bkbatfs? Tlvb kuy elba.

 

NAN@L_NU \ UBIFAFIBU

n`ukafs. ❟ B` vbref inkeln `n vfz nitlvn (prbsbatnrfa) pfr  pfr `n pnslvn (dubrfa prbsbatnmfs). ❟ B` IM mb `n frnilùa nitlvn sb ifavlbrtb ba suobtf pnilbatb mb `n frnilùa pnslvn (`fs prfybitfs). ❟ B` suobtf mb frnilùa nitlvn pnsn n sbr b` I Ng mb `n pnslvn (pfr `fs n`ukafs).

@ns frnilfabs pnslvns prbsbatna ua suobtf pnilbatb  qub rbileb, pnmbib f sudrb `n niilùa mb` vbref.

NAÎ@LYLY YLA]ÎI]LIF  @n tbfrën mb Gnrmabr  trntn mb `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs. M  (N (Nrt) A (Yust)  

IA (G Srbp)

A (T)

Y (GA)

NAÎ@LYLY YLA]ÎI]LIF

IU (G (G SrSrbp)

 Yu trnenof hn slmf rbifafilmf pfr  pfr b` ournmf.

S ( GT )

 M (Mbk) A (Yust)   Y ( GA)

A (T )

I Ng (G Srbp) S ( GT )

Nitlvlmnmbs  

8. 

>3. 

B` bxnkba mb Kntbkîtlins

B` prùxlkf kbs kb prbsbatnrì n` bxnkba mb enihl``br supb- b` kuamf qubrrën sbr trntnmf mb dfrkn mlstlatn y yf sbatnrën rlfr ba Kntbkîtlins y vfy n sninr ua sferbsn`lbatb. Anmlb hn  prbibmbatb. \ slbkprb pfmën sninrkb b` enihl``brntf kîs bstumlnmf auain uan nslganturn mb enihl``brntf ba aubstrn tnrmb n `fs >8 nþfs. Z…[  bsiub`n y `n mlrbitfrn, `n sbþfrn Gnsifyab, af qubrën n` prla- Mbspuìs mb sninrkb b` enihl``br supbrlfr ba Kntbkîtlins ilplf qub kb prbsbatnrn. Mlof qub `n bsiub`n af tbaën nu`ns vfy n sninrkb b` iursf mb bspbiln`lznilùa ba Kntbkîtlins y  prbpnrnmns pnrn bsb tlpf mb bxîkbabs. bxîkbabs. Sbrf Snmrb tuvf uan Dëslin, y batfaibs lrì n `n ualvbrslmnm. Ba aubstrn ilumnm,

en`. Mbspuìs, bxp`lin `fs inkelfs qub sb hna prfmuilmf.

>5.  @fin`lzn ba b` tbxtf uan frnilùa… ❟ Ifa suobtf bxprbsf.

❟ Srbmlintlvn.

❟ Ifa suobtf fkltlmf.

❟ ]rnasltlvn.

❟ Ntrleutlvn.

❟ Latrnasltlvn.

>9.  Ubsukb b` ifatbalmf mb` tbxtf. Lai`uyb uan frnilùa lkpbrsfan`.

latrnasltlvns.

❟ Ubn`lzn b` naî`lsls slatîitlif mb `ns frnilfabs, sbgÿa

@bb b` tbxtf Bs enl`nrlan y enl`nrlan y bxp`lin sl `ns frnilfabs suernynmns sfa nitlvns f pnslvns.

>>.  ]rnasdfrkn `ns frnilfabs natbrlfrbs inkelnamf `n vfz vbr-

mlsiuslùa ifayab `n sbþfrn Gnsifyab y sb badnmù kuihëslkf.  sbþfrn Gnsif mlof qub af qubrëna trntnrkb mb dfrkn m@n ls- Ywlamfa, af hny ualvbrslmnm, pfrqub bs pbqubþn. Knrj HNMMFA tlatn n tfmfs `fs mbkîs ba b` if`bglf pfrqub batfaibs tfmf B` iurlfsf lailmbatb mb` pbrrf n kbmlfafihb, Yn`nknamrn(nmnptnilùa) ❟ Lamlin sl `ns frnilfabs suernynmns sfa trnasltlvns f

Bs enl`nrlan

Nitlvlmnmbs  

@bb b` b` tbxtf mb Knrj Hnmmfa y rbn`lzn `ns nitlvlmnmbs?

>=   Lknglan qub brbs Gl``lna? bsirleb uan inrtn n tu knmrb

b` kfmb`f.

bxp`liîamf`b qub `f qub mb vbrmnm qulbrbs bs enl`nr. Rtl`lzn `fs mlstlatfs tlpfs mb frnilfabs qub hns nan`lznmf.

  >5

>>9

Yugbrbailns mlmîitlins ❟ @fs ifatbalmfs mb bstn mfe`b pîglan trnenona `n

lmbn mb trnasltlvlmnm y mb vfz ba `ns ifastruiilfabs slatîitlins.

mb prîitlin y ifasf`lmnilùa? sb trnenona `fs ifaibptfs duamnkbatn`bs n pnrtlr mb mfs tbxtfs rb`nilfanmfs ifa b` hl`f ifamuitfr ba rb`nilùa n `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs. N` utl`lznr tbxtfs rbn`bs af sb pbrileb `n `bagun ifkf ua kbinalskf dn`sf slaf ifkf hbrrnklbatn mb ifkualinilùa.

❟ Nitlvlmnmbs

◗ Frnilùa

trnasltlvn ifa ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf y frnilùa latrnasltlvn sla ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf.

◗ Frnilùa nitlvn y frnilùa

pnslvn.

pnrtlr mb `n nitlvlmnm mb ifafilklbatfs prbvlfs mbtbitnrbkfs `n sltunilùa rbn` mb` n`ukanmf rbspbitf mb` tbkn. @n lmbn mb trnasltlvlmnm af hn npnrbilmf hnstn bstb kfkbatf. @n afilùa mb pnslvlmnm npnrbilù ba prlkbrf iunamf sb bxp`liù b` ifkp`bkbatf ngbatb ifkf rbsu`tnmf mb `ns trnasdfrknilfabs mb `n frnilùa nitlvn n pnslvn.

❟ N

❟ @fs

tbxtfs sfa anrrntlvfs, prlkbrf pbrtbabib ua `lerf mbbsifglmfs `ltbrnturn ouvbal` mb` nutfr b` Knrj Hnmmfa, tltu`nmnn B` iurlfsf lailmbatb mb` pbrrf n kbmlnafihb. @n fern rb`ntn `n hlstfrln mb ua alþf ifa sëamrfkb mb Nspbrgbr qub tlbab uan hnel`lmnm bspbiln` ifa `ns kntbkîtlins nuaqub `b rbsu`tn kuy mldëil` ifkprbambr `ns bkfilfabs. Bstumln ba uan bsiub`n mb alþfs bspbiln`bs bspbiln`bs y su mbsbf mb prbsbatnrsb prbsbatnrsb n ua bxnkba supbrlfr mb kntbkîtlins ihfin ifa `ns afrkns mb` if`bglf. B` tbxtf afs pbrkltb nan`lznr sl `f nmbiunmf bs nibptnr b` trntf mldbrbailnmf mb `fs n`ukafs f bstne`bibr rbg`ns hfkfgìabns pnrn tfmfs.

❟ B`

ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf yn sb hn bobriltnmf ba prfduamlmnm ba ualmnmbs natbrlfrbs pfr `f qub sf`f qubmn laslstlr ba `n i`nsldlinilùa i`nsldlinil ùa mb `ns frnilfabs trnasltlvns. Af sb batrn ba `n bxp`linilùa mb quì pnsn iunamf ua vbref trnasltlvf sb ifastruyb sla ifkp`bkbatf mlrbitf. B` prfdbsfrnmf bstlknrî iuîamf mbeb latrfmuilr bstn afilùa y sl mbsbn hnibr`f. Ubifrmbkfs qub `n trnasltlvlmnm sb ensn ba rnzfabs sbkîatlins y `n UNB mlstlagub batrb `fs vbrefs trnasltlvfs qub fkltba b` Ifk-

❟ B`

sbguamf tbxtf l`ustrn b` tbkn mb `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs. Ylr Jbat Ufelasfa bxp`lin b` insf mb Gl``lna @yaab ba su dnkfsf basnyf B` b`bkbatf, qub tnatf hn lad`ulmf ba `fs

p`bkbatf Mlrbitfº, mfamb pubmbqub rbiupbrnr dîil`kbatb b` Ifkp`bkbatf Mlrbitf, Mlrbitf, y `fssbvbrefs sub`ba sbr trnasltlvfs pbrf tnkelìa pubmba tbabr usfs latrnasltlvfs ifkf «@n pb`ftn eftn kn`º (usf latrnasltlvf) drbatb n «\f eftf `n pb`ftnº (usf trnasltlvf). Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

mfibatbs mb tfmf mbsiuerlr b` kuamf.qub Yub`b rbsu`tnr kuy lkpnitnatb pnrn b` n`ukanmf bxlstba alþfs sferbsn`lbatbs ba n`guan nitlvlmnm mlstlatn mb `n bsif`nr pfrqub sb lmbatldlina ifa b``fs. Yb trntn mb ua tbxtf kuy bkftlvf qub tfin aubstrn sbaslel`lmnm pfrqub «sb hn sn`vnmf ua alþfº.

>7=

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

 

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs   8. ❟B` B` kbs prùxlkf kb prbsbatnrì n` bxnkba… Latrnasltlvn. ❟ Anmlb hn bstumlnmf auain uan nslganturn… ]rnasltlvn. ❟ @n bsiub`n af tbaën nu`ns prbpnrnmns. ]rnasltlvn. ❟ ]uvf uan mlsiuslùa ifa `n sbþfrn Gnysifab. ]rnasltlvn. ❟ Yb badnmù kuihëslkf. Latrnasltlvn. ❟ \f sbatnrën prbibmbatb. ]rnasltlvn.

\f

IA (Nmo)

IM (Srfa)

  II] (Nmv) A (T) S (GT)

Yuobtf fkltlmf? >.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr (yf).   3. Yfa frnilfabs nitlvns pfrqub b` vbref bstî ba vfz nitlvn

 

 S (GT)

↓

Yuobtf fkltlmf? >.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr (yf).

y prbsbatna suobtf mb` ngbatb qub rbn`lzn f pnrtlilpn nitlvnkbatb ba ua `n niilùa vbref. >>. ❟@n rnmlf dub baibamlmn pfr b` psliù`fgf ❟ Dub fesbrvnmn ba sl`bailf murnatb uafs klautfs pfr `fs mfs nmu`tfs. Yb prfmuiba `fs slgulbatbs inkelfs? ❟ B`  B` vbref inkeln mb vfz nitlvn n vfz pnslvn (baibamlù /

Anmlb hn bstumlnmf auain uan nslganturn mb enihl``brntf II] (Nmv) M (Nrt)

A (Yust)

IA (G Srbp)

 

FM (GA) Y (GA)

S (GT) ↕

ba aubstrn bsiub`n.  B

] (GA)

dub baibamlmn: fesbrvnrfa / dub fesbrvnmn).

 

II@ (G Srbp)

❟ B`  B` IM mb `n frnilùa nitlvn

 

@n bsiub`n

af

M (Nrt) A (Yust)

Kfm (Nmv)

tbaën nu`ns prbpnrnmns. A (T)

IM (Yust)

ISvf (Nmo)

 

Y (GA)

S (GT)

❟ Ifa suobtf bxprbsf. B`

psliù`fgf baibamlù `n rnmlf. ❟ Ifa suobtf fkltlmf. Tnkfs n sn`lr dubrn uafs klautfs. ❟ Ntrleutlvn. Gl``lna af bstî badbrkn. ❟ Srbmlintlvn. ^uìmbsb nquë ua kfkbatf. ❟ ]rnasltlvn. @fs mfs nmu`tfs `n fesbrvnrfa. ❟ Latrnasltlvn. Af tnrmnrbkfs. >9 y >=. Ubspubstn `lerb.

Snmrb tuvf uan mlsiuslùa ifa `n sbþfrn Gnsifyab. Gnsifyab. A (Yust)

A (T) M (Nrt)

A (Yust)

B

M (Nrt) A (Yust) IA Npfs (Yust)

 

IM (GA)

] (GA)

 

II mb Ifkpnþën (G Srbp)  

Y (GA)

S (GT)

Yb badnmù kuihëslkf.  

A (T)

sb ifavlbrtb ba suobtf pnilba-

tb mb `n pnslvn (`n rnmlf: b``n). ❟ B`  B` suobtf mb frnilùa nitlvn pnsn n sbr b` I Ng mb `n pnslvn? (pfr b` psliù`fgf: pfr `fs mfs nmu`tfs). >5. Ubspubstn kfmb`f?

 S (GT)

↓

 

Nt (Nmo)

 

IA (G Srbp)

A (T)

IM (GA)

S (GT)

n` bxnkba mb enihl``br supbrlfr ba kntbkîtlins.

 A (Srfa)

A (T)

 

S (GT) ↕ B

II@ (G Srbp)

 

II mb ]lbkpf (GA)

] (Yust)

S (GT)

Batfaibs lrì n `n ualvbrslmnm.

 

B

IM (GA)

Y (GA)

 

 

A (T)

 

❟ Batfaibs lrì n `n ualvbrslmnm. Latrnasltlvn. ❟ B` kbs prùxlkf kb prbsbatnrì

  M (Nrt) A (Yust)

sbatnrënn prbibmbatb sbatnrë prbibmbatb..

A (Srfa)

II mb Inatlmnm (Nmv)

 

S (GT)

Yuobtf fkltlmf? 9.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr (ì`/b``n). IFA]BALMFY MLGL] MLGL ]N@BY Numlf? B` bxnkba mb kntbkîtlins Bs enl`nrlan Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

Nkp`lnilùa?

Tbrefs trnasltlvfs b latrnasltlvfs Yuobtf ngbatb y suobtf pnilbatb

>72

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifafilklbatf mb `n `bagun? prnitlinr `n frtfgrndën 7 IFAFILKLBA]F MB @N @BAGRN

  mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs Yf`uilfabs

SUNI]LINU @N FU]FGUNDËN

  >. Yueynibr, ifstl``n, ybrkf, fvl``f, `bybamf, mlsyuatlvn,

@NY @B]UNY @@ /  \   \ 

nal``f, knsiu``ù, znkeu``lr, rbybrtn, dn``lmf, hukl``nr, df``btf, ifai`uyù, ntrfpb``nr ntrfpb``nr,, trnybitf.

 

@n `btrn ``  y   y `n `btrn y  `btrn  y  rbprbsbatna   rbprbsbatna b` klskf sfalmf pnrn `n knyfrën mb hlspnafhne`natbs. Bstb dbaùkbaf, ifafilmf ifkf ybëskf, prfvfin vnil`nilfabs frtfgrî﬎ins.

Yb bsirleba ifa ``? ❟ @ns

sueVnibr ` bV bV ba mf mf

ifstlV n ml sV sV ua ua tltl vn vn

Vbrkf na lV f

fvl Vf Vf kn si si uV uV ù

z nk eu Vl Vl r d fV fV bt bt f

r bV bV br tn tn i fa fa i` i` uV uV ù

d nV nV lm f n trtr fp fp bV bV nr nr

hu kl Vn Vn r t rn rn Vb Vb it it f

 -l``f, -l``n. pn`nernstbrklanmns ba ba -l``f,

  5. 5. Ifaougn  Ifaougn b` prbsbatb mb sueouatlvf mb lr y  ifastrulr, y b` prbtìrltf lkpbrdbitf mb sueouatlvf mb fër y inbr.   9. 9. Bsirleb  Bsirleb b` gbruamlf slkp`b mb `fs vbrefs natbrlfrbs.



vnyîls, b``fs vnyna / yf ifastruyn, tÿ ifastruyns, ì` ifastruyn, afsftrfs ifastruynkfs, vfsftrfs ifastruyîls, b``fs ifastruyna.  

Yb bsirleb ifa y? ifa  y? nm-, mbs-, mls- y sue-.

pn`nerns qub ifatlbaba `n së`nen -ybi-. pn`nerns qub ifatlbaba `n   së`nen  -ybr-, bxibptf iunamf npnrbib n ﬎an` mb së`nen.

❟ @ns ❟ @ns

.

❟ @ns dfrkns

vbren`bs qub ifatlbaba bsb sfalmf  y iuyf la﬎altlvf af ``bvn al ``  al y   al y .

\f fybrn, tÿ fybrns, ì` fybrn, afsftrfs fyìrnkfs, vfsftrfs fybrnls, b``fs fybrna / \f inybrn, tÿ inybrns, ì` inybrn, afsftrfs inyìrnkfs, vfsftrfs inybrnls, b``fs inybrna.  

e. knhfabsn / knyfabsn

m.  pfal / pùaby

  4. 4. Bsirleb  Bsirleb frnilfabs ifa `ns pn`nerns mb `n aueb frtfgrî﬎in. HFKÙDFAFY IFA @@ / \ 

EN\B]N ybkn        F        N @    ofyn        @        \ @          @        F     n N         `        L       F     f        O       \        N        S  A      y        I     n ]  N 

\  B   K

``natn

pl``f

,

       U        B        \        N

    f     g     z        N     n        `        `     n        R        h

`ninyf ybgun

       G        B   \

,

 

e.

`n rbspubstn af slbkprb bs dîil`.

i. @ns bmuinena n `fs alþfs. m. @ns hfons mb` inkelna mb if`fr. b. Fon`î

baifatrnmf tu inklaf.

d. Af kb gustna `fs pnatn`fabs ifa

.

5

«   2. @n UNB nmkltb `ns mfs dfrkns mb bstns pn`nerns ba tf-

2 4

mfs `fs insfs.

7

hn``nr rnyn hnyn hnyns rn``nr nyns

,

.

,

,   4. Ubspubstn `lerb. . ,

8

Bsiuihn ifa ntbailùa y ifpln b` tbxtf n` mlitnmf.

 

, >. Nrknzùa mfamb sb ﬎ona inrtb`bs pue`liltnrlfs. >.  5.  ¡Ny!, 5. ¡Ny!, ba  ba p`urn`. 9.  Enaif mb plbmrn. 9. =.  Irën mb ua nvb, bspbiln`kbatb mb `n gn``lan. =. 2.  Murbzn qub sb dfrkn ba `fs plbs f ba `ns knafs. 2. 4.  ]lpf mb ls`n ``nan y nrbafsn. 4. 7.  >.ª pbrsfan slagu`nr, prbsbatb mb sueouatlvf mb  lr. 7. 8.  5.ª pbrsfan slagu`nr, prbsbatb mb sueouatlvf mb hn``nr. 8.

.« 7. n. nrrfyf. e. ? i. f``n. m. in``ù. b. nrrf``f. d. nef``nmf. g. inyù. , rnyf.

>>=

  8. ,n. rn``nr.

, e. hn``nr.

 

i. nyns.

m. hnyn.

 

b. hnyns.

d. rnyns.

.

  . Tn``n. 5. ¡Nybs! 9. Sfyf. =. Sf``f. 2. In``f 4. Inyf. 7.

Yugbrbailns Yugbrbailn s mlmîitlins

Tnyn. 8. Hn``bs.

❟ Ba

bstn sbiilùa afs fiupnkfs mb rbpnsnr `ns pn`nerns ifa ``   f y  mb  mb bsirlturn mumfsn. N` prlailplf sb rbvlsna `ns rbg`ns pnrn bobriltnr`ns, kbkfrlznr`ns y vlsun`lznr`ns b latbrlfrlznr su bsirlturn n pnrtlr mb bobkp`fs. @ns nitlvlmnmbs tnkelìa nyumna n rbifrmnr n`guans rbg`ns mb bsirlturn. ❟ Raf mb `fs prfibmlklbatfs kîs bdlinibs pnrn rbifrmnr `n bsirlturn mb `ns pn`nerns bs b` ifatrnstb mb `ns pn`nerns hfkùdfans. Snrn b``f mbebkfs trnenonr`ns ba b` ifatbxtf. ❟ Fesbrvnr murnatb slbtb mëns `n pue`lilmnm, `fs `lerfs, bti. y mbtbitnr pn`nerns bsirltns ifa `ns grndëns bstumlnmns? kbkfrlznr`ns, vlsun`lznr`ns, mleuonr`ns.... Dlan`kbatb sb prbsbatna ba uan sbslùa n `fs mbkîs n`ukafs ifa inrtb`bs, prbsbatnilfabs mlgltn`bs, kurn`bs rbn`bs f vlrtun`bs ifa `ns hbrrnklbatns if pnmm`bt, `bt, pfr bobkp`f. afilmns ifkf pnmm ❟ @ns bstrntbglns pnrn klalklznr `fs brrfrbs frtfgrîdlifs mbeba dfkbatnr `n vlsun`lznilùa mb `ns pn`nerns ifa `fs prfibmlklbatfs mbsirltfs ba ftrns finslfabs ifkf bsirlelr kbatn`kbatb `n pn`nern ba uan plznrrn lknglanmn, bsirlelr`n ifa `fs mbmfs, mbstninr `n grndën ifa ftrf if`fr u ftrf tnknþf, bti.

>3. Mlitnmf? Ba b` nrrfyf grnamb, qub `n ``uvln hneën ml`ntnmf hnstn `n vlþn, afs baifatrnkfs, ntnsinmn, uan vlbon inrrbtl``n, pbrmlmn tfmn sferb su inrgn mb hlbren y mb anrnaons. Ran alþn, rftn y suiln, ``frnen sferb uan rubmn, qubrlbamf nyumnr ifa b` bkpuob mb su pbihl``f ba d`fr n` efrrliub`f, kîs pbqubþf y kîs d`nif qub S`ntbrf. \ b` efrrlqul``f sb mbspbihnen ifatrn b` vlbatf, latbatnamf, laÿtl`kbatb, nrrnainr mb` dnagf `n inrrbtn, n` grltf  sf``fznatb  sf``fz natb mb `n ihlqul` ihlqul``n. `n. Brn vnaf su bsdubrzf, ifkf b` mb `fs alþfs vn`lbatbs, ifkf b` vub`f mb bsns erlsns inasnmns mb` vbrnaf qub sb inba, ba ua mbsknyf, batrb `ns d`frbs. Ninrlilì n S`ntbrf, y ifkf pumb `f bagnaihì n `n inrrbtl``n, mb`natb mb` efrrlif klsbrne`b. @b fe`lguì batfaibs, ifa ua inrlþfsf lkpbrlf, y S`ntbrf, mb ua tlrùa, sniù inrrbtl``n y ruilf mb` ntf``nmbrf, y `bs suelù `n iubstn. ¡^uì sfarbër b` mb `n ihlqul``n! Dub ifkf sl b`  sf` mb `n tnrmb, qub sb qubernen, n` pfabrsb batrb `ns auebs mb ngun, ba nknrl``fs irlstn`bs, `b baibamlbsb uan nurfrn trns sus tlzanmns `îgrlkns. Ifa su ``frfsn ` `frfsn n`bgrën, kb fdrbilù mfs bsifglmns anrnaons, dlans, pbsnmns, rbmfamns. @ns tfkì, ngrnmbilmf, y `b ml uan n` efrrlqul``f mìel`, ifkf mu`ib ifasub`f: ftrn n S`ntbrf, ifkf prbklf erl``natb.

IFA]BALMFY MLGL]N@BY Numlf?

Ouna Unkùa OLKÌAB_

Mlitnmf Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

.

,

3.

dfrkn pnrbilmn pbrf tlbaba tlbaba mlstlatfs slgaldlinmfs y grndëns. .

  8. 8. Ifkp`btn  Ifkp`btn `ns frnilfabs ifa `ns pn`nerns mb` rbiunmrf. qubsf pnrn `n plzzn.

 

,

,

m. ]rns `ns irëtlins, @uls bxp`ftù y af sb in``ù / inyù anmn.

n. Hny qub

.

,   =. Yfa, pn`nerns hfkùdfans pfrqub sb prfauailna mb .

9

e. ¶^uì hnibr pnrn af sbr n`i naznmf pfr ua rnyf / rn``f6

g. Yb in``ù / inyù pfr `ns bsin`brns.

.

 

  ?« ,   9. \bamf, ifastruybamf, fybamf, inybamf. . :

=

i. Ifilanr ifa f``n / hfyn n prbslùa bs dîil` y snaf.

.

 

,

>

n. Kb sbatì ouatf n ua nrrfyf / nrrf``f ba b` efsqub.

d. B` grnalzf hn nef``nmf / nefynmf `fs ifihbs.

       n         t        b       y        n           e

.

 

HN@@N_GF

    i N  BYIN\F@N     s     b

       N        @

  7. 7. Ifpln  Ifpln y ifkp`btn `ns frnilfabs ifa `n pn`nern ifrrbitn?

b. Yn`ë tna mbprlsn qub insl nrrfyf / nrrf``f n `n alþn.

.

 

nybr

@ns pn`nernshfkùdfans ifa `` / y  tlbaba  tlbaba `n klskn prfauailnilùa,  pbrf mlstlatn grndën y  slgal﬎inmf.

.

 

  =. =. ¶^uì  ¶^uì rb`nilùa hny batrb `ns pn`nerns hlbrrf y ybrrf6   2. 2. ¶Yfa  ¶Yfa ifrrbitns bstn s pn`nerns6 Ifasu`tn b` mliilfanrlf. n.  hlbmrn / ybmrn i.  hlbren / ybren

«

    5. \f, vnyn, tÿ vnyns, ì` vnyn, afsftrfs vnynkfs, vfsftrfs «

sfalmf /y/ mbtrîs mb `ns së`nens dn, df, du. ❟ @fs vbrefs ninenmfs ba  -b``nr, -l``nr, -u``nr, -u``lr  y  y sus mbrlvnmfs. ❟ ]rns `fs prb﬎ofs

 

 



❟ B`

  >. >. Ifpln  Ifpln y ifkp`btn `ns pn`nerns ifa ``  f  f ifa y ?

 

 

Ubg`ns mb `n  `` y mb `n y

S`ntbrf y yf, Ylrub`n (nmnptnilùa)

>74

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

   

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Ifafilklbatf mb `n `bagun? np`linr y slatbtlznr 7

NS@LINU \ YLA]B]L_NU   >.

 

tbkn sb nefrmn ba b` tbxtf6

❟ ¶^uì

pbrsfans «gbaln`bsº sb kbailfana6 ¶Ba quì îkeltfs hna mbstninmf6

¶@n bsiub`n kntn `n irbntlvlmnm6  

@bb b` tbxtf pbrlfmëstlif y ifatbstn `ns iubstlfabs? ❟ ¶^uì

Ylr Jba Ufelasfa p`natbn `n abibslmnm mb irbnr ua slstbkn bmuintlvf qub pftbailb `n irbntlvlmnm.

Frnilùa lkpbrsfan`, prbmlintlvn, trnasltlvn, nitlvn. @fs alþfs sb n`bona mb sus inpnilmnmbs irbntlvns. M (Nrt) A (Yust)

IU (G Srbp)  

  5. ¶B` tbxtf bs uan aftliln f ua rbpfrtnob6 Bxp`lin `ns

Y (GA)

  9. Ubn`lzn b` naî`lsls slatîitlif mb `ns frnilfabs. Mbspuìs, i`nsldëin`ns ifkf ba b` bobkp`f? n. @n irbntlvlmnm bs b` gba mb` gbalf y mb` tn`batf.

.

i. @fs alþfs sb n`bona mb sus inpnilmnmbs irbntlvns. m. @n bsiub`n kntn `n irbntlvlmnm. b. Af npubstn pfr `n kÿslin. g. @fs nmu`tfs pban`lznkfs b` br rfr.

 

.

Y (GA)

g

ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, latrnasltlvn, nitlvn.

  2. @fin`lzn ba b` tbxtf pn`nerns mb` inkpf nsfilntlvf mb `n bmuinilùa.

 

  4. Ba b` tltu`nr npnrbib `n pn`nern hnyn. Bsirleb frnilfabs ifa sus hfkùdfafs hn``n y nyn.

S (GT)

Kfm (Nmv)

A (T)

B M (Nrt) A (Yust)

 

  7 Bxprbsn tu fplalùa sferb b` tbkn mb` tbxtf, npfyîa-

] (GA)

mftb ba bobkp`fs ifairbtfs mb tu prfpln bxpbrlbailn.

 

  8. Bsqubkn. Ifkp`btn Bsqubkn. Ifkp`btn ifa `ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs.

IU (G Srbp)

I@NYBY MB FUNILFABY ifa Y / S?

sla suobtf?

ifa ntrleutf?

sla ntrleutf?

ifa IM?

 

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf fkltlmf (9.ª pbrsfan mb` slagu`nr? (ì`/  b``n), prbmlintlvn, latrnasltlvn, nitlvn. Hny aukbrfsns lavbstlgnilfabs sferb bstb tbkn.

sla IM?

ifa suobtf ngbatb?

A (Yust)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, trnasltlvn, nitlvn. Af npubstn pfr `n kÿslin.

  =. ]rnasdfrkn ba pnslvn `ns mfs ÿ`tlkns frnilfabs mb `n nitlvlmnm natbrlfr. Bxp`lin `fs inkelfs.

ifa suobtf pnilbatb?

www.`nvnagunrmln.ifk

.

A (T) M (Nrt)

 

@fs alþfs aniba ifa b` gba mb `n irbntlvlmnm.    Frnilùa

mbsbkpbþf prfdbslfan`. «Ba b` kuamf `nefrn` sb plmb uan latb`lgbailn mlvbrsn klbatrns qub b` slstbkn bmuintlvf kbrkn n`guans inpnilmnmbs? af basbþn n enl`nr lgun` qub basbþn kntbkîtlins, af npubstn pfr `n kÿslin pfrqub af `f vb ifkf n`gf mb utl`lmnm pnrn ua trnenof, y af bmuin n `n tftn`lmnm mb` sbrº, rbsukb Ylr Jba.

.  

A (Yust)

IM (GA)

h. @fs inkelfs sfiln`bs y tbiaf`ùglifs hna kfml﬎inmf b` kuamf.

Ufelasfa, ba sus ifadbrbailns, bxp`lin qub tfmfs `fs slstbkns bmuintlvfs mb` kuamf mntna mb uan rbn`lmnm mb` slg`f XLX, mfamb sb len n `n bsiub`n pnrn ifasbgulr ua trnenof. Hfy, ba uan sfilbmnm mfamb `n ladfrknilùa bstî n gf`pb mb i`li, kîs qub niuku`nr ifafilklbatfs tbùrlifs sb abibsltn mbsnrrf``nr inpnilmnmbs pnrn b`

.

M (Nrt)  

d. Hny aukbrfsns lavbstlgnilfabs sferb bstb tbkn.

Af bs b` ÿalif qub `f irbb. Inmn mën sfa kîs `ns vfibs qub nmvlbrtba qub `n bsiub`n kntn `n irbntlvlmnm. Batrb b``ns `n mb Sbtrn Knrën Sìrbz, intbmrîtlin mb ]bfrën mb `n Bmuinilùa y klbkerf mb` Lastltutf mb Irbntlvlmnm b Laafvnilfabs Bmuintlvns mb `n Ralvbrslmnm mb Tn`bailn. «Hny aukbrfsns lavbstlgnilfabs qub sbþn`na qub `n irbntlvlmnm mb `fs alþfs mbirbib ifa `fs nþfs mb pbrknabailn ba b` slstbkn bmuintlvfº, npuatn.

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, vn, latrnasltlvn, nitlvn. @n bsiub`n kntn `n irbntlvlmnm. irbntlvlmnm.

e. Af hny laafvnilùa sla brrfr.

Ylr Jba Ufelasfa, uaf mb `fs knyfrbs bxpbrtfs latbranilfan`bs ba b` mbsnrrf``f mb `n irbntlvlmnm y `n laafvnilùa, tlbab kuy i`nrf pfr quì mbonkfs mb sbr irbntlvfs n` irbibr? «@fs alþfs lkprfvlsna, af tlbaba klbmf n bqulvfinrsb: y af bs qub bqulvfinrsb sbn lgun` n irbntlvlmnm, pbrf së bstî i`nrf qub af pubmbs laafvnr sl af bstîs mlspubstf n bqulvfinrtb, y `fs nmu`tfs pban`lznkfs b` brrfr, `f bstlgkntlznkfs ba `n bsiub`n, y nsë bs ifkf `fs alþfs sb n`bona mb sus inpnilmnmbs irbntlvnsº.

IA (G Nmo)

 

sb rb﬎brb ba b` tbxtf n `n abibslmnm mb uan bmuinilùa «latbgrn`º6

  .

A (Yust) ] (GA)

quì bxpbrtfs sfa `ns vn`frnilfabs qub sb rbifgba ba b` drngkbatf6

❟ ¶Mùamb

inrnitbrëstlins mb bsn tlpf`fgën ifa bobkp`fs bxtrnëmfs mb` tbxtf.

 

B M (Sfs)

❟ ¶Mb

Mliba qub `n irbntlvlmnm bs b` gba mb` gbalf y mb` tn`batf, b` qub mbtbrklan qub hnyn Blastblas, Bmlsfas, @bfanrmfs, ^ubvbmfs f Ytbvbs Ofes, y qub tfmfs `fs alþfs aniba ifa ì`. Batfaibs, ¶pfr quì mbspuatna tna pfifs mb knyfrbs6

.

A (T)

 

>>2

 

A (T)

M (Lamd)

A (Yust)

B

] (GA)

 

IA (G Srbp)

Yf`uilfabs mb `ns nitlvlmnmbs

 

  >. ❟ @n irbntlvlmnm ba b` slstbkn bmuintlvf.

 

IM (GA) S (GT)

❟ Blastbla

y Bmlsfa ba b` îkeltf ilbatëdlif: @bfanrmf y ^ubvbmf ba b` nrtëstlif. nrtëstlif. Ytbvb Ofes, ba b` tbiaf`ùglif. tbiaf`ùglif. ❟ Mb Ylr Jba Ufelasfa y Sbtrn Knrën Sìrbz. ❟ Ba  Ba b` ÿ`tlkf pîrrndf.

Frnilùa lkpbrsfan`, prbmlintlvn, trnasltlvn, nitlvn. @fs nmu`tfs pban`lznkf pban`lznkfss b` brrfr. M (Nrt) A (Yust)

  5. B` tbxtf bs ua rbpfrtnob, pfrqub lai`uyb `ns mbi`nrnilfabs A (Yust)

A (T) M (Nrt) A (Yust) Nt (GA)

 M (Nrt)

S (GT)

A (T)

A (Yust)

A (Yust)

IA (G Nmo) B

Y (GA)

hna kfmldlinmf b` kuamf.  

IA (G Srbp)

A (T)

M (Nrt)

IM (GA)

IM (GA)

 

 

S (GT)

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, trnasltlvn, nitlvn.   =. B` brrfr bs pban`lznmf pfr `fs nmu`tfs. / B` kuamf hn slmf kfmldlinmf pfr `fs inkelfs sfiln`bs y tbiaf`ùglifs.

IFA]BALMFY MLGL]N@BY

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

A (Yust)

 

 

Numlf? ¶@n bsiub`n kntn `n irbntlvlmnm6

IA (G Nmo)

 

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, ntrleutlvn, latrnasltlvn, nitlvn. Af hny laafvnilùa sla brrfr. Kfm (Nmv)

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, trnasltlvn, nitlvn. @fs inkelfs sfiln`bs sfiln`bs y tbiaf`ùglifs tbiaf`ùglifs

IA (G Srbp)

 

 

IM (GA) Y (GA)

 

Y (GA)

M (Nrt) A (Yust)

 

mb `fs bxpbrtfs ba b` tbkn qub nefrmn. 9. @n irbntlvlmnm bs b` gba mb` gbalf y mb` tn`batf.  M (Nrt)

A (T)

 

Ubspubstn `lerb.   2-8. Ubspubstn `lerb.

Srbsbatnilùa?

@ns i`nsbs mb frnilfabs

>77

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

   

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

]nrbn dlan` @F ß@]LKF BA

7

7

 ]nrbn  ] nrbn dlan`

NSSY 

Ba bstn ualmnm fs prfpfabkfs trnenonr if`nefrntlvnkbatb pnrn irbnr np`linilfabs kùvl`bs  qub slrvna kùvl`bs qub pnrn kbofrnr `n vlmn mb `ns pbrsfans. N ifatlaunilùa, tbamrìls qub bsirlelr uan AF]LILN  qub  qub pue`linrìls

Dnsb mb rbn`lznilùa

ba ua kurn` (ba pnpb` f mlgltn`) pnrn ladfrknr mb vubstrn irbnilùa.   9. @fs

Dnsb mb lasplrnilùa

Lamlvlmun` y ba pbqubþf grupf

slg`f XXL 

@fs oùvbabs mb` pfmbkfs np`linr `ns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs y aubstrn irbntlvlmnm pnrn

  =. Sfabm

ua afkerb n `n npp  qub hneìls lavbatnmf y bsirlelm uan aftliln ba `n qub sb ladfrkb sferb bstb aubvf prfmuitf? quì bs, pnrn quì slrvb, iùkf sb utl`lzn, n qulìa sb mlrlgb, iùkf sb nmqulbrb, bti.

ifastrulr kuamffrgnalskfs kbofr. Mb hbihf,ua kuihfs b lastltuilfabs npubstna pfr b` tn`batf ouvbal` n `n hfrn mb eusinr prfpubstns qub kbofrba `n sfilbmnm. Dëontb ba bstfs tbxtfs y mbsiuerlrîs n`guafs mb b``fs.   >. >.  

  5. 

irbntlvfs prfdbslfan`bs rbiurrba n` «Mbslga ]hlajlagº (‘pbasnklbatf mb mlsbþf“) pnrn irbnr sus prfmuitfs, inkpnþns, bti. Hnibm ifkf b``fs? ﬎onfs ba b` grî﬎if `ntbrn` y sbgulm `fs klskfs pnsfs pnrn irbnr vubstrn np`linilùa. Rtl`lznm vubstrns latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs.

Snsfs mb` Sbasnklbatf mb Mlsbþf «Mbslga ]hlajlagº Bkpntlznr

Sfabrsb ba b` `ugnr mb` usunrlf y batbambr`f

Baknrinr b` prfe`bkn qub sb vn n ndrfatnr

Mb﬎alr

Lmbnr

vubstrn aftliln. Ifkprfenm qub rbspbtn `n bstruiturn (tltu`nr, batrnmn y iubrpf) y qub rbspfamb n `ns sbls prbguatns eîslins.

Gbabrnr kÿ`tlp`bs lmbns. ]fmf vn`b

  2.  Ubvlsnm

 Npps dfr Gffm bs ua prfgrnkn mb dfrknilùa tbiaf`ùglin ifa ua badfqub sfiln` qub prfkubvb b` bspërltu bkprbambmfr bkprbambmfr mb `fs oùvbabs. @bb b` tbxtf y bxp`lin iùkf irbbs qub pubmba `ns tbiaf`fgëns kbofrnr `n in`lmnm mb vlmn mb tfmns `ns pbrsfans.

Srftfpltnr

Dnsb mb ifkualinilùa y pue`linilùa

Irbnr n`gf ifa `f qub b` usunrlf bxpbrlkbatb

Bvn`unr

Sbmlr b` dbbmenij n usunrlfs y if`bgns

  4. Sue`linm

ba ua kurn` if`bitlvf f mlgltn` tfmns `ns aftlilns.

@bb bstb tbxtf sferb sferb `n Duamnilùa FAIB y ifatbstn `ns prbguatns qub sb dfrku`na n ifatlauni ifatlaunilùa? lùa?

  7. Srbsbatnm

frn`kbatb vubstrn np`linilùa natb `fs mbkîs.

BTN@RNILÙA   >. Ubsukb erbvbkbatb ba quì

ifaslstb Npps dfr Gffm. ¶Ifafiëns bstn prfpubstn u ftrn slkl`nr natbs mb rbn-

`lznr `n tnrbn6   5. Ubſtbxlfan

sferb b` prfibsf mb trnenof irbntlvf ba bqulpf. ¶^uì pnsf mb` pbasnklbatf mb mlsbþf fs hn rbsu`tnmf kîs dîil`6 ¶Iuî` fs hn ifstnmf kîs6 Bxp`lin pfr quì.

9. Lamlin `ns inrnitbrëstlins y `n bstruiturn mb `n

aftliln qub hneìls rbmnitnmf.

  =. Lknglan qub, n

pnrtlr mb vubstrn aftliln, mbebs b`nefrnr ua inrtb` slkl`nr n` qub hneìls mlsbþnmf ba `n ualmnm? sbþn`n `n rbspubstn n `ns prbguatns i`nvb.

2. Tub`vb n

`bbr tu aftliln b lamlin quì tlpf mb frnilfabs prbmfklana. ¶Iuî`bs sfa `ns kbafs drbiubatbs6

  4.  Mbsirleb `n np`linilùa pnrn kbofrnr `n vlmn qub hneìls mlsbþnmf ba tu grupf. ¶Irbbs qub `n hneìls bxpubstf

ifa i`nrlmnm natb vubstrfs ifkpnþbrfs6 ❟ ¶Mb

quì hbihf sb ladfrkn ba b` tbxtf6

❟ ¶N qulìabs vn

mlrlglmf6 ¶Ifa quì ﬎an`lmnm6

❟ ¶Sfr

quì irbbs qub uan pbrsfan ifa mlsinpnilmnm latb`bitun` pubmb tbabr tn`batf6

❟ ¶^uì

vbatnons rbÿab b` trnenof ba bqulpf pnrn pnrtlilpnr ba bstb ifaiursf6

 y    t y brab t  tb  La t a La  ba b b  tb n t  tn  Mfiukìa t  trrn n p p.  vubs t bns pnrn vu lmb eusin lm `niibs  `n a  ba  b s f  tf  t s   b a  ba b b  tb lassplrnr t Submbs la  trrbs. aiuba t  ba ub b  qu  trrfs q f ba f t

  7. Yb`biilfan

iuî` irbbs qub bs `n irbnilùa kîs frlglan` y prîitlin mb batrb tfmns `ns prfpubstns y bxp`lin b` pfrquì mb tu b`biilùa.

  8. ¶^uì

aftliln tb rbsu`tn kîs latbrbsnatb y ``nkntlvn6 Oustl﬎in tu b`biilùa.

  3. Bxp`lin iùkf pubmbs np`linr ba tu

>>4

vlmn y ba `n mb tus ifkpnþbrfs `f qub hneìls nprbamlmf ba `n ualmnm.

>>7

Yugbrbailns Yugbrbailn s mlmîitlins ❟ Ba

bstn tnrbn b` n`ukanmf sb badrbatn n uan sltunilùa ifkualintlvn ba `n qub rbsub`vb mb dfrkn iffpbrntlvn b` rbtf mb irbnr uan np`linilùa kùvl` pnrn kbofrnr `n vlmn y mb ifkualinr`f n trnvìs mb uan aftliln. B` bqulpf mbebrî pfabr ba oubgf sus latb`lgbailns kÿ`tlp`bs y np`linr tìialins mb pbasnklbatf mb mlsbþf  (mbslga thlajlag). Snrn qub bstn bxpbrlbailn sbn kîs slgaldlintlvn `fs n`ukafs pubmba lknglanr qub pnrtlilpna ba b` prfybitf pnrn oùvbabs ifa tn`batf mb Duamnilùa ]b`bdùalin? ]b`bdùalin? «Npps dfr gffmº, uan sltunilùa mb ifkualinilùa rbn`.

❟ Ba

b` prfibsf irbntlvf rbn`lznrîa prîitlins mb `biturn y bsirlturn slgaldlintlvns latbrnitunamf ifa mldbrbatbs gìabrfs frn`bs y bsirltfs y su pue`linilùa ba `n rbm… Yb suglbrb `n slgulbatb sbiubailn pnrn `n nmqulslilùa mb `ns bstrntbglns ifkualintlvns y sfiln`bs abibsnrlns ba `n rbsf`uilùa mb `n tnrbn?

◗ Lavbstlgub

ba latbrabt ftrns aftlilns qub hne`ba sferb  Npps.. Ba b` `lerf mlgltn` sb fdrbiba n`guafs bobkp`fs. `ns Npps Yb suglbrb qub b` n`ukaf tfkb n`guans lmbns mb bstns aftlilns rbn`bs y qub nan`lib sus b`bkbatfs dfrkn`bs.

5. Dnsb mb rbn`lznilùa. Ba b` `lerf mb` n`ukaf sb p`natbn

uanmlsbþf. mlaîklin irbntlvn mb gbabrnilùa mb pbasnklbatf mb Yb trntn mb qub ba bqulpf rbsub`vna ua prfe`bkn qub kbrbib `n pban nefrmnr y sf`uilfanr, ba bstb insf `n lavbailùa mb Npps qub kbofrba aubstrn vlmn (tëtu`f, duailùa, usunrlfs, mlsbþf…). Sfr `f tnatf `ns prfmuiilfabs dlan`bs pubmba sbr kuy mlspnrbs y barlqubibmfrns. B` mbslga thlajlag sb ensn ba trbs pl`nrbs eîslifs (wbegrndën)? ◗ Bkpntën?

pfabrsb ba b` `ugnr mb` ftrf, mbspbmlrsb mb prbsupubstfs pnrn ifkprbambr b` ifatbxtf y niilfabs mb` ftrf, pnrn batbambr quì plbasn, hnib, hne`n y slbatb. Mb bstn knabrn inmn eÿsqubmn mb sf`uilùa ifklbazn ifafilbamf prfduamnkbatb n `fs mbstlantnrlfs mb `n sf`uilùa.

>. Dnsb mb lasplrnilùa. Yb plmb n` n`ukanmf qub pnrn gb-

abrnr lmbns, lamlvlmun`kbatb? ◗ Ifatbkp`b,

nan`lib y sb dnkl`lnrlib ifa b` prfybitf ba b` qub vn n pnrtlilpnr mb dfrkn slku`nmn

◗

@bn irëtlinkbatb uan aftliln baIfaiursf `n qub sbbsif`nr prbsbatn mb `n `n lalilntlvn mb ftrn frgnalznilùa, FAIB. Ba b``n tnkelìa sb hne`n mb qub b` tn`batf mb `fs  oùvbabs  oùvb abs ifa y sla mlsinpnilmn mlsinpnilmnm m y su iffpbrnilùa iffpbrnilùa nyumna n kbofrnr b` kuamf. Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

◗

If`nefrnilùa? pbasnr ba ifaouatf, irbnr ba bqulpfs ku`tlmlsilp`lanrbs pnrn qub aubstrf pbasnklbatf y inpnilmnm mb batbamlklbatf sb ku`tlp`lqub. @fs mlsbþnmfrbs trnenona ba bqulpf, mfamb baiubatrna `n dubrzn pnrn ifatrnstnr lmbns y fplalfabs. @bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

>78  

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

◗ Bxpbrlkbatnilùa Bxpbrlkbatnilùa?? sn`lr mb` inkpf mb

 

`ns lmbns y ifastrulr pnrn pbasnr y tbstbnr sf`uilfabs, bvltnamf prfe`bkns ba `n lkp`bkbatnilùa. Inmn lmbn sb ``bvn n ua prftftlpf qub pbrkltb pbrkltb vbr `n sf`uilùa y rbilelr `ns `ns fplalfabs mb `fs mbkîs rbspbitf n iùkf kbofrnr y barlqubibr `n bxpbrlbailn. @n irbntlvlmnm mb `fs n`ukafs bs kuy grnamb sl sb `bs mna fpfrtualmnmbs pnrn bxprbsnr`n. Yb rbifklbamn prfpfabr`bs b` bstëku`f irbntlvf irbntlvf mb lknglanr ua prfe`bkn prfe`bkn

f uan sltunilùa y sus mbstlantnrlfs. Bstns np`linilfabs mbeba nyumnr n rbsf`vbr prfe`bkns sfiln`bs, sntlsdnibr abibslmnmbs bxlstbatbs, irbnr aubvns ifkualmnmbs, mbsnrrf``nr if`nefrnilfabs batrb lastltuilfabs, bti. Bs mbilr, tfmf nqub``f qub ifatrleuyn n irbnr ua kuamf kbofr. N`guafs bobkp`fs mb pfsle`bs npps? baifatrnr ngun, rbifrmnr `n kbmlinilùa, kbmlr `n db`lilmnm, ifatnr ihlstbs, bsirlelr pfbkns, kbofrnr `n niibslel`lmnm, mbilr drnsbs pfsltlvns, iulmnr b` kbmlf nkelbatb, bti. (wbegrndën). Yb rbifklbamn qub `fs n`ukafs rbpnsba `f bstumlnmf ba `n ualmnm y bsirlena `n aftliln mb dfrkn qub inptb `n ntbailùa mb `fs `bitfrbs ba b` prfibsnmfr mb tbxtfs ifa uan lkngba, ua mleuof f ua grîdlif. 9. Dnsb mb ifkualinilùa y pue`linilùa.   Kfstrnr `ns aftlilns natb `fs mbkîs ba ua kurn` ba b` nu`n f ba `n SML. Ubn`lznr uan `biturn if`bitlvn. Rtl`lznr `n tìialin mb `n bsin`brn mb `n kbtnifgalilùa pnrn rbd`bxlfanr sferb `f nprbamlmf y ifavbrsnr sferb bstn tìialin mb pbasnklbatf irbntlvf. ¶Hna mlsdrutnmf trnenonamf nsë6¶Ybrëna nmbiunmns pnrn b` prfybitf «Npps dfr gffmº6

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

=. Bvn`unilùa. Ifa b` iubstlfanrlf mb bvn`unilùa, nutfb-

vn`unilùa y ifbvn`unilùa sb prbtbamb qub b` n`ukanmf? ◗ Ubd`bxlfab y np`lqub `f bstumlnmf ba `n ualmnm sferb `fs tbxtfs pbrlfmëstlifs mb lalilntlvns mb bkprbamlklbatf  ouvbal`l` y b` usf  ouvba usf mb tìial tìialins ins mb mb pbasnklb pbasnklbatf atf irbnt irbntlvf. lvf. ◗ Nprbilb y vn`frb b` trnenof ba bqulpf, `ns vbatnons y `ns mldliu`tnmbs mb rbn`lznr uan ifkpfslilùa mb dfrkn iffpbrntlvn y su trntnklbatf mlgltn`. ◗ Lmbatldlqub y sbpn ifkualinr nibrin mb `ns latb`lgbailn latb`lgbailnss kÿ`tlp`bs ba `ns nitlvlmnmbs iftlmlnans. 2. Nkp`lnr. Ba b` `lerf mlgltn` sb prfpfaba ba`nibs n n`guans aftlilns sferb aubvns  Npps, qub dnil`ltna `n in`lmnm mb vlmn mb `ns pbrsfans, y n hbrrnklbatns qub pbrkltba rbn`lznr kurn`bs mlgltn`bs y sus tutfrln`bs. t utfrln`bs. IFA]BALMFY MLGL]N@BY Numlfs?  Npps dfr Gffm  Gffm  @n FAIB pfab ba knrihn su 95 Ifaiursf Bsif`nr  Ifasu`tn?

Ifaiursf mb `n FAIB Ba`nibs ifa ladfrknilùa sferb mlvbrsns npps Hbrrnklbatns?

Kurn` mlgltn` Mfiukbatf? 

Uÿerlin pnrn `n bvn`unilùa mb `n tnrbn dlan`

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

>7<

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Sruben mb bvn`unilùa Afkerb? ””””””””””””””””””””””””””” Grupf? ””””” Ra fsf pnamn ba inutlvlmnm, `lebrnmf Xlnagxlnag, ua fsf pnamn mb insl iuntrf nþfs mb bmnm, irlnmf ba inutlvlmnm, sbrî b` prlkbrf mb su bspbilb ba sbr `lebrnmf ba `n anturn`bzn. Ybgÿa pue`lin hfy `n ngbailn Ihlan Abws Ybrvlib, b` bobkp`nr hn slmf batrbanmf ba `fs ÿ`tlkfs trbs nþfs pnrn nmnptnrsb n `n qub sbrî su aubvn vlmn ba `lebrtnm. Ybgÿa Sna Wbashl, uaf mb `fs prlailpn`bs lavbstlgnmfrbs mb bstn bspbilb, «tfmfs `fs pnamns glgnatbs inutlvfs mbebrëna sbr `lebrnmfs pnrn gnrnatlznr su mbrbihf n vlvlr ba `lebrtnmº. B` fsf pnamn hneltn ba b` ifatlabatb Nslîtlif ba Ihlan Yumfiilmbatn`. @fs fsfs pnamn sfa e`naifs, n bxibpilùa mb sus pntns, frbons y `n zfan n`rbmbmfr mb sus fofs, qub sfa abgrfs. Klmba batrb >,53 y >,23 ik, y pbsna n`rbmbmfr mb >33 Jg. Yu hîeltnt bs b` efsqub mb` enkeÿ y `fs efsqubs mb ifaëdbrns. Bs uan bspbilb afituran y sf`ltnrln y sb n`lkbatn sferb tfmf mb enkeÿ, nuaqub tnkelìa mb drutfs, lasbitfs y rfbmfrbs. Tlvb n`rbmbmfr mb 93 nþfs ba inutlvlmnm. @fs fsfs pnamn sfa nalkn`bs pnrtliu`nrkbatb nklgne`bs y, `nkbatne`bkbatb, sb baiubatrna ba pb`lgrf mb bxtlailùa. @n mbstruiilùa mb su hîeltnt bs uan mb `ns prlailpn`bs inusns pnrn qub bstn bspbilb sb baiubatrb ba rlbsgf? `n tn`n lamlsirlklanmn mb` efsqub mb enkeÿ ifastltuyb ua sbrlf prfe`bkn pnrn `n rbiupbrnilùa mb `n pfe`nilùa mb` fsf pnamn. Nmbkîs, `n kfrtn`lmnm ba sus prlkbrfs kbsbs mb vlmn bs kuy b`bvnmn, pubs aniba lambdbasfs y vu`abrne`bs, y rbqulbrba iulmnmfs bspbiln`bs. Nsë klskf, sus hîeltfs n`lkbatlilfs ifastltuyba ua prfe`bkn? b` enkeÿ af bs kuy autrltlvf, y su pbrlfmf mb d`frnilùa bs kuy erbvb. ]fmfs bstfs dnitfrbs hna prfvfinmf qub npbans qubmba kl` bobkp`nrbs ba tfmf b` kuamf. bugbalnsf`ls.olkmf.ifk (nmnptnilùa)

  >.  @bb b` tbxtf ntbatnkbatb. ¶Bs uan aftliln f ua rbpfrtnob6 Bxp`lin `n mldbrbailn qub hny batrb nkefs gìabrfs pbrlfmëstlifs.

5  ¶Iùkf sb prbsbatn `n ladfrknilùa? ladfrknilùa? mb knabrn feobtlvn f sueobtlvn6 Oustldlin tu rbspubstn.   9.  Snsn `n slgulbatb frnilùa n vfz pnslvn b lamlin `fs inkelfs qub sb prfmuiba.  

B` fsf pnamn rbqulbrb iulmnmfs bspbiln`bs.

  =.  Nan`lzn slatîitlinkbatb `ns slgulbatbs frnilfabs y, mbspuìs, i`nsldëin`ns.  

❟

B` fsf pnamn hneltn ba b` ifatlabatb Nslîtlif.

 

❟

Yus hîeltfs n`lkbatlilfs ifastltuyba ua prfe`bkn.

 

❟

Yu hîeltnt bs b` efsqub mb enkeÿ.  

2.  Bsirleb `` f y, sbgÿa ifrrbspfamn.  

Bagu lr: df nob: p`n n: trn bitf: iùa ugb: pntru n: vn nkfs: sbail bz: gnaihl f: `bVVbs.

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

>85  

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Yf`uilfabs mb `n pruben mb bvn`unilùa   >. B` tbxtf bs ua rbpfrtnob.

@n aftliln bs ua tbxtf pbrlfmëstlif ba b` qub sb ladfrkn n` pÿe`lif sferb hbihfs rb`bvnatbs mb nitun`lmnm: b` rbpfrtnob bs ua tbxtf pbrlfmëstlif qub mbsnrrf``n mb knabrn nkp`ln ua tbkn mb latbrìs pnrn `fs `bitfrbs. 5. @n ladfrknilùa sb prbsbatn mb dfrkn feobtlvn, yn qub af hny alaguan vn`frnilùa pbrsfan` mb` nutfr.   9. NI]LTN? B` fsf pnamn rbqulbrb iulmnmfs bspbiln`bs.  

Yuo

IM

SNYLTN? Iulmnmfs bspbiln`bs sfa rbqubrlmfs pfr b` fsf pnamn.  

Yuo. Snilbatb

I. Ngbatb

❟ B`

vbref inkeln `n vfz nitlvn pfr `n pnslvn. ❟ B` IM mb `n frnilùa nitlvn sb ifavlbrtb ba suobtf pnilbatb mb `n pnslvn. ❟ B` suobtf mb `n frnilùa nitlvn pnsn n sbr b` I Ng mb `n pnslvn.   =. B` fsf pnamn hneltn ba b` ifatlabatb ifatlabatb nslîtlif.  

M (Nrt) A (Yust) IA (G Nmo)

A (T)

B

M (Nrt)

A (Yust)

IA (G Nmo)

 

] (GA)  

II@ (G Srbp)  

Y (GA)

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, latrnasltlvn, nitlvn. Yus hîeltfs n`lkbatlilfs ifastltuyba ua prfe`bkn.  M (Sfs) A (Yust) IA (G Nmo) A (T) M (Nrt) A (Yust)  

IM (GA)  

Y (GA)

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, prbmlintlvn, trnasltlvn, nitlvn. Yu hîeltnt bs b` efsqub mb enkeÿ. enkeÿ.  

M (Sfs) A (Yust) A (T) M (Nrt) A (Yust)

B

A (Yust)

 

IA (G Srbp)  

Nt (GA)  

Y (GA)

S (GT)

Frnilùa ifa suobtf bxp`ëiltf, ntrleutlvn, latrnasltlvn, nitlvn.   2. Bagu``lr: df``nob: p`nyn: trnybitf: iùayugb: pntru``n: vnynkfs: sbail``bz: gnaihl``f: `bybs.

Aftns

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

@bagun instb``nan y @ltbrnturn 5.¿ BYF

7

>89

 

7

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Afkerb? ””””””””””””””””””””””””””” Grupf? ””””” Ra nrtëiu`f Knrlnaf _npntn pusf b` puatf dlan` y sb npnrtù mb `n pnatn``n mb` frmbanmfr bihîamfsb pnrn ntrîs. Yusplrù db`lz, frgu``fsf fern.pbrf Klrùba `n hfrn, y `ubgf knalpu`ù b`, tbi`nmf vbr b` nrtëiu`f mbsmb b` IFA prlailplf. Bkpbzù n `bbr`f pnrnmb së su klskf, vfz n`tn. Srlkbrf b` tltu`nr, tltu`nr mlrbitf,pnrn ifatuambatb? «ENL@NAMF @N KRBU]Bº. Mbspuìs `fs natbtëtu`fs? «Ran ofvba mb mlbilfihf nþfs ba ifkn pfr b` bvnº, «@ns mrfgns mb mlsbþf sb mlspnrna batrb `n ouvbatumº y «Mbsifailbrtf kìmlif natb `fs pfifs mntfs mb `ns aubvns mrfgns ouvbal`bsº. Dlan`kbatb, b` nrtëiu`f? «]lbaba batrb >9 y >< nþfs, y sfa aubstrfs hlofs, `fs suyfs y `fs mb su vbilaf. @fs vbkfs v bkfs inmn mën, snafs, n`bgrbs, bstumlnamf f trnenonamf f `uihnamf pfr sn`lr nmb`natb, ifa sus prfe`bkns y sus drustrnilfabs, pbrf ``bafs mb vlmn y babrgën, inpnibs mb supbrnr `f qub sb `bs pfagn pfr mb`natb. Bs mldëil` lknglanr`bs hnilbamf n`gf lasù`ltf, n`gf kn`f. \ sla bkenrgf, kuihfs mb b``fs, n` ``bgnr b` dla mb sbknan, inkelna, sb trnasdfrkna, sb nefina n` `nmf fsiurf mb `n bxlstbailn. Klbatrns sus pnmrbs bstîa ba insn, murklbamf, f dubrn, mboîamf`bs sf`fs pfrqub ‐yn sfa knyfrbs‛ f kuihf kîs lambpbamlbatbs qub afsftrfs n su bmnm, b``fs, ihlifs y ihlins, sfa inpnibs mb bstnr enl`namf trbs mëns sbgulmfs, sla pnrnr, utl`lznamf tfmfs `fs kbmlfs n su n`inaib pnrn dfrznr `n kîqulan, pnrn ifasbgulr qub b` iubrpf ngunatb. Af hny ftrn `by. Nsë bs `n rbn`lmnm. @.Y.K. bs uan mb bsns ihlins. Yn`lù b` vlbrabs mb su insn pnrn gfznr mb `n vlmn, y ba uans pfins hfrns `n vlmn `b mlf `n bspn`mn. Ran pnstl``n, ua bvn, `f qub kuihfs nÿa ``nkna ìxtnsls, `b sbgù `n bspbrnazn. Z…[ Brn inkpbfan mb nobmrbz, uanbsf ihlin kfmì`lin, euban bstumlnatb, pnmrbs db`libsbay su uaninklaf. hbrknan pbqubþn. ]baën afvlf. ]fmf ]fmf sb afrkn`, hn lmf ba uafs sbguamfs, sù`f pfrqubifa uanuafs pnstl``n sb iruzù B` ifkn pubmb sbr btbraf, ``bvnr`n n ua rîplmf y dntn` mbsba`nib, f ibsnr labspbrnmnkbatb. Sbrf bsf af fiu`tnrî `n irumn rbn`lmnm. Ifkf mbiëna `fs Ebnt`bs, `fs inkpfs mb drbsns pubmba ``bgnr n sbr btbrafs. @.Y.K. enl`ù b` vlbrabs pfr `n afihb ifa `n kubrtb, y slgub enl`namf.º Knrlnaf _npntn sf`tù nlrb y nslatlù ifa `n inebzn. Sbrdbitf. Mlrbitf n `ns ifailbailns. Sbrlfmlskf y nzftb. @b gustnen. ¶Fpfrtualstn6 ¶Mbkngfgf6 ¶Yfspbihfsf6 ¶Snad`btnrlf6 N` mlne`f ifa tfmf. Brn uan aftliln y sneën iùkf trntnr`n. Ofrml YLBUUN L DNEUN Inkpfs mb drbsn

Fetbabr ladfrknilùa   >.  ¶^ulìa bs b` anrrnmfr f anrrnmfrbs mb` tbxtf qub ninens mb `bbr6   5.  ¶^ulìabs sfa `fs rbibptfrbs6 9.  ¶^uì nifatbilklbatf mn `ugnr n` nrtëiu`f6 Ifkprbambr Ifkprbam br b latbrprbtnr l atbrprbtnr b` tbxtf   =.  Bxp`lin `n bstruiturn mb` tbxtf.   2.  Lamlin b` tbkn.   4.  ¶^uì pnrtbs mb `n aftliln sb iltna ba b` nrtëiu`f6   7.  Mlstlagub `n pnrtb ladfrkntlvn mb `n pnrtb vn`frntlvn ba b` nrtëiu`f. Ubd`bxlfanr y vn`frnr b` ifatbalmf y `n dfrkn   8.  ¶Ifa quì latbailùa plbasns qub bsirleb b` pbrlfmlstn bstb nrtëiu`f6 Oustldlin tu rbspubstn.   3.  Dëontb ba b` `bagunob utl`lznmf ba b` nrtëiu`f. ¶]b pnrbib qub b` pbrlfmlstn utl`lzn ua `bagunob kuy iu`tf f, pfr b` ifatrnrlf, prbtbamb qub af tbagn mldliu`tnm mldliu`tnm pnrn `fs `bitfrbs6 ¶Sfr quì6

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

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>8=  

Ubpfrtbrfs ifa inebzn

Yf`uilfabs mb `n pruben mb ifkprbaslùa `bitfrn Fetbabr ladfrknilùa   >. Ba b` tbxtf pfmbkfs mlstlagulr mfs anrrnmfrbs? ua anrrnmfr fkalsilbatb qub iubatn `n hlstfrln ba tbribrn pbrsfan y ua anrrnmfr latbraf qub bs b` pbrsfanob, b` pbrlfmlstn bainrgnmf mb rbn`lznr b` nrtëiu`f.   5. @fs rbibptfrbs mb` tbxtf ifkp`btf sfa tfmfs `fs `bitfrbs qub `f `bba, klbatrns qub `fs rbibptfrbs mb` nrtëiu`f, nmbkîs mb `fs `bitfrbs mb` tbxtf ifkp`btf, sbrëna `fs `bitfrbs dlitlilfs n `fs qub sb mlrlgb b` pbrlfmlstn, tnkelìa dlitlilf.   9. B` nifatbilklbatf qub mn `ugnr n` nrtëiu`f bs b` bstnmf mb «ifknº ba qub sb baiubatrn uan ofvba mbspuìs mb hnebr lagbrlmf uan pnstl``n mb ìxtnsls murnatb b` dla mb sbknan. Ifkprbambr b latbrprbtnr b` tbxtf  Ifkprbambr =. B` tbxtf prbsbatn trbs pnrtbs i`nrnkbatb mldbrbailnmns. ❟ Srlkbr pîrrndf? Ra anrrnmfr fkalsilbatb latrfmuib n` pbrlfmlstn bainrgnmf mb trnaskltlr b` suibsf ifa su nrtëiu`f. ❟ B` nrtëiu`f bsirltf pfr Knrlnaf _npntn mbstninmf pfr b` usf mb `ns ifkl``ns. ❟ Aubvn latbrvbailùa mb` anrrnmfr fkalsilbatb ifa b` qub sb ilbrrn b` tbxtf prfmuilìamfsb, mb bstb kfmf, uan bstruiturn baknrinmn pfr `n prbsbailn mb mlihf anrrnmfr.   2. B` tbkn pfmrën bauailnrsb ifkf «b` usf mb `ns mrfgns pfr `fs oùvbabs y sus ifasbiubailnsº.   4. @ns pnrtbs mb `n aftliln qub sb iltna sfa b` tltu`nr («enl`namf ifa `n kubrtbº) y `fs natbtëtu`fs («Ran ofvba mb mlbilfihf nþfs ba ifkn pfr b` bvnº, «@ns mrfgns mb mlsbþf sb mlspnrna batrb `n ouvbatumº y «Mbsifailbrtf kìmlif natb `fs pfifs mntfs mb `ns aubvns mrfgns ouvbal`bsº).   7. @n pnrtb ladfrkntlvn sb rbmuib n `fs natbtëtu`fs yn qub b` tëtu`f y b` nrtëiu`f ifkp`btf mbsirleba b` suibsf mbsmb b` puatf mb vlstn b latbrprbtnilùa mb Knrlnaf _npntn.

Ubd`bxlfanr y vn`frnr b` ifatbalmf y `n dfrkn   8, < y >3. Ubspubstn `lerb.

Aftns

Ralmnmbs mlmîitlins

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