00 Clase Teoria-Parte 1-UNIDAD I

 

]jigog Gigïktiko ?2 Klnprmjgm Klnprmjgm mh nmtoclhisn nmtoclhisnl l nikrlciojl poro ojohizor ho kijétiko kijétiko nikrlciojo gm plchokiûj y klnujigogms) ophikochms mj mh trotonimjtl trot onimjtl gm gmsmkals, osî klnl hls `oktlrms qum elcimrjoj su ophikocihigog

 

Krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl

Ms mh ijkrmnmjtl lrgmjogl gm tlgls hls klnpljmjtms cilquînikls gm uj ijgivigul. lMsto kuohigog hm pmrnitm oh nikrllreojisnl pmrpmtuor su mspmkim y pmrnojmkmr mj uj gmtmrnijogl hueor6 yo qum kogo nikrllreojisnl timjm uj timnpl gm vigo mj ho joturohmzo.

l

Mh prlkmsl gm rmprlgukkiûj pumgm rmohizorhl gm nojmro osmxuoh l smxuoh. lO jivmh gm hoclrotlril mh krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl sm mvigmjkio plr2 *@lrnokiûj gm klhljios   Nmgils slhigls 2 oeorms *Trmsmjkio gm turcigmz, smginmjtl y KL3   Nmgils Nmg ils hîq hîquig uigls2 ls2 kohgls Hlss nikrl nikrllr lreo eoji jisnl snlss sumh sumhmj mj gmsor gmsorrl rlhhhhor orsm sm gm okum okumrg rgl l oh tipl tipl y lHl l

ko koj jti tigo gog g gm jutr jutrim imj jtms tms qum qum sm mjku mjkumj mjtr trmj mj mj su mjtl mjtlrj rjl l, plr plr mbmnphl2

 

Oeuos rmsiguohms2 ehuklso

Korclaigrotls Notmrio lreïjiko cilgmerogochm

Hîpigls

Ok. Erosls + ehikmrlh

Ïkigls jukhmikls lplrtujistos Totûemjos

KL3 + A3L + JL; + [L7 + TL7

onijlïkigls

Trltmîjos

Turijos y Tirinigijos

Coktmrios

Oheos L3 + Jutrimjtms korcljotogls (ehuklso) Trltlzlorils

- Hos coktmrios coktmrios sm mjkumjtroj mj noylr plrkmjtobm. - Hls aljels, oheos, prltlzlorils prltlzlorils y virus sm mjkumjtroj mj nmjlr kojtigog.

Aljels

KL3 + Jutrimjtms prmgiemrigls

Tmkms

Slti`mrls y nikrlkrustïkmls

 

Smsiguls sûhigls2 Omrlcio ehuklso

Korclaigrotls Notmrio lreïjiko cilgmerogochm

Hîpigls

Ojomrlcio

Ok. Erosls + ehikmrlh onijlïkigls

Trltmîjos Ïkigls jukhmikls

Turijos y Tirinigijos

Aigrlhisis Okigleéjmsis

Okigleéjikos

Okmtleéjmsis

Okmtleéjikos

Nmtojleéjmsis Aljels Coktmrios

Ne + F + Jo + JL; + [L7 + TL7 Aunus

Mismjio `lmtigo

Klnplst

Mh prlkmsl guro gm 7 o 0 nmsms

Nmtojleéjikos

 

Krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl l

O jivmh gm hoclrotlril hls nikrllreojisnls sm rmprlgukmj l sm givigmj mj pmrilgls klrtls (?4   ‛  34 nij.)6 pmrl mj mh oncimjtm joturoh mh prlkmsl ms nukal nïs hmjtl, klj pmrilgls horels gm givisiûj (34   ‛ ?34 nij, gîos l nïs) mstl gmcigl o hls `oktlrms oncimjtohms y jutrikiljohms

qum sm mjkumjtroj mj kljstojtm koncil, mbmnphl2 *Coktmrios2 ?=   ‛ 34 nij. l 7=   ‛ 04 nij. *Nlals2 04   ‛ 94 nij l 7   ‛ 1 ars l ;   ‛ = gîos. *Hmvoguros2 94   ‛ ?34 nij. Jl tlgls hls nikrllreojisnls sm gmsorrlhhoj y rmspljgmj gm ieuoh nojmro `rmjtm o uj `oktlr oncimjtoh y/l jutrikiljoh yo qum poro oheujls pumgmj smr goÿijls y poro ltrls smr cmjé`ikl. lHls `oktlrms oncimjtohms y jutrikiljohms slj inplrtojtms yo qum

l

o`mktoj gm nojmro sieji`ikotivo hos kopokigog kopokigogms ms nmtocûhikos gmh nikrllreojisnl.

 

@oktlrms oncimjtohms •

[lj [l j `ok oktl tlrrms `isi `isikl klqu quîn înik ikls ls qu qumm o`mk o`mkttoj ho hoss ok okti tivi vigo gogm gmss

nikrlciojos, gmcigl o hls givmrsls koncils gmh mjtlrjl smo plr kousos joturohms l plr okkiûj gmh alncrm. • Mstls `oktlrms `oktlrms pumgmj smr kljtrlhogls o jivmh gm hoclrotlril yo qum sus koncils pumgmj lkosiljor hinitokiljms mj mh krmkinimjtl jlrnoh gmh nikrllreojisnl. • Hls nïs inplrtojtms slj2 • • •

  Wmnpmroturo   Lxîemjl   pA

 

Smqumrinimjtl gm lxîemjl

 Msto rmhokiljogl klj mh   erogl gm oprlvmkaonimjtl l jmkmsigog y tlhmrojkio gmh Lxîemjl plr Lxîemjl plr portm gmh nikrllreojisnl.

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 Gm okumrgl o mhhl hls nikrllreojisnls sm givigmj mj2 ?. Nikrllr Nikrllreojisnls eojisnls Omrlc Omrlcils ils Lchieogls2 Smquimrmj gm lxîemjl poro lxîemjl  poro us ourmus, Nikrlklkkus hutmus, vivir :3?% gm lxîemjl. [topayhlklkk lxîemjl. [topayhlklkkus Cokihhus sp, [topa [topayhlklkkus yhlklkkus mpigmrnigis.

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3. Nikrllr Nikrllreojisnls eojisnls Ojomr Ojomrlcils lcils Lchieogls l Mstriktls2 Jl rmquimrmj

gm lxîemjl  poro vivir sijl qum numrmj mj su prmsmjkio plr smr Nmtaojlklkkus,, Nmtaojlsor Nmtaojlsorkijo, kijo, tûxikl poro mhhls, rmquimrmj mhhls, rmquimrmj KL3. Nmtaojlklkkus Nmtaojlcoktmriun, Nmtaojlcoktmriu n, khlstrigiun sp. ;. Nikr Nikrllr llreoj eojisnl isnlss Ojomr Ojomrlcil lcilss @o @okuht kuhtotiv otivls2 ls2   [m gm gmssorr orrlhho hhoj mj lxîemjl, ho noylrîo gm coktmrios. M. prmsmjkio l ousmjkio gm lxîemjl, coktmrios.  M. klhi, Tsmuglnljo omrueijlso, sohnljmhho typai, sokaorln sokaorlnykms ykms sp. 7. Nikr Nikrllr llreoj eojisnl isnlss Ojom Ojomrlc rlcils ils Omr Omrltlh ltlhmr mrojt ojtms2 ms2   Jl rmq mqui uimr mrmj mj gm nukal Lxîemjl y krmkmj kuojgl aoy pmqumÿos kojtigogms (8=%) kojtigogms  (8=%).. [trmptlklkkus `omkohis [trmptlklkkus `omkohis , [trmptlklkkus [trmptlklkkus pyle pylemjms. mjms.

 

Inplrtojkio gm ho tmnpmroturo •

 Wimjm uj m`mktl gmh girmktl slcrm mh krmkinimjtl y supmrvivmjkio nikrllreojisnl. •  O nmgigo qum ounmjto ho tmnpmroturo hos rmokkiljms mjzinïtikos slj nïs rïpigos y mh krmkinimjtl sm okmhmro, aosto ujo tmnpmroturo nïxino (tlhmrochm). • O Wmnpmroturos :rms ho tmnpmroturo nïxino lkosiljorï ho gmstrukkiûj gm hls klnpljmj kln pljmjtms tms cilhû cilhûeikl eiklss ijt ijtmrjls mrjls,, klnl mh

OGJ, hos OGJ, hos pr prlt ltmî mîjo jos, s, onij onijlï lïki kigl glss y ltr ltrls klnpljmjtms, goÿïjglsm sm nojmro irrmvmrsichm. mnpm pmrrot otur uros os 8r 8rms ms mh kr krmk mkin inim imjt jtl l sm vm • O Wmn o`mktogl, aokiéjglsm hmjto ho givisiûj. givisiûj.

 

Inplrtojkio gm ho tmnpmroturo

 Gm okumrgl o ho rmsistmjkio hls nikrllreojisnls sm givigmj mj2 ?.Nikrllreojisnls Tsikrû`ihls2  [lj oqumhhls qum krmkmj mj oncimjtms

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  -?=   ‛  ?4²K `rîls mj uj rojel gm , slj hls rmspljsochms gm trojsnitir mj`mrnmgogms mj prlguktls  ?4²K, rm`riemrogls. Kahonyglnljo jivohis (-34´K), Khoglsplriun amrcorun (-=´K), Histmrio nljlkytlemjms nljlkytle mjms (?´K) 3.Nikrllreojisnls Nmsû`ihls2 oqumh oqumhhls hls qum krmkmj krmkm j mj oncimjtms oncimjtms  =4²K,  =4²K , sm mjkumjtro ho noylrîo. tmnphogls, mj uj rojel gm ?4   ‛[lj gm ?4

Trlt Trltmus mus sp (;4´K), Ospmeihhus `unieotus (;=´K), M. klhi (;5´K) ;.Nikrllreojisnls Wmrnû`ihls2  [lj oqumhhls qum krmkmj mj oncimjtms  14²K.. kïhigls, mj uj rojel gm =4 gm =4   ‛ 14²K Hok okttlco coki kihhhu huss cr crmv mvis is (0 (04 4´K ´K), ), Gms msuh uh``lvi vic cri ril l tam amrn rnl lpa paihihus us (5 (54 4´K ´K), ), [trmptlklkkus [trmpt lklkkus hoktis (0=´K), Cokihhus stmor stmorltamrnlpaihus ltamrnlpaihus (5=´K) 7.Nikrl 7.Ni krllre lreojis ojisnls nls Aipm Aipmrtm rtmrnû`i rnû`ihls2 hls2   [l [lj oqumhhls qum aocitoj ::::. oncimjtms kohimjtms, mj uj rojel gm 14 gm 14   ‛  ?44²K ::::. Nmtaojltamrnus `mrvigus (1=´K), Wamrnus oquotikus ((1=´K), 1=´K), Tyrlgiktiun sp (?4=´K), [topay [topayhltamrnus hltamrnus norijus (;;4´K)

 

Inplrtojkio gmh pA

Oh ieuoh qum ho tmnpmroturo, mh pA o`mkto girmktonmjtm oh krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl. • Oheujls nikrlreojisnls nikrlreojisnls hl ophikoj klnl ujo `lr lrno no gm hihini nito torr su tm tmrr rrit itlr lril il,, mv mvit itoj ojgl gl mh krmkinimjtl gm ltrls nikrllreojisnls. • Wlgls hls nikrllreojisnls prmsmjtoj rojels l ijtmrvohls ijtmrvohls ûptinls gm pA mj mh kuoh pumgmj gmso gm sorr rrlh lhho hors rsm, m, yo qu qumm hl hlss ko konc ncil ilss cr crus uskl klss prlgukm ho numrtm. • Hl Hlss kon onci cils ls gm pA pumg pumgmj mj lk lkos osil iljo jor2 r2 ho gmstrukkiûj gm ho nmncrojo kmhuhor, ijaicm hos mjzinos y gmsjoturohizoj gmsjoturohizoj ho prltmîjos. •

 

Inplrtojkio gmh pA •

Gm okumrgl o mhhl hls nikrllreojisnls sm oerupoj2 ?.Nikrl ?.Ni krllre lreojis ojisnls nls Ohko Ohkohû`ihl hû`ihls2 s2   [lj [lj oqum oqumhhhhls ls ni nikr krll llrreoj ojis isnl nlss qu qumm aocitojsumhls oncimjtms Ohkohijls y krmkmj mj uj pA : 5, uj pA 5, mj uj rojel uj gm 9-?7 9-?7,, klnl2 ohtonmjtm korcljotogls y cikorcljotogls mj rojel ho oerikuhturo. Jitrlcoktmr, Jitrlslnljo, Cokihhus2 Ta >?3 3.Nikrl 3.Ni krllre lreojis ojisnls nlsJmutrls Jmut Jmutrû`i hls2   [lj [l j uj oqum oq pA umhhhhls nikr niuj rojel krll llre reoj ojis isnl nls qumm >ls 5, uj  rojel gm 0 ‛s 1.qu aocitoj oncimjtms Jmutrl srû`ihls2 y krmkmj mmj uj pA 5, mj

[topayhlklkkus hlklkkus ourmus2 Ta > 5-5.=, Khlrlciun hinîklho2 Ta > 0.1, [topay Mjtmrlcoktmr khlokom2 Ta > 0.= ;.Nikrl ;.Ni krllre lreojis ojisnls nls Okig Okigû`ihl û`ihls2 s2   [lj [lj oqum oqumhhhhls ls ni nikr krll llrreoj ojis isnl nlss qu qumm

uj  rojel gm ? ‛=, aocitoj oncimjtms Ïkigls y krmkmj mj uj pa uj  pa 8 5, 5, mj uj rojel klnl2 rmhovms nijmrls, hixiviogls gm SS[[, grmjobms ïkigls gm rlko. [uh`lhl [uh`lhlcus cus okiglkohgor okiglkohgorius2 ius2 Ta>3-; Okmtlcokt Okmtlcoktmr mr sp2 Ta>3 Wailcokihhus Wailcokih hus `mrrll `mrrllxigojs2 xigojs2 Ta>3-; Ospmreihhus jiemr2 Ta>3.1

 

@oktlrms jutrikiljohms •

 [m coso mj ho kojtigog gm jutrimjtms gispljichms poro mh krmkinimjtl gmh nikrllreojisnl, mstls slj klnpumstls quînikls qum usoj hls nikkrllreoj ni ojis isnl nlss por poro emj mjmr mroor u lct lctmj mjmr mr mj mjmr mreeîo îo,, rmo mohihizzor ho cilsîjtmsis gm hos cilnlhékuhos inplrtojtms2 KALs, hîpigls, ïkigls jukhmikls y prltmîjos, klnl2 Mh OGJ.

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  Gm okumrgl o ho inplrto inplrtojkio jkio gm usl gmh jutrimjtm sm timjm2 Smqumrinimjtl l gmh korcljl y lctmjkiûj gm mjmreîo.    Smqumrinimjt   Smqumrinimjtl

gm `umjtms gm jitrûemjl.    Smqumrinimjt Smqumrinimjtl l gm jutrimjtms mspmkiohms.    Trmsmjkio gm oeuo. jutrimjtms. tms.    O`ijigog plr oheujls jutrimj

 

Smqumrinimjtl tl gm @umjtms gm korcljl y lctmjkiûj gm mjmreîo Smqumrinimj

 Tor oroo uj `u `uj jkilj kiljon onim imj jtl jlrn jlrnoh oh y rmp mprrlg lguk ukki kiûj ûj m`i `iki kimj mjttm gm hl hlss nikrllreojisnl, mstls jmkmsitoj gm `umjtms gm korcljl y mhmnmjtls ijlreïjikls poro plgmr lctmjmr ho mjmreîo jmkmsorio y osî sijtmtizor mh jumvl notmrioh kmhuhor. •  Gm okumrgl o mhhl hls nikrllreojisn nikrllreojisnls ls sm khosi`ikoj2 -   Nikrllreojisnls Nikrllreojisnls Outûtrl`ls2 Outûtrl`ls2   [lj [lj hl hlss ni nikr krll llre reoj ojis isnl nlss qu qumm us usoj oj mh  Jlstlk sp, Muehmjo, Taokus, Khlrlciun. korcljl ijlreïjik ijlreïjikl. l. Jlstlk •

0KL3 + 0A3L

K0A?3L0 + 0L3

-  Nikr  Nikrllre llreojisnls ojisnls Amtmrûtrl`ls2 Amtmrûtrl`ls2   [lj hls nikrllreojisnls qum usoj mh korcljl lreïjik lreïjikl. l.

K?3A33L?? + ?3L3

 

?3KL3 + ??A3L

(Osportotl) K7A5JL7 + =L3

7KL3 + ;A3L + AJL;

(Otrozijo) K1A?7KhJ= + ?9L3

1K43 + 5A3L + =JL; +Kh

 

Smqumrinimjtl gm @umjtms gm korcljl y lctmjkiûj gm mjmreîo

-  Nikrllreojisnls _uinillreojûtrl`ls2 [lj oqumhhls nikrllreojisnls qum emjmroj mjmreîo nmgiojtm ho lxigokiûj gm klnpumstls lreïjikls. (Ïkigl okétikl)3KA;KLLA + A3L3

3KA7 + 3AKL; + M

Nikrllreojisnls eojisnls _uinilhitûtr _uinilhitûtrl`ls2 l`ls2   [lj oqu -   Nikrllr oqumhh ls nik nikrl rllr lre eoji ojisnl snlss qum emjmroj mjmreîo o portir gm ho lxigokiûj gm mhhls klnpumstl ijlreïjikls ijlre ïjikls

rmgukigls, klnl2 A+, JA;, JA7, JL3, A3[, [´, mtk. 3JA; + 743

3AJL; + 3A34 + M

-   Nikrllreojisnl `ltûtrl`ls2  [lj oqumhhls nikrllreojisnls qum usoj ho hu huzz slho slhorr klnl klnl `umj `umjtm tm gm mjmr mjmreî eîoo yo qum kl kljt jtim imjm jmj j pien pienmj mjtl tlss `ltlsijtétikls, pumgmj smr2 Ou tûtrl`ls •  @ltloutûtrl`ls > Outûtrl`ls •

 @ltlamtmrûtrl`ls > Coktmrios > Amtmrûtrl`ls

 

Smqumrinimjtl gm @umjtms gm jitrûemjl •

 Oh ieuoh qum mh korcljl mh jitrûemjl ms inplrtojtm y jmkmsoril6 yo qum sm uso msmjkiohnmjtm poro ho `lrnokiûj gm onijlïkigls, prltmîjos y ïkigls jukhmikls, klnl2 mh OGJ. J3 otnls`érikl

JA;/JA7

 

 

@ibogl

 

Lxigokiûj Jitrlslnljo

Saizlciun

 

JL3  

 

 

+ A3L

Lxigokiûj Jitrlcoktmr 

 

 

JL;

JA;/JA7

 

Smqumrinimjtl gm Jutrimjtms mspmkiohms •

 Hls nikrllreojisnls rmquimrmj gm jutrimjtms lreïjikls m ijlreïjikls qum

sl slj j jm jmkm kmso sori rils ls po poro ro mhinplrtojtms. kr krmk mkin inim imjt jtl l ni nikr krlc lcio iojl jl y sîjt sîjtms msis is km kmhu huho horr gm hl hlss mhmnmjtls cilquînikls Nokrljutrimjtms2  [lj jutrimjtms ijlreïjikls qum sm rmquimrm mj erojgms kojtigogms, klnl2 K, J, [, T, F, Ne, Ko, @m, Jo y Kh. [lj jutr jutrim imjt jtms ms ku kuyo yo pr prms msmj mjki kioo ms inplrt inplrtoj ojtm tm oò oòj j mj  Nikrljutrimjtms2   [lj koj ojti tigo gogm gmss nî nîji jino noss l pm pmqu qumÿ mÿos os,, yo qu qumm su ou ousm smjk jkio io o` o`mk mktto ijik ijikil il gmh gmh krmkinimjtl krmkinimjt l nikrlciojl hinitïjglhl l ohtmrïjglhl, ohtmrïjglhl, klnl2 Rj, Nj, Nl, [m, Kl, Ku, Kr y Ji. @oktl ktlrms rms gm krm krmkinim kinimjtl jtl22   [lj jutrimjtms lreïjikls qum sm rmquimrmj mj @o kojtigogms nuy pmqumÿos, mstls jl pumgmj smr mhoclrogls plr mh nikrllreojisnl nikrllre ojisnl plr mhhl slj ogikiljogls gm nojmro mxtmrjo, klnl2 Mh rm rmqu qumr mrin inim imjt jtl l gm ms mstm tm ju jutr trim imjt jtmm ms gi gi``mr mrmj mjtm tm gm ni nikr krll llre reoj ojis isnl nl o nikr ni krll llre reoj ojis isnl nl,, kl klnl nl22 vito vitoni nijo jos, s, on onij ijlï lïki kigl gls, s, pu puri rijo jos, s, pi piri rini nigi gijo jos, s, alrnljos, mtk. Hos nïs usogos slj2 Wionijo, Sicl`hovijo, Ciltijo, ïkigl `ûhikl, Kiojlklcohonijo, mtk.

 

Trmsmjkio gmh oeuo

  Mh oeuo ms uj `oktlr hinitojtm grïstikl mj ho prmsmjkio gm nikr ni krll llrreoj ojis isnl nls, s, yo qum qum ao aocr crïï no noyl ylrr pl plch chok okiû iûj j mj onci oncimj mjtm tmss aònmgls qum mj oncimjtms smkls. smkls. •   Hls ni nikkrllreoj ojis isn nls qu qumm ao aoci cittoj onc ncim imj jtms aònm aònmgl glss sm hms hms gmjlnijo  Nikrllreojisnls Okuïtikls, klnl2 Trltlzlorils, Oheos y Coktmrios (?44% gm Aunmgog). •  Hls nikrllreojisnls qum aocitoj oncimjtms smkls sm hms gmjlnijo Nikrllreojisnl eojisnl Qmr Qmrû`ihls û`ihls, klnl2 Aljels y Coktmrios msplruhogos Nikrllr (4% gm Aunmgog). •

Krmkm ho noylrîo gm hls n.l. (4.5-4.9)

ow 4.5

4.9   ?.4

 

O`ijigog plr oheujls sustrotls •

 O port portmm gmh gmh korc korclj ljl l y ji jitr trûe ûemj mjl l oheu oheujl jlss ni nikr krll llre reoj ojis isnl nl timj timjmj mj o`ijigog plr ltrls jutrimjtms, klnl2 JoKh y Ehuklso. Gm okumrgl o mhhl tmjmnls2 Aïhû`ihls22   [lj oqum oqumhhhhls ls ni nikr krll llrreoj ojis isnl nlss qu qumm ?. Nikrllr Nikrllreojisnl eojisnlss   Aïhû`ihls vivmj mj oncimjtms klj kljkmjtrokiljms voriochms gm JoKh y gm okumrgl o su erogl gm tlhmrojkio tmjmnls2 i. Gis Giskr krmt mtls2 ls2 _um tlhmroj ujo kljkmjtrokiûj gm JoKh gm ?-=%

Picril kalhmrom, Tsmuglnljo ii. Nlgmrogls2 _um tlhmroj ujo kljkmjtrokiûj gm JoKh gm =-?=% [topayhlklkkus lkkus ourmus o urmus [topayhlk iii. Mstriktls2 _um tlhmroj ujo kljkmjtrokiûj gm JoKh gm ?0-;4%

Ortmnijo sohijo, Aohlklkkus sp, Aohlcoktmriun sohojoriun 3. Nikrllr Nikrllreojisnl eojisnl   Lsnû`ihls2 Lsnû`ihls2   [lj oqum oqumhhhhls ls ni nikr krll llre reoj ojis isnl nlss qu qumm

vivmj mj oncimjtms klj kljkmjtrokiljms ohtos gm ozòkor, klnl2 Hos hmvoguros y hls nlals. [okkaorlnykms kmrmvisiom :::: ehuklso :::: mtojlh [okkaorlnykms Tmjikihhiun :::::: ehuklso ::: krmkinimjt krmkinimjtl l

 

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 Ho kljkmjtrokiûj gm jutrimjtms o`mkto girmktonmjtm ho vmhlkigog gmh krmkinimjtl gmh nikrllreojisnls2  O cobos kljkmjtrokiljms   gmh jutrimjtm ho vmhlkigog sm rmgukm l gisnijuym.  O kljkmjtrokiljms nlgmrogos mh nlgmrogos mh krmkinimjtl ms jlrnoh ohtos ho vmhlkigog gm krmkinimjtl qumgo hinitogo  O kljkmjtrokiljms ohtos ho gmcigl o qum mh jutrimjtm sm aokm tûxikl poro mh nikrllreojisnl.

•

  Mh krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl o jivmh gm hoclrotlril pumgm nmgirsm o trovés gm givmrsls nétlgls, klnl2 rmkumjtl gm coktmrios nmgiojtm gihu gi huki kilj ljms ms mj phok phokos os,, hïni hïnijo joss ms mspm pmki kioh ohms ms (K (Kïn ïnor oroo gm Jmuc Jmucou oumr mr), ), nmgi nm giki kiûj ûj gm ho tu turc rcim imgo gog, g, nums numstr trml mlss gi girrmkt mktls mj mh onci oncimj mjttm, nmgiojtm mh kohkuhl gm ho cilnoso plr nmgil gm pmsl smkl.

 

Smkumjtl gm coktmrios nmgiojtm gihukiljms mj phokos

 

Smkumjtl gm hmvoguros, hmvoguros, prltlzlorils, oheos, Nikrlkrustokmls, Nikrlkrustokmls, mtk. nmgiojtm ho Hïnijo Jmucoumr .

 

•

 Ho turcigmz prlgukigo plr mh krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl gm hls nikrllreojisnls pumgm smr nmgigo gm okumrgl o ho kopokigog gm ocsl oc slrc rcmr mr ho huz, huz, yo qu qumm ho hoss nu nums mstr tros os oh ijik ijikil il sl slj j emj mjmr mroh ohnm nmjt jtmm trojshòkigos kuojgl jl prmsmjtoj krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl oòj. *Hljeitug gm ljgo2 •Coktmrios =74jn   •Trltlz Trltlzlorils lorils =14jn   •Hmvoguros 044jn

 

•

 Gmtmrnijokiûj gm ho cilnoso kmhuhor nmgiojt nmgiojtm m pmsl smkl2

- Mstm nétlgl sm gmt gmtmrnijo mrnijo o trovés gmh pmsl smkl gm ho noso kmhuhor prlgukigo mj uj nikrllreojisnl mj uj gmtmrnijogl timnpl. Tmsl gm ho plrkmhojo smkogo o ?4;´K/;4 nij.

T? (er)

[m klhlko mh vlhunmj kljlkigl gmh kuhtivl nikrlciojl gm uj timnpl kljlkigl

[m gmbo mvoplror o ?4;´K aosto ho smqumgog y gmbor mj`rior

Tmsor ho plrkmhojo + mh rmsigul smkl

 

T3 (er)

 

Toro oro

mh kohku ohkuhl hl gm gmhh krmk krmkin inim imj jtl nikr nikrlc lcio iojl jl sm gmcm gmcm tmjm tmjmrr hl hlss sieuimjtms gotls2 nikrllreojisnls mj mh timnpl ijikioh. • Ji2 Jònmrl ijikioh gm nikrllreojisnls mj nikrllreojisnls mj  mj mh timnpl `ijoh. • J`2 Jònmrl `ijoh gm nikrllreojisnls • Wi2 Wimnpl ijikioh.  W`2 Wimnpl `ijoh.  Poriokiûj oriokiûj gm Wimnpl. Wimn pl. •   ∀t2 P

•

  Wo Woso plchokiljoh, Woso gm krmkinimjtl l vmhlkigog gm krmkin kr mkinimj imjtl tl (sme (sme-?, nij-?, ar-?, g-?), ms mh koncil gmh J² gm nikrllreojisnls l noso kmhuhor plr ujigog gm timnpl. emjmrokiûj (sme.,nij.,  (sme.,nij., ar., g), ms mh timnpl rmqumrigl • e2  Wimnpl gm emjmrokiûj plrr mh nikr pl nikrll llrreoj ojis isnl nl por poro givi givig gir irsm sm mj 3 nikr nikrll llrreoj ojis isnl nlss jumvls. •

 2

 

•

 Mh timnpl gm emjmrokiûj (e) vorio gm uj nikrllreojisnl o ltrl, pugimjgl smr gm ?4 nij. l nïs aosto gm ? o ; ars. m ijkhusl gîos.

•

 Coktmrios2 ?=  ‛ 34 nij. l 7=  ‛ 04 nij. *M. klhi2 ?5 nij. *Cokihhus nmeotmriun2 3= nij.

•

 Hmvoguros2 94  ‛ ?34 nij.

[okkaorlnykms ms kmrmvisiom kmrmvisiom22 ?34 nij. **[okkaorlnyk [okkaorlnykms [okkaorlnyk ms uvorun2 94 nij. • Nlals2 7  ‛ 1 ars. l ;  ‛ = gîos2 *o 34´K sm rm rmqui quimr mrmm = gîos gîos *o ;5´K sm rmquimrm 37  ‛ 71 ars.

* Ospmreihhus jiemr  *Tmjikihhiun karyslemjun *Saizlpus jierikojs

 

•

 Wlgls hls gotls nmjkiljogls sm ophikoj mj hos sieuimjtms `lrnuhos2

ho  `osm Mxpljmjkioh l Hleorîtniko gmh *Jlto2 e   y  sm kohkuho slhl mj ho `osm nikrllreojisnl.

 

Wlgls

hls gotls sm hhmvoj o uj ero`ikl gm Hj J` Ps t6 `lrnïjglsm ujo pmjgimjtm oskmjgmjtm (θ), simjgl gi`mrmjtm poro kogo nikrllreojisnl. Mh ero`ikl qum sm rmohizo jls numstro hos mtopos gm krmkinimjtl gm uj nikrllreojisnl, kljsigmrojgl mj kogo ujo gm hos mtopos uj timnpl gi`mrmjtm gm ogoptorsm, rmprlgukirsm y numrtm. Hos `osms gm krmkinimjtl gm uj nikrllreojisnl slj2 ?.@osm gm Hotmjkio l ogoptokiûj l okhinot ?.@osm okhinotokiûj2 okiûj2 Mj msto `osm jl lkurrm krmkinimjtl oheujl gm hls nikrllreojisnls, sm ijikio ho mhoclrokiûj gm jumvos sustojkios, klnl2 mjzinos. [m ijikio ho ogoptokiûj o hos jumvos jmkmsigogms jmkmsigogms y kor koroktmrîst oktmrîstikos ikos `isil `isilhûeikos hûeikos gmh jumvl nmgil. Mh e ms prlhljeogl y   ms juho (tk8888tn). juho (tk8888tn). •   Tujtl gm okmhmrokiûj2  Ms uj pmrilgl klrtl gm timnpl mj mh kuoh sm ijikio ho gmerogokiûj gm jutrimjtms y ho rmprlgukkiûj. Mh  e  sm oklrto y   ijikio su ounmjtl.

 

3.@osm sm Mxp Mxpljm ljmjki jkioh oh l Hle Hleorî orîtni tniko ko22   Mj ms msto to `osm osm mh ni nikr krllr llreeoj ojis isnl nl sm 3.@o ijkrmnmjto gm nojmro kljstojtm. Mj msto `osm   e   sm oklrto y sm aokm

kljstojtm,  sm ijkrmnmjto gm nojmro oskmjgmjtm hhmeojgl o su vohlr   nïxinl . Mj msto `osm mh nikrllreojisnl kljsunl oh nïxinl nïxinl2 hls jutrimjtms gmh nmgil (tk nmgil  (tk ::::::tn) ::::::tn). . •   Tujtl gm gmsokmhmrokiûj2 gmsokmhmrokiûj2  Mj mstm pmqumÿl timnpl, mh nikrllreojisnl klnimjzo o mxpmrinmjtor koncils ogvmrsls mj su mjtlrjl, klnl ho gisnijukiûj gm jutrimjtms y oporikiûj gm sustojkios tû tûxikos xikos gm gmsmkal l nmtoclhitls, klnl2 ojticiûtikls. ;. @osm Mstokiljorio2  Mj msto `osm  sm nojtimjm kljstojtm y mj vohlrms ohttls, oh ls, mh   e   vo vo prlh prlhlj ljeeïj ïjgl glsm sm hm hmjt jton onmj mjttm gm gmci cigl gl o ho ms msko kosm smzz gm jutr ju trim imjt jtms ms y mh ij ijkr krmn mnmj mjtl tl y ok okun unuh uhoki okiûj ûj gm nm nmto tocl clhihittls pri prino nori rils ls

(tk > tn).

7. @osm gm numrtm y gmkhijokiûj2  Mj msto `osm  gisnijuym grïstikonmjtm

plr ho ohto kljkmjtrokiûj gm nmtoclhitls smkujgorils qum lkosiljoj ho gisnijukiûj gmh junmrl gm nikrllre nikrllreojisnls, ojisnls, mh e sm prlhljeo hhme hhmeojgl ojgl o smr juho (tk8888888tn). juho (tk8888888tn).

 

Ho tmlrîo gm ho joturohmzo y mxprmsiûj notmnïtiko gmh krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl •

  Tmrl gm gmc cigl o ho prmsmjkio gm nïs gm uj jutri rimmjtm mj mh nmgil il,, mh nikrllreojisnl pumgm gmsorrlhhor nïs gm ujo kurvo gm krmkinimjtl y gm okumrgl o mhhl tmjmnls2 kurvos giouxikos y kurvos triouxikos, lcsmrvïjglsm uj glchm l triphm krmkinimjtl krmkinimjtl gm okumrgl o ho kojtigog y tipl gm sustrotl. sustrotl. J` 

J` > Ji

Ji

 

Kurvo gm krmkinimjtl Wriouxikos

Krmkinimjtl slcrm mh ohnigûj Oeltonimjtl gm ho hoktlso

J` > Ji

J` > Ji

Ji

J` 

 

Ho tmlrîo gm ho joturohmzo y mxprmsiûj notmnïtiko gmh krmkinimjtl nikrlciojl •

 Mj uj sistmno gm trotonimjtl gljgm mh o`humjtm y mh m`humjtm ms pmrnojmjtm ykr kljstojtm gmsorrlhho su kurvo krmk mkin inim imjt jtl l kogo y vo nikrllreojisnl o gm gmpm pmjg jgmr mr gm prmsmjtm hl hlss gi gi``mr mrmj mjtm tmss `ok oktl tlrm rmssprlpio onci oncimj mjt toh ohms msgmy jutrikiljohms, kogo ujo gm hos kurvos sm vo o ijtmrsmktor gm okumrgl o ho kojtigog y tipl gm jutrimjtms gispljichms.

 

Trlchmnos2 •

typai , gm  Toro ho 3?.51x?4 kousor ho1 ti`ligmo plr sm kousor rmquimrm ijemrir oho nmjls coktmrios. [m [ohnljmhho tlno ho gmkisiûj ho ti`ligmo ujo pmrsljo Q, poro hl kuoh sm ijlkuhû 3;.95 x ?4 3 coktmrios mj uj vosl klj 33= nh. gm buel gm nojzojo, si mh timnpl gm emjmrokiûj ms gm 33.55 nij. ¼Gmspués gm kuïjtl timnpl sm gmcmrï gor mh buel o ho

pmrsl pmr sljo jo por poro kou oussorhm rhm ho mj` mj`mr mrnm nmgo gog< g ?39,75;1 er. *Tp+rk > ;31,7;05 er.

 

Ho tmlrîo gm ho joturohmzo y mxprmsiûj notmnïtiko gmh krmkinimjtl krmkin imjtl nikrlciojl nikrlciojl - Trlchmnos Trlchmnos ¼_ué kljgikiljms `isiklquînikos y jutrikiljohms gmcm tmjmrsm mj kumjto poro kogo plch pl chok okiû iûj j koroktmrîstikos< por poro tr troj ojs` s`lr lrno norr mh sust sustro rotl tl aost aostoo mh prlg prlguk uktl tl `ijo `ijoh, h, si sm timj timjmm hos hos sieuimjtms *Nik Nikrll rllre reoji ojisnl snl ?2   Ojom Ojomrl rlcil cil omrlt omrltlhm lhmro rojt jtmm ojomr ojomrlci lcil l mstrt mstrtikt iktl, l, tmrn tmrnû`i û`ihl hl,, okigû`ihl, okuïtikl, `ltlamtmrûtrl`l, lsnû`ihl y quinillreojûtrl`l. *Nikr Nikrllre llreojis ojisnl nl 32   Ojomrlcil Ojomrlcil mstrikt mstriktl, l, nmsû`ihl nmsû`ihl,, jmutrû`ih jmutrû`ihl, l, okigl okigl`ihl `ihl,, okuïtikl okuïtikl,, aohû`ihl giskrmtl, `ltloutûtrl`l y quinilhitûtrl`l. *Nikr Nikrllre llreojis ojisnl nl ;2   Ojomrl Ojomrlcil cil mstrikt mstriktl, l, nmsl`ihl nmsl`ihl,, tmrn tmrnû`ih û`ihl, l, okigû`ihl okigû`ihl,, okuï okuïtikl tikl,, amtmrûtrl`l y quinilhitûtrl`l. [ustrotl ijikioh [ustrotl C Trlguktl `ijoh [ustrotl O

 

Ho tmlrîo gm ho joturohmzo y mxprmsiûj notmnïtiko gmh krmkinimjtl krmkin imjtl nikrlciojl nikrlciojl - Trlchmnos Trlchmnos • ]j

m`humjtm oerîklho mj su rmklrrigl sm nmzkho klj ujo `ihtrokiûj prlvmjimjtm gm ujo

ijgustrio ojtms gm hhmeor oh kumrpl rmkmptlr. Kogo numstro prmsmjto hos sieuimjtmsnijmro, koroktmrîstikos2 •

  *M`humjtm oerîklho2

*@ihtrokiûj gm ijgustrio quîniko

• Ta

> ?7 • Wro2 34²K • Lxîemjl2 3=% •  Klnpumstls Jitrlemjogls(JA Jitrlemjogls(JA7 y JA;) ocuj ocujgo gojt jtms ms • Klnpumstls @ls`lrogls( ls(T)2 Ocujgojtms • Klnpumstls [uh`urogls([ )2 Ocujgojtm • Oerlquînikls2 Ocujgojtms • Nikrllreojisnls Aohû`ihls giskrmtls2 Nîjinl

-Ta > ; - Wro2 1=²K - Lxîemjl 4% - Klnp Klnpum umst stl l [uh` [uh`ot otog ogls ls22 Ohtl Ohtl - [@m, [Tc, [Kg2 Ocujgojtm

´

o.- Gm okumrgl o hos koroktmrîstikos jutrikiljohms y oncimjtohms, ¼_ué nikrllreojisnls sm mjkumjtroj kogo numstro gm oeuo< c.- ¼_ué koncils oncimjtohms y jutrikiljohms prlpljgrîo poro kogo numstro y nmblror ho koreo nikrlciojo< k.- ¼Kuïhms smrïj hos jumvos koroktmrîstikos oncimjtohms y jutrikiljohms qum prmsmjtm ho jumvo numstro gmspués gm ho nmzkho< g.- ¼_ué koncils l nmblros oncimjtohms y jutrikiljohms prlpljgrîo poro qum ho jumvo numstro smo trotogo sij emjmror prlchmno oheujl<