03 Curso Linux Lolo Paquetes en Ubuntu

 

AG[VJÛE FG _DTWGVG[ Kdfd fjstrjnukjûe Hjeux uhjzd dhaued ilr`d fg sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs pdrd kletrlhdr hd jestdhdkjûe fg dphjkdkjlegs y hjnrgràds. We sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs usd ued ndsg fg fdtls qug sjaug gh rdstrl fg hl sjaujgetg3   

Tug pdqugtgs gstäe jestdhdfls. Tug drkmjvls mde sjfl jestdhdfls pdrd kdfd pdqugtg. Ygrsjlegs fg kdfd pdqugtg jestdhdfl.

Hls pdqugtgs gstäe dh`dkgedfls ge sgrvjflrgs hhd`dfls rgplsjtlrjls, y sg dkkgfg plr jetgregt `gfjdetg hds uhjfdfgs fgh sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs qug gstêe jestdhdfds. _lfg`ls usdr gstds uhjfdfgs pdrd nuskdr eugvls pdqugtgs l dktudhjzdkjlegs fg hls yd jestdhdfls. We pdqugtg d `geufl tgefrä fgpgefgekjds, u ltrls pdqugtgs qug fg fgngräe sgr jestdhdfls prgvjd`getg. Hds uhjfdfgs fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs fgtgktdräe fjkmds fgpgefgekjds y lirgkgräe jestdhdr hl egkgsdrjl detgs fg jestdhdr gh pdqugtg fgsgdfl. Hl `dhl gs qug el mdy ued óejkd uhjfdf gstäefdr. El tlfls hls sjstg`ds fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs trdndcde ge tlfds hds fjstrjnukjlegs Hjeux. Hds uhjfdfgs fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs y sus kl`defls dslkjdfls sle gelr`g`getg fjigrgetgs getrg fjstrjnukjlegs Hjeux. Hls fls prjekjpdhgs sjstg`ds fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs usdfls kl`ue`getg ge Hjeux sle fpba y rp`. Hds fjstrjnukjlegs ndsdfds ge Fgnjde (kl`l Wnuetu) usde kl`l ndsg gh kl`defl fpba. Gstg kl`defl jetgrdktód fjrgktd`getg kle gh sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs fg Hjeux y gs usdfl pdrd jestdhdr, agsledr y ghj`jedr pdqugtgs. Hds fjstrjnukjlegs ndsdfds ge ^gf Mdt (kl`l KgetL[) usde gh kl`defl rp` kl`l ndsg fgh sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs. Fg ilr`d sj`jhdr dh kl`defl fpba, gh kl`defl rp` pugfg hjstdr pdqugtgs jestdhdfls, jestdhdr eugvls pdqugtgs y ghj`jedrhls. Gstls fls kl`defls sle gh eókhgl fg sus rgspgkvls sjstg`ds fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs, duequg el gs rgdh`getg gh sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs kl`phgtl. @ukmds fjstrjnukjlegs qug usde fpba l rp` mde klestrujfl uhjfdfgs gspgkjdhgs dfjkjledhgs pdrd gh sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs slnrg gstls kl`defls ndsg pdrd lntgegr `dylr idkjhjfdf.

[J[VG@D[ FG AG[VJÛE FG _DTWGVG[ ND[DFL[ GE FGNJDE Gh kl`defl fpba gs gh eókhgl fg hds mgrrd`jgetds fg sjstg`d fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs pdrd hd id`jhjd fg fjstrjnukjlegs ndsdfd ge Fgnjde, prlplrkjledefl lpkjlegs pdrd jestdhdr, dktudhjzdr y ghj`jedr pdqugtgs Fgnjde. Gh kl`defl fpba dsu`g qug tgeg`ls gh pdqugtg fgskdradfl ge eugstrl sjstg`d hlkdh, l njge fjsplejnhg kl`l ued W^H. Duequg hd `dylràd fg hds vgkgs el gs gh kdsl. Mdnjtudh`getg qugrg`ls jestdhdr ued dphjkdkjûe fgsfg ue rgplsjtlrjl dkkgsjnhg pdrd eugstrd fjstrjnukjûe Hjeux. _drd ghhl, usdrg`ls gh Dfvdekgf _dkbdag Vllh (D_V), kl`pugstl fg3   

dpt-kdkmg dpt-agt dpt

 

Gh kl`defl dpt gs gsgekjdh`getg ue irletgef tdetl pdrd dpt-kdkmg kl`l pdrd dpt-agt. Hl nugel slnrg D_V gs qug el egkgsjtd`ls rgklrfdr quê mgrrd`jgetd usdr kuäefl, pugs kunrg tlfl hl qug plfd`ls egkgsjtdr pdrd agsledr pdqugtgs. Gh ilr`dtl näsjkl fg dpt gs3

dpt RlpkjlegsP dkkjûe Hd dkkjûe fgeg hl qug qugrg`ls qug dpt mdad. [j sg egkgsjtd, plfg`ls gspgkjkdr ued l `äs lpkjlegs.

AG[VJLEDEFL _DTWGVG[ KLE D_V Wed tdrgd kl`óe gs fgtgr`jedr quê pdqugtgs yd gstäe jestdhdfls ge gh sjstg`d. Gh kl`defl dpt hjst `ugstrd tlfls hls pdqugtgs fjsplejnhgs ge gh rgplsjtlrjl, pgrl kle hd lpkjûe --jestdhhgf plfg`ls hj`jtdr hd sdhjfd d hls qug yd gstäe jestdhdfls ge eugstrl sjstg`d3

$ dpt --jestdhhgf hjst [j yd klelkg`ls gh el`nrg fg pdqugtg y qugrg`ls `lstrdr jeilr`dkjûe fgtdhhdfd slnrg gh `js`l, usd`ls gh kl`defl smlw3

$ dpt smlw zsm Z hd sdhjfd3 _dkbdag3 zsm … Gh kl`defl dpt smlw el jefjkd sj gh pdqugtg gstä jestdhdfl l el ge gh sjstg`d, slhl `ugstrd jeilr`dkjûe fgtdhhdfd fgsfg gh rgplsjtlrjl. We fgtdhhg qug el plfg`ls lntgegr kle dpt gs ue hjstdfl fg hls kmgrls dslkjdfls kle ue pdqugtg. _drd lntgegr gstd hjstd, egkgsjtdrg`ls usdr fjrgktd`getg gh kl`defl fpba3

$ fpba -H dpt-uhs Z hd sdhjfd3 /. /usr /usr/nje /usr/nje/dpt-gxtrdkg`phdtgs … Vd`njêe plfg`ls mdkgr hl jevgrsl, gs fgkjr, gekletrdr d qug pdqugtg pgrtgegkg ue drkmjvl ge pdrkuhdr. Egkgsjtdrg`ls usdr ued rgigrgekjd dnslhutd dh drkmjvl fgh pdqugtg pdrd qug iuekjleg3

fpba --sgdrkm dnslhutg\ihg\ed`g $ fpba --sgdrkm /usr/nje/dpt-pdrkmjvg Z hd sdhjfd3

 

dpt-uhs3 /usr/nje/dpt-pdrkmjvg

JE[VDHDEFL _DTWGVG[ KLE D_V _lfràd`ls qugrgr fgtgr`jedr gh el`nrg fgh pdqugtg d jestdhdr. _drd gekletrdr ue pdqugtg klekrgtl, usdrg`ls dpt sgdrkm3

$ dpt sgdrkm pdkbdag\ed`g Hl nugel fgh kl`defl sgdrkm gs qug el egkgsjtd`ls jesgrtdr wjhfkdrfs pdrd gh el`nrg fg pdqugtg. Hds wjhfkdrfs sle j`phàkjtds. _lr fgigktl, sgdrkm `ugstrd pdqugtgs qug klegege gh têr`jel nuskdfl, yd sgd ge gh el`nrg fgh pdqugtg l ge su fgskrjpkjûe. [j qugrg`ls hj`jtdr hd nósqugfd d hls el`nrgs fg pdqugtg, usdrg`ls hd lpkjûe --ed`gs-lehy. Vmg ngduty li tmg sgdrkm kl``def js tmdt ylu fl elt eggf tl jesgrt wjhfkdrfs drluef pdkbdag\ed`g. Qjhfkdrfs drg j`phjgf. Ny fgiduht, tmg sgdrkm kl``def fjsphdys pdkbdags tmdt kletdje tmg sgdrkm tgr` je gjtmgr tmg pdkbdag ed`g lr tmg pdkbdag fgskrjple, wmjkm kde ng `jshgdfjea dt `gs. Ji ylu wdet tl hj`jt tmg lutput tl lehy pdkbdag ed`gs, jekhufg tmg --ed`gs-lehy lple.

$ dpt --ed`gs-lehy sgdrkm zsm Z hd sdhjfd3 [lrea... Fleg Iuhh Vgxt [gdrkm... Fleg zsm/ilkdh,ilkdh 4.?.:-4 dhh Irjgefhy Jetgrdkvg S[Mghh zsm/ilkdh 7.=-;unuetu4 d`f96 smghh wjtm hlts li igdturgs zsm-deage/ilkdh,ilkdh >.>.;-> dhh `dedag ylur zsm phuajes … Wed vgz gekletrdfl gh pdqugtg, jestdhdrg`ls `gfjdetg3

$ sufl dpt jestdhh pdkbdag\ed`g Zd qug jestdhdr eugvl slwdrg rgqujgrg prjvjhgajls fg rllt, fgng`ls usdr gh kl`defl sufl ge Wnuetu. Dh jestdhdr ue pdqugtg, dpt prgauetdrä td`njêe plr hd jestdhdkjûe fg ltrls pdqugtgs. Gstl gs plrqug dpt rgsughvg dutl`äkd`getg kudhqujgr fgpgefgekjd plr elsltrls g jestdhd hds hjnrgràds y pdqugtgs dfjkjledhgs egkgsdrjls. Gstd kdrdktgràskd sughg gstdr jekhujfd ge `ukmls sjstg`ds fg agsûe fg pdqugtgs.

DKVWDHJSDEFL [LIVQD^G KLE D_V Duequg dpt dyufd d gvjtdr prlnhg`ds dh jestdhdr slwdrg, jetgetdr kllrfjedr ued dktudhjzdkjûe `uhpdqugtg kle fgpgefgekjds pugfg sgr kl`phjkdfl. _drd dktudhjzdr tlfls hls pdqugtgs kle

 

sgaurjfdf, usdrg`ls gh kl`defl upardfg (fg eugvl kle sufl pdrd lntgegr prjvjhgajls fg rllt)3

$ sufl dpt upardfg Gstg kl`defl el tl`d el`nrgs fg pdqugtg kl`l drau`getl, pugs dktudhjzdrä tlfls hls pdqugtgs jestdhdfls d hd vgrsjûe `äs rgkjgetg fgh rgplsjtlrjl, hl kudh gs `äs sgaurl pdrd hd gstdnjhjzdkjûe fgh sjstg`d. Gh kl`defl upardfg el ghj`jedrä ejeaóe pdqugtg kl`l pdrtg fgh prlkgsl fg dktudhjzdkjûe. [j ue pdqugtg egkgsjtd sgr ghj`jedfl kl`l pdrtg fg ued dktudhjzdkjûe, usdrg`ls gh sjaujgetg kl`defl3

$ sufl dpt uhh-upardfg Duequg pugfd pdrgkgr gxtrdôl, d vgkgs sg rgqujgrg ghj`jedr pdqugtgs pdrd `detgegr hds klsds sjekrlejzdfds getrg dktudhjzdkjlegs.

FG[JE[VDHDEFL [LIVQD^G KLE D_V Hd fgsjestdhdkjûe gs tde iäkjh kl`l hd jestdhdkjûe l hd d dktudhjzdkjûe. ktudhjzdkjûe. Hl óejkl qug tgeg`ls qug tgegr ge kugetd gs sj qugrg`ls `detgegr hls fdtls fgh prlard`d y hls drkmjvls fg kleaurdkjûe. _drd ghj`jedr ue pdqugtg pgrl el sus drkmjvls fg fdtls y kleaurdkjûe, usdrg`ls gh kl`defl rg`lvg. _drd el klesgrvdr sus drkmjvls fg fdtls y kleaurdkjûe, usdrg`ls gh kl`defl purag3

$ sufl dpt purag zsm Ge gstg gcg`phl, kl`l pdrtg fg hd sdhjfd fg purag, dpt els dfvjgrtg qug gh pdqugtg zsmkl``le, qug iug jestdhdfl kl`l ued fgpgefgekjd, el iug ghj`jedfl dutl`äkd`getg, plr sj pufjgrd sgr rgqugrjfl plr dhaóe ltrl pdqugtg. [j gstd`ls sgaurls fg qug el gs rgqugrjfl plr ltrls pdqugtgs, plfg`ls ghj`jedrhl usdefl gh kl`defl dutlrg`lvg, qug kmgqugdrä tlfls hls pdqugtgs `drkdfls kl`l fgpgefgekjds y qug el sle rgqugrjfls3

$ sufl dpt dutlrg`lvg ^G_L[JVL^JL[ D_V Hls huadrgs fg rgplsjtlrjl plr fgigktl pdrd dpt sle gstdnhgkjfls kudefl jestdhd`ls hd fjstrjnukjûe Hjeux. Gstls huadrgs gstäe dh`dkgedfls ge /gtk/dpt/slurkgs.hjst. Ge `ukmls kdsls, el egkgsjtdrg`ls dargadr l ghj`jedr ue rgplsjtlrjl, plr hl qug el tlkd`ls gstg drkmjvl. Hds iugetgs fg rgplsjtlrjl usde hd sjaujgetg gstrukturd3

fgn (lr fgn-srk) dffrgss fjstrjnule\ed`g pdkbdag\typg\hjst pdkbdag\typg\hjst Gh vdhlr fgn (l fgn-srk) jefjkd gh pl fg pdqugtg. [j gh vdhlr gs fgn, jefjkd qug gs ued iugetg fg prlard`ds kl`pjhdfls, y sj gs fgn-srk, sg trdtd fg ue lrjage fg kûfjals iugetg.

 

Hd getrdfd dffrgss gs hd fjrgkkjûe fgh rgplsjtlrjl. Hd getrdfd fjstrjnule\ed`g gs gh el`nrg fg gstd vgrsjûe fg fjstrjnukjûe fg rgplsjtlrjl fg pdqugtgs ge pdrkuhdr. Ijedh`getg, hd getrdfd pdkbdag\typg\hjst pugfg sgr `äs fg ued pdhdnrd, g jefjkd quê pl fg pdqugtgs geg gh rgplsjtlrjl (vdhlrgs kl`l `dje, rgstrjktgf, uejvgrsg, pdrtegr, gtk.).

KLEVGEGFL^G[ [ED_ Kdelejkdh, hls krgdflrgs fg hd fjstrjnukjûe Wnuetu, md fgsdrrlhhdfl ue ilr`dtl kletgegflr fg dphjkdkjûe hhd`dfl sedp. Gh sjstg`d fg g`pdqugtdfl sedp darupd tlfls hls drkmjvls rgqugrjfls pdrd ued dphjkdkjûe ge ue óejkl drkmjvl fg fjstrjnukjûe sedp. Hd fjigrgekjd getrg ue pdqugtg sedp y pdqugtg fpba gs qug hls sedp el gege ejeaued fgpgefgekjd (tlfls hls drkmjvls egkgsdrjls pdrd klrrgr ued dphjkdkjûe gstäe ge gh pdqugtg d jestdhdr). Gstl plfràd krgdr fuphjkdfls fg drkmjvls qug plfràde sgr kl`pdrfls kle ltrds dphjkdkjlegs, pgrl td`njêe rgsughvg kudhqujgr jekjfgekjd qug pufjgrd lkurrjr plr klejktls kle hjnrgràds jestdhdfds plr `óhphgs pdqugtgs. Hd dphjkdkjûe sedpf agsled hls pdqugtgs sedp jestdhdfls ge gh sjstg`d y klrrg ge sgauefl phdel. Wsdrg`ls hd mgrrd`jgetd ge hàegd fg kl`defl sedp pdrd pgfjr d hd ndsg fg fdtls sedp qug `ugstrg hls pdqugtgs sedp jestdhdfls, dfg`äs fg pdrd jestdhdr, dktudhjzdr l ghj`jedr pdqugtgs sedp. _drd vgrjkdr qug sedp gstä klrrjgefl ge gh sjstg`d, usdrg`ls sedp kle gh kl`defl vgrsjle3

$ sedp vgrsjle sedp >.61.4+>?.?6 sedpf >.61.4+>?.?6 sgrjgs 49 unuetu >?.?6 bgregh 7.6.?-7;-agegrjk [j sedp gstä klrrjgefl, plfg`ls lntgegr ued hjstd fg hds dphjkdkjlegs sedp dktudh`getg jestdhdfds3

$ sedp hjst Ed`g Ygrsjle ^gv Vrdkbjea _unhjsmgr Eltgs klrg4= >?>??:>: 4:;> hdtgst/stdnhg kdelejkdh* ndsg hxf 6.?.6 4=47? 6.?/stdnhg/... kdelejkdh* sedpf >.61.4 :1>4 hdtgst/stdnhg kdelejkdh* sedpf _drd nuskdr ge gh rgplsjtlrjl sedp pdrd eugvds dphjkdkjlegs, usdrg`ls gh kl`defl sedp ef3

$ sedp ief strgss-ea Ed`g Ygrsjle _unhjsmgr Eltgs [u``dry strgss-ea Y?.44.>6 kbjea-bgregh-tllhs - D tllh tl hldf, strgss tgst def ngekm`drb d kl`putgr systg`

_drd vgr `äs jeilr`dkjûe slnrg ued dphjkdkjûe sedp3

 

$ sedp jel strgss-ea ed`g3 strgss-ea su``dry3 D tllh tl hldf, strgss tgst def ngekm`drb d kl`putgr systg` punhjsmgr3 Klhje Bjea (kbjea-bgregh-tllhs) … _drd jestdhdr ue eugvl sedp, usdrg`ls gh kl`defl sedp jestdhh kl`l usudrjl rllt (l kle prjvjhgajls fg rllt)3

$ sufl sedp jestdhh strgss-ea Kudefl jestdhd`ls ue pdqugtg sedp, gh prlard`d sedpf hl `letd kl`l sj sg trdtdrd fg ued uejfdf fg fjskl. _lfg`ls vgr gh eugvl sedp `letdfl usdefl gh kl`defl `luet3

$ `luet ... /vdr/hjn/sedpf/sedps/strgss-ea\7>1;.sedp /vdr/hjn/sedpf/sedps/strgssea\7>1;.sedp le /sedp/strgss-ea/7>1; typg squdsmis (rl,elfgv,rghd`g,x-afu.mjfg) … [j egkgsjtd`ls ghj`jedr ue sedp, usdrg`ls gh kl`defl sedp rg`lvg3

$ sufl sedp rg`lvg strgss-ea strgss-ea rg`lvgf Kudefl ue sedp gs ghj`jedfl, vgrg`ls dhauels `gesdcgs dkgrkd fgh prlargsl fg hd ghj`jedkjûe. Ge huadr fg ghj`jedr ue sedp, plfg`ls prgigrjr slhl fgsmdnjhjtdrhl pgrl sje ghj`jedrhl. Wsdrg`ls gh kl`defl sedp fjsdnhg. _drd rgmdnjhjtdrhl, usdrg`ls sedp gednhg.

JE[VDHDEFL [LIVQD^G FG[FG KÛFJAL IWGEVG Detgs fg hls agstlrgs fg pdqugtgs y fg hls kletgegflrgs k letgegflrgs fg dphjkdkjlegs, hls fgsdrrlhhdflrgs fg slurkg hds tgeàde qug fjstrjnujr suprlpjls slwdrg kl`l kûfjal iugetg yfg pgr`jr qugdphjkdkjlegs hls usudrjlslpge kl`pjhdrde dphjkdkjlegs ge sus sjstg`ds. Hls pdqugtgs kûfjal iugetg grde kl`ue`getg hdezdfls kl`l ue tdrndhh. Hls pdqugtgs tdrndhh darupde drkmjvls fgetrl fg ue drkmjvl usdefl gh kl`defl tdr. Wed vgz hls drkmjvls gstäe fgetrl fgh tdrndhh, gs kl`óe usdr ued uhjfdf fg kl`prgsjûe detgs fg hd fjstrjnukjûe. Wed vgz qug mg`ls lntgejfl ue pdqugtg tdrndhh fg kûfjal iugetg, mdy kjgrtls pdsls egkgsdrjls pdrd jestdhdr gh slwdrg3 4. Fgsg`pdqu Fgsg`pdqugtdr gtdr hls hls drkmjvls drkmjvls fgh tdrndhh tdrndhh usdefl usdefl gh kl`defl kl`defl tdr. tdr. Hds lpkjlegs lpkjlegs -xvi -xvi gxpdefjräe gh tdrndhh gspgkjkdfl ge hàegd fg kl`defl. Lpkjledh`getg, sj gh tdrndhh md sjfl kl`prj`jfl, egkgsjtdrg`ls jekhujr ued lpkjûe pdrd fgskl`prj`jr gh drkmjvl. Wsdrg`ls -C pdrd drkmjvls kl`prj`jfls .xz l usdrg`ls -z pdrd drkmjvls drk mjvls kl`prj`jfls .az.

 

>. Krgdr Krgdr gh skrjpt skrjpt pdrd pdrd kl`pjhdr kl`pjhdr gh slwdrg slwdrg ge ge eugstrl eugstrl sjstg`d sjstg`d usdefl usdefl gh skrjpt skrjpt fg kleaurdkjûe jekhujfl kle gh pdqugtg. Gstg fgtgktd quê mgrrd`jgetds gstäe jestdhdfds ge gh sjstg`d y quê kdrdktgràskds fg K_W y kdpdkjfdfgs k dpdkjfdfgs gstäe fjsplejnhgs. Gstl krgd ue skrjpt @dbghg pdrd klestrujr (nujhf) gh slwdrg. ;. Gcgkutdr Gcgkutdr gh skrjpt skrjpt @dbghg @dbghg pdrd pdrd kl`pjhdr kl`pjhdr gh kûfjal iugetg iugetg usdefl usdefl gh gh kl`defl kl`defl `dbg. `dbg. 6. Jestdhdr Jestdhdr gh gh slwdrg slwdrg usdefl usdefl gh kl`defl kl`defl sufl sufl `dbg `dbg jestdhh jestdhh.. Gh fgsdrrlhhdflr fgh pdqugtg fg slwdrg fgtgr`jed hd rutd fg jestdhdkjûe y sj gs egkgsdrjl fjsplegr fg prjvjhgajls fg rllt pdrd gcgkutdr hd dphjkdkjûe. Fgsjestdhdr ued dphjkdkjûe jestdhdfd plr kûfjal iugetg pugfg l el sgr iäkjh. Gs dsuetl fgh fgsdrrlhhdflr sj jekhuyg ue skrjpt `dbg fg fgsjestdhdkjûe (plr gcg`phl sufl `dbg uejestdhh). Hd `dylràd fg prlard`ds fg uhjfdf fg Hjeux gstäe gskrjtls ge K l K++. _drd kl`pjhdrhls egkgsjtdrg`ls tgegr jestdhdfl gh pdqugtg akk, dfg`äs fgh pdqugtg `dbg. Hd `dylràd fg fjstrjnukjlegs el hls jestdhde plr fgigktl. [j gh prlard`d kleaurg `ugstrd gh grrlr fg qug el hls gekugetrd, klesuhtdrg`ls hls flks fg hd fjstrjnukjûe pdrd vgr quê pdqugtgs jestdhdr.