00 - Table of Contents

Directional Drilling Training Manual January 1997

ATM-610100

Version 1.2

Holder: 

Confidentia  This information is confidential and is trade secret property of Anadrill. It must not be copied in whole or in part, and should be filed accordingly by the holder. It must not  be shown to or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization and must  be returned to Anadrill upon request or when the holder leaves the employ of Anadrill. © 1997

Anadrill - unpublished work

 All rights reserved under copyright law.

Schlumberger Anadrill

Manual Feedback Form Please make suggestions for improvement on this form. Attach extra sheets if necessary. Send your feedback to : SGL-T/200 Attention : Documentation Coordinator Manual

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Directional Drilling

Manual Feedback Form

Proposed revision (continued)

January 1997

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Directional Drilling

Preface

Thomas R. Bates, Jr. President

The key values which are the underpinnings of the success of Schlumberger are people, technology and profit. Of these values, it is clear that people are most important because with good people we can develop new technology and make a decent profit. Without good people, there is no possibility for success. The commitment of Schlumberger to its employees begins with recruitment of the best people available. It continues with training to enhance career development opportunities for all employees, which is an essential part of each employee’s life within Schlumberger. At Anadrill, we share the commitment to people like all Schlumberger companies. We have, however, a unique corporate structure and unique corporate goals. We have clearly stated that we want to attain a 25% market share in Directional Drilling by 1997. We also recognize that Directional Drilling is a key ingredient in our continued success in the MWD and LWD businesses. It is therefore essential that we develop a cadre of  highly skilled directional drillers which will allow us to grow. Training is an important element in your personal development and this new Anadrill Directional Drilling Manual is evidence of the commitment we have made to this part of  our business. Whether you are relatively new to the DD business or a seasoned veteran, I am certain you will find this manual informative and useful. Your success in this program is critical to Anadrill’s future in directional drilling. Good Luck.

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

Preface

Single Standard Philosophy

The ongoing integration of Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) into all our activities aims at attaining recognized leadership in HSE among the oil service industry. We Believe: ♦

Nothing is more important than HSE...not production, not sales, not profit.

♦

Nothing is acceptable in one part of the world if, for HSE reasons, it is unacceptable elsewhere.

♦

All accidents and injuries are preventable...they are not inevitable.

♦

HSE excellence is achieved through people development...and people development is the foremost management responsibility.

♦

Behavior depends on attitude...and is an individual responsibility.

♦

HSE concern and sensitivity is a way of life... around the clock.

♦

Every task must be performed with a genuine effort to e liminate substandard practices and conditions which could effect ourselves, our fellow employees, our customers, our contractors, our community or our environment.

A commitment to a single standard process in HSE is a commitment to doing things right. Ultimately, this results in elimination of injuries and optimization of all activities.

January 1997

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Directional Drilling

Table of Contents

1

Introduction

Page

1.1 HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF DIRECTIONAL DRILLING .......................................... 1-1

2

Fundamentals

Page

2.1 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY .................................................. ............................................. 2-1 2.2 ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY................................................................................ 2-15

3

Directional Well Planning

Page

3.1 POSITIONING AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS ................................................. ................. 3-1 3.2 SURVEY CALCULATION METHODS ............................................................................ 3-15 3.3 BASIC WELL PLANNING ................................................. ........................................... 3-24 3.4 ANTICOLLISION AND ADVANCED WELL PLANNING .................................................. 3-34

4

Surveying

Page

4.1 MAGNETIC & NON-MAGNETIC REQUIREMENTS ................................................. ........ 4-1 4.2 MAGNETIC SINGLE SHOTS & MULTISHOTS................................................ ............... 4-15 4.3 GYROSCOPES ............................................................................................................ 4-19 4.4 MEASUREMENTS WHILE DRILLING ................................................... ........................ 4-40

5

Drilling Tools & Deflection Methods

Page

5.1 DRILLING TOOLS................................................... ...................................................... 5-1 5.2 DEFLECTION METHODS .................................................. ........................................... 5-18

6

Drilling Jars

Page

6.1 USING DRILLING JARS ................................................... ............................................. 6-1

7

Downhole Motors

Page

7.1 DOWNHOLE MUD MOTORS ......................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 STEERABLE MUD MOTORS........................................................................................ 7-14 7.3 DRILLING FLUID REQUIREMENTS WITH ALL PDMS................................................... 7-20

8

Drilling Bits

Page

8.1 BITS ................................................... ......................................................................... 8-1

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Table of Contents

9

Drilling Fluids and Hydraulics

Page

9.1 DRILLING FLUIDS .................................................. ...................................................... 9-2 9.2 RHEOLOGY................................................... ............................................................... 9-5 9.3 DRILLING FLUIDS PRODUCTS .................................................. .................................... 9-8 9.4 DRILL STRING HYDRAULICS ................................................... .................................. 9-13 9.5 HAND-CALCULATION OF HYDRAULICS ..................................................................... 9-17 9.6 HYDRAULIC OPTIMIZATION ...................................................................................... 9-20

10

Bottom Hole Assemblies

Page

10.1 ROTARY BHA............................................ ............................................................. 10-2 10.2 COMMON BHA PROBLEMS ................................................... ................................ 10-20 10.3 BHA EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS .............................................................................. 10-22 10.4 RECAP ................................................................................................................... 10-22

11

Drilling Operations

Page

11.1 BHA WEIGHT ......................................................................................................... 11-2 11.2 TOOL HANDLING................................................. .................................................... 11-6 11.3 NUDGING ................................................... ............................................................. 11-7 11.4 ORIENTATION.......................................................................................................... 11-8 11.5 CORRECTION RUNS ............................................................................................... 11-16 11.6 THE OUIJA BOARD ................................................................................................ 11-18 11.7 CONSTANT RATE OF TURN TO TARGET ................................................................. 11-23 11.8 CONSTANT RATE OF DROP / BUILD TO TARGET ........................................................ 11-27 11.9 OPEN HOLE SIDETRACKING ................................................... ................................ 11-28 11.10 CASED HOLE SIDETRACKING ............................................... ................................ 11-32

12

DD at the Rigsite

Page

12.1 ON ARRIVAL AT THE RIG ........................................................................................ 12-3 12.2 GENERAL DD DUTIES AS THE WELL PROGRESSES .................................................... 12-5 12.3 LOCATION POLITICS ................................................................................................ 12-6

13

Drilling Problems

Page

13.1 AN OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 13-1

14

Glossary

Page

14.1 DRILLING FLUIDS................................................ .................................................... 14-1 14.2 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING ....................................................................................... 14-29

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

1 Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10

Introduction

Side tracking............................................................................................... 1-3 Inaccessible locations....................................................... .......................... 1-3 Salt dome drilling....................................................................................... 1-4 Fault controlling ......................................................................................... 1-4 Multiple exploration wells from a single well bore ................................... 1-4 Onshore drilling ......................................................................................... 1-5 Offshore multiwell drilling ........................................................................ 1-5 Multiple sands from a single well bore............................................... ....... 1-5 Intercepting a high pressure zone........................................................ ....... 1-6 Horizontal wells ....................................................................................... 1-6

2 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 Figure 2-10 Figure 2-11 Figure 2-12 Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14 Figure 2-15 Figure 2-16 Figure 2-17 Figure 2-18 Figure 2-19 Figure 2-20 Figure 2-21 Figure 2-22 Figure 2-23 Figure 2-24 Figure 2-25 Figure 2-26 Figure 2-27 Figure 2-28

Page

Fundamentals

Page

Cross section of earth with crust, mantle, core and inner core................... 2-2 Uplifted horst and down dropped graben............................................ ....... 2-2 Weight of overlying unconsolidated sediments (B) compacts layer (A) into sedimentary rocks................................ ...................................................... 2-4 Simple faults - normal (a), reverse (b), thrust (c) and lateral (d) ............... 2-9 Reverse fault................................................................................ ............... 2-9 Folding and cleavage................................................ ................................ 2-10 Unconformities................................................................. ........................ 2-11 In map view, fault traps may be simple (a) or compound (b) .................. 2-12 Discontinuous peripheral traps around piercement salt dome ................. 2-12 Common types of stratigraphic traps ................................................ ..... 2-13 Artesian well ................................................ .......................................... 2-14 The first order (straight line) equation ................................................... 2-17 Angles a and b are supplementary.......................................................... 2-17 The sum of all angles around one point is 360°..................................... 2-18 This figure shows the relationship of angles.......................................... 2-18 In this figure, angle a is equal to angle a' ............................................... 2-19 The sum of internal angles of a triangle is 180°..................................... 2-19 ln this figure, angle a + c = angle e ................................................... ..... 2-20 This figure can be solved as above......................................................... 2-20 lf angle c = 29°17’, what are angles a and b .......................................... 2-21 Projections from a right-angle triangle................................................... 2-21 Similiar triangles................................................... ................................. 2-22 Right angle triangle................................................................................ 2-22 Right angle triangle................................................................................ 2-23 Example of right angle triangle.............................................................. 2-24 Right-angle triangle example................................................... .............. 2-25 Equality of segments .............................................................................. 2-25 Circle and chord ..................................................................................... 2-26

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

2 (cont)

Fundamentals

Figure 2-29 Figure 2-30 Figure 2-31 Figure 2-32 Figure 2-33 Figure 2-34 Figure 2-35 Figure 2-36 Figure 2-37

Circle and tangent ................................................. ................................. 2-26 Circle and arc ............................................... .......................................... 2-27 Unit circle.................................. ............................................................. 2-28 Sign of sine, cosine and tangent in a circle ............................................ 2-29 Projections of lines................................................................................. 2-29 Projection of lines - example................................................................. 2-29 Projection of lines - perpendicular direction..................................... ..... 2-30 Projection of lines onto planes ................................................. .............. 2-30 Radius of curvature definitions ................................................ .............. 2-31

3 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10 Figure 3-11 Figure 3-12 Figure 3-13 Figure 3-14 Figure 3-15 Figure 3-16 Figure 3-17 Figure 3-18 Figure 3-19 Figure 3-20 Figure 3-21 Figure 3-22 Figure 3-23 Figure 3-24 Figure 3-25 Figure 3-26 Figure 3-27 Figure 3-28

Page

Directional Well Planning

Page

Location on the earth’s surface by geographic coordinates........................ 3-2 The UTM system of location on the earth’s surface................................... 3-5 Convergence............................................................................................... 3-6 Lambert conformal projection, USA.......................................................... 3-7 Corrections to survey azimuth ................................................... .............. 3-12 Lease definitions ...................................................................................... 3-12 Old style lease definitions. ............................................... ........................ 3-13 Definitions of terms used in survey calculation methods ........................ 3-15 Tangential method definitions............................................................. ..... 3-17 Average angle method............................................................................ 3-18 Radius of curvature method ................................................................... 3-19 Radius of curvature method - vertical projection................................... 3-20 Radius of curvature - horizontal projection............................................ 3-20 Minimum curvature - dog leg .................................................. .............. 3-21 Slant type well; R < total target displacement. ...................................... 3-26 Slant type well; R > total target displacement. ...................................... 3-27 "S" type well; (R 1 + R2) < total target displacement................................ 3-28 "S" type well; (R 1 + R2) > total target displacement............................... 3-29 Worksheet, Slant well, R < total displacement of target........................ 3-30 Worksheet, Slant well, R > total displacement of target........................ 3-31 Worksheet, S type well, R 1+R2 < total displacement of target............... 3-32 Worksheet, S type well, R 1+R2 > total displacement of target............... 3-33 Spider plot, small scale .................................................. ........................ 3-34 Spider plot, large scale ................................................... ........................ 3-34 Traveling Cylinder analysis and display................................................ 3-35 Ellipsoid of certainty.............................................................................. 3-36 Determining lead angle. ................................................. ........................ 3-37 Example of a basic well plan map.......................................................... 3-37

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

4 Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2 Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4 Figure 4-5 Figure 4-6 Figure 4-7 Figure 4-8 Figure 4-9 Figure 4-10 Figure 4-11 Figure 4-12 Figure 4-13 Figure 4-14 Figure 4-15 Figure 4-16 Figure 4-17 Figure 4-18 Figure 4-19 Figure 4-20 Figure 4-21 Figure 4-22 Figure 4-23 Figure 4-24 Figure 4-25 Figure 4-26 Figure 4-27 Figure 4-28 Figure 4-29 Figure 4-30 Figure 4-31 Figure 4-32 Figure 4-33 Figure 4-34 Figure 4-35 Figure 4-36 Figure 4-37 Figure 4-38 Figure 4-39 Figure 4-32

Surveying

Page

Earth’s magnetic field - rotation of liquid core.......................................... 4-2 Earth's magnetic field - dynamo theory ..................................................... 4-2 Earth’s magnetic field ................................................................................ 4-3 Fluctuation's in the earth's magnetic field.................................................. 4-3 Magnetic field strength .............................................................................. 4-4 Magnetic dip angle..................................................................................... 4-5 Magnetic dip angles at poles and equator .................................................. 4-6 Magnetic declination angle ........................................................................ 4-7 Drill string magnetism............................................................... ................. 4-8 Effect of hole angle on drillstring magnetic interference......................... 4-8 Effect of azimuth on drillstring magnetic interference ............................ 4-9 Drillstring magnetic interference at different latitudes.......................... 4-10 Magnetic lines of force in the drillstring................................................ 4-11 Effect of magnetic hot spot in MWD collar...................................... ..... 4-12 NMDC requirements.............................................................................. 4-13 Deviation of Universal Gravitation Constant......................................... 4-14 Simplified diagram of a typical gyroscope ............................................ 4-20 Realistic view of the configuration of a typical gyroscope.................... 4-21 Gyro rotation around outer gimbal axis ................................................. 4-22 Gyro rotation around inner gimbal axis ................................................. 4-22 Single degree of freedom gyro............................................................... 4-24 Two degree of freedom gyro................................. ................................. 4-24 Representation of nutation ..................................................................... 4-26 Relationship of celestial and ecliptic poles ............................................ 4-27 Origin of precession ............................................................................... 4-27 Free gyro ................................................................................................ 4-28 Two degree gyro..................................................................................... 4-29 Rate gyro ................................................................................................ 4-31 Rate gyro accelerometer operation......................................................... 4-32 Rate gyro accelerometer principle of operation..................................... 4-32 Three step process to calculate survey from rate gyro........................... 4-33 Rate gyro survey axes ............................................................................ 4-34 Mud pulse telemetry............................................................................... 4-40 MWD signal transducer ................................................. ........................ 4-41 Positive pulse telemetry ................................................. ........................ 4-41 Negative pulse telemetry.......................................................... .............. 4-42 Continuous carrier wave telemetry ................................................... ..... 4-42 Slim 1 pulser in collar ............................................................................ 4-43 Slim 1 pulser principle of operation....................................................... 4-44 Rate gyro survey axes ............................................................................ 4-34

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

5 Figure 5-1 Figure 5-2 Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Figure 5-7 Figure 5-8 Figure 5-9 Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11 Figure 5-12 Figure 5-13 Figure 5-14 Figure 5-15 Figure 5-16 Figure 5-17 Figure 5-18 Figure 5-19 Figure 5-20 Figure 5-21 Figure 5-22 Figure 5-23 Figure 5-24 Figure 5-25 Figure 5-26 Figure 5-27

Drilling Tools & Deflection Methods

Flush and spiral drill collars....................................................................... 5-2 Junk sub...................................................................................................... 5-3 Dimensional data range of heavy weight drill pipe.................................... 5-4 Various types of hardfacings............................................ .......................... 5-5 Welded blade stabilizers............................................................................. 5-6 Integral blade stabilizers............................................................................ 5-6 Sleeve-type stabilizers.................................... ............................................ 5-7 Clamp-on stabilizers................................................................................... 5-8 Rubber sleeve stabilizer ................................................... .......................... 5-8 RWP stabilizer ......................................................................................... 5-9 ANDERGAUGE stabilizer ...................................................................... 5-9 Roller reamers ........................................................................................ 5-10 Under-reamer ............................................... .......................................... 5-11 String reamer.......................................................................................... 5-11 Key seat wiper..................................... ................................................... 5-12 Bent sub............................................... ................................................... 5-13 UBHO ................................................ .................................................... 5-14 Hole opener .................................................. .......................................... 5-14 Bullnose.................................................................................................. 5-15 Section mill .................................................. .......................................... 5-15 Shock sub ............................................................................................... 5-16 Rebel tool ............................................................................................... 5-17 Whipstock deflection method .................................................. .............. 5-18 Jetting deflection method............................................... ........................ 5-19 Typical PDM BHA ............................................... ................................. 5-21 Steerable motor ...................................................................................... 5-22 Steerable motor bit offset............................................... ........................ 5-23

6 Figure 6-1 Figure 6-2 Figure 6-3 Figure 6-4 Figure 6-5 Figure 6-6 Figure 6-7

Drilling Jars

Page

Basic jar schematic..................................................................................... 6-2 Anadrill HYDRAQUAKER hydraulic drilling jar..................................... 6-4 EQ jar components.................................................. ................................... 6-5 EQ jar tripping mechanism ........................................................................ 6-6 EQ jar "positions" ................................................... ................................... 6-7 EQ jar - jarring ‘‘up’’ schematic................................................................. 6-7 Typical fishing BHA incorporating jars.............................................. ..... 6-18

7 Figure 7-1 Figure 7-2 Figure 7-3 Figure 7-4

Page

Downhole Motors

Page

Principles of operation of turbine and PDM .............................................. 7-2 Typical Dump Valve Assembly ................................................. ................ 7-3 Positive displacement motor ...................................................................... 7-3 PDM lobe configurations ................................................. .......................... 7-4

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

7 (cont) Figure 7-5 Figure 7-6 Figure 7-7 Figure 7-8 Figure 7-9 Figure 7-10 Figure 7-11 Figure 7-12 Figure 7-13 Figure 7-14 Figure 7-15

Downhole Motors

lllustrations of various motor profiles........................................................ 7-5 Typical PDM connecting rod assembly..................................................... 7-5 Typical PDM bearing loading.................................................................... 7-6 Typical 1:2 lobe PDM................................................................................ 7-7 Typical PDM power output curve.................................... .......................... 7-8 PDM bearing ‘‘play’’........................................... ................................... 7-13 Typical adjustable bend housing steerable motor .................................. 7-15 Nortrak DTU ................................................ .......................................... 7-16 Distance L used to calculate angle-build characteristics........................ 7-17 Estimated build rates with PowerPak motor .......................................... 7-18 Typical steerable mud motor assembly.................................................. 7-19

8 Figure 8-1 Figure 8-2 Figure 8-3 Figure 8-4 Figure 8-5 Figure 8-6 Figure 8-7 Figure 8-8 Figure 8-9 Figure 8-10 Figure 8-11 Figure 8-12 Figure 8-13 Figure 8-14 Figure 8-15 Figure 8-16 Figure 8-17 Figure 8-18 Figure 8-19 Figure 8-20 Figure 8-21 Figure 8-22 Figure 8-23 Figure 8-24 Figure 8-25 Figure 8-26 Figure 8-27 Figure 8-28 Figure 8-29 Figure 8-30 Figure 8-31

Page

Drilling Bits

Page

Fixed cutter bit components (PDC, TSP, & natural diamonds)................. 8-1 Roller Cone Bit Components ..................................................................... 8-2 Roller cone (a) and PDC (b) bits................................................................ 8-3 TSP diamond (a) and natural diamond (b) bits .......................................... 8-3 IADC dull bit grading system .................................................................... 8-6 Two thirds rule and how to measure gauge................................................ 8-7 Broken cone ................................................... ............................................ 8-8 Bond failure...................................................................... .......................... 8-9 Broken teeth ................................................... ............................................ 8-9 Balled up bit ................................................. .......................................... 8-10 Cracked cone........................................................................................... 8-10 Cone dragged ................................................ .......................................... 8-11 Cone interference ................................................... ................................. 8-11 Cored bit................................................................................................. 8-12 Chipped teeth/cutters............................................. ................................. 8-12 Erosion ................................................ ................................................... 8-13 Flat crested wear..................................................................................... 8-13 Heat checking........................................................ ................................. 8-14 Junk damage........................................................................................... 8-14 Lost cone ................................................................................................ 8-15 Lost nozzle ................................................... .......................................... 8-15 Lost teeth/cutters ................................................... ................................. 8-16 Off center wear....................................................................................... 8-16 Pinched bit........................................... ................................................... 8-17 Plugged nozzle ....................................................................................... 8-17 Rounded gauge............................................. .......................................... 8-18 Shirttail damage ..................................................................................... 8-19 Self sharpening wear.............................................................................. 8-19 Tracking ................................................................................................. 8-19 Washed out bit................................................................ ........................ 8-20 Worn teeth or cutters.............................................................................. 8-20

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

9 Figure 9-1 Figure 9-2 Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Figure 9-5

Drilling Fluids and Hydraulics

Page

Components of viscosity............................................................................ 9-6 Laminar flow............................................................................................ 9-13 Turbulent flow......................................................... ................................. 9-14 Slip velocity and mud velocity................................................................. 9-14 Hydraulics worksheet............................................................................... 9-17

10 Figure 10-1 Figure 10-2 Figure 10-3 Figure 10-4 Figure 10-5 Figure 10-6 Figure 10-7 Figure 10-8 Figure 10-9 Figure 10-10 Figure 10-11 Figure 10-12 Figure 10-13 Figure 10-14 Figure 10-15 Figure 10-16 Figure 10-17 Figure 10-18 Figure 10-19 Figure 10-20 Figure 10-21 Figure 10-22

11 Figure 11-1 Figure 11-2 Figure 11-3 Figure 11-4 Figure 11-5 Figure 11-6 Figure 11-7 Figure 11-8 Figure 11-9 Figure 11-10 Figure 11-11 January 1997

Bottom Hole Assemblies

Page

Slick and packed hole BHAs.................................................................. 10-3 BHA side forces ..................................................................................... 10-4 BHA as a hollow cylinder...................................................................... 10-4 Pendulum force and weight on bit ......................................................... 10-6 Single stabilizer BHA ............................................................................ 10-7 Two stabilizer BHA ............................................................................... 10-8 Negative side force......................................................... ........................ 10-8 Comparison of sideforces on single and two stabilizer BHAs............... 10-9 Buildup BHA using two stabilizers........................................................ 10-9 Effect of WOB increase on sideforce................................................. 10-10 Inclination v sideforce for 3 BHAs ................................................. ... 10-10 Increase of side force with addition of one stabilizer......................... 10-11 Undergauge near bit stabilizer................................................ ............ 10-12 Undergauge second stabilizer................................................. ............ 10-12 Effect of hole washout on side force...................................... ............ 10-13 BHAs for building inclination...................................... ...................... 10-14 BHAs for maintaining inclination................................................... ... 10-15 Typical locked up BHA for 12-1/4 in. hole ....................................... 10-15 BHAs for dropping inclination........................................................... 10-16 Semidrop BHA.................................. ................................................. 10-17 Typical jetting BHA........................................................................... 10-18 Example of a Gilligan BHA............................................................... 10-19

Drilling Operations

Page

Neutral point in the DC’s ............................................... ........................ 11-3 Concept of available WOB .................................................................... 11-3 Muleshoe orientation method................................................................. 11-8 Gravity tool face................................................................................... 11-10 Relationships between GTF and hole direction. .................................. 11-10 Relative of reactive torque and gravity. ............................................... 11-11 Vector diagram showing dogleg required to change hole direction..... 11-19 The OUIJA board................................................................................. 11-20 Ragland diagram ................................................... ............................... 11-23 Calculating total turn to bit target ................................................... ... 11-24 Rate of drop/build to target ................................................................ 11-27 Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Figures

13 Figure 13-1 Figure 13-2 Figure 13-3 Figure 13-4 Figure 13-5 Figure 13-6 Figure 13-7 Figure 13-8

January 1997

Drilling Problems

Page

Differential sticking ............................................................................... 13-3 Development of filter cake.................................... ................................. 13-3 Effect of drill solids on filter cake.......................................................... 13-4 Filter cake bridging ............................................... ................................. 13-4 Erosion of filter cake.............................................................................. 13-5 Effect of hole deviation & mud weight on borehole stability................ 13-7 Development of key seats .................................................................... 13-10 Key seat wiper and string reamer............................................. ............ 13-11

Confidential

Directional Drilling

List of Tables

2 Table 2-1 Table 2-2

Fundamentals

Geologic time scale .................................................. ................................... 2-3 Common evaporites..................................................................................... 2-8

3 Table 3-1 Table 3-2

Directional Well Planning

Surveying

Drilling Jars

Downhole Motors

Drilling Fluids and Hydraulics

Bottom Hole Assemblies

Page

Modulus of elasticity............................................................................... 10-5

11 Table 11-1 Table 11-2 Table 11-3

Page

Description of surface equipment types ............................................... ..... 9-15

10 Table 10-1

Page

Comparison of 1:2 vs multilobe PDMs................................................ ..... 7-10 Specifications for two typical 7 3/4 in. motors.......................................... 7-10 Oil categories based on aniline point......................................................... 7-20

9 Table 9-1

Page

Seal areas, EQ Jars....................................................................................... 6-9 EQ Jar maximum settings..................................................................... ..... 6-16

7 Table 7-1 Table 7-2 Table 7-3

Page

Common relative values of total magnetic field strength............................ 4-5 Common relative values for dip angle......................................................... 4-5

6 Table 6-1 Table 6-2

Page

Rectangular coordinates of a target position. ............................................ 3-14 Relative accuracy of the different methods............................................... 3-22

4 Table 4-1 Table 4-2

Page

Drilling Operations

Page

1:2 Lobe PDM Reactive Torque Estimates............................................ 11-12 Deflection angle (Dog Leg Severity) in º/100 ft.................................... 11-17 Sidetracking suggested BHAs to match downhole conditions............ 11-31

January 1997

Confidential

Directional Drilling

Directional Drilling Training Manual January 1997

ATM-610100

Version 1.2

Confidentia  This information is confidential and is trade secret property of Anadrill. It must not be copied in whole or in part, and should be filed accordingly by the holder. It must not  be shown to or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization and must  be returned to Anadrill upon request or when the holder leaves the employ of Anadrill. © 1997

Anadrill - unpublished work

 All rights reserved under copyright law.

Schlumberger Anadrill