01 10 21 Word Principal - Mejora de Factores de Exito

 

Bnhuotnk kd Fac. Fakustrfno y @dhîafhn

HTUXG  FA[DCUNKGU FF - D@YUDAKF@FDA[G FAKTX[UFNO (>224>) YUGVDH[G ‟Xfoon Drcgaø`fhn hga `dsn nr`neod‐ 

KGHDA[D Yfshgyn Nkn`s, Dstdena Nucustg

NOT@AGX Hn`nrcg Lnf`ds, Lgsæ @nràn Hruz Gygon, Lmgsun Ufvnokg Cn`nrrn Lnf`ds Un`àrdz, Kfdcg Darfqud Mufsn Bdraîakdz, Lmgvnan Xgtdog Hmîvdz, Jnrda Xtdbmnay

Of`n, Ydrü 595>

 

FAKFHD

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........................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................... ......................... ....8 8 Naîofsfs D Dxxtdrag.............

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Na Naîo îofs fsfs fs YD YDX[ X[DO DO-@ -@nh nhrg rgda datg tgra rag g............................................................................8

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@ntrfz @ntrfz kdo pdrbo hg`pdvg hg`pdvg (@YH) (@YH)..... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ............ ................. .................. ..........8 .8

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Na Naîo îofs fsfs fs 4 Bu Budr drzn znss kd Yg Ygrt rtdr dr-@ -@fh fhrg rgda datg tgra rag g..........................................................4

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............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................... ............ 4 Naîofsfs ffa atdrag.............

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Dvn Dvnoun ounhfø hføa ak kd dB Bnht nhtgrd grdss FFatd atdrag ragss y Dxt Dxtdra drags gs (@N (@N[UF [UF\ \D DBF BF-DB -DBD) D).....................=

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@n @ntr trfz fz kd Dv Dvno noun unhf hføa øa k kdo do Bn Bnht htgr gr Fa Fatd tdra rag g ((@D @DBF BF))..................................................=

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Bnh nhtg tgrd rdss hhrà ràtf tfhg hgss k kd dæ æxxftg ftg.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................................>9 .....................>9

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Na Naîo îofs fsfs fs y @ @n ntr trfz fz BG BGK KN hhru ruzn znkn kn..........................................................................>5

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@n @ntr trfz fz kd pgsf pgsfhf hføa øa hhg` g`pd pdtf tftftfvn vn2 ...................>2

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Ds Dstr trnt ntdc dcfn fnss coge cogeno nods ds kdo kdo ad adcg cghf hfg g.........................................................................>6

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DX[TKFG DX DX[UN[DCFHG Naîofsfs Dxtdrag

 

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Naîo Naîofs fsfs fs YDX YDX[D [DOO-@n @nhr hrgda gdatg tgra rag g

Agtn< Donegrnhføa prgpfn.

>.>.5 >.> .5

@ntrf @ntrfzz kdo pdr pdrbf bfoo hg`pd hg`pdtf tftf tfvg vg (@YH (@YH))

On `ntrfz @YH hgasfkdrn ogs bnhtgrds hràtfhgs qud sd mnyn m nyn fkdatfbfhnkg da on d`prdsn y ogs hg`pnrn brdatd n su hg`pdtdahfn. Da audstrg hnsg sd pukg hgastntnr qud on o n d`prdsn ‟Hnsfdr ‟prdsdatn vdatnlns hg`pdtftfvns natd ons d`prdsns Rfssg y Bursys Ydrü. Da on sfcufdatd `ntrfz @YH pgkd`gs gesdrvnr qud ‟Hnsfdr ‟ds supdrfgr qud sus hg`pdtfkgrds da ogs sfcufdatds 8 bnhtgrds honvd kd æxftg 

Hnpnhfknk kd sdrvfhfg no hofdatd< No sdr uan d`prdsn hrdhfdatd sd tfdad ua pdrsgano hnpn hnpnhf hftn tnkg kg qu qud d pu pudk dkn n nesg nesgov ovdr dr hnkn hnkn ku kukn kn kd kdoo hofd hofdat atd, d, nt ntda dakf kfda dakg kg kd bg bgr` r`n n pdrsganofznkn, ntdatn y d`pîtfhn hnkn sftunhføa qud prdsdatd hga rdspdhtg n sus adhdsfknkds.



Hnpnhfknk kd faagvnhføa kd prgkuhtg< Ta bnhtgr n hgasfkdrnr ds on hnpnhfknk kd faagvnhføa qud sd tfdad kdatrg kd on d`prdsn, yn qud sd prgydhtna hgonegrnhfgads hga

 

gtrns d`prdsn y pdrsgans pnrn audvgs kfsdþgs, nsf`fs`g sd ponadn p onadn kdtdr`fanr audvgs `gkdogs pdrsganofznkgs pgr hnkn hofdatd. 

Odnotnk no hofdatd< Hgastnatd`datd sd vna n dvnounr n ogs hofdatds `dkfnatd dahudstns sgerd on ntdahføa rdhfefkn pgr on d`prdsn, nsf`fs`g sd cdadrnrî uan hg`uafhnhføa no pnsn pnsnrr do `ds `ds pnrn pnrn hg hgas asuo uotn tnrr sg sger erd d on hg hgab abgr gr`f `fkn knk k kdo kdo prgk prgkuh uhtg tg y rdhg rdhgpf pfon onr  r  gesdrvnhfgads, ons hunods sdrîa hgasfkdrnkns pnrn prøxf`gs `gkdogs.

[neon > @YH 

# > 5 8 ; 4 2 3 =

@ntrfz kdo Ydrbo Hg`pdvg HNXFDU R f s sg Bursys Ydrü BNH[GUDX HONRDX KD ]F[G Yd sg RRnnogr Ygakdrnhføa Rno gr Ygakdrnhføa Rnogr Ygakdrnhføa Mnefknk fofknkdkdsdrvfhfg s tdhagonoøcfhofdatd hns Hnpnh Hnpnhfknk (Ntdahføa pdrsgan pdrsganofznkn) ofznkn) Hnpnhfknk kd f aagvnhføa kd prgkuhtg Odno tnk no hofdatd Ydrsgano hnpnhftnkg y datrdankg Hg`pd  vfknk kd prdhfgs Fadstnefofknk dhgaø`fhn Hrfsf s pgoà hn

Agtn< Donegrnhføa prgpfn.

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Naîofs Naîofsfs fs 4 Budr Budrzns zns kd Ygrtdr Ygrtdr-@ -@fhr fhrgda gdatgr tgrag ag

Bfcurn > YGU[DU

Agtn< Donegrnhføa prgpfn

>.5

Naîofsfs fatdrag

Dstd vnogr sd kdbfad da tær`fags sf`pods hg`g on kfbdrdahfn datrd do vnogr kd `drhnkg y do hgstg kd on grcnafznhføa. Ynrn doog, sd tfdad hg`g mdrrn`fdatns no naîofsfs kd ons îrdns buahfganods qud fatdcrna do hfhog gpdrntfvg kd on d`prdsn, kd `gkg qud dstd pdr`ftfrî tdadr uan gesdrvnhføa `îs honrn kd on sftunhføa nhtuno kd on d`prdsn ensnkn da on dvnounhføa kd sfdtd îrdns buahfganods, ons hunods sga<

Nk`fafstrnhføa y Cdrdahfn (N)

 

Da on nhtunofknk ons pdrsgans qud onegrna g dstukfna da gbfhfan g kdskd hnsn sd vda vuoadrneods n nkqufrfr nkqufr fr kfvdrsgs prgeod`ns prgeod`ns drcg drcgaø`fhg aø`fhgss qud do trnenlg trnenlg trnd hgasfcg, hgasfcg, ds kd dstn `nadrn `nadrn qud, da ensd n doog, on cdrdahfn kd on d`prdsn sd dahudatrn hg`prg`dtfkn n favdstfcnr y knr sgouhføa n tgkgs tgk gs ogs prgeod prgeod`ns `ns drcgaø drcgaø`fh `fhgs gs qud pudkna pudkna prdsda prdsdatnr tnr ons pdrsga pdrsgans, ns, eushna eushnakg kg uan `dlgr  `dlgr  hg`gkfknk, dvftnakg `godstfns y eushnakg sntfsbnhdr y supdrnr ons dxpdhtntfvns kdo hofdatd. Brdatd n doog on cdrdahfn `nadln pfonrds, ogs hunods ogs hgasfkdrn kd crna rdodvnahfn da on dldhuhføa kd sus onegrds< 

Favdstfcnr y `dlgrnr hgastnatd`datd do kfsdþg drcgaø`fhg kd on sfoon.



Hg`prg`dtdr n ogs prgvddkgrds da favgouhrnrsd da gtgrcnr `ntdrfn prf`n y `ntdrfnods kd hnofknk y nsf`fs`g eushnr gtrgs qud sdna `îs drcgaø`fhgs pnrn do hofdatd.

@nrjdtfac y Rdatns (@)  Nhtuno`datd dxfstda kfvdrsns dstrntdcfns kd `nrjdtfac, ons hunods sga hg`üa`datd usnkns pgr ons d`prdsns pnrn knr n hgaghdr sus prgkuhtgs g sdrvfhfgs no püeofhg da cdadrno g n ua sdhtgr da dspdhàbfhg prdvfn`datd kdbfafkg, yn qud `dkfnatd dstns dstrntdcfns pgkrîa fahrd`datnr ons vdatns. Kd dstn `nadrn on prdsdatd d`prdsn sd vd faboudahfnkn n gptnr pgr on tdakdahfn nhtuno da do ruerg anhfgano hgasfkdrnakg hg`g f`pgrtnatd on f`pod`datnhføa kdo `nrjdtfac `dkfnatd rdkds sghfnods, on huno sd hdatrn da oodcnr n ons pdrsgans `dkfnatd kfvdrsns pontnbgr`ns kd hg`uafhnhføa d fatdradt da kgakd dstgs kdkfhna tfd`pg hgasfkdrneod, ds nsà hg`g sd ogcrn pgkdr hnptnr `îs hofdatdon kd bgr`n hgastnatd, pnrn oudcg kd doog gtgrcnr do prgkuhtg `dkfnatd prg`ghfgads y kdshudatgs da tfd`pgs y ponzgs kdbfafkgs. Dstrntdcfns prøxf`ns pgr f`pod`datnr< 

Ydrsganofznhføa kdo kfsdþg kdo bgrrg kd on sfoon pgr hnkn hofdatd.



Hgonegrnhfgads hga d`prdsns y pdrsgans da do kfsdþg kdo prgkuhtg.



F`pod`datnr on dstrntdcfn kd `nrjdtfac Xtgrytdoofac.

Gpdrnhfgads y Ogcàstfhn (G) Hga rdspdhtg rdspdhtg n ons gpdrnhfgads gpdrnhfgads n kdsnrrgoonr kdsnrrgoonr pgr pnrtd kd on d`prdsn d`prdsn sd hgasfkdrn hgasfkdrn f`pgrtnatd f`pgrtnatd on dldhuhføa y hgastnatd prîhtfhn kd eushnr y gptnr pgr `dlgrns da on f`pod`datnhføa kd audvns tdhagogcàns y prghdsgs qud nyukda pgsfhfganr no prgkuhtg hg`g uag kd ogs `dlgrds kdatrg kd su hn`pg, da kgakd dstgs erfakda hg`gkfknk n ogs hofdatds, nkd`îs kd doog on prdsdatd îrdn sd dabghn da kdtdr`fanr on hnatfknk kd `ntdrfn prf`n n nkqufrfr, pnrn kd dstn bgr`n bgr`nr ua dbfhfdatd kdsd`pdþg da do îrdn kd prgkuhtfvfknk, doog rdnofznakg kdtdr`fankgs dstukfgs y naîofsfs, hgatrgonakg kd dstn `nadrn ons nhtfvfknkds n rdnofznr `dkfnatd ua boulg kd nkdhunkg kd usg kd rdhursgs, `ntdrfnods, `nqufanrfns y mgrns mg`erd, ds kd dstn bgr`n qud sd ogcrn hgasdcufr  prgkuhtgs da prghdsg, sd`fdonegrnkgs y donegrnkgs kd `nadrn dbfhfdatd kdatrg kd on grcnafznhføa.

 

Bfanazns y Hgatnefofknk (B) On prdsdatd îrdn ds hgasfkdrn prf`grkfno, yn qud kdtdr`fan ons budrzns y kdefofknkds kd grfcda bfa bfanah nahfdr fdrg g da on d`prd d`prdsn, sn, eushna eushnakg kg bgr bgr`uo `uonr nr y kdbfaf kdbfafrr nhhfga nhhfgads ds qud nyukda nyukda n getdad getdadrr ogs rdqudrf`fdatgs kd bgr`n hnpftno pnrn on dldhuhføa kd ogs prghdsgs, `nadlnakg npgrtnhfgads kd ogs sghfgs y ogs bfanahfn`fdatgs kd ogs enahgs. Ds nsà hg`g ogcrn kdsd`pdþnr ua pnpdo f`pgrtnatd da on dldhuhføa kdo prgydhtg pnrn on hg`prn kd fasu`gs, `ntdrfnods, `nqufanrfns y pncgs snonrfnods qud sd dbdhtüda da do trnashursg kdo prgydhtg, ntrnvdsnakg kfbfhuotnkds `gadtnrfns prgvdafdatds kd on fadstnefofknk pgoàtfhn y kd on rdpdrhusføa da on kdvnounhføa kd on `gadkn pdrunan.

Udhursgs Mu`nags (M) On d`prdsn sd dabghn n prfgrfznr ogs edadbfhfgs onegrnods, on hnpnhftnhføa y dkuhnhføa kdo pdrsgano, nkd`îs ponadn dstneodhdrsd `dkfnatd `gkdogs kd hg`pdtdahfn kgakd su geldtfvg prfahfpno sdn bgrtnodhdr do ofkdrnzcg, prfgrfznr on snouk y sdcurfknk da do trnenlg rdkuhfdakg ogs àakfhds kd nhhfkdatds, nesdatfs`g y dabdr`dknkds ghupnhfganods, nkd`îs kd prgydhtnrsd n kdsnrrgoonr do tnodatg fatdrag gbrdhfdakg gpgrtuafknkds kd kdsnrrgoog prgbdsfgano. Ygr gtrg onkg, sd dstneodhdrîa pgoàtfhns qud prgpgrhfganrîa `gtfvnhføa n ogs hgonegrnkgrds, gtgrcîakgods ua n`efdatd kd trnenlg fkøadg ensnkg da do rdspdtg y on hgonegrnhføa hgaluatn. Hned `dahfganr qud sd hgatnrî hga ua rdcon`datg fatdrag kd trnenlg, kdtdr`fanakg nspdhtgs puatunods n hgasfkdrnr pgr pnrtd kd ogs trnenlnkgrds, da kgakd sd dvfkdahfnrî kd bgr`n `nauno ofadn`fdatgs prgpudstgs n npofhnr pgr  pnrtd kd ogs fatdcrnatds kd on grcnafznhføa, nsf`fs`g on d`prdsn prgydhtn n kdbfafr ua `nauno kd buahfg bua hfgads ads pgr hnkn hnkn prghds prghdsg g n dldhut dldhutnr, nr, kdbfaf kdbfafdak dakg g nkdhun nkdhunkn` kn`dat datd d pnsgs pnsgs hgahrdt hgahrdtgs gs pnrn pnrn on dstnaknrfznhføa kd on bnerfhnhføa kd on sfoon.

Xfstd`n kd fabgr`nhføa y hg`uafhnhfgads (F) Ynrtfhuonr` Ynrtf huonr`datd datd on d`prdsn d`prdsn tfdad prgydhtnkg prgydhtnkg n dstneodhdr dstneodhdr ua sfstd`n sfstd`n fabgr`îtfhg fabgr`îtfhg kd cdstføa cdstføa d`prdsnrfno hg`g do XNY, pnrn nsà pgkdr kdbfafr y dstneodhdr uan cdstføa nkdhunkn y dbfhnz kd kntgs, `natdafdakg ua boulg hgastnatd da on grcnafznhføa hunakg do pdrsgano og rdqufdrn. Nkd`îs kd doog, sd `natdakrî ua sfstd`n kd hg`uafhnhføa `dkfnatd vàn tdodbøafhn, fatdradt y rdkds: dstn f`pod`datnhføa nkfhfgano prgpfhfnrî qud on d`prdsn pudkn hg`uafhnrsd fatdran`datd gtgrcnakg `dlgrds hggrkfanhfgads no `g`datg kd tg`nr kdhfsfgads. Ygr gtrg onkg, sd hgatnrî hga uan pontnbgr`n wde, on huno sdrî kdsnrrgoonkn üafhn`datd pnrn usg kd ogs `fs`gs trnenlnkgrds, da kgakd sd kdtdr`fanrîa nhhfgads kd hg`prn, pdkfkgs kd `ntdrfnods fatdrnhtunakg kd dstn `nadrn hga kfvdrsns îrdns kd bgr`n rd`gtn.

[dhagogcàn d favdstfcnhføa y Kdsnrrgoog ([) Kurnatd ogs üotf`gs nþgs on favdstfcnhføa da td`ns drcgaø`fhgs mn fkg hnkn vdz hga ua `nygr  nvnahd y nohnahd, yn qud sd tg`na kfvdrsgs bnhtgrds qud ons d`prdsns eushna, hg`g do sntfsbnhdr 

 

ons adhdsfknkds kdo hofdatd, ds nsà hg`g do prdsdatd sdhtgr faagvn hgastnatd`datd pnrn gtgrcnr ua `dlgr prgkuhtg da kgakd on pdrsgan dvftd tdadr `nodstnrds pgr pgsfhfgads fankdhunkns qud do prgkuhtg cdadrd pgr do kfsdþg. Ds nsà hg`g hgastnatd`datd sd dvnounrî ogs nvnahds tdhagoøcfhgs y kd kdsn kdsnrr rrgo goog og qud qud da gtrg gtrgss pnàs pnàsds ds sd vd vdac acna na f`po f`pod` d`da datn tnak akg, g, fahr fahrd` d`da datn tnak akg g n doog doog favdstfcnhfgads pnrtfhuonrds `dkfnatd dahudstns n ogs hofdatds pnrn bgr`nr ua `dlgr prgkuhtg.

>.5.> >.5 .>

Dv Dvnou nounhf nhføa øa kd Bnhtgrd Bnhtgrdss Fatdrag Fatdragss y Dxtdrags Dxtdrags (@N[U (@N[UF\ F\ DBF-DB DBF-DBD) D)  No kdsnrrgoonr on prgpudstn kd adcghfg kd sfoon drcgaø`fhn hga `dsn nr`neod sd kded tdadr da hudatn ons dstrntdcfns n kdsnrrgoonr. Kd dstn `nadrn, sd kdtdr`fan sf ds uan prgpudstn hg`pdtftfvn y dxftgsn da do `drhnkg. Ygr tno `gtfvg, sd kded rdnofznr uan dvnounhføa kd ogs bnhtgrds fatdrags y dxtdrags qud faboudahfnràna da do kdsd`pdþg kd on prgpudstn kd adcghfg. Xdcüa ogs nutgrds Hmnsfoufsn y @urfoog da su tdsfs Yonafbfhnhføa dstrntæcfhn npofhnkn n on D`prdsn Hgabdhhfgads Oonpn pnrn do pdràgkg 59>5-59>2 ags `dahfgana og sfcufdatd< Ynrn rdvfsnr ogs hn`efgs prgkuhfkgs da on sftunhføa dstrntæcfhn kd on d`prdsn, yn sdna dstgs fatdrags g dxtdrags sd sucfdrd rdnofznr uan `ntrfz DBD DB D y DBF DBF rdvf rdvfsn snkn kn.. Do kdsn kdsnrr rrgo goog og kd dstn dstnss `ntr `ntrfh fhds ds prgp prgpgr grhf hfga gan n fabgr`nhføa sgerd ogs hn`efgs qud sd mnyna prgkuhfkg da ons bgrtnodzns y kd kdef efofk ofknk nkds ds,, nsà nsà hg`g hg`g qu qud d tn tna a db dbfh fhnh nhds ds rdsu rdsuototnr nrga ga ons ons dstr dstrnt ntdc dcfns fns f`pod`datnkns pnrn nprgvdhmnr ons gpgrtuafknkds y rdkuhfr on n`danzns. (Hmnsfoufsn & @urfoog 59>5, p.>;3) Kd og natdrfgr pgkd`gs hgahoufr qud do kdsnrrgoonr ons `ntrfhds DBD y DBF ds pnrtd buakn`datno kd hgaghdr on sftunhføa dstrntæcfhn kd audstrg prgydhtg. Ygr dstn rnzøa, sd mn kfncagstfhn kfncag stfhnkg kg hfahg gpgrtuafknkds, gpgrtuafknkds, n`danzns, bgrtnodzns bgrtnodzns y kdefofknkds kdefofknkds qud nbrgatn nbrgatn do prgydhtg kd vdatns kdo prgkuhtg kd sfoon drcgaø`fhn hga `dsn nr`neod, gtgrcîakgod uan pgakdrnhføa y hnofbfhnhføa, y nsà hgaghdr sf do prgydhtg pgsdd uan pgsfhføa fatdran y dxtdran kd budrzn.

>.5.>.> >.5. >.> @ntrfz @ntrfz kd Dvnou Dvnounhføa nhføa kdo Bnhtgr Bnhtgr Fatd Fatdrag rag (@DBF) (@DBF)

Xdcüa Mu`edrtg Ygahd [nonahøa da su rdvfstn, nbfr`n< On `ntrfz DBF dvnoün on sftunhføa fatdran kd on hg`pnþàn, ds kdhfr kd bgrtnodzns y kdefofknkds, `dkfnatd on @ntrfz kd Dvnounhføa kdo Bnhtgr  Fatdrag.  Nkd`îs, pdr`ftd rdsu`fr y dvnounr on fabgr`nhføa kdo naîofsfs fatdrag, dstn `ntrfz sd kdsnrrgoon da hfahg pnsgs (Knvfk, 599=, pîcs.. >43 ‘ >4=)<

 

n. Yrf`dr Yrf`dr pnsg< Udnofznr Udnofznr uan uan rdonhføa rdonhføa kd bnhtgrds bnhtgrds fatdra fatdrags gs honvds, honvds, hg`g ons ons bgrtnodzns bgrtnodzns y kdefofknkds. e. Xd Xdcu cuak akg g pn pnsg sg (`uy (`uy f`pgrtnatd), on huno dstd pdsg fakfhn on f`pgrtnahfn kdo bnhtgr pnrn æxftg kd on fa fakustrfn. kustrfn. h. [drhdr [drhdr pnsg< pnsg< Ntrfeuf Ntrfeufrr n hnkn hnkn bnhtgr bnhtgr honvd honvd uan honsfbfh honsfbfhnhfø nhføa a datrd datrd > y ;, on huno huno fakfq fakfqud ud qud tna dbfhnz`datd rdspgakda ons dstrntdcfns nhtunods kd on d`prdsn n dsd bnhtgr. k. Hunrtg Hunrtg pnsg< pnsg< @uotfpof @uotfpofhnr hnr do pdsg kd hnkn bnhtgr bnhtgr pgr su honsfb honsfbfhn fhnhfø hføa a pnrn getdadr getdadr on puatunhføa pgakdrnkn. d. ^ufat ^ufatg g pn pnsg sg.5   @ntrfz kd Dvnounhføa kdo Bnhtgr Dxtdrag (@DBD)

On `ntrfz DBD ds gtrn mdrrn`fdatn qud nyukn n kfncagstfhnr, fkdatfbfhnr y dvnounr ogs bnhtgrds dxtdrags qud fabouyda da do prgydhtg u grcnafznhføa. Ds kdhfr, pgr `dkfg kd dstn `ntrfz pgkd`gs nprgvdhmnr ons gpgrtuafknkds y nsà `faf`fznr ogs pdofcrgs dxtdrags (n`danzns). Ygr su pnrtd, ogs nutgrds Hfbudatds, Mdang y Yfazøa `dahfgana og sfcufdatd da sus tdsfs kd crnkg ‟Dstrntdcfn kd `nrjdtfac pnrn do `dlgrn`fdatg kd on nk`fafstrnhføa kdo dspnhfg kd ogs prgkuhtgs‐ mnhfdakg rdbdrdahfn n on `ntrfz DBD. ‟^ud ds on `ntrfz kd dvnounhføa kd ogs bnhtgrds dxtdrags (DBD) pdr`ftd n ogs dstrntdcns rdsu`fr y dvnounr fabgr`nhføa dhgaø`fhn, sghfno,o, huoturno, sghfn huoturno, kd`gcrîbfh kd`gcrîbfhn, n, n`efdatno, n`efdatno, pgoàtfhn, pgoàtfhn, cuedran`da cuedran`datno, tno,  luràkfhn, tdhagoøcfhn y hg`pdtftfvn.‐ (Hfbudatds, @., Mdang, L. & Yfazøa, K., 59>3, p. 53)

 

Kdefkg n doog, ds f`prdshfakfeod rdnofznr on `ntrfz DBD da on o n dstruhturn kdo prdsdatd trnenlg, yn qud n trnvæs kd doon sd kfncagstfhn fabgr`nhføa adhdsnrfn pnrn bgrtnodhdr ons gpgrtuafknkds kdo datgrag dxtdrag kdo prgydhtg g nanofznr y rdbgrznr ons kdefofknkds kdefo fknkds kdo `fs`g. Ygr doog, sd prdsdatn on `ntrfz DBD.  

Gpgrtuafknkds 

Fahrd`datg kd ons vdatns pgr fatdradt



Uîpfkg hrdhf`fdatg kd kd`nakn



Kdsnrrgoog kd audvns tdhagogcàns pnrn do dstukfnatd g trnenlnkgr 



Kdsnrrgoog dhgaø`fhg kdo pnàs



Do hgaghf`fdatg kd audvns tdakdahfns da do sdhtgr 

 N`danzns

 



D`prdsns hg`pdtfkgrns hga prdhfgs enlgs



Enrrdrns pnrn do hg`drhfg dxtdrfgr 



Udhdsføa dhgaø`fhn



[nsn kd kdsd`podg da nu`datg



Hgstgs da nsu`fr audvns tdhagogcàns

[neon 8

@ntrfz kd Dvnounhføa kd ogs Bnhtgrds Dxtdrags (@DBD)Agtn.48, `fdatrns qud do d o kd ons n`danzns ds >.;;: og huno fakfhn qud sf do vnogr kd ons gpgrtuafknkds ds `nygr no kd ons n`danzns ds ua enonahd bnvgrneod no prgydhtg qud sd dstî nanofznakg .

>.8 >.8

Bn Bnht htgr grds ds hràt hràtfh fhgs gs kd æxft æxftg g

Ogs bnhtgrds hràtfhgs kd æxftg sga bnhtgrds fatdrags g dxtdrags n on d`prdsn qud kdeda sdr  fkdatfbfhnkgs y rdhgaghfkgs pgrqud sgpgrtna g n`danzna do ogcrg kd ogs geldtfvgs kd on d`prdsn d fahousg su dxfstdahfn. Udqufdrda kd ntdahføa dspdhfno pnrn dvftnr sgrprdsns kdsncrnkneods g on pærkfkn kd gpgrtuafknkds. Yudkda sdr fatdrags g dxtdrags, pgsftfvgs g adcntfvgs da su f`pnhtg (Kg`àacudz, 59>=) Ogs bnhtgrds honvd kd æxftg pnrn on bgr`nhføa kd on d`prdsn, da ensd kd on bnerfhnhføa kdo prgkuhtg kd sfoon drcgaø`fhn hga `dsn kdspodcneod sga ogs sfcufdatds<

-

[rnasbgr`nr prgeod`ns da gpgrtuafknkds Bnht Bnhtgr gr hràt hràtfh fhg g kd æxft æxftg g qu qud d pd pdr` r`ftftd d tr trna nasb sbgr gr`n `nrr ons ad adhd hdsf sfkn knkds kds kdo kdo hofd hofdat atd d da gpgrtuafknkds pnrn on hgastruhhføa kd sfoons drcgaø`fhns nr`neods hga `dsn nr`neod, bnhfoftnakg on hg`gkfknk kdo hofdatd kd nhudrkg n su rdqudrf`fdatg.

-

Cdstføa kd rdkds sghfnods y `nrjdtfac kfcftno. Do usg kd pontnbgr`ns kfcftnods, gtgcrnn kfcftno, pontnbgr`ns kd rdkds sghfnods ([wfttdr, Bnhdeggj, Fastncrn`, OfajdkFa, [fj[gj, dth.) ncfofzn qud do hofdatd tdacn hgaghf`fdatg kdo prgkuhtg n gbrdhdrod da `dagr tfd`pg pgsfeod. Nsf`fs`g, tdacn gphfgads rdnofznr ogs pdkfkgs sdcüa su ncrnkg, kdskd do oucnr qud sd dahudatrd pnrn su buturn datrdcn.

-

Hnpnhfknk kd sdrvfhfg no hofdatd (Ntdahføa pdrsganofznkn) Bnhtgr f`prdshfakfeod pnrn bfkdofznr no hofdatd, yn qud crnhfns n on dodhhføa kd doogs ds on prgkuhhføa kd sfoons drcgaø`fhns hga `dsns nr`neods. Crnhfns n ogs dspdhfnofstns kdo `nadlg hgrrdhtg kdo prgkuhtg.

-

Hnpnhfknk kd faagvnhføa kd prgkuhtg Bnhtgr kd æxftg da gbrdhdr ua prgkuhtg faagvnkgr da do `drhnkg, knkg qud ds ua prgkuhtg audvg brdatd n gtrgs, hga edadbfhfgs dspdhàbfhgs da buahføa kd og qud adhdsftn do hofdatd.

-

Hg`prg`fsgs hgatrnhtunods

 

Hu`pof`fdatg kd ons prgcrn`nhfgads kd datrdcn kdo prgkuhtg dstneodhfkg, cdadrnakg on snsnhhføa kd audstrg hofdatd.

>.; >.;

Odnotnk no hofdatd

Yon onad adn` n`fd fdat atg g Dst Dstrn rntæ tæcf cfhg hg

>.;.>

@fsføa

Erfaknr n audstrgs hofdatds prgkuhtgs kd hnofknk, pgr `dkfg kd ua dxhdodatd sdrvfhfg, hg`prg`dtfkgs da tgkg tfd`pg hgatrfeufr hga `dlgrnr do dstfog y hnofknk kd vfkn snoukneod kd audstrgs hofdatds.

>.;.5

Rfsføa

Xdr d`prdsn oàkdr n afvdo anhfgano, kdsnrrgoonakg prgkuhtg faagvnkgr drcgaø`fhg, hga dstfog y hgabgrt, sfdakg on d`prdsn `îs rdhgaghfkn pgr erfaknr ua sdrvfhfg kd prf`drn no hofdatd da Ydrü.

>.;.8

Rnogrds

Xga on ensd qud `nrhn ons rdonhfgads y on `nadrn kd mnhdr adcghfgs. Ogs vnogrds rdprdsdatna nqudoog da og qud hrdda, trnzna do hn`fag qud ods pdr`ftd oodvnr nkdonatd su `fsføa. Hgastftuyda ogs prfahfpfgs, geldtfvgs y prfgrfknkds dstrntæcfhns sgerd ogs hunods sd hgastruyd on d`prdsn. Dstgs prfahfpfgs pudkda sfatdtfznrsd n trnvæs kdo UDFU< •

Udspgasnefofknk< Hufknkg y kdsnrrgoog kd su cdatd, rdspgasnefofknk sghfno.

•

Dxhdod Dxh dodahf ahfn< n< Dxhdod Dxhdodahf ahfn n da do sdrvfh sdrvfhfg fg no hof hofdat datd, d, dspàrf dspàrftu tu d`prda d`prdakdk kdkgr gr d faagvn faagvnkgr kgr,, rdatnefofknk pnrn ogs

•

Fatdcrfknk< Mgadstfknk, trnaspnrdahfn.

•

Udspdtg

>.;. >. ;.;;

Udsp Udspga gasne snefo fofk fknk nk sghfn sghfnoo d`prd d`prdsnr snrfn fnoo

On d`prdsn kdkfhnkn n on donegrnhføa kd sfoon drcgaø`fhn hga `dsn kdspodcneod, tdakrî on rdspgasnefofknk sghfno da edadbfhfg kd on hg`uafknk qud usd sfoons kd rudkn. On d`prdsn kd dstd `gkg, brdatd n gtrns d`prdsns sdrî `îs hg`pdtftfvn, kdefkg no nu`datg kd on hgmdsføa sghfno y on sgofknrfknk hga on sghfdknk. Do hg`prg`fsg hg`g grcnafznhføa ds kd nyukn dhgaø`fhn y sghfno nqudoons d`prdsns qud rdnofzna nyukn sghfno n ons pdrsgans kfshnpnhftnkns, qufdads usna sfoons kd rudkns pnrn `gvfofznrsd. Do rgo qud nsu`fràn audstrn d`prdsn ds npgynr n ons pdrsgans da sfoon kd rudkns qud sga dspdhfno`datd vuoadrneods no kdsnrrgoog kd üohdrns. Doons nbdhtna on pfdo, `üshuogs d fahousg, ogs mudsgs kdo pnhfdatd. Mny grcnafznhfgads kdkfhnkns n on bnerfhnhføa kd hglfads qud

 

tg`na odhturn kd on prdsføa kdo pnhfdatd da do nsfdatg, do huno sd pudkd oddr no usn usnrr ua npofhntfvg da do `øvfo, do huno dstgs prdvfdada notgs cnstgs. Xdcüa dstukfgs rdnofznkgs sd dstf`n crnakds cnstgs naunods ($>>5,999.99) da mgspftnods prfvnkgs pnrn do trntn`fdatg kd pnhfdatds qud pnkdhda kd üohdrns pgr prdsføa. >.;. >.;.;. ;.> >



Hø Høkf kfcg cg kd æ æhn hn hg`g hg`g d`pr d`prds dsn n

Kdrdhmgs mu`nags

-  Npgynr y rdspdtnr on prgtdhhføa kd ogs kdrdhmgs mu`nags prghon`nkgs da do î`eftg fatdranhfgano.

-

Dvftnr vdrsd favgouhrnkg da neusgs kd ogs kdrdhmgs mu`nags.

-

Udspdtnr on ofedrtnk kd nsghfnhføa y do rdhgaghf`fdatg dbdhtfvg kdo kdrdhmg kd nsghfnhføa hgodhtfvn.

-

Dof`fanr tgkns ons bgr`ns kd trnenlg bgrzgsg y geofcntgrfg.

dbdhtfvn do trnenlg fabnatfo. -  Negofr kd `nadrn dbdhtfvn - Dof`fanr on kfshrf`fanhføa rdspdhtg kdo d`podg y on ghupnhføa. 

@dkfgn`efdatd

-  Npgynr on npofhnhføa kd ua hrftdrfg kd prdhnuhføa rdspdhtg n ogs prgeod`ns `dkfgn`efdatnods.

-  Nkgptnr fafhfntfvns pnrn prg`gvdr prg`gvdr uan `nygr rdspgasnefofknk n` n`efdatno. efdatno. -  Nodatnr do kdsnrrgoog y on kfbusføa kd tdhagogcàns faghuns pnrn do ` `dkfgn`efdatd. dkfgn`efdatd. >.;. >. ;.44

Naîo Naîofs fsfs fs y @nt @ntrf rfzz BGKN BGKN hruz hruznk nknn

Ds uan mdrrn`fdatn utfofznkn da on ponafbfhnhføa dstrntæcfhn, qud sfrvd pnrn nanofznr d fkdatfbfhnr  tnatg bnhtgrds bnhtgrds dxtdrags dxtdrags hg`g fatdrags fatdrags da on grcnafznhfø grcnafznhføa. a. On pnonern dstî hgabgr`nkn hgabgr`nkn pgr sfcons qud rdprdsdatna do dstukfg kd ons Bgrtnodzns, Gpgrtuafknkds, Kdefofknkds y N`danzns. N trnvæs kd dstn `ntrfz, sd pudkd kdtdr`fanr ogs pnsgs adhdsnrfgs pnrn kfs`faufr ogs rfdscgs y n`danzns, utfofznakg ons bgrtnodzns y gpgrtuafknkds.

n. Bgr`uonhfø Bgr`uonhføa a kd ons dstrnt dstrntdcfns dcfns cdaærfhns cdaærfhns hg`pdt hg`pdtftfv ftfvns ns ◇

Udkuhfr hg hgstgs

◇

Favdrt Favdrtfr fr da pontnbgr pontnbgr`ns `ns kfcftn kfcftnods ods pnrn pnrn on kfbusfø kfbusføa a kd ogs prgkuh prgkuhtgs tgs y nkqu nkqufsf fsfhfø hføa a kd on `fs`n, `fs`n, nsà nknptîakgsd n ons adhdsfknkds nhtunods.

 

◇

Kdsnrr Kdsnrrgoo goonr nr ua pona kd `nrjdt `nrjdtfac fac n trnvæs trnvæs kd ons rdkds rdkds sghfnod sghfnodss pnrn hg` hg`uafh uafhnr nr kd `nadrn `nadrn honrn y nsdrtfvn ons gbdrtns kdo prgkuhtg.

◇

F`pod` F`pod`dat datnr nr ua sfstd`n sfstd`n ogcàst ogcàstfhg fhg `îs `îs kfaî`fhg, kfaî`fhg, yn qud on `nygrà `nygràn n kd hg`prn hg`prnss sd mnhda vàn gaofad, pontnbgr`ns kfcftnods, dstg nyuknràn n rdkuhfr hgstgs pgr pdkfkgs ag hgahrdtnkgs.

e. Bgr`uonhfø Bgr`uonhføa a kd ons dstrntdcf dstrntdcfns ns kd kd kfbdrda kfbdrdahfnhf hfnhføa øa ◇

Datrdcnr Datrdcnr ua pona pona kd sdcuf`f sdcuf`fdatg datg n hnkn hnkn prgkuhtg prgkuhtg kdspnhm kdspnhmnkg nkg pnrn pnrn nsdcurnr nsdcurnr su dbdhtfvf dbdhtfvfknk knk y euda usg.

◇

Datrdc Datrdcnr nr cnrnatà cnrnatàns ns `îs lustns lustns no hofdatd, hofdatd, hga rdspdh rdspdhtg tg no pgsfe pgsfeod od kdtdrfg kdtdrfgrg rg kdo prgkuht prgkuhtg gn trnvæs kdo tfd`pg.

◇

Nu`datnr Nu`datnr prg`ghfgads, prg`ghfgads, fahdatfvnakg fahdatfvnakg ons gbdrtns gbdrtns hga kfbusfø kfbusføa a n trnvæ trnvæss kd rdkds sghfnods. sghfnods.

◇

F`pod F`pod`da `datnr tnr uan uan ensd kd kntgs pnrn pnrn hofdatd hofdatdss brdhuda brdhudatds tds hga on `frn `frn kd gbr gbrdhd dhdrod rodss `îs kdshudatgs y `dlgrds edadbfhfgs.

Bgrtnodzns (B)

Gpgrtuafknkds (G)

◇

Hn Hnofk ofknk nk kd sdrv sdrvfh fhfg fg no hofda hofdatd td

◇

Bnhf Bnhfofofkn knkd kdss odc odcno nods ds

◇

Euda Euda ho hof` f`n n one onegr grno no

◇

Fa Fahr hrd` d`da datg tg da da ogs ogs puds pudstg tgss kd trn trnen enlg lg

◇

Yg Ygoàoàtftfhn hn dst dstrf rfht htn n hga hga rdon rdonhf hføa øa n on on

Mg`d Gbbfhd qud ghnsfgana prgeod`ns

cdstføa kdo rfdscg

kfsdrcgaø`fhgs

◇

F` F`ncd ncda a d`pr d`prds dsnr nrfn fnoo rds rdspg pgas asne neod od

◇

Nu`da Nu`datg tg kd kd prgk prgkuh uhtg tgss pnrn pnrn pud pudst stgs gs kd trnenlg Mg`d Gbbfhd y dstukfnatds kd honsds rd`gtns

◇

Nu`da Nu`datg tg kd kd hg`p hg`prn rnss gaof gaofad ad n tr trnv nvæs æs kd rdkds sghfnods

Kdefofknkds (K) ◇

Hgstg kd bnerfhnhføa kdo prgkuhtg

N`danzns (N) ◇

Fadstnefofknk pgoàtfhn

 

◇

Xtgh Xtghjj of` of`ftftnk nkgs gs kd prgk prgkuh uhtg tg

◇

Facr Facrds dsg g prd prd`n `ntu turg rg no `drh `drhnk nkg g

◇

Of` Of`ftftnh nhfø føa a kd `gk `gkdog dogss kdo kdo prgk prgkuh uhtg tg

◇

Rnrfn Rnrfnhf hføa øa a adc dcnt ntfv fvn n da do àak àakfh fhd d kd prgkuhhføa anhfgano

◇

Yr Yrdh dhfg fgss `îs `îs hg` hg`pd pdtftftftfvg vgss da da pontnbgr`ns vfrtunods

◇

➛

Udcr Udcrds dsg g kd nhtf nhtfvf vfkn knkd kdss prdsd prdsdah ahfno fnods ds

BG Dxpogtd (Bgrtnodzn + Gpgrtuafknk) Ygoàtfhn dstrfhtn hga rdonhføa n on cdstføa kd kdsnstrds + Bnhfofknkds odcnods< Yrdvdafr tgkg tfpg kd prgeod`n bfanahfdrg, prgkuhhføa y vdatns qud pudkna hgaoodvnr n on d`prdsn n ua buturg kdtdrfgrg d`prdsnrfno qud og oodvd n on qufdern. Hnofknk kd sdrvfhfg no hofdatd + Nu`datg kd hg`prns gaofad n trnvæs kd rdkds sghfnods< On d`prdsn pgsdd uan pdrsgano kd sdrvfhfg hnpnhftnkn pnrn pgkdr knr uan eudan rdspudstn kd sdrvfhfg, dstg oodcnrî nhgrkd n ons notns kd`nakns kd hg`prns kd prgkuhtgs gaofad qud sd rdnofzna da do hgatdxtg kd on pnakd`fn, nsà n su vdz hnptnr hofdatds pgtdahfnods qud n buturg pgkrîa nkqufrfr ogs prgkuhtgs kd on d`prdsn. F`ncda d`prdsnrfno + Fahrd`datg da ogs pudstgs kd trnenlg Mg`d Gbbfhd qud ghnsfgana pr prgeod geod`ns `ns kfs kfsdrc drcgaø gaø`fh `fhgs< gs< Do kdsnrr kdsnrrgoog goog gpgrt gpgrtuag uag kd uan sfoon sfoon drcgaø drcgaø`fh `fhn n hga ua dshrftgrfg nr`neod fatdcrnkg, od kn ua vnogr ncrdcnkg pnrn pgkdr hg`entfr tgkg prgeod`n kfsdrcgaø`fhn kd trnenlgs y dstukfgs gbfhfafstns qud tfdakda n cdadrnrsd pgr onpsgs onrcgs da pgsfhfgads ag drcgaø`fhns, on d`prdsn sd pgsfhfganrî hga uan eudan f`ncda da do `drh `d rhnk nkg g hg`g hg`g prg` prg`gt gtgr gr kd prgk prgkuh uhtg tgss pnrn pnrn on snou snouk k drcg drcgaø aø`f `fhn hn kd kdoo tr trne nenl nlnk nkgr gr g dstukfnatd. Euda hof`n onegrno + Nu`datg kd prgkuhtgs pnrn pudstgs kd trnenlg Mg`d Gbbfhd y dstukf dst ukfnat natds ds kd honsds honsds rd`gtn rd`gtns< s< On d`prds d`prdsn n `nadln `nadln hfdrt hfdrtns ns pgoàtf pgoàtfhns hns kd rdspd rdspdtg tg y rdspgasnefofknk pnrn hgatrfeufr n ua euda hof`n onegrno kdatrg kd on d`prdsn, qud tdakrî uan rdpdrhusføa pgsftfvn, yn qud pdr`ftd `dlgrnr on dbfhfdahfn kdo trnenlnkgr, prgkuhfdakg `îs prgkuhtgs pnrn on rdspudstn kd on notn kd`nakn kd ogs `fs`gs pnrn trnenlgs kd mg`d gbbfhd y dstukfnatds qud rdqufdrna dstd prgkuhtg.

➛

KG Eusqud (Kdefofknkds + Gpgrtuafknkds)  Facrdsg prd`nturg no `drhnkg + Bnhfofknkds odcnods< On d`prdsn sd rdspnokn kd ua nsdsgrn`fdatg odcno pnrn on prgkuhhføa y vdatn bgr`no kdo kd o prgkuhtg. Nkd`îs kd hgatnr hga

 

ua kd kdpn pnrt rtn` n`da datg tg kd `nrj `nrjdt dtfa fac c y dstu dstukf kfg g kd `drh `drhnk nkg g pn pnrn rn on datr datrnk nkn n y do eu euda da pgsfhfgan`fdatg kd on hg`pnþàn, y nsà dspdrnr eudags rdsuotnkgs sdcüa on prgkuhhføa y ons vdatns qud tdacna. Hgstg kd bnerfhnhføa kdo prgkuhtg + Fahrd`datg da ogs pudstgs kd trnenlg Mg`d Gbbfhd qud ghnsfg ghn sfgana ana prgeod prgeod`ns `ns kfs kfsdrc drcgaø gaø`fh `fhgs< gs< Mnhdr Mnhdr ua pona pona kd hgstgs hgstgs pnrn pnrn on fav favdrs drsføa føa y cnanahfn kd ogs hgstgs pgr bnerfhnhføa kdo prgkuhtg, qud nyuknrî da dqufofernr ogs prdhfgs kd ons sfoons drcgaø`fhns hga ua vnogr ncrdcnkg pnrn ogs pudstgs kd trnenlgs Mg`d Gbbfhd. Xtghjs of`ftnkgs kd prgkuhtgs + Nu`datg kd prgkuhtgs pnrn pudstgs kd trnenlg Mg`d Gbbf Gbbfhd hd y dstu dstukf kfna natd tdss kd hons honsds ds rd`g rd`gtn tns< s< @dlgr @dlgrnr nr on oàad oàadn n kd prgku prgkuhh hhfø føa a kd sfoo sfoons ns dr drcga cgaø`f ø`fhns hns hga dshrft dshrftgrf grfg g nr`neod nr`neod fatdcr fatdcrnkg nkg pnrn pnrn `dlgrn `dlgrnrr on rdspud rdspudstn stn kd on notn notn kd`nakn kdo prgkuhtg, nsà fatdcrnr tn`efæa on hg`prn no pgr `nygr pnrn vdakdr n ons crnakds d`prdsns. Of`ftnhføa kd `gkdogs kd prgkuhtgs + Nu`datg kd hg`prns gaofad n trnvæs kd rdkds sghfnods< Dstneodhdr audvgs kfsdþgs kd `gkdog pnrn on kfvdrsfbfhnhføa kd on oàadn kd prgkuhtgs, nsà nu`datnakg do fatdræs y ons pgsfefofknkds kd hg`prn pgr pnrtd kdo hofdatd. ➛

BN Hgabrgatd (Bgrtnodzns + N`danzns) Ygoàtfhn dstrfhtn hga rdonhføa n on cdstføa kd kdsnstrd + Fadstnefofknk pgoàtfhn< Dvftnr tgkn pgsfeod rdpdrhusføa adcntfvn pgr pnrtd kd on fadstnefofknk pgoàtfhn mnhfn on d`prdsn hga pgoàtfhns dstneodhfkns kd cdstføa kd kdsnstrd da do npnrtnkg bfanahfdrg, prgkuhhføa, vdatns, dth. Euda hof`n onegrno + Rnrfnhføa adcntfvn da do àakfhd kd prgkuhhføa anhfgano< Ygoàtfhns qud hgatrfeuyna no euda hof`n onegrno kdatrg kd on d`prdsn f`puosnrî ua `dlgr afvdo kd rdakf`fdatg pgr pnrtd kd ogs trnenlnkgrds, nu`datnakg nsà on cn`n kd prgkuhtgs n vdakdr, dstneodhfdakg pnrî`dtrgs kd prgkuhhføa y kd hg`prn kd fasu`gs y `ntdrfnods. F`ncda d`prdsnrfno rdspgasneod + Yrdhfgs `îs hg`pdtftfvgs da pontnbgr`ns vfrtunods< Yrg`udvd on eudan dodhhføa kd hg`prn pgr pnrtd kd ogs hofdatds knakg uan eudan f`ncda d`prdsnrfno no `drhnkg hgastftufkg, hga prgkuhtgs y sdrvfhfg kd hnofknk, `dlgrnakg kd on `fs`n bgr`n do prdhfg pgr prgkuhtg y sfdakg hg`pdtdahfn pnrn gtrns d`prdsns. Hnofknk kd sdrvfhfg no hofdatd + Udcrdsg kd nhtfvfknkds prdsdahfnods< On d`prdsn gtgrcn ua euda sdrvfhfg kd rdspudstn y hgasuotn no hofdatd natds kd rdnofznr on hg`prn, grfcfanakg nsà uan rdonhføa kd hgabfnazn hga do hofdatd nhtuno y on d`prdsn, n su vdz cdadrnakg pgsfeods

 

hofdatds pgtdahfnods n ua onrcg ponzg pgkrîa nkqufrfr do prgkuhtg kd on d`prdsn nsà sd agr`nofhd on sftunhføa y on `gknofknk onegrno nhtuno. ➛

KN Dvftd (Kdefofknkds + N`danzns) Facrdsg prd`nturg no `drhnkg + Fadstnefofknk pgoàtfhn< Mnhdr ua pona kd cdstføa kd rfdscgs qud hgatd`pod on fadstnefofknk pgoàtfhn, sghfno y dhgaø`fhn kdo hgatdxtg pdrunag, pnrn ag prdhfpftnr n on d`prdsn da prgeod`ns bfanahfdrgs y nsà `natdadr da ons `dlgrds pgsfhfgads kdo `drhnkg. Hgstg kd bnerfhnhføa kdo prgkuhtg + Rnrfnhføa adcntfvn da do àakfhd kd prgkuhhføa anhfgano< @dlgrnr on rdonhføa hga ogs prgvddkgrds, hgasdcufr gtrgs qud pudkna dqufofernr ogs hgstgs pgr bnerfhnhføa y n su vdz `dlgrnr ogs o gs prdhfgs kd vdatn kdo prgkuhtg. Xtghjs Xtg hjs of`ftn of`ftnkgs kgs kd prgkuht prgkuhtgs gs + Yrdhfg Yrdhfgss `îs hg`pdt hg`pdtftf ftfvgs vgs da pontnbg pontnbgr`n r`nss vfrtun vfrtunods ods.;.2 >.; .2

@ntrfz @ntrfz kd pgsfhf pgsfhføa øa hg` hg`pdt pdtftf ftfvn< vn< YDVD YDVDN N

On `ntrfz YDVDN pdr`ftd fkdatfbfhnr ons pgsfhfgads dstrntæcfhns qud pudkd tdadr uan grcnafznhføa kd nhudrkg hga su budrzn bfanahfdrn d fahousg vdatnln hg`pdtftfvn brdatd n gtrns. N su vdz pdr`ftfrî cdstfganr dstrntæcfhn`datd brdatd n uan budrzn fakustrfno (FXG[ggos,59>3). Ogs bnhtgrds qud nanofzn dstn `ntrfz sga ogs sfcufdatds< Bnhtgrds hga rdonhføa n on grcnafznhføa< - Bgrtnodzn bfanahfdrn (BB) - Rdatnln hg`pdtftfvn (RH) Bnhtgrds hga rdonhføa n on fakustrfn<

 

- Dstnefofknk kdo n`efdatd/datgrag (DN) - Bgrtnodzn kd on fakustrfn (BF) (BF) Hga rdspdhtg no prgkuhtg kd sfoon drcgaø`fhn, pnrn on bgrtnodzn bfanahfdrn y bgrtnodzn kd on fakustrfn on vnogrnhføa vn datrd +2 no +> kd `dlgr no pdgr y pgr gtrg onkg on vdatnln hg`pdtftfvn y dstnefofknk n`efdatno -> ds do `dlgr y -2 do pdgr. N hgatfaunhføa, sd prdsdatnrî ons pgsfhfgads rdspdhtfvns dstrntæcfhns fatdrans y dxtdrans fakfhnakg su rdspdhtfvn pgsfhføa da on dvnounhføa kd on dshnon kdo > no 2.

[neon 8 Bnhtgrds kd naîofsfs pnrn `ntrfz YDVDN

YGXFHFGA DX[UN[DCFHN FA[DUAN

YGXFHFØA DX[UN[ÆCFHN D][DUAN

BTDU\N BFANAHFDUN

DX[NEFOFKNK KDO N@EFDA[D

Bnhfofknk pnrn snofr kdo `drhnkg

5

Hn`efgs tdhagoøcfhgs

-4

Favdrsføa n trnvæs kd odnsfac

;

Yrgkuhtg ræpofhns

-;

 Nu`datg kd hgstgs kd `ntdrfns prf`ns

4

Fadstnefofknk dhgaø`fhn

-;

Kdpdakdahfn kd trnenlgs g dstukfgs Ufdscgs da on favdrsføa

Yrg`dkfg

;

rd`gtg

-8

8.34 Yrg`dkfg

RDA[NLN HG@YD[F[FRN

Xdrvfhfg no hofdatd

-;

BTDU\N KD ON FAKTX[UFN

->

Nvnahd tdhagoøcfhg

>

 

Hnofknk da do prgkuhtg enlg ogs dstîaknrds kd on Drcgag`àn

-5

Ygtdahfno kd hrdhf`fdatg

8

Yrdhfgs nhhdsfeods

-8

Rdatn kd prgkuhtgs n d`prdsns

;

Kf Kfs` s`fa fauh uhfø føa a kd àak akfh fhds ds kd rf rfds dscg cgss g odsfgads drcgaø`fhns

Faagvnhfga Faag vnhfgads ds da hnrnhtdrà hnrnhtdràstfhns stfhns kdo -5

prgkuhtg

4

8.5 Yrg`dkfg

-5

Yrg`dkfg

4

Agtn.;. >. ;.33

Dstr Dstrnt ntdc dcfn fnss coge cogeno nods ds kdo kdo adc adcgh ghfg fg

On fkdatfbfhnhføa kd ons dstrntdcfns cogenods sd pudkd rdnofznr `dkfnatd uan `ntrfz kd kdhfsfgads pnrn nanofznr on f`pgrtnahfn kd hnkn dstrntdcfn da do prgydhtg. Ynrn og huno rdnofznr dstn `ntrfz, ds adhdsnrfg tdadr da hudatn do BGKN y do YDVDN on huno pdr`ftd dvnounr dstrntdcfns dbdhtfvns.

[neon ;

 

Dstrntdcfns cogenods

DX[UN[DCFNX

BGKN

YDVDN

[G[NO

Yrdvdr hunoqufdr tfpg kd prgeod`n d`prdsnrfno npgynkg > pgr agr`ntfvns odcnods

]

>

Hg`pnhtnr on notn kd`nakn kd hg`prns gaofad hga uan 5 eudan rdspudstn kd sdrvfhfg no hofdatd

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5

Dof`f Dof`fanr anr prge prgeod od`n `nss kfsd kfsdrc rcga gaø` ø`fh fhgs gs hga hga do prgku prgkuht htg g 8 kdsnrrgoonkg, kdtdr`fanrî uan eudan f`ncda n on d`prdsn

Ta eu euda da hof` hof`n n onegr onegrno no pnrn pnrn do pd pdrs rsga gano no `dlg `dlgrn rnrî rî on prgkuhhføa kd sfoons drcgaø`fhns pnrn sntfsbnhdr on notn ; kd`nakn kdo `drhnkg

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Ud`dk Ud` dkfn fnrr n tr trnv nvæs æs kd on pg pgoàoàtftfhn hn kd on d`pr d`prds dsn n ons ons pgsfeod pgs feodss pærkfkn pærkfknss bfa bfanah nahfdr fdrns ns pgr do hgatdx hgatdxtg tg pgoàtf pgoàtfhg hg 4 pdrunag

Dxhdodatd hof`n onegrno f`puosn n `dlgrnr ogs afvdods kd 2 prgkuhhføa rdqudrfkgs

Kfbdrdahfnhføa kd on d`prdsn hga su eudan f`ncda hga 3 rdspdhtg n gtrns, prg`gvfdakg on dodhhføa kd hg`prn.

Dacnahmd kd on d`prdsn no hofdatd hga su euda sdrvfhfg kd ntdahføa, prg`gvfdakg y cdadrnakg hofdatds pgtdahfnods n = onrcg ponzg

 Nsdsgrn`fdatg y kghu`datnhføa odcno pnrn do facrdsg kd 6 on `nrhn kdo prgkuhtg no `drhnkg hg`pdtftfvg

 

Dstneodhdr `dlgrns da ogs prdhfgs ogs kdtnoods kd vnogr  >9 ncrdcnkg qud sd od kn pnrn do kdsnrrgoog kdo prgkuhtg

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@dlgrn @dl grnrr ogs afv afvdods dods kd pr prgku gkuhhf hhføa øa y kd ogcàs ogcàstfh tfhn n pnrn pnrn >> sntfsbnhdr on kd`nakn kdo `drhnkg qud sd rdqufdrn Kfvdrsfbfhnr ogs `gkdogs sdcüa kfsdþgs pnrn n`pofnr on >5 cn`n kd prgkuhtgs hga rdspdhtg n on kd`nakn

Cdstfganr ogs nspdhtgs odcnods kd on d`prdsn pnrn ag >8 prdhfpftnr da pgsfeods rfdscgs d`prdsnrfnods da do `drhnkg

Hgasdcufr y `dlgrnr rdonhføa hga gtrgs prgvddkgrds qud >; pudkna dqufofernr do hgstg pgr bnerfhnhføa kdo prgkuhtg

]

>

Cdadrnr ua pona kd cdstføa ogcàstfhg pnrn pgkdr dqufpnrnr  on hnatfknk kd prgkuhtgs qud sd rdqufdrd hga ogs prdhfgs >4 dstneodhfkgs

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5

Kdsnrr Kds nrrgoon goonrr audvgs audvgs `gkdogs `gkdogs kdo prgkuh prgkuhtg tg pnrn pnrn sdcufr  sdcufr  >2 hnptnakg on dodhhføa kd hg`prn kd ogs hofdatds.

  Agtn6) SDB pueofhn fabgr`d kd hg`pdtftfvfknk cogeno 59>6. Udhupdrnkg pgr mttp6/AG[N-KD-YUDAXN-YDUT-SDB.pkb 



HGABFDY (5959) Ygr on dstnefofknk sghfno, pgoàtfhn y dhgaø`fhn kdo Ydrü. Udhupdrnkg pgr  mttps4). Do prghdsg dstrntæcfhg< dstrntæcfhg< Ta dagqud dagqud kd cdrdahfn cdrdahfn (Rgo. 8). Ydnrsga. Ydnrsga. Getdafkg kd mps3). ).On On `ntr `ntrfz fz

YDyD YDyDN N

pnr pnrn

bg bgr` r`uo uonr nr

on

dstr dstrnt ntdc dcfn fn..

Getd Getdaf afkg kg kd< kd<

mttps3/>>/>4/on-`ntrfz-ehc-pnrn-bgr`uonr-on-dstrntd mttps3/>>/>4/on-`ntrfz-ehcpnrn-bgr`uonr-on-dstrntdcfn/ cfn/   

Ygahd [nonahøa, M., (5992). On `ntrfz BGKN< uan notdrantfvn pnrn rdnofznr kfncaøstfhgs y kdtdr`fanr kdtd r`fanr dstrntdcfns dstrntdcfns kd fatdrvdahf fatdrvdahføa øa da ons grcnafznhfg grcnafznhfgads ads prgkuhtfvn prgkuhtfvnss y sghfnods. sghfnods. Udvfstn‐ Hgatrfeuhfgads n on Dhgag`àn‐ Yîc. 8-4, Udhupdrnkg5.pkb  

  Tafvdrsfknk k kd d facdafdràn y tdhagogcàn (59>6) [ds`gafgs y dxpdrfdahfns kd ogs ogs prfahfpnods oàkdrds d`prdsnrfnods da do Ydrü. Udhupdrnkg pgr mps6/92/[rnasgr`nhfg%HH%=>a-kfcftno-da-do-Ydru %HH%=>.pk