Neumatica
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El siguiente trabajo nos muestra lo que la neumática en si nos beneficio en la industria asi como sus propios bemoles,en...
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Neumatica
Hugo Michel Becerra Flores PIW71
Universidad Tecnológica de Ciudad Juárez
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Neumatica
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INTRODUCCIÓN El siguiente trabajo nos muestra lo que la neumática en si nos beneficio beneficio en la industria asi como sus propios bemoles,en este trabajo vamos a hablar ,ver,explicar el por que del uso de la neumática en las diferentes aplicaciones de la industria La perdida perdida de competitividad en muchas de las empresas es la mala planeaci( neumáticos ,electroneumaticos e hidráulicos) todos esto en parte para seguir la metodología LEAN manufacturing pero desde el punto de vista personal del autor mal aplicado ya que a la larga , la falta de mantenimiento,desgaste y p eficiencia de dispositivo no es el adecuado según la aplicación , en pocas palabras esto es cuando lo barato sale caro y hasta cirto punto cuando lo caro no es costeable El descubrimiento consciente del aire como medio - materia terrestre - se remonta a muchos siglos, lo mismo que un trabajo más o menos consciente con dicho medio. El primero del que sabemos con seguridad es que se ocupó de la neumática, es decir, de la utilización del aire comprimido como elemento de trabajo, fue el griego KTESIBIOS. Hace más de dos mil años, construyó una catapulta de aire comprimido. Uno de los primeros libros acerca del empleo del aire comprimido como energía procede del siglo I de nuestra era, y describe mecanismos accionados por medio de aire caliente. De los antiguos griegos procede la expresión "Pneuma", que designa la respiración, el viento y, en filosofía, también el alma. Como derivación de la palabra "Pneuma" se obtuvo, entre otras cosas el concepto Neumática que trata los movimientos y procesos del aire. Aunque los rasgos básicos de la neumática se cuentan entre los más antiguos conocimientos de la humanidad, no fue sino hasta el siglo pasado cuando empezaron a investigarse sistemáticamente su comportamiento y sus reglas. Sólo desde aprox. 1950 podemos hablar de una verdadera aplicación industrial de la neumática en los procesos de fabricación. Es cierto que con anterioridad ya existían algunas aplicaciones y ramos de explotación como por ejemplo en la minería, en la industria de la construcción y en los ferrocarriles (frenos de aire comprimido). La irrupción verdadera y generalizada de la neumática en la industria no se inició, sin
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A pesar de que esta técnica fue rechazada en un inicio, debido en la mayoría de los casos a falta de conocimiento y de formación, fueron ampliándose los diversos sectores de aplicación. En la actualidad, ya no se concibe una moderna explotación industrial sin el aire comprimido. Este es el motivo de que en los ramos industriales más variados se utilicen aparatos neumáticos.
OBJETIVO 1.- Dar a conocer la terminología, metodología ,rentabilidad y demás cosas relativas con la Neumatica 2.-Entender y explicar los diferentes sistemas de la Neumatica ,tanto pros como contras también.
ALCANCE El alcance de este trabajo es demostrar como se puede implementar en si un sistema de automatización y mas que nada ya implementado este que tipo de puntos se tiene que tener en cuenta para que los dispositivos adaptados a la operación,aplicación funcionen adecuadamente , es decir que cumplan con el proposito para el cual fueron diseñados.
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Neumatica
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DEFINIR LAS DIFERENTES PROPIEDADES DEL AIRE COMPRESIBILIDAD El aire comprimido es una de las formas de energía más antiguas que conoce el hombre y aprovecha para reforzar sus recursos físicos. El descubrimiento consciente del aire como medio que nos rodea se remonta a muchos siglos, lo mismo que un trabajo más o menos consciente con dicho medio. Aunque los rasgos básicos de la neumática se cuentan entre los más antiguos conocimientos de la humanidad, no fue sino hasta el siglo pasado cuando empezaron a investigarse sistemáticamente su comportamiento y sus reglas. Sólo desde aprox. 1950 se puede hablar de una verdadera aplicación industrial de la neumática en los procesos de fabricación. A pesar de que esta técnica fue rechazada en un inicio, debido en la mayoría de los casos a falta de conocimiento y de formación, fueron ampliándose los diversos sectores de aplicación. En la actualidad, ya no se concibe una moderna explotación industrial sin el aire comprimido. Este es el motivo de que en los ramos industriales más variados se utilicen aparatos neumáticos cuya alimentación continua y adecuada de aire garantizará el exitoso y eficiente desempeño de los procesos involucrados en la producción. ALGUNAS PROPIEDADES DEL AIRE COMPRIMIDO. Algunas de las propiedades del aire comprimido en la industria son: Disponibilidad.Muchas Disponibilidad.Muchas fabricas e instalaciones industriales tienen un suministro de aire comprimido en las areas de trabajo y compresores portatiles que pueden servir en posiciones mas alejadas.
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Simplicidad de diseño y control control.. Los componentes neumaticos son de configuaracion sencilla y se montan facilmente para proporcionar sistemas automatizados extensos con un control relativamente sencillo. Eleccion del movimiento. movimiento. Se puede elegir entre un movimiento lineal o un movimiento de rotacion angular con velocidades de funcionamiento fijas y continuamente variables pudiendose regular con facilidad dichas velocidades. Economia. Economia. La instalacion tiene un coste relativamente bajo debido al coste modesto de los componentes.El mantenimiento es tambien poco costoso debido a su larga duracion sin apenas averias. Fiabilidad. Fiabilidad. Los componentes neumaticos tienen una larga duracion que tiene consecuencia la elevada fiabilidad del sistema. Resistencia al entrono. entrono. A este sistema no le afectan ambientes con temperaturas elevadas, polvo o atmosferas corrosivas en los que otros sistemas fallan. Limpieza del entorno. entorno . El aire es limpio y con un adecuado tratamiento de aire en el escape, se puede instalar segun las normas de seguridad para el trabajador y personal. Seguridad. Seguridad. No presenta peligro de incendio en areas de riesgo elevado y el sistema no
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Oxígeno: 22% Dióxido de carbono y otros gases: 1% El aire tiene la capacidad de retener una cierta cantidad de vapor de agua en relación a su temperatura. A menor temperatura, menor cantidad de vapor y a mayor temperatura, mayor cantidad de vapor de agua; si mantenemos este a una presión atmosférica constante. También se considera que es un método para controlar las propiedades térmicas del aire húmedo y se representa mediante el diagrama psicrométrico. Usos Es útil para la conservación de alimentos en cámaras frigoríficas, climatización de locales, procesos de secado, y fabricación de medicamentos. Diagrama psicométrico Es un diagrama que relaciona múltiples parámetros relacionados con una mezcla de aire húmedo: temperatura, humedad relativa, humedad absoluta, punto de rocío, entalpía específica o calor total, calor sensible, calor latente y volumen específico del aire.
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La Psicrometría estudia las propiedades de las mezclas de gases permanentes con vapores condensables. El caso más importante es la mezcla de aire con vapor de agua. Sin embargo, existen otras mezclas de interés industrial, como pueden ser vapores valiosos mezclados con aire o con otros gases permanentes (es el caso de la recuperación de disolventes en instalaciones de pintura). El estudio que se hace de otras mezclas es paralelo al de las mezclas aire–agua, sólo que en lugar de hablar de humedad se habla de saturación. El aire está compuesto de varios componentes (oxígeno, nitrógeno, dióxido de carbono, helio, etc.), que nunca condensan en las aplicaciones habituales. Además, el aire incluye vapor de agua que puede condensar al enfriarse, o que se puede añadir al aire por vaporización de agua o mezcla con vapor. Consideraremos todos los componentes no condensables como aire seco, y el vapor de agua como humedad. 9.8 Tema 9 - Mezclas de gases ideales. La diferencia fundamental del estudio de las mezclas m ezclas aire−agua respecto a las mezclas
de gases es que la base de cálculo no es la masa total del sistema, sino la masa de aire seco; así, en vez de fracción molar se habla de humedad molar, la entalpía específica no es por 1 kg de mezcla sino por 1 kg de aire seco, etc.
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PROCESOS CON AIRE HÚMEDO Se consideran aquí diversos procesos de transferencia de calor y masa en los que interviene una corriente de aire húmedo. La humidificación tiene por objeto aumentar el contenido de vapor de agua de una masa de aire, y se consigue añadiendo vapor (es lo mejor) o añadiendo agua pulverizada (o pasando aire a través de materiales húmedos). La humidificación puede realizarse añadiendo vapor de agua en vez de agua líquida; en ese caso, aumenta la humedad del aire, pero no se produce el efecto de enfriamiento.
IMPUREZAS
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3.-Postenfriador: Es el encargado de eliminar gran parte del agua que se encuentra naturalmente dentro del aire en forma de humedad. 4.-Tanque de almacenamiento: Almacena energía neumática y permite el asentamiento de partículas y humedad. 5.-Filtros de línea: Se encargan de purificar el aire hasta una calidad adecuada para el promedio de aplicaciones conectadas a la red. 6.-Secadores: Se utilizan para aplicaciones que requieren un aire supremamente seco. 7.-Aplicaciones con sus purgas, unidades de mantenimiento (Filtro, reguladores de presión y lubricador) y secadores adicionales. COMPONENTES DE UNA INSTALACION NEUMÁTICA Compresor Deposito (Calderín) Filtro Elementos de medida (manómetro) Válvula de seguridad
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Neumatica CARACTERISTICAS CARACTERISTICAS CONSTRUCTIVAS DE LOS ELEMENTOS MAS COMUNES DE UN CIRCUITO NEUMÁTICO Compresor Son los encargados de comprimir el aire que se toma de la atmósfera. Existen diferentes tipos de compresores en función de la forma de comprimir co mprimir el aire: De pistón (monofásico o bifásico) De tornillo
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CÓMO HACER COINCIDIR COMPRESOR A LAS HERRAMIENTAS NEUMÁTICAS Las herramientas neumáticas, también llamadas herramientas de aire, el paquete más par y potencia que las herramientas eléctricas y, por tanto favorecido por muchos profesionales que necesitan para completar pesados trabajos . Para utilizar las herramientas neumáticas, sólo tendrá que conectar la manguera de la herramienta a un compresor, y coincide con el PSI (presión por pulgada cuadrada) calificaciones por lo que son compatibles. COMPRESOR DE AIRE Compruebe los requisitos del PSI de sus herramientas neumáticas.Usted encontrará esta información en el manual del propietario, en el envase original de la herramienta y, en muchos casos, en algún lugar de la superficie física de la propia herramienta.Si no puede encontrar esta información, tome nota del modelo y fabricante de herramientas, y llame a
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compresor a los requisitos de una herramienta diferente de cuando se está pasando de una herramienta a otra.Adquiera el hábito de doble control para asegurarse de que el PSI de entrar en la herramienta de los partidos de sus especificaciones antes de usarlo. DEPOSITO O CALDERIN Es donde se almacenará el aire antes de ser usado En muchas ocasiones antes de almacenar el aire pasa por elementos refrigeradores para bajar la temperatura del aire que en el proceso de compresión se ha calentado.
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FILTRO REGULADOR DE PRESIÓN Y LUBRIFICADOR Filtro: Tiene por objetivo eliminar las impurezas que pueda tener el aire Regulador de presión: Su función es mantener la presión del aire a la salida sin que le afecten las variaciones en el calderín. Lubirficador. Se encarga de mezclar el aire con aceite antes de ser usado y conseguir asi un mejor funcionamiento de la instalación En ocasiones estos tres componentes se agrupan en uno llamado unidad de mantenimiento.
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Neumatica
16
Especificaciones
Especificaciones Especifica ciones
FRL-200
Medio
El aire comprimido
Diseño Puerto tamaño Manómetro Puerto tamaño
FRL-800 N
Sinntered filtro con separador de agua, el diafragma del regulador, lubricador proporcional 1 / 4 "BSP
1 / 2 "BSP
1 / 8 "BSP
Montaje
Línea de montaje o soporte de montaje
Posición de instalación
Vertical
5
Norma caudal nominal *
1000 litros / min.
2600 litros / min.
Presión máxima de trabajo
16 Bar
16 Bar
Regulador Gama de presión
0,5 a 7 bar Norma 0,5 a 12 bar Norma
0
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Neumatica
17
Medidas con precisión.Un regulador asegura que la cantidad que la cantidad de aceite que es proporcional al caudal. La caída de presión que se produce cuando el flujo de aire a través de una tobera Venturi, se utiliza para transportar el petróleo de un depósito a la tapa de goteo (cúpula (cúpula de vista de alimentación). A partir de aquí, las gotas gotas de aceite a través de un tubo de aspiración aspiración en un paso de aire. A medida que el aceite sale del tubo de aspiración, que es pulverizado pulverizado por por el aire que fluye. El aceite puede puede ser llenado durante la operación.
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Neumatica
18
VÁLVULAS REGULADORAS DE CONTROL Son los elementos encargados de distribuir el aire por los diferentes circuitos. Son los órganos de control del circuito neumático. Se nombran en función del numero de posiciones que tienen y del los conductos por los que puede pasar el aire. Su accionamiento puede ser manual, mecánico, eléctrico o por aire.
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Neumatica VENTAJAS & DESVENTAJAS DE UN CIRCUITO NEUMATICO VENTAJAS
LA SIMPLICIDAD DE DISEÑO Y CONTROL las máquinas están diseñadas con facilidad utilizando cilindros estándar y otros componentes. el control es tan fácil como como simple control on - off tipo. FIABILIDAD los sistemas neumáticos tienden a tener una vida larga la rga de operación y requieren muy
19
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Neumatica
20
LIMPIEZA: LIMPIEZA: cuando se produce escapes de aire no son perjudiciales y pueden colocarse en las líneas, en depuradores o extractores para mantener el aire limpio. ELEMENTOS: ELEMENTOS: el diseño y constitución de los elementos es fácil y de simple conexión. VELOCIDAD: VELOCIDAD: se obtienen velocidades muy elevadas en aplicación de herramientas de montaje (atornilladores, llaves, etc.). REGULACIÓN: REGULACIÓN: las velocidades y las fuerzas pueden regularse de manera continua y escalonada.
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Neumatica
21
Las sobrecargas no constituyen situaciones peligrosas o que dañen los equipos en forma permanente. Los cambios de temperatura no afectan en forma significativa. Energía limpia Cambios instantáneos de sentido
Desventajas 1.1
En circuitos muy extensos se producen pérdidas de cargas considerables Requiere de instalaciones especiales para recuperar el aire previamente empleado Las presiones a las que trabajan normalmente, no permiten aplicar grandes fuerzas
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Neumatica SIMBOLOGIA NEUMATICA
Cilindros
22
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Neumatica
Motor neumático de dos sentidos de giro
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Neumatica
Compresor.
24
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Neumatica
Antirretorno.
25
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Neumatica
Válvula 4/2.
26
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