FILTROS EN PTAP Y PTAR

Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión INTRODUCCION Las plantas de tratamiento son destinadas al saneamiento del agua e impedir que toda impureza corrompa su servicio en adecuadas condiciones. Dicho de otra manera la fnalidad de estas operaciones es otener unas aguas con las caracter!sticas adecuadas al uso que se les va"a a dar# por lo que la cominación " naturaleza e$acta de los procesos var!a en %unción tanto de las propiedades de las aguas de partida como de su destino fnal. Deido a que las ma"ores e$igencias en lo re%erente a la calidad del agua se centran en su aplicación para el consumo humano " animal estos se organizan con co n

tratami amient entos os %rec %recue uenc ncia ia en trat

de pot potai ailiz lizaci ación ón " trat tratami amient entos os de

depu de pura raci ción ón de ag agua uass re resi sidu dual ales es# aunq aunque ue am amo oss co comp mpar arte ten n mucha uchass operaciones. &l fltro es una estructura %undamental para este propósito# recordando que la fltración es el proceso mediante el cual el agua es separada de la materia en suspensión haciéndola pasar a través de una sustancia porosa. &n la pr'ctica este material poroso es generalmente arena. &ntre los fltros tenemos el( fltro lento de arena )sistema de tratamiento de agua m's antiguo del mundo. Copia el proceso de purifcación que se produce en la naturaleza cuando el agua de lluvia atraviesa los estratos de la corteza terrestre " %orma los acu!%eros o r!os suterr'neos# el fltro r'pido*# el fltro r'pido )en la que los microorganismos microorganismos se almacenan en los intersticios del fltro hasta que se vierten nuevamente en la %uente por medio del retrolavado*# el fltro iológico iológico " el fltro percolador# percolador# material material que pasaremos pasaremos a e$plicar m's m's a %ondo en el presente traa+o.

26

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Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión TABLA DE CONTENIDO

INTRODUCCION...................................................................................................1 TABLA DE CONTENIDO.......................................................................................2 FILTRO...................................................................................................................3 TIPOS DE FILTRACION:.......................................................................................3 FILTRACIN LENTA..........................................................................................3 FILTRACIN LENTA DE ARENA !FLA".........................................................3 FILTRACIN R#PIDA......................................................................................3$ TIPOS DE FILTROS R#PIDOS:.....................................................................32 FILTROS BIOL%ICOS....................................................................................&6 FILTROS PERCOLADORES.............................................................................6' CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................................(1

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Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión FILTRO

DEFINICION: &l fltro es un tratamiento secundario " es uno de los tantos procesos de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales ),-/* que viene precediendo al pre0fltro " es el encargado al igual que sus mecanismos anteriores de rindar# como su propio nomre lo dice# un proceso de fltración a las aguas residuales servidas a una comunidad u otra entidad que tenga la necesidad de tratar sus aguas aguas resid residual uales. es. Los Los l!mite l!mitess permis permisi iles les para para la cantid cantidad ad de coli%o coli%orm rmes es contenidos en las aguas a tratar se ver'n con el avance de este cap!tulo dependiendo del tipo de fltración de la cual estemos halando.  continuación le mostramos los tipos de fltración m's usados en la actualidad.

TIPOS DE FILTRACION:

FILTRACIÓN LENTA 

FILTRACION FILTRACION LENTA 

FILTRACIÓN LENTA DE ARENA (FLA)

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Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión &l tratamiento del agua en una unidad de FLA es el producto de un con+unto de mecanismos de naturaleza biológica y física  los cuales interact1an de manera comple+a para me+orar la calidad microiológica del agua. Consiste en un tanque con un lecho de arena fna# colocado sore una capa de grava que constitu"e el soporte de la arena la cual# a su vez# se encuentra sore un sistema de tuer!as per%oradas que recolectan el agua fltrada. &l 2u+o es descendente# con una velocidad de fltración mu" a+a que puede ser controlada pre%erilemente al ingreso del tanque. !"!" !"!" DE#IFEC DE#IFECCIO CION N EN LA FIL$%A FIL$%ACIO CION N LEN$A LEN$A 1.1.1.PROPIEDADES Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA DESINFECCIÓN MEDIANTE FILTRACIÓN LENTA.

&l fltro lento se caracteriza por ser un sistema sencillo# limpio " a la vez efciente para el tratamiento de agua. Comparado con el fltro r'pido# requiere de 'reas m's grandes para tratar el mismo caudal "# por lo tanto# tiene ma"or costo inicial. Sin emargo# su simplicidad " a+o costo de operación " mantenimiento lo convierte en un sistema ideal para zonas rurales " peque3as comunidades# teniendo en cuenta adem's que los costos por 'rea de terreno son comparativamente menores en estas zonas. La fltración lenta# como se ha mencionado# es un proceso que se desarrolla en %orma natural# sin la aplicación de ninguna sustancia qu!mica# pero requiere un uen dise3o# as! como una apropiada operación " cuidadoso mantenimiento para no a%ectar el mecanismo mecanismo iológico del fltro ni reducir la efciencia de remoción microiológica. 4uisman 5 6ood descriieron descriieron en 789: el método de desin%ección desin%ección por medio de la fltración lenta# como la circulación del agua cruda a a+a velocidad a través de un manto poroso de arena. Durante el proceso# las impurezas entran en contacto con la superfcie de las part!culas del medio fltrante " son retenidas# desarroll'ndose adicionalmente procesos de degradación qu!mica " iológica que reducen la materia retenida a %ormas m's simples# las cuales son llevadas en solución o permanecen como material inerte hasta un susecuente retiro o limpieza. &l agua cruda que ingresa a la unidad permanece sore el medio fltrante tres a doce horas# dependiendo de las velocidades de fltración adoptadas. &n ese tiempo# las part!culas m's pesadas que se encuentran en suspensión se sedimentan " las part!culas m's ligeras se pueden aglutinar# lo que %acilita su remoción posterior. Durante el d!a# a+o la in2uencia de la luz

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Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión solar# se produce el crecimiento de algas# las cuales asoren ió$ido de carono# nitratos# %os%atos " otros nutrientes del agua para %ormar material celular " o$!geno. &l o$!geno as! %ormado se disuelve en el agua# entra en reacción qu!mica con las impurezas org'nicas " hace que éstas sean m's asimilales por los microorganismos. &n la superfcie del medio fltrante se %orma una capa constituida por material de origen org'nico# conocida con el nomre de ;schmutzdecnclu"e lecho de 7.@ soporte. Cu O .@ Di'metro )mm*  d7@ O @.A@ de Dise3o de Filtración Lenta ?FLA& ""@ DI#.O#I$I4O# DI#.O #I$I4O# DE %E6-LACION %E6-LACI ON DE FIL$%O FIL$%O

%esumen de 4alores

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!"+""

Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión

%E,-E%I'IEN$O# .A%A LA IN#$ALACI0N IN#$ALACI0N ,ara la instalación de la planta deen considerarse los siguientes aspectos( a" -bicación Dee estar en una zona accesile# con v!as de comunicación que %aciliten su posterior construcción# operación " mantenimiento. &l agua suterr'nea dee estar ausente o mu" pro%unda. La zona dee ser segura " no estar e$puesta a riesgos naturales o humanos. De pre%erencia# la topogra%!a de la zona seleccionada dee reunir los desniveles necesarios para que el sistema pueda operar totalmente por gravedad. b" As(ectos relacionados con la comunidad &%ectuar estudios sociológicos para determinar las costumres " creencias que puedan a%ectar la aceptación del sistema.

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 Las

Universidad nacional José Faustino Faustino Sanchez Carrión

condiciones del agua cruda que m's a%ectan la efciencia del fltro son la temper temperatu atura# ra# la concen concentra tració ción n de nutri nutrient entes es " de susta sustanci ncias as tó$ic tó$icas as " los a2uentes con turiedad " color altos.  continuación se descrie n revemente( revemente( $em(eratura: Dado que en el fltro se desarrolla un proceso iológico# se ve a%ectado por las variaciones de temperatura " puede reducir @B de su efciencia cuando se opera a menos de ZC. •

•

Concen Concentra tració ción n de nutrie nutriente ntes s ( La velo veloci cida dad d de desa desarrrollo ollo de la %or %orma maci ción ón iol iológ ógic ica a en el fltr fltro o depe depend nde e de la conc concen entr trac ació ión n de nutrientes en el agua# deido a que ésta es la %uente de alimentación alimentación de los microorganismos. Concentra Concentración ción de algas: Las algas son importantes en la %ormación del schmutzdec