Wireless Communication Emerging Technologies

Wireless Communication

Bluetooth 1

Bluetooth Bluetooth • Bluetooth is a WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) communications protocol designed by the Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) • Replaces cables connecting many different types of devices • Mobile Phones & Headsets • Heart Monitors & Medical Equipment

2

Bluetooth A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile) • A2DP enables wireless transmission of stereo audio from an A2DP smartphone (or computer) to A2DP headphones (or stereo system)

3

Bluetooth aptX • Supports wireless real-time streaming of high quality stereo audio over the Bluetooth A2DP • Includes proprietary audio codec compression algorithms • Used in various consumer and automotive wireless audio applications

4

Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) • Introduced in Bluetooth v2.0 to support faster data transfer • Supports a data rate up to 3 Mbps • Using reduced duty cycle control, EDR can provide lower power consumption

5

Bluetooth Bluetooth High Speed (HS) • Bluetooth high speed technology was released in April 2009 (in Bluetooth version 3.0+HS) • Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbps, though not over the Bluetooth link itself • Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated 802.11 link 6

Bluetooth Bluetooth High Speed (HS) • +HS part of the specification is not mandatory in Bluetooth version 3.0 • Only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer

7

Bluetooth Bluetooth Spec. Evolution 2.0 2.1 + EDR + EDR

3.0 +HS

4.0

2007 3 Mbps

2009 24 Mbps

2010 25 Mbps

10 m

10 m

50 m

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Specifications

1.1

1.2

Adopted

2002 723.1 kbps

2005 723.1 kbps

2004 2.1 Mbps

10 m

10 m

10 m

Transmission Rate Standard PAN Range Improved Pairing (without a PIN) Improved Security

Yes

NFC Support

8

Bluetooth Bluetooth Feature Evolution 2.0 2.1 + EDR + EDR

3.0 + HS

4.0

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Specifications

1.1

1.2

Voice Dialing

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Call Mute Last-Number Redial Fast Transmission Speeds Lower Power Consumption Bluetooth Low Energy

Yes

9

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 • Bluetooth Specification 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) was adopted in June 2010 • Bluetooth 4.0 includes • Former Bluetooth standards • BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

10

Bluetooth BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) • Defines several profiles (specifications) on how a device can consume very low energy consumption while servicing a particular application • Provide reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a similar communication range

11

Bluetooth BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) • A manufacturer can implement customize specifications for their product • A device can have multiple BLE profiles • Health Care Profiles • Sports and fitness profiles • IPSP (Internet Protocol Support Profile) • ESP (Environmental Sensing Profile) • etc. 12

Bluetooth Bluetooth Beacons • Bluetooth beacon devices transmit a unique ID number that can be read by a Bluetooth receiver, which can be used by an Application on ones smartphone • Bluetooth beacons are now commonly deployed as small devices (many are battery-powered) that broadcasts signals through BLE technology using a Bluetooth low energy antenna

13

Bluetooth Bluetooth Beacons • Smartphone Apps identify the location of the Beacon device and activate location specific information on the smartphone • Beacons are used in many location based applications • Advertisement & Coupon distribution • Home Automation Systems • Transportation Systems • Sport Stadiums, Stores, etc. 14

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.1 • Bluetooth Specification 4.1 was adopted in December 2013 • Incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0 (no hardware updates) • Increased co-existence support for LTE • Bulk data exchange rate support • Device multiple role simultaneous support

15

Bluetooth

REFERENCES 16

References • C. Bisdikian, “An Overview of the Bluetooth Wireless Technology,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 86-94, Dec. 2001. • E. Ferro and F. Potorti, “Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005. • Bluetooth SIG, http://www.bluetooth.org • Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org

Image sources • Bluetooth Logo, By Bluetooth Special Interest Group. (SVG rendering drawn by me, =Nichalp «Talk»=) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

17

Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi Part 1 18

Wi-Fi WLAN • WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a wireless networking technology that links two or more computing devices using a wireless distribution method within a limited local area • Applications Areas: Home, School, Computer Laboratory, Office Building, etc.

19

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi • Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a WLAN technology that allows electronic devices to network mainly using the ISM radio bands • 2.4 GHz UHF (Ultra High Frequency) • 5 GHz SHF (Super High Frequency)

20

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Transmission • 5 GHz offers higher throughput at shorter distances • 2.4 GHz provides increased coverage and improved solid object penetration • Beamforming and other multiple antenna technologies like MIMO are used to increase the date rate and QoS

21

Wi-Fi Wireless AP (Access Point) • A device that allows Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network • AP usually connects to a router or may have built in router capabilities

22

Wi-Fi Example of an AP network

23

Wi-Fi Infrastructure Mode • In infrastructure mode, Wi-Fi devices can • communicate with each other and • communicate with a wired network • BSS (Basic Service Set) • In infrastructure mode, commonly one AP is connected by wire to the Internet, and a set of Wi-Fi devices connect to the AP

24

Wi-Fi Example of Infrastructure mode

25

Wi-Fi Ad-Hoc Mode • Wi-Fi devices or stations communicate directly with each other, without help from an AP (Access Point) è Used where Infrastructure Mode network setup is not needed or not possible • Also referred to as peer-to-peer mode • IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) • Ad-hoc mode network is referred to as an IBSS

26

Wi-Fi Example of Ad-Hoc mode

27

Wi-Fi BSS & ESS • BSS (Basic Service Set) is the basic building block of an 802.11 WLAN • In infrastructure mode, a BSS is formed by a single AP (Access Point) and all associated STAs (stations) • AP acts as a Master and controls all STAs within the BSS

• ESS (Extended Service Set) is a set of two or more BSSs that form a single network è Extends the range of Wi-Fi STA mobility

28

Wi-Fi Example of ESS

29

Smartphones

REFERENCES 30

References • M. Gast, 802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide. O'Reilly Media, 2005. • B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P.T. Sakai, “IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sep. 1997. • E. Ferro and F. Potorti, “Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005. • Webopedia, Extended Service Set, http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Extended_Service_Set.html [Accessed June 1, 2015] • Speedguide, Wi-Fi 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz, http://www.speedguide.net/faq/is-5ghzwireless-better-than-24ghz-340 [Accessed June 1, 2015] • Wi-Fi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org • Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org • William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Ed. Prentice Hall, 2014.

31

References Image sources • Wi-Fi Icon, By Canopus49 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons • USB, By TEL0000 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons • PCI, By Evan-Amos (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons • Laptop PC Icon, By Everaldo Coelho (YellowIcon) [LGPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

32

Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi Part 2 33

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (1/2) 802.11 Protocol

Release Date

Frequency

Bandwidth

Stream Data Rate

802.11-1997

Jun. 1997

2.4 GHz

22 MHz

1, 2 Mbps

20 MHz

6 ~ 54 Mbps

5 GHz

802.11a

Sep. 1999

802.11b

Sep. 1999

2.4 GHz

22 MHz

1 ~ 11 Mbps

802.11g

Jun. 2003

2.4 GHz

20 MHz

6 ~ 54 Mbps

802.11n

Oct. 2009

2.4/5 GHz

20 MHz

7.2 ~ 72.2 Mbps

40 MHz

15 ~ 150 Mbps

3.7 GHz

34

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (2/2) 802.11 Protocol

802.11ac

802.11ad

Release Date

Dec. 2013

Coming in 2016

Frequency

5 GHz

60 GHz

35

Bandwidth

Stream Data Rate

20 MHz

7.2 ~ 96.3 Mbps

40 MHz

15 ~ 200 Mbps

80 MHz

32.5 ~ 433.3 Mbps

160 MHz

65 ~ 866.7 Mbps

2.16 GHz

Up to 7 Gbps

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (1/2) 802.11 protocol

Frequency

Modulation

802.11-1997

2.4 GHz

DSSS, FHSS

802.11a

5 GHz 3.7 GHz

OFDM

Approximate Range Indoor (m)

Outdoor (m)

20

100

35

120

-

5000

802.11b

2.4 GHz

DSSS

35

140

802.11g

2.4 GHz

OFDM, DSSS

38

140

36

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (2/2) 802.11 protocol

Frequency

Modulation

802.11n

2.4/5 GHz

802.11ac 802.11ad

Approximate Range Indoor (m)

Outdoor (m)

OFDM (MIMO-4)*

70

250

5 GHz

OFDM (MIMO-8)*

35

-

60 GHz

OFDM (> 10 X 10 MIMO)

10

10

*MIMO-4 and MIMO-8 represent that the allowable MIMO streams are 4 and 8, respectively.

37

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi uses the ISM Band • ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands are radio frequency bands reserved internationally for the use of industrial, scientific, and medical purposes • Devices using ISM bands will experience interference from other products operating in the same frequency band

38

Wi-Fi ISM Band Frequency range

Bandwidth

Center Frequency

Availability

6.765 MHz

6.795 MHz

30 kHz

6.780 MHz

Subject to local acceptance

13.553 MHz

13.567 MHz

14 kHz

13.560 MHz

Worldwide

26.957 MHz

27.283 MHz

326 kHz

27.120 MHz

Worldwide

40.660 MHz

40.700 MHz

40 kHz

40.680 MHz

Worldwide

433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz

1.74 MHz

433.920 MHz

local acceptance

902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz

26 MHz

915.000 MHz

local acceptance

100 MHz

2.450 GHz

Worldwide

2.400 GHz

2.500 GHz

39

Wi-Fi ISM Band Frequency range

Bandwidth

Center Frequency

Availability

5.725 GHz

5.875 GHz

150 MHz

5.800 GHz

Worldwide

24.000 GHz

24.250 GHz

250 MHz

24.125 GHz

Worldwide

61.000 GHz

61.500 GHz

500 MHz

61.250 GHz

Subject to local acceptance

122.000 GHz

123.000 GHz

1 GHz

122.500 GHz

Subject to local acceptance

244.000 GHz

246.000 GHz

2 GHz

245.000 GHz

Subject to local acceptance

40

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Interference • Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include • IEEE802.15.4 devices: ZigBee, 6LoWPAN • Microwave ovens • Bluetooth • Baby monitors • Cordless telephones • Amateur radio equipment • etc.

41

Wi-Fi Dual Band • Unlike ordinary Wi-Fi equipment that only supports one signal band, dual band is the capability to transmit on the 5 GHz band of 802.11a, 802.11n, and 802.11ac and also the 2.4 GHz band used by 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n

42

Wi-Fi Example of Dual Band

43

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Direct • Wi-Fi Direct devices can connect directly to one another without access to a traditional network • Devices can make a one-to-one connection, or a group of several devices can connect simultaneously

44

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Direct • With optional services, users can send files, print documents, play media, and display screens between and among devices

45

Wi-Fi Tethering (Hotspot) • Tethering refers to connecting one device to another • In the context of mobile phones or Internet tablets, tethering allows sharing the Internet connection of the phone or tablet with other devices such as laptops

46

Wi-Fi Tethering (Hotspot) • A Wi-Fi STA can make connection to the Internet by connecting to a smartphone using Wi-Fi

47

Smartphones

REFERENCES 48

References • M. Gast, 802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide. O'Reilly Media, 2005. • B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P.T. Sakai, “IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sep. 1997. • E. Ferro and F. Potorti, “Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005. • Webopedia, Extended Service Set, http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Extended_Service_Set.html [Accessed June 1, 2015] • Speedguide, Wi-Fi 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz, http://www.speedguide.net/faq/is-5ghzwireless-better-than-24ghz-340 [Accessed June 1, 2015] • Wi-Fi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org • Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org • William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Ed. Prentice Hall, 2014.

49

References Image sources • Wi-Fi Icon, By Canopus49 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons • USB, By TEL0000 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons • PCI, By Evan-Amos (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons • Laptop PC Icon, By Everaldo Coelho (YellowIcon) [LGPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

50

Mobile Communication

Mobile Communications Handover 51

Mobile Communications Mobile Phone Evolution • 1st Generation (1G) • AMPS •

2nd Generation (2G) • GSM, IS-95 (cdmaOne)

• 3rd Generation (3G) • UMTS (WCDMA), CDMA2000 • 4th Generation (4G) • LTE-A 52

Mobile Communications Downlink & Uplink

53

Mobile Communications Handover

54

Mobile Communications Handover

55

Mobile Communications Handover

56

Mobile Communications Handover

57

Mobile Communications Handover

58

Mobile Communications Handover

59

Mobile Communications

REFERENCES 60

References • H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. • A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation: 2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. • A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation: 2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. • R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2000. • J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003. • H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2000. • “HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets,” Nokia, White Paper, 2008.

61

Mobile Communications

Mobile Communications Evolution 62

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) • 1st Generation (1G) mobile cellular phone • Analog standard using FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) • Developed by Bell Labs • Introduced in North America in Oct. 1983

63

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) • 2nd Generation (2G) mobile cellular phone: Digital system • Introduced in Finland in 1991 • Dominant global standard • Over 90% market share • Operated in over 219 countries & territories 64

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) • GSM uses TDMA & FDMA combined • TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) • FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

65

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) • GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds up to 9.6 kbps, and SMS (Short Message Service)

66

GSM SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) • SIM is a detachable smart card • SIM contains user subscription information and phone book

67

GSM SIM Advantages • SIM enables a user to maintain user information even after switching cellular phones • Or, by changing ones SIM a user can change cellular phone operators while using the same the mobile phone

68

IS-95: cdmaOne IS-95 • IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) is the first CDMA based 2G digital cellular standard • Why CDMA? • CDMA performs well against (narrow band) interference and (multipath) signal fading

• cdmaOne is the brand name for IS-95 that was developed by Qualcomm

69

IS-95: cdmaOne IS-95 • Hutchison launched the first commercial cdmaOne network in Hong Kong in September 1995 • IS-95 traffic channels support voice or data at bit rates of up to 14.4 kbps

70

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • 3rd Generation (3G) mobile cellular system • Evolution of GSM • UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) supports several different terrestrial air interfaces

71

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • Multiuser Access in UTRA can be supported by UTRA-FDD or UTRA-TDD • FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) • TDD (Time Division Duplex)

72

UMTS: WCDMA WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) • 3rd Generation (3G) mobile cellular system that uses the UTRA-FDD mode • 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Release 99 • Up to 2 Mbps data rate

73

UMTS: WCDMA WCDMA • First commercial network opened in Japan is 2001 • Seamless mobility for voice and packet data applications • QoS (Quality of Service) differentiation for high efficiency of service delivery • Simultaneous voice and data support • Interworks with existing GSM networks

74

CDMA2000 CDMA2000 • 3G mobile cellular system • Standardized by 3GPP2 • Evolution of IS-95 cdmaOne standards • Uses CDMA & TDMA • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) • TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

75

CDMA2000 CDMA2000 • Initially used in North America and South Korea (Republic of Korea)

76

CDMA2000 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) enables 2.4 Mbps data rate • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network launched in South Korea on January 2002

77

CDMA2000 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO • Regarded as the first 3G system based on ITU standards • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is the specialized agency for information and communication technology of the UN (United Nations)

78

HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) • Enhanced 3G mobile communications protocol • Evolution of UMTS for higher data speeds and capacity • Belongs to the HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) family of protocols

79

HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) • HSDPA commercial networks became available in 2005 • Peak Data Rate • Downlink: 14 Mbps (Release 5)

80

EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. A (Revision A) • Peak Data Rate • Downlink: 3.1 Mbps • Uplink: 1.8 Mbps • Launched in the USA on October 2006 • VoIP support based on low latency and low bit rate communications

81

EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. A • Enhanced Access Channel MAC • Decreased connection establishment time • Multi-User Packet technology enables the ability for more than one user to share the same timeslot • QoS (Quality of Service) flags included for QoS control

82

HSPA+ Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) • HSPA+ all IP network first launched in Hong Kong in 2009 • WCDMA (UMTS) based 3G enhancement • HSPA+ is a HSPA evolution

83

HSPA+ Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) • Peak Data Rate • Downlink: 168 Mbps • Uplink: 22 Mbps • MIMO (Multiple-Input & Multiple-Output) multiple-antenna technique applied • Why MIMO? MIMO uses uncorrelated multiple antennas both at the transmitter and receiver to increase the data rate while using the same signal bandwidth as a single antenna system.

84

HSPA+ Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) • Higher Date Rate Accomplished by • MIMO multiple-antenna technique • Higher order modulation (64QAM) • Dual-Cell HSDPA is used to combine multiple cells into one

85

EV-DO Rev B EV-DO Rev. B (Revision B) • EV-DO Rev. B was first deployed in Indonesia on January 2010 • Multi-Carrier evolution of Rev. A • Higher data rates per carrier • Downlink Peak • 4.9 Mbps per carrier • Uplink Peak • 1.8 Mbps per carrier 86

EV-DO Rev B EV-DO Rev. B • Reduced latency from statistical multiplexing across channels è Reduced delay è Improved QoS • Longer talk-time & standby time • Hybrid frequency re-use & Reduced interference at Cell Edges and Adjacent Sectors è Improved QoS at the Cell Edge

87

EV-DO Rev B EV-DO Rev. B • More Efficient Asymmetric Data Rate Support • Downlink ≠ Uplink Data Rates • Asymmetric Service Examples • File transfer • Web browsing • Multimedia content delivery • etc.

88

LTE Long-Term Evolution (LTE) • LTE launched in North American on September 2010 with the Samsung SCH-R900 • Deployed on both GSM and the CDMA mobile operators

89

LTE Long-Term Evolution (LTE) • Peak Data Rate (Release 8) • Downlink: 300 Mbps • Uplink: 75 Mbps

90

LTE-A LTE-A (LTE-Advanced) • Considered as a 4G technology based on the ITU-R IMT-Advanced process • Peak Data Rate (Release 10) • Downlink: 3 Gbps • Uplink: 1.5 Gbps

91

LTE-A LTE-A (LTE-Advanced) • LTE-A incorporates higher order MIMO (4×4 and beyond) and allows multiple carriers to be bonded into a single stream

92

Mobile Communications

REFERENCES 93

References • H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. • A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation: 2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. • A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation: 2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. • R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2000. • J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003. • H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2000. • “HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets,” Nokia, White Paper, 2008.

94

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE Introduction 95

LTE Introduction Table of Contents • LTE and LTE-Advanced Requirements • 3GPP Specification • LTE Architecture • EPC Elements

96

LTE Introduction LTE Requirements • High data rates: Downlink ≥ 100 Mbps Uplink ≥ 50 Mbps • Low latency: Less than 5 ms • High spectral efficiency • Spectrum flexibility 97

LTE Introduction LTE-Advanced Requirements • Higher data rates Downlink ≥ 3 Gbps Uplink ≥ 1.5 Gbps • Higher spectral efficiency 16 bps/Hz in Release 8 30 bps/Hz in Release 10 • Increased number of simultaneously active subscribers • Improved performance at cell edges è At least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell

98

LTE Introduction 3GPP Specifications LTE (Rel-8)

LTE-Advanced (Rel-10 and beyond)

Downlink Data Rate

300 Mbps

3 Gbps

Uplink Data Rate

75 Mbps

1.5 Gbps

Downlink Spectral Efficiency

16 bps/Hz

30 bps/Hz

Uplink Spectral Efficiency

4.32 bps/Hz

15 bps/Hz

Bandwidth

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

Continuous Spectrum

99

LTE Introduction LTE Architecture • EPS network is comprised of the EPC and the E-UTRAN • EPC takes the overall control of the UE (User Equipment) • E-UTRAN controls radio functions

EPS: Evolved Packet System EPC: Evolved Packet Core E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

100

User Data Flow Control Data Flow

LTE Introduction EPC Elements • P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) - IP address allocation for the UE - Mobility anchor for non-3GPP handover - Policy enforcement and QoS enforcement - Packet filtering • S-GW (Serving Gateway) - Packet routing and forwarding - Mobility anchor for inter-eNB handover - Collect information for charging 101

evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB

LTE Introduction EPC Elements • MME (Mobility Management Entity) - User authentication - Roaming - Control and Process the signaling between the UE and the EPC • HSS (Home Subscriber Server) - Database containing the user’s subscription • PCRF (Policy Control & Charging Rules Function) - QoS and charging policy control

102

LTE

REFERENCES 103

References • 3GPP TS 36.300 v12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2,” Mar. 2015. • 3GPP TS 36.331 v12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification,” Mar. 2015. • 3GPP TR 36.814 v9.0.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Further advancements for E-UTRA physical layer aspects,” Mar. 2010. • 3GPP TR 36.913 v12.0.0, “Requirements for further advancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced),” Sep. 2014.

104

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE Components 105

LTE Components Table of Contents • OFDM • OFDMA • MIMO & Precoding • Handover & Packet Forwarding • MBMS 106

LTE Components OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) • Carry data using closely spaced orthogonal subcarrier signals • OFDM is strong against severe channel conditions such as narrowband interference and frequency selective fading • High spectral efficiency and simple channel equalization Subcarriers

Frequency

LTE Components OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) • Assign subsets of subcarriers to multiple users • OFDMA enables adaptive carrier allocation, high spectral efficiency, and little interference between subcarriers User 1 User 2 User 3

LTE Components MIMO & Precoding • MIMO enables reliable operation, large spectral efficiency, and increased data rate by utilizing multipath signal propagation based on multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver • Precoding is used to map the modulation symbols to different antennas

LTE Components Handover & Packet Forwarding • Source eNB decides handover by sending a Handover Command message when the signal of the neighboring eNB is stronger than the current signal • During handover, data loss is prevented by the packet forwarding process that buffers and transfers undelivered data

evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB

Handover Command Forward packets to target eNodeB

Transfer buffered packets after handover

LTE Components MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) • MBMS utilizes the efficient point-to-multipoint distribution feature of LTE for broadcast

Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service = Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

LTE

REFERENCES

References • 3GPP TS 36.211 v12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation,” Mar. 2015. • 3GPP TS 36.212 v12.4.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding,” Mar. 2015. • 3GPP TS 36.321 v 12.5.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification,” Mar. 2015.

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE-Advanced Part 1

LTE-Advanced Table of Contents • ICIC and FFR • DSA • CoMP • Carrier Aggregation • HetNet & Small Cells • SON

LTE-Advanced ICIC (Inter-Cell Interference Coordination) & FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) • ICIC alleviates data rate degradation at cell edges due to inter-cell interference by FFR • FFR separates the frequency bands and allocates the band efficiently to prevent signal interference from adjacent eNBs

LTE-Advanced DSA (Dynamic Subcarrier Assignment) • DSA is an improved resource allocation scheme upon static allocation that dynamically allocate subcarriers considering channel state conditions Channel Gain Channel Gain of User 2

• Due to frequency selective fading, subcarriers have different effect on users, thus DSA can improve QoS (Quality of

of User 1

Service) Assign subcarriers for User 2 Assign subcarriers for User 1

Frequency

LTE-Advanced CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point) • CoMP improves the coverage of high data rate, cell-edge throughput, and system throughput • CoMP coordinates multiple eNBs to communicate with an UE • Increases throughput by reducing inter-cell interference • CoMP Technologies • • • •

CS (Coordinated Scheduling) CB (Coordinated Beamforming) JT (Joint Transmission) DPS (Dynamic Point Selection)

evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

LTE-Advanced CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point) • CS allocates different subcarriers to UEs at cell edge to avoid inter-cell interference

Frequency 1 Frequency 2

Frequency 3 CS (Coordinated Scheduling)

• CB allocates different beam patterns to UEs at cell edge to avoid interference and improves reception performance Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

Beam pattern 1 Nulling

Beam pattern 2 X

CB (Coordinated Beamforming)

LTE-Advanced CoMP (Coordinated Multi-Point) • JT improves the reception performance by receiving data concurrently Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

• DPS selects the TP (Transmission Point) with better channel quality to improve the reception performance TP (Transmission Point) = TX-point (Transmit Point)

Joint Transmission

JT (Joint Transmission) Dynamic Point Selection

DPS (Dynamic Point Selection)

LTE-Advanced CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point) CS Resources

CB

JT

Frequency, Frequency, Frequency Spatial Spatial

DPS Frequency, Time, Spatial

Number of TPs

Single

Single

Multiple

Multiple

Decreases Interference

O

O

X

X

Reception Performance

X

O

O

O

Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

LTE-Advanced

REFERENCES

References • 3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0, “Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4,” Jun. 2010. • 3GPP TR 36.819 v11.2.0, “Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer aspects,” Sep. 2013. • 3GPP TR 36.912 v12.0.0, “Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced),” Sep. 2014. • 3GPP TR 36.808 v10.1.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception,” Jul. 2013. • 3GPP TR 36.823 v11.0.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception,” Nov. 2013. • 3GPP TR 36.902 v9.3.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN); Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions,” Apr. 2011.

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE-Advanced Part 2

LTE-Advanced Table of Contents • ICIC and FFR • DSA • CoMP • Carrier Aggregation • HetNet & Small Cells • SON

LTE-Advanced CA (Carrier Aggregation) • CA combines individual component carriers to increase data rate and capacity of the networks • 3 modes of CA in LTE-A

Intra-band noncontiguous CA and inter-band CA requires an UE to use separate transceivers for each carrier

LTE-Advanced HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) & Small Cells • Solution to increasing traffic demands • Expands network capacity • Small Cell technology is effective •

Small Cell technology can use a small cellular BS (Base Station), which can be installed inside buildings for CRE (Cell Range Extension) and capacity improvement

Coverage Extension

Increase Capacity

LTE-Advanced HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) & Small Cells • Macro Cell provides a few miles of wide area coverage, and Small Cells can be categorized by their coverage, into Microcell, Picocell, Femtocell, etc. • Various techniques to manage heterogeneous networks with the different sizes of cells are required (ICIC, CA, CoMP, SON, etc.)

Small Cell (Femtocell, Picocell, etc.)

Macro Cell

LTE-Advanced SON (Self-Organizing Network) • Manages complex and diverse cellular technology (e.g., Small Cells and HetNet) • Automated network set up and maintenance • SON aims to configure and optimize the network automatically by providing support for: • Expanding number of BSs (base stations) • Diverse network parameter optimization • New evolving wireless technologies

LTE-Advanced SON Functionality • Self Configuration Newly deployed BSs are automatically installed and configured • Self Optimization Network entities adapt to network conditions and optimize the network parameters for resource management, interference control, etc. • Self Healing Network entities automatically detect system failures and apply solutions for the problems

LTE-Advanced

REFERENCES

References • 3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0, “Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4,” Jun. 2010. • 3GPP TR 36.819 v11.2.0, “Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer aspects,” Sep. 2013. • 3GPP TR 36.912 v12.0.0, “Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced),” Sep. 2014. • 3GPP TR 36.808 v10.1.0, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception,” Jul. 2013. • 3GPP TR 36.823 v11.0.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception,” Nov. 2013. • 3GPP TR 36.902 v9.3.1, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN); Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions,” Apr. 2011.