-Fundición

Procesos de Fabricación Procesos que cambian la forma del material. Procesos de fundición.

Fundici ó  ón   en Arena.

Julio Anaya  Febrero 2008 

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Objetivo:

Mostrar de manera general en que consiste el proceso de fundición en arena.

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Introducción. Fundiciones de Hierro. Es una aleación hierro-carbono que tiene más del 1.8% de carbono, para usos usos indust industriales, riales, el hierro hierro fundido fundido tiene de 2. 2.3 3 a 5 % de carbono. carbono.

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Fundición Blanca

2.5 a 3.5 % C

•Se forma mediante velocidades altas de enfriamiento y dosis relativamente grandes de m magnesio agnesio o azufre. •Se obtienen piezas duras en la periferia y un alma suficientemente resistente. •Las aplicaciones principales suelen ser para piezas que resisten fuertes desgastes: cilindros laminadores, ruedas de vagones, zapatas de freno de ferrocarril, etc

Propiedades mecánicas Dureza Brinell: 375 a 600 Resistencia a la tensión: 20000-70000 lb/plg^2 Resistencia a la compresión: 20000-30000 lb/plg^2 Modulo de elasticidad: 24-28 e6 lb/plg^2

•Esta fundición es muy dura y resistente, es muy frágil por lo que no se puede usar en maquinasherramientas.

•Fundición Gris 3 a 4 % C •Velocidad de solidificación lenta, el hierro debe contener Silicio, •Es fácilmente maquinable, también es frágil.

Propiedades mecánicas (Clase 60 ASTM)

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Fundición en Arena. •Se denomina fundición al proceso de fabricación de piezas, comúnmente metálica metá licas s pero también también de plásti plástico, co, consist consistente ente en fundir fundir un material material e introducirlo en una cavidad, llamada molde, donde se solidifica. •El proceso tradicional es la fundición en arena, por ser ésta un material refractario muy abundante en la naturaleza naturaleza y que, mezclada con arcilla, adquiere adquiere cohesión y moldeabilidad sin perder la permeabilidad que posibilita evacuar los gases del molde al tiempo tiempo que se vierte el metal fundido. fundido. •El método de fundición en arena ar ena es especialmente adecuado para la obtención de formas complicadas. En muchos casos este procedimiento es la única solución técnica a le que se puede recurrir para moldear piezas con machos de formas complejas.

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Proceso

Ventajas

Limitaciones

Arena 

Se puede colar prácticamente cualquier  metal; no hay limite de tamaño, forma o  peso; costo de herramental bajo.

Se requiere algo de acabado;  tolerancias amplias.

Moldeo en cáscara

Buena precisión dimensional y acabado superficial; alta velocidad de producción.

Restricciones en el tamaño de la pieza, se requieren modelos y equipos costosos.

Modelo consumible

La mayor parte de los metales pueden ser fundidos sin limite de tamaño; formas complejas.

Los modelos tienen baja resistencia y son costosos.

Molde de Yeso

Formas complicadas; precisión dimensional y acabados buenos; porosidad baja.

Limitado a metales no ferrosos.

Molde Cerámico

Formas complejas; piezas de tolerancias estrechas; buen acabado superficial.

Tamaño limitado.

Fundición por revestimiento

Formas complejas; acabado y precisión excelentes; se puede fundir cualquier metal.

El tamaño de la pieza es limitado; modelos y moldes costosos.

Molde permanente

Acabado superficial y precisión dimensional buenos; porosidad baja; velocidad de producción alta.

Costo elevado del molde; no adecuado para metales con alto punto de fusión.

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Para lograr la producción de una pieza fundida es necesario hacer las siguientes actividades: •Diseño de los modelos de la pieza y sus partes internas i nternas •Diseño del molde (Arena Verde) •Preparación de los materiales para los modelos y los moldes

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-Fabricación del modelo MOLDEO

-Fabricación del corazón -Sistema de alimentación

ARENA

MOLDE

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Ventajas:

•Amplia variedad de tamaños. •Geometrías de complejidad media y alta. •Válido para cualquier aleación media. •Piezas sin tensiones tensiones residuales*. •Económico: inversión en equipos reducida.

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Arena Sílica: Material cuyo rango rango granulométrico granulométrico comprende comprende de 1/16 a 2 mm de diámetro. Su composición composición química la constituye íntegramente el bióxido de silicio (Si02) La arena arena sílica es el producto producto de la desintegración desintegración de las rocas a lo largo de periodos periodos de tiempo muy largos. Es económica y adecuada adecuada como material material de molde debido debido a su resistencia a altas temperaturas.

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Moldes:

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