04-22-01 Citric and Isocitric Acids

 

Ak`ns

AAKK @itbriat`eiaf Lbtmen 7>-33.71 Wajb 1 ed 2

 

K`tr`k ain @sek`tr`k Ak`ns D`rst apprevaf Apr`f 1;, 10418 Sbapprevaf Ievblcbr ;, 1000

Ecobkt`vb K`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns, tejbtmbr w`tm laf`k ain tartar`k ak`ns, arb rbspeis`cfb der tmb tartibss ed dru`ts ain addbkt dfaver ain quaf`ty ed deen prenukts keita`i`ij dru`t ain dru`t prenukts. ^m`s lbtmen lbasurbs tmb aleuit ed k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns `i dru`t ain dru`t prenukts.

Apparatus 1. Kmrelatejrapm`k tucb, apprex`latbfy 13 ll `.n. ain >77 ll feij8 p`stei te d`t tucb der pakh`ij s`f`k`k ak`n. Wfuj bin ed tucb w`tm kettei. 3. [eurkb ed a`r prbssurb er kelprbssbn i`trejbi jas bqu`ppbn w`tm prbssurb rbjufater. [bb Ietb 1. ;. Kbitr`dujb tucb, apprex`latbfy ; Ú 11 kl, 47-lf kapak`ty. >. Nbv`kb der t`trat`ij `i KE3-drbb atlespmbrb8 132-lf pbar-smapbn sbparatery duiibf w`tm ruccbr steppbr mav`ij d`vb mefbs der tmb deffew`ij? a) tucb, w`tm nrawi-eut t`p bxtbin`ij te stepkekh der KE 3-drbb a`r8 c) stainarn ak`n curbt t`p8 k) stainarn afhaf`ib curbt t`p8 n) duiibf der traisdbrr`ij bfuatb8 ain b) tucb der bxmaust vapers. 2. KE3-drbb a`r. Wass a`r (keivbi`bitfy ecta`ibn drel prbssurb apparatus 3) tw`kb tmreujm 37% IaEM sefut`ei ain tmbi tmreujm watbr keita`i`ij pmbiefpmtmafb`i ain sudd`k`bit 7.1 I  IaEM  IaEM te prenukb p`ih kefer.

Sbajbits 1. tbrt -Alyf -Alyf afkemef `i kmferederl, ;7%. Zasm KMKf ; tmrbb t`lbs w`tm aceut 7.2 vefulb watbr te rblevb afkemef. N`futb ;77 lf tbrt -alyf -alyf er i-cutyf afkemef te 1 f`tbr w`tm wasmbn KMKf ; ain smahb wbff w`tm aceut 27 lf watbr. Fbt f`qu`ns sbparatb ain n`skarn watbr. ^e tbrt -alyf -alyf afkemef-KMKf;  faybr, ann bxkbss ed aimynreus pewnbrbn Ia3[E>. [mahb wbff ain d`ftbr tmreujm nry papbr. 3. tbrt --Alyf Alyf afkemef `i kmferederl, >7%. Wrbparb as acevb, us`ij >77 lf tbrt alyf afkemef er i-cutyf afkemef. ;. [`f`k`k ak`n su`tacfb der kmrelatejrapmy8 aiafyt`kaf rbajbit, 177-lbsm. >. Fban akbtatb sefut`ei. N`ssefvb :2 j ierlaf Wc(K 3M;E3)3º;M3E `i watbr, ann 1 lf akbt`k ak`n, ain n`futb te 327 lf. 2. Lbtapmespmer`k ak`n, 37%. [terb `i rbdr`jbrater. 4. [en`ul sufd`nb sefut`ei. N`ssefvb > j Ia 3[º0M3E `i watbr ain n`futb te 177 lf. [terb `i rbdr`jbrater. :. [en`ul tm`esufdatb sefut`ei, 7.1 I  (3.>=3  (3.>=3 j/f`tbr). [tainarn`zb aja`ist 7.71 I   H@E; (7.;24: j/f`tbr) as deffews? te 2 lf H@E ; sefut`ei ann 1 lf 3 L  M  M ;WE> ain 1 lf 17% H@, ain t`tratb w`tm Ia 3[3E;  sefut`ei, us`ij starkm `in`kater at bin pe`it. =. IaEM sefut`ei, 7.71 I. Wretbkt drel KE 3.  ne`? 17.170>/AAKK@itLbtmen-7>-33.71

 

Ak`ns

AAKK @itbriat`eiaf Lbtmen 7>-33.71 Wajb 3 ed 2

 

K`tr`k ain @sek`tr`k Ak`ns (keit`iubn) 0. HKf sefut`ei8 7.0;10 j nr`bn HKf pbr f`tbr ed 7.7=2 L  M  M;WE>. 17. [`fvbr `enatb. Wretbkt drel f`jmt. 11. ^mylef cfub `in`kater, 7.1%. N`ssefvb 7.1 j tmylef cfub `i watbr, ann sudd`k`bit 7.1 I  IaEM  IaEM te kmaijb nyb te cfub, ain n`futb te 177 lf. 13. HCr, 13%. 1;. HLiE>, >%. 1>. M3E3, ;%. 12. Wbtrefbul b`tmbr, >7‛47· cp.

Wrekbnurb [tainarn`zat`ei ed s`f`k`k ak`n kefuli 1. L`x tmereujmfy `i lertar 4 j s`f`k`k ak`n ain aleuit ed 7.2 I  M  M 3[E> nbtbrl`ibn as deffews? @ji`tb aceut 1 j s`f`k`k ak`n, akkuratbfy wb`jmbn, `i slaff kruk`cfb at rbn mbat aceut 12 l`i (jas curibr `s sat`sdaktery). Keef `i bdd`k`bit nbs`kkater ain wb`jm. Kafkufatb lf ed 7.2 I  M  M 3[E> rbqu`rbn, T , `i derlufa? T   < < (1.0 A ‛ 1)8 wmbrb Z  <   < j s`f`k`k ak`n usbn der kefuli ain  A < rat`e ed aimyZ (1.0 nreus te mynreus s`f`k`k ak`n. 3. Ann KMKf;, a f`ttfb at a t`lb, ain l`x, lah`ij ui`derl sfurry tmat peurs rban`fy. ^raisdbr aff ed sfurry w`tm KMKf; wasm cettfb te kmrelatejrapm`k tucb, peur`ij `t newi tm`i ren ain st`rr`ij uit`f aff a`r cuccfbs arb rblevbn. Kut k`rkfb ed kearsb d`ftbr papbr (Zmatlai ie. > er bqu`vafbit) w`tm kerh cerbr te d`t siujfy `i tucb. [aturatb w`tm KMKf; ain pusm newi w`tm p`stei uit`f s`f`k`k ak`n `s pakhbn `i d`rl kefuli. Sblevb p`stei, fbtt`ij papbr rbla`i at tep ed kefuli. Oust cbderb traisdbrr`ij salpfb te kefuli, peur edd bxkbss KMKf ;  ain pfakb blpty jranuatb uinbr tucb. ;. Wrbparb 2 lf ed aqubeus sefut`ei ed k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns, keita`i`ij tetaf ak`n`ty ed aceut 13 lf 7.71 I  (aceut   (aceut > lj bakm ak`n). (@d fbve ain `iakt`vb laf`k ak`ns ain tartar`k ak`n arb afse `ikfunbn, tetaf ak`n`ty smeufn cb aceut ;7 lf 7.71 I „aceut „aceut > lj bakm ak`n.) ^raisdbr 2 lf ak`n sefut`ei te kbitr`dujb tucb. >. Ann 1 I   IaEM IaEM uit`f afhaf`ib te pmbiefpmtmafb`i, pfus 3 nreps bxkbss. Mbat `i ce`f`ij watbr 12 l`i, keef te aceut 37·, ain ann 2.2 vefulbs afkemef, 7.2 lf 1 I   akbt`k akbt`k ak`n, ain 7.2 lf fban akbtatb sefut`ei (rbajbit >). L`x at `itbrvafs er keit`iueusfy 2 l`i, kbitr`dujb, ain nbkait kfbar supbriatait f`qu`n. ^bst f`qu`n w`tm nrep ed fban akbtatb sefut`ei, ain `d prbk`p`tatb derls `i 1 l`i, ann `t te

tmat `i tbst tucb. [t`r er l`x prbk`p`tatb w`tm aceut 37 lf akbteib, ain kbitr`dujb8 nbkait ain n`skarn akbteib. Fay tucb ei s`nb uit`f akbteib bvaperatbs, er rblevb `t w`tm vbry jbitfb kurrbit ed a`r at reel tblpbraturb. Zmbi prbk`p`tatb `s nry, ann 7.2 lf 3 I   M3[E>  ain l`x w`tm ren te sleetm sfurry. Ann 1 j s`f`k`k ak`n ain l`x uit`f pewnbr nebs iet anmbrb te s`nbs ed tucb, ann`ij a f`ttfb lerb s`f`k`k ak`n `d ibkbssary.

 

Ak`ns

AAKK @itbriat`eiaf Lbtmen 7>-33.71 Wajb ; ed 2

 

K`tr`k ain @sek`tr`k Ak`ns (keit`iubn) 2. ^raisdbr tmreujm duiibf te prbparbn kefuli, r`isb kbitr`dujb tucb w`tm aceut 2 lf ;7% tbrt -alyf -alyf afkemef `i KMKf;, ain peur tmreujm duiibf. Z`tm feij tm`i ren, st`r pewnbr ain sefvbit uit`f aff a`r cuccfbs arb rblevbn. Appfy prbssurb te kefuli uit`f sefvbit oust s`ihs `ite jbf. Z`pb kbitr`dujb tucb, duiibf, ain ren w`tm kettei, ain pfakb kettei `i kmrelatejrapm`k tucb8 r`isb kbitr`dujb tucb, duiibf, ain ren w`tm 3 lf sefvbit, peur `ite kettei, ain pusm kettei te tep ed jbf. Fbt sefvbit s`ih `ite jbf. Ann aceut 377 lf sefvbit te rbsbrve`r ain appfy prbssurb uit`f sefvbit bfutbs at ratb ed 1‛1.2 lf/l`i. 4. ^raisdbr bfuatb `i 17-lf pert`eis prelptfy te t`trat`ij apparatus (>). [bb Ietb 3. S`isb jranuatb w`tm 17 lf drbsmfy wasmbn ibutraf KMKf ; ain tmbi w`tm 17 lf KE3-drbb watbr. Ann tmylef cfub `in`kater ain 7.71 I  IaEM   IaEM uit`f, adtbr tmereujm l`x`ij cy derk`ij KE3-drbb a`r tmreujm apparatus, fewbr faybr `s keferfbss ain uppbr aqubeus faybr `s cfub. :. Cakh-t`tratb w`tm stainarn ak`n ain afhaf` uit`f 1 nrep ed afhaf` prenukbs cfub kefer ed `in`kater. =. Drel t`trat`ei vafubs, nbtbrl`ib tmrbsmefn vefulb ain vefulb rbqu`rbn te bfutb bakm ak`n der part`kufar apparatus ain rbajbits usbn. Ak`ns bfutb `i tmb deffew`ij ernbr? uirblevbn akbt`k ak`n `s bfutbn `i sbkein ain tm`rn 17 lf8 cetm `iakt`vb ain fbve-laf`k ak`ns appbar `i 177- te 147-lf drakt`eis. 0. Zmbi laf`k ak`n `s aff rblevbn (aceut 1:7 lf), peur edd rbla`i`ij sefvbit, ann >7% tbrt-alyf afkemef `i KMKf;, ain keit`iub bfut`ei. Cetm k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns appbar `i 1=7- te ;77-lf drakt`eis. Keit`iub bfut`ei uit`f tartar`k ak`n `s bfutbn (aceut ;;7‛>>7 lf). 17. ^`tratb bfuatb keita`i`ij k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns `llbn`atbfy.  Nbtbrl`iat`ei ^ahb quait`ty ed salpfb prbparbn as uinbr  uinbr   Lbtmen 43-32.71  w`tm t`tratacfb ak`n`ty aceut ;7 lf 7.71 I  ain  ain w`tm sef`ns keitbit iet evbr 3 j. ^raisdbr te kbitr`dujb tucb, anoust vefulb te 2 lf cy bvaperat`ei er ann`t`ei ed watbr, ain prekbbn as uinbr [tainarn`zat`ei, parajrapm > tmreujm parajrapm :.

A. ^etaf k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns 1. Adtbr laf`k ak`n `s bfutbn, kmaijb te >7% tbrt -alyf -alyf afkemef `i KMKf;, bfutb, ain t`tratb 17-lf af`quets prelptfy as uinbr [tainarn`zat`ei. Ietb tmat 1 lf 7.71 I  IaEM  IaEM < 7.4> lj aimynreus k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns. Kerrbkt t`trat`ei der cfaih. 3. Adtbr bakm t`trat`ei, keffbkt fewbr faybr ain aqubeus faybr `i sbparatb keita`ibrs. Adtbr k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns arb bfutbn, wasm kelc`ibn fewbr faybrs w`tm slaff aleuit ed watbr ain afhaf`, sbparatb, ain ann aqubeus pert`ei te t`tratbn kelc`ibn k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`n sefut`eis. [avb tm`s sefut`ei der nbtbrl`iat`ei ed ierlaf k`tr`k ak`n.

 

Ak`ns

AAKK @itbriat`eiaf Lbtmen 7>-33.71 Wajb > ed 2

 

K`tr`k ain @sek`tr`k Ak`ns (keit`iubn) C. @sek`tr`k ak`n [uctrakt ierlaf k`tr`k ak`n drel tetaf k`tr`k ak`n te ecta`i `sek`tr`k ak`n. K. Sbajbit cfaih Wrbparb s`f`k`k ak`n kefuli as uinbr [tainarn`zat`ei, ann 1 j s`f`k`k ak`n ain 7.2 lf 3 I  M  M3[E>, bfutb, ain t`tratb as uinbr [tainarn`zat`ei. N. Ierlaf k`tr`k ak`n  1. Anoust sefut`ei keita`i`ij k`tr`k ain `sek`tr`k ak`ns te keivbi`bit vefulb (27 lf er fbss) ain tahb af`quet keita`i`ij iet lerb tmai > lj k`tr`k ak`n as bst`latbn drel t`trat`ei ed drakt`ei. Ann 3 lf M 3[E> te af`quet, keef, ain mefn cbfew 33·. Ann 1 lf 37% lbtapmespmer`k ak`n, n`futb te aceut ;2 lf, ann 3 lf 13% HCr ain 2 lf >% HLiE >, l`x, ain mefn 17 l`i, w`tmeut st`rr`ij, cbfew 33·. Keef te aceut 17· ain ann kefn ;% M 3E3  nrepw`sb, wm`fb st`rr`ij, uit`f sefut`ei `s keferfbss. 3. ^raisdbr te 132-lf sbparatery dfash ain r`isb keita`ibr w`tm aceut 32 lf pbtrefbul btmbr, ann`ij r`is`ijs te sbparatery dfash. [mahb wbff, sbparatb, ain n`skarn aqubeus pert`ei. ;. Zasm pbtrefbul btmbr deur t`lbs w`tm aceut ;-lf pert`eis watbr, nra`i`ij ain n`skarn`ij aqubeus faybr bakm t`lb. Maf`nbs lust cb kelpfbtbfy rblevbn drel pbtrefbul btmbr ain t`p ed duiibf. >. Ann ; lf Ia 3[ sefut`ei te pbtrefbul btmbr, smahb wbff, ain nra`i aqubeus faybr `ite 32-lf vefulbtr`k dfash. Bxtrakt w`tm aietmbr ; lf Ia 3[ sefut`ei ain wasm w`tm 3-lf pert`eis watbr uit`f aff kefer `s rblevbn, nra`i`ij cetm bxtrakts ain wasm`ijs `ite dfash. N`skarn pbtrefbul btmbr. 2. Ann 3.7 lf 3 L   M;WE> te keitbits ed dfash, l`x, ain tmbi ann vbry slaff quartz er perkbfa`i km`p te dak`f`tatb sleetm ce`f`ij, ain ce`f 2‛4 l`i. Keef, ain ann bxaktfy 2.77 lf HKf sefut`ei (rbajbit 0). N`futb te larh ain traisdbr sefut`ei, w`tmeut r`is`ij, te 27-lf Brfbilbybr dfash keita`i`ij 7.32 j nry Aj@E ;  (rbajbit 17). 4. [mahb v`jereusfy 2 l`i ain d`ftbr `llbn`atbfy tmreujm nry Kf-drbb papbr. :. ^e 2 lf d`ftratb, ann 1 lf 17% H@ sefut`ei ain 3 nreps 7.7=2 L  M  M;WE>, ain t`tratb at eikb w`tm 7.71 I  Ia  Ia3[3E;, us`ij starkm `in`kater. =. Kerrbkt t`trat`ei der cfaih nbtbrl`iat`ei ei 2 lf watbr ain 4 lf Ia 3[ sefut`ei `i 32-lf vefulbtr`k dfash, cbj`ii`ij w`tm parajrapm 2 acevb. Cfaih t`trat`ei `ikfunbs vafub der HKf as wbff as aiy maf`nb `i rbajbit8 lf 7.71 I   Ia3[3E; Ú 7.74> < lj aimynreus ierlaf k`tr`k ak`n `i d`ftratb af`quets.

 

Ak`ns

AAKK @itbriat`eiaf Lbtmen 7>-33.71 Wajb 2 ed 2

 

K`tr`k ain @sek`tr`k Ak`ns (keit`iubn)  Ietbs 1. @d apparatus 3 `s iet ava`facfb, tmb deffew`ij systbl w`ff sbrvb tmb purpesb? D`t 1-f`tbr s`nbarl dfash w`tm 3-mefb ruccbr steppbr. Wass jfass laielbtbr tucb :7 kl feij tmreujm eib mefb `i tmb steppbr se tmat `t rbakmbs tmb cettel ed tmb dfash, ain tmreujm tmb etmbr mefb pass a jfass tucb aceut = kl feij, wmesb uppbr bin `s keiibktbn te tmb tep ed tmb kmrelatejrapm`k tucb cy ruccbr tuc`ij. Keiibkt ruccbr main asp`rater cufc te s`nbarl ed dfash. D`ff dfash w`tm Mj te nbptm ed 1.2 kl (mb`jmt ed Mj kefuli `i laielbtbr tucb `in`katbs prbssurb `i systbl8 32 kl `s bqu`vafbit te aceut 2 fc). ^e la`ita`i rbsbrve`r prbssurb wmbi kmrelatejrapm`k tucb `s n`skeiibktbn, d`t stepkekh `ite f`ib fban`ij drel dfash te kmrelatejrapm`k tucb8 ain te prbvbit vafvb `i main asp`rater drel fbah`ij, `isbrt sbkein stepkekh cbtwbbi s`nbarl ain cufc. 3. @d bfutbn ak`n `s affewbn te stay `i keitakt w`tm bfuatb, selb bstbrs lay cb derlbn, kaus`ij few rbsufts. Adtbr t`trat`ei, aqubeus sefut`eis lay cb mbfn uit`f keivbi`bit te nbtbrl`ib ierlaf k`tr`k ak`n.

Sbdbrbikb AEAK @itbriat`eiaf. 1002. Edd`k`af Lbtmens ed Aiafys`s ed AEAK @itbriat`eiaf, 14tm bn. Lbtmens 0;3.1;C (surpfus s`ikb 10:2) ain 040.;7 (surpfus s`ikb 100;). ^mb Assek`at`ei, Arf`ijtei, TA.