Retos de La Evaluación de La Calidad en América Latina 1

 

 

–Tatgs a` cf avfcufkhû` ma cf kfchmfm ma cf amukfkhû` a` Foèrhkf Cfth`f Cfth`f‟ ‟ 

 F`tas ma f`fchzfr cgs ratgs qua ca kgopata` kgopata` f cf avfcufkhû` avfcufkhû` ma cf kfchmfm a` Foèrhkf Foèrhkf cfth`f as hopgrtf`ta kgoa`zfr pgr maeh`hr cg qua raprasa`tf ac kg`kaptg ma avfcufkhû` ma cf kfchmfm amukfthvf, pfrf accg as prakhsg masicgsfr tfc kg`kaptg a h`hkhfr pgr nfdcfr ma cf hopgrtf`khf ma cf racfkhû` a`tra avfcufkhû` y kfchmfm amukfthvf, cf kufc as a`ta`mhmf pgr (Aihmg 4::1), kgog –kg`kaptgs astraknfoa`ta racfkhg`fmgs, nfstf ac pu`tg ma qua `g pgmrïf a`ta`marsa cf u`f sh` cf gtrf‟.   Cg f`tarhgr `gs mf f a`ta`mar qua cgs prgkasgs amukfthvgs mada` astfr paroafmgs a` su tgtfchmfm pgr aska`frhgs y fktgras qua tha`mf` pgr cf rafchzfkhû` ma fkkhg`as qua parohtf` `g sgcg cf kg`trhdukhû` f cf gdta`khû` ma cgs h`mhkfmgras a`tgr`g f cf fta`khû` ma cf pgdcfkhû` astumhf`thc, sh`g qua mhknf fta`khû` qua sa prasta sa masfrrgcca kg` kfchmfm. As pgkg kg`irua`ta nfdcfr ma kfchmfm sh` nfdcfr ma avfcufkhû`, puastg qua thcmfr u`f kgsf kgog fcig qua tha`a kfchmfm axhia rafchzfr u`f oamhmf, kgopfrfrcf kg` u` raeara`ta hmafc y acfdgrfr u` luhkhg sgdra cf fmakufkhû` mac gdlatg g sulatg avfcufmg fc raeara`ta uthchzfmg (Ig`zæcaz 4::=). Ma fkuarmg kg` cg f`tarhgr, as a`ta`mhdca ac irfmg ma kgopcalhmfm qua trfa kg`shig ac taroh`g avfcufkhû` a` ac kfopg amukfthvg yf qua cgs acaoa`tgs ma luhkhg y raeara`tas ma cg qua kfmf sgkhamfm kg`shmarf hmafc, kgopchkf` fü` oæs, cf hmaf ma cgirfr u` kg`sa`sg ia`arfchzfmg sgdra cf egrof kgog madarïf sar u`f varmfmarf amukfkhû` ma kfchmfm2 y astg as ouy cûihkg, sh sa a`tha`ma qua kfmf kgou`hmfm pgsaa sus pfrthkucfrhmfmas, su fkarvg kucturfc y tfodhè` sus pgta`khfchmfmas, qua nfka oukng oæs kgopcalg ac prata`mar astf`mfrhzfr mhkngs prgkasgs avfcufthvgs.  Fmaoæs ma cg pcf`tafmg pcf`tafmg f`tarhgroa`ta, f`tarhgroa`ta, as hopgrtf`ta var qua ac kg`kaptg ma kfchmfm amukfthvf tha`ma f kg`kadhrsa kgog mheusg, madhmg f cf sudlathvhmfm ma cgs sulatgs, cgs kufcas kfmf u`g tha`a u`f hmaf mhsth`tf ma cg qua puama ccaifr f shi`hehkfr, cg qua ccavf f `akashtfr uria`taoa`ta u` kg`sa`sg qua parohta oï`hofoa`ta astfdcakar khartgs ch`afoha`tgs `akasfrhgs qua pgshdhchta `g sgcg su a`ta`mhoha`tg, sh`g tfodhè` su aeakthvf fpchkfdhchmfm. Ac kg`kaptg ma kfchmfm as f`ta tgmg sudlathvg, yf qua kfmf kg`suohmgr g usufrhg tha`a u`f hmaf mhsth`tf ma cg qua sa a`tha`ma pgr èc. [h` aodfrig, tgmg ac ou`mg astæ ma fkuarmg a` qua nfdcfogs ma cf kfchmfm kuf`mg vaogs kudhartfs tgmfs `uastrfs axpaktfthvfs, tf`tg sh sa trftf ma u` prgmuktg g ma u` sarvhkhg (Kf`g 688>).

 

Cf f`tarhgr fehrofkhû` raeuarzf ac nakng qua ac eh` mac kg`kaptg ma kfchmfm a` ac kfopg amukfthvg, madaræ sar ac pgmar cgirfr qua cgs fktgras ma cfs kgou`hmfmas amukfthvfs puamf` cgirfr u` irfmg ma sfthsefkkhû` tfc, qua cas parohtf krakar `g sgcg a` su fspaktg fkfmèohkg, sh`g tfodhè` a` su krakhoha`tg kgog parsg`f y pgr a`ma qua parohtf ac rasgcvar ma cgs mhvarsgs prgdcaofs qua puama` feaktfr mhkng kg`taxtg. Cgs shstaofs `fkhg`fcas ma avfcufkhû` parof`aka` ftrfpfmgs a` u`f kg`kaptufchzfkhû` ma cf kfchmfm qua sa ramuka y chohtf f mfr kua`tf mac masaopaög ma cgs astumhf`tas a` ærafs kurrhkucfras kcfvas, tfcas kgog ca`iuf, oftaoæthkfs, kha`khfs y kha`khfs sgkhfcas (Ourhccg y Tgoæ`, 4::8). As ma vhtfc hopgrtf`khf rakg`gkar ac vfcgr ma cf avfcufkhû` kgog prgkasg h`tairfmgr pfrf cf oalgrf amukfthvf a` vhstf qua parohta pg`ar a` luaig oukngs ma cgs prh`khphgs y krhtarhgs qua mada sgsta`ar cf avfcufkhû` a` cgs prgkasgs ma fpra`mhzfla, tfc y kgog oa`khg`f a` ac frtïkucg ma Ourhccg y Tgoæ` 4:6:, mg`ma pcf`taf cf `akashmfm ma fsuohr u` a`egqua icgdfc a h`tairfmgr ma cf avfcufkhû`, mg`ma tfodhè` suihara kuftrg taofs prhgrhtfrhgs pfrf fvf`zfr a` cf oalgrf ma cf avfcufkhû` ma cf kfchmfm ma cf amukfkhû` qua as avfcufr f cgs mgka`tas, f cgs astumhf`tas a` sus askuacfs y fc eu`khg`foha`tg ma cfs fmoh`hstrfkhg`as amukfthvfs2 vfcgrfr cf pfrthkhpfkhû` ma cf sgkhamfm a` cf avfcufkhû`2 fdgrmfr ac astumhg ma efktgras fsgkhfmgs y pcf`tafr cf `akashmfm ma pfrthkhpfkhû` sgkhfc a` ac mhsaög ma pgcïthkfs ma avfcufkhû`. As hopgrtf`ta mastfkfr qua cgs shstaofs ma avfcufkhû` kg`trhduya` kgog f`tarhgroa`ta cg fpu`tf ac futgr, f cf oalgrf ma cf kfchmfm amukfthvf, parg kfda oa`khg`fr qua tfodhè` puama` sar ac ofygr gdstækucg pfrf ac fvf`ka ma cgs prgkasgs amukfthvgs, sh astgs sa chohtf` f mfr ü`hkfoa`ta kua`tf mac masaopaög ma cgs astumhf`tas a` ærafs kurrhkucfras, maskuhmf`mg fspaktgs qua nfka` ma cf amukfkhû` fcig h`tairfc, kuyf oatf as ccavfr fc h`mhvhmug f u`f h`kcushû` sgkhfc, a` vhstf ma qua mada kg`shmarfr fspaktgs kgi`hthvgs, axprashvgs, khumfmf`gs y vfcûrhkgs, hopgrtf`tas fspaktgs qua kg`trhduya` f cf egrofkhû` mac h`mhvhmug sh dha` as khartg cgs kg`gkhoha`tgs kha`tïehkgs sg` ouy hopgrtf`tas parg tfodhè` nfy qua kg`shmarfr ac kurrïkucg h`vhshdca mac amukf`mg y ac mgka`ta qua sg` fspaktgs ouy pgkg kg`shmarfmgs fc ogoa`tg ma prfkthkfr u`f avfcufkhû`. Ngy sa fpuastf pgr shstaofs h`tairfcas a h`tairfmgs ma avfcufkhû` qua h`kcuyf` y frthkuca` cf avfcufkhû` ma cgs mheara`tas kgopg`a`tas mac shstaof, tfcas kgog cf avfcufkhû` ma fcuo`gs, mgka`tas, mhraktgras, askuacfs, prgirfofs y cfs fmoh`hstrfkhg`as amukfthvfs (GTAFCK-Q@A[KG,4::9).

 

Kg`egroa f cfs avfcufkhg`as mgka`tas a` cf ofygrïf ma cgs pfïsas sa nf` masfrrgccfmg shstaofs ma avfcufkhû` mac masaopaög mgka`ta, sh` aodfrig, sa nf kg`mhkhg`fmg cgs rasuctfmgs ma astfs f u`f raparkushû` masma cg sfcfrhfc, askfcfeg`frhg y nfstf a` cf ohsof parof`a`khf, sh` aodfrig, mhknfs avfcufkhg`as kfraka` ma u`f racfkhû` kg` cgs maoæs kgopg`a`tas amukfthvgs pgr cg qua sa quamf` a` fkkhg`as fhscfmfs qua avhma`taoa`ta `g kg`trhduya` f u`f avfcufkhû` aquhtfthvf y lustf. F oh luhkhg cgs kg`kaptgs ma avfcufkhû` mada` sar a`kfoh`fmgs fc egrtfcakhoha`tg ma madhchmfmas ma kufcquharf ma cgs kgopg`a`tas amukfthvgs kuyg prgpûshtg prh`khpfc sarhf oalgrfr cgs rasuctfmgs gdta`hmgs a` cf avfcufkhû` y astfs `g mada` ta`ar u` eh` kg` ohrfs f sf`khg`as qua `g kg`trhduya` f oalgrfr ac prgkasg, sh ma kfchmfm sa trftf. Ufca mastfkfr qua as prhgrhtfrhg egrtfcakar cf iasthû` fmoh`hstrfthvf ma cgs mhraktgras ma cgs ka`trgs amukfthvgs sha`mg astgs u` fia`ta qua as prhgrhtfrhg pfrf h`ka`thvfr cf kfchmfm mac trfdflg mgka`ta, ia`arfr ofygras axpaktfthvfs y aehkfkhf ma cgs astfdcakhoha`tgs y qua as hopgrtf`ta pfrf ac dua` eu`khg`foha`tg ma cgs ohsogs, sh` masvfcgrfr cgs fspaktgs ma thpg pamfiûihkgs qua sg` cf dfsa pfrf cgirfr cfs oalgrfs amukfthvfs. Cf avfcufkhû` h`tairfmgrf mada h`kcuhr tgmgs cgs fia`tas qua h`tarvha`a` a` cf amukfkhû` ma of`arf qua cas parohtf h`tarracfkhg`frsa, fpgyfrsa y krakar outufoa`ta, oæs pgr accg astg `g shi`hehkf qua cfs avfcufkhg`as ma u` kgopg`a`ta mada sar cf dfsa ma gtrg, kfmf u`g tha`a sus prgphgs gdlathvgs, oatgmgcgiïf y raparkushg`as mheara`khfmfs. [h` aodfrig, pfrf qua cf h`egrofkhû` ia`arfmf saf üthc y gpgrtu`f pfrf cf tgof ma makhshg`as y gpthohka cf kfchmfm ma cf amukfkhû` ma cgs shstaofs, mada sar f`fchzfmf y kg`shmarfmf kgog pfrta ma u` tgmg y `g ma of`arf fhscfmf (Tgoæ` y Ourhccg, 4::8).  F`ta cg f`tarhgr f`tarhgr pgmaogs maeh`hr fciu`gs ratgs prh`khpfcas prh`khpfcas qua qua a`era`tf a`era`tf cgs shstaofs shstaofs amukfthvgs a` Foèrhkf cfth`f aopazf`mg pgr cgirfr cf h`tairfchmfm mac kg`kaptg ma kfchmfm amukfthvf, kgog yf sa nhzg oa`khû` astf `g mada astfr dfsfmf ü`hkfoa`ta a` cf oamhkhû` ma cgs fpra`mhzflas g astf`mfrhzf`mg cgs cgirgs asparfmgs, ouy pgr ac kg`trfrhg, as hoparfthvg ac masfrrgccg ma astrftaihfs a h`struoa`tgs qua parohtf` avhma`khfrcf y qua kg`ta`if` cgs acaoa`tgs kïvhkgs, aogkhg`fcas y maoæs qua sg` pfrta ma cf mhvarshmfm qua kg`egrof kfmf shstaof, fmaoæs ma astg as hopgrtf`ta qua cf vhshû` ma cf avfcufkhû` saf shstèohkf qua h`taira cfs mheara`tas mhoa`shg`as y acaoa`tgs qua cf kg`egrof`. Cf h`tairfkhû` ma cgs `hvacas, kgopg`a`tas y fktgras ma cgs shstaofs amukfthvgs as gtrg ma cgs irf`mas ratgs qua sa tha`a y as ma suof hopgrtf`khf madhmg f qua cf kfchmfm ma cf amukfkhû` astfræ kg`mhkhg`fmf pgr cf kgcfdgrfkhû` qua astgs ta`if`, tgmgs egrofogs ac shstaof y as ma tgmgs cf raspg`sfdhchmfm, ma tfc egrof qua mada

 

vgcvarsa fcig kgoü` ac f`fchzfr ac masaopaög ma tgmgs parg ma egrof qua mhknf avfcufkhû` asta mac tgmg shtufmf y kg`taxtufchzfmf, pfrf kg` accg ta`ar ofygras friuoa`tgs y kartazf sgdra cg qua as `akasfrhg ogmhehkfr a` cf düsquamf ma cf kfchmfm duskfmf. Zgr ucthog gtrg irf` ratg as ac pg`ar cf avfcufkhû` fc sarvhkhg ma cf kfchmfm a` amukfkhû` y `g a`luhkhfoha`tg y sf`khû` ma susqua prgdcaofs erfkfsgs. As makgog suofh`struoa`tg hopgrtf`khfmakfodhfr cf parspakthvf pu`hthvf sa ca nfy fu`fmg f cf avfcufkhû`, sh dha` as u`f rafchmfm qua cfs avfcufkhg`as sa nf` uthchzfmg kg` eh`fchmfmas qua a` ac ücthog ma cgs kfsgs fpgrtf fcig f cf oalgrf ma cf kfchmfm astg `g shi`hehkf qua astfs `g saf` u`f narrfoha`tf pgmargsf y ouy üthc, cf avfcufkhû` mada raprasa`tfr u`f gpgrtu`hmfm pfrf cf oalgrf, u` pfræoatrg qua shrvf pfrf udhkfr`gs a` `uastrf rafchmfm y pgmar trfdflfr masma `uastrfs `akashmfmas, sa mada duskfr kfodhfr cf pgsturf ma ohamg y raprashû` qua sa ca nf fshi`fmg ofcfoa`ta fc taroh`g avfcufkhû` y duskfr qua `g sgcg raprasa`ta pfrf ac shstaof u` h`struoa`tg ma gpgrtu`hmfm sh `g kg`varthrcg sgkhfcoa`ta a` u` tèroh`g qua sa fsgkha kg` krakhoha`tg, gpgrtu`hmfm y oalgrf.

Dhdchgirfeïf.

Aihmg, H. (4::1). Taecaxhg`as a` tgr`g f cf avfcufkhû` ma cf kfchmfm amukfthvf. ]a`ma`khfs Zamfiûihkfs, 6:, 69-4>. Kf`g, A. (688>). Avfcufkhû` ma cf kfchmfm amukfthvf. Ofmrhm< Cf Ourfccf. Ig`zæcaz, F. (4::=). Avfcufkhû` mac kchof askgcfr kgog efktgr ma kfchmfm. Ofmrhm< Cf Ourfccf. Q@A[KG (4::9). H`egroa ma saiuhoha`tg ma AZ] 4::9. Fta`khû` y amukfkhû` f cf prhoarf h`ef`khf. Zfrïs< Q@A[KG. Ourhccg, E. L. (4::8). «F fvfchféëg mfs fpra`mhzfia`s `f Foèrhkf Cfth`f. Kgopgrtfoa`tgs a ta`mì`khfs mg masaopa`ng askgcfr mgs astumf`tas cfth`gfoarhkf`gs `gs a`sh`gs prhoærhg a saku`mfrhg², a` [ïsheg. Tavhstf ma Khì`khfs mf Amukféëg, `.¼ 8, pp. ;6-=5. Tavhstf hdargfoarhkf`f ma amukfkhû`. @.¼ 1; (4:6:), pp. 89-64: