02总体介绍The collectivity introduction.pdf

总体介绍 The collectivity introduction

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目录 Table of contents § 1.市场背景及发展历史 Market background and history of excavator § 2.挖掘机基本结构及工作原理 The basic structure and principle of excavator § 3.柳工挖掘机产品系列 The series production of excavator of Liugong § 4.D系列挖掘机定义及特点介绍 Definition and characteristics introduction of D series excavator § 5.D系列中型挖掘机产品简介 The introduction of D series medium-size excavator product. 2

§1. Market background and history of excavator

1-1挖掘机概述 The introduction of excavator 1-2挖掘机发展简史 History of the development of excavator

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1-1 The introduction of excavator 什么是挖掘机？ What is the excavator ? 定义：又称挖掘机械（excavating machinery)，是用铲斗挖掘 高于或低于承机面的物料，并装入运输车辆或卸至堆料场的土方 机械。挖掘的物料主要是土壤、煤、泥沙以及经过预松后的土壤 和岩石。 Definition : Called excavating machinery too , it is the machinery that can excavate the soil, coal, sand or rock and then load it into the truck or stock-yard.

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1-1 The introduction of excavator 斗轮式 Bucket-wheel type 连续作业式 （多斗） Continuous

轮斗式 Bucket-wheel type 正铲 机械式

挖掘机 Excavator

Mechanical

Front bucket

履带式 Tracked type

周期作业式 （单斗）

液压式

轮胎式

Periodic

Hydraulic

汽车式

电铲 Electric

反铲 Reverse bucket

Wheel type

抓斗Grab 起重Lifting ……

Automobile type

步履式 Step type 5

1-1 The introduction of excavator ™各种类型与功能的挖掘机械，广泛应用于工业与民用建筑、 交通运输、水利电力工程、农田改造、矿山采掘以及现代化军 事工程等行业的机械化施工中。 The different kind of excavator are widely applied in mining or construction of building, transportation and so on. ™工程施工中约有60%以上的土石方量是靠挖掘机械来完成的 。近年来，挖掘机是整个工程机械行业中产、销量增长最快的 一个机种。 About sixty percent of earth-rock excavation in the world are completed by excavator. 6

1-2 History of the development of excavator

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第一台手动挖掘机问世至今已有130多年的历史，期间经历 了由蒸汽驱动斗回转挖掘机到电力驱动和内燃机驱动回转 挖掘机、应用机电液一体化技术的全自动液压挖掘机的逐 步发展过程。 There are 130 years from the first manual excavator invented, its development come through driven by steam, electricity and internal combustion, mechatronics and hydraulics integration and intelligentization.

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1-2 History of the development of excavator

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由于液压技术的应用，20世纪40年代有了在拖拉机上配装液 压反铲的悬挂式挖掘机。 Due to the application of hydraulic, the excavator that assembled hydraulic bucket was invented in 1940s. 20世纪50年代初期和中期相继研制出拖式全回转液压挖掘机 和履带式全液压挖掘机。 The full-hydraulic crawler type excavator was invented in 1950s.

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1-2 History of the development of excavator ¾

从20世纪60年代起，液压挖掘机进入推广和蓬勃发展阶段，各 国挖掘机制造厂和品种增加很快，产量猛增。 The hydraulic excavator developed very fast from 1960S, the number of factory of excavator increased very fast.

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20世纪70年代起，液压挖掘机广泛采用高压变量系统，向高 速、高压、大功率发展，产量占挖掘机总产量的90%以上。目 前几乎100﹪ 。 The hydraulic excavator developed along high speed, high pressure and high power from 1970s, the hydraulic excavator almost is 100% of all excavator now. 9

目录 Table of contents § 1.市场背景及发展历史 Market background and history of excavator § 2.挖掘机基本结构及工作原理 The basic structure and principle of excavator § 3.柳工挖掘机产品系列 The series production of excavator of Liugong § 4.D系列挖掘机定义及特点介绍 Definition and characteristics introduction of D series excavator § 5.D系列中型挖掘机产品简介 The introduction of D series medium-size excavator product.10

§2. The basic structure and principle of excavator

§2-1 液压挖掘机基本结构 Basic structure of hydraulic excavator 2-1-1 回转平台 (revolving work-table) 2-1-2 行走装置 (walking system) 2-1-3 工作装置 (working system)

§2-2液压挖掘机的工作原理 Working principle of hydraulic excavator §2-3液压挖掘机主要参数 Main parameter of hydraulic excavator

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2-1 Basic structure of hydraulic excavator

挖掘机 excavator

工作装置 working system

动力装置 propulsion system

回转平台

行走装置

revolving work-table

液压系统 hydraulic system

walking system

回转装置

驾驶室

revolving system

operator cabin 12

2-1-1 Revolving work-table 主控阀 main control valve

散热器 radiator

驾驶室 operator cabin

发动机 engine

覆盖件 covering

回转马达

电气系统

revolving motor

electric system

回转平台 revolving work-table 13

2-1-1 Revolving work-table 回转平台：安装发动机，液压泵，控制阀，油箱， 配重，驾驶室等诸多部件。 Revolving work-table: engine, hydraulic pump, control valve, oil tank, counterweight, operator cabin etc. are install on it.

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table -engine 发动机：动力元件，将柴油化学能转化为机械能输出。 Engine o: is a propulsion unit, change diesel oil’s chemical energy into mechanical energy and output it.

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table -main pump ¾

液压动力元件，将发动机的机械 能转化为液压能输出。 Hydraulic power unit, change engine’s mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

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结构特点：双泵串联，后面还可 以再串联一个先导齿轮泵。 Structure feature: 2 pumps inline, still can connect a gear pilot pump behind.

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table -main pump 机械动力传动路线：发动机飞轮→弹性联轴器→ 主泵。 Transport line of mechanical power：engine gear → shaft joint → main pump. 液压动力传动路线：主泵→油管→主控阀→ 执行机构。 Transport line of hydraulic power：main pump → oil pipe → main control valve →executing system .

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table -main control valve 主控阀Main control valve ： 控制元件，将主泵输出的液压能传递给各执行机构，驱动主 机动作。 Control unit, deliver hydraulic energy from main pump to other executing system, in order to drive machine. 结构特点：内含许多阀杆和各 种插装阀、单向阀等，集成度 很高。 Structure feature: contain many valve handles and different kinds of valves, have high density of integration. 18

2-1-1 Revolving work-table -main control valve 控制对象：行走马达，回转马达，工作装置油缸。 Controlling parts: walking motor, revolving motor, oil cylinder of working system. 液压动力传动路线：主控阀→油管→各种执行元件。 Transport line of hydraulic power: main control valve → oil pipe → different executing units.

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table - revolving motor & Speed reducer 回转马达及减速机Revolving motor & Speed reducer ： 执行元件，将主控阀传递过来的液压能转化为机械能输出，驱动 上部机构回转。 Executing unit, change hydraulic energy from main control valve into mechanical energy and output it, then drive upper equipment. 结构特点：马达和减速机集成为一体。 Structure feature: motor & speed reducer integrated as one. 动力传动路线：马达→减速机 →回转支承→回转平台。 Transport line of power: motor →speed reducer → revolving supporting → revolving work-table.

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table - foot pilot valve 脚先导阀Foot pilot valve ： 控制元件，将先导泵输出的液压能传递至主控阀行走阀芯，控制 行走动作。 Controlling unit, transport hydraulic energy from pilot pump to main control valve walking spool, control walking movement. 液压动力传动路线：先导泵→脚先导阀 →主控阀行走阀芯。 Transport line of hydraulic power: pilot pump →foot pilot valve → main control valve walking spool. 21

2-1-1 Revolving work-table - hand pilot valve 手先导阀Hand pilot valve ： 控制元件，将先导泵输出的液压能传递至主控阀动臂、斗杆、铲 斗、回转阀芯，控制相应动作。 Controlling unit, transport hydraulic energy from pilot pump to main control valve boom、stick、digging bucket、 revolving spool，and control relevant movement.

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2-1-1 Revolving work-table - hand pilot valve 结构特点：十字轴，可前后动作，也可左右动作。 Structure feature: cross axle structure, realize every direction’s movement.

液压动力传动路线：先导泵→手先导阀→主控阀相关阀芯 。 Transport line of hydraulic power: pilot pump → hand pilot valve → main control valve relevant spool.

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2-1-2 Walking system 履带 chain track

回转支承 revolving supporting

拖链轮

驱动轮

upper carrier wheel

drive wheel

支重轮 引导轮

张紧装置

行走架

idler

chain adjuster

walking frame

bogie wheel

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2-1-2 Walking system -four wheels and one track chain link

track board

drive wheel

carrier wheel

chain adjuster

idler

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2-1-2 Walking system - Walking frame 行走架是履带行走装置的承重骨架。 Walking frame is the main bearing structure of track walking system.

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2-1-2 Walking system - Revolving supporting 回转支承实际上就是一个带内齿圈的、放大了的滚动轴承。 Revolving supporting actually is a enlarged rolling bearing with internal gear ring. 内齿圈固定在行走架上，外圈固定在转台上，安装在转台上的液 压马达+减速机驱动小齿轮带着回转转台转动。 Internal gear ring set on walking frame, outer ring set on work-table, hydraulic motor & speed reducer on worktable drive the revolving table rotate.

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2-1-2 Walking system - Walking motor & speed reducer 行走马达及减速机Walking motor & speed reducer ： 执行元件，将主控阀传递过来的液压能转化为机械能输出，驱 动整机行走及转向。 Executing unit, change hydraulic energy from main control valve into mechanical energy and output it, then drive machine and make it turn around. 结构特点：马达和减速机集成为一体。 Structure feature: motor & speed reducer integrated as one. 动力传动路线： 马达→减速机→驱动链轮→履带。 Transport line of power: motor →speed reducer → drive wheel → train track. 28

2-1-3 Working system 斗杆 stick

斗杆油缸 stick cylinder

铲斗油缸 bucket cylinder

摇杆 rocker arm

连杆 connecting rod

动臂 boom

动臂油缸 boom cylinder

铲斗 bucket 29

2-1-3 Working system 工作装置是挖掘机的主要组成部分之一。可以更换的工作 装置极大地拓展了挖掘机的应用。 Working system is a Important part of the excavator. Replaceable working equipment expand the usage of excavator. 铲斗，抓斗，吸盘，液压 锤，液压剪，液压螺旋钻等。 Bucket ,grab, sucker, hydraulic hammer, hydraulic shears, hydraulic twist drill etc. ¾

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2-1-3 Working system ¾

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反铲是单斗液压挖掘机最常用的结构型式，主要用于挖 掘停机面以下土壤。 Backhoe is a usual type of monobucket hydraulic excavator, mainly used to dig soil lower than level plane. 动臂、斗杆和铲斗等主要部件彼此铰接，在液压缸的作 用下各部件绕铰接点转动，完成挖掘、提升和卸土等动 作。 Bucket grab、boom and stick are hinge joint to each other, driven by hydraulic cylinder, complete the motion of digging、lifting and outloading.

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2-1-3 Working system 针对不同的作业对象，选取不同的铲斗。 Different object of work, different bucket.

标准铲斗

岩石斗

standard bucket

rock bucket

V型铲斗

平整斗

V-type bucket

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2-1-3 Working system 铲斗的容量要与机器相匹配 Bucket’s capacity must match in machine 如果选取的铲斗比推荐的容量大得多，挖掘机的瞬时转 动惯量将会变得很大。对整个机器的寿命和稳定性都有不 利影响；对液压部件、大臂、 小臂和机架同样也有不利 影响。 ¾

If bucket is bigger than which is commended, instantaneous rotational inertia of excavator would be much bigger, it would have a bad influence to hydraulic parts、working arms and also machine structure, then cut down life time and stability of excavator. 33

2-1-3 Working system 大小臂的选取与铲斗容量Choose of working arms and bucket’s capacity 相对较短的大小臂具有较大的挖掘力，宜配较大容量的铲斗，但 是同时以降低挖掘范围为代价。 Shorter arms, bigger digging force, suitable for bigger capacity of bucket, but smaller dig area. 较长的大小臂，尤其是超长臂挖掘机，具有较小的 挖掘力，宜配较小容量的铲斗，优点是扩大挖掘范 围。 Longer arms, especially over-long arms, have a smaller digging force, suitable for smaller capacity of bucket, its advantage is widen dig area. 34

2-1-3 Working system 选择合适的铲斗具有下列优点：

Advantage of choosing a suitable bucket: ¾降低工作装置的故障率

(reduce breakdown rate)；

¾降低工作循环时间(reduce ¾降低燃油消耗(reduce

cost of fuel oil) ；

¾提高单位挖掘力(promote ¾提高生产率(promote

time of work cycle) ；

per digging force) ；

productivity) ；

¾提高机器的耐用性(increase

service durability of

machine) ； ¾提高机器的稳定性(increase

stability of machine) 。 35

2-1-3 Working system 液压破碎锤：主要用来打桩、开挖 冻土和岩层、破坏路面表层、捣 实土壤等工作。 Hydraulic hammer: mainly used for piling, excavating frozen soil and rock, or destroying the road surface, tamping the soil and so on.

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2-1-3 Working system

液压剪：剪断水泥建筑的钢筋等 Hydraulic shear : mainly used for cutting the building’s reinforcing steel .

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2-1-3 Working system

液压螺旋钻：用于钻孔，取 土等作业。 Hydraulic auger: it is used for drilling， collecting earth and so on .

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2-2 Working principle of hydraulic excavator 利用杠杆原理，液压缸推动动臂、斗杆和铲斗产生各构件之间 的相对旋转运动，从而实现人为控制的挖掘和卸料动作。 Using the principle of level , the Hydraulic Cylinder push the excavator ’s boom、arm and bucket and let them rotary so that we can control the movement of excavating and discharging. 上部回转平台绕垂直轴旋转。 The work platform rotate about an approximately vertical axis.

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2-2 Working principle of hydraulic excavator 回转与行走装置是液压挖掘机的机体，转台上部设有动力装 置和传动系统，发动机是液压挖掘机的动力源，大多采用柴 油发动机。 Work platform and moving device are the hydraulic excavate ’s body, there are power and transmission system on the platform , engine is the origin of power , most of excavate use diesel engine.

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2-2 Working principle of hydraulic excavator 液压传动系统通过液压泵将发动机的动力传递给液压马 达，液压缸等执行元件，推动工作装置动作，从而完成 各种作业。 Hydraulic transmission system transmit power to hydraulic motor , hydraulic cylinder through hydraulic pump , and push work device to work so that it can complete many kinds operation.

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2-2 Working principle of hydraulic excavator Engine

Drive Drive

Control oil

Control

Pilot pump

Pilot valve Control oil

Pilot pump

Engine Drive Drive

Pilot valve

Control Driver

Control oil Control oil Work oil

Work oil

Work pump Work oil Work pump

Main valve Work oil Main valve

Work oil Carry out

Implement work

Driver

Carry out

Work oil

Cylinder

Motor Motor

Carry out Carry out

Swing、Travel

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2-3 Main parameter of hydraulic excavator 1.斗容 Bucket capacity 2.发动机功率 Engine power 3.操作重量 Operating weight 4.挖掘力 Digging force 5.工作范围 Operating range 6.运输尺寸 Transportation size 7.回转速度 Swiveling speed 8.行走速度与牵引力 Travel speed and traction 9.接地比压 Grounding pressure 43

2-3-1 Bucket Capacity 斗容是挖掘机三个主参数（操作重量，发动机功率，斗 容）之一。 Bucket Capacity is one of basic parameter 斗容一般分为堆装和平装两种，挖掘机常用标定斗容为堆 装。 Bucket capacity are generally divided into two kinds: stowage and paperback, and stowage is usually used for calibrating the bucket capacity.

1：1堆装

1：2堆装 44

2-3-2 Engine power 总功率(gross power )： 指在没有消耗功率附件，如消音器、风扇、交流发电机及空 气滤清器的情况下，在发动机飞轮上测得的输出功率。 Output power be measured on the engine flywheel when no power consumption attachments, such as mufflers, fan, alternator and air filter case. 净功率(net power )： 指在装有消耗功率附件，如消音器、风扇、交流发电机及空 气滤清器的情况下，在发动机飞轮上测得的输出功率。 Output power be measured on the engine flywheel when have power consumption attachments, such as mufflers, fan, alternator and air filter case. 45

2-3-3 Operating weight 操作重量决定了挖掘机的级别，决定了挖掘机挖掘力的上限。 Operating weight determines the level of the excavator ,and the upper limit of excavators. 如果挖掘力超过这个极限，在反铲的情况下，挖掘机将打滑， 并被向前拉动，这非常危险。在正铲情况下，挖掘机将向后打 滑。 If the digging force beyond the limit, in the backhoe case, excavator will slip, and be pulling forward, which is very dangerous. In the shovel case, excavator will be slipping backwards.

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2-3-4 Digging force 包括斗杆挖掘力和铲斗挖掘力。 Including Arm digging force and bucket digging force. 两个挖掘力的动力不同，斗杆挖掘力来自斗杆油缸，铲斗挖 掘力来自铲斗油缸。 Different digging force have different power : arm digging from arm cylinder ,bucket dingging from bucket cylinder. r linde y c Arm

Bu ck et

cy lin

de

r

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2-3-5 Operating range A

最大挖掘半径 Max reach

B

最大地面挖掘半径 Max reach at ground level

C

最大挖掘深度 Max dig depth

D

最大挖掘深度（8′水平） Max dig depth of 8'bottom

E

最大垂直挖掘深度 Max dig depth of vertical

F

最大挖掘高度 Max dig height

G

最大卸载高度 Max dump height

H

最小回转半径 Min swing radius

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2-3-6 Transportation size

A

machine cab width

E

height of engine cover

I

track gauge

B

transport width

F

counterweight clearance

J

shoe width

C

cab height

G

track on ground

K

ground clearance

D

tailswing radius

H

undercarriage length

L

transport length

M

Boom height

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2-3-7 Swiveling speed 回转速度：挖掘机空载时，稳定回转所能达到的平均最大速 度。 Swing speed: when excavators no-load, the stability of the average maximum rotation speed can be achieved.

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2-3-8 Travel speed and traction 行走速度：挖掘机空载时，稳定行走所能达到的平均最大速度。 Travel speed: when excavators no-load, the stability of the average maximum speed can be achieved. 牵引力是指挖掘机行走时所产生的力。 Traction refers to the power when excavator travelling . 行走速度与牵引力表明了挖掘机行走的机动灵活性及其行走能 力。 Walking speed and traction demonstrated the flexibility and mobility walking excavator walking ability. 51

2-3-9 Grounding pressure 接地比压的大小决定了挖掘机适合工作的地面条件。 The size of ground pressure determines the ground conditions for excavator's operating. 接地压力指机器重量对地面产生的压力。 Ground pressure is the pressure of machine weight exerted on the ground. 接地比压=工作重量/全部与地面接触的面积

理论值。因为履带不能完全与地面接触；由于整机重心的偏 移，履带上的压力不均匀。 Theoretical value. Because the crawler can not contact with the ground completely and the whole center of gravity shifts, which makes the pressure on the track is uneven. 52

目录 Table of contents § 1.市场背景及发展历史 Market background and history of excavator § 2.挖掘机基本结构及工作原理 The basic structure and principle of excavator § 3.柳工挖掘机产品系列 The series production of excavator of Liugong § 4.D系列挖掘机定义及特点介绍 Definition and characteristics introduction of D series excavator § 5.D系列中型挖掘机产品简介 The introduction of D series medium-size excavator product.53

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3-1 Liugong excavator. >65ton

45ton

35ton 30ton 25ton 20ton 10~20ton 230

新一代

923C

935C

New 2nd generation

新三代

New 3rd generation