Centro de Usinagem e Torneamento CNC. Cristhian Marchi; Hugo Meneses
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1. Resumo Com o presente trabalho, pretendemos expor os principais subsistemas das maquina-ferramentas com CNC, particularmente do Centro de Usinagem e o Centro de Torneamento CNC. Tamb ém apresentaremos uma s érie de aplica ções e vantagens para o uso deste tipo de m áquina ferramenta. ferramenta. A pesquisa em rela ção ao Centro de Usinagem e o Torneamento CNC foram feita mediante a consulta de cat álogo dos principais fabricantes e por trabalhos t écnicos, disponibilizados disponibilizados pelos fabricantes fabricantes ou produzido por professores vinculados a essa área. Dessa forma tentamos apresentar um relat ório que caracteriza com abrang ência essas principai p rincipaiss caracterí sticas, sticas, de forma bem ilustrada e sobre tudo, clara. Palavras chaves: usinagem, maquina-ferramenta, CNC , centro de torneamento, centro de usinagem, produtividade, automatiza çao.
2. Introduçã Introdução o A cada dia mais e mais empresas, tanto as grandes grandes empresas como as pequenas oficinas de usinagem, optam pela compra de uma maquina-ferramenta com ‘’CNC’’, isto é devido a que elas hoje em dia apresentam o mais din âmico processo de fabrica ção . Se bem b em adquirir uma máquina com CNC representa um investimento investimento inicial alto, este investimento é rapidamente compensado graças as vantagens vantagens que elas oferecem em comparação as máquinas convencionais. convencionais. Estas maquinas inovadoras s ão relativamente novas e é o resultado do avan ço tecnológico e das pesquisas sobre maquinas operatrizes comandadas numericamente. Equipamentos Equipamentos com CNC se diferenciam diferenciam principalmente das convencionais convencionais porque n ão necessit n ecessitam am de gabaritos, limites ou cames que proporcionem proporcionem o controle dos movimentos da m áquina. Estes movimentos são comandados comandados atrav és de dados de entrada que determinam determinam os movimentos a serem executados. Os centros de Usinagem e os Tornos CNC s ão exemplos de máquinas-ferramentas comandadas com controle num érico e nas seguintes p áginas apresentaremos as caracter í sticas sticas e o funcionamento funcionamento delas.
3. Histó Histórico
3.1 Origem das maquinas automatizadas
Desde muito tempo atr ás, o homem procurou estabelecer um sistema de linguagem para quantificar atividades gerais.
1
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Com o desejo de aumentar a produ ção, reduzir os custos e uma alta qualidade, se iniciou uma incessante procura, atravessando atravessando fases, tendo sido utilizados variados s í mbolos, mbolos, até que se chegou chegou fase da numeração. O inicio do comando automatizado se relata no ano 1725, onde foi constru í da da a primeira maquina de tecer que realizava realizava suas fun ções automaticamente. Ela recebia os comando atrav és de um cartão perfurado. Essa tecnologia foi aplicada em diferentes campo com o decorrer dos anos. Em 1863, M. Fourneaux patenteou patenteou o primeiro piano automatizado, automatizado, utilizando o principio principio de passar passar ar atrav és de um rolo de papel perfurado , chamandochamando-a a de pianola. Em 1842, Pascal construiu uma calculadora mecânica.
Figura 1 - Primeira maquina de tecer automatizada Fonte: www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/5663481/_Historia-de-generaciones-de-lascomputadoras_.html
Figura 2 - Cartão perfurado
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3.2 O inicio do CNC CNC
O primeiro intento de aplica ção do controle num érico em maquinas operatrizes se remonta ao ano 1949 no laborat ório de Servo Mecanismo do Instituto Tecnol ógico de Massachusetts (M.I.T) associado ao U.S Air Force, onde u ma fresadora de tr ês eixos foi a maquina escolhida escolhida para a experiência. Muitas pesquisas foram promovidas promovidas pela U.S Air –force para a produ p rodução de estruturas de avançados aviões militares a jato, com constru ção em um curto per í odo odo de tempo, entre o projeto e a fabrica ção. Isto foi uma excelente oportunidade oportunidade para testar o controle num érico. Na década de 50 o método pratico para o aumento do rendimento das maquinas convencionais era a adapta ção do controle num érico. Isto requeria um consider ável retrabalho, mas a partir do final dessa década que come çaram a ser produzidas grandes maquina-ferramentas com controle numérico inclu í do. do. A maioria delas d estinadas estinadas as industrias industrias de d e avia ção. Em 1958 os equipamentos com controle num érico foram dotados de um trocador autom ático de ferramentas. Já em 1962, todos os grandes fabricantes de maquina-ferramentas estavam empenhados no controle num érico. 3.3 Principais datas
Segundo Machado Machado (1986) as principais datas datas s ão: 1940- Mark I: primeiro computador constru í do do pela Harvard e pela IBM. 1949- Contrato da Parson com a USAF para se fabricarem maquinas com CN. 1952-Desenvolvimento do sistema de programa ção pelo MIT 1957- Inicio da comercializa ção do CN 1959- Primeira maquinas com trocador autom ático de ferramentas para a venda. 1962- A BENDIX desenvolve o Comando Adaptativo. 1967- Primeira aplica ções de CN no Brasil. 1970- Aplica ção dos primeiros comando CNC 1971- Fabricado no Brasil o p rimeiro torno com CN pela ROMI 1977-Comandos num éricos com CNC usando a tecnologia dos Micro-processadores. 1980- Sistemas flex í veis veis de fabricação são aplicados em larga escala.
4. Comando Numerico
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operatriz, operatriz, de modo que esta, sem a interven ção do operado, realize as opera ções na sequ ência programada. Tamb ém podemos entender o Comando Num érico como uma forma de automa ção programável, baseada em softwares compostos de s í mbolos, mbolos, letras e n úmeros. O código de instruções é formado por blocos de informa ções, que são grupos de comandos suficientes para permitir permitir que a máquina realize uma opera ção individual. Cada bloco tem uma sequência e é executado executado numa ordem num érica. Para entender o princ í pio pio básico de funcionamento de uma máquina ferramenta à Comando Numérico, pode-se dividi-la, genericamente, genericamente, em duas partes: - Uma unidade de assimilação de informa ções, recebidas atrav és da leitora de fitas, entrada manual de dados, micro, entre outros; - Uma unidade calculadora, onde as informa ções recebidas são processadas e retransmitidas retransmitidas às unidades motoras da m áquina ferramenta. O circuito que integra a m áquina-ferramenta ao CN é denominado denominado de interface. O Comando Numérico pode ser utilizado em qualquer tipo de m áquina-ferramenta. Sua aplica ção tem sido maior nas m áquinas de diferentes d iferentes operações de usinagem, como Tornos, Fresadoras, Furadeiras, Mandriladoras Mandriladoras e Centros d e Usinagem. Em este trabalho trabalho em particular estudaremos estudaremos os Centro C entro de Usinagem e Tornos CNC. CNC significa ‘Comando Numérico Computadorizado ’. A distin ção entre CN e CNC é somente com referência ao comando em si. Os programas ser ão sempre chamados de Programas CN. O CNC pode ser além de interrompido, modificado. A m áquina dotada de Comando Numérico Computadorizado tem seus acionamentos controlados por sistema eletr ônico que por sua vez é comandado comandado por um u m computador que auxilia no arquivamento de par âmetros de funcionamento e dados de ferramentas e dimensões de peças também chamado de programa, o programa de usinagem nada mais é do que uma sequência de informações inseridas no comando da m áquina e codificado para o sistema bin ário, e esse é interpretado interpretado por um u m CLP que envia sinais refinados aos motores responsáveis por acionamento dos eixos de deslocamento deslocamento de carros e mesas de máquinas operatrizes.
5. Vantagens da tecnologia CNC Apesar do investimento inicial inicial de uma m áquina-ferramenta quina-ferramenta CNC ser maior que o de uma m áquina convencional mecânica, aquela tem uma s érie de vantagens que, dependendo das peças a serem usinadas, terá uma relação "custo x benef í ício" c io" melhor que a do equipamento equipamento mec ânico. Segundo FERRARI (2006)
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As principais vantagens da tecnologia CNC s ão as seguintes: - Rápida preparaçã preparação o da má máquina, principalmente quando o programa CNC j á estiver
otimizado otimizado e o ferramental de corte dispon í vel vel e os meios de fixa ção disponí veis. veis. - Alta flexibilidade no trabalho. Em função da rápida preparação da máquina, torna-se
econômica a produ ção, tamb ém, de pequenas e m édias séries. - Fá Fácil e rá rápida alteraçã alteração o do programa CNC . Alterações de dimens d imensões da peça de trabalho
e parâmetros de corte, como avan ços e velocidades de corte, s ão realizadas rapidamente mesmo durante a produção. - Correçã Correção o de medidas durante o processo. As corre ções de medidas, devido ao desgaste
das ferramentas de corte, s ão feitas rapidamente pela introdu ção dos incrementos, deixando as peças dentro das suas tolerâncias. - Trabalho com parâ parâmetros de corte otimizados. Como os avan ços dos carros porta-
ferramenta e a rota ções do fuso principal e das ferramentas acionadas s ão programáveis de forma cont í nua nua e sem escalonamentos, é possí vel vel de se trabalhar nas suas condi ções ideais em função do material que est á sendo usinado, das tolerâncias e do grau de acabamento superficial. - Altas rotaçõ rotações es do fuso principal. Esta condição faz com que se atinja tempos de ciclo
mais rápidos e acabamentos superficiais ideais, alem de permitir a usinagem de a ços endurecidos. - Altas velocidades de avan avançço rápido. Esta caracter í stica stica é fundamental para se diminuir
os tempos mortos nas aproxima ções e retrocessos retrocessos das ferramentas de corte. - Aplicaçã Aplicação o de ferramentas de corte de alto rendimento, como metal duro, cer âmica, CBN
e outras de última geração. - Conforto operacional, tanto na prepara ção da máquina, como na sua manuten ção. - Menor necessidade de manutençã manutenção o mecâ mecânica. Como os acionamentos s ão feitos atrav és
de spindle-motors e servo-motores de alto rendimento, fica dispensado o uso de caixas de câmbio, trens de engrenagens, embreagens e outros elementos mec ânicos de máquinas.
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6. M á quinas CNC X Má M á quinas Convencionais Usar uma máquina CNC não significa substituir o operador por um computador, pode-se fazer qualquer coisa que se faça em uma máquina CNC em máquinas convencionais. As principais diferenças são a produti p rodutividade vidade e repetibilidade das pe ças sendo que em alguns casos a diferen ça de tempos pode ser considerada infinita, pois a complexidade complexidade das pe p e ças pode exigir um empenho sobre-humano sobre-humano do operador. Falando desta maneira pode-se at é entender que o ganho do CNC sobre o convencional n ão é tão grande, por ém isso é um grande equivoco, pois a partir do advento do CNC foi poss í vel vel criar pe ças com geometrias de extrema complexidade em tempo recorde, peças, cuja fabrica ção era possí vel vel apenas nas mãos experientes de um ex í mio mio mestre modelador. - Peças com geometrias complexas. - Peças de grande precisão dimensional. -Peças com alto grau de acabamento na superf í ície c ie usinada. -Em peças que utiliz u tilizando-se ando-se o sistema convencional convencional resultam em grande n úmeros de refugos e retrabalho. retrabalho.
7. Constituiçã Constitui çã o Basica de u ma maquina-ferramenta maquina-ferramenta CNC Em geral uma maquina-ferramenta CNC é composta por tr ês elementos principais. - A maquina (figura 3) -ferramentas -ferramentas que usinam a p eça (maquina-ferramenta convencional)
Parte Mecânica de Máquina CNC
Figura 3 - Maquina CNC Fonte: www.mundocnc.com.br/avan4.php
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- O comando CNC que coman c omanda da essa usinagem u sinagem..
Figura 4 - O comando comando num érico Fonte: Foto tirada da maquina Charles MCV-955
- Os Servo-Motores. Servo-Motores. Estes giram na veloci v elocidade dade e tempo necess ários para que cada eixo atinja os valores de posi ção e velocidades, estipulados em cada bloco do programa CNC.
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- Eixos de avan ço. -Acionamento -Acionamento de avanço - Dispositivo de medição - Arvore principal. -Meio de fixação da peça - Dispositivos de troca de ferramentas. - Eixos giratórios e demais eixos de avan ço
9. Componentes Basicos da Programaçã Programa çã o CNC 9.1 Painel de Opera ç ã o
O elemento essencial do comando num érico é o painel de opera ção, localizado na m áquinaferramenta e ser á esta interface que receberá, atrav és de alguma forma de transmiss ão de dados, todas as informa ções necessárias para realiza ção de uma opera ção de usinagem u sinagem desejada desejada e tamb ém registrará o andamento da mesma. Os painéis de operação diferem de u m fabricante para outro mas na figura é possí vel vel identificar os principais elementos elementos do painel de opera ção
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10. O Programa CNC
A tecnologia CNC facilitou facilitou o processo de usinagem das pe ças. Ela trousse vantagens na precisão, flexibilidade flexibilidade e repetibilidade repetibilidade nos processos. A principal desvantagem ocorre na dura ção do processo de u sinagem, sinagem, que costuma ter uma longa duração em rela ção aos p rocessos de usinagem convencionais. convencionais. Nas maquinas-ferramentas maquinas-ferramentas com CNC os seguintes passos s ão seguidos: 10.1 Recebimento do desenho
Da mesma forma que no processo convencional, inicia-se com o recebimento do desenho, o qual deve ser analisado e compreendido. O an álise deve ser completo para não deixar de lado detalhes que não estão graficamente graficamente represent rep resentados. ados. 10.2 Desenho em CAD
O ideal seria o recebimento recebimento do desenho em CAD, pois muitas das coordenadas coordenadas necess árias para a programa ção estão implí citas citas nos desenhos desenhos cotados cotados de forma padr padrão. Nesta fase deve-se escolher o ponto zero zero da peca, e no caso o desenho seja recebido em CAD, s ó deve-se localizar o ponto nas coordena c oordenadas das X=0, Y=0 10.3 Planejamento do processo
Esta fase envolve as seguintes tarefas: -Definição do m étodo de fixa ção da peca: Dependendo da peca a ser usinada, nos casos gerais pode-se usar d ispositivos ispositivos de fixa ção como morsa ou grampos. Nos casos especiais deve-se projetar e construir uma peca que atenda as caracter í sticas sticas necessárias para cada situa ção. -Definição dos processos de usinagem e a sequência:
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10.4 Programaçã Programação o
- Funções preparatórias (G): Estas funções são as mais importantes importantes na p rograma rograma ção CNC, porque elas controlam controlam a maneira maneira em que a maquina maquina vai se deslocar deslocar sobre a superf í ície c ie da peça a ser usinada. São também conhecidas conhecidas como G-codes G-codes ou Codigos-G, os valores vão de 00 até 99, cada uma com una função determinada . - Comando M:
É utilizado para indicar à maquina que devem ser realizadas opera ções como; parada programada, rotação do eixo arvore para direita direita ou para esquerda, entre outros. O comando M vai de 00 at é 99, desse jeito permitindo permitindo progra p rogramar mar at é 100 funções auxiliares diferentes. - Comando F:
É o comando correspondente à velocidade de avan ço e vai seguida de um numero de quatro dí gitos gitos que indicam indicam a velocidade velocidade de avan ço. - Comando S: Comando correspondente à velocidade de rota ção do cabe çote principal. É programado diretamente em revolu ções por minuto, minuto, utilizando utilizando quatro dí gitos. gitos. - Comando T Comando correspondente correspondente ao numero da ferramenta ferramenta que vai ser utilizada. A letra T vai seguida de quatro d í gitos, gitos, onde os dois primeiros indicam o numero da ferramenta ferramenta que ser á utilizada e os dois restantes o numero de corre ção das mesmas.
10.5 Execuçã Execução o do processo de usinagem
É nesta fase onda as vantagens do Centro de Usinagem CNC s ão percebidas. O í ndice ndice de produtividade é bem alto em compara ção com as maquinas-ferramentas maquinas-ferramentas convencionais. E desse d esse jeito, com esta vantagem vantagem de r ápida produ ção, e com as facilidades fa cilidades que proporciona proporciona o CNC, vem o
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M= zero maquina Ponto de referencia fixado pelo fabricante fabricante da maquina e q ue n ão pode ser modificado modificado pelo usuário. O ponto M é considerado considerado o origem de coordenadas, coordenadas, e a partir dele s ão medidas todas as dimensões da maquina. R= ponto de referencia Assim como o ponto M, o ponto R é fixado pelo fabricante e n ão pode ser modificado, a partir do qual se comunica ao controle a posi ção da mesa. N= ponto de referencia para montagem da ferramenta
É também determinado pelo fabricante. Est á localizado sobre a base do eixo principal e no eixo guia da ferramenta. É utilizado para estabelecer as corre ções das ferramentas. ferramentas. W= zero peca Ponto estabelecido pelo programador para que sirva de referencia na programa ção de movimentos. Ele pode ser modificado a quantidade de vezes que for precisa pelo programador.
10.6.1 Coordenadas polares
Até agora o m étodo de d etermina etermina ção dos pontos era descrito num sistema de coordenadas coordenadas cartesianas, cartesianas, porém existe uma outra maneira de declarar os pontos, neste caso, em fun ção de
ângulos e centros. O ponto, a partir do qual saem as cotas chama-se “pólo” (centro dos raios).
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10.6.2 Desfaç Desfaçamento zero
Tendo em conta os pontos vistos anteriormente, anteriormente, poder á ser observado que o ponto M nao é muito útil na hora de d e realizar as programa ções porque não tem nada a ver com a peca que sera usinada. Para que esse ponto seja útil, deve ser colocado sobre a peca. Este processo recebe o nome de desfaçamento zero, onde o ponto M é deslocado até o ponto W ( ponto zero da pe ça). Então, depois de ser realizada realizada esta opera ção, o ponto M ter á uma maior utilidade na usinagem da peca e dependera sempre da peça que será usinada.
10.7 Correçã Correção o de ferramentas
A correção de ferramentas serve para simplificar a programa ção. Apesar das mais diversas formas e dimensões das ferramentas usadas, s ó é necessário programar o contorno da pe ça acabada. Com o auxilio de corre ções de ferramentas tamb ém é possí vel vel usinar uma d eterminada eterminada pe ça com diferentes ferramentas, sem fazer altera ções do programa. Durante a programa ção, portanto, deve ser dada aten ção total ás medidas da peça, sendo que as medidas da ferramenta são calculadas apenas durante a usinagem, pelo comando.
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11. Centros de Torneamento CNC Centro de torneamento, tamb ém denominado torno multitarefa, é uma máquina-ferramenta quina-ferramenta de de alto rendimento que conta com um elevado grau de automatiza ção, possibili p ossibilitando tando controlar controlar diversos eixos lineares e circulares e utilizar tanto ferramentas fixas como acionadas, com o objetivo de usinar peças complexas com elevada precis ão por completo. Os principais segmentos segmentos da indústria que usam estes equipamentos equipamentos s ão as indústrias de componentes automotivos, de telecomunica ções, aeroespacial, hidr áulica e pneumática, ferramentarias e, cada vez mais, na área médico-hospitalar, dico-hospitalar, onde são utilizadas para a produção de peças como próteses, parafusos ortop édicos e implantes dentários. Apesar Apesar de o investimento investimento inicial ser maior do que o necess ário para um conjunto de máquinas convencionais convencionais ou mesmo CNC cl ássicas, os resultados em médio prazo são incontestáveis. Os principais motivos pelos quais o s centros de torneamento torneamento s ão utilizados,são a eliminação de operações posteriores, a realiza ção de u sinagens completas completas em uma única máquina, a obten ção de melhor precisão e maior produtividade, a redu ção da mão de obra, a diminui ção significativa da ocupação de espaço, a redu ção dos gastos com a energia el étrica e, finalmente, a produ ção de peças a custos menores. Existem no mercado mercado de m áquinas-ferramenta centros de torneamento dedicados aos trabalhos a partir de barras e outros que trabalham com p lacas de fixa ção para peças de maior porte.
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11.1 Aplicaçõ Aplica çõ e s
Os tornos em geral t êm uma ampla e importante aplicabilidade para a fabrica ção em engenharia. Nesta seção se apresentara apresentara fotos com o intuito de dar uma id éia inicial sobre as aplica ções, através de exemplos especí ficos. ficos. O centro de torneamento torneamento CNC possui d iversas aplicações, destacam-se entre elas usinagens de grande precisão dimensional, peças de grande complexidade complexidade geom étrica e de fabrica ção. As principais vantagens de se utilizar o torno CNC em detrimento de outros tamb ém são os curtos ciclos de trabalho, r ápida preparação da máquina entre uma pe ça e outra.
11.2 Produç Produ ç ã o Flexivel
A diversific d iversifica ação de produtos nas empresas, a r ápida substituição dos modelos modelos produzidos e a forte concorrência internacional fazem com que a produ ção de um mesmo item seja reduzida drasticamente, privilegiando a produ ção flexí vel. vel. Daí a importância das máquinas-ferramenta CNC para viabilizar esse novo formato de p rodução que o competitivo mundo globalizado exige das indústrias. 11.3 Torneamento Duro
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- Alto Grau de Rigidez: O elevado grau de rigidez é de suma importância para que as propriedades anteriores se efetivem, se o sistema sofrer grandes deforma ções a precisão será afetada. Tamb ém com uma elevada rigidez diminuem-se os deslocamentos nos modos de vibração, e faz com que eles aconte çam em freq üências maiores se d istanciando istanciando da faixa d e utilidade, evitando com que as vibrações do sistema atrapalhem o processo. - Elevada Velocidade Velocidade de d e deslocamento de Carros: A elevada velocidade velocidade de deslocamento deslocamento dos carros permite avan ços bastante grandes de modo a diminuir o tempo de usinagem, contribuindo contribuindo significativamente significativamente para o aumento de produ p rodução.
11.5 Subsistemas do Centro de Torneamento Torneamento CNC 11.5.1 Subsistema de Suporte
É responsável pelo suporte de todos os órgãos da máquina. É constitu í do do pelos seguintes componentes: Apoios, barramento e guias. No barramento existem trilhos paralelos que, al ém de suportar pressões do torneamento sem sofrer vibra ções, acoplam as guias, que garantem o alinhamento alinhamento dos cabeçotes fixos e m óveis e permitem que os movimentos movimentos possam ser realizados realizados em um eixo ideal de funcionamento. A base do torno é projetada para ter m í nima nima distorção térmica e absorver o m áximo de vibra ções.
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11.5.2 Guias
Devido à necessidade de executar suas opera ções com grande velocidade e precis ão as guias dos tornos recebem grande aten ção em seu projeto; visando a minimiza ção de vibrações durante a operação, essas vibra ções prejudicam tanto o acabamento superficial e as dimens ões das peças, como o funcionament funcionamento o e a vida da maquina e de suas ferramentas. Evitando substitui substitui ções freqüentes das guias, das ferramentas ferramentas e a gera ção de imprecisões no posicionamento. posicionamento. Guias mal projetadas exigem que a árvore principal trabalhe com menores velocidades, para evitar a geração de vibrações. Dessa forma aumentando o tempo do c iclo de trabalho, al ém de continuar a gerar um maior desgaste das ferramentas ferramentas de corte e prejudicar a qualidade superficial. superficial. Os tornos CNC mais simples usam guias planas e p rismáticas, podendo ser apoiadas sobre colunas de ferro fundido, com nervuramentos internos, proporcionado grande absor ção de vibra ções durante a operação de usinagem. Al ém de tratamentos como tempera por indu ção e retifica ção para assim garantir um contato permanente da mesa sobre o barramento. Dessa forma oferecendo grande rigidez, estabilidade estabilidade e precisão da máquina em opera ções a plena pot ência.
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centro é vazado permitindo permitindo a usinagem u sinagem de barras. O sistema de rolamentos rolamentos é pré-tensionado, minimizando folgas, e trabalha com lubrifica ção permanente. O eixo- árvore é projetado visando uma excelente precisão de giro, com m í nima nima elevação de temperatura dos rolamentos, mesmo operando em regime cont í nuo nuo em altas rota ções.
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11.5.4.2 Pinç Pin ças expansivas
Sua fixação ocorre no nariz da árvore principal e permite a fixa ção de peças mediante a expans ão da pinça inserida dentro do di âmetro interno interno da peça. A expansão é acionada por uma haste dentro da pin ça e da árvore principal sobre o eixo axial por meio de a ção hidráulica. Esse meio de fixa ção permite uma grande estabilidade estabilidade da pe p eça e consequentemente uma usinagem precisa, sendo geralmente empregada em tornos CNC com alimenta ção automática de peças.
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Tipos de placas de fixação: Podem ser encontrados encontrados diferentes tipos de placas para diferentes aplica ções, por exemplo: placas de castanhas independentes, independentes, placas de arrasto, placas de castanhas concêntricas, placa combinada. combinada. - Placas indexáveis: São utilizados para a fixa ção de peças com diversas superf í ícies c ies cilí ndricas ndricas no mesmo plano, que deve ter todas as superf í ícies c ies são usinad u sinadas as sucessivamente, sucessivamente, sendo cada superf í ície c ie torneada ap ós o giro e indexa ção das castanhas. castanhas. O acionamento acionamento do dispositivo de fixa ção é realizado realizado por meio de press ão hidráulica. As indexações são, em geral, a cada 30 °, 45°, 60°, 90° ou 180
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De forma geral o comprimento das barras usinadas usinadas varia entre 8 a t é 80 mm. Por ém essa forma de fixa ção não é suficientemente suficientemente rí gida, gida, dificultando sua opera ção para opera ções de desbaste; d esbaste; dessa forma o uso dos arrastadores frontais frontais é direcionado para opera ções de acabamento. acabamento.
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Figura 20 - Torneamento de desbaste com fixa ção por 3 castanhas castanhas Fonte: www.tornoautomatico.com.br
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11.5.4.6 Lunetas
São utilizadas em tornos universais de cabe çote fixo para dar estabilidade na usinagem de eixos delgados, quando a rela ção comprimento/di comprimento/diâmetro é muito grande. A peça é fixada pela placa de fixa ção e pela contra-ponta e sua regi ão mediana é apoiada pelas lunetas que estão fixadas no barramento do torno, propiciando melhor estabilidade. A pe ça fica
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O processo de medi ção pode ser realizado realizado de forma direta ou indireta: Na maneira direta é posicionada posicionada uma escala de medi ções no carro ou dispositivo a ser medido, um sistema óptico de medição averigua continuamente o posicionamento mediante a tomada das divisões de rastros da escala de medição, transformando esta informa ção em um sinal el étrico e enviando-o ao processador. Nesse m étodo de medição as imprecis ões dos fusos, eixos e sistema de acionamento n ão interferem no valor obtido.
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