Structures shape the world: How do we make a natural science of society?

 Jarmmeth  Jarmmeth Academy Blk. 39 Lot 12 Ruth St., Francisco Homes 3, Muzon, City o San !ose "el Monte, Bulacan

Structures shape the world: How do we make a natural science of  society?

 # Han$out Re%ort Re%ort or   "isci%line an$ &$eas in Social Science

Su'mitte$ 'y Ma. Christine Irra A. Cabreros 11()ine*eh Su'mitte$ to Mrs. Violeta . Saludar 

March 2+, 2+1

Introduction Science is a 'o$y o kno-le$e -ith $i*erse $i*erse $isci%lines, $isci%lines, -hen -e say science, -e usua usually lly thin thinkk a'out a'out natu natura rall scien science ces, s, -ith -ith cert certain ain iel$ iel$ss such such as 'iol 'ioloy oy,, chemistry, zooloy, 'otany an$ the like. Social science, amon natural an$ ormal sciences, is a ma/or 'ranch o science, too.

!earnin" #b$ecti%es 1.

0amine the leacy o the classical rame-orks in the $e*elo%ment o the aca$emic stu$y o society

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"iscuss "iscuss a'out the oun$in athers o social science science an$ ho- their i$eas im%act %resent theorizin a'out society an$

3.

%erationalize1 the the mean eanin in o stru struct ctur ures es in term erms o hoho- they hey hel% hel% us 2 un$erstan$ social reality .

!et&s 'ecap(   

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o  human society. Social Sciences 4 5he systematic stu$y o *arious as%ects o Society 4 Human 'eins *ie-e$ as a system -ithin -hich the in$i*i$ual li*es. Social science 'eins its roots on ancient %hiloso%hy, -ay 'ack on the #e o  0nlihtenment3. French ch %hil %hilos oso% o%her her -hose -hose i$ea i$eass inl inlue uenc nce$ e$ clas classi sica call Au"ust Au"ustee Comte Comte, a Fren thinkers6 theories, irst use$ the term science sociale to $escri'e the iel$ lon 'eore it -as ormally esta'lishe$ as an aca$emic $isci%line. Social sciences an$ sociolo"y are oten mistaken that they are the same. 7ee% in min$ that social sciences a 'roa$ 'ranch o science an$ is the um'rella term encom%a encom%assi ssin n *ariou *ariouss iel$s iel$s such as anthro anthro%ol %oloy oy,, crimino criminoloy loy,, ethnol ethnoloy oy,,

1

Operatonalize is to put into operaon or use; concreze an abstract concept (e.g. turn an input or an idea into an output or applicaon.) 2

Social realiy   (As a count noun) a reality or fact of life peculiar to a parcular society; specically a phenomenon such as social class religion etc. as e!perienced by a parcular social group;  (As a mass noun) reality as concei"ed by a parcular society or social group dependent on their customs and beliefs. 3 Age of Enlightenment  occurred 1# th$mid 1%th  &entury and 'as considered as the thiners mo"ement. *hey embraced embraced the noon that humanity could be impro"ed through raonal change. *his period produced substanal boos essays in"enons scienc disco"eries la's 'ars and re"oluon.

history, %sycholoy, et cetera. 8hereas socioloy is a stu$y o social %ro'lems an$ it is a iel$ un$er the social sciences.

)hey say *Structures shape the world+ and  *,iscipline shape the beha%ior(+ 

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Structure 4 5he -ay somethin is 'uilt, arrane$, or oranize$. Control that is aine$ 'y reuirin the ,iscipline 4 Control rule ruless or or$e or$ers rs 'e o'ey o'eye$ e$ an$ an$ %uni %unish shin in  'a$ 'a$ 'eh 'eha*io a*ior r a -ay -ay o 'eha 'eha*i *in n that that shosho-ss a -illinness to o'ey rules an$ or$ers.

Social structure is the $istincti*e, sta'le system o social relations that eists in any human society an$ its %atterns. Social structure &t is not concerne$ -ith %eo%le as in$i*i$uals, in rou%s, or in the oranizations ormin the society, nor the ultimate oal o their their relati relationsh onshi%s i%s.. Rather Rather,, social social struct structure ure $eals $eals -ith -ith the oraniza oranizatio tion n o their  their  relationshi%s: ho- they are arrane$ into %atterns. 5hus, the conce%t o social structure assumes that human social relationshi%s are not ar'itrary or coinci$ental, 'ut rather  they ollo- certain %atterns that can 'e i$entiie$. Such structure reulates the interaction interactionss amon mem'ers o the society, society, %ro*i$in %ro*i$in ui$elines -ithin the cultural norms or achie*in the oals $eine$ 'y cultural *alues. ;enera ;enerally lly,, social social struct structure ure mainta maintains ins societ societal al sta'il sta'ility ity.. Ho-e*er Ho-e*er,, -hen -hen the social social structure an$ the societal *alues 'ecome incom%ati'le, the structure must em'race social chane Ho- $oes he or she com%ose his or her  %hot %hoto ora% ra%h h in acco accor$ r$an ance ce to %hys %hysic ical al an$ an$ tem%oral con$itions -here the shootin is takin %lace> 8oul$ there 'e a $ierence i the %hotora%her is emale or male> Ho- a'out i he or she is usin a $ierent technoloy in takin %ictures>

How do we see social reality? How should we see it? How do we intend to chan"e or reform? )heories  are our e%lanatory mo$els -here -e coul$ analyze, eamine an$ inter%ret -hat -e see an$ e%erience a'out lie, society an$ a n$ humanity. humanity.  #cross many $eca$es $e ca$es since the ormal oun$in o  Social Sciences as an aca$emic iel$, there ha*e 'een many orms o social theories?.

inds of Social )heories Contemporary Social )heories !ens !ens:: &n contem%orary@  social science theories, the analoy or theoretical %ers%ecti*es is commonly e%resse$ 'y the -or$ ALens to connote that there are *arious -ays to *ie- somethin. Classical Social )heories Classical social theories %ro*i$e the oun$ation o social science. "ra-in rom a lon lon an$ an$ rich rich inte intellllec ectu tual al tra$i tra$itition on in %hil %hiloso oso%h %hic ical al cent centuri uries es 'eo 'eore re the the ae ae o  mo$ernity D1th(19th CenturyE. 5hose i$eas $e*elo%e$ mainly as a res%onse to the most im%ortant $iscourse o the time: mo$ernity .

Classical /rameworks: 0%olution and /unction -

 Contemporary $ belonging to or occurring in the present; synonymous to modern.  Classical $ relang to the rst signicant period of an area of study. / Modernity refers to a period mared by a 0uesoning or reecon of tradion; the priorizaon of indi"idualism freed freedom om and forma formall e0uali e0uality; ty; faith faith in ine"it ine"itabl able e social social scien scienc c and and techn technolo ologic gical al progr progress ess and and human human perfecbility. 

1nderstandin" the 2ature of Society 3ased on 2ature Human e%olution e%olution is the lenthy %rocess o chane 'y -hich %eo%le oriinate$ rom a%elike ancestors. Scientiic e*i$ence sho-s that the %hysical an$ 'eha*ioral 'eha*ioral traits share$ 'y all %eo%le oriinate$ oriinate$ rom a%elike ancestors an$ e*ol*e$ o*er a %erio$ o a%%roimately si million years. ne o the earliest $einin human traits, 'i%e$alism (( the a'ility to -alk on t-o les (( e*ol*e$ o*er < million years ao. ther  im%ortant human characteristics (( such as a lare an$ com%le 'rain, the a'ility to make an$ use tools, an$ the ca%acity or lanuae (( $e*elo%e$ more recently. Many a$*ance$ traits (( inclu$in com%le sym'olic e%ression, art, an$ ela'orate cultural $i*ersity (( emere$ mainly $urin the %ast 1++,+++ years. Humans are %rimates. Ghysical an$ enetic similarities sho- that the mo$ern human s%ecies, Homo sa%iens, has a *ery close relationshi% to another rou% o  %rima %rimate te s%ec s%ecie ies, s, the the a%es. a%es. Huma Humans ns an$ an$ the the reat reat a%es a%es Dlar Dlare e a%esE a%esE o #rica #rica (( chim%anzees an$ orillas (( share a common ancestor that li*e$ 'et-een  an$  million years ao. Humans irst e*ol*e$ in #rica, an$ much o human e*olution occurre$ on that continent. 5he ossils o early humans -ho li*e$ 'et-een  an$ 2 million years ao come entirely rom #rica.

3efore ,arwin 

5he -or$ homo, the name o the 'ioloical enus to -hich humans 'elon, is Latin or human.

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&t -as chosen oriinally 'y Carl !innaeus in his classiication system.

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5he -or$ human is rom the Latin humanus, the a$/ecti*al orm o homo.

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5he Latin homo $eri $eri*e *ess rom rom the the &n$o &n$o(0 (0uro uro%e %ean an root root dhghem, or earth.

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Linnae Linnaeus us an$ an$ other other scie scienti ntists sts o o his his time time also also consi consi$er $ere$ e$ the the reat a%es to 'e the closest relati*es o humans 'ase$ on mor%holoical an$ anatomical similarities.

Charles ,arwin

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)aturalist Charles "ar-in -as 'orn in 0nlan$, on Fe'ruary 12, 1+9. &n 131, he em'arke$ on a i*e(year sur*ey *oyae aroun$ the -orl$ on the HMS Beale. His stu$ies o s%ecimens aroun$ the lo'e le$ him to ormulate his theory o e*olution an$ his *ie-s on the %rocess o natural selection.  &n 1@9, he %u'lishe$ On the Origin of Species . He $ie$ on #%ril 19, 12, in Lon$on. Lon$on .

)heory of 0%olution 

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"ar-inIs e%osure to s%ecimens all o*er the lo'e raise$ im%ortant uestions. ther naturalists 'elie*e$ that all s%ecies either came into 'ein at the start o  the -orl$, or -ere create$ o*er the course o natural history. &n eith either er case, case, the the s%ec s%ecies ies -ere -ere 'elie 'elie*e *e$ $ to rema remain in much the same throuhout time. "ar-in, ho-e*er, notice$ similarities amon s%ecies all o*er the lo'e, alon -ith *ariations 'ase$ on s%eciic locations, locations, lea$in him to 'elie*e 'elie*e that they ha$ ra$ually ra$ually e*ol*e$ rom common ancestors. He came to 'elie*e that s%ecies sur*i*e$ throuh a %rocess calle$ Jnatural selec selectition, on,JJ -here -here s%eci s%ecies es that that succe success ssul ully ly a$a%t a$a%te$ e$ to meet meet the the chan chanin in  reuirements o their natural ha'itat thri*e$, -hile those that aile$ to e*ol*e an$ re%ro$uce $ie$ o. &n 1@, ater years o urther scientiic in*estiation, "ar-in %u'lically intro$uce$ his re*olutionary theory o e*olution in a letter rea$ at a meetin o the Linnean Society. n )o*em'er 2< 95756;   

Father o cultural anthro%oloy. anthro%oloy. 5ylor is the re%resentati*e o cultural e*olutionism. &n his -orks Grimiti*e Culture an$ #nthro%oloy, he $ei eine$ the conte ntet o the scie cientiic stu$y o  anthro%oloy, 'ase$ on the e*olutionary theories o  Charles Lyell11. He 'elie*e$ that there -as a unctional 'asis 'asis or or the the $e*el $e*elo%m o%men entt o socie society ty an$ an$ reli relii ion on,, -hich he $etermine$ -as uni*ersal.

Ma@ eber 458BD57