Schlumberger Engineer Guide (MWD/LWD)
March 22, 2017 | Author: Onur Deniz Narin | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Schlumberger Engineer Guide (MWD/LWD)...
Description
MWD / LWD Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Tatiana A. Silva
Schlumberger
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
INDEX
1.
DRILLING FLUIDS............................................................................................................................5 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4.
2.
PORE PRESSURE ..............................................................................................................................6 2.1. 2.2.
3.
FUNCTIONS................................................................................................................................... 5 PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................................. 5 PRESSURE LOSS............................................................................................................................ 5 SOLID CONTROL EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................................... 5
SURFACE INDICATION OF OVERPRESSURE .................................................................................... 6 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ............................................................................................................. 6
DRILL STRING ..................................................................................................................................7 3.1. DRILL BITS ................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. BHA - BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY ............................................................................................... 7 3.2.1. Drill Collar ............................................................................................................................. 7 3.2.2. Heavy-weight Drill Pipe ......................................................................................................... 7 3.2.3. Stabilizers ............................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.4. Roller Reamers ....................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.5. Bit Sub .................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.6. UBHO Subs ............................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.7. Pony / Short Drill Collars....................................................................................................... 8 3.2.8. MWD / LWD Tools ................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.9. Jars ......................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.10. Circulation Subs ................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.11. Hole Openers ..................................................................................................................... 8 3.3. DRILL PIPE ................................................................................................................................... 8 3.4. NEUTRAL POINT ........................................................................................................................... 9 3.5. BUOYANCY FACTOR .................................................................................................................... 9 3.6. CONNECTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 9
4.
SENSORS ...........................................................................................................................................10
5.
ETHERNET .......................................................................................................................................11 5.1. 5.2.
6.
TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................................................................12 6.1. 6.2. 6.3.
7.
TOPOLOGIES ............................................................................................................................... 11 SETTING NAME CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................ 11
PROBLEMS.................................................................................................................................. 12 STEPS ......................................................................................................................................... 12 PSAM / ASAP ........................................................................................................................... 12
D&I .....................................................................................................................................................13 7.1. WELL PROFILES ......................................................................................................................... 13 7.2. UTM GRID SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 14 7.3. WELL PLOTS .............................................................................................................................. 15 7.4. SURVEYS .................................................................................................................................... 15 7.4.1. Components .......................................................................................................................... 15 7.4.2. Surveying Tools .................................................................................................................... 15 7.5. INCLINATION .............................................................................................................................. 16 7.6. AZIMUTH.................................................................................................................................... 16 7.7. TOOL-FACE ................................................................................................................................ 17 7.8. D&I DATA USAGE ...................................................................................................................... 17 7.9. FE RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................................. 18
Tatiana A. Silva
2
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7.9.1. Pre-Run................................................................................................................................. 18 7.9.2. BHA P/up.............................................................................................................................. 18 7.9.3. IDEAL................................................................................................................................... 18 7.9.4. Job Execution ....................................................................................................................... 18 7.10. TAKING A SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 19 7.10.1. Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 19 7.10.2. Field Acceptance Criteria – FAC .................................................................................... 19 7.10.3. Roll Test ........................................................................................................................... 19 7.11. SURVEY OUT OF FAC ................................................................................................................. 20 7.11.1. G out of FAC.................................................................................................................... 20 7.11.2. H or Dip Out of FAC ....................................................................................................... 20 7.11.3. 5-Axis Correction............................................................................................................. 20 7.11.4. D-Mag.............................................................................................................................. 20 7.12. DRILLSTRING MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE................................................................................... 21 8.
MWD TELEMETRY ........................................................................................................................22 8.1. SIGNAL GENERATION ................................................................................................................. 22 8.2. MODULATORS ............................................................................................................................ 22 8.3. SIGNAL STRENGTH ..................................................................................................................... 22 8.4. DATA ENCODING........................................................................................................................ 23 8.5. SPT’S ......................................................................................................................................... 23 8.6. DATA MODULATION/DEMODULATION ....................................................................................... 24 8.7. BANDWIDTH ............................................................................................................................... 25 8.8. SIGNAL PROBLEMS ..................................................................................................................... 26 8.8.1. Attenuation ........................................................................................................................... 26 8.8.2. Pump Noise........................................................................................................................... 26 8.8.3. Downhole Noise.................................................................................................................... 27 8.8.4. Electrical Noise .................................................................................................................... 28 8.8.5. Echoes and Reflections ......................................................................................................... 28 8.9. HSPM ........................................................................................................................................ 29 8.9.1. Pump Noise........................................................................................................................... 29 8.9.2. Drilling Noise ....................................................................................................................... 30 8.9.3. Motor Stalls .......................................................................................................................... 30 8.9.4. Downhole Noise.................................................................................................................... 31 8.9.5. Electrical Noise .................................................................................................................... 31 8.9.6. Echoes and Reflections ......................................................................................................... 32 8.9.7. MWD Failure........................................................................................................................ 32 8.10. NO SIGNAL ................................................................................................................................. 33 8.10.1. Dark Blue spectrogram.................................................................................................... 33 8.10.2. Pump noise but no tool signal in the telemetry band ....................................................... 33 8.10.3. Tool at a different mode................................................................................................... 33 8.10.4. Low Signal on only 1 SPT................................................................................................ 33 8.10.5. Low Signal on both SPT................................................................................................... 33 8.10.6. SPT-B............................................................................................................................... 33
9.
MWD TOOLS ....................................................................................................................................34 9.1. ALL TOOLS................................................................................................................................. 34 9.2. POWERPULSE ............................................................................................................................. 35 9.2.1. Components .......................................................................................................................... 35 9.2.2. MMA Considerations............................................................................................................ 35 9.2.3. MEA Sub Components .......................................................................................................... 36 9.2.4. MGR – Gamma Ray.............................................................................................................. 36 9.2.5. MTA Considerations............................................................................................................. 37 9.2.6. MDC Considerations ............................................................................................................ 37 9.2.7. IWOB / MVC......................................................................................................................... 37 9.2.8. Some Specifications .............................................................................................................. 38
Tatiana A. Silva
3
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9.2.9. PPL Jamming ....................................................................................................................... 38 9.2.10. IWOB Calibration............................................................................................................ 39 9.3. TELESCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 39 9.4. DOWNLINK ................................................................................................................................. 40 9.4.1. Legacy................................................................................................................................... 41 9.4.2. Manual Fast.......................................................................................................................... 41 10.
LWD TOOLS .....................................................................................................................................42
10.1. ARC........................................................................................................................................... 42 10.1.1. Some specifications.......................................................................................................... 43 10.1.2. Rt measurement................................................................................................................ 43 10.1.3. Gamma Ray measurement ............................................................................................... 47 10.1.4. ARC 6/7/8 Checklist......................................................................................................... 48 10.1.5. Resistivity Interpretation.................................................................................................. 51 10.1.6. APWD .............................................................................................................................. 52 11.
BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................................58
Tatiana A. Silva
4
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
1. Drilling Fluids Water based Mud Oil Based Mud Synthetic based Mud Pneumatic based Mud
WBM OBM SBM PBM
Water or brine as base fluid Crude oil, diesel as base fluid Pseudo oil as base fluid Air, Foam or natural gas as base fluid
1.1. Functions • • • • • •
Control Formation Pressure Hole Cleaning Suspend Solids. Lubrication and cooling of drill string Gathering information Provide Buoyancy
• Transmit power • Prevent corrosion • Stabilization of the exposed rock formation • Minimize formation damage • Isolate fluid from formation
1.2. Properties • • • •
Density (ppg, g/cc, psi/ft) Rheology: Viscosity and Gel Strength Fluid Loss (Filtration) Inhibition
1.3. Pressure Loss
PStdpipe = PSurf.Eq + PDrill String + PMWD/Motor + PBit + PAnnulus 1.4. Solid Control Equipment • • • • •
Shale Shaker Degasser Desander Desilter Mud Cleaner
Tatiana A. Silva
5
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
2. Pore Pressure 2.1. Surface Indication of Overpressure • • • • • •
Increase in background and connection gas. Gas Ratio C2/C3. Increase in ROP. Presence of splintered cavings at the shakers. Increase in torque and Drag. Reduction in return mud weight.
2.2. Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x Mud Weight (ppg) x TVD (ft)
Tatiana A. Silva
6
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
3. Drill String 3.1. Drill Bits Drill Bits
Roller Cone Bits
By Cutting Structure
Milled Tooth Bits
Fixed Cutter Bits
By Bearing System
Insert Bits
Roller Bearing
Milled Tooth
Journal Bearing
Insert
PDC bits
Natural Diamond
PDC
Diamond Bits
TSP
Impregnated Bits
Natural Diamond
3.2. BHA - Bottom Hole Assembly 3.2.1. Drill Collar • Provide weight • Slick Collars / Spiral Drill Collar 3.2.2. Heavy-weight Drill Pipe • Standard / Spiral 3.2.3. Stabilizers • Integral Blade • Sleeve and Mandrel
Tatiana A. Silva
• Welded Blade • Clamp-On
7
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
• Straight blades or spiral blades • String(box / pin) or Near Bit (box / box) types 3.2.4. Roller Reamers • Substitute for Stabilizers • ONLY run in the BHA between Drill Collars 3.2.5. Bit Sub • It is used when a Near Bit Stabilizer is not required • It can be used to contain one of the following: Float Valve Survey Baffle / Totco Ring 3.2.6. UBHO Subs 3.2.7. Pony / Short Drill Collars 3.2.8. MWD / LWD Tools 3.2.9. Jars 3.2.10.
Circulation Subs
3.2.11.
Hole Openers
HOLE SIZE 36” – 22” 16” – 17 ½” 12 ¼” – 12” 9 7/8” – 8” 6 ¼” – 5 7/8” 5 ½” – 4”
COLLAR SIZE 14 “ – 9 ½” 9 ½” – 8” 8 ¼” – 7 ¾” 6 ¾” – 6 ½” 4 ¾” 3 ½”
TOOL SIZE 11” 9 ½” 8 ¼” 6 ¾” 4 ¾” -
3.3. Drill Pipe
Tatiana A. Silva
8
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
3.4. Neutral Point • Tension = 0 • Stress = 0 3.5. Buoyancy Factor BuoyancyFactor = 1 −
MudWeight ( ppg ) 65.5
BuoyancyWeight = BuoyancyFactor × AirWeight AvaibleWeight = BuoyancyWeight × Cos (θ )
3.6. Connections • For Collars we simply call it a “Connection” • For Drill Pipe it is called a “Tool Joint” Making a Connection: • • • • • •
Keep it dry / clean Apply Dope Stab Tong Placement Screw in Torque
Tatiana A. Silva
9
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
4. Sensors SENSORS Hookload Pump pressure SPT-FA
INPUT
OUTPUT
PSAM
ASAP
WIRES
24 V
4 – 20 mA
2 – 10 V
1–5V
V S+
Torque
24 V
0–3V
0–6V
0–3V
SPT-BE
24 V
6V
6V
6V
SPT-HA
24 V
7V
7V
7V
Depth Encoder
12 V
5V
5V
5V
Pump Stroke
12 V
12 V
5V
5V
V S+ Gnd V S+ SGnd V S+ SGnd Spare V S+ SGnd V S+
Calibration:
Tatiana A. Silva
10
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
5. Ethernet 5.1. Topologies • Bus (serially) • Star (IEH – IDEAL Ethernet Hub) 5.2. Setting name configuration Start → Ideal Utilities → W2KNetConfig Name IDEAL1 IDEAL2 HSPM1 HSPM2 IRCT ICPC
Tatiana A. Silva
Node ASLAV1 ASLAV2 ASLAS1 ASLAS2 ASLAX1 ASLAX2
IP Address 163.185.21.30 163.185.21.31 163.185.21.32 163.185.21.33 163.185.21.34 163.185.21.35
11
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
6. Troubleshooting 6.1. Problems • • • • •
Sensor related Junction Box Related Cabling related PSAM / ASAP related HSPM related
6.2. Steps • • • •
Stop. Assess the situation. Make a plan Do not leave the unit (assuming the cables are connected) Focus your attention on the PSAM / ASAP Trace the problem one step at a time
6.3. PSAM / ASAP • • • • •
Check for correct wiring Check Jumper settings Check fuses Check barriers Check voltages
Tatiana A. Silva
12
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7. D&I 7.1. Well Profiles
Straight Well (Vertical)
S-Type Well
Slant Well (J-Type)
Horizontal Well
Tatiana A. Silva
13
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7.2. UTM Grid System • Divides world into 60 equal longitudinal zones (6 deg wide each) • UTM Grid Reference include: Zone Number + Hemisphere (N/S) • Range of Eastings are: ~200,000m → ~800,000
3°
Tatiana A. Silva
3°
14
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7.3. Well Plots
Displacement East/West
Plane of Proposal
Target Section Horizontal Displacement (HD)
Displacement North/South Plane of Proposal Angle
Closure Angle
Surface Reference Point
7.4. Surveys 7.4.1. Components • Measured Depth • Inclination • Azimuth 7.4.2. Surveying Tools • Inclination only (TOTCO and AnderDrift) • Inclination & Azimuth • MN Referenced (Single Shot, Multi Shot and MWD) • TN Referenced (Gyro)
Tatiana A. Silva
15
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7.5. Inclination • • • •
It is the angle of deviation from vector g Tri-Axial Accelerometers 1000 “counts” = 1g Tg is stable (Roll Test)
Tg = Gy 2 + Gz 2
7.6. Azimuth • It is the angle between North Reference and a horizontal projection of wellbore • Tri-Axial Magnetometers • 1 Tool H = 50 Gammas / 1 NanoTesla = 1 Gamma • Magnetic Dip Angle = Cos-1 (HC/H) (HC = horizontal component) • DIP ≅ 90° → Close to Poles / DIP ≅ 0° → Close to Equator • Th is stable (Roll Test)
Th = Hy 2 + Hz 2
• Magnetic declination is the angle between TN and MN measured from TN Final Azimuth = Mag. Az. + Mag. Declination – Grig Conv.
Tatiana A. Silva
16
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7.7. Tool-Face • Orientate a motor high-side • Low inclination → magnetometers → Magnetic Tool-Face (MTF) • High inclination → accelerometers → Gravity Tool-Face (GTF)
Regular MTF/GTF Switch Low MTF/GTF Switch
MTF Drift < 5° Drift < 2.5 °
GTF Drift > 8° Drift > 3.5 °
Previous 5°< Drift < 8° 2.5 ° < Drift < 3.5°
7.8. D&I Data usage Data
Use
GFH
QA
All G
HFH
QA
All H
DIP
QA
All G, all H
Inclination
Wellpath
All G
Azimuth
Wellpath
All G, all H
MTF
Steering
Gy, Gz, Hy, Hz
GTF
Steering
Gy, Gz
Cont_inc
Steering
Rgx
Gy, Gz
Cont_azi
Steering
Rgx, Rhx
Gy, Gz, Hy, Hz
Tatiana A. Silva
Real-time
Last Survey
Gx, Hx
17
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
7.9. FE Responsibilities 7.9.1. Pre-Run • • • •
Check Calibration of MWD Tool (D&I calibration – 6 months) Check requirements (TN or GN?) Calculate EDI (< 0.5) Program the Tool 7.9.2. BHA P/up
• Measure the Tool-face correction (from ROP to motor scribe line, clockwise, looking downhole) TFC =
ARC × 360 Circ
7.9.3. IDEAL • D&I Inits – Geomag o Inputs: Long, Lat, Date and Elevation o Outputs: Loc G, Loc H, Mag. Dec. and Mag. Dip Angle • Tie In Point • Platform Reference • BHA • DLIS SAVE 7.9.4. Job Execution • SHT o o o o o
Gx ≈ 1000 counts Gy and Gz ≈ 0 Tool G ≈ Loc G Inc ≈ 0 Pay attention: flow rate, standpipe pressure and tur_rpm
• Surveys
Tatiana A. Silva
18
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
7.10.
Taking a Surveys
7.10.1. • • • • • • • •
Procedures
Off Bottom Stop Rotating Work pipe (to remove trapped torque), last movement up. Stop ALL movement, chain down break. Drop pumps below min flow rate until you see signal loss. Bring pumps up above minimum flow. No pipe movement before the pre-cursor. Complete a written survey record 7.10.2.
• • • •
Dez - 2006
Field Acceptance Criteria – FAC
G = Reference ± 2.5 mg (2.5 counts) H = Reference ± 6 counts (300 nT) Mag Dip = Reference ± 0.45o Inc, Az and DLS are based on the previous surveys 7.10.3.
Roll Test
• 4 rotation surveys taken at the same depth (± 1 meter) • Tg must be constant
Tatiana A. Silva
19
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
7.11.
Survey out of FAC
7.11.1.
G out of FAC
Possible causes Pipe Movement (erratic G and H) Failed Sensor (accelerometers: 0 or stuck values) Incorrect MWD Calibration 7.11.2. • • • •
Dez - 2006
What should I do Watch the Driller Repeat the survey Roll Test Checkshot or Benchmark Checkshot or Benchmark
H or Dip Out of FAC
Drillstring Magnetism External source Failed Sensor (magnetometers: erratic values) Incorrect MWD Calibration 7.11.3.
5-Axis Correction
• This method can be used in a sensor failure • It is not recommended: o Gy or Gz in vertical holes, o Gx in horizontal holes, o Hy or Hz when drilling North or South with inclination close to magnetic dip angle. o Hx when perpendicular to magnetic dip angle 7.11.4.
D-Mag
• Only Drill string magnetism can be corrected • It is necessary around 10 “good” surveys
Tatiana A. Silva
20
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
7.12.
Dez - 2006
Drillstring Magnetic Interference
• Acts along the X axis of the tool (effects Hx) • It depends on: • Inclination Horizontal Component (HC) error = Drillstring error * Sin (inclination) • Mag Dip Angle Horizontal Component (HC) = H * Cos (Magnetic Dip Angle) • Direction Error increases when drilling in an east/west direction • BHA
Tatiana A. Silva
21
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8. MWD Telemetry 8.1. Signal Generation 1) Modulator in open position → mud flows through 2) Modulator in closed position → mud flow is blocked 3) Kinetic energy → pressure 4) Varying the speed of rotation → the frequency changes 5) Slowing down or speeding up for a short period → original frequency → the phase changes 8.2. Modulators PowerPulse
SlimPulse
8.3. Signal Strength • Signal power = (signal strength)2 • Signal energy is signal power x time
Tatiana A. Silva
22
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
Signal Strength
GAP
Erosion GAP
Flow Rate LCM Depth Mud Viscosity Mud Solids * Increased mud weight has the same effect as increased flow rate - they both increase signal strength.
8.4. Data Encoding • Binary Phase Shift Keying • Quadrature Phase shift Keying • Minimum Shift Keying
QPSK MSK SymbolRate = 2(Fa-Fb)
180o 1
No shift 0
BPSQ 0 00
90 01 fc-fb/4 * 0
180 11
270 10 fc+fb/4 * 1
* Where fc is the carrier frequency and fb is the bit rate
• • • •
PowerPulse IMPulse TeleScope SlimPulse
QPSK, BPSK, MSK QPSK, BPSK, MSK QPSK, MSK MSK
12/6 bps 6 bps 48/24 bps 1/0.5 bps
8.5. SPT’s • SPT-H / dynamic output → frequencies from 0.5 to 24Hz • SPT-H / static output → frequencies from 0 to 2 Hz
Tatiana A. Silva
23
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.6. Data Modulation/Demodulation Signal → SPT → USP board (ASAP/PSAM) → digital → filters → receiver → binary → frame decoder → data → IDEAL • Data from the MWD tool is sent from downhole as a stream of binary bits. 1’s and 0’s. • A group of 1’s and 0’s is called a WORD. • A WORD can vary in size (typically 2 to 12 bits). • A group of WORDS is called a FRAME. • A Frame is always preceded by a Frame Sync Word and Frame Identification number (FID). Precursor
Survey Frame
Utility Frame
Repeating Frame
Repeating Frame
Precursor: 1 1 1 1 ... 1111 Repeating Pattern
001101011...10 Special Precursor
Survey Frame: Frame Sync
FID
Data
CRC
Utility Frame: Frame Sync
FID
Data
Repeating Frame: Frame Sync
FID
Data
* The survey is taken during the precursor!
Tatiana A. Silva
24
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.7. Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandpass = Fc ± (0.75 x symbol rate) = Fc ± (0.75 x bit rate / bit/symbol) Fc = Carrier FrequencySignal-to-Noise Ratio
Bit Rate (bps) = Symbol Rate x bits/symbol • If the average SNR is > 15 dB then it is safe to double the bit rate • If the bit rate is doubled then the SNR will drop by at least 3 dB • If the SNR drops below 10 dB → reduce the bit rate
Tatiana A. Silva
25
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.8. Signal Problems 8.8.1. Attenuation Factors Mud Viscosity (Max. = 65 cp)
Survey quality
Gas in the Mud Depth Frequency Radiation Loss Flow Rate Pipe ID • The mud viscosity decreases with increasing temperature • Changes in Pipe ID can cause reflex! • WBM – better surveys/SBM – very compressible/OBM – bad surveys 8.8.2. Pump Noise Harmonic =
SPM 60
Information: Flow Rate = FR gpm, the number of pumps is P and a pump gives V gps So… Flow Rate @ each piston =
FR P
SPM = FR @ piston V
Tatiana A. Silva
26
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
SOLUTIONS: • Check the mud conditions (viscosity, gas) • Change the Stroke R • Stagger the pumps (increase the strokes in one and decrease in the other one) • Check the pulsation dampeners (1/3 to ½ of standpipe pressure) • Use Dif. Filter (SPT1 and SPT2 → spacing = ¼ wavelength apart at the carrier frequency) • Pump Noise Canceller • Force retraining • Change band pass • Use notch filter • Try a downlink (telemetry / frequency / bps / FSL) IMPORTANT: If the SPTs are located between 1/8 and 3/8 of a wavelength apart the telemetry waves at each SPT will interfere constructively and result in increased signal strength. Separations of 3/8 wavelength will cause a reduction in signal strength. c = f × λ (c = speed of sound, f = carrier frequency, λ = wavelength) 8.8.3. Downhole Noise • Bit/Drilling Noise • Rotary Noise • Motor Noise SOLUTIONS: • Change Flow Rate (motor RPM) • Change WOB • Change the motor
Tatiana A. Silva
27
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.8.4. Electrical Noise • • • • •
Loose electrical connection Faulty SPT’s Moisture in the AJB Sensor cable near by a power source/cable Ground problems 8.8.5. Echoes and Reflections
• Changes in Pipe ID SOLUTIONS: • Try the Adaptive Equalizer (HSPM) • Use a stronger SPT • Change the SPT position
Tatiana A. Silva
28
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.9. HSPM 8.9.1. Pump Noise
Tatiana A. Silva
29
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.9.2. Drilling Noise
8.9.3. Motor Stalls
Tatiana A. Silva
30
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.9.4. Downhole Noise
8.9.5. Electrical Noise
Tatiana A. Silva
31
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
8.9.6. Echoes and Reflections
Null in telemetry band
8.9.7. MWD Failure
Tool shuts off temporarily
Tatiana A. Silva
32
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
8.10.
Dez - 2006
No Signal
8.10.1.
Dark Blue spectrogram
• Dead sensor. • Bad connection. • Bad wiring 8.10.2.
• Bad PSAM/ASAP • Bad USP board (Check with loop back connector)
Pump noise but no tool signal in the telemetry band
• Tool Dead 8.10.3.
Tool at a different mode
• Bad configuration • Accidental downlink 8.10.4.
Low Signal on only 1 SPT
• Sensor plugged with dry mud • Bad sensor • Bad position 8.10.5. • • • • • •
Low Signal on both SPT
Washout Tool erosion Mud property changes Flow change Air/gas trapped in mud. Changes of ID in pipes 8.10.6.
• SPT on wrong standpipe (dual standpipe rigs) • Sensors should be on the main flow line • Open or leaking valve in surface piping • Tool with a bypass valve above the MWD tool
SPT-B
• Offset: -150 to 150 psi (DSPScope) • Offset = -250 → non connected SPT-B
Tatiana A. Silva
33
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9. MWD Tools 9.1. All Tools SlimPulse
IMPulse
PowerPulse
TeleScope
Retrievable
Collar-Based
Collar-Based
Collar-Based
1-3/4” OD
4-3/4” OD
6-3/4”– 9-1/2”OD 6-3/4”– 9-1/2”OD
Battery Powered
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
35 – 1200 gpm
100 – 400 gpm
225 – 2000 gpm
275 – 2000 gpm
0.1875 – 0.625 Hz 0.25 – 12 Hz
0.75 – 24 Hz
0.75 – 24 Hz
0.5 bps max.
6 bps max.
12 bps max.
48 bps max.
LCM < 50 ppb
LCM < 50 ppb
LCM < 50 ppb
LCM < 50 ppb
Bits Sent
Risk Level
PowerPulse
IMPulse
SlimPulse
1.
2.
Shk>50 G’s
Shk>50 G’s
Shk>50 G’s
0
No Risk
cps < 1
cps < 1
cps < 2
1
Med Risk
1 < cps < 5
1 < cps < 5
2 < cps < 30
2
High Risk
5 < cps < 10
5 < cps < 10
30 < cps < 100
3
Tool Failure Imminent
cps > 10
cps > 10
cps > 100
Tatiana A. Silva
34
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9.2. PowerPulse • The PowerPulse can measure inclination, azimuth, GTF, MTF, transverse shocks and tool temperature. Formation gamma ray, DWOB, DTOR, MVC and APWD are optional • It has downlinking capabilities to change the bit rate, frequency, FSL and telemetry mode • There isn’t power supply for the up-extender in MTF 9.2.1. Components
MMA - M10 Modulator Assembly MEA - M10 Electronics Assembly MTA - M10 Turbine Assembly MDC - M10 Drill Collar MGR - M10 Gamma Ray MDI - M10 D&I MGD - M10 Gamma Ray Dummy MVC - M10 Vibration Chassis MTK_A - M10 Kit MSSX - Saver Subs
9.2.2. MMA Considerations • Rotor/Stator Gap • Zero gap = 0.08” • Oil Level • Reservoir → 360 cc • Oil leak → 0.5 cc • Status flag → 30 cc • Hours remaining → 60 hrs • Flow Configuration • 225 – 2000
Tatiana A. Silva
35
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
• LCM • < 50 ppb • well mixed • pumped w/ toll turned off • Failure • Open position → small drop in the standpipe pressure • Closed position → large increase in the standpipe pressure • Cold Start PPL/ BPSK/ 1Hz/ 0.5bps/ low temp/ jamming at pump up → restart the tool 9.2.3. MEA Sub Components • MEC - M10 Electronics Chassis • LTB → 24 V • ROP → 12 V • MDI - M10 Direction & Inclination Package • D&I is 7.71 ft / 2.35 m from ROP • MGR/D - M10 Gamma Ray/Dummy Package • MVC - M10 Vibration Chassis • MEH - M10 Electronic Housing 9.2.4. MGR – Gamma Ray • Sources of natural gamma ray: thorium, potassium, and uranium • The effect of the potassium (mud) on the MGR cannot be corrected • Plateau type scintillation detector GR→ NaI (thallium)→ light flash→ photocathode→ electron→ photomultiplier→ many electrons→ discriminator circuit • GRHV → at a certain range of high voltages the number of counts registered by the device does not change as the voltage increases (the readings plateau). A value in the middle of this range is then picked as the GRHV for the tool • Corrections: mud weight, collar size (tool size) and bit size • Real time sample rate → 11 sec • The PP averages the GR measurement every 30sec
Tatiana A. Silva
36
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9.2.5. MTA Considerations • Oil Level • Reservoir → 850 cc • Oil leak → 1.5 cc • Status flag → 50 cc • Hours remaining → 33 hrs • Turbine configuration X flow range • 300 - 600 gpm (standard) • 400 - 800 gpm (standard) • 600 - 1200 gpm (standard) 9.2.6. MDC Considerations • • • •
Connection integrity (do not exceed the DLS limits) Connection torque ROP/IWOB port integrity Extender preparation (clean / dry / DC111) • Go / No Go • Resistance ~ MΩ • Fishing diagram 9.2.7. IWOB / MVC
Tatiana A. Silva
37
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9.2.8. Some Specifications Collar Size Pressure Drop Const.*
6.75 16000
8.25 NF 16000 HF 29000
9 / 9.5 29000
* PDROP = GPM 2 × MW ( ppg ) C
9.2.9. PPL Jamming • • • • • • • •
Cycle pumps Rotate, if possible Work the drill string, if possible Vary flow rate Drill ahead for a while Reduce LCM content in mud Change shaker screens Pump the water pill (low-viscosity sweep basically)
Tatiana A. Silva
38
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
9.2.10.
Dez - 2006
IWOB Calibration
• IDEAL → MWD Init • DWOB • Tool 3 ft of the bottom • Pumping and rotating • Wait for the DWOB reading be stabilized • Zero DWOB → YES • DTOR • Stop rotating • Work the drillstring • Tool 3 ft of the bottom • Pumping • Wait for the DTOR reading be stabilized • Zero DTOR → YES 9.3. TeleScope Benefits: • Accurate well Placement • Large power generation capacity • 2 Mb memory Considerations: • IDEAL ≥ 10 • HSPM ≥ 10 • TSIM2 • Can support 80 dpoints • Clock battery must be replaced each 3 months Collar size DLS_rotating DLS_sliding Pressure (Kpsi) Pressure drop const
Tatiana A. Silva
675 4.5 15 25 16000
825 4 12 25 16000
29000
900 3.5 10 25 29000
39
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9.4. Downlink PowerPulse SlimPulse
TeleScope
IMPulse
Legacy
Manual Fast
*
*
* IMPulse requires V8.1_B06 or higher software * PowerPulse requires V8.0_B93 or higher software
PowerPulse SlimPulse
TeleScope
IMPulse
Telemetry
Frequency
Baud Rate
FSL
Record Rate
*
*
Auto DLK Bit Time
VPWD Power
* Only using Manual Fast Downlink
Baud
PowerUP telemetry bit rate (bps): 1=0.5 | 2=0.75 | 3=1 | 4=1.5 | 5=2 | 6=3 | 7=6 | 8=12 | 9=16 Modfreq PowerUP modulator carrier frequency (Hz): 3=0.625 | 4=0.75 | 5=1 | 6=2 | 7=10.5 | 8=12 | 9=13.5 |10=16 | 11=21 | 12=24 Telemod PowerUP telemetry mode: 2=QPSK | 3=MSK
Tatiana A. Silva
40
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
9.4.1. Legacy • Minimum Drop for Downlink 500 Turbine RPM • Low Motor Inhibit Level: 1200 Turbine RPM after the tool is turned ON 1500 Turbine RPM before the tool is turned ON • High Motor Inhibit Level: 4300 to 4700 Turbine RPM (electronics controlled) • Downlink frame 12Hz, 1.5 bps, BPSK 9.4.2. Manual Fast • High state Flow near to your drilling flow rate ~ 500 GPM • Low state Flow of 10% less ~ 450 GPM • Stay in high state for a minimum of 15 seconds before sending a command
Tatiana A. Silva
41
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
10. LWD Tools Measurements: • Resistivity • Density • Porosity • Gamma ray • Annular pressure / temperature 10.1.
ARC • • • •
• • • • • •
• •
Tatiana A. Silva
Electromagnetic propagation tool Collar sizes 3 1/8”, 4 ¾”, 6 ¾”, 8 ¼” & 9” 5 transmitters and 2 receivers Transmitter spacing: Arc312/475: 10, 16, 22, 28, 34 in. Arc6/8/9: 16, 22, 28, 34, 40 in. Dual frequency: 2 MHz and 400 KHz (except older Arc475 tools) 52 MB memory with Motorola chips Annular Pressure While Drilling (APWD) (except Arc475 tools) – 20 Kpsi / 25 Kpsi AIM receiver antenna 30 restivities (2 MHz/ 400 KHz/ Blended) Resistivity Scan-rate: Old → min = 5 sec – used ≥ 6 sec W/MR06 → min = 2 sec – used ≥ 3 sec (MR06 – Low noise tools) Resistivity Record-rate = Scan-rate GR Update-rate = 28 sec
42
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
10.1.1.
Some specifications
Collar size DLS_rotating DLS_sliding Pressure (Kpsi) Pressure drop const 10.1.2. • • • • • • •
Dez - 2006
675 8 16 20/25 121000
825 7 14 16/25 970000
900 4 12 16/25 970000
Rt measurement
Locate hydrocarb. (w/ GR and density porosity) Estimate the volume of hidrocarb. Correlate logs Invasion determination Anisotropy determination Fracture determination Geosteering
Tatiana A. Silva
43
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
Measurements: • Attenuation → better depth of investigation Att = 20Log
A1 dB A2
• Phase Shift → better vertical resolution PS = P2-P1
Phase
Rm Rmc Rxo
→ mud → mudcake → flushed zone
Tatiana A. Silva
Attenuation
Rt Rmf Rw
→ uninvaded zone → mud filtrate → formation water
44
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
Environment: • Resistors in parallel 1 Rmeasered
=
1 1 + Rxo Rt
• Ideal environment Rm > 10 Rt (resistive mud – OBM) Dielectric Constant: • Important at high resistivities ε=
108.5 εr + 5 Rt 0.35
Limitations due dielectric effects: Transmitter Spacing (inches) Resistivity in Ohm.m 16 22 28 34 40 Phase 0.2-200 0.2-200 0.2-200 0.2-200 0.2-200 Attenuation 0.2- 20 0.2- 30 0.2-50 0.2-50 0.2-50 Conductive formation: • More ions to absorb the energy of the wave • ↓ Depth of investigation • ↑ Vertical resolution Resistive formation: • ↑ Depth of investigation • ↓ Vertical resolution
Tatiana A. Silva
45
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
10.1.2.1. Depth of Investigation • • • • • •
It is defined as 50% of IRGF (integrated radial geom. factor) Deeper DOI → less mud effect Long space better than short space transmitters 400 KHz better than 2MHz Att better than PS Resistive better than conductive formation 10.1.2.2. Vertical resolution
• It is defined as the 50% point of the vertical response function • Higher vertical resolution → smaller formation beds / more accurately • Qualitative: the bed can be detected • Correlate logs • Must be corrected before formation evaluation • Quantitative: the toll read at least 90% of the Rt • Correlate logs • Formation evaluation • No transmitting space effect • 2 MHz better than 400 KHz • PS better than Att • Conductive better than resistive formation 10.1.2.3. 400Khz Advantages • • • •
Depth of investigation Less noise signal Less eccentricity effect More sensible to bad calibration 10.1.2.4. Borehole Compensation (rugosity) RT1 (16) RT2 (22) RT3 (28) RT4 (34) RT5 (40)
Tatiana A. Silva
→ → → → →
T1 T1 T2 T3 T3
T2 T2 T3 T4 T4
T3 T3 T4 T5 T5
46
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
10.1.2.5. Borehole Corrections • Bit size • Mud resistivity (at bottom hole temperature) 10.1.3.
Gamma Ray measurement
• Sources of natural gamma ray: thorium, potassium, and uranium • Real-time curves ARC_GR_UNC_RT [GAPI]: Calibrated GR ARC_GR_RT [GAPI]: Calibrated and environmentally corrected GR • Recorded-mode curves GR_ARC_RAW[CPS]: Uncalibrated GR_ARC_CAL[GAPI]: Calibrated GR_ARC_FILT [GAPI]: Calibrated and filtered (averaged) GR_ARC [GAPI]: Calibrated, filtered and environmentally corrected • GR GAIN factor: 0.8 – 1.2 Environmental Corrections: • • • • •
Bit size Tool size Mud weigh Potassium % Barite (ON/OFF)
Tatiana A. Silva
47
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
10.1.4.
Dez - 2006
ARC 6/7/8 Checklist
PRE-RUN 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
Visual inspection Check connections Torque in the sub Torque on the extender Go-no-go Resistance ROP voltages Fishing Diagram
BATTERIES 1) Check the jam nut o-ring 2) Grease 3) Depassivation • Resistors – 4 W / 100 Ohms • OCV → ≥ 21 V • LV → ≥ 19 V PROGRAMMING 1) Test communication 2) Edit job file 3) Load cal record a. Read from tool i. Max Temp = 150 ii. Max Pressure = 20 iii. GRHV and GR Gain → OST iv. No-APWD → POFF = 0 v. APWD 1. APRS ~ 14 psi 2. RPRS ~ 117 psi 3. POFF = RPRS – APRS b. D:\TOOLDATA\Run\ARC → ARC#SN#RUN.CAL 4) Edit configuration – Rates a. System → 5 b. Resis → 6 Tatiana A. Silva
48
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
i. System → you can put 60 ii. Raw_@2M → 6 iii. Raw_@400K → 6 iv. Res_Misc → you can put 60 v. Blend_Res → you can put 0 vi. Others → 0 c. Gamma → 6 i. Gamma → n x 6 ii. CGamma → 0 d. IAB i. No-APWD → 0 ii. APWD → 12 1. Pres_IAB → 12 2. Con_Pres → 12 3. IAB_Frame → 0 5) Edit configuration – Coefficients a. GammaRay → PGR_Rate GR_Rate =
3600 2(dp / ft ) × ROP ( ft / h)
b. DefFreqSel → 1 / 1 6) Edit job profile a. Add b. Forever c. Enter mem. size 7) Initialize the tool 8) F9 9) Status words → F7 10) Check calibration 11) Diagnostic → Recorded mem. → Summary 12) Diagnostic → Snapshot (STATE.DAT)
Tatiana A. Silva
49
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
TLSW ABAM ABBM ABAT ISBS ALTB ARVP ARVN TIMP SCNT ACCL DERR RESS AMC2 AMC4 GRHV PGRA PGRP GRAP APRS ATMP RPRS
Dez - 2006
Tool status word Batteries current (mA) Battery voltage Internal serial bus status error LTB voltage Power supply (V) Temperature Shock count Accelerometer voltage (shock) Data error on ISB bus Resistivity error from res sub-system Amplitude control @ 2 M: T5|T4|T3|T2|T1 Amplitude control @ 400 K: T5|T4|T3|T2|T1 GR high voltage GR_Raw (API) GR_Avarage (cps) GR_Avarage_Real_Time Annular pressure (w/offset) Annular temp. Annular pressure (w/out offset)
0 300 – 400 ~ 10 ≥ 18 V 0 0 10 ± 0.2 -10 ± 0.2 Amb. 0 10 0 0 77777 77777 OST ± 10
~ 14 psi Amb. ~ POFF + 14 psi
POST-RUN 1) Process → Process now 2) Utilities → ASCII Time Frame → Non wave form 3) Utilities → Tech Log ABAM / ABBM / TEMP / ABAT / ALTB / ARCSTAT / SHKLV 4) Check: a. STATE.DAT → compare pre and post run b. DUMP.DAT → elapsed PC time = elapsed tool time c. RESET.DAT → number of resets (must be empty)
Tatiana A. Silva
50
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
10.1.5.
Dez - 2006
Resistivity Interpretation
POLARIZATION HORN
BED BOUNDARIES
• High relative dip angles ( ≥ 50 deg) • High contrast in resistivity • Rps > Rad (spikes) • Long > Short ANISOTROPY
• Thin beds • Rps and Rad will cross • In the middle, Rps will spike • 2MHz is more sensible DIELECTRIC EFFECT
• High relative dip angles ( ≥ 60 deg) • Anisotropic formation • Rps > Rad • Long > Short RESISTIVE INVASION
CONDUCTIVE INVASION
• Sand • Usually OBM (Rmf > Rt) • Rps > Rad • Short > Long BAD CALIBRATION
• Sand • WBM (Rmf < Rt) • Rad > Rps • Long > Short ECCENTRICITY
• Curve separation in Rps (all log) • Long > Short FRACTURING • • • •
OBM Shale Rps > Rad Short > Long
Tatiana A. Silva
• Resistive formations • Rad > Rps • Short > Long
• • • • •
OBM Wet rock Big hole / small tool Only 2MHz is affected (spikes) Mitigation: blended resistivity
51
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
10.1.6.
Dez - 2006
APWD
The Annular Pressure While Drilling (APWD) measures the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column in the annular space and this value may be used to compute circulating and static mud densities Important Information:
Principal Functions: • Monitoring hole cleaning • Monitoring the pressure/fracture gradient w/ ECD • Kick/influx detection Some Concepts: • • • •
Pore pressure (fluid pressure) Fracture pressure (breakdown pressure) Hydrostatic pressure (column of drilling fluid pressure) Leak-off pressure (Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure) o It is defined as the difference between fracture and hydrostatic pressures at the casing shoe • Differential pressure o Difference in pressure the hydrostatic head of the mud column and the formation pore pressure • Surge Viscous mud + BHA going in → mud is forced into the formation • Swab Viscous mud + BHA going out → formation fluid influx to the well
Tatiana A. Silva
52
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
Factors that affect APWD: • • • • • • • •
Mud weight Hole depth (true vertical depth) Cutting load in mud Mud temperature Mud viscosity and gel strength Drillstring speed and rotation rate Pump pressure Mud flow rate and flow regime (Laminar or turbulent flow)
D-points in the utility frame: • To provide ESD during connections o PMAX o PMIN o PESD • To provide a LOT or a FIT o PMAT o PMAX o PMIT o PMIN o ESDT o PESD
Tatiana A. Silva
53
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
EQUIVALENT STATIC DENSITY (ESD) • Pumps turned off ESD =
Annular _ Pr essure [g × (TVD − EHED )]
EQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY (ECD) • Pumps turned on • It is corrected for friction pressure losses in the annulus ECD =
Annular _ Pr essure + Annular _ Pr essure _ Loss [g × (TVD − EHED )]
Annular _ Pr essure _ Loss =
APL [g × (TVD − EHED )]
RETURN TO SEA FLOOR ESD =
ECD =
Tatiana A. Silva
(P
annulus
(P
annulus
− Psea _ water )
g × [TVD − (WD + Air _ gap )]
− Psea _ water )
g × [TVD − (WD + Air _ gap )]
+ Annular _ Pr essure _ Loss
54
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
ESD AND MEASUREMENT
Tatiana A. Silva
55
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
LEAK OFF TEST PTD = SPPA x Gain + Offset Gain =
PMAX − PESD SPPMAX − SPPSTATIC
Offset = PESD − (SPPSTATIC × Gain )
• FIT → Formation Integrity Test • LOT → Leak-off Test • ELOT → Extended Leak-off Test
Tatiana A. Silva
56
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
INTERPRETATION GUIDE
Tatiana A. Silva
57
Engineer Guide (Grade 9)
Dez - 2006
11. Bibliography 1. ENG 1 Presentations; United Kingdom Training Centre, 2006 2. PowerPulse Operations Reference Manual; Barry Cross & Kuatrinnus Wijaya, 2004 3. TeleScope Operations Reference Manual; Kuatrinnus Wijaya, 2005 4. ARC 6/8/9 Uniform Operating Procedures; Schlumberger, 2000 5. APWD Self-Learning Package; Schlumberger, 2001 6. InTouch3866229 –Extended Leak Off Test procedures; Randy Green, 2006
Tatiana A. Silva
58
View more...
Comments