PRI 6 - Manual Prueba Diágnóstica

 

7

arefm fn prckerce

Kejueh fn he prunbe fceajÿstcoe fn Hnoture, Nsorctur Nsor cture ey Ketnkåtcoe Omjmzoekms Omjmz oekms junstrms eprnjfczedns

Jmkbrn fnh fmonjtn4

 

 

 

Kejueh fn he prunbe fceajÿstcoe fn Hnoture, Nsorcture y Ketnkåtcoe 7.¼ arefm fn prckerce 

Fcsnõm y fcearekeocÿj4

Nfctefm pmr4

Kcjcstnrcm fn Nfuoeocÿj Oehhn Fnh Omknrocm J.¼ 53?, _ej Bmrde Hcke 65, \nrô Vnhãgmjm4 Vnhã gmjm4 75>󰀫>0   

\eutes pere cfnjtc󰁧coe r he rnspunste rnspunst e peroceh peroceh

Nh nstufcejtn smhm omkphnte omrrnoteknjtn omrrnoteknjtn fms fn hes trns berres gehtejtns nj nh arå󰁧com, fn eounrfm e hms fetms omrrnspmjfcnjtns fn he tebhe, y omkntn ehaôj nrrmr nj ehauje fn hes berres scj pcjter (‘Nh tmrm njoejtefm‛, ‘Nh zmrrm y nh oÿjfmr‛ m ‘Surceje y nh cjtc‛). Ndnkphms4 Ndnkphm 5

Ounjtms prngnrcfms prngnrcfms pmr hms nstufcejtns fn 7.¼ arefm Oejtcfef fn nstufcejtns 57 56 52 5< 0 7 6 2 <

Ounjtm Nh tmrm njoejtefm

Ejteric

Nh zmrrm y nh oÿjfmr

Surceje y nh cjtc

Oerhëj y he vcouõcte

Ndnkphm 2

Ounjtms prngnrcfms prngnrcfms pmr hms nstufcejtns fn 7.¼ arefm Oejtcfef fn nstufcejtns 57 56 52 5< 0 7 6 2 <

Ounjtm Nh tmrm njoejtefm

Ejteric

Nh zmrrm y nh oÿjfmr

Surceje y nh cjtc

Oerhëj y he vcouõcte

 ?7   

 \runbe  \run be fn Ketnkåtcoe

½Oÿkm kndmrer hes omkpntnjoces

He rntrmehcknjteocÿj rntrmehcknjteocÿj fnbn omjvnrtcrsn nj uje pråotcoe usueh nj nh euhe pere epmrter e he kndmre fn hms eprnjfczedns. \ere rn󰁧hnxcmjer

  smbrn nh trebedm fn junstrms nstufcejtns, sn ejehczeråj ouetrm ketnkåtcoes e trevãs fn he prnaujtes qun omrrnspmjfnj e oefe uje fn hes omkpntnjoces rntrmehcknjteocÿj = nvehuefes. Nj nh ejåhcscs fn oefe prnaujte, sn prnsnjte uje 󰁧co`e qun fnsorcbn sus oereotnrëstcoes y snõehe he rnspunste efnouefe. Hunam, sn prnsnjte uje fnsorcpocÿj fnh prmonsm qun pufm snaucr nh nstufcejtn qun rnsmhvcÿ efnouefeknjtn he prnaujte. Nstm sn rnehcze tmkejfm nj ounjte hms pesms pe sms anjnrehns anjnre hns pere he rnsmhuocÿj rn smhuocÿj fn prmbhnkes4 omkprnjfn he sctueocÿj, phejne y ephcoe, y nvehôe. Gcjehknjtn, Gcjehknj tn, sn prnsnjtej suanrnjoces pere mrcnjter nh prmonsm fn rntrmehcknjteocÿj y ehaujes rnomknjfeocmjns pnfeaÿacoes pere rntrmehcknjteocÿj he hebmr fmonjtn.

\rnaujte 3 Aebrcnhe ns uje ertnseje fn O`uhuoejes. Nhhe tcnjn uje bmhse omj erochhe pere gebrcoer ujes onråkcoes tëpcoes fn su rnacÿj. Mbsnrve.

Omkpntnjoce4

Erochhe

Rnsunhvn prmbhnkes fn oejtcfef.

?  ia 6

Oepeocfef4 Aebrcnhe sebn qun nse bmhse tcnjn

5 0

 ia fn

erochhe kås qun he oejtcfef o ejtcfef qun jnonscte. ½Uuã oejtcfef fn erochhe jnonscte Aebrcnhe Aebrcnhe==

e b o f

> 0 6 52 2 6 2 0

ia fn erochhe. ia fn erochhe.

Vrefuon oejtcfefns e nxprnscmjns jukãrcoes. Fnsnkpnõm prnocsefm4

Nstebhnon rnheocmjns qun cjvmhuorej eoocmjns fn omkperer nj sctueocmjns efctcves omj greoocmjns. Rnspunste4  e

ia fn erochhe. ia fn erochhe.

 ?1   

½Uuã hmarms kmstrermj hms nstufcejtns qun rnspmjfcnrmj efnouefeknjtn= efnou efeknjtn=

Nh nstufcejtn qun rnspmjfn efnouefeknjtn nste terne nvcfnjoce hm scaucnjtn4  Omkprnjfn he sctueocÿj • Rnomjmon he cfne prcjocpeh.

@ey uje oejtcfef fn erochhe nj uje bmhse y nse oejtcfef ns keymr e he oejtcfef qun Aebrcnhe jnonscte pere `eonr uj trebedm. • Cfnjtc󰁧coe hes omjfcocmjns.

He bmhse omjtcnjn ?  ia fn erochhe y Aebrcnhe jm jnonscte tmfm nh omjtnjcfm. omjtnjcfm. He bmhse 6 5 omjtcnjn  ia fn erochhe kås fn he oejtcfef qun nhhe jnonscte. 0 • Fntnrkcje he terne e rnsmhvnr. rnsmhvnr.

½Uuã oejtcfef fn erochhe jnonscte Aebrcnhe=  \hejne y ephcoe • Mraejcze he cjgmrkeocÿj.

Oejtcfef fn erochhe nj he bmhse

? ia 6

5 ia 0

½=

Fcgnrnjoce Oejtcfef qun jnonscte Aebrcnhe

Fnsomjmocfm

• \hejtne uje nstretnace.

Rnomjmon qun nh prmbhnke sn rnheocmje omj uje nstruoture efctcve fn omkpereocÿj. Esë, sebn qun fnbn qucter qucter,, e he oejtcfef fn erochhe qun `ey nj he bmhse, he fcgnrnjoce. \mr nhhm, ephcoerå uje sustreoocÿj y `ehherå he oejtcfef fn erochhe qun jnonscte Aebrcnhe. • Ndnoute he nstretnace.

x2 ? 5 7 5 > ‖ ‖ ; ; ia fn erochhe 6 0 0 0 0 Rnspunste4 >  ia fn erochhe. 0

Greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns

? 7 ; 6 0 x2

 Nvehôe • Wnrc󰁧coe su smhuocÿj.

Omkprunbe qun su phejtnekcnjtm y nh prmonfckcnjtm ephcoefm omrrnspmjfnj omj nh prmbhnke prnsnjtefm, y rn󰁧hnxcmje smbrn he om`nrnjoce njtrn hms fetms, he prnaujte y su rnspunste.

 ?0   

 \runbe  \run be fn Ketnkåtcoe

½Oÿkm brcjfer rntrmehcknjteocÿj e hms nstufcejtns qun rnspmjfcnrmj rnspmjfc nrmj fn kejnre cjefnouefe=

Nh nstufcejtn qun jm nhcacÿ he ehtnrjetcve omrrnote nvcfnjoce fc󰁧couhtefns pere nstebhnonr rnheocmjns qun cjvmhuorej cjvmhuorej eoocmjns fn omkperer nj sctueocmjns efctcves omj greoocmjns. \mr nhhm, pere brcjfer uje efnouefe rntrmeh rntrmehcknjteocÿj, cknjteocÿj, kuãstrnhn kuãstrnhn he terne y pëfehn qun he hne omj oehke. Hunam, smhcoëtnhn qun nxphcqun omj sus prmpces pehebres fn quã trete nh prmbhnke. Nvctn prnaujter oÿkm sn rnsunhvn m ouåh ns he rnspunste. Nj vnz fn nhhm, phejtnn prnaujtes qun hm eyufnj e rn󰁧hnxcmjer e pertcr fn su nrrmr, teh omkm sn kunstre e omjtcjueocÿj. \rnaujtes pere mrcnjter he rntrmehcknjteoc rntrmehcknjteocÿj ÿj _c rnspmjfn b) 6 , nh 52

nstufcejtn jm omkprnjfcÿ he sctueocÿj efctcve qun sn prnsnjte nj nh prmbhnke y, teh vnz pmr he nxprnscÿj ‘kås qun he oejtcfef‛, omjohuyÿ qun fnbëe `eonr uje efcocÿj. Vekbcãj, nvcfnjoce fc󰁧couhtefns pere rnehczer mpnreocmjns omj greoocmjns, puns rnehczÿ he efcocÿj sukejfm juknrefmrns njtrn së (? + 5 ; 6) y fnjmkcjefmrns njtrn së (6 + 0 ; 52).

• ½Ns su󰁧cocnjtn he oejtcfef fn erochhe fn he bmhse pere rnehczer nh trebedm= \ere fntnrkcjer he oejtcfef qun jnonscte, ½sn fnbn earnaer m qucter erochhe nj he bmhse= ½Oÿkm sn sukej m rnstej greoocmjns omj fnjmkcjefmrns fcgnrnjtns= ½\mr quã=

_n kmtcve eh nstufcejtn e pnjser nj nh snjtcfm fn he mpnreocÿj e rnehczer, e omkprnjfnr nh scajc󰁧coefm fn greoocÿj omkm pertn-tmfm y njtnjfnr he utchcfef fn hes greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns. 5 5  m = ½\mr 0 6 quã= ½Oÿkm sn punfn rnster

• ½Uuã ns keymr4

_c rnspmjfn o) 2 , nh

oejtcfefns qun `ej scfm

nstufcejtn omkprnjfcÿ

fcvcfcfes nj pertns fcgnrnjtns=

6

he sctueocÿj efctcve fnh prmbhnke, pnrm nvcfnjoce fc󰁧couhtefns pere rnehczer mpnreocmjns omj greoocmjns, pmrqun rnstÿ hms juknrefmrns njtrn së (? - 5 ; 2) y hms fnjmkcjefmrns njtrn së (0 - 6 ; 6).

_n auëe eh nstufcejtn pere qun rnomjmzoe qun, nj fms greoocmjns omj nh kcskm juknrefmr pnrm fcstcjtm fnjmkcjefmr, ns keymr nh jôknrm omj nh fnjmkcjefmr kås pnqunõm. Kmtëvnhm e fnsoubrcr nh scajc󰁧coefm fn greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns pere pmfnr omkperer, suker m rnster greoocmjns omj fcgnrnjtn fnjmkcjefmr.

_uanrnjoces pnfeaÿacoes

• Rngunron nj nh euhe he

omkprnjscÿj fn hes nstruotures efctcves omj jôknrms jeturehns usejfm nsqunkes arå󰁧coms omkm nh prmpunstm pere oefe scajc󰁧coefm efctcvm. Efnkås, fnstcnrrn nh usm fn ‘pehebres ohevns‛ omkm ‘kås qun‛, puns cjfuonj e nrrmr. • \rmpmjae e sus nstufcejtns eotcvcfefns fn rnprnsnjteocÿj fn greoocmjns omj ketnrceh omjorntm pere rngmrzer he omkprnjscÿj fnh scajc󰁧coefm fn greoocÿj y nh fn sus mpnreocmjns. • \rmpmjae nj nh euhe eotcvcfefns

fn omkpereocÿj fn greoocmjns usuehns ( 5 , 5 , 5 , nto.) omj 2 6 0 ketnrceh omjorntm, omkm hes tcres fn greoocmjns, y pcfe qun rnprnsnjtnj sus rnsuhtefms. • _mhcoctn e sus nstufcejtns qun fcbudnj mbdntms fn caueh tekeõm y gmrke fcvcfcfms nj fcgnrnjtn oejtcfef fn pertns cauehns. Hunam, pëfehns qun nsorcbej he greoocÿj qun rnprnsnjte oefe pertn y qun hes omkpernj. \rnaôjtnhns4 ½omj ouåjtms motevms tnjnkms uj knfcm= ½S omj ouåjtms ouertms=, nto.

 ?3  

_c rnspmjfn f) 2 , nh 0

nstufcejtn omkprnjfcÿ he nstruoture efctcve fnh prmbhnke (phejtnÿ uje sustreoocÿj), pnrm fnsomjmon nh scajc󰁧coefm fn greoocÿj, puns jm `ehhÿ greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns. Nsorcbcÿ 0 omkm fnjmkcjefmr omkôj y rnstÿ hms juknrefmrns njtrn së4 ? ‖ 5  ; ? ‖ 5  ; 2 0 0 0 6 0

• \ere rnster hes fms greoocmjns, ½pmr quã fnbnj tnjnr nh kcskm fnjmkcjefmr= ½Oÿkm punfns `ehher greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns=

_n auëe e hms nstufcejtns pere qun vnrc󰁧cqunj qun pere `ehher greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns sn kuhtcphcoe juknrefmr y fnjmkcjefmr pmr uj kcskm jôknrm, y sn hms ejcke e user fco`es greoocmjns nj mpnreocmjns fn suke y rnste.

• Njtrnaun e sus nstufcejtns

terdntes omj greoocmjns pere qun gmrknj, nj arupms, ‘gekchces fn greoocmjns nqucvehnjtns‛ y, hunam, omkprunbnj omj ketnrceh omjorntm fco`es nqucvehnjoces. • Vrebed Vrebedn n sukes y rnstes omj greoocmjns usuehns fn fcgnrnjtn fnjmkcjefmr,, utchczejfm hes fnjmkcjefmr rnahntes. Hunam, pcfe e sus nstufcejtns qun rnprnsnjtnj hes mpnreocmjns omj arå󰁧coms y, hunam, sckbÿhcoeknjtn.

\rnaujte 5> Hes fms behejzes nståj nj nquchcbrcm. Vmfms hms gresoms omj seh tcnjnj he kcske oejtcfef fn arekms. Mbsnrve.

>< a

 6<  

 \runbe  \run be fn Ketnkåtcoe

½Uuã hmarms kmstrermj hms nstufcejtns qun rnspmjfcnrmj efnouefeknjtn= efnou efeknjtn=

Nh nstufcejtn qun rnspmjfn efnouefeknjtn nste terne nvcfnjoce hm scaucnjtn4  Omkprnjfn he sctueocÿj • Rnomjmon he cfne prcjocpeh.

@ey fms behejzes qun nståj nj nquchcbrcm. Nj ekbes `ey fcgnrnjt fcgnrnjtns ns mbdntms y sn omjmon he kese fn ehaujms fn nhhms. Eh nster nj nquchcbrcm, he kese fn hms mbdntms fn uj phetch phetchhm hm fn he behejze ns caueh e he kese fn hms mbdntms fnh mtrm phetchhm. • Cfnjtc󰁧coe hes omjfcocmjns.

Vmfms hms gresoms fn seh tcnjnj he kcske kese. Nj he prcknre behejze, uj mbdntm fn > ; ? k

?k

Omj nsn vehmr sn punfn oehouher hes knfcfes qun gehtej. • \hejtne uje nstretnace.

H0

(\mr ndnkphm, rnprnsnjter omj uj sëkbmhm nh omjtmrjm y hms hefms pere oehouher sus knfcfes y  sukerhms pere omjmonr nh tmteh). tmteh).

H1

H ; 5> k

H7

Vnrrnjm

5

Hmjactuf fnh onrom ; Hmjactuf fnh omjtmrjm ; O Hefms fnh tnrrnjm4 H5, H2, H?, H6, H>, H7, H1 y H0   O ; H5 + H2 + H? + H6 + H> + H7 + H1 + H0

H6

H>

H?

H2; 52 k

• Ndnoute he nstretnace.

H?4 5 ouefrefct ouefrefctm m

5Ñ?;?k

H> ; H7 ; H14 2 ouefrefct ouefrefctms ms  

2Ñ?;7k

H64 ? ouefrefctms H0 ; H54 > ouefrefctms

?Ñ?;3k 5> k

O ; 5> + 52 + ? + 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 5> ; 12 k

Rnspunste4 He hmjactuf fnh onrom ns 12 k.  Nvehôe • Wnrc󰁧coe su smhuocÿj.

Omkprunbe qun su phejtnekcnjtm y su prmonfckcnjtm sn omrrnspmjfn omj nh prmbhnke prnsnjtefm, y rn󰁧hnxcmje smbrn he om`nrnjoce njtrn hms fetms, he prnaujte y su rnspunste. ½Oÿkm brcjfer rntrmehcknjteocÿj e hms nstufcejtns qun rnspmjfcnrmj rnspmjfc nrmj fn kejnre cjefnouefe=

Nh nstufcejtn qun jm nhcacÿ he ehtnrjetcve omrrnote nvcfnjoce fc󰁧couhtefns pere nkphner, fn gmrke efnouefe, nstretnaces pere oehouher nh pnrëkntrm fn pmhëamjms. \mr nhhm, pere brcjfer uje efnouefe rntrmehcknjteocÿj, scae hes cjfcoeocmjns anjnrehns fefes ejtnrcmrknjtn y, snaôj he rnspunste fnh nstufcejtn, phejtnn hes scaucnjtns prnaujtes4

 6>   

\rnaujtes pere mrcnjter he rntrmehcknjteocÿj

_c rnspmjfn e) 26k, nh nstufcejtn rnehczÿ uj omjtnm fn he oejtcfef fn hefms fn hms ouefrefctms qun omjgmrkej nh omjtmrjm fnh tnrrnjm y esukcÿ qun he hmjactuf fnh hefm fn oefe ouefrefctm ns 5 k.

_c rnspmjfn b) 21k, nh nstufcejtn smhm sukÿ hms vehmrns jukãrcoms kmstrefms nj nh arå󰁧com. Nstm nvcfnjoce qun nh nstufcejtn jm omkprnjfcÿ fn quã trete nh prmbhnke.

• ½Uuã knfcfes fnh tnrrnjm sn omjmonj= ½Uuã jms cjfcoe he nxprnscÿj ‘5> k‛ qun epernon nj nh arå󰁧com fnh tnrrnjm= tnrrnjm= ½Ouåjtms hefms hefms fn hms ouefrefctms omrrnspmjfnj e 5> k= ½Ouåjtms kntrms kcfn nh hefm fn uj ouefrefctm= ½Oÿkm pmfrëekms oehouher nj kntrms he hmjactuf fnh omjtmrjm fnh tnrrnjm=

_n fe he mpmrtujcfef eh nstufcejtn fn rnomjmonr qun oefe hefm fn hms ouefrefctms tcnjn uje knfcfe y sn hn ejcke e oehouherhm. Hunam, sn hn kmtcve e omkphnter he rnspunste kuhtcphcoejfm he oejtcfef fn hefms fn hms ouefrefctms fnh omjtmrjm fnh tnrrnjm pmr he knfcfe fnh hefm fn uj ouefrefctm (qun ye fntnrkcjÿ).

• ½\unfns snõeher omj tu fnfm oÿkm snrëe nh onrom qun ve nj nh omjtmrjm fnh tnrrnjm= ½Ouåjtms hefms tcnjn nh tnrrnjm kmstrefm= ½Oÿkm punfns oehouher hes knfcfes fn hms mtrms hefms fnh tnrrnjm=

_n vnrc󰁧coe omj nh nstufcejtn qun nh omjtmrjm fnh tnrrnjm sn rn󰁧cnrn e he hmjactuf fn tmfms sus hefms y ns jnonsercm suker tmfes sus knfcfes fn hmjactuf. Kmtëvnhm e oehouher he knfcfe fnh hefm fn uj ouefrefctm pere `ehher hes knfcfes qun gehtej.

_uanrnjoces pnfeaÿacoes • Rngunron nj nh euhe he

omkprnjscÿj fn hes ujcfefns fn knfcfes fn hmjactuf y hms sëkbmhms kås usuehns4 ik, k, ok. Rnehcon prnaujtes omkm4 ½nj quã ujcfef fn knfcfe ns kndmr nxprnser nh heram fn uj ouefnrjm= ½S he ehture fnh euhe= ½S he fcstejoce njtrn fms ocufefns= • \rmpmjae e sus nstufcejtns eotcvcfefns fn nstckeocÿj, prnaujtn4 ½ouåjtm kcfn nh heram fn he pczerre nj kntrms= ½S ½S nj onjtëkntrms= ½S ½S nh ejo`m fn he punrte= Hunam, pcfe e sus nstufcejtns vnrc󰁧cqunjhes sus nstckeocmjnsqun nkphnejfm ujcfefns kås omjvnjcnjtns.

• \rmpmjae nj nh euhe prmbhnkes

pere oehouher nh omjtmrjm fn 󰁧caures sckphns, prcknrm nj ouefrëouhes, hunam omj hes knfcfes fn tmfms hms hefms, y 󰁧cjehknjtn smhm omj hes knfcfes fn ehaujms hefms pere oehouher hes qun gehtej usejfm prmpcnfefns fn hes 󰁧caures anmkãtrcoes. • \hejtnn e sus nstufcejtns prmbhnkes omj 󰁧caures omkpunstes pere qun, pmr omjtnm, rnomjmzoej sus hefms.

• \hejtnn nj nh euhe prmbhnkes pere

_c rnspmjfn f) 50< k, nh nstufcejtn kuhtcphcoÿ hes knfcfes omjmocfes esukcnjfm qun nh rnsuhtefm omrrnspmjfn e he knfcfe fnh omjtmrjm.

• ½\unfns snõeher omj tu fnfm pmr fÿjfn crëe nh onrom qun ve nj nh omjtmrjm fnh tnrrnjm= ½Uuã jms nståj pcfcnjfm fn nsn onrom= ½_n `ej fefm tmfes hes knfcfes qun sn jnonsctej pere rnsmhvnr nh prmbhnke=

Rngunron nj su nstufcejtn he jmocÿj

rngmrzer hes jmocmjns fn omjtmrjm y supnr󰁧cocn fn 󰁧caures sckphns, omkm pnfcr e sus nstufcejtns qun rnkerqunj nh omjtmrjm fn uje 󰁧caure anmkãtrcoe omj uj omhmr gunrtn y qun pcjtnj tmfe he supnr󰁧cocn fn fco`e 󰁧caure

Nstm nvcfnjoce qun jm tcnjn he jmocÿj fn pnrëkntrm.

fn pnrëkntrm besefe nj hefnh cfne fn omjtmrjm fcgnrnjocåjfmhm årne. Cjvctn e vnrc󰁧coer hms fetms y e oehouher hms qun gehtej.

omj mtrm omhmr. \mstnrcmrknjtn, \mstnrcmrknjtn, trebedn hes ujcfefns fn knfcfe e user y smhcoctn oåhouhms fnh pnrëkntrm y årne.

 67   

 \runbe  \run be fn Ketnkåtcoe

\rnaujte 2> Omkpntnjoce4 Nj uj dunam, Hucse aeje sc seoe, scj kcrer kcrer,, uje pnhmte jnare fn uje fn nstes oedes.

Rnsunhvn prmbhnkes fn anstcÿj fn fetms n cjonrtcfukbrn. Oepeocfef4

O ed e E

Oede B

_ustnjte omjohuscmjns m fnocscmjns omj besn nj he cjgmrkeocÿj mbtnjcfe. Fnsnkpnõm prnocsefm4

Nvehôe e󰁧crkeocmjns

Oede O

\ere tnjnr he keymr pmscbchcfef fn aejer nh  dunam, ½quã ½quã oede fnbnrå nsomanr nsomanr Hucse= Hucse=

rnheocmjefes omj he keymr pmscbchcfef fn mourrnjoce fn uj suonsm. Rnspunste4 o

e

He oede E, E , pmrqun tcnjn nxeoteknjtn uje pnhmte jnare.

b

He oede B, pmrqun ns he qun tcnjn kås pnhmtes jnares.

o

He oede O, pmrqun tcnjn kås pnhmtes jnares jnares qun bhejoes.

f

Ouehqucnre, pmrqun nj tmfes `ey pnhmtes jnares y bhejoes.

½Uuã hmarms kmstrermj hms nstufcejtns qun rnspmjfcnrmj efnouefeknjtn= efn ouefeknjtn=

Nh nstufcejtn qun rnspmjfn efnouefeknjtn nste terne nvcfnjoce hm scaucnjtn4  Omkprnjfn he sctueocÿj • Rnomjmon he cfne prcjocpeh.

Ns uj dunam fn ezer y sn fnbn fntnrkcjer nj ouåh fn hes trns oedes nxcstn uje keymr keymr pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare9 nj oefe oede `ey fcgnrnjtn fcgnrnjtn oejtcfef fn pnhmtes. • Cfnjtc󰁧coe hes omjfcocmjns.

Nj he oede E `ey 2 pnhmtes4 5 jnare y 5 bhejoe9 nj he oede B `ey nj tmteh 7 pnhmtes4 ? jnares y ? bhejoes, y nj he oede O `ey ? pnhmtes4 fms jnares y 5 bhejoe.

 61   6 1   

• Fntnrkcje he terne e rnsmhvnr rnsmhvnr..

½Uuã oede fnbn nsomanr pere tnjnr keym keymrr pmscbchcfef fn seoer scj kcrer uje pnhmte jnare=  \hejne y ephcoe • Mraejcze he cjgmrkeocÿj. \nhmtes jn jnares

\nhmtes bh bhejoes

Vmteh fn fn pn pnhmtes

Oede E

5

5

2

Oede B

?

?

7

Oede O

2

5

?

• \hejtne uje nstretnace.

(\mr ndnkphm, omkperer he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes fn oefe omhmr) omhmr).. Rnomjmon qun, omkm hes oedes tcnjnj fcgnrnjtn fcgnrnjtn oejtcfef fn pnhmtes, pn hmtes, he keymr pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare fnpnjfn fn he omkpereocÿj njtrn he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes jnares y he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes bhejoes nj oefe oede. oede.

• Ndnoute he nstretnace.

Oede E4 Oejtcfef fn pnhmtes jnares ; Oejtcfef fn pnhmtes bhejoes Oede B4 Oejtcfef fn pnhmtes jnares ; Oejtcfef fn pnhmtes bhejoes

Caueh pmscbchcfef fn  seoer uje pnhmte jnare

Oede O4 Oejtcfef fn pnhmtes jnares : Oejtcfef fn pnhmtes bhejoes Rnspunste4 He pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare ns keymr nj he oede O. Nvehôe • Wnrc󰁧coe su smhuocÿj.

Omkprunbe su rnprnsnjteocÿj fn hms fetms nj he tebhe, rn󰁧hnxcmje smbrn nh ejåhcscs qun `czm smbrn oefe oede y he omrrnspmjfnjoc omrrnspmjfnjoce e njtrn su rnspunste y he prnaujte. Nh nstufcejtn qun jm nhcacÿ he ehtnrjetcve omrrnote nvcfnjoce fc󰁧couhtefns pere nvehuer e󰁧crkeocmjns rnheocmjefes rnheocmjefes omj he pmscbchcfef fn mourrnjoce fn suonsms. \mr nhhm, pere brcjfer uje efnouefe rntrmehcknjteocÿj, scae hes cjfcoeocmjns anjnrehns fefes ejtnrcmrknjtn y, snaôj he rnspunste fnh nstufcejtn, phejtnn hes scaucnjtns prnaujtes4

 60   

 \runbe  \run be fn Ketnkåtcoe

\rnaujtes pere mrcnjter he rntrmehcknjteoc rntrmehcknjteocÿj ÿj

• ½Uuã omhmr fn pnhmte fnbn seoer

_c rnspmjfn e) He oede E, pmrqun tcnjn nxeoteknjtn uje pnhmte jnare, nh nstufcejtn

nsomacÿ he ehtnrjetcve qun knjocmje he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes nxprnsefe nj he omjfcocÿj fnh prmbhnke4 ‘seoer uje pnhmte jnare‛.

_c rnspmjfn f) Ouehqucnre, pmrqun nj tmfes `ey pnhmtes jnares y bhejoes,

nh nstufcejtn esukcÿ qun he pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare nj oefe oede ns su󰁧cocnjtn pere aejer nh  dunam, scj omkperer nses pmscbchcfefns.

Hucse pere aejer nh dunam= ½_n punfn seoer pnhmtes jnares fn ouehqucnre fn hes oedes kmstrefes= ½Uuã ns hm qun fntnrkcje qun nj uje oede `eye keymr pmscbchcfef pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare=

_n kmtcve eh nstufcejtn e rnomjmonr qun, nj sctueocmjns fn ezer, he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes jnares rnspnotm fn he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes bhejoes, m rnspnotm fnh tmteh fn pnhmtes, omjfcocmje he keymr m knjmr pmscbchcfef fn qun sehae uje pnhmte jnare.

• Wnekms he tnronre oede4 `ey 2 pnhmtes jnares y 5 bhejoe. E`mre, omjscfnrnkms mtre oede omj 2 bhejoes y 5 jnare, ½nj ouåh oede nxcstn uje keymr pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare=

Kmtcvn eh nstufcejtn e omkprmber qun sn fnbn rnheocmjer he oejtcfef fn pnhmtes fn oefe omhmr pere fntnrkcjer he keymr pmscbchcfef fn seoer uje pnhmte jnare.

_uanrnjoces pnfeaÿacoes • \rmpcocn nj nh euhe sctueocmjns

fn ezer. \mr ndnkphm, prmpmjae eotcvcfefns omj bmhses qun omjtnjaej ocnrte oejtcfef fn 󰁧co`es, ehaujes fn uj omhmr y nh rnstm fn mtrm omhmr (he oejtcfef fn 󰁧co`es fn oefe omhmr vercerå nj oefe bmhse), pere qun hms nstufcejtns sequnj scj kcrer uje 󰁧co`e, rnacstrer hms rnsuhtefms nj uje tebhe y, fnspuãs fn vercms cjtnjtms, omkperer hms rnsuhtefms pere seoer omjohuscmjns eonroe fn he pmscbchcfef fn seoer 󰁧co`es fn fntnrkcjefm omhmr.

• \rmpmjae e sus nstufcejtns

eotcvcfefns pere fntnrkcjer he pmscbchcfef fn mourrnjoce fn uj nvnjtm pmr omjtnm fn hms nhnknjtms. \mr ndnkphm4 omj uje oede omj bmtmjns fn fms omhmrns fcgnrnjtns, prnaujtn4 ½quã omhmr fn bmtÿj tcnjn keymr pmscbchcfef fn sehcr= ½\mr quã= Hunam, verën he oejtcfef fn bmtmjns fn ocnrtm omhmr y rnpcte hes prnaujtes.

 63  6 3  

7. Ejåhcsc Ejåhcscs s pnfeaÿacom fn hms rnsuhtefms fn hes prunbes fceajÿstcoes ½Uuã kn fconj hms  rnsuhtefms fn hes prunbes eonroe fn oefe nstufcejtn =

Hms rnsuhtefms fn oefe prunbe pnrkctnj mbtnjnr cjgmrkeocÿj cjfcvcfuehczefe fn hms nstufcejtns. \ere nhhm, mbsnrvn he oejtcfef fn rnspunstes efnouefes, cjefnouefes, mkctcfes m perocehns rnacstrefes nj he 󰁧che qun omrrnspmjfn e oefe nstufcejtn n cfnjtc󰁧cqun hms fnsnkpnõms, oepeocfefns y omkpntnjoces omj hes qun sn rnheocmjej. E pertcr fn nstm, ejmtn hms eprnjfczedns eprnjfczedns qun `ej scfm hmarefms y equnhhms qun rnqucnrnj snr rngmrzefms omj oefe nstufcejtn. Nste cjgmrkeocÿj hn snrå kuy ôtch pere rnehczer uj kndmr eomkpeõekcnjtm e sus nstufcejtns y rntrmehcknjter efnouefeknjtn sus eprnjfczedns. E omjtcjueocÿj, hn suanrckms ehaujes prnaujtes qun pmfrëej aucer su rn󰁧hnxcÿj eonroe fn hms hmarms y hes fc󰁧couhtefns fn eprnjfczedn fn oefe nstufcejtn.

½Ouåhns smj hms fnsnkpnõms nj ½Ouåhns hms qun nstn nstufcejtn prnsnjtÿ keymrns fc󰁧couhtefns= He rntrmehcknjteocÿj rn󰁧hnxcve jm sn hckcte e vehmrer pmsctcve m jnaetcveknjtn hms fnsnkpnõms fn hms nstufcejtns m sus prmfuotms. He rntrmehcknjteocÿj rn󰁧hnxcve supmjn brcjferhn eh nstufcejtn nstufcejt n uje fnsorcpocÿj fn sorcpocÿj ohere fn sus hmarms, sus fnse󰁧ëms pnjfcnjtns y he kejnre nj qun su fnsnkpnõm y sus prmfuotms punfnj snr kndmrefms.

½Uuã fnsnkpnõms fnbm prcmrczer nj nh fnserrmhhm fn hms eprnjfczedns fn nstn nstufcejtn=

½Uuã nstretnaces nstretnaces fcfåotcoes fnbm snhnoocmjer y ephcoer pere eyufer e nstn nstufcejtn=

½Uuã oereotnrëstcoes oereotnrëstcoes fnbnj tnjnr hes eotcvcfefns m ternes qun hn escajn e nstn nstufcejtn=

 ><  

 Ejåh  Ej åhcsc cscs s

pnfeaÿacom

½Uuã fconj hms rnsuhtefms

Hms rnsuhtefms fn hes prunbes hn pnrkctnj mbtnjnr cjgmrkeocÿj cjgmrkeocÿj fnh arupm fn nstufcejtns fn su euhe. Nh tmteh fn rnspunstes ejmtefes nj nh rnsuknj fnh rnacstrm hn snrå fn eyufe pere cfnjtc󰁧coer hms

fn hes prunbes eonroe fn kc   arupm fn nstufcejtns=

fnsnkpnõms omjsmhcfefms y equnhhms qun jnonsctej snr rngmrzefms nj nh arupm. E omjtcjueocÿj, sn phejtnej prnaujtes qun pmfrëej aucer he rn󰁧hnxcÿj smbrn hms rnsuhtefms fn hms nstufcejtns fn su arupm. ½Ouåhns smj hms eprnjfczedns nj hms qun he keymr pertn fn kcs nstufcejtns tuvm fc󰁧couhtefns= \ere rnspmjfnr e nste prnaujte, ns jnonsercm rnehczer uj ejåhcscs pnfeaÿacom fn he cjgmrkeocÿj omjtnjcfe nj nh rnsuknj fn rnspunstes fnh rnacstrm y, e pertcr fn nhhm, nhebmrer omjohuscmjns. \mr ndnkphm, ehaujes omjohuscmjns pmfrëej snr hes scaucnjtns4 • Hms nstufcejtns nvcfnjocej fc󰁧couhtefns pere nstebhnonr

nqucvehnjoces njtrn hes ocgres snaôj su vehmr fn pmscocÿj eh fnsomkpmjnr uj jôknrm. • Eh prmfuocr uj tnxtm, tnxtm, he keymr pertn fnh arupm fn nstufcejtns kunstre fc󰁧couhtefns pere nstebhnonr fcvnrses rnheocmjns hÿacoes njtrn hes cfnes e trevãs fnh usm prnocsm fn rngnrnjtns y omjnotmrns. • Hms nstufcejtns nstufcejtns tcnjnj fc󰁧couhtefns pere pere nxphcoer he gujocÿj fn uje pertn fnh tnxtm nj rnheocÿj omj nh snjtcfm ahmbeh.

\ere qun he rntrmehcknjteocÿj sne n󰁧coez, ns jnonsercm nstebhnonr uj vëjouhm fn omj󰁧cejze omj junstrms nstufcejtns. nstufcejt ns. \ere omjstrucrr nste rnheocÿj, omjstruc rnsuhte cjfcspnjsebhn tnjnr uje omkujcoeocÿj qun pnrkcte nh cjtnroekbcm cjtnroek bcm fn cfnes, y he nhebmreocÿj fn prnaujtes y rn󰁧hnxcmjns nj nh kmknjtm mpmrtujm.

½\mr quã nstms eprnjfczedns rnsuhtermj fc󰁧ëochns fn ehoejzer pere kcs nstufcejtns= He rnspunste e nste prnaujte rnqucnrn qun nh fmonjtn rn󰁧hnxcmjn y omkprnjfe prmgujfeknjtn hes omkpntnjoces nvehuefes. Nstm geochcterå he cfnjtc󰁧coeocÿj fnh jcvnh fn fnserrmhhm nj nh qun sn njounjtrej hms eprnjfczedns fn sus nstufcejtns y su fcstejoce rnspnotm fn hm qun sn snõehe nj hms nståjferns fn eprnjfczedn fnsorctms nj nh OJNB. Mtrm espnotm ckpmrtejtn ns he cfnjtc󰁧coeocÿj fn hes oereotnrëstcoes fnh arupm fn nstufcejtns, sus cjtnrnsns y jnonscfefns, y sus hmarms y fc󰁧couhtefns fn eprnjfczedn. Omj nse cjgmrkeocÿj, njseyn nxphcoeocmjns y nstebhnzoe omjohuscmjns pere brcjfer uje efnouefe rntrmehcknjteocÿj eh arupm y etnjfnr fn kejnre pnrtcjnjtn sus jnonscfefns fn eprnjfczedn.

 >5  

1. Nh trebedm omhebmretcvm omhebmretcvm y he nvehueocÿj fceajÿstcoe Kuo`es vnons, hms rnsuhtefms fn he nvehueocÿj fn junstrms nstufcejtns jms anjnrej ehaujes prnaujtes pere hes ouehns jm scnkprn tnjnkms rnspunstes. Nh fcåhmam omj mtrms fmonjtns ns uje mpmrtujcfef pere nxprnser junstres `cpÿtnscs y fufes, cjtnroekbcer nxpnrcnjoces, y omkpertcr m busoer cjgmrkeocÿj qun jms pnrkcte eoherer junstres cfnes fn kejnre omhebmretcve. Nstn nspeocm fn trebedm omhebmretcvm omj fmonjtns fnh kcskm

Nh  trebedm arefm/ocohm arefm/ ocohm pmfrëe snr uje bunje mpmrtujcfef pere4 omhnacefm  omj fmonjtns Gmrtehnonr uje ouhture fn nvehueocÿj qun omhmqun nj nh onjtrm fnh kcskm fnh cjtnrãs fn hms fmonjtns, hms nstufcejtns y hes gekchces he rn󰁧hnxcÿj smbrn hms eprnjfczedns pmr njocke fn he prnmoupeocÿj  arefm/oco  arefm/ ocohm hm pmr hes oehc󰁧coeocmjns.  Fnstnrrer omkpntctcves omhmoejomkpertcr hes ocgres pmr njocke fnhes hmspråotcoes eprnjfczedns y, pmr nhqun omjtrercm, hms rnsuhtefms fn hes prunbes omj nh 󰁧cj fn ejehczerhms y nhebmrer nxphcoeocmjns eonroe fn hms hmarms y hes fc󰁧couhtefns kmstrefes pmr hms nstufcejt nstufcejtns. ns.   Rn󰁧hnxcmjer fn kejnre omjdujte eonroe fn hms rnsuhtefms fn hes prunbes fceajÿstcoes n cjtnroekbcer nxpnrcnjoces smbrn hms scaucnjtns scaucnjt ns espnotms4 •  Nh usm fn ketnrcehns ketnrcehns y rnoursms nfuoetcvms nfuoetcvms pnrtcjnjtns pere pere nh omjtnxtm omjtnxt m fn hms nstufcejtns, hes oepeocfefns y omjtnjcfms fnh årne, y nh arefm qun sn njounjtrej oursejfm hms nstufcejtns. •  Nh fnserrmhhm fn eotcvcfefns rntefmres qun kmtcvnj y pnrkctej e hms nstufcejtns kmvchczer kås fn uje oepeocfef. •  Nh nkphnm fn prmbhnkes fn he rnehcfef rnehcfef qun rnqucnrej rnqucnrej qun hms nstufcejtns utchconj hms omjmockcnjtms fn fcgnrnjtns årnes ourrcouherns. •  He prmkmocÿj fn pråotcoes nfuoetcves qun prmkunvej nh pnjsekcnjtm orëtcom y ornetcvm, hes `ebchcfefns smocmnkmocmjehns y nh trebedm omhebmretcvm.

 >2   

Vrebedm

omhebmretcvm

 Nstebhnonr ehcejzes njtrn fmonjtns pere ckphnknjter uj phej fn kndmre qun omjscfnrn he mraejczeocÿj fn prcmrcfefns fn eprnjfczedn tnjcnjfm nj ounjte hes fc󰁧couhtefns cfnjtc󰁧coefes nj hes prunbes fceajÿstc fceajÿstcoes. oes.   Anjnrer nspeocms fn rn󰁧hnxcÿj smbrn pråotcoes efnouefes fn rntrmehcknjteocÿj omkm pertn fnh prmonsm fn uje nvehueocÿj pere nh eprnjfczedn. He terne fn ckphnknjter pråotcoes fn rntrmehcknjteocÿj omkm pertn fnh njgmqun fn nvehueocÿj gmrketcve snõehefm nj nh OJNB fnbnrëe snr esukcfe pmr nh omjdujtm fn fmonjtns fn hes cjstctuocmjns nfuoetcves.

Nvehuer gmrketcveknjtn omjscstn nj user he nvehueocÿj omkm uje nstretnace qun

omjtrcbuye e he kndmre omjtcjue fn hms eprnjfczedns fn hms nstufcejtns. Nstn tcpm fn nvehueocÿj nvehueocÿ j pnrkctn qun hms nstufcejt nstufcejtns ns tmknj omjocnjoce fn sus fc󰁧couhtefns y gmrtehnzes9 tnjaej uj eprnjfczedn kås eutÿjmkm9 y euknjtnj su omj󰁧cejze pere esukcr fnse󰁧ëms y nrrmrns, y pere omkujcoer hm qun sebnj y jm sebnj `eonr. He rntrmehcknjteocÿj rn󰁧hnxcve fnbn snr nh prmonsm onjtreh fn he nvehueocÿj qun rnehczekms. rnehczekms. Fn nste n ste gmrke, pmfrnkms mgrnonr e junstrms nstufcejtns cjgmrkeocÿj rnhnvejtn smbrn sus hmarms, prmarnsms y fc󰁧couhtefns fn eprnjfczedn.

 >?   

 Rnehcon rnujcmjns fn trebedm omhnacefm  omj fmonjtns fn mtrms  arefms y/ y/m m jcvnhns

Hes rnujcmjns fn trebedm omhnacefm omj fmonjtns fn fcgnrnjtns arefms y/m fn mtrms jcvnhns fnbnrëe snr tekbcãj uj nspeocm fn trebedm omhebmretcvm pere rn󰁧hnxcmjer nj tmrjm e hes prunbes fceajÿstcoes. Nstn trebedm pmfrëe eberoer fms fcknjscmjns. \mr uj hefm, sn ejehczerëe nh omjtnjcfm fn hes prunbes omkm cjstruknjtms fn nvehueocÿj ehcjnefms e hms eprnjfczedns qun sn snõehej nj nh OJNB. \mr mtrm hefm, sn ejehczerëej hms rnsuhtefms hmarefms pmr hms nstufcejtns fn oefe arefm nj hes omkpntnjoces nvehuefes. Ejåhcscs fn hes prunbes fceajÿstcoes

Nste terne tcnjn omkm 󰁧cj cfnjtc󰁧coer oÿkm hes prnaujtes rn󰁧hndej uj jcvnh fn omkphndcfef fcstcjtm nj gujocÿj fnh arefm nvehuefm. Hms fcstcjtms jcvnhns fn omkphndcfef fn hes prnaujtes fn hes prunbes nvcfnjocej he prmarnscÿj fn hms eprnjfczedns e hmarer e hm heram fn he nsomhercfef. Nj nste hëjne, nh trebedm omhebmretcvm fnh nqucpm fn fmonjtns fn he cjstctuocÿj nfuoetcve pmfrëe mrcnjtersn e ckphnknjter nstretnaces qun hn pnrkctej hm scaucnjtn4 • Cfnjtc󰁧coer hms fnsnkpnõms y oepeocfefns qun fnkejfej hes

prnaujtes fn hes prunbes fceajÿstcoes nj oefe arefm nj nh kerom fnh OJNB. • Cfnjtc󰁧coer hms espnotms qun mtmraej keymr omkphndcfef omkphndcfef e hes

prnaujtes fn uje kcske oepeocfef fn uj arefm e mtrm.

• Omkperer hes prnaujtes fn uj kcskm fnsnkpnõm y oepeocfef

nj fcstcjtms arefms pere cfnjtc󰁧coer oÿkm he omkphndcfef fn hms eprnjfczedns prmarnse furejtn he nsomhercfef. ^tchczer zer he cjgmrkeocÿj fnh ejåhcscs fn hes prunbes pere fcsnõer • ^tchc nxpnrcnjoces fn eprnjfczedn oefe vnz kås rntefmres omj nh 󰁧cj fn brcjfer e hms nstufcejt nstufcejtns ns mpmrtujcfefns fn eprnjfczed eprnjfczedn n e󰁧cjns e sus jnonscfefns omjscfnrejfm he prmarnscÿj fn hms eprnjfczedns.

 >6   

Vrebedm

omhebmretcvm

Ejåhcscs fn hms rnsuhtefms ehoejzefms pmr hms nstufcejtns

He ckphnknjteocÿj fn nstn ejåhcscs ckphcoe uj rntm pere hms fmonjtns. Nstn rntm tcnjn omkm prcjocpeh 󰁧cjehcfef nstebhnonr hes oereotnrëstcoes kås rnhnvejtns fn hms eprnjfczedns fn hms nstufcejtns fn hms fcstcjtms arefms nvehuefms. Nstn ejåhcscs, mraejczefm e pertcr fn hms fnsnkpnõms, oepeocfefns y omkpntnjoces nvehuefes, fnbnrëe pnrkctcr hm scaucnjtn4 • Cfnjtc󰁧coer hms eprnjfczedns qun hms nstufcejtns fn uj

fntnrkcjefm arefm `ej omjsmhcfefm, nståj nj prmonsm fn hmarer m eôj sn njounjtrej hndms fn ehoejzer. • Omkperer hms rnsuhtefms fn hms fcgnrnjtns arefms fn prckerce

y snoujferce omj nh 󰁧cj fn cfnjtc󰁧coer hes rnauhercfefns nj hms hmarms fn eprnjfczedn, esë omkm sus oekbcms m prmarnsms. • Cfnjtc󰁧coer nj quã arefms sn prnsnjtej m eaufczej

hes fc󰁧couhtefns fn eprnjfczedn y ejtcocper ouåjfm ns omjvnjcnjtn pmjnr keymr ãjgescs nj nh fnserrmhhm fn fntnrkcjefms eprnjfczedns pere nvcter qun nstes fc󰁧couhtefns sn rnpctej nj arefms pmstnrcmrns.

He nvehueocÿj gmrketcve ns uj punjtn njtrn he njsnõejze y nh eprnjfczedn. Fnsfn nstn njgmqun, he nvehueocÿj sn njounjtre prnsnjtn furejtn tmfm nh prmonsm nfuoetcvm n cj󰁧huyn nj hes fnocscmjns qun tmkej hms fmonjtns smbrn hms eprnjfczedns qun nspnrej qun hms nstufcejtns nstufcejt ns hmarnj (½@eoce ( ½@eoce fÿjfn vekms=), hes nvcfnjoces qun kunstrej tehns eprnjfczed eprnjfczedns ns (½Oÿkm kn fmy ounjte fn qun hms nstufcejtns nståj eprnjfcnjfm hm qun jnonsctej eprnjfnr=) y smbrn hes nstretnac nstretnaces es qun `eråj pmscbhn nh hmarm fn nsms eprnjfczedns (½Oÿkm njsnõm=).

 >>   

_c ustnf tcnjn ehauje omjsuhte, nsorëbejms e knfcocmjLkcjnfu.amb.pn Wcsctn junstre påacje wnb4 `ttp4//uko.kcjnfu.amb.pn/ Mcocje fn Knfcocÿj fn he Oehcfef fn hms Eprnjfczedns (^KO) - Kcjcstnrcm fn Nfuoeocÿj