05-04-2020 212844 PM Manual de Las Principales Técnicas de Terapia Cognitiva Conductuales 2020

 

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JLY]DI[BBJÒL Ks uln dmrn quk trntn ik inr rkspukstn n `ns jltkrrdanltks sdmrk ijbcd tkfn, `ds nutdrks iksbrjmkl `ds ijhkrkltks fdik`ds ik `ns têbljbns bdaljtjvns bdliubtun`ks mnsnids kl kvjiklbjns rkn`ks y pn`pnm`ks, inl uln kxp`jbnbjòl ik `ds klhdquks bdaljtjvd-bdliubtun`ks ik `n lkl niqujsjbjòl y k`bns fnltkljfjkltd ik `ds trnstd trn stdrld rld.. @ds nutdrks nutdrks prdpd prdpdlk l ks kstns tns têbljbns têblj ik jlt jltkrv krvklb klbjdl jdlks ks sæltdfns mî mîsjb sjbns ns yik` `n rkkstrubturnbjòl bdaljtjvn, quk sdl k` lÿb`kd ik uln tkrnpjn bdaljtjvn-bdliubtun` khjbnz, y iksbrjmkl ksns jltkrvklbjdlks iktn``ninfkltk, tnltd ik fnlkrn tkòrjbn, bdfd b`æljbn, kl k` nquæ y ncdrn, bdl vnrjds kokfp`ds ik bnsds rkn`ks. K` Ir. Nnrdl Y. Mkbe, Mkbe ,  psjbò`dad fulijn`fkltk bdldbjid pdr cnmkr iksnrrd``nid `n Ykrnpjn Bdaljtjvn, jljbjn`fkltk pnrn `n Ikprksjòl y np`jbnin, pdstkrjdrfkltk, n dtrds fubcds prdm`kfns psjbd`òajbds, ikfdstrnlid uln arnl khjbnbjn tkrnpêutjbn. Rkaÿl Rkaÿ l `n Yk Ykdr dræn æn Bdal Bdaljt jtjv jvnn ik Mk Mkbe be, kxj xjsstk ul uln n b`n `nrn rn rk`n rk`nbbjò jòl l kl kltr trk k `d `dss pklsnfjkltds ik `n pkrsdln (`d quk sk ijbk n sæ fjsfn sdmrk `ns sjtunbjdlks quk vjvk, sdmrk y`ds sdmrky `n`dsvjin, sdmrk sæ fjsfn y sdmrk `ds prdm`kfns quk prkskltn), `nsikfîs, kfdbjdlks skltjfjkltds quk kxpkrjfkltn. N su vkz, kstn rknbbjòl kfdbjdln` jlh`ujrî kl `n rknbbjòl bdfpdrtnfkltn` ik `n pkrsdln nltk ksn sjtunbjòl, nltk `n bdliubtn ik dtrd, d nltk `ds sæltdfns quk kxpkrjfkltn, skaÿl k` bnsd. Bunlid `ns kfdbjdlks sdl fuy lkantjvns k jltklsns, lukstrd bdfpdrtnfjkltd sk vk kltdrpkbjid d sk vuk`vk iksninptntjvd, ik fdid quk `ds prdm`kfns sk fnltjklkl d kfpkdrnl. ]kn`fkltk, `d quk dburrk, iksik kstn tkdræn, ks quk ld sdl `ns sjtunbjdlks kl sæ `ns quk prdiubkl fn`kstnr (d `n arnl jltklsjini ik` fn`kstnr) ijrkbtnfkltk, sjld `ns jltkrprktnbjdlks pkrsdln`ks quk sjtunbjòl, cnbkfds ik k``ns. Kstd jfp`jbn quk, fubcns vkbks, n` ld pdikr skr dmoktjvds kl uln pdikfds ijstdrsjdlnr `n jlhdrfnbjòl ik `n quk qu k ijsp ijspdl dlkf kfds ds kl ul fdfk fdfklt ltd d inid inid,, d sn snbn bnrr bd bdlb lb`u `usj sjdl dlks ks lkan lkantjv tjvns ns sj sjl l jlhdrfnbjòl suhjbjkltk d jlb`usd jaldrnlid dtrn jlhdrfnbjòl ijspdljm`k fîs rkn`jstn y bdlstrubtjvn. Bunlid kstd dburrk, ijbk Mkbe, bdfktkfds krrdrks kl `n jltkrprktnbjòl d krrdrks ik rnzdlnfjkltd. Cny pkrsdlns quk tjklkl fîs tkliklbjn n bdfktkr kstds krrdrks, jlh`ujids tnfmjêl pdr n`aulns brkklbjns ik mnsk, quk pukikl skr ræajins d jlbdrrkbtns, aklkrn`fkltk nprklijins n trnvês ik `n kiubnbjòl y ik `ns kxpkrjklbjns prkvjns. Ynfmjêl sk inl fîs krr krrdrk drkss ik jltkrp jltkrprkt rktnbj nbjòl òl bunlid bunlid sk ik iksnr snrrd` rd``nl `nl `ds ijh ijhkrk krkltk ltkss trn trnstd stdrld rldss psjbd`òajbds.

 

Kstn kxp`jbnbjòl ks jfpdrtnltk ik bnrn n` trntnfjkltd, ikltrd ik `n ``nfnin Ykrnpjn Bdaljtjvn ik Mkbe, quk ldsdtrds np`jbnfds ik fdid jltkarnid bdl dtrns têbljbns. @d mîsjbd jbd kl kstn tkrnpjn (ld `d ÿljbd) skræn klskþnr n `n pkrsdln `n rk`nbjòl sjtunbjòl - pklsnfjkltds nutdfîtjbds nltk `n sjtunbjòl-skltjfjkltdskfdbjdlks-bdfpdrtnfjkltd rksu`tnltk. @n pkrsdln prnbtjbn `n jikltjhjbnbjòl ik tn`ks pklsnfjkltds, nprklik n vkr sus pdsjm`ks krrdrks ik jltkrprktnbjòl y, sjkfprk bdl `n auæn ik` psjbò`dad, nprklikrî n bukstjdlnrsk sus pklsnfjkltds, ik fdid quk ``kauk n vkr `ns bdsns ik dtrn hdrfn, fîs rkn`jstn, fîs bdlstrubtjvn. K` dmoktjvd ks klskþnr n `n pkrsdln n pklsnr ik dtrd fdid nltk `ds prdm`kfns y sæ sælt ltdf dfns ns qu quk k pnik pnikbk bk,, `d quk quk nyui nyuinr nrî î n rkiu rkiubj bjrr `n `nss kf kfdb dbjd jdlk lkss lk lkan antjtjvn vnss y n rknbbjdlnr nltk `ds prdm`kfns ik ul fdid quk `k ``kvk n su sd`ubjòl, ld n` nmntjfjkltd. Ydid kstd sk jltkarn ikltrd ik ul prdarnfn ik trntnfjkltd fîs nfp`jd, bdl têbljbns bdliubtun`ks, fkodrn ik `n nutdkstjfn, kltrklnfjkltd kl nskrtjvjini y cnmj`jiniks sdbjn`ks, têbljbns ik bdltrd` ik nlsjkini, têbljbns ik rksd`ubjòl ik prdm`kfns, kltrk kl trk dt dtrd rds. s. Kstk Kstk tjpd tjpd ik tk tkrn rnpj pjn n sk ``nf ``nfn, n, kl su bdlo bdloul ultd td,, Yk Ykrn rnpj pjn n Bd Bdal aljtj jtjvd vd-Bdliubtun`. Wnrn bdl Wnrn bdlska skaujr ujr kst kstk k dmokt dmoktjvd jvd prksk prkskltn ltnfds fds,, nul nulquk quk subjlt subjltn, n, `n cjstdr cjstdrjn jn ik `ns psjbdtkrnpjns, `ds prjlbjpn`ks klhdquks ik kstns, bdl sus prjlbjpn`ks bdlbkptds y prdbkikrks, y n`aulds ik `ds iksnrrd``ds fîs nbtun`ks kl kstk bnfpd. @n psjb psjbdt dtkr krnp npjn jn bd bdal aljtj jtjvn vn bd bdls lstjtjtu tuyk yk kl `n nbtu nbtun` n`ji jini ni ul uld d ik `d `dss klhd klhdqu quks ks tkrnpêutjbds fîs ÿtj`ks pnrn fu`tjtui ik trnstdrlds psjbd`òajbds

 

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>. RDBJN RDBJN@J_N @J_NBJÒL BJÒL YK]NWÊ[YJB YK]NWÊ[YJBN N RKAßL MKBE (>:18) Ks hrkbukltk kl `n sdbjn`jznbjòl utj`jznr `n prjfkrn sksjòl pnrn jltrdiubjr n` pnbjkltk kl k` fdik`d ik trnmnod n utj`jznr kl kstn tkrnpjn. N kstn tnrkn n`uijfds bdl `n "sdbjn "sd bjn`jz `jznbj nbjòl òl tkrnp tkrnpêut êutjbn jbn". ". Rdmrk Rdmrk kstn kstn nbtjvj nbtjvjini ini sk vn n bdl bdlstr strujr ujr `n mnsk mnsk ik` "kfpjrj "kf pjrjsf sfd d bd bd`nm `nmdrn drntjv tjvd" d" klt kltrk rk k` pnb pnbjkl jkltk tk y k` tkr tkrnp npkut kutn. n. Kx Kxp`j p`jbnr bnr `n rk` rk`nb nbjòl jòl pklsnfjkltd-nhkbtd-bdliubtn. pklsnfjkltd-nhkbtd-b dliubtn. Wkijr hkkimnbe ik bdfprklsjòl.

Wnsd >? K` tkrnpkutn `k kxp`jbnrî n` pnbjkltk `n rk`nbjòl R ‒ W ‒ N ‒ B , pnrn `d bun` k` tkrnpkutn tklirî bdfd rkbursd ik kxp`jbnbjòl `îfjlns prkvjnfkltk prkpnrnins. 

K` tkrnpkutn pkijrî n` pnbjkltk quk rkpjtn `d quk kltklijò ik `n kxp`jbnbjòl nltks inin.

Wnsd =? K` tkrnpkutn utj`jznrî uln skbuklbjn pkrsdln` ik` pnbjkltk pnrn kxp`jbnr `n rk`nbjòl R ‒ W ‒ N ‒ B? ‐[stki fk cn bdltnid kl su cjstdrjn quk... ncdrn qujkrd quk fk ijan‖? ´Buî` huk `n sjtunbjòl4 ´^uê huk `d quk sjltjò4 ´^uê huk `d quk pklsò4 ´^uê cjzd4 ´^uê iktkrfjlò quk ustki nbtunrn nsæ…4     



K` tkrnpkutn pkijrî hkkimnbe ik bdfprklsjòl (k` pnbjkltk pnrn bdfprdmnr sj bnptò, bnp tò, tklirî tklirî qu quk k rks rkspdl pdlik ikrr `d sjaujk sjaujkltk ltk?? ‐K` pkl pklsnf snfjkl jkltd td ikt iktkrf krfjln jln `n bdliubtn ‒ nhkbtd‖).

Wnsd 2? K` tkrnpkutn `k kxp`jbnrî n` pnbjkltk k` usd ik `n cdon ik nutdrrkajstrd. K` tkrnpkutn bdfd kltrklnfjkltd `k prkaultn? ‐´Bòfd sk sjkltk ustki kl kstds fdkltds4 ´Bÿn` ks `n sjtunbjòl4´^uê pjklsn4... [stki bunlid rkarksk n bnsn, vn n ``klnr kstn cdojtn idlik nldtnrî? uln skrjk ik sjtu sjtunb nbjd jdlk lks, s, `d qu quk k `k cn cnbk bkl l sk sklt ltjr jr,, `d qu quk k pj pjkl klsn sn y bò bòfd fd nb nbtÿ tÿn n kl ij ijbc bcns ns sjtunbjdlks.‖

Wnsd 9? K` tkrnpkutn kxp`jbn k` prdbksd tkrnpêutjbd tkrnpêutjbd?? ‐Zd `k vdy n klskþnr ul bdloultd ik têbljbns quk `k nyuinrîl n ustki n sd`ubjdlnr, nhrdltnr bjkrtds prdm`kfns psjbd`òajbds… sj n `d `nrad ik` prdbksd ustki ldtn quk

 

n`aulds sæltdfns npnrkbkl lukvnfkltk, skrî n`ad ldrfn` ik` prdbksd ik fkodrn, pdrquk ijbcns rkbnæins, bnmk `n pdsjmj`jini quk sk prkskltkl, pkrd k` jltkrvn`d ik tjkfpd skrî fnydr n` ik nltks. Wkijr hkkimnbe n` pnbjkltk? ‐Ncdrn iæanfk `d quk `k nbnmd ik kxp`jbnr…‖

Wnsd ;? Kxp`jbnr tnrkns pnrn bnsn K` tkrnpkutn `k ijbk n` pnbjkltk? ‐Rkþdr(n)(jtn)? ustki kl tdins `ns sksjdlks, bunlid vnyn n bnsn, sk `k vn n inr tnrkns pnrn quk `ns rkn`jbk, pnrn `d bun` skrî lkbksnrjd quk sk naklbjk ik ul bunikrld pnrn quk nldtk `ns jlijbnbjdlks‖. Wnsd 8? N` hjln`jzn `n sksjòl?  K` tkrnpkutn pjik n` pnbjkltk? Dpjljdlks Iuins Rk `k pjik n` pnbjkltk quk rksufn `n sksjòl Rk cnbk usd ik` hkkimnbe   



 

=. BDLBK BDLBKWY[N WY[N@J_N @J_NBJÒL BJÒL IK@ W W]DM@ ]DM@KFN KFN K` tkrnpkutn bdl k` pnbjkltk, pukikl bdlbkptun`jznr k` prdm`kfn kl trks ljvk`ks ik nmstrnbbjòl?

Wnsd >? K` sjaljhjbnid quk k` pnbjkltk in n su kxpkrjklbjn ik `ds ckbcds pnsnids, rk`nbjdlnids bdl sus îrkns prdm`kfîtjbns. (K` dmoktjvd ks trniubjr `ds sæltdfns ik` pnbjkl pnb jkltk tk kl têr têrfjl fjlds ds ik sjtunb sjtunbjdl jdlks ks kv kvdnb dnbni nidrk drkss ‒ pkl pklsnf snfjkl jkltds tds ‒ nhk nhkbtd btdss ‒ bdliubtns). RJY[NBJÒL

 

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K` tkrnpkutn `k ijbk n` pnbjkltk?  ‐[stki fk cn bdltnid kl su cjstdrjn quk... ncdrn qujkrd quk fk rkspdlins? r kspdlins?

´Bòfd jltkrprktnstk `n sjtunbjòl kl quk tk skltjstk fn`4, ´^uê sjaljhjbò pnrn tj, quk subkijkrn…..4

 

Wnrn jikltjhjbnr `ds R[W[KRYDR WK]RDLN@KR, k` tkrnpkutn `k prkaultn n` pnbjkltk? ´Buîlid tk sjkltks nsæ, quk pjklsn sdmrk ustki fjsfd(n)4

Wnsd =? @ds sjaljhjbnids inids pdr k` pnbjkltk, n su kxpkrjklbjn sdl narupnids pdr  k` tkrnpkutn kl pntrdlks bdaljtjvds (iktkrfjlk `ns ijstdrsjdlks bdaljtjvns). Wnsd 2? K` tkrnpkutn iktkrfjln k` RWNB nbtun`

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NHKBYD

BDLI[BYN

 

2. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? KSW KSW]KRJÒ ]KRJÒL L IK KFD KFDBJDLK BJDLKR R @kncy, ]. (=772). Êstns jlb`uykl pkijr`ks n `ds pnbjkltks quk ldfmrkl `n kfdbjòl, ldtkl sklsnbjdlks kl k` bukrpd, sk hdbn`jbkl kl y pkrfnlkzbnl bdl `n kfdbjòl, quk jikltj jik ltjhjq hjqukl ukl pklsnf pklsnfjkl jkltds tds quk `n nbd nbdfp fpnþn nþnl, l, quk jik jikltj ltjhjq hjqukl ukl `n jlh jlhdrf drfnbj nbjòl òl bdltkljin kl `n kfdbjòl, ``kvkl ul ijnrjd ik kfdbjdlks, iktkbtkl jltkrrupbjdlks d jltkrhkrklbjns kl k` rkajstrd kxpkrjklbjn` ik `ns fjsfns, bdlsjalkl `d quk `n kfdbjòl `ks kstî ijbjklid y `d quk lkbksjtnl pnrn sæ fjsfds. @kncy, ]. (=772). Kl kstk bdltkxtd, `n bdlbkptun`jznbjòl y `ns têbljbns hdbn`jznins kl `n kfdbjòl pukikl skr ik arnl nyuin pnrn `ds tkrnpkutns bdaljtjvd-bdliubtun`ks, pdrquk k` nbtjvnr y nbbkikr n kxpkrjklbjns kfdbjdln`ks nyuin n `ds pnbjkltks n rkbd rkbdld ldbk bkrr `d `dss k`kf k`kfkl kltd tdss bd bdal aljtjtjv jvds ds quk quk kstî kstîl l bd bdlt ltkl klji jids ds kl bn bnin in ks ksqu qukf kfn n kfdbjdln`. Kstns têbljbns tnfmjêl pukikl skr ÿtj`ks pnrn nbbkikr n `ds ksqukfns pkrs pk rsdl dln` n`ks ks hu huli linf nfkl kltn tn`k `ks, s, `d `dss quk quk kstî kstîl l ns nsdb dbjn jnid idss n fk fklu luid id n kf kfdb dbjd jdlk lkss jltklsns.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? (ijb jbk k n` pnbj pnbjkl kltk tk)) ‐Ldt ‐Ldtd d qu quk k bu bunl nlid id us ustk tki i cn cnm` m`n n ik (j (jik iklt ltjhjhjb jbnr nr k` îrkn îrkn Y? (i prdm`k prd m`kfît fîtjbn jbn), ), pnr pnrkbk kbk skltjr skltjr n`ad, n`ad, fuy prd prdhul hulin infkl fkltk. tk. Bjk Bjkrtd rtdss tkf tkfns ns pn pnrkb rkbkl kl ikspkrtnr`k kfdbjdlks. ´@k pnrkbk sj lds iktklkfds kl kstk tkfn4 (…). K` bun` pdr  `d vjstd `k aklkrn trjstkzn‖.

W?…………………………………….................................................................................. Y? ‐Ncdrn, ustki sk vn n bdlbkltrnr kl ksn sjtunbjòl, ´kstnfds ik nbukrid4‖ W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ncdrn, bjkrrk sus dods y rkbukrik ustki. k` `uanr, qujêlks kstnmnl n``æ, quêquk ks Y? ‐Kltdlbks, `d quk `k ikbænl, iòlik y bòfd sk klbdltrnmn Yrntk ik skltjr `n kfdbjòl

 

surak bdl kstk rkbukrid d jfnakl5 fjkltrns sk bdlbkltrn kl kstn kfdbjòl, trntk ik ldtnr tnfmjêl bun`qujkr sklsnbjòl kl su bukrpd. Ldtk su rkspjrnbjòl. Ldtk sus sklsnbjdlks hæsjbns. ´]kajstrn n`aÿl skltjfjkltd4 ´N`aÿl pklsnfjkltd4 ´Jfnakl4 ´Kstn kfdbjòl `k cnbk skltjr anlns ik ikbjr n`ad, pkijr n`ad d cnbkr n`ad4‖

W?……………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? ‐Iksbræmnfk ksns kfdbjdlks‖. W?…………………………………..................................................................................... Y? ‐Rj ustki ``drnrn, ´bòfd `d skltjræn ustki4 ´^uê rkprkskltnræn ksd pnrn ustki4‖ W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐´Z `ukad quê subkikræn4‖ W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐Fuy mjkl, ncdrn ´Wukik bdlbkltrnrsk kl kstk skltjfjkltd4 ´Wukik ikonr quk ksk skltjfjkltd tklan `uanr4 (@`drnr) [stki pukik, vnfds‖. W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐De. Ksn ks `n fnlkrn kl quk sk kstî sjltjklid kl kstk fdfkltd. ´Z pukik ikbjrfk, bdl kstk skltjfjkltd, cny n`aÿl pklsnfjkltd nsdbjnid n` ``nltd4‖ W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐Bdltjlukfds. Jfnajlkfds uln pnltn``n kl m`nlbd, ncdrn uln jfnakl npnrkbk kl `n pnltn``n. Ru skltjfjkltd (…) pdlk n ksn hjaurn kl `n pnltn``n. ´^uê jfnakl npnrkbk kl `n pnltn``n4‖

W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐´Z quk kstî sjltjklid kl ksn jfnakl4‖   W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? De. ´^uê qujkrk cnbkr bdl ksn jfnakl sj tuvjkrn quk cnbkr`d4 W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ´Bòfd sk sjkltk ncdrn4

 

W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Ykrfjlnfds.‖ Y? ‐ Ncdrn, nmrn `ds dods. Ykrfjlnfds.‖

9. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? NRJ NRJALNB ALNBJÒL JÒL Z KOK KOKB[BJ B[BJÒL ÒL A]NI A]NI[N@ [N@ IK YN]KN YN]KNR R ^[K W]DWD]BJDLKL ÊSJYD Kstn têbljbn bdlsjstk kl ijvjijr uln tnrkn bdfp`kon (quk ê` bdlsjikrn jfpdsjm`k ik ``kvnr n bnmd) kl pkqukþds pnsds, prnbtjbnlid `ds prjfkrds kl `n bdlsu`tn, d nyuiîlidsk bdl prîbtjbn kl `n jfnajlnbjòl (k` pnbjkltk vjsun`jzn `n rkn`jznbjòl ik `n tnrkn y `n iksbrjmk vkrmn`fkltk, y bunlid surak n`aÿl prdm`kfn u d`vjin n`aÿl pnsd, k` tk tkrn rnpk pkut utn n `k nyui nyuin n fk fkij ijnl nltk tk pr prka kaul ultn tns. s. N vk vkbk bkss ny nyui uin, n, prnb prnbtjtjbn bnrr `n tnrk tnrkn n prkvjnfkl prkv jnfkltk, tk, fkijnl fkijnltk tk oukad ik rd`ks. K` tkrnpkutn tkrnpkutn bdltrn bdltrnrrkst rrkstn n `n brkk brkklbjn lbjn ik` pnbjkltk sdmrk-aklkrn`jznin ik jlbnpnbjini pdljêlid`n n prukmn. Wnrn k``d, bdl k` pnbjkl pnb jkltk, tk, sk kstnm` kstnm`kbk kbkl l dmoktj dmoktjvds vds-tn -tnrkn rknss arn arniun iun`ks `ks,, nik nikbuî buîlid lid`ns `ns n` ljvk` ljvk` ik hulbjdlnfjkltd ik` pnbjkltk k jlbrkfkltnlid ik fdid brkbjkltk su ijhjbu`tni, n fkijin quk prdarksn bdl k``ns. Kstd pkrfjtk n` pnbjkltk nufkltnr sus kxpkbtntjvns ik nutd-khjbnbjn (Mnliurn, >:18). Rkaÿl Mkbe (>:32) fklbjdlnid pdr Mnrrnins, K. (=7>9) kstnm`kbk quk ks lkbksnrjd quk k` tkrnpkutn hdrfu`k ul p`nl ik nbbjòl, kl k` bun` ikmkrî kstnr bdltkfp`nid pdr  ul prdbksd quk rnijbn iksik `n ikhjljbjòl ik` prdm`kfn, p`nltknlid bdl kstd `n hdrfu`nbjòl ik ul prdykbtd kl k` quk sk kstnm`kbkrîl `ns tnrkns tnltd sjfp`ks bdfd bdfp`kons quk sk ikmkrîl rkn`jznr. Nsæ, puks iurnltk `n jltkrvklbjòl sk dmskrvnrî n` pnbjkltk kl k` `dard ik bnin tnrkn ``kvnin n bnmd bdl êxjtd5 nulnid n kstd sk prdfukvk `n kstjfu`nbjòl cnbjn `nrkn`jznr pkrsdln quk kvn`ÿk ikkstd hdrfn tdid nquk` bdfpdlkltk quk `k jfpjin `nspnrn nbtjvjiniks5 y bdl ks rkn`jstn bdlvkljkltk quk qu k k` tk tkrn rnpk pkut utn n klhn klhntjtjbk bk kl `n `nss bnpn bnpnbj bjin inik ikss y ks kshu hukr krzd zdss pn pnrn rn ````kv kvnr nr n bn bnmd md kxjtdsnfkltk bnin nbtjvjini p`nlknin5 y pdr ÿ`tjfd, sk prdbkik n rknsjalnr lukvns tnrkns fîs bdfp`kons.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? (ijb jbk k n` pnbj pnbjkl kltk tk)) ‐´ ‐´Wd Wdir iræn ænfd fdss bd bdfp fprd rdmn mnrr tu brkk brkklb lbjn jn ik qu quk k ld pu puki kik k Y?  (i bdlbkltrnrtk4‖ Wnrn k``d p`nltknrkfds tnrkns quk ikmkrîs rkn`jznr.

 

Y? ‐Ikmks pklsnr kl uln hjaurn akdfêtrjbn sklbj``n (bunirnid, trjîlau`d d bærbu`d) y `n rkprkskltnrns fkltn`fkltk ik `n fnlkrn fîs hjk` pdsjm`k‖. ‐@d jfpdrtnltk ks quk `n jikn pkrfnlkzbn y ld skn mdrrnin pdr k` h`uod ik jikns sdmrk `ds nbdltkbjfjkltds ik` iæn, rkspdlsnmj`jiniks d pklijkltks quk tklans kl tu fkltk‖. ‐Ncdrn iksbrjmk k` bunirnid quk pklsnstk‖. W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐Kstk kokrbjbjd ikmkrî prnbtjbnr`d kl su bnsn‖. Y? ‐[stki ikmkrî ijspdlkr ik ul tjkfpd mrkvk pnrn sdstklkr kl `n fkltk `n ` n jfnakl‖. ‐Ncdrn quk `d `darò bdfmælk`ns bdl dtrns? ul bærbu`d ikltrd ik ul bunirnid d ul trjîlau`d quk n`don ul rkbtîlau`d, kltrk dtrns‖. ‐´@darò cnbkr`d4‖. W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐Ncdrn cnrkfds dtrd kokrbjbjd‖. ‐Xjsun`jbk ul bd`dr, pjklsk kl ê` 27 skaulids k jlbrkfkltk kstk `npsd arniun`fkltk, cnstn ``kanr n 2 fjlutds, yd tdfnrê k` tjkfpd. @ukad uln kstk bd`dr bdl uln hjaurn akdfêtrjbn, pdr kokfp`d? dmskrvk ul trjîlau`d rdod rdiknid pdr ul bærbu`d m`nlbd kl ul hdlid vkrik‖. ‐´@darò cnbkr`d4‖. W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐Kstk kokrbjbjd ikmkrî prnbtjbnr`d kl bnsn ikspuês ik quk cnyn pdijid rkn`jznr k` prjfkr kokrbjbjd. Nsæ ustki pu pukik kik jr jlbrkfkltn jlbrkfkltnlid lid k` tjkfpd‖. Y? ‐Ncdrn ustki dmskrvnrî kstk bærbu`d lkard, hjok `n fjrnin kl ê` iurnltk n`aulds fjlutds, `ukad bjkrrk `ds dods y rktklan kl su fkltk `n jfnakl quk nbnmn ik dmskrvnr‖. ‐´Wuid cnbkr`d4‖. W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐[stki kl bnsn ijmuok ul pkqukþd bærbu`d lkard kl uln bnrtu`jln u cdon kl m`nlbd y rkn`jzn k` kokrbjbjd quk `k ` k nbnmd ik jlijbnr‖. Y? ‐Bdlbêltrksk kl ul sdljid bdlstnltk, bdfd k` bnltd ik n`aÿl nvk kl ul pnrquk d k` tjb-tnb ik ul rk`do5 fuêstrksk fuy ntkltd n` sdljid y n `ds sj`klbjds quk sk brknl‖. ‐Kxp`æqukfk `d quk sjltjò‖. W?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ‐[stki pukik rkn`jznr k` kokrbjbjd kl su bnsn, kl ul pnrquk d kl n`aÿl `uanr ik su narnid‖.

 

Y? ‐Ncdrn bdlbêltrksk kl uln pkrbkpbjòl sklsdrjn` (d`dr, tkxturn n` tnbtd, nrdfn) y kvjtk kvj tk pdlkr` pdlkr`k k ldf ldfmrk mrkss d iksbrj iksbrjmjr` mjr`n5 n5 sò`d sò`d kxp kxpkrj krjfêl fêltk` tk`n‖. n‖. ‐Ks ‐Kstk tk kok kokrbj rbjbjd bjd kv kvjtn jtn ijvnanbjdlks‖. Y? ‐[stki ikmkrî rkn`jznr uld ik kstds kokrbjbjds n` iæn, ik nbukrid n` drikl kl k` bun` `k ck jlijbnid y ckfds kstnid prnbtjbnid‖. Kstd nyuinrî quk ustki vnyn bdlbkltrîlidsk pnrn `ukad rkn`jznr sus nbtjvjiniks ijnrjns y pnrn ksd rkn`jznrkfds uln `jstn kl `n bun` klufkrnrkfds ik fnlkrn okrîrqujbn iksik `ns nbtjvjiniks fîs sklbj``ns cnstn `ns bdfp`kons, `ns quk pnrn tj tk prdpdrbjdlkl êxjtd. ‐´Xknfds buî`ks nbtjvjiniks y kl quê drikl `ns rkn`jznrîs sæ4‖ W? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Drikl ik nbtjvjiniks

Nbtjvjiniks

 

Bunird ik Nbtjvjiniks n rkn`jznr

 

;. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? B BDLY]D DLY]D@ @ IK KRYÆF[@ KRYÆF[@DR DR Anrbæn Arnu y Mnids (=7>>) bdlsjikrnl quk `n bdliubtn ks jlh`ujin pdr `ns bdlsk bd lskbu bukl klbj bjns ns qu quk k `n sjau sjaukl kl bd bdlt ltja jakl kltk tkfk fklt ltk. k. Rj Rjl l kf kfnm nmra rad, d, ik ikmj mjid id n su suss nsdb ns dbjn jnbj bjdl dl bdl kstn kstnss ÿ`t ÿ`tjf jfns ns,, `d `dss kst kstæf æfu` u`ds ds nltk nltkbk bkikl ikltk tkss tn tnfm fmjk jkl l puki pukikl kl kfp`knrsk pnrn bdltrd`nr `n bdliubtn n trnvks ik `n prkskltnbjdl, d rktjrnin ik `ds fjsf fjsfds ds.. Ikm Ikmji jid d n` kl kltr trkl klnf nfjk jklt ltd d (h (hdrf drfn` n` d jl jlhd hdrf rfn` n`)) kl ijsbr ijsbrjf jfjl jlnb nbjò jòl l ik kstæfu`ds, `ns pkrsdlns nprklikl n rkspdlikr ijhkrklbjn`fkltk kl prksklbjn ik kstæfu`ds ijhkrkltks. Wdr `d tnltd? 



Rk pukik jliubjr uln bdliubtn? prkskltnlid kstæfu`ds ijsbrfjlntjvds pnrn k` rkhdrznfjkltd ik ijbcn bdliubtn, rktjrnlid kstjfu`ds ik`tn, rktjrnlid kstjfu`ds ijsbrjfjlntjvds pnrn k` bnstjad ik ijbcn bdliubtn y/d rktjrnlid kstj kstjfu fu`d `dss ijsb ijsbrj rjfj fjln lntjtjvd vdss pn pnrn rn k` rk rkhd hdrz rznf nfjk jklt ltd d ik ul uln n bdli bdliub ubtn tn jfbdfpntjm`k. Wdikfdss rkiubjr uln bdliubt Wdikfd bdliubtn? n? rktjrnlid rktjrnlid kstæf kstæfu`ds u`ds ijsbrjfjlnt ijsbrjfjlntjvds jvds pnrn k` rkhdrznfjkltd ik ijbcn bdliubtn, prkskltnid kstjfu`ds ik`tn, prkskltnlid kstjfu`ds ijsbrjfjlntjvds pnrn k` bnstjad ik ijbcn bdliubtn u/d prkskltnid kstj kstjfu fu`d `dss ijsb ijsbrj rjfj fjln lntjtjvd vdss pn pnrn rn k` rk rkhd hdrz rznf nfjk jklt ltd d ik ul uln n bdli bdliub ubtn tn jfbdfpntjm`k.

 N` cnm`nr ik jlstjanbjòl, sk pukik hnbj`jtnr uln bdliubtn fkijnltk prdbkijfjkltds ik bdltrd` ik kstjfu`ds nltkbkikltks, tn`ks bdfd `ns jltrubbjdlks, k` fdik`nid, `n auæn hæsjbn y `n rkiubbjòl sjtunbjdln`.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >?  K` tkrnpkutn jlijbn n` pnbjkltk? ‐Kl kstn sksjòl bdl su nyuin nbdrinrkfds nbtjvjiniks quk tklirî quk rkn`jznr y `ns pdlirî kl prîbtjbn kl su cdanr, ijbcns nbtjvjiniks pukikl skr `ns sjaujkltks, bdl k` dmoktjvd ik quk ld bdfns jlsuhjbjkltk k jlnikbuninfkltk, ld rkn`jbks nyulds lj tk sn`tks bdfjins, tdids k``ds nufkltnl k` rjksad ik ntrnbòl‖?   ]kn`jzn n `d `nrad ik` iæn kltrk 2 y ; bdfjins. Ld ikoks pnsnr fîs ik 2 ò 9

cdrns kltrk uln bdfjin y dtrn. Ik `ns ; bdfjins, 2 skrîl prjlbjpn`ks y = skrîl fklds nmulinltks.   Kstnm`kbk cdrnrjds hjods pnrn bnin bdfjin.    Nltks ik kfpkznr n bdfkr prkaÿltntk sj rkn`fkltk tjklks cnfmrk.

 

                             

Wrkpîrntk `n fksn nltks ik skltnrtk n bdfkr. Rærvktk kl ul p`ntd `d quk bdlsjikrns quk vns n bdfkr. K` p`ntd ikmk skr ik tnfnþd ldrfn`, lj pkqukþd lj arnlik. Ld ikoks `ns hukltks ik bdfjin kl `n fksn ikspuês ik cnmkr skrvjid `ds n`jfkltds. Bdfk skltnin, bdl fnltk`ks y bumjkrtds. Kvjtn `n bdfjin rîpjin y ik pjk. Bdfk sjkfprk kl k` fjsfd `uanr ik `n bnsn, kl kstk bnsd kl k` bdfkidr  kxb`usjvnfkltk. Ld rkn`jbks ljlauln nbtjvjini fjkltrns bdfks. Bdlbêltrntk kl `n bdfjin quk jlajkrks. Bdfk prjfkrd `ds n`jfkltds prkhkrjids ikonlid `ds quk ld tk austnl pnrn k` hjln`. Rj bdbjlns, sjrvks `n bdfjin d rkbdaks `n fksn, ld prukmks `n bdfjin ik `ns hukltks. Ld tk bdfns `ns sdmrns ik `ds ikfîs. Bdfk ikspnbjd Wdltk ul mdbnid pkqukþd kl `n mdbn Ikon `ds bumjkrtds kl `n fksn.

  Fnstjbn rkpktjins vkbks y bukltn `ns fnstjbnbjdlks quk ``kvns kl bnin    

                 

mdbnid. Yrnan nltks ik vd`vkr n bdakr `ds bumjkrtds. Bdfk tdid `d quk pukins bdl bumjkrtds, jlb`usd ul mdbnij``d, sj ld pukiks, npdyn y suk`tn k` mdbnij`` mdbnij``d, d, fnstjbn `kltnfk `kltnfkltk ltk y trnan nltks ik vd`vkr`d n bdakr. ]kn`jzn pkqukþds jltkrvn`ds jltkrrufpjklid pnrn rkspjrnr d bdlvkrsnr. Ikon ul pdbd ik bdfjin kl k` p`ntd. Kspkrn >7->; fjlutds nltks ik rkpktjr pnrn quk `ns skþn`ks ik snbjkini ``kaukl n` bkrkmrd. @kvîltntk ik `n fksn kl bunltd cnyns tkrfjlnid. @îvntk `ds ijkltks d bdfk bcjb`k sjl nzÿbnr pnrn inr pdr tkrfjlnin `n bdfjin. W`nljhjbn `d quk vns n bdfkr. Xk n `n bdfprn sjl cnfmrk, ``kvn uln `jstn y k` ijlkrd oustd. Bdfprn n`jfkltds quk lkbksjtkl bdbjlnrsk y prkpîrn`ds bunlid ld tklans cnfmrk.  N`fnbkln `ds n`jfkltds ik n`ad bdltkljid bn`òrjbd kl `uanrks ik ijhæbj` nbbksd d pdbd vjsjm`ks, pnrn kstd pdlirîs ròtu`ds kl ijbcds `uanrks, kstds rdtu`ds pukikl tklkr `ns sjaujkltks hrnsks fdtjvnidrns?

 

‐Ld `d lkbksjtd‖. ‐Zd sdy fîs hukrtk‖. ‐Kstdy ikbjijin n `ubcnr bdltrn kstn klhk kl hkrf rfki kini ni quk quk fk cnbk cnbk tn tnl l jlhk` jlhk`jz jz‖. ‖. ‐@ds ‐@ds mklkh mklkhjb jbjd jds s ld supk supkrnl rnl k` 

suhrjfjkltd quk fk prdvdbn . K`jod nhrdltnr fj vjin y ld cujr ik `n rkn`jini . ‐Kstd ks uln `ubcn n fukrtk kltrk k` ntrnbòl y yd? k`jod ZD‖. ‐Wukid idfjlnrfk? rkn`fkltk ld tklad cnfmrk‖. ‐Rj fk idy ul ntrnbòl, `ukad fk skltjrê nmsd`utnfkltk iksprkbjnm`k y vd`vkrê n bnkr kl k` cdrrjm`k bjrbu`d vjbjdsd ik ntjmdrrnrfk ik bdfjin y vdfjtnr‖. ‐Kstdy jlhdrfnin sdmrk kstn klhkrfkini y qujkrd rkbupkrnrfk‖. ‐Fj bukrpd ks uld sd`d y tklirê quk bdlvjvjr bdl ê` tdin fj vjin. Bujid fj bukrpd. @ds ntrnbdlks y vòfjtds ntkltnl bdltrn fj sn`ui‖. ‐Kstn bnon ik bcdbd`ntks ks uln ‐iu`bk‖ trnfpn. Kl pdbns cdrns fk skltjrê iksprkbjnm`k‖….

  Ld tk prdcæmns ljlaÿl n`jfkltd. Wukiks bdfkr ik tdid kl pkqukþns

bnltjiniks.   Kvjtn `ds kstæfu`ds quk pnrn tj pukikl skr pk`jardsds? ``kvnr ijlkrd suk`td kl `ds md`sj``ds, kltrnr kl `n bdbjln, kstnr sd`n kl bnsn. Iktkbtn buî`ks sdl kstds kstæfu`ds pnrn tj y K@JFJLN@DR sjkfprk quk pukins. @ukad, bdl k` tjkfpd y bunlid pukins bdltrd`nr fîs `n jlakstn, vd`vkrîs n jlbdrpdrnr`ds.

Wnsd =?  K` tkrnpkutn `k prkaultn n` pnbjkltk `ukad ik cnmkr fdstrnid `ns n`tkrlntjvns ik kokfp`d? ‐Ncdrn qujkrd quk fk ijan quk nbtjvjiniks `k austnræn rkn`jznr y sjkltk quk `ns vn n bufp`jr khjbnzfkltk. Wukid dptnr pdr `ns quk `k nbnmd ik fdstrnr.‖.

@jstn ik Nbtjvjiniks n rkn`jznr  -

 

8. YÊBLJBN? W]DA]NFNBJÒL IK NBYJXJINIKR JLBDFWNYJM@KR (]KHD]_NFJKLYD IJHK]KLBJN@ IK BDLI[BYNR JLBDFWNYJM@KR - ]IJ) Rk utj`jzn pnrn quk k` pnbjkltk kokbutk uln skrjk ik nbtjvjiniks n`tkrlntjvns n `n bdliubtn-prdm`kfn (p.k nbtjvjini ajflîstjbn kl `uanr ik rufjnr). Yrjvjsdlld (=771) fklbjdln quk ‐K` ]IJ ks uln prdbkijfjkltd ik rkhdrznfjkltd kl k` quk sk trntn ik ijsfjlujr `n dburrklbjn ik uln bdliubtn pdr fkijd ik`

rkhukrzd ik uln bdliubtn ik uln bdliubtn jlbdfpntjm`k. @n jikn ld ks tnl bdfp`kon , sj rkhdrznfds uln bdliubtn jlbdfpntjm`k bdl `n quk qukrkfds k`jfjlnr, kstn kst n bdli bdliubt ubtn n nuf nufklt kltnrî nrî su hrk hrkbuk buklbjn lbjn,, y pdr bdls bdlsjau jaujkl jkltk tk `n bdl bdliub iubtn tn quk qukrkfds rkiubjr ijsfjlujrî su hrkbuklbjn.‖

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? 

Musbnr nbtjvjiniks n`tkrlntjvns ikhjljr`ns, pdlkr`ns kl uln `jstn y cnbkr usd ik k``n bunlid sk sjkltn `n lkbksjini ik rkburrjr n `n bdfjin. K` fdfkltd ik` nltdod pukik iurnr ulds >; fjlutds. Kspkrn n quk pnsk rkn`jznlid uln nbtjvjini n`tkrlntjvn quk ijstrnjan tu jfpu`sd ik bdfkr.

Wnsd >?  Xnfds n sk`kbbjdlnr bdl su nyuin uln d vnrjns bdliubtns n`tkrlntjvns/jlbdfpntjm`ks bdl `n bdliubtn prdm`kfn nsæ bdfd kl `ds cdrnrjds quk sdl ik fnydr rjksad pnrn rkn`jznr`n.

@jstn ik Bdliubtns N`tkrlntjvns --

 

Wnsd =?  Xnfds n sk`kbbjdlnr sk`kbbjdlnr rkhdrznidrks quk sdl pdtkltks y quk sk pukikl sufjljstrnr bdlsjstkltkfkltk. (Ldtjtns ik rkhukrzd d ul n`jfkltd quk `k austk pkrd kl uln fæljfn prdpdrbjòl)

]khdrznidrks --

Wnsd 2?  Ld rkhukrbk `n bdliubtn prdm`kfn.

Wnsd 9?  Bunli Bu nlid d `n `nss bd bdli liubt ubtns ns jl jlbd bdfp fpnt ntjm jm`k `kss ld kst kstîl îl prk prksk sklt ltks ks kl k` rk rkpk pkrt rtdrj drjd d bdliubtun` ik` nprklijz, `ns fjsfns sk ikmkl klskþnr.

Wnsd ;?  Ks jfpdrtnltk quk k` suoktd kokbutk `n bdliubtn n`tkrlntjvn kl tdids `ds bdltkxtds cnmjtun`ks.

Wnsd 8?  ]khukrbk `n bdliubtn n`tkrlntjvn y/d jlbdfpntjm`k.

 

1. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? B[KRY B[KRYJDLNF JDLNFJKLYD JKLYD RDB]ÎYJB RDB]ÎYJBD D Klskþnr n` pnbjkltk n ijsbutjr sus pklsnfjkltd nutdfîtjbds. @ds pklsnfjkltd nutdfît nut dfîtjbd jbdss sk bdl bdltrn trnrrks rrkstnr tnrîl îl prkault prkaultnlid nlid n` pnb pnbjkl jkltk tk pdr `ns pruk prukmns mns quk kxjstkl n hnvdr y kl bdltrn ik sus ntrjmubjdlks y kxpkbtntjvns. Mkcnr y Hjaukrdn (=779) fklbjdlnl quk k` fêtdid sdbrîtjbd, pukik hnvdrkbkr n quk `n nldrêxjbn d mu`æfjbn pukinl rkbdldbkr fkodr sus brkkklbjns y vn`drks prdhuli prdh ulinfk nfkltk ltk ijs ijstdr tdrsjd sjdlni lnids, ds, tnltd tnltd rkn`tjv rkn`tjvns ns n su jfn jfnakl akl bdrp bdrpdrn drn`` bdf bdfd d su nutdkstjfn.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? K` tkrnpkutn jikltjhjbn `n brkklbjn d ijstdrsjòl bdaljtjvn (mnsîlidlds kl k`

nutdrrkajstrd d `n sksjòl ik bdlbkptun`jznbjòl).

Wnsd =?  @ukad k` tkrnpkutn bdfjklzn n prkaultnr n` pnbjkltk kl k` sjaujkltk drikl?

>.¿.B`nrjhjbnbjòl?  Wdrquk k` pnbjkltk nbkptn su supukstd pkrsdln` bdfd ÿljbn dpbjòl y bdl `ns prkaultns ik b`nrjhjbnbjòl kl ul prjfkr fdfkltd, sk nyuinrî n` pnbj pnbjkl kltk tk n kxnf kxnfjl jlnr nr sus sus supd supdsj sjbj bjdl dlks ks d br brkk kklb lbjn jnss kl ul ljvk ljvk`` fî fîss prdhulid, prdhul id, `d quk nyuin n k`jbj k`jbjtnr tnr rknbbjdlks fîs rknbbjdlk pdsjm`ks kltrk `ns quk k`kajr. ´^uê qujkrks ikbjr bunlid ijbks…4

=.¿.Jlv =.¿ .Jlvkst kstjan janrr k` supuks supukstd? td? Wnr Wnrn n iksnhj iksnhjnr nr `ds prks prksupuk upukstd stdss y `ns brk brkklbj klbjns ns jlbukstjdlnm`ks quk hulinfkltnl su nraufkltd.

 

´Bòfd ``kanstk n ksn bdlb`usjòl4

2.¿.Jlvkstjanr `ns bnusns y `ns kvjiklbjns? Zn quk bunlid k` tkrnpkutn nyuik n` pnbjkltk n rkvjsnr `n kvjiklbjn rkn` quk sdstjklk su brkklbjn, bdl hrkbuklbjn êstn klbdltrnrî quk `n `òajbn quk npdyn sus nraufkltds ks ruijfkltnrjn kl k` fkodr ik `ds bnsds. ´Rdl kstns suhjbjkltks rnzdlks4  

9.¿.Buk 9.¿ .Bukstj stjdln dlnrr pkrspk pkrspkbtj btjvns vns y pultds pultds ik vjs vjstn? tn? Bdl hrkbuklbjn k` pnbjkltk lulb lu lbn n cn bdl bdlsj sjikr ikrni nid d dtrd dtrdss pu pult ltds ds ik vjst vjstn n sjld sjld qu quk k cn nid nidpt ptnid nid uln pkrspkbtjvn quk klbnonmn bdl fîs hnbj`jini bdl sus lkbksjiniks ik bdltrd` y skaurjini. skaurj ini. Wdr fkijd ik` buks bukstjdlnf tjdlnfjkltd jkltd ik pkrspkbt pkrspkbtjvns jvns d pultds ik vjstn n`tkrlntjvds, k` tkrnpkutn rkn`fkltk kstî ‐iksnhjnlid‖ `n pdsturn. Kstd nyuinrî n` pnbjkltk n vkr quk cny dtrds pultds ik vjstn jaun`fkltk vî`jids y quk sjauk pkrfjtjêlid`k skltjrsk `d suhjbjkltkfkltk skaurd(n) y mnod bdltrd`. ´^uê hdrfns n`tkrlntjvns cny ik vkr kstd4

;.¿.Nln`jznr `ns jfp` ;.¿.Nln`jznr jfp`jbnlbj jbnlbjns ns y bdlskbuklbjn bdlskbuklbjns? s? @n pnbjkltk n fkluid ld sdl bdlsbjkltks ik quk su brkklbjn quk fnltjklk bdl``kvn jfp`jbnbjdlks `òajbns

 

prkikbj prki kbjm` m`ks ks y hr hrkb kbuk uklt ltkf kfkl kltk tk iks iksnar narni ninm` nm`ks ks.. Ny Nyui uinli nlid d n` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk n kxnfjlnr `ns rksu`tnids pdtklbjn`ks pnrn vkr sj tjklkl skltjid, d jlb`usd sj sdl iksknm`ks, k` pnbjkltk pukik inrsk bukltn ik quk su brkklbjn jlfutnm`k kstî brknlid arnl pnrtk ik su fn`kstnr.

´^uê subkikræn sj nmnlidlnrns ksn brkklbjn4

 

3. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? KSWDR KSWDRJBJÒ JBJÒL L BDL W]KXKLBJ W]KXKLBJÒL ÒL IK ]KRW[KRYN ]KRW[KRYN Bdlsjstk kl kxpdlkr n` pnbjkltk nltk kstæfu`ds ijsbrjfjlntjvds, d k`jbjtnidrks ik `n bdli bdliub ubtn tn prdm prdm`k `kfn fn,, ntrn ntrnbd bdlk lkss d vòfj vòfjtd tds, s, bdf bdfd pu puki kikl kl skr? skr? n`jf n`jfkl kltd tdss ‐prdcjmjids‖, d n`tnfkltk bn`òrjbds, dmskrvnr su prdpjn hjaurn bdrpdrn`, ktb.5 y êstn ks `n ikldfjlnin hnsk ik kxpdsjbjòl. N bdltjlunbjòl sk trntn ik jfpkijr quk subkin `n bdliubtn bdliubtn prdm` prdm`kfn kfn d rknbbjdl rknbbjdlks ks usun`ks bdf bdfd d skrænl `ds vòf vòfjtds jtds d kpjsdijds mu`æfjbds5 kstn ks `n hnsk ik prkvklbjòl ik rkspukstn.  Nljn, O. F y dtrds (=77:), rkhjkrkl r khjkrkl quk ‐Kstn têbljbn ik fdijhjbnbjòl ik bdliubtn bdliu btn sk iksnrrd``n mnod k` fdik`d kxp`jbntjvd ik `n rkiubbjòl ik nlsjkini, k` vòfjtd niqujkrk ul pnpk` prjlbjpn`, y pdskk bdlskbuklbjns pdsjtjvns pnrn k` pnbjkltk, bdfd sdl `n rkiubbjòl ik` fjkid nltk k` prkvjsjm`k nufkltd ik pksd. Wdr tnltd, k` vòfj vò fjtd td ld skr skrî î tn tnl l sò sò`d `d kl kltk tklij lijid id bdf bdfd d uln bd bdlsk lskbu bukl klbj bjn n sk skbu bulin linrj rjn n qu quk k npnrkbk trns k` kpjsdijd mu`æfjbd, sjld bdfd ul rkhdrznidr prjfnrjd ik` trnstdrld‖.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? K` tkrnpkutn oultd bdl k` pnbjkltk k`nmdrnl uln okrnrquæn ik n`jfkltds quk prdvdbnl tkfdr y nlsjkini. Okrnrquæn ik N`jfkltds N`jfkltds i ikk fkldr nlsjkini -

N`jfkltds ik fnydr nlsjkini -

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

Wnsd =? Rk pjik n` pnbjkltk quk bdfn `ds n`jfkltds quk prdvdbnl fkldr nlsjkini, kl prksklbjn ik` tkrnpkutn.

Wnsd 2?  Rk kvjtn quk sk purauk, sk pjik quk sk rk`nok y quk vkrmn`jbk `ds pklsnfjkltds pklsnfjkltds y skltjfjkltds nsdbjnids bdl `ds n`jfkltds quk tkfk.

Wnsd 9?  @n kxpdsjbjòl n bdfkr iurnrî ik 27 n 87 fjlutds. Ik kstn fnlkrn, k` ikskd ik puran iksnpnrkbkrî kl ul pkrædid ik ids cdrns.

Wnsd ;?  Rk trnmnon cnstn quk sk `dark kvjtnr `n puran.

Wnsd 8?  K` tkrnpkutn pjik n` pnbjkltk quk rkn`jbk kstn bdliubtn kl bnsn.

 

:. YÊBLJBN? KSWDRJBJÒL N @N YKLYNBJÒL BDL W]KXKLBJÒL IK ]KRW[KRYN Bdlsjstk kl kxpdlkr n` pnbjkltk nltk kstæfu`ds ijsbrjfjlntjvds, d k`jbjtnidrks ik `n bdli bd liub ubtn tn prdm prddm`k `kfn fn,, ntrn ntrnbd bdlk lkss ddmskrvnr vòfj vòfjtd tds, s, prdpjn bdf bdfd hjaurn pu puki kikl kl skr? skr? ktb.5 n`jf n`jfkl tdss ‐prdcjmjids‖, n`tnfkltk bn`òrjbds, su bdrpdrn`, ykltd êstn ks `n ikldfjlnin hnsk ik kxpdsjbjòl. N bdltjlunbjòl sk trntn ik jfpkijr quk subkin `n bdliubtn bdliubtn prdm` prdm`kfn kfn d rknbbjdl rknbbjdlks ks usun`ks bdf bdfd d skrænl `ds vòf vòfjtds jtds d kpjsdijds mu`æfjbds5 kstn ks `n hnsk ik prkvklbjòl ik rkspukstn.  Nljn, O. F y dtrds (=77:), rkhjkrkl r khjkrkl quk ‐Kstn têbljbn ik fdijhjbnbjòl ik bdliubtn bdliu btn sk iksnrrd``n mnod k` fdik`d kxp`jbntjvd ik `n rkiubbjòl ik nlsjkini, k` vòfjtd niqujkrk ul pnpk` prjlbjpn`, y pdskk bdlskbuklbjns pdsjtjvns pnrn k` pnbjkltk, bdfd sdl `n rkiubbjòl ik` fjkid nltk k` prkvjsjm`k nufkltd ik pksd. Wdr tnltd, k` vòfj vò fjtd td ld skr skrî î tn tnl l sò sò`d `d kl kltk tklij lijid id bdf bdfd d uln bd bdlsk lskbu bukl klbj bjn n sk skbu bulin linrj rjn n qu quk k npnrkbk trns k` kpjsdijd mu`æfjbd, sjld bdfd ul rkhdrznidr prjfnrjd ik` trnstdrld‖.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? K` tkrnpkutn oultd bdl k` pnbjkltk k`nmdrnl uln okrnrquæn ik kstæfu`ds quk prdvdbnl `ds ntrnbdlks (kstds kstæfu`ds pukikl jlb`ujr skþn`ks? bdaljtjvns, nfmjkltn`ks, kfdbjdln`ks). Kst stææfu`ds Bda Bdaljtjvds -

Kstæfu`ds Nf Nfm mjkl klttn`ks -

Kst stææfu`ds Kf Kfdbjdln`ks -

Wnsd =?

 

@ns skþn`ks nltkbkikltks sk usnrîl kl `n kxpdsjbjòl kl vjvd.

Wnsd 2?  Rk kvj kvjtn k` ntrn ntrnbò bòl l y k` tkr krnp npku kutn tn `k pjik pjik n` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk quk quk cn cnm` m`k k ik `ds pklsnfjkltds y skltjfjkltds sdmrk k` ikskd ik bdfkr.

Wnsd 9?  Rk jlstruyk n` pnbjkltk pnrn quk kvn`ÿk `n hukrzn ik `ds jfpu`sds ik ntrnbnrsk.

 

>7. YÊBLJBN YÊBLJBN?? KLY]KLN KLY]KLNFJKLYD FJKLYD NRK]YJXD Rk utj`jzn pnrn quk k` pnbjkltk nprklin n fnlkonr bdl fîs êxjtd sus bdlh`jbtds jl jltk tkrp rpkrs krsdln dln`k `kss y kxprk kxprksk sk ik fdid fdid ld dhkls dhklsjvd jvd lj jl jlcj cjmj mjid id,, su suss ik ikrkb rkbcds cds,, pktjbjdlks y dpjljdlks pkrsdln`ks. @jlnrks Ikzn bjtn n Bnmn``d (>:38) k` bun` fklbjdln quk "@n bdliubtn sdbjn`fkltk cnmj`jidsn ks ksk bdloultd ik bdliubtns kfjtjins pdr ul jlijvjiud kl ul bdltkxtd jl jltk tkrp rpkrs krsdln dln`` qu quk k kx kxpr prksn ksn `d `dss sk sklt ltjf jfjk jklt ltds, ds, nbtj nbtjtu tuiks iks,, ik ikskd skds, s, dp dpjl jljd jdlks lks d ikrkbcds ik ksk jlijvjiud ik ul fdid nikbunid n `n sjtunbjòl, rkspktnlid ksns bdliubtns bdliub tns kl `ds ikfîs, y quk aklkrn`fklt aklkrn`fkltk k rksuk`v rksuk`vk k `ds prdm`kfns jlfkijn jlfkijntds tds ik `n sjtunbjòl fjkltrns fjljfjzn `n prdmnmj`jini ik huturds prdm`kfns."

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >?  Jikltjhjbnr mîsjbds ikktnpn `n bdliubtn jltkrpkrsdln`? Kstj`d pnsjvd y narksjvd.`ds @nkstæ`ds hulbjòl ik kstn ks ijstjlaujr kltrk bnin uldnarksjvd, ik `ds kstj`ds, rkbdldbjklid `n fkodr hdrfn ik nbtunr ik nbdrik bdl k` kstj`d nskrtjvd. Lds nyuinrî tnfmjêl n rkbdldbkr lukstrds krrdrks kl kstk îfmjtd.

Wnsd =?  Jikltjhjbnr `ns sjtunbjdlks kl `ns bun`ks qukrkfds skr fîs nskrtjvds. Rk trntn ik jikltjhjbnr kl quê sjtunbjdlks hn``nfds, y bòfd ikmkrænfds nbtunr kl ul huturd. Rk nln`jzn nln`j zn k` arnid kl quk lukstrn rkspukst rkspukstn n n `ns sjtunbjdlks sjtunbjdlks prdm`kfîtj prdm`kfîtjbns bns pukik cnbkr quk k` rksu`tnid skn pdsjtjvd d lkantjvd.

Wnsd 2?  Iksbrjmjr `ns sjtunbjdlks prdm`kfîtjbns. Rk trntn ik nln`jznr `ns sjtunbjdlks kl tkrfjlds ik qujêl, bunlid, quê y bòfd jltkrvjklk kl ksn ksbkln, jikltjhjbnlid lukstrds pklsnfjkltds lkantjvds y k` dmoktjvd quk qukrkfds bdlskaujr.

Wnsd 9?  Ksbrjmjr ul aujòl pnrn k` bnfmjd ik lukstrn bdliubtn. Ks ul p`nl ksbrjtd pnrn nhrdltnr `n bdliubtn ik hdrfn nskrtjvn. Nquæ sk jltkltn pdlkr pdr ksbrjtd `ns sjtunbjdlks prdm`kfn y b`nrjhjbnr `d quk qukrkfds bdlskaujr. K` kltrklnidr fd`ikn  oultd n` pnbjkltk k` aujòl pnrn quk kstk skn kxprksnid ik hdrfn kspkbæhjbn.

 

Wnsd;?  Iksnrrd Iksn rrd````d d ik `k `kla laun unok ok bdr bdrpd pdrn` rn` ni nikb kbun unid. id. Rk in inl l ul uln n skr skrjk jk ik pn pnut utns ns ik bdfpdrtnfjkltd kl bunltd n `klaunok ld vkrmn` (`n fjrnin, k` tdld ik vdz, `n pdsturn, ktb.), y sk inl `ns dpdrtulns jlijbnbjdlks pnrn quk `n pkrsdln klsnyk nltk ul kspkod.

Wnsd 8?   Nprklikr n jikltjhjbnr y kvjtnr `ns fnljpu`nbjdlks ik `ds ikfîs. @ns ikfîs pkrsdlns utj`jznl kstrntnakfns pnrn pnrn fnljpu`nr`k, cnbjklid`k skltjr bu`pnm`k, kvnijklidsk ik `n bdlvkrsnbjòl d vjbtjfjznlidsk. Rk inl uln skrjk ik têbljbns pnrn rksjstjrlds rksjstjrlds n` jlh`u jlh`uod od ik `ds ikfîs, ik `ns bun`ks k` pnbjklt pnbjkltk k tklirî `n dpbjòl ik k`kajr `n quk fîs hîbj` `k rksu`tk rkn`jznr y kxprksnr.

 

>>.YÊBLJ >>. YÊBLJBN? BN? IKRKL IKRKLRJMJ@ RJMJ@J_NBJ J_NBJÒL ÒL RJRYKFÎYJB RJRYKFÎYJBN N [YJ@J [YJ@J_NLID _NLID KRBN@ KRBN@N N IK NLRJKINI Z @N JFNAJLNBJÒL

@n ikskl iksklsj sjmj mj`j`jznb znbjò jòl l sjst sjstkf kfît îtjb jbn n ks ul uld d ik `d `dss fê fêtd tdid idss pn pnrn rn bdl bdltr trnr nrrks rkstn tnr  r  arniun`fkltk `ds cîmjtds lkuròtjbds ik `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini. Rk jliubk kl k` pnbjkltk ul kstnid hjsjd`òajbd jlcjmjidr ik `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini pdr fkijd ik `n rk`nonbjòl fusbu`nr y, `ukad ks kxpukstd n ul iêmj` kstjfu`d kxbjtnidr ik `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini. @ukad sk vnl prkskltnid kstæfu`ds subksjvnfkltk fîs "hukrtks", quk sdl trntnids kl hdrfn skfkonltk, kstk fêtdid lds cn inid k` pdikr  ik supkrnr ul arnl lÿfkrd ik cîmjtds lkuròtjbds, n fkluid kl ul pdbd tjkfpd. Lds cn bnpnbj bnpnbjtnid tnid pnrn trntnr kstds cîmjtds kl bun`qujkr drikl quk qukrnfds. K` kfp`kd ik uln kfdbjòl bdltrnstnltk pnrn supkrnr pnsd pdr pnsd ul cîmjtd kfdbjdln` jliksknm`k tjklk ul prkbkikltk kl ul fêtdid fj`klnrjd? n ul ljþd sk `k nbdstufmrn arniun`fkltk n uln sjtunbjòl quk tkfk kxpdljêlid`d n pkqukþns idsjs ik `n sjtunbjòl kl bjrbulstnlbjns kl quk tnfmjêl kstîl prkskltks dtrns sjtunbjdlks, pdr kokfp`d bunlid ul ljþd tkfk mnþnrsk kl k` fnr, k` pnirk `d ``kvn prjfkrd cnstn k` mdrik ik` fjsfd ik `ns d`ns quk sk nbkrbnl, y `d suk`tn bunlid sk nbkrbn uln d`n, bunlid k` ljþd sk cnmjtÿn bòfdinfkltk n kstd, k` pnirk `d n`jkltn pnrn quk fktn k` pjk kl uln d`n, y `ukad k` tdmj``d Z nsæ subksjvnfkltk. cnmkr vklbjid arniun`fkltk k` ljþd ``kan n skr bnpnz ikIkspuês ouanr ê` ik bdl k` fnr n p`nbkr. Nikfîs su ikfjkid, skr nakltks jl jlniv nivkrt krtji jids ds kl ks kstn tn tk tkrn rnpj pjn n ksp kspdlt dltîlk îlkn, n, fu fubc bcns ns vk vkbks bks `d `dss pni pnirk rkss tr trnt ntnl nl "jlstjltjvnfkltk" `ds fjkids kstnm`kbjids ik sus ljþds ik ul fdid ksklbjn`fkltk skfkonltk, (ik`jmkrnin y fuy sjstkfîtjbnfkltk). K` prjfkr kokfp`d bdldbjid kl quk qu k sk usnrd usnrdl l ik ik`j`jmkr mkrni ninf nfkl kltk tk rk rksp spuk ukst stns ns bd bdlt ltrn rnst stnl nltk tkss pnr pnrn n su supk pkrnr rnr `n `nss rkspukstns lkuròtjbns ik nlsjkini nbkrbnlid arniun`fkltk ê` kstjfu`d, huk k` usd ik `n n`jfkltnbjòl pnrn supkrnr `ns hdmjns jlhnltj`ks kl `ns bnsds ik Fnry Bdvkr  Odlks (>:=9).

Nlî`jsjs hdrfn` ik `n iksklsjmj`jznbjòl sjstkfîtjbn Yjklk sus rnæbks kl k` `nmdrntdrjd kxpkrjfkltn`, (Qd`pk, >:93, >:;=, >:;3), k` trnmno trn mnod d bdl ant antds, ds, brk brkîlid îlid`ks `ks uln lku lkurds rdsjs js kxp kxpkrjf krjfklt kltn`, n`, klb klbkrrn krrnids ids kl uln pkqukþn onu`n fkijnltk k` prdbksd ik nifjljstrnbjòl ik bcdquks k`êbtrjbds ik n`td vd`tnok, vd`tnok, y ul kstæfu`d nuijt nuijtjvd jvd quk `ks prkbkiæ prkbkiæn, n, sk vjd quk `ns rkspuks rkspukstns tns ik nlsj nl sjki kini ni sk in inmn mnl l nl nltk tk kstd kstdss kstæ stæfu fu`d `dss y dtrd dtrdss rk rk`n `ntj tjvvds ds,, y qu quk k kr krnl nl kxtrkfn kxt rkfninf infklt kltk k rksj rksjstk stkltk ltkss n` prdb prdbksd ksd ik kxtjlb kxtjlbjòl jòl ldrf ldrfn`, n`, lj `n kxp kxpdsj dsjbjò bjòl l prd`dlanin lj rkpktjin ijsfjluynl `n rkspukstn lkuròtjbn, nulquk lulbn sk `ks

 

vd`vjkrn n sufjljstrnr `ds bcdquks n `ds nljfn`ks, nikfîs pdr fuy cnfmrjkltds quk kstuvjkrnl, ld krn pdsjm`k jlbjtnr`ds n bdfkr pkinzds ik bnrlk hrksbn quk rkanmnl kl k` pjsd ik `n onu`n, d skn `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini krn bnpnz ik jlcjmjr  tdtn`fkltk uln rkspukstn tnl mîsjbn y ninptntjvn bdfd `n ik bdfkr kl ul nljfn` fuy cnfmrjkltd. Wdr supukstd kstn hn`tn ik kxtjlbjòl sk prkskltn rkau`nrfkltk kl `ns lkurdsjs cufnlns, ncdrn mjkl `ds nljfn`ks prksklt prkskltnmnl nmnl fklds rkspukstn ik nlsjkini kl k` `nmdrntdrjd kxpkrjfkltn` y nÿl fklds kl dtrds `uanrks, ik nbukrid bdl k` arnid ik skfkonlzn ik` `nmdrntdrjd, cnstn quk `ns fnljhkstnbjdlks ik

nlsjkini iksnpnrkbænl y k` antd bdfæn, ncdrn kl hdrfn nsbklikltk bdl ul bunrtd quk sk nskfkonrn bnin vkz n` `nmdrntdrjd kxpkrjfkltn` cnstn quk `n bdliubtn ik bdfkrr ````kan bdfk kanmn mn n rk rkst stnm nm`k `kbk bkrsk rsk kl `n prd prdpj pjn n on onu` u`n n kxpk kxpkrj rjfk fklt ltn` n`,, k`jf k`jfjl jlnli nlid d tdtn`fkltk `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini. Kstns dmskrvnbjdlks dmskrvnbjdlks ``kvnrdl n `n mÿsqukin ik fêtdids fêtdids quk puijkr puijkrnl nl bdliubjr n k`jfjlnr `ds cîmjtds lkuròtjbds ik `ds cufnlds, Onbdmsdl (>:23), iksbrjmæn uln rkspukstn jlcjmjtdrjn ik `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini quk ld `k pkiæn n` pnbjkltk ljlaÿl tjpd ik nbtjvjini fdtdrn cnbjn `n hukltk ik su rkspukstn ik nlsjkini. Rk kfpkzò n inr kltrklnfjk kltrklnfjkltd ltd ik rk`nonb rk`nonbjòl jòl n `ds pnbjkltks quk pnikbænl lkurdsjs y quk ld sk `ks pdiæn np`jbnr nskrtjvjini. Rjl kfmnrad krn lkbksnrjd ul kldrfk pdtklbjn` ik rk`nonbjòl pnrn jlcjmjr `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini prdvdbnin pdr ul kstæfu`d hòmjbd ik `n vjin rkn`, Wnu` (>:8:), cn ikfdstrnid quk `n rk`nonbjòl fusbu`nr fusbu` nr prdiubk khkbtds dpukstds n `ds ik `n rkspuks rkspukstn tn ik nlsjki nlsjkini ni kl k` rjtfd bnrijnbd, `n hrkbuklbjn rkspjrntdrjn y `n bdltuliklbjn ik `n pjk`, Kstuijds sjfj`nrks sdl `ds quk cjbjkrdl pdsjm`k k` nvnlbk cnbjn `n np`jbnbjòl ik `n tkrnpjn ik iksklsjmj`jznbjòl sjstêfjbn. [ln vkz quk ul kstæf kstæfu`d u`d prdiubtd prdiubtdrr ik uln rkspukstn ik nlsjkin nlsjkini i iêmj` n bksnid ik kxbjtnr `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini, ks pdsjm`k prkskltnr dtrd kstjfu`d ul pdbd "fîs "f îs hu hukrt krtk" k" n` pn pnbj bjklt kltk k td tdtn tn`f `fklt kltk k rk` rk`no noni nid, d, y kst kstk k ks kstæ tæfu fu`d `d "f "fîs îs hu hukrt krtk" k" prdvdbnrn ncdrn fklds rkspukstn ik nlsjkini ik `n quk cnmræn prdvdbnid nltks.

Yêbljbn ik `n iksklsjmj`jznbjòl sjstkfîtjbn Bdfd tk Bdfd tkrnp rnpku kutn tn sj sjkf kfpr prk k cny cny qu quk k kst kstui uijn jnrr buj bujini inids dsnf nfklt kltk k `d `dss prd prdm` m`kf kfns ns p`nltknids pdr k` pnbjkltk nltks ik ikbjijrsk pdr n`auln têbljbn kl pnrtjbu`nr, `n prjfkrn prjfk rn tnrkn ks `n bdrrkbbjòl ik `ds krrdrks ik bdlbkpt bdlbkptd, d, `ukad sj sk rkqujkrk ul bnfmjd ik bdliubtn kl sjtunbjdlks sdbjn`ks, skxun`ks u dtrns ik `n vjin ijnrjn, skrî `d quk ntnbnrn klskaujin, `n fnydr pnrtk ik `ns vkbks pdr fkid ik` kltrklnfjkltd nskrtjvd, sj `n iksklsjmj`jznbjòl sjstkfîtjbn ks `d nikbunid, sk jljbjn tnl prdltd skn pdsjm`k y pukik ``kvnrsk n bnmd n` fjsfd tjkfpd quk sk

 

np`jbnl dtrns fkijins quk pukinl cnmkrsk prksbrjtd pnrn `n sjtunbjòl ik `n vjin ijnrjn. @n têbljbn jfp`jbn 9 bdloultds ik dpkrnbjdlks ijhkrkltks? >. Nijkstrnfjkltd kl rk`nonbjòl fusbu`nr prdhulin. =. Kstnm`kbjfjkltd ik` usd ik uln ksbn`n quk fjin `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini sumoktjvn kl fêtdids bunltjtntjvds. 2. Bdlstrubbjòl ik okrnrquæns ik `ds kstæfu`ds prdvdbnidrks ik rkspukstns ik nlsjkini 9. Bdltrnpdsjbjòl ik `n rk`nonbjòl y `ds kstæfu`ds prdvdbnidrks ik rkspukstn ik nlsjkini quk bdlstjtuykl `ns okrnrquæns.

Nijkstrnfjkltd kl rk`nonbjòl fusbu`nr prdhulin Ld cny ljla ljlaul uln n sk skbuk buklbj lbjn n lkb lkbksn ksnrj rjn n pn pnrn rn kl kltr trkl klnr nr n `d `dss ijvk ijvkrsd rsdss ar arup upds ds fusbu`nrks kl `n rk`nonbjòl, pkrd `n skbuklbjn nidptnin ikmk skr driklnin. K` nutdr dpjln quk sk ikmk bdfklznr bdl `ds mrnzds yn quk ks bdlvkljkltk pnrn cnbkr uln ikfdstrnbjòl y pdr quê ks hîbj` rkvjsnr `n rk`nonbjòl `darnin, ikspuês sk prdbkik bdl `n rkajòl ik `n bnmkzn, pdrquk aklkrn`fkltk `ds khkbtds jlcjmjidrks ik `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini fîs ldtnm`k sk dmtjklkl rk`nonlid ksn zdln. @ns sklsnbjdlks bdfulks sdl cdrfjaukds, kltufkbjfjkltd d bn`dr, prjlbjpn`fkltk kl `ns fnlds, k` tkrnpkutn ikmk pn`pnr `ds fÿsbu`ds rk`nonids, bdl `n prîbtjbn sk nprklik n ijstjlaujr nijvkrsds arnidsyaruksds ik tklsjòl tkrbkrn `kbbjòl bdrrkspdlik `ds fnbktkrds tkfpdrn`ks, `klaun,fusbu`nr. fÿsbu`ds @n hnrælakds, a`dmd dbu`nr. Kl `n bunrtn `kbbjòl lds ikijbnfds n` buk``d y `ds cdfmrds, idlik `d prjlbjpn` `d bdlstjtuykl `ds fÿsbu`ds pdstkrjdrks quk ldrfn`fkltk fnltjklkl `n pdsturn krkbtn ik `n bnmkzn. @n qujltn `kbbjòl sk dbupn ik `ds fÿsbu`ds ik `n kspn`in. Nmidfkl y tòrnx. @n skxtn `kbbjòl tdbn `n rk`nonbjòl n `ds fÿsbu`ds jlhkrjdrks.

Bdlstrubbjòl ik okrnrquæns [ln okrnrquæn ik rkspukstn ik nlsjki nlsjkini ni ks uln `jstn ik kstæf kstæfu`ds u`ds rkhkrkltk rkhkrkltkss n ul tkfn, driklnids ik nbukrid bdl `n jltklsjini ik `n rkspukstn ik nlsjkini quk prdvdbnl, kfpjkzn yn skn kln` hdrfn bdlstrubbjòl `ns  okrnrquæns fjsfdnsbklikltk tjkfpd qukdk`iksbklikltk, kltrklnfjkltd`n ik rk`nonbjòl, ik y kstî suoktn n n`tkrnbjdlks d nijbjdlks kl bun`qujkr fdfkltd, k` pkrjdid ik rkbd`kbbjòl ik intds y `n dranljznbjòl sk cnbkl kl `n kltrkvjstn y ld kl k` pkrjdid ik rk`nonbjòl, sk ikmkl ik b`nsjhjbnr pdr tkfns, (Aklkrn`fkltk cny fîs ik ul tkfn)

 

Okrnrquæn iksbklikltk n ul kxnfkl? >. Bnfjld n `n uljvkrsjini kl k` iæn ik kxnfkl. =. Fjkltrns kstn bdltkstnlid uln cdon ik kxnfkl. 2. Kstn nltk `ns pukrtns bkrrnins ik` bunrtd ik kxnfkl. 9. Kspkrn n quk sk ijstrjmuynl `ns cdons ik kxnfkl. ;. @ns cdons ik` kxnfkl sk klbukltrnl bnrn nmnod nltk k` pnbjkltk. 8. @n ldbck nltkrjdr n` kxnfkl. 1. [l iæn nltks ik` kxnfkl. 3. Ids iæns nltks ik` kxnfkl. :. Yrks iæns nltks ik` kxnfkl. Ksbn`n ik nlsjkini sumoktjvn? @n ksbn`n sk prkskltn n` pnbjkltk ijbjêlid`k `d

sjaujkltk? pjklsk kl `n pkdr rkspukstn ik nlsjkini y nsæalk`k ê` lÿfkrd >77, ncdrn pjklsk kl `n bn`fn nmsd`utn y ``nfk n kstd bkrd, ncdrn bdfd sk kvn`ÿn kl kstk fdfkltd. *Ks pdsjm`k kfp`knr `n ksbn`n pnrn pkijr n` pnbjkltk quk kvn`uê `ds ætkfs ik `n  okrnrquæn ik nbukrid bdl `n bnltjini ik rkspukstn ik nlsjkini quk skltjræn n` skr  kxpukstd n k``ds.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnrn bdfklznr kstn sksjòl ks jfpdrtnltk snmkr k` arnid ik nlsjkini ik` kvn`unid pnrn k``d utj`jznfds uln ksbn`n ik 7 n >7, n pnrtjr ik kstn sk bdlstruyk uln  okrnrquæn quk vn ik fnydr n fkldr arnid ik nlsjkini. [ln vkz jikltjhjbnin k` arnid ik nlsjkini prnbtjbnfds `n têbljbn ik rk`nonbjòl pdr  >7 fjlutds kl mnsk n `n rkspjrnbjòl. [ln vkz n`bnlznid k` ljvk` 7 ik nlsjkini pnsnfds n np`jbnr `n têbljbn ik kxpdsjbjòl arniun` utj`jznlid `n jfnajlnbjòl.

 

Ykrnpkutn

Wnbjkltk

>.- K`n K`nmdrk mdrk uln uln `jst `jstn n ik >7 sjtun sjtunbjd bjdlks lks K` pnbjkltk ikmkrî rkn`jznr `n `jstn ik `n quk fîs `k bnusn nlsjkini kl rk`nbjòl fnlkrn fîs kxcnustjvn pdsjm`k y `ukad bdl `ds pnynsds, tjklk quk skr iksik `n kltrkaîrsk`n n` tkrnpkutn. fklds nlsjdsn cnstn `n quk bnusn fnydr  nlsjkini. =.- [ln vkz bdl `n `jstn kl fnld bdfklznfds bdl `n sjtunbjòl quk bnusk fkld fk ldss nlsj nlsjki kini, ni, pk pkij ijfd fdss n` pnb pnbjk jklt ltk k quk qu k sk jfna jfnajl jlk k `n sjtu sjtunb nbjò jòl, l, `uka `ukad d `k prkaultnfds sj n`bnlzd `n jfnajlnbjòl, ikspuês ikonfds ; skaulid y prkaultnfds? ´Ik 7 n >7 kl bunltd kstn tu nlsj nlsjki kini4 ni4,, pk pkij ijfd fdss quk ik iktk tkla lan n `n jfnajlnbjòl y pnsnfds n `n rk`nonbjòl.

K` pnbjkltk ikmkrî rkn`jznr `n jfnajlnbjòl, n`znrn k` ikid uln vkz quk cnyn cn yn n` n`bn bnlz lzni nid d `n jf jfna najl jlnbj nbjòl òl,, `u `ukad kad fnlj fn ljhk hkst stnr nrn n n` tkrn tkrnpk pkut utn n k` ar arni nid d ik nlsjkini quk `k prdiubk, `ukad pnrn pnrn rk`nonrsk utj`jznl nli id `n rks ksp pjrnb nbjjòl rk`nonbjòl fusbu`nr.

Bunlid sk cnyn rk`nonid bdfp`ktnfkltk lukvnfkltk ikmkrî jfnajlnrsk `n fjsfn Bunlid Bun lid k` pnb pnbjkl jkltk tk sk cny cnyn n rk` rk`non nonid id sjtunbjòl. bdfp`ktnfkl bdfp` ktnfkltk tk lukvnf lukvnfkltk kltk `k pkijf pkijfds ds quk sk jfnajlk `n fjsfn sjtunbjòl, sj yn

ld `k bnusn k` fjsfd arnid ik nlsjkini d yn ld `k bnusn nlsjkini pnsnfds n `n sjaujkltk sjtunbjòl. 2.- Rk rkpktjrî k` pnsd ids cnstn bdfp bd fp`k `ktn tnrr `n ok okrnr rnrqu quæn æn ik sj sjtu tunb nbjd jdlk lkss nlsjdsns tkljklid kl bukltn sjkfprk quk ikmk ik mkrî rî rk`no rk`nonrs nrsk k bdf bdfp` p`kt ktnf nfklt kltk k pn pnrn rn pnsnr n `n sjaujkltk sjtunbjòl 9.- [ln vkz bdlb`ujid `n sksjòl sk kvn`ÿn `n sksjòl y sk kstnm`kbk `n tnrkn idfj id fjbj bj`j`jnrj nrjn n qu quk k bd bdls lsjs jstk tk kl rk rkpkt pktjr jr `n jfnajlnbjòl kl bnsn tkljklid kl bukltn `n rk`nonbjòl.

 

[ln vkz tkrfjlnin `n skbuklbjn k` pnbjkltk ikmkrî rk`ntnr quk `k pnrkbjò `n kxpkrjklbjn y quk sjltjò. Rj ks pdsjm`k sk rkn`jznrn ul RWNB d sj ld sk `k ikonfds pnrn `n bnsn.

LDYN? Ks jfpdrtnltk quk k` pnbjkltk sk rk`nok bdfp`ktnfkltk pnrn pdikr pnsnr n `n sjaujkltk hnsk ik `n skbuklbjn. Rj k` arnid ik nlsjkini ik` pnbjkltk ks fuy k`kvnid y ld `d pukik bdltrd`nr sk suspklik `n sksjòl.

 

>=.. YÊ >= YÊBL BLJB JBN? N? W] W]DW DWD] D]BJ BJÒL ÒL IK N@ N@YK YK]L ]LNY NYJX JXNR NR BD BDLI LI[B [BY[ Y[N@ N@KR KR WN WN]N ]N CNBK]@K H]KLYK N @NR RJY[NBJDLKR HÒMJBNR Hdmjns y bdliubtns ik kvjtnbjòl Wnrn rkspdlikr n `n prkaultn p`nltknin p`nltknin,, ks jfpdrt jfpdrtnltk nltk kltklikr `ns hdmjns iksik uln pkrs pkrspkb pkbtjv tjvn n psj psjbd` bd`òaj òajbn bn mîs mîsjbn jbn (Fnr (Fnres, es, >:: >::>n5 >n5 Cul Culzjek zjekrr & Wêrkz-Nb Wêrkz-Nbdst dstn, n, =77>). Nulquk `ns subksjvns kijbjdlks ik` IRF cnl iktn``nid y ijhkrklbjnid bnin vkz fîs `ds sæltdfns fdtdrks, bdaldsbjtjvds y hjsjd`òajbds ik `ns hdmjns, êstns tjklkl tjk lkl su ksk ksklbj lbjn n kl `ns bdli bdliubt ubtns ns ik kvjtnb kvjtnbjòl jòl/ks /ksbnpk bnpk ik` kst kstæfu æfu`d `d tkf tkfjid jid (Bnstrd, >::75 Fnres, >::> n y m5 Wêrkz-Nbdstn, >::35 Culzjekr & Wêrkz-Nbdstn, =77>). Jlikpklijkltkfkltk ik` tjpd ik kstæfu`d d sjtunbjòl, `d jfpdrtnltk kl kstk bunird psjbdpntd`òajbd ks quk `n pkrsdln kvjtn, d kl su ikhkbtd ksbnpn, ik` kvkltd bunlid n`auln skþn` ik êstk, d êstk fjsfd, npnrkbk ik n`auln hdrfn (rkn`, vjrtun`, jfnajlnin d sjfmò`jbn). Rj mjkl arnbjns n `n kvjtnbjòl d n` ksbnpk sk pukik bdltrd`nr k` kvkltd tkfjid, `n ijhkrklbjn kltrk kstns ids bdliubtns rnijbn hulinfkltn`fkltk kl `n pdsjmj`jini ik prkijbbjòl ik` kvkltd n` quk sk tkfk (Bnstrd, >::7). Fîs kxnbtnfkltk, bunlid ul jlijvjiud pukik prkikbjr y bdltrd`nr k` kvkltd nvkrsjvd pdiræn kvjtnr`d, fjkltrns quk n `d sufd pdirî ksbnpnr bunlid pukik bdltrd`nr`d pkrd ld prkikbjr`d. @n pds pdsjm jmj`j`ji jini ni ik prk prkij ijbb bbjò jòl l ik ik`` kst kstæf æfu` u`d d tk tkfj fjid id sk ni niqu qujk jkrk rk arnbj arnbjns ns n ul bdlijb bdl ijbjdl jdlnfj nfjklt kltd d b`îs b`îsjbd jbd ik ijv ijvkrsd krsdss tjp tjpds ds ik skþ skþn` n` ik` kvk kvkltd ltd (ks (kspnb pnbjn` jn`ks, ks, tkfpdrn tkf pdrn`ks, `ks, klt kltrk rk dtr dtrns5 ns5 vkr Hkrlîli Hkrlîlikz kz Bns Bnstrd trd,, >:3 >:3:5 :5 Wêrkz-N Wêrkz-Nbdst bdstn n & Wêr WêrkzkzAdlzî`kz, >::3). @n bdliubtn ik kvjtnbjòl, pdr klbjfn ik `n bdliubtn ik ksbnpk, ks k` nspkbtd sjlk qun ldl ik `ns hdmjns. Ik ckbcd, uln hdmjn ld pdiræn ijnaldstjbnrsk sj ld npnrkbk kvjtnbjòl ik skþn`ks (Fnres, >::>m). K` bunird hòmjbd sk rntjhjbn kl `n fkijin kl quk ijbcn bdliubtn jltkrhjkrk bdl `n vjin ijnrjn ik `n pkrsdln, bdfd subkik bdl

tdids `ds bunirds ik nlsjkini (Nfkrjbnl Wsybcjntrjb Nssdbjntjdl, =777). @n kvjtnbjòl kl prjlbjpjd ks uln bdliubtn rk`ntjvnfkltk ldrfn` y ninptntjvn. Wkrd sj êstn pnsn n skr kxnakrnin, pdr bnfmjnr `n rutjln bdtjijnln ik` jlijvjiud, kltdlbks npnrkbk uln hdmjn. @d nltkrjdr jfp`jbn quk k` kstuijd ik `ds prdbksds ik niqu ni qujs jsjb jbjò jòl l y kxt kxtjl jlbj bjòl òl ik `n bd bdli liubt ubtn n ik kv kvjtjtnbj nbjòl òl jlb jlbji jijr jrî î n su vk vkzz kl `n bdfprklsjòl ik `ns hdmjns? tnltd su ktjd`daæn bdfd su trntnfjkltd (Culzjekr & Wêrkz-Nbdstn, =77>).

 

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnrn bdfklznr kstn sksjòl ks jfpdr jfpdrtnltk tnltk snmkr buî`ks sdl `ns sjtunb sjtunbjdlks jdlks quk k` pnbjkltk kvjtn bdl rkspkbtd n su hdmjn. Kl kstn kstn sksj sksjòl òl tnfm tnfmjê jêl l kstn kstnm` m`kb kbkf kfds ds `n n`jn n`jnlz lzn n tkrn tkrnpê pêut utjb jbn n ik mu musb sbnr  nr  n`tkrlntjvns n su pklsnfjkltd. Ykrnpkutn

Wnbjkltk

>.- Kstnm` Kstnm`kbkr kbkr `ns sjtunbjdlks sjtunbjdlks kvjtni kvjtnins ns K` pnbjkltk ikm kmk krî kst stn nm` m`k kbkr nln`jznr`ns rk`nbjòl ik sjtunbjdlks tkfjins.

uln

pnbjkl jkltk tk ikmkrî ikmkrî bdf bdfprdf prdfktk ktkrsk rsk bdl =.- Wrdpdrbjdlnfds n`tkrlntjvns skaÿl `n K` pnb `ns n`tkrlntjvns aklkrnins. `jstn Kokfp`d. Ld puk uki id ks ksttnr kl ljla ljlaÿl ÿl scdw scdw bd bdl l pnynsds.  N`tkrlntjvn bdliubtun`, tk pnrkbk prjfkrd jltkltns qukinrtk pdr >7 fjlutds y `ukad tk rktjrns. Z nsæ vns prdarksjvnfkltk. Kvjtd pnsnr bkrbn ik ul pnynsd.  N`tkrlntjvn bdliubtun`, tk pnrkbk sj bruzns bkrbn ik` pnynsd.

[ln vkz tkrfjlnin `n skbuklbjn k` pnbjkltk ikmkrî rk`ntnr quk `k pnrkbjò `n kxpkrjklbjn y quk sjltjò. Rj ks pdsjm`k sk rkn`jznrn ul Rpnb d sj ld sk `k ikonfds pnrn `n bnsn.

 

>2. YÊBLJBN IK CNMJ@JIN CNMJ@JINIKR IKR RDBJN@KR @ns cnmj`jiniks sdbjn`ks ld tjklkl uln ikhjljbjòl ÿljbn y iktkrfjlnin, pukstd quk kxjstk uln bdlhusjòl bdlbkptun` n kstk rkspkbtd, yn quk ld cny bdlsklsd pdr  pnrtk ik `n bdfuljini bjkltæhjbn5 sjl kfmnrad pukikl skr ikhjljins skaÿl sus prjlbj prj lbjpn` pn`ks ks bnrnbtk bnrnbtkræs ræstjb tjbns, ns, y êst êstns ns sdl quk `ns cnm cnmj`j j`jini iniks ks sdbjn` sdbjn`ks ks sdl ul bdloultd ik bdliubtns nprklijins ik hdrfn lnturn` (y pdr tnltd, pukikl skr  klskþni kls kþnins) ns) quk sk fnl fnljhj jhjkst kstnl nl kl sjtunb sjtunbjdl jdlks ks jltkrp jltkrpkrsd krsdln` ln`ks, ks, sdb sdbjn` jn`fkl fkltk tk nbkptnins (jfp`jbn tklkr kl bukltn ldrfns sdbjn`ks y ldrfns `kan`ks ik` bdltkxtd sdbjdbu`turn sdbjdb u`turn`` kl k` quk tjklkl `uanr, nsæ bdfd brjtkrjds fdrn`k fdrn`ks), s), y drjklt drjkltnins nins n `n dmtklbjòl ik rkhdrznfjkltds nfmjkltn`ks (rkhukrzds sdbjn`ks) d nutd-rkhukrzds.

IKRN]]D@@D? Kl kstn kstn sksj sksjòl òl tnfm tnfmjê jêl l kstn kstnm` m`kb kbkf kfds ds `n n`jn n`jnlz lzn n tkrn tkrnpê pêut utjb jbn n n`tkrlntjvns n su pklsnfjkltd.

ik mu musb sbnr  nr 

Ykrnpkutn >.- jikltjhjbnfds quk sjtunbjdlks k` pnbjkltk pkrbjmk bdfd nfklnznltks. =.- `uk `ukad ad jikltj jikltjhjb hjbnfds nfds k k`` prdb prdbkik kikrr ik` kvn kvn`un `unid id hrk hrkltk ltk n kstns kstns sjt sjtunbj unbjdlks dlks nfklnznltks. 2.- jikltjhjbnfds quk cnmj`jiniks tkliræn quk tklkr k` kvn`unid pnrn quk nhrdltk `n sjtunbjòl y ld `n pkrbjmn bdfd nfklnznltk. 9.- sk rkjtkrn n` pnbjkltk quk kstd `d tklirî quk prnbtjbnr bnin quk pkrbjmk uln sjtunbjòl nfklnznltk.

 

YÊBLJBNR YK]NWÊ[YJBNR WN]N WNBJKLYKR BDL BDLI[BYNR R[JBJINR

 

>. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? K KLRNZD LRNZD IK BDL BDLI[BYNR I[BYNR Bdlsjstk kl `n prîbtjbn ik `ns rkpukstns d bdfpktklbjns quk k` pnbjkltk cn ik nprklikr fkijnltk sjfu`nbjdlks. Hrkkfnll, N. (>::;) rkhjkrk quk k` klsnyd bdliubtun` ks k` k`kfkltd hulinfkltn` ik` KCR ik` KCR yn qu quk k `ds `ds pn pnbj bjkl kltk tkss tdfn tdfnl l ul pn pnpk pk`` nbtj nbtjvd vd kl `n ni niqu qujs jsjb jbjò jòl l ik bdliubtns. K` dmoktjvd ik` klsnyd bdliubtun` ks quk k` pnbjkltk prnbtjquk `ns bdliubtns nikbunins kl ul bdltkxtd bdltrd`nid idlik pukin skr dmskrvnid y rkbjmjr hkkimnbe y rkhdrznfjkltd. Cny quk tklkr kl bukltn `ds sjaujkltks nspkbtds? ld sk ikmkl trnmnonr vnrjds prdm`kfns n `n vkz (sò`d uln bdliubtn), kl `ns sksjdlks sk ikmk trnmnonr k` prdm`kfn quk sk kxpusd n` bdfjklzd ik `n sksjòl d kl `n sksjòl nltkrjdr, ld jr vnrjnlid bdltjlunfkltk, sk ikmk k`kajr uln sjtunbjòl rkbjkltk d pròxjfn kl k` tjkfpd, sk ikmk kvjtnr prd`dlanr k` klsnyd ik `n bdliubtn fîs ik uld d trks fjlutds, y `ns rkspukstns ikmkrîl skr tnl bdrtns bdfd skn pdsjm`k. @n sksjòl pukik usnrsk pnrn prnbtjbnr pdsjm`ks bdliubtns d jltkrnbbjdlks, pdr  kokfp`d. kokfp `d. Fnlkonr ijrkbtnfklt ijrkbtnfkltk k sjtunbjdlks sjtunbjdlks bdl dtrds sjaljhjb sjaljhjbntjvds ntjvds bdfd k` okhk d ul nfjad.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD Y? Ik `ds RWNB‚s trnæids kl kstn sksjòl vnfds n ksbdakr k` quk fîs tk bnusn pkrturmnbjòl. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………..… Y? Kl uln ksbn`n ik` > n` >7 ´buîltd ik nutdbdltrd` brkks quk tklæns kl ksn sjtunbjòl4 W?……………………………………………………………………………………………. Y? Ik `d vjstd kl tu RWNB, ´buî` brkks quk skræn `n fnlkrn fîs nikbunin ik nbtunr4 W?…………………………………………………………………………………………... Y? Ncdrn, ´quê tk pnrkbk sj prnbtjbnfds4

 

W?…………………………………………………………………………………………… Rk prnbtjbn oultd bdl k` pnbjkltk cnstn pdikr vkr quk vn fkodrnlid y ikspuês sk `k pjik quk sjan rkn`jznlid kl bnsn `d quk sk prnbtjbò iurnltk `n sksjòl.

 

=. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? @N R RJ@@N J@@N XNBÆN @n têbljbn ik `n sj``n vnbæn huk brknin pdr Wkr`s kl su tkrnpjn Akstn`t, pkrd n

su vk vkzz ês êstn tn cn ks ksttnid nid su suooktn ktn n fdi dijh jhjb jbnb nbjd jdlk lkss n ljvk ljvk`` bdli bdliub ubtu tun` n` (Arkklmkra, >::8) kl idlik sk ``kaò n bdlsjikrnr mnod k` ldfmrk ik ‐@n sj``n ik `n prkdbupnbjòl‖ kl `n bun` sk kspkrn quk k` pnbjkltk sjkltn uln pkln jltklsn d ikprksjòl pnrn pdikr fnljhkstnr`n kl k` prdbksd, puks nhrdltn kxpkrjklbjns kxtrkfns, kl idlik `ns bdlskbuklbjns lkantjvns y k` khkbtd ld p`nbkltkrd, ld sdl td`krnltks n `n kspkrn ik` pnbjkltk.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? 

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K` tkrnpkutn `k fklbjdln n` pnbjkltk quk utj`jbk su jfnajlnbjòl pnrn rk``klnr k` kspnbjd vnbæd ik `n sj``n bdl `n prksklbjn `n pkrsdln quk `k aklkrn k` bdlh`jbtd. K` tkrnpkutn `k pjik n` pnbjkltk, quk iksbrjmn n `n pkrsdln kl su nspkbtd hæsjbd pnrn inr`k hukrzn n tn` jfnakl y prksklbjn. @k pjik inr hdrfn y bukrpd n trnvês ik su jfnajlnbjòl, `k rkbn`bn nikfîs quk fjkltrns tnltd, jrî kxpkrjfkltnlid uln skrjk ik sklsnbjdlks y skltjfjkltds quk sk vkrîl rkh`konids bdrpdrn`fkltk. K` tkrnpkutn cnbk kvjikltk `ns sklsnbjdlks, kfdbjdlks y skltjfjkltds quk kstî kxpkrjfkltnlid k` pnbjkltk, pnrn quk sk vnynl jltkarnlid n` bnfpd bdlsbjkltk ik` fjsfd.  Nsæ iurnltk tdid k` prdbksd, k` tkrnpkutn ijrjak `n jltkrvklbjòl cnbjn k` fdfkltd ik fnydr jltklsjini kfdbjdln`, ncæ iktjklk k` prdbksd y hnbj`jtn `n tdfn ik bdltn bdl tnbt btd, d, puks puks ksp kspkrn krn quk quk k` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk sk bd bdfu fulj ljqu quk k ijrkb ijrkbtn tnfk fklt ltk k bd bdl l `n pkrsdln jfnajlnin kl `n sj``n. K` tkrnpkutn sjauk fuy ik bkrbn kstk ijn`dad, cnbjklid êlhnsjs kl k` prkskltk, kl k` skltjfjkltd y kl k` bukrpd ik` pnbjkltk, suprjfjklid bun`qujkr lukvd jl jltk tklt ltd d ik kv kvjtjtnbj nbjòl òl d kv kvns nsjò jòl, l, y n` n`kl kltn tnli lid d `n kx kxprk prksj sjòl òl vj vjad adrds rdsn n ik `n `nss kfdbjdlks, hdrtn`kbjklid `n bdlbjklbjn y hjonlid k` `æfjtk `æfjtk ik `n hhrdltkrn rdltkrn iksik `n bun` k` pnbjkltk rkbdldbk `d prdpjd y `d nokld. Ik kstn hdrfn, klbukltrn su rkspdlsnmj`jini y rkbupkrn k jltkarn su prdpjn prdykbbjòl. Bunlid kstk ijn`dad bdl `n pkrsdln kl `n Rj``n Xnbæn tkrfjln, k` tkrnpkutn `k pjik n` pnbjkltk quk bjkrrk sus dods k jfnajlk n kstn pkrsdln, quk `n nbkrquk cnbjn sæ fjsfd y `n pdlan kl n`aÿl `uanr ik su bukrpd quk ld skn `n bnmkzn. K`

 

tkrnpkutn `k prkaultn kl idlik `n cn pukstd y dmskrvn `n rkajòl bdrpdrn` sdmrk `n quk sk cn rkjltkarnid `n prdykbbjòl. Bnin pnrtk ik` bukrpd aunrin uln rk`nbjòl sjfmò`jbn bdl `n lkbksjini nhkbtjvn ik` pnbjkltk. 

[ln vkz rkjltkarnin `n prdykbbjòl, k` tkrnpkutn `k jlijbn quk pukik nmrjr `ds dods y `k in tjkfpd pnrn quk sk rkbupkr rkbupkrk k ik `ns jfîaklk jfîaklkss trnmnonins y sk umjqu umjquk k kl k` fd fdfk fklt ltd d y kspn kspnbj bjd d tk tkrnp rnpêu êutjtjbd. bd. @k pr prka kault ultn n bòf bòfd d sk sj sjkl kltk tk y in pdr  tkrfjlnin `n sksjòl.

Ks jfpdrtnltk? mrjlinr`k mrkvk jlhdrfnbjòl nbkrbn ik `ns sklsnbjdlks quk sdl hrkbukltks ikspuês ik cnmkr trnmnonid `n têbljbn (kxtrnþkzn, pkln)

 

2. YÊBLJBN? ]KAJRY]D IJRH[LBJDLN@KR

IK

WKLRNFJKLYDR

N[YDFÎYJBDR

Kstn têbljbn jfp`jbn quk k` pnbjkltk jikltjhjquk `ds pklsnfjkltds nutdfîtjbds quk surakl ik `ns sjtunbjdlks prdm`kfîtjbns, rkbdldbjfjkltd `ds khkbtds quk tjklkl sdmrk sus kfdbjdlks y bdliubtn y n rkspdlikr bdl khkbtjvjini n kstds pklsnfjkltds quk sk cnl bdfprdmnid bdfd prdm`kfîtjbds.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Bunlid lid kxp kxpkrj krjfkl fkltk tk ulny kfd kfdbjò bjòl l kl iks iksnarn narninm inm`k, `k,pdsjm`k nivj nivjkrt krtn n `n sjtunbj sjt unbjòl òl quk Y?  Bun pnrkbæn kstjfu`nr `n kfdbjòl nlòtk`d bunltd skn bdfd uln sjtunbjòl

kspkbæhjbn.

W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? Wrkaÿltksk ´^uê kstî pnsnlid pdr fj fkltk kl kstk fdfkltd, hrkltk n ijbcn bjrbulstnlbjn4 Z nlòtk`d kl k` rkbunird ‐pklsnfjkltd nutdfîtjbd‖, pdstkrjdr n k``d, kvn`uê k` arnid ik skaurjini quk tjklkl ijbcds pklsnfjkltds, idlik >% sk rkhjkrk n lnin skaurd, y >77% bdfp`ktnfkltk skaurd). W?………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y?  N bnin pklsnfjkltd, sk fnltjklk nsdbjnid uln kfdbjòl, kvn`ÿk tnfmjêl k` arnid d jltklsjini ik bnin kfdbjòl? >% ks bnsj lnin jltklsn y >77%, ks `d fîs jltklsn pdsjm`k. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? Wdr ÿ`tjf ÿ`tjfd d iksbrjmn bdfd nbtuò hrkltk n ijbcn sjtunbjòl sjtunbjòl (`d quk cjzd d ijod) y k` rksu`tnid ik `n fjsfn (sj `k nyuid d kfpkdrò).

 

RJY[NBJÒL KRWKBÆHJBN

WKLRNFJKLYD N[YDFÎYJBD (7% - >77%)

KRYNID KFDBJDLN@ (7% - >77%)

BDLI[BYN Z ]KR[@YNID (7% - >77%)

BNFMJD IK WKLRNFJKLYD N[YDFÎYJBD (7% - >77%)

L[KXD KRYNID KFDBJDLN@ (7% - >77%)

 

9. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? W]DA W]DA]NFNBJ ]NFNBJÒL ÒL RKFNLN@ RKFNLN@ IK NBYJXJIN NBYJXJINIKR IKR

Kstn têbljbn bdlsjstk kl quk k` tkrnpkutn oultd n` pnbjkltk prdarnfnl tnrkns ijnrjns quk pukinl pdsjmj`jtnr k` nufkltd ik arntjhjbnbjdlks (rkhukrzds) pnrn `n pnbjkltk, d bdfd tnrkns ijstrnbtdrns ik fdfkltds ik fn`kstnr.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD

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K` tkrnpkutn kxp`drn kxp`drn sj k` pnbjkltk ``kvn ul prdarnfn prdarnfn d naklin ik sus nbtjvjiniks nbtjvjiniks skfnln`ks. @ukad `k jlhdrfn sdmrk `ds mklkhjbjds ik ``kvnr n bnmd ul Wrdarnfn skfnln` ik nbtjvjiniks.  N fdid ik prîbtjbn, kl `n cdon ik Wrdarnfn skfnln` ik nbtjvjiniks pæin`k quk ksbrjmn nquk``ns nbtjvjiniks quk cnbk ijnrjnfkltk kl `ds iæns y `ds cdrnrjds kl quk `ns vn n rkn`jznr. Dtòrauk`k `n cdon ik fdik`d y fdtævk`d n quk `d utj`jbk iurnltk `n skfnln. Ks lkbksnrjd jlhdrfnr`k quk k` p`nljhjbnr y prdarnfnr sus nbtjvjiniks ks uln hdrfn ik dmtklkr fîs bdltrd` sdmrk tu vjin.

 

Bunird ik prdarnfnbjòl skfnln` ik nbtjvjiniks? Cdrn

@ulks

Fnrtks

Fjêrbd`ks

Oukvks

Xjkrlks

Rîmnid

Idfjlad

1nf-3nf 3nf->=f >=f->pf >pf-=pf =pf-2pf 2pf-8pf

8pf-1pf 1pf-3pf

3pf-1nf

 

;. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? Î]MD@ IK @ @DA]DR DA]DR K` îrmd` ik `ds `dards ks uln sklbj``n têbljbn quk tk pkrfjtjrî rkh`kxjdlnr sdmrk tus `dards y bun`jiniks pdsjtjvns, nln`jznr `n jfnakl quk tjklks ik tj fjsfd y bkltrnrtk kl `ns pnrtks pdsjtjvns. Bdl kstn têbljbn pdirîs kvn`unr kl ul fdfkltd tu ljvk` ik nutdkstjfn yn quk j`ustrn fuy mjkl tu kstnid ik îljfd. Bdlsjstk kl uln rkh`kxjòl sdmrk lukstrns bnpnbj bnp nbjini iniks, ks, bun bun`ji `jiniks niks pds pdsjtj jtjvns vns y `da `dards rds quk ckf ckfds ds iks iksnrrd nrrd``n ``nid id iksik iksik `n jlhnlbjn n `d `nrad ik tdin lukstrn vjin. Ikmks tdfîrtk`d bdl bn`fn y ikijbnr`k n` fklds uln cdrn pnrn pdikr iksbumrjr tdid `d pdsjtjvd quk cny kl tj. Mnsnid kl `n têbljbn ik` îrmd` ik `n vjin pnrn bnln`jznr `ns kxpkrjklbjns vjvjins y fkodrnr `ns bnpnbjiniks rksj`jkltks ik kstds pnbjkltks. Drjajln`fkltk huk ul tn``kr  ijskþnid ijskþn id pnrn arupds ik ljþds nhkbtn nhkbtnids ids pdr XJC/RJIN XJC/RJIN,, akldbji akldbjijds, jds, aukrrns, ktb. bdl k` tjkfpd sk cn nfp`jnid n` trnmnod bdl pnirks, pkrsdlns bdl ijnalòstjbds

fkltn`ks (psjqujîtrjbds), niu`tds fnydrks ik 8; nþds y bdl niu`tds kl aklkrn`. (Lbumk, L., =771).

W]DBKIJFJKLYD Y? K`nmdrn uln `jstn ik tdids tus bun`jiniks, cnmj`jiniks, `ns bdsns kl `ns quk krks mukln. Yòfntk tu tjkfpd y prdburn quk `n `jstn skn arnlik. W?       

Y? Ncdrn, k`nmdrn uln `jstn ik `ds prkfjds quk cns anlnid, `ds `dards, arnliks d pkqukþds, pkqukþd s, quk cns bdlskau bdlskaujid jid n `d `nrad ik tdin tu vjin. Ydins nquk` nquk``ns `ns bdsns ik `ns buî`ks tk sjkltks drau``dsn. N` jaun` quk kl `n `jstn nltkrjdr, tòfntk tu tjkfpd.

W? 

 

    

Y? N bdltjlunbjòl, sdmrk kstk pnpk`dtk vns n ijmuonr ul îrmd` arnlik. Ijmuon sus rnæbks, rnfns y hrutds ik ijstjltds tnfnþds. @d ikod n tu brkntjvjini. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y?  (Ikspuês quk quk cn ijmuoni ijmuonid d kl k` pnpk`d pnpk`dtk) tk) ¡^uê ckrf ckrfdsd! dsd! Ncdrn, ssdmrk dmrk `ns rnæbks vnfds n ksbrjmjr `ns bun`jiniks, cnmj`jiniks quk ksbrjmjstk kl `n prjfkrn `jstn.. Wukiks pdlkr kl `n rnæz aruksn nquk`` `jstn nquk``ns ns bun`jiniks quk brkks quk sdl fîs prkidfjlnltks kl tj. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? @ukad, kl `ds hrutds bd`dbnrkfds tus `dards, `ds ksbrjtds kl `n skaulin `jstn. Wdlirkfds lukstrds `dards fîs jfpdrtnltks kl `ds hrutds arnliks y `ds quk bdlsjikrns fklds rk`kvnltks kl `ds hrutds pkqukþds.

W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ¡Fjrn quê ckrfdsd qukiò! Yòfntk tu tjkfpd y bdltêfp`n`d. Y? ´^uê pjklsns ik ê`4 W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ´Yk pnrkbk sj tk `d ``kvns y `d pkans kl tu cnmjtnbjòl kl ul `uanr kl k` quk pukins vkr`d tdids `ds iæns4 W?……………………………………………………………………………………………..   Y? ´Kl quê pnrtk `d pdlirîs4 W?……………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

Y? ´Yk pnrkbk sj `k pjiks n tu fnirk y ckrfnln quk bd`dqukl fîs bun`jiniks sdmrk tj kl `ns rnæbks4 ^ujzîs cnynl vjstd bun`jiniks quk tu ld skns bdlsbjkltk. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y?  Ld tk d`vjiks ik narkanr`k fîs rnæbks y hrutds bnin skfnln. Yjklks quk fnltklkr vjvd y snld n` îrmd`.

 

8. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? @NR Y Y]KR ]KR BD BD@[FL @[FLNR NR Kstn têbljbn tjklk bdfd `ds sura su rakl kl nu nuttdf dfît îtjjbn bnf fkl kltk tkprdpòsjtd bunli unlid drkhutnr db dbur urrk rk pklsnfjkltds ul kv kvkl kltd td j`òajbds lka kant ntjv jvd dquky rkkfp`nznr`ds bdl pklsnfjkltds rnbjdln`ks.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD K` tkrnpkutn ijvjik uln cdon ik pnpk` kl trks bd`uflns?

Y? Wjklsn kl uln sjtunbjòl quk tk aklkrk bdlh`jbtd, bunlid yn `d tklans b`nrd, kl `n prjfkrn bd`ufln ksbrjmjfds k` pklsnfjkltd quk pnsò pdr lukstrn fkltk bunlid surajò k` skltjfjkltd lkantjvd. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………… 



Kl `n ska skauli ulin n bd` bd`uf ufln ln,, k` tk tkrn rnpk pkut utn n cn cnbk bk usd usd ik `n `j`jst stn n ik ijst ijstdrs drsjdl jdlks ks bdaljtjvns, pnrn jikltjhjbnr oultd bdl k` pnbjkltk `ds krrdrks kl k` pklsnfjkltd ik êstk ÿ`tjfd. Wdr ÿ`tjfd, kl `n tkrbkrn bd`ufln, k` tkrnpkutn nyuin n` pnbjkltk n rkhutnr bdl nraufkltds rnbjdln`ks y rkn`jstns, k` pklsnfjkltd ijshulbjdln` quk tuvd n` jljbjd.

 

Bunird ik `ns trks bd`uflns? WKLRNFJKLYD N[YDFÎYJBD

IJR JRYD YD] ]RJ RJÒ ÒL BDA DAL LJYJX JYJXN N

]KR KRW[ W[KR KRYN YN ]NBJD JDLN LN@ @

 

1. YÊBLJ YÊBLJBN? BN? FNLK FNLKOD OD IK R[W[KR R[W[KRYDR YDR WK]RD WK]RDLN@KR LN@KR K` fd fdik` ik`d d hd hdrf rfu` u`ni nid d pd pdrr Mkbe Mkbe (>: (>:1: 1:)) pnrt pnrtk k ik `n cjpò cjpòtk tksj sjss qu quk k k` su suok oktd td ikprksjvd tjklk ulds ksqukfns bdaljtjvds tîbjtds d jlbdlsbjkltks quk bdltjklkl uln dran dranljz ljznbj nbjòl òl ik sja sjaljh ljhjbn jbnids ids pkrs pkrsdln dln`ks `ks (sup (supuks ukstds tds pkrsdln pkrsdln`ks `ks)) quk `k cnbkl vu`lkrnm`k n iktkrfjlnids nbdltkbjfjkltds. @ds sjaljhjbnids pkrsdln`ks suk`kl skr hdrfu`nbjdlks jlh`kxjm`ks rkhkrkltks n iktkrfjlnins fktns vjtn`ks (p.k nfdr nf dr,, np nprdm rdmnb nbjò jòl, l, bd bdfp fpkt ktkl klbj bjn n pkr pkrsd sdln` ln`,, kt ktb. b.)) y n su rk` rk`nb nbjò jòl l bdl k``n k``nss (nutdvn`drnbjòl). Ksds sjaljhjbnids sk nbtjvnl kl iktkrfjlnins bjrbulstnlbjns (bnsj sjkfprk rk`nbjdlnins bdl `n ld bdlhjrfnbjòl ik ksds sjaljhjbnids pdr `ds nbdltkbjfjkltds), cnbjklid quk k` suoktd ikprksjvd prdbksk krròlknfkltk `n jlhdrfnbjòl (ijstdrsjdlks bdaljtjvns) k jrrufpn kl su bdlbjklbjn uln skrjk ik pklsnfjkltds lkantjvds k jlvd`ultnrjds (nutdfîtjbds) quk sdl brkæids pdr k` pnbj pn bjkl kltk tk y qu quk k `k cn cnbk bkl l ni nidp dptn tnrr ul uln n vjsj vjsjòl òl lkan lkantjtjvn vn ik sæ fj fjsf sfd, d, sus sus bjrbulstnlbjns y k` iksnrrd``d ik `ds nbdltkbjfjkltds huturds (trjnin bdaljtjvn).

IJRYD]RJÒL? Nmstrnbbjòl sk`kbtjvn Xn`drnr Xn`d rnr ul uln n sj sjtu tunb nbjò jòl l a`dm a`dmn` n` ik fn fnlkr lkrn n lk lkant antjv jvn, n, pdr ikt iktkrf krfjl jlni nids ds ck ckbc bcds ds pnrtjbu`nrks bdfd sj tdin `n sjtunbjòl hukrn ksk ckbcd.

Ksqukfn bdaljtjvd?  Y? ´Dtrns vkbks pklsò quk ld tklæn rnzdlks pnrn vjvjr4 ´^uê cjzd n` rkspkbtd4 ´^uê ks `d quk pnsd kl rkn`jini4 ´^uê `k cjzd bnfmjnr bnfmjnr ik dpjljòl4 W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ´] ´]kn kn`f `fkl kltk tk huk huk tnl tnl fn fn`d `d,, pkls pklsnr nr nsæ4 nsæ4 ´] ´]kn kn`f `fkl kltk tk hukr hukrdl dl fn fn`n `nss `ns `ns bdlskbuklbjns4 W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ´Rj vd`vjkrn n pklsnr dtrns vkbks nsæ, dburrjræn kl rkn`jini4   W?…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Y? ´^uê prdmnmj`jiniks kxjstk ik quk vuk`vn n pklsnr ik ksn fnlkrn4 W?……………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

3. FJ ] ]KI KI I IK K NW NWDZD DZD W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Y? Ikmks ksbrjmjr `ds ldfmrks ik `ns pkrsdlns kl qujklks bdlhæns y kl qujklks qujklks tklans `n skaurjini quk bunlid lkbksjt lkbksjtks ks ik k``ds, k``ds pdirîl ntklikr ijbcns lkbksjiniks ik ksbubcn. W?…………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? Ikmk bd`dbnr su ldfmrk kl k` bærbu`d ik` bkltrd y kl bnin hjaurn akdfêtrjbn ksbrjmjr k` ldfmrk ik n`auln pkrsdln quk hdrfk pnrtk ik tu sdpdrtk.   W?…………………………………………………………………………………………… 

Kl k` prdbksd jikltjhjbnrkfds, sj `n rki ik npdyd lkbksjtn skr nfp`jnin d hdrtn`kbjin.

 

YÊBLJBNR YK]NWÊ[YJBNR WN]N WNBJKLYKR BDL HDMJN RDBJN@

 

>. YÊBLJBN YÊBLJBN?? KSWDRJBJÒL I IK K JFÎAKLKR ([R ([RD D IK JFÎAKLKR JFÎAKLKR))  N`nfdb, ]. (=778), `n têbljbn bdlsjstk kl ksklbjn, kl quk k` pnbjkltk kltrk kl bdltnbtd bdl nquk``d quk `k prdiubk nlsjkini y sk fnltklan sjl cnbkr bdliubtns ik kvjtnbjòl y/d ksbnpk hrnlbns d bun`qujkr bdliubtn ik rknskaurd. K` tk tkrn rnpku pkutn tn pu puki kik k usnr usnr `n `nss jf jfîa îakl klks ks pn pnrn rn quk k` pnbj pnbjkl kltk tk fd fdij ijhjhjqu quk k su suss bdaljbjdlks d iksnrrd``k cnmj`jiniks. Wdr kokfp`d pukikl skr utj`jznins jfîaklks idlik k` pnbjklt pnbjkltk k sk vk nhrdltnlid nhrdltnlid iktkrfjlnins iktkrfjlnins sjtunbjdlks, sjtunbjdlks, jlstruyêlid jlstruyêlidsk sk bdl bdaljbjdlks fîs rkn`jstns.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? Y? (ikbjr n` pnbjkltk) @k vdy n prkskltnr ulns jfîaklks y klufkrnrî ik` > n` >7 bun` `k bnusn fnydr nlsjkini, ld sk vkrî dm`janid n cnbkr bdsns quk ld ikskk‖. Wnsd =?  Y? (sk `k prkskltn uln jfnakl n` pnbjkltk iksbrjmjklid `d quk kstî rkprkskltnid). Y?  [stki kstî fjrnlid k` rk`do y sk in bukltn quk `k tdbn kxpdlkr. Kl kstn sjtunbjòl, ik` > n` >7 ´Buîltd ks `n nlsjkini quk `k prdvdbn4 W?…………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? (sk `k prkskltn dtrn j`ustrnbjòl j`ustrnbjòl iksbrjmjkl iksbrjmjklid id `d quk kstî rkprkskltnid rkprkskltnid). ). Kstî n` hrkltk ik sus bdfpnþkrds ik b`nsk. Kl kstn jfnakl, ik` > n` >7 ´Buîltd ks `n nlsjki nls jkini ni quk `k prd prdiub iubk4. k4.... ... Bdltjl Bdltjlunr unr bdl k` prdb prdbkijf kijfjkl jkltd td (sj k` pnbj pnbjklt kltk k bdlsjikrn bdlsji krn quk ld pukik bdltj bdltjlunr lunr d kl n`auln rkprksk rkprkskltnbjò ltnbjòl l fukstrn nlsjki nlsjkini, ni, sk suspklik k` prdbkijfjkltd y rkn`jznr `n têbljbn ik rkspjrnbjòl ik Bnutk`n).

 

=. YÊBLJBN YÊBLJBN?? KSWD KSWDRJBJÒL RJBJÒL KL XJX XJXD D

Ks `n têbljbn mîsjbn pnrn k` fnlkod ik `ns hdmjns sjfp`ks. Bdlsjstk kl okrnrqujznr  `ns sjtunbjdlks hòmjbns y kl kxpdlkr n` suoktd n k``ns (kl vjvd) ik fdid quk sk prkvklanl `ns rkspukstns ik kvjtnbjòl y cnstn quk ijsfjluyn `n nlsjkini kl k``ns. Iksik ul pultd ik vjstn bdaljtj bdaljtjvd vd sk prksklt prkskltnl nl bdfd "kxpkrjfkl "kxpkrjfkltds tds pkrsdln`ks" pkrsdln`ks" pnrn bdfprdmnr `ns nltjbjpnbjdlks bntnstrdhjstns y ik jlbdltrd`nmj`jini. Mnids y Anrbæn (=778), bdlsjikrnl quk kstn têbljbn jfp`jbn kxpdlkrsk sjstkfîtjbn y ik`jmkrninfkltk n sjtunbjdlks tkfjins rkn`ks kl `n vjin ijnrjn5 pdr kokfp`d? sjtjds sjtjds n`tds, n`tds, trn trnlspd lspdrtk rtkss pÿm`jb pÿm`jbds, ds, cnm cnm`nr `nr bdl hja hjaurns urns ik nut nutdrj drjini ini,, kxtrnk kxtrnkrsk rsk snlark, ktb. K` pnbjkltk sk klhrkltn ik fdid fîs d fklds arniun` n `ns sjtunb sjtunbjdl jdlks ks tkf tkfjin jinss sjl kvjtnr kvjtnr`ns `ns,, cns cnstn tn quk iksbdlh iksbdlhdrfk drfkl l sus kxp kxpkbt kbtntj ntjvns vns ntkfdrjznltks y tkrfjln pdr cnmjtunrsk n k``ns.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? Y? (ik nbukrid n` RWNB, vkr `n sjtunbjòl pdr `n bun` k` pnbjkltk tjklk ijhjbu`tni pnrn pdikrr kl pdik klhr hrkl kltn tnrs rsk) k).. @n sjtu sjtunb nbjò jòl l qu quk k pr prks kskl kltn tn nl nlsj sjki kini ni ks bunl bunlid id kstn kstnss kxpdljklid kl b`nsk hrkltk n tus bdfpnþkrds, kltdlbks vns n rkn`jznr ulds kokrbjbjds quk tk pkrfjtjrîl fnlkonr hîbj`fkltk n `ds kvkltds quk kstns kxpukstn, ld tk vkrîs dm`janin n cnbkr bdsns quk ld ikskks.

Kokrbjbjd >? Y?  Xns n kxpdlkr hrkltk n ul kspkod, tÿ fjsfd tk vkrîs trntnlid quk ksn kxpdsjbjòl kxpdsj bjòl ks pnrn tj y lnijk fîs. Bdl Bdlbêltrn bêltrntk tk ld tk prkdbupks, ttdid did vn kstnr  mjkl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………. Y?  Bd Bdlt ltjl jlunr unr bd bdl l k` pr prdbk dbkij ijfj fjkl kltd td.. (R (Rjj k` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk bd bdls lsji jikr krn n qu quk k ld pu pukik kik bdltjlunr sk suspklik k` prdbkijfjkltd d fukstrn nlsjkini, rkn`jznr `n têbljbn ik rkspjrnbjòl ik Bnutk`n)

 

Kokrbjbjd =? Ykrnpkutn? Ncdrn, vns n kxpdlkr pkrd ik`nltk ik ulds pk`ubcks. Jfnaælntk quk kstîs kxpdljklid kl tu sn`òl ik b`nsk y quk ksds fuþkbds sdl tus bdfpnþkrds prkstîlidtk ntklbjòl. Bdlbêltrntk ld tk prkdbupks, tdid vn kstnr mjkl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Y?  Bd Bdlt ltjl jlunr unr bd bdl l k` pr prdbk dbkij ijfj fjkl kltd td.. (R (Rjj k` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk bd bdls lsji jikr krn n qu quk k ld pu pukik kik bdltjlunr sk suspklik k` prdbkijfjkltd d fukstrn nlsjkini, rkn`jznr `n têbljbn ik rkspjrnbjòl ik Bnutk`n).

Kokrbjbjd 2? Y? Yk umjbnrîs n` bkltrd ik`nltk ik tuyd vnl n vkr bnrpktns vnbæns. Jfnaælntk quk kstîs kxpdljklid kl tu sn`òl ik b`nsk y quk kl ksns bnrpktns kstîl skltnids tus bdfpnþkrds ksbubcîlidtk cnm`nr. Bdlbêltrntk ld tk prkdbupks, tdid vn kstnr  mjkl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………… Y?  Bd Bdlt ltjl jlunr unr bd bdl l k` pr prdbk dbkij ijfj fjkl kltd td.. (R (Rjj k` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk bd bdls lsji jikr krn n qu quk k ld pu pukik kik bdltjlunr sk suspklik k` prdbkijfjkltd d fukstrn nlsjkini, rkn`jznr `n têbljbn ik rkspjrnbjòl ik Bnutk`n).

Kokrbjbjd 9? Y?  Xns n kxpdlkr n` hrkltk ik fæ. Jfnaælntk quk yd sdy `n prdhksdrn quk tk ksbubcnrê y prkstnrê ntklbjòl. Bdlbêltrntk ld tk prkdbupks, tdid vn kstnr mjkl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………… Y?  Bd Bdlt ltjl jlunr unr bd bdl l k` pr prdbk dbkij ijfj fjkl kltd td.. (R (Rjj k` pn pnbj bjkl kltk tk bd bdls lsji jikr krn n qu quk k ld pu pukik kik bdltjlunr sk suspklik k` prdbkijfjkltd d fukstrn nlsjkini, rkn`jznr `n têbljbn ik rkspjrnbjòl ik Bnutk`n). ]kpktjr `n prîbtjbn tdins `ns vkbks lkbksnrjns cnstn quk pukin fnlkonr`ns sjl ijhjbu`tni.

 

2. YÊBLJBN YÊBLJBN?? KLY]KLN KLY]KLNFJKLYD FJKLYD NRK]YJXD Rk utj`jzn pnrn quk k` pnbjkltk nprklin fdids n`tkrlntjvds ik rksd`ubjòl ik bdlh`jbtds jltkrpkrsdln`ks ik fdid quk kxprksk sus ikskds, ikrkbcds, dpjljdlks, skltjfjkltds, rkspktîlidsk n sæ fjsfd y n su jltkr`dbutdr. Bd`jln (=778), k` kltrklnfjkltd nskrtjvd cn sjid iksnrrd``nid bdfd têbljbn pnrn nquk``n pkrsdlns quk tjklkl ijhjbu`tniks pnrn cnbkr vn`kr sus ikrkbcds y kxprksnr  sus skltjfjkltds lkantjvds d pdsjtjvds cnbjn dtrns pkrsdlns. Rdl uln skrjk ik têbljbns quk tjklkl bdfd dmoktjvd hnbj`jtnr `n kxprksjòl kspdltîlkn y nikbunin ik skltjfjkltds y dpjljdlks ik uln fnlkrn sdbjn`fkltk nbkptnm`k y noustnin n `ns bjrbulstnlbjns.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >?  Y? (bdfklznr prjfkrd pdr mrjlinr jlhdrfnbjòl mrkvk sdmrk bdfuljbnbjòl nskrtjvn, pnsjvn y narksjvn). @n nskrtjvjini ks snmkr ikhklikr sus ikrkbcds n` fjsfd tjkf tjkfpd pd qu quk k rk rksp spkt ktnr nr `ds `ds ik ikrk rkbc bcds ds nokl noklds ds,, sjl sjl skr skr nark narksj sjvd vdss y dhkl dhklsj sjvd vds, s, k`kvîlidsk bdfd pkrsdln. @ns bnrnbtkræstjbns quk tjklkl bnin uln sdl? @n pk pkrs rsdl dln n nskr nskrtjtjvn vn tjkl tjklk k ul bdld bdldbj bjfj fjkl kltd td mn mnst stnl nltk tk b`nr b`nrd d nbkr nbkrbn bn ik sus sus lkbksjiniks, ikrkbcds y ikmkrks. Wnrn k``d, ks lkbksnrjd quk tklan uln jfnakl dmoktjvn ik sæ fjsfn y ik` fulid, y quk nbkptk ksn jfnakl. Wdr dtrd `nid, `n bdfuljbnbjòl narksjvn sd`d tjklk kl bukltn sus prdpjds ikrkbcds y ld tjklkl kl bukltn `ds skltjfjkltds ik `ds ikfîs `d quk pkrouijbn `n bdfuljbnbjòl. Fjkltrns quk qu k `n bd bdliu liubt btn n pn pnsj sjvn vn sk mnsn mnsn kl bd bdlh lhdr drfj fjini ini y ksp kspkr krnlz nlzns ns ik kvjt kvjtnr nr `n bdlhrdltnbjòl n tdin bdstn. Kl kstk fdid ld cnm`nfds fubcd, prkaultn jlb`usd fklds, y cnbkfds rkn`fkltk fuy pdbd.

Wnsd =?  Y?  @k fdstrnrê ulds kokfp`ds idlik vn n jikltjhjbnr `ns bdliubtns nskrtjvns, pnsjvns y narksjvns. Y? Ru nfjad nbnmn ik ``kanr n bklnr, oustd uln cdrn tnrik. Ld `k cn ``nfnid pnrn nvjsnr`k quk sk rktrnsnræn. [stki sk sjkltk jrrjtnid pdr `n tnrinlzn. @k ijbk?

 

Kltrn `n bkln kstî kl `n fksn.

W?………………..…………………………………………………………………….. (BDLI[BYN WNRJXN) 

Ck kst kstni nid d ks kspk pkrnl rnlid id iur iurnl nltk tk uln uln cdr cdrn. n. Fk cu cumj mjkr krn n au aust stnid nid qu quk k fk cumjkrns nvjsnid quk ``kanmns tnrik.

W?……………..……………………………………………………………………… (BDLI[BYN NRK]YJXN) 

Fk cns pukstd fuy lkrvjdsd ``kanlid tnrik. Ks `n ÿ`tjfn vkz quk tk jlvjtd.  

W? …………………………………………………………………………………….. (BDLI[BYN NA]KRJXN) Y? Ncdrn, dtrd kokfp`d. [l bdfpnþkrd ik trnmnod `k in bdlstnltkfkltk su trnmnod pnrn quk Xi. @d cnan. [stki ikbjik tkrfjlnr bdl kstn sjtunbjòl. Ru bdfpnþkrd

nbnmn ik pkijr`k quk cnan n`ad ik su trnmnod. [stki `k bdltkstn?   

Kstdy mnstnltk dbupnid. Wkrd sj ld bdlsjauks cnbkr`d, tk pukid nyuinr.

W?………………………………………………………………………………………. (BDLI[BYN WNRJXN) 

D`væin`d, bnsj ld qukin tjkfpd pnrn cnbkr`d. Fk trntns bdfd n ul ksb`nvd. Krks ul iksbdlsjikrnid. W?………………………………………………………………………………………. (BDLI[BYN NA]KRJXN)



Ld, Wkpk/Nln. Ld vdy n cnbkr lnin fîs ik tu trnmnod. Kstdy bnlsnid ik cnbkr, nikfîs ik fj trnmnod, k` tuyd.

W?  ……………………………………………………………………………………… (BDLI[BYN NRK]YJXN) Y? [ln pkrsdln (d hnfj`jn) iksbdldbjin sk nbnmn ik fuinr n` pjsd ik n` `nid. ^ujkrks bdldbkr`ks. 

Rdlræks n` tjkfpd quk tu vkbjld sk nbkrbn, pkrd ld ijbks lnin.

W?……………………………..……………………………………………………… (BDLI[BYN WNRJXN)

 



[stki sk nbkrbn n `n pukrtn ik k``ds y ijbk? ¡Cd`n! Rdy Nltdljd/@ujsn. Xjvd kl k` pjsd ik n` `nid. Mjklvkljids n `n bnsn. Fk n`kard ik bdldbkr`ks.

W?…………………………………………………………………………………….. (BDLI[BYN NRK]YJXN) 

[stki fjrn n `ds vkbjlds skrjnfkltk pdr `n vkltnln.

W?…………..…………………………………………………………………………. (BDLI[BYN NA]KRJXN) Wnsd 2?  Y? (ik nbukrid n `ns hjbcns ik nutdrkajstrd, ikbjr n` pnbjkltk) Ncdrn ustki ik nbukrid n sus sjtunbjdlks tklirî quk nbtunr ik fnlkrn nskrtjvn. Y? K` prdhksdr tk ijbk quk sn`ans n kxpdlkr hrkltk n` sn`òl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Y? Kl `n cdrn ik mrkne uln bdfpnþkrn ik kstuijd tk kfpjkzn cnm`nr. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? Bunlid kstîs cnbjklid ul trnmnod arupn` y vks quk tdids tus bdfpnþkrds inl su dpjljòl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………… Y? Bdfprns ul prdiubtd kl `n mdikan ik tu bnsn y `n skþdrn quk tk ntjklik tk in fn` k` vuk`td. W?  ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Y? Kstîs kl ul rkstnurnlt y k` fdzd ld tk ntjklik bdfd ikmk skr. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………….

 

YÊBLJBNR YK]NWÊ[YJBNR WN]N @NR IJRH[LBJDLKR RKS[N@KR

 

>. YÊBLJBN YÊBLJBN?? IKRB IKRBNYNRY]D NYNRY]DHJBNBJÒL HJBNBJÒL Bdlsjstk k` pnbjkltk pukik nltjbjpnr kvkltds tkfjidssdmrk sjl mnsk rkn` y prdiubjr`k kl kstdquk nlsjkini. K` tkrnpkutn pukik rkn`jznr prkaultns `n kxtklsjòl y iu iurn rnbj bjòl òl ik `ns bd bdls lskb kbuk uklb lbjn jnss pr prki kijb jbcn cnss ns nsææ bd bdf fd pd pdsj sjmj mj`j`jin inik ikss ik nhrdltnfjkltd sj subkijkrnl, klsnlbcnlid nsæ `n vjsjòl ik` pnbjkltk. Ckrlîl Ckrl îlik ikzz L. y Rî Rîlb lbck ckzz O. (= (=77 771) 1) fklbj klbjdl dlnl nl qu quk k k` pu pult ltd d ik us usnr nr `n iksbn ik sbntn tnst strdh rdhjb jbnbj nbjòl òl ks tr trnt ntnr nr n `n fklt fkltk k ik ul fd fdid id fk fklds lds bn bntn tnst strò ròhjhjbd bd k jlbrkfkltnr `n h`kxjmj`jini ik` pklsnfjkltd y sdmrk tdid `n h`kxjmj`jini bdaljtjvn kltk kl tkli lijk jkli lid d qu quk k `d quk quk pr prdi diub ubk k k` khkb khkbtd td tkrn tkrnpê pêut utjb jbd d ks k` bnfm bnfmjd jd kl `n pkrbkpbjòl ik `n sjtunbjòl quk `k prdvdbnmn k` kstnid ik nlsjkini, bdlsjikrnlid kltdlbks quk nltjbjpnr sjtunbjdlks ik bdlh`jbtd y inr`ks n`tkrlntjvns ik sd`ubjòl cnrîl fîs ``kvnikrds y supkrnm`ks kstds kvkltds huturds pnrn k` jlijvjiud yn quk bdltnrn bdl uln prkpnrnbjòl nltjbjpnin y `ns ckrrnfjkltns pnrn `darnr`d.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? Y?  (ijbk n` pnbjkltk) ‐´Z sj dburrjkrn quk kl k` fdfkltd ik tklkr rk`nbjdlks bdjtn`ks bdl su pnrkon ld bdltnrn bdl `ds fkijds pnrn bujinrsk y/d tklkr skxd skaurd quê cnræn4 W?  ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Wnsd =? Y?  (ijbk n` pnbjkltk) ‐rkn`jbk uln `jstn iktn``nin ik tdins sus n`tkrlntjvns ik sd`ubjòl. W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Wnsd 2? Y?  (ijbk n` pnbjkltk) ‐Ncdrn iæanfk ustki ´kl quê dtrn dbnsjòl bdlsjikrn quk cnmrî ul prdm`kfn sjfj`nr4 W?  …………………………………………………………………………………………….

 

Wnsd 9? Y?  (ijbk n` pnbjkltk) ‐rkn`jbk uln `jstn iktn``nin ik tdins sus n`tkrlntjvns ik sd`ubjòl. W?  ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 

 

=. YÊBLJBN YÊBLJBN?? M]JLI M]JLIN] N] JL JLHD]FNBJÒL HD]FNBJÒL Bdlsjst Bdlsj stk k kl fk fkod odrn rnrr k` bd bdldb ldbjf jfjk jklt ltd d ik `n pn pnrko rkon n nbk nbkrbn rbn ik `n sk skxu xun` n`ji jini ni,, prdpdrbjdlnlid jlhdrfnbjòl, nb`nrnlid fjtds y krrdrks kiubntjvds ik nfmds H`kfdls I. y Arkkl R. (=77:) bdlsjikrnl quk uln ik `ns bnusns fîs bdfulks pnrn quk sk iê uln ijshulbjòl skxun` ks `n hn`tn ik bdldbjfjkltd d k` bdldbjfjkltd krròlkd nbkrbn ik `n skxun`jini, jlhdrfnr nbkrbn ik `n iksbrjpbjòl bdfpnrntjvn ik `n nlntdfæ nlntdfæn n skx skxun` un` ik` cdfmr cdfmrk k y `n fuok fuokr, r, uln iks iksbrj brjpbj pbjòl òl bdfpn bdfpnrnt rntjvn jvn ik `n hjsjd`daæn ik `n rkspukstn skxun` ik` cdfmrk y `n fuokr y nbkrbn ik` pnpk` ik `ns rk rkspu spukst kstns ns bd bdal aljtjtjv jvns ns bd bdfd fd `n `nss hn hnlt ltns nsæn ænss kr kròt òtjb jbns ns y nt ntklb klbjò jòl l n `n `nss prd prdpj pjns ns sklsnbjdlks nyuinrîl n jikltjhjbnr iksbdldbjfjkltds y kquævdbds kspkbæhjbds quk pukinl nhkbtnr n `ds prdm`kfns bdlbrktds ik `n pnrkon y quk ld cnynl npnrkbjid iurnltk `n hnsk ik kvn`unbjòl y nikfîs nyuinrnl n ijsfjlujr `n nlsjkini y k`kvnr  `n nu nutd tdbd bdlh lhjn jnlz lzn n kl nfmd nfmdss fj fjkf kfmr mrds ds ik `n pn pnrk rkon on.. Wn Wnrn rn k``d k``d ks ik vjtn vjtn`` jfpdrtnlbjn nyuinrsk ik fntkrjn` arîhjbd bdfd ijmuods, `îfjlns, hdtdarnhæns, ul ijnarnfn, ktb.

W]DBKIJFJKLYD? Wnsd >? Y? (ijbk n` pnbjkltk) ‐Wrkstk ntklbjòl n `n jlhdrfnbjòl quk kl kstk fdfkltd `k vdy n inr, sj tjklk n`auln prkaultn iurnltk `n kxp`jbnbjòl ld iuik kl cnbêrfk`n snmkr  ks fuy jfpdrtnltk quk rksd`vnfds tdins sus iuins rkspkbtd n `n skxun`jini.‖ Bdltkljid ik `n jlhdrfnbjòl?     

Jfnakl bdfp`ktn ik cdfmrk y fuokr iksluids. Jfîaklks ik akljtn`ks kxtkrlds kl nfmds skxds. Ijnarnfn sklbj``d ik akljtn`ks jltkrlds kl nfmds skxds. Arîhjbds ik ktnpns ik `n rkspukstn skxun`. Ijmuods ik bnfmjds kl akljtn`ks kxtkrlds k jltkrlds iurnltk `n rkspukstn skxun`.

Jljbjd? Jlstrujfds nbkrbn ik `n jfpdrtnlbjn ik bdldbkr nbkrbn ik `n skxun`jini cufnln y tdid `d quk k``d jfp`jbn nikfîs ik quk ld ikmk qukinr ljlauln iuin d jikn kqujvdbnin kl ê`.