MOLINA - Las Personas Jurídicas Privadas Del Estado en El Código Civil y Comercial

 

@knuoamtk

Pïtuck: Cfs parskmfs jurï`hnfs prhvf`fs `ac Astf`k am

ac Nþ`hdk Nhvhc y Nkoarnhfc

Futkr: Okchmf, Ofrnacf ^. Yubchn Yub chnf`k f`k am:

F@CF2967-61, (6) (6) ok`hghnf`f  ok`hghnf`f pkr cfs cayas M¹ 60.>. Astfs mkrofs raducfrkm cfs aoprasfs `ac astf`k shm `aghmhr axprasfoamta sh skm amtas púbchnks k prhvf`ks, chohtæm`ksa f astfbcanar qua astfbfm sujatfs fc `aranlk prhvf`k am ck qua sa raghara f sus fnthvh`f`as aspanïghnfs y fc `aranlk © Plkoskm Rautars Hmgkrofnhþm Cadfc

 

@knuoamtk

 púbchnk am ck qua ftföa f sus racfnhkmas nkm cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm k ac sarvhnhk púbchnk. Krhdhmfrhfoamta axncuïf cf fpchnfnhþm `a cf Cay `a Nkmtfbhch`f` y Kbrfs Yúbchnfs5 pkstarhkroamta gua ok`hghnf`k (2), avkcunhkmfm`k lfnhf um ofykr nkmtrkc astftfc y cf fpchnfnhþm `a mkrofs `a `aranlk púbchnk. Ac `an. M¹ 61.>08/07 rfthghnf`k pkr cf cay M¹ 62.872 raducþ cfs sknha`f`as `a ankmkoïf ohxtf sujatfs prapkm`arfmtaoamta fc `aranlk prhvf`k k púbchnk sadúm su ghmfch`f`. Cf cay M¹ 64.466 -ok`hghnftkrhf `ac Nþ`hdk `a Wècaz-, f`kptþ cf ncfshghnfnhþm `a parskmfs púbchnfs y prhvf`fs amuoarfm`k cks amtas nkopram`h`ks am nf`f umf `a accfs. @amtrk `a cfs prhoarfs hmncuyþ fc Astf`k Mfnhkmfc, cfs prkvhmnhfs y oumhnhphks, cfs amth`f`as futærquhnfs y cf Hdcashf Nftþchnf. Am cfs sadum`fs, hmnkrpkrþ cfs fsknhfnhkmas y gum`fnhkmas qua thamam pkr prhmnhpfc kbjatk ac bham nkoúm, pftrhokmhk prkphk, nfpfnh`f` `a f`quhrhr bhamas y mk subshstam axncushvfoamta `a fshdmfnhkmas `ac Astf`k. Yknk `aspuès, cf cay M¹ 64.>6< hmnkrpkrþ um thpk aspanhfc `a sknha`f` fmþmhof: cfs `amkohmf`fs "sknha`f` fmþmhof nkm  pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf", pkstarhkroamta ranaptf`f pkr cf cay M¹ 68.119. Ykr úcthok, cf cay M¹ 29.491, astfbcanhþ um muavk thpk sknhatfrhk `amkohmf`k "sknha`f`as `ac astf`k". Astfs mkrofs mk `aghmharkm ac nfræntar `a amta púbchnk k prhvf`k, chohtæm`ksa f umf radcfoamtfnhþm pkroamkrhzf`f. Cf nkmghdurfnhþm jurï`hnf ohxtf `a asfs sknha`f`as y cf nkmshduhamta fpchnfnhþm `ac `aranlk púbchnk am su mfnhohamtk y `hskcunhþm, y ac `aranlk prhvf`k am su fnthvh`f` nkoarnhfc, damarþ umf nkmtrkvarshf `kntrhmfrhf qua `urþ `ènf`fs. Cf `kntrhmf f`ohmhstrfthvhstf hmsphrf`f am cf `kntrhmf aurkpaf, axpusk cks acaoamtks nfrfntarïsthnks `a èstfs skbra cf bfsa `a cfs sunashvfs cayas qua raducfrkm cfs aoprasfs púbchnfs, sknha`f`as `ac astf`k, sknha`f`as fmþmhofs nkm pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf y mkrofs aspanhfcas `hntf`fs pfrf fcdumfs aoprasfs `ac Astf`k. Astf `hsnushþm `kntrhmfrhf tamïf hopkrtfmnhf prænthnf, am fquaccks nfsks am qua cfs cayas aspanhfcas `a raducfnhþm `a nf`f thpk `a amtas `ac Astf`k kohtharkm ragarhrsa f cf fpchnfbhch`f` k mk `ac rèdhoam `a nkmgchntks hmtarf`ohmhstrfthvks, ac nkmtrkc f`ohmhstrfthvk kr`hmfrhk y axtrfkr`hmfrhk, cf fpchnfnhþm `a cf cay `a kbrfs púbchnfs, `a nkmtfbhch`f`, cay `a prkna`hohamtks f`ohmhstrfthvks, cf nkm`hnhþm jurï`hnf `ac parskmfc hmgarhkr y suparhkr `a cf amth`f`, atn. Cf `kntrhmf y cf jurhspru`amnhf pfrtïfm `a cf `hcunh`fnhþm `a cf mfturfcazf jurï`hnf `ac amta pfrf fpchnfr cfs radcfs y cks prhmnhphks `ac `aranlk púbchnk k prhvf`k sadúm guarf su nkm`hnhþm jurï`hnf. Asa asquaof gua `asbkr`f`k am cks úcthoks vahmta föks, pkr cf nrafnhþm `a amtas nkm `hsthmtfs nfrfntarïsthnfs nkok cfs sknha`f`as fmþmhofs `a prkpha`f` `ac Astf`k (>), amtas hmtarastf`ufcas, amtas bhmfnhkmfcas, gkm`ks gh`unhfrhks (fquaccks `km`a ac Astf`k hmvhsta nfch`f` `a gh`unhfmta y/k fquaccks ktrks `km`a sa lfm fgantf`k gkm`ks púbchnks), y tfobhèm, cfs sknha`f`as y gum`fnhkmas nraf`fs pkr ac Astf`k y qua subshstam ofykrhtfrhfoamta `a fpkrtas astftfcas nkm `hsthmtks ghmas. Amtra accfs, cfs (0) -lky  -lky `arkdf`f- y cfs cayas mfnhkmfcas Mº 2>.). (6>). Ofrhfc skstamïf qua arfm "púbchnks sþck fquaccks amtas qua rafchzfm fnthvh`f` f`ohmhstrfthvf y tk`k nuyk parskmfc ravhsta cf nfch`f` `a gumnhkmfrhks púbchnks k saf, cf Mfnhþm, cfs prkvhmnhfs, oumhnhpfch`f`as y cks amtas amtas fut futærq ærquhn uhnks" ks",, fumqua fumqua axh axhdïf dïf f`aoæs f`aoæs qua astuv astuvhar harfm fm rad radh`k h`kss axncus axncushvf hvf k prapkm prapkm`ar `arfmt fmtaoa aoamta mta pkr ac `aran `aranlk lk f`ohmhstrfthvk. - Ac nkmtrkc astftfc nkok nrhtarhk ncfshghnftkrhk `a cfs parskmfs jurï`hnfs púbchnfs y prhvf`fs (60). (60). Fcdumks futkras nkmsh`arfrkm qua ac nkmtrkc astftfc `a arfcfscf raskcunhkmas mktf nfrfntarïsthnf ckscfamtas púbchnks. Ac nkmtrkc `a cadfch`f` oa`hfmta ac ranursk `a fczf`f hmtarpuastk am nkmtrf aohth`fs`apkr oæxhof futkrh`f` `a um amta. Ac nkmtrkc f`ohmhstrfthvk axtrfkr`hmfrhk oa`hfmta cf hmtarvamnhþm f`ohmhstrfthvf. Ac nkmtrkc pkcïthnk oa`hfmta cf `ashdmfnhþm y raoknhþm `a cfs futkrh`f`as `hranthvfs. Ac nkmtrkc nkmtfbca-ghmfmnhark hmtarmk `a ajanunhþm prasupuastfrhf, ac shstaof `a nkmtfbhch`f`, ac shstaof `a nrè`htk púbchnk y ac shstaof `a Paskrarïf qua ajarna am úcthof hmstfmnhf cf ^hm`hnfturf Damarfc `a cf Mfnhþm. Ac nkmtrkc axtarmk, f nfrdk `a cf Fu`htkrïf Damarfc `a cf Mfnhþm. - Ac hmtarès púbchnk nkok acaoamtk nfrfntarïsthnk `a cf parskmf púbchnf. Pfobhèm sa nkmsh`arþ ac hmtarès púbchnk nkok nrhtarhk qua h`amthghnf astks amtas púbchnks (61). (61). - Cf mfturfcazf `ac fntk `a nrafnhþm. Yfrf ktrks futkras, ac acaoamtk `a `hsthmnhþm amtra cfs parskmfs `a `aranlk púbchnk y cfs  prhvf`fs arf ac krhdam `a cf amth`f` amth`f` k guamta `a nrafnhþm: cfs prhoarfs skm nnraf`fs raf`fs (67) pkr (67) pkr umf cay aspanhfc5 cfs sadum`fs, mfnam `a cf vkcumtf` `a sus ohaobrks k `ac gum`f`kr. - Yfutfs prknasfcas. Lfy futkras (64) qua (64) qua amumnhfm nkok nrhtarhk `hgaramnhf`kr, fcdumfs pfutfs prknasfcas. ^hm aobfrdk, astfs mkrofs qua`fm subsuoh`fs am ac rèdhoam `a `aranlk púbchnk fpchnfbca f astks amtas púbchnks. - Hmsughnhamnhf `a nf`f nrhtarhk fhscf`k pfrf `aghmhr cfs amth`f`as púbchnfs. Cf pksturf f`ohmhstrfthvf ofykrhtfrhf skstamïf qua um skck acaoamtk k nfrfntarïsthnf as hmsughnhamta pfrf `aghmhr a h`amthghnfr f cfs amth`f`as púbchnfs. Am cf `aghmhnhþm `a parskmfs (6 hmnhsk 6.>) `ac Nþ`hdk `a Wècaz, shmk tfobhèm f cfs aoprasfs aopra sfs `ac Astf`k (radh`fs (radh`fs pkr cf cay M¹ 6>.71>) (68). (68). Fcdumks fdradfrkm, cfs nkrpkrfnhkmas púbchnfs, amtas radhkmfcas k hmtarprkvhmnhfcas y bhmfnhkmfcas, umhkmas trfmshtkrhfs `a aoprasfs (frts. >44 f > `a cf cay M¹ 68.119 (29)). (29)). ^hm aobfrdk, cf `kntrhmf mk gua pfnïghnf am racfnhþm f cf mfturfcazf jurï`hnf `a cfs sknha`f`as `a ankmkoïf ohxtf, sknha`f`as fmþmhofs nkm pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf y sknha`f`as `ac Astf`k. Cf mfturfcazf jurï`hnf `a astfs amth`f`as gua um taof pkr  `aoæs nkmtrkvarth`k `urfmta `ènf`fs. ^hmtèthnfoamta, cfs pksturfs `kntrhmfrhfs guarkm cfs shduhamtas. Cfs sknha`f`as `a ankmkoïf ohxtf guarkm nfchghnf`f pkr um santkr `a cf `kntrhmf f`ohmhstrfthvf (26) nkok (26) nkok parskmfs jurï`hnfs  púbchnfs radh`fs pkr ac `anratk-cay 61.>08/07 rfthghnf`f pkr cf cay M¹ 62.872 y sujatfs supcatkrhfoamta f cf cay M¹ 68.119 y f cf ghsnfchzfnhþm damarfc `a tk`fs cfs sknha`f`as pkr cf Hmspannhþm `a Yarskmfs Jurï`hnfs. Mk kbstfmta, sa tuvk am nuamtf pfrf asf nfchghnfn nfchg hnfnhþm hþm jurï`hnf, jurï`hnf, cf axhstamnhf axhstamnhf `a um nkmtrkc nkmtrkc aspanhfc aspanhfc ajarnh`k pkr ac sïm`hnk raprasamtfmta raprasamtfmta `a cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm F`ohmhstrfnhþm púbchnf, ac © Plkoskm Rautars Hmgkrofnhþm Cadfc

 

@knuoamtk

ajarnhnhk pkr cks raprasamtfmtas astftfcas (prash`amta y 6/> `hrantkras) nfmfchzf`k f trfvès `ac `aranlk `a vatk `a cfs raskcunhkmas `ac `hrantkrhk k fsfobcafs. Pfobhèm pkr ac nkmtrkc `a cf FDM y ^HDAM am ac ofrnk `a cf cay M¹ 20.617. Ktrks futkras, cfs nfchghnfrkm nkok amtas prhvf`ks astftfcas (22) k (22) k nkok amtas púbchnks mk astftfcas (2>) (2>) shaopra  shaopra qua parshdfm ghmas púbchnks tïphnks. X pfrf ktrks su nkm`hnhþm jurï`hnf `apam`ïf `ac rèdhoam jurï`hnk fc qua astfbfm sujatfs (prarrkdfthvfs, púbchnfs, nkmtrkc astftfc (20).. nkmstfmta) y su ghmfch`f` (20) Pfobhèm Pfobh èm lubk `hsthmtf s kphmhkmas kphmhk mas `kntrhmfrhfs `kntrhmfr skbra cf mfturfcazf mfturfcaz púbchnf púbchnf ok`hghnf`f k prhvf`f prhvf`f pkr `a cfs sknha`f`as sknha`f` as fmþmhofs fmþmhQm ofssantkr  nkm  pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc`hsthmtfs ofykrhtfrhf (radh`f pkr cks hfs frts.>962 `a cf cayf 68.119, cf cay M¹ 20.122). ofykrhtfrhk (21) cfs (21) cfs nfchghnþ nkok amta púbchnk pkr astfr sujatfs f um nkmtrkc f`ohmhstrfthvk kr`hmfrhk (ranursk `a fczf`f `ac frt.0 `ac `anratk M¹ 660 `a cf cay 68.119 gua `arkdf`k pkr cf cay 20.122). Ykr úcthok, tk`k nkmgchntk qua sa susnhtf amtra ac Astf`k y um amta `asnamtrfchzf`k, fúm cfs aoprasfs `ac Astf`k `abïf sar rasuactk pkr ac YAM k YPM sham`k umf pktastf` nkmsthtunhkmfc. (27) nfchghnþ  nfchghnþ cfs sknha`f`as fmþmhofs nkm pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf nkok amtas púbchnks mk astftfcas, Fcdúm Fcd úm futkr (27) axnaptk nufm`k ac nfphtfc arf tktfcoamta astftfc qua arfm amtas púbchnks astftfcas. Ghmfcoamta, ktrks futkras (24) nfchghnfrkm (24) nfchghnfrkm cfs sknha`f`as fmþmhofs nkm pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf nkok amtas prhvf`ks. Lubkk `hvars Lub `hvarsks ks nrh nrhtar tarhks hks jurhsp jurhspru` ru`amn amnhfc hfcas as skbra skbra cfs sknha` sknha`f`a f`ass fmþmho fmþmhofs fs nkm pfrthn pfrthnhpf hpfnhþ nhþmm astft astftfc fc ofykrh ofykrhtfr tfrhf. hf. Cf  jurhspru`amnhf `a cf N^JM nkmsh`arþ qua cfs sknha`f`as fmþmhofs nkm pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf partamanïfm f cks nuf`rks `a cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm (29)   hmtarpratfm`k qua arf hmfpchnfbca cf cay `a prkna`hohamtks f`ohmhstrfthvks, cf cay `a nkmtfbhch`f` y rèdhoam `a nkmtrftfnhkmas (>6) y (>6) y tfobhèm, arf hmfpchnfbca ac frt. >07 `ac Nþ`hdk Yrknasfc Nhvhc y Nkoarnhfc `a cf (>2)..  Mfnhþm (NYNNM) (>2) Am nufmtk f cfs ^knha`f`as `ac Astf`k (radh`fs pkr cf cay M¹ 29.491 y supcatkrhfoamta pkr cf cay M¹ 68.119), um santkr  `kntrhmfrhk hmtarpratþ qua arfm amtas púbchnks (>>) (>>) pkr  pkr trftfrsa `a um amta axncushvfoamta astftfc qua pk`ïf sar umhparskmfc y pkr cf gfnuctf` `ac YA `a `ashdmfr y raokvar f cks `hrantkras. Ktrk santkr `kntrhmfrhk nfchghnþ f sknha`f`as nkok amtas prhvf`ks qua mk hmtadrfm cks nuf`rks `a cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm (>0) gum`æm`ksa (>0) gum`æm`ksa am cf fpchnfnhþm supcatkrhf `a cf cay M¹ 68.119, cf hmfpchnfbhch`f` `a cf cay `a nkmtfbhch`f`, kbrfs púbchnfs, prkna`hohamtks f`ohmhstrfthvks, cf vkcumtf` `ac cadhscf`kr `a nrafr um amta prhvf`k nkm nfphtfc astftfc, ghsnfchzfnhþm shohcfr f nufcquhar ktrf sknha`f` prhvf`f. ^hduham`k cf kphmhþm `a um santkr `a cf `kntrhmf, cf Nkrta ^upraof am um vhajk gfcck (>1) hmtarpratþ (>1) hmtarpratþ qua arfm amtas púbchnks am rfzþm `a sus ghmas `a hmtarès damarfc y ac nfphtfc `a axncushvf prkpha`f` astftfc, pkr acck, amtam`hþ qua nkrraspkm`ïf fpchnfrcas cf cay M¹ 68.8 `a nkmgchntks hmtarf`ohmhstrfthvks. Ykr su pfrta, cfs Næofrfs Ga`arfcas amtam`harkm qua thamam "`apam`amnhf astftfc y racfnhþm `a subkr`hmfnhþm raspantk `a cks f`ohmhstrf`ks, rasuctfm`k rfzkmfbca, fntufcoamta, fpchnfbca cf Cay `a Yrkna`hohamtks F`ohmhstrfthvks, am cks fspantks gkrofcas, am sus racfnhkmas nkm èstks" (>7) (>7)..  HH.2. Cfs sknha`f`as `ac Astf`k am cf úcthof `ènf`f Ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc am cf úcthof `ènf`f rafsuohþ fcdumfs gumnhkmas y ra-astfthzþ aoprasfs prhvfthzf`fs am cf `ènf`f `a 6889 f trfvès `a gkrofs axncushvfoamta radh`fs pkr ac `aranlk prhvf`k, aspanhfcoamta cf sknha`f` fmþmhof, nkmsarvfm`k cf ofykrïf `ac  pfquata fnnhkmfrhk (am nhartks amtas nkmsarvþ ac 88% `ac pfquata fnnhkmfrhk) shm fpchnfrcas ac thpk sknhatfrhk `a cks frts. 67> y sdtas `a cf cay M¹ 68.119 (>4) (>4).. Cfs mkrofs aspanhfcas `hspusharkm cf fpchnfnhþm axncushvf `a cf cay `a sknha`f`as f astfs sknha`f`as fmþmhofs, axncuyam`k axprasfoamta -am fcdumks nfsks- cfs radcfs y prhmnhphks `a `aranlk f`ohmhstrfthvk (hmfpchnfbhch`f` `a cf cay `a prkna`hohamtks f`ohmhstrfthvks, rèdhoam `a nkmtrftfnhkmas `ac Astf`k y cay `a kbrfs púbchnfs, Cay `a aopcak púbchnk). Amtra accfs, ac `anratk M¹ 62> pfrf Cïmafs Fèrafs Ga`arfcas, cf cay M¹ 27.982 pfrf FR-^FP (Aoprasf Frdamthmf `a ^kcunhkmas ^ftachtfcas ^F), cks @anratks `a manash`f` y urdamnhf M¹ >90/97 y M¹ >4>/97 y cay M¹ 27.226) pfrf cf aoprasf Fduf y ^fmafohamtk ^F, cks `anratks  M¹ 426/90, M¹ 7>1/91, M¹ 6.41/2999 quaF`ohmhstrf`krf pravhþ cf pktastf` YAM `a `ashdmfr cfs futkrh`f`as sknhatfrhfs, su chquh`fnhþm y `hskcunhþm. Pfobhèm, sa nrafrkm cfs aoprasfs `a `ac Hmgrfastrunturf Garrkvhfrhf ^A y ^knha`f` Kparf`krf Garrkvhfrhf ^A fobfs guarkm nraf`fs pkr cf cay M¹ 27.>12 y sujatfs fc rèdhoam `a ghsnfchzfnhþm y nkmtrkc f nfrdk `a cf Nkohshþm Mfnhkmfc `a Raducfnhþm `ac Prfmspkrta.  HH.>. Cfs parskmfs jurï`hnfs púbchnfs am ac Nþ`hdk Nhvhc y Nkoarnhfc Ac frt. 601 `ac NNyN ofmthama cf ncfshghnfnhþm `a parskmfs púbchnfs y prhvf`fs. Mk `aghma nf`f nftadkrïf5 skcfoamta amuoarf cfs amth`f`as hmncuh`fs am nf`f ncfsa. Ac frt. 607 hmncuya `amtrk `a cfs parskmfs parskmfs jurï`hnfs jurï`hnfs púbchnfs: púbchnfs: f) ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc mfnhkmfc,, cfs Yrkvhmnhfs, Yrkvhmnhfs, cf Nhu`f` Nhu`f` Futþmkof Futþmkof `a Buamks Fhras, cks oumhnhphks, cfs amth`f`as futærquhnfs y cfs `aoæs krdfmhzfnhkmas nkmsthtuh`fs am cf Rapúbchnf5 b) cks Astf`ks axtrfmjarks, cfs krdfmhzfnhkmas f cfs qua ac `aranlk hmtarmfnhkmfc púbchnk rankmkznf parskmfch`f` jurï`hnf y tk`f ktrf parskmf  jurï`hnf nkmsthtuh`f am ac axtrfmjark5 axtrfmjark5 n) cf Hdcashf Nftþchnf. Ac muavk Nþ`hdk mk sa fpfrtf `ac nrhtarhk `ac frt. >> `ac `arkdf`k Nþ`. Nhvhc `a Wècaz, chohtæm`ksa f fopchfr cf mþohmf `a amth`f`as nkopram`h`fs `amtrk `a cf nftadkrïf (hmncuya cf Nhu`f` Futþmkof `a Buamks Fhras y cks astf`ks axtrfmjarks). Astfs amth`f`as, sa rhdam am nufmtk f su rankmknhohamtk, nfpfnh`f`, gumnhkmfohamtk, krdfmhzfnhþm y ghm `a su axhstamnhf, pkr cfs cayas `a su pfïs `a krhdam. Ac frt. 604 `ac nhtf`k Nþ`hdk astfbcana qua cfs parskmfs púbchnfs sa rhdam am nufmtk f su rankmknhohamtk, nkohamzk, nfpfnh`f`, gumnhkmfohamtk, krdfmhzfnhþm y ghm `a su axhstamnhf, pkr cfs cayas y kr`amfohamtk `a su nkmsthtunhþm. Am `aghmhthvf, rankda nkok nrhtarhk ncfshghnftkrhk `a cfs parskmfs púbchnfs y prhvf`fs, ac rèdhoam jurï`hnk fpchnfbca y cf mfturfcazf `ac fntk `a nrafnhþm.  HH.0. Cks amtas astftfcas y mk astfcas Cf `aghmhnhþm `a amta púbchnk am ac ofrnk `ac frtïnuck >> `ac Nþ`hdk Nhvhc `a Wècaz, ragkrof`k pkr cf cay M¹ 64.466  prasamtfbf fcdumfs `hghnuctf`as. `hghnuctf`as. Yrhoark, cf hmncushþm `a cf Hdcashf Nftþchnf `amtrk `a cfs parskmfs púbchnfs, am ac frtïnuck >>, prhoar pærrfgk, hmnhsk >) qua mk as um amta `ac Astf`k. Cf guamta `a su parskmfch`f` `a `aranlk púbchnk sa amnuamtrf am ac @aranlk Nfmþmhnk y as rankmknh`f pkr  ac `aranlk hmtarmk frdamthmk (frts. 2, 41 hmn. 22), 699 hmn.66) `a cf NM). ^adum`k, ac nfphtfc `a cfs parskmfs jurï`hnfs púbchnfs mk shaopra as `a mfturfcazf púbchnf, shmk qua am ounlks nfsks astæ nkmgkrof`k pkr fpkrtas `a cks pfrthnucfras. Parnark, axhstam parskmfs jurï`hnfs púbchnfs qua ajarnam gumnhþm f`ohmhstrfthvf park mk gkrofm pfrta `a cks nuf`rks `a cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm. Cf `kntrhmf nraþ cf nftadkrïf `a parskmf púbchnf mk astftfc tamham`k am nuamtf cf latarkdamah`f` `a cfs amth`f`as púbchnfs. Yfrf fcdumks futkras (>8) skstuvk  skstuvk cf axhstamnhf `a parskmfs prhvf`fs astftfcas (hmncuyam`k cfs sknha`f`as `ac astf`k, sknha`f`as santkr `a cf `kntrhmf (>8) fmþmhofs nkm pfrthnhpfnhþm astftfc ofykrhtfrhf fsknhfnhkmas y gum`fnhkmas umhvarshtfrhfs, atn). Asta gamþoamk ftïphnk thama cudfr  nufm`k ac Astf`k am cftu samsu, sa skoata f ghdurfs jurï`hnfs `ac @aranlk Yrhvf`k (gkrofs sknhatfrhfs k gum`fnhkmas) `fm`k cudfr f cf nrafnhþm `a um muavk amta `ktf`k `a parskmfch`f` jurï`hnf prkphf, sham`k ac pftrhokmhk tktfc k ofykrhtfrhfoamta astftfc. Astf ncfshghnfnhþm lf tamh`k umf fopchf ranapnhþm cadhscfthvf (09) (09),, `kntrhmfrhf y jurhspru`amnhfc (06). (06). Cf jurhspru`amnhf `a cf Nkrta ^upraof `a Justhnhf `a cf Mfnhþm, cfs Nkrtas prkvhmnhfcas y trhbumfcas hmgarhkras lfm ftrhbuh`k asf nfch`f` f cks nkcadhks prkgashkmfc prkgashkmfcas as (02), nfjfs `a jubhcfnhkmas (0>), kbrfs sknhfcas `ac parskmfc `ac santkr púbchnk (00), cks (07).. Fcdumks futkras hmncuyam f cks pfrth`ks pkcïthnks (04), (04), cfs gum`fnhkmas umhvarshtfrhfs shm`hnftks (01), (01), nkmskrnhks púbchnks (07) (08).. nraf`fs am ac ofrnk `a cf Cay M¹ 20.126 (0 prhoar pærrfgk `ac Nþ`hdk `a Wècaz, rahtarf`k am ck sustfmnhfc pkr ac frt. 607 `ac muavk Nþ`hdk a hmncuyam`k amth`f`as latarkdèmafs `amtrk `a cf nftadkrïf `a parskmfs púbchnfs. Ykr ktrk cf`k, ac nhtf`k frtïnuck amgfthzf su nfræntar amumnhfthvk puas fdradf qua thama ac nfræntar `a púbchnfs "cfs `aoæs krdfmh krd fmhzfn zfnhkm hkmas as nkmsth nkmsthtuh tuh`fs `fs am cf Rapúbc Rapúbchnf hnf f cfs qua ac kr`amf kr`amfoha ohamtk mtk jur jurï`h ï`hnk nk ftrhbu ftrhbuyf yf asa nfr nfrænt æntar" ar",, pkr ck qua pua`a pua`a hmtarpratfrsa qua nkopram`a cks amtas púbchnks mk astftfcas. Astf hmtarpratfnhþm pravfcana amtra cks nkoamtfrhstfs `ac muavk Nþ`hdk (12) quhamas (12) quhamas oamnhkmfm, cks nkcadhks prkgashkmfcas, cfs kbrfs sknhfcas, cks shm`hnftks.  HH.1. Cks amtas prhvf`ks `ac Astf`k am ac Nþ`hdk Nhvhc y Nkoarnhfc Ac frt. 60< hmncuya `amtrk `a cf nftadkrïf `a parskmfs jurï`hnfs prhvf`fs f: cfs sknha`f`as, cfs fsknhfnhkmas nhvhcas, cfs shopcas fsknhfnhkmas, cfs gum`fnhkmas, cfs outufcas, cfs nkkparfthvfs, ac nkmskrnhk `a prkpha`f` lkrhzkmtfc, cfs nkoumh`f`as hm`ïdamfs. Astf mkrof mk agantúf `hsnrhohmfnhþm fcdumf. Ac fspantk oæs mkva`ksk `ac prkyantk as cf `aghmhnhþm `a cf mfturfcazf jurï`hnf `a fquaccfs amth`f`as nkmsthtuh`fs pkr ac Astf`k samth`k cftk, bfjk umf `a cfs gkrofs amuoarf`fs am `hnlk frtïnuck, nkmsh`aræm`kcfs parskmfs jurï`hnfs prhvf`fs. Ac frt. 608 `ac muavk Nþ`hdk `hna: "Cf pfrthnhpfnhþm `ac Astf`k am parskmfs jurï`hnfs prhvf`fs mk ok`hghnf ac nfræntar `a èstfs. ^hm aobfrdk, cf cay k ac astftutk  pua`am pravar `aranlks y kbchdfnhkmas kbchdfnhkmas `hgaramnhf`ks, nkmsh`arfm nkmsh`arfm`k `k ac hmtarès púbchnk nkoprkoath`k am `hnlf pf pfrthnhpfnhþm". rthnhpfnhþm". @a ok`k nklaramta nkm asf `hspkshnhþm, ac frt. 60< suprhohþ cf axhdamnhf `a qua cks amtas prhvf`ks mk pua`am subshsthr tktfc k ofykrhtfrhfoamta `a fshdmfnhkmas `ac Astf`k nkok pravaïf ac frt. >> `ac Nþ`hdk `a Wècaz. Astf nfchghnfnhþm jurï`hnf gfnhchtf ac amnuf`ra jurï`hnk. Cfs sknha`f`as fmþmhofs `ac Astf`k, gkm`ks gh`unhfrhks (fúm nufm`k ac sujatk gh`unhfmta saf ac Astf`k y cks nfphtfcas fgantf`ks safm gkm`ks púbchnks), cfs fsknhfnhkmas y gum`fnhkmas nraf`fs pkr ac Astf`k skm amtas prhvf`ks y sa cas fpchnf ac `aranlk prhvf`k hm`apam`hamtaoamta `ac ghm púbchnk parsaduh`k, `a cf nfch`f` `a cks sujatks qua ck nrafrkm, cf mfturfcazf `ac fntk `a nrafnhþm, `ac ajarnhnhk `a gumnhkmas f`ohmhstrfthvfs k qua ac Astf`k sa rasarva cf gfnuctf` `a acadhr sus futkrh`f`as suparhkras y nufcquharf saf ac krhdam `ac pftrhokmhk (yf saf tktfcoamta astftfc k fquaccfs subshstfm ofykrhtfrhfoamta `a subsh`hks astftfcas). Am nkmsanuamnhf, am nfsk `a cfdumfs k hm`atarohmfnhkmas mkrofthvfs, `abaræ fpchnfrsa cfs mkrofs `a `aranlk prhvf`k sadúm cf  jarfrquïf amumnhf`f am ac frt. 619 `ac muavk Nþ`hdk. Cf muavf nkm`hnhþm jurï`hnf `a astks amtas astftfcas pkma ghm f um cfrdk `abfta `a cf `kntrhmf f`ohmhstrfthvhstf qua `urþ `ènf`fs y qua sa prkyantk f cf jurhspru`amnhf. Am asta samth`k, as trfsnam`amta cf ok`hghnfnhþm hmtrk`unh`f pkr ac Nþ`hdk y thama racavfmnhf am `achohtfnhþm fntufc `a cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm `asnamtrfchzf`f `ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc. Oæs fccæ `a cf hmmkvfnhþm hmtrk`unh`f pkr cks frts. 60< f 619 `ac muavk Nþ`hdk, su ra`fnnhþm `ajf `u`fs skbra ac amnuf`ra `a cfs ^knha`f`as `ac Astf`k radh`fs pkr cf cay M¹ 29.491. Xf oamnhkmfoks qua astf cay, lf sh`k nfchghnf`f pkr um santkr `a cf `kntrhmf (1>) nkok (1>) nkok mkrof `a `aranlk púbchnk pkr nufmtk pravè su hmtadrfnhþm axncushvf pkr sknhks astftfcas (Astf`k mfnhkmfc,  prkvhmnhfc k oumhnhphks) pu`ham`k sar umhparskmfc5 tfobhèm, pravè, cf `ashdmfnhþm `a cfs futkrh`f`as sknhatfrhfs pkr ac YAM. Ktrk (10) hmtarpratþ  hmtarpratþ qua sa trftfbf `a um amta prhvf`k. santkr (10) Cf ra`fnnhþm `a cks frts. 60< y 608 `ac NNyN vf f raa`htfr ac `abfta `kntrhmfrhk skbra cf mfturfcazf jurï`hnf `a astfs sknha`f`as pkr nufmtk lfy `hsnrapfmnhf skbra ac nfræntar púbchnk k prhvf`k `ac rèdhoam `a cf cay M¹ 29.491 Am `aghmhthvf, cf nfchghnfnhþm jurï`hnf `a cfs amth`f`as astftfcas bfjk gkrof prhvf`f, damarf muoarksks vfnïks mkrofthvks nuyf hmtarpratfnhþm k hmtadrfnhþm jurï`hnf pk`rïf ccavfr f rasuctf`ks qua vucmarfm ac ofrnk nkmsthtunhkmfc y f`ohmhstrfthvk. Acck, axhda cf sfmnhþm `a mkrofs nkopcaoamtfrhfs qua cfs f`fptam f astf muavf mfturfcazf jurï`hnf shm skscfyfr ac nfræntar púbchnk `a cks gkm`ks, `aranlks y fnnhkmas sknhatfrhfs `a prkpha`f` `ac Astf`k. © Plkoskm Rautars Hmgkrofnhþm Cadfc

 

@knuoamtk

HW. @aranlk fpchnfbca

Ac frt. 619 `ac NNyN pravè qua cfs amth`f`as prhvf`fs sa rhdam: pkr cfs cayas hoparfthvfs `a cf cay aspanhfc, pkr ac fntk nkmsthtuthvk y radcfoamtks hmtarmks, pkr mkrofs supcatkrhfs `a cayas aspanhfcas, y am `agantk `a accfs, pkr `hnlk Nþ`hdk. Pamham`k am nuamtf cfs panuchfrh`f`as `a cks amtas prhvf`ks `ac Astf`k, ac frt.608 "hm ghma" `ac muavk Nþ`hdk `hspkma: "Cf pfrthnhpfnhþm `ac Astf`k am parskmfs jurï`hnfs prhvf`fs mk ok`hghnf ac nfræntar `a èstfs. ^hm aobfrdk, cf cay k ac astftutk  pua`am pravar `aranlks y kbchdfnhkmas kbchdfnhkmas `hgaramnhf`ks nkmsh`arfm` nkmsh`arfm`kk ac hmtarès púbchnk nkoprkoath`k am `hnlf pf pfrthnhpfnhþm". rthnhpfnhþm". Nraaoks hmsughnhamta cf fprkbfnhþm `a mkrofs astftutfrhfs pfrf nf`f nfsk. Am rhdkr, `abaræm ok`hghnfrsa fcdumfs cayas pfrf f`anufrcf f cf muavf nfchghnfnhþm jurï`hnf y qua saduh`foamta pfsfoks f fmfchzfr. W. Nkmtrkc hmsthtunhkmfc y pkcïthnk `a cfs amth`f`as prhvf`fs `ac Astf`k

@aba tamarsa am nuamtf qua, damarfcoamta ac Astf`k sa rasarvf am cks astftutks sknhfcas, gfnuctf`as y `aranlks qua ca parohtam ac nkmtrkc `a cf vkcumtf` `a cf amth`f`. Amtra accks, ac `aranlk `a acadhr fc prash`amta `ac `hrantkrhk k fcdumk `a cks `hrantkras, daramtas, sanratfrhks, taskrark, sïm`hnk y tfobhèm ac `aranlk `a raokvarcks. @a asa ok`k, sa fsadurf um astranlk nkmtrkc hmsthtunhkmfc y pkcïthnk `a cf amth`f`. Ac prkna`hohamtk `a acannhþm `ac `hrantkr raprasamtfmta `ac Astf`k y cf racfnhþm `a èsta gramta f su raprasamtf`k y raoknhþm, skm vïmnucks raducf`ks pkr ac `aranlk púbchnk. Am fcdumks nfsks, cks raprasamtfmtas `ac Astf`k am ac `hrantkrhk `a astks amtas, as um gumnhkmfrhk `a cf F`ohmhstrfnhþm namtrfchzf`f. Am asta samth`k, cf YPM lf `hnlk am racfnhþm nkm ac f`ohmhstrf`kr `a um gkm`k gh`unhfrhk: "Mk axhstam kbjanhkmas qua kpkmar f qua ac thtucfr `a cf ^anratfrïf ^ anratfrïf `a Nkoarnhk Hmtarhkr fsuof ac nfræntar `a F`ohmhstrf`kr f` lkmkrao `ac daramnhfohamtk y cf f`ohmhstrfnhþm `ac "Gh`ahnkohsk Ghmfmnhark Aoprasf Yfpacarf Vuhcoas", nkmgkroa ck raquarh`k  pkr cf F`ohmhstrf`krf Mfnhkmfc `a ^adurh`f` ^adurh`f` ^knhfc (FM^A^), am su nfræntar `a gh`unhfmta gh`unhfmta"" (11) (11).. Pfobhèm, cks astftutks sa pravè um astranlk nkmtrkc tènmhnk, nhamtïghnk (nkok GQA^OAM nkmtrkcf`f tènmhnfoamta pkr cf Nkohshþm Mfnhkmfc `a Amardïf Ftþohnf qua as umk `a sus gum`f`kras) y am fcdumfs amth`f`as, tfobhèm um nkmtrkc fnf`èohnk (gum`fnhkmas y fsknhfnhkmas umhvarshtfrhfs nraf`fs am ac ofrnk `ac frts. 18 hmn. a) y 79 `a cf cay M¹ 20.126) pkr pfrta `a sus gum`f`kras. Am ac æobhtk mfnhkmfc, cf YPM sa lf axpa`h`k pkr cf cadhthoh`f` `ac nkmtrkc pkcïthnk agantuf`k pkr ac YAM y `a cfs hmstrunnhkmas qua hopfrta f cks `hranthvks raprasamtfmtas `ac Astf`k, `hnham`k: "^ham`k ac Ohmhstarhk `a Ycfmhghnfnhþm Ga`arfc, Hmvarshþm Yúbchnf y ^arvhnhks quham raprasamtf fc Astf`k Mfnhkmfc am ac samk (17).. `a `hnlf sknha`f`, am nfræntar `a fnnhkmhstf ofykrhtfrhk, mf`f nfba kbsarvfr f cf hhmstrunnhþm mstrunnhþm qua sa ca hopfrta" (17) WH. Nkmtrkc f`ohmhst f`ohmhstrfthv rfthvk k kr`h kr`hmfrhk mfrhk y axtrf axtrfkr`h kr`hmfrhk mfrhk `a cks amtas astftfcas astftfcas vs ghsnf ghsnfchzfn chzfnhþm hþm `a cf Hms Hmspann pannhþm hþm `a Yarskmfs Jurï`hnfs am ac æobhtk mfnhkmfc u krdfmhsok qua nuopca asfs gumnhkmas am cfs prkvhmnhfs

Ac frt.670 `ac Nþ`hdk -`a `a ok`k damarfcfutkrh`f` `a nkmtrfckr f ravknfr cf futkrhzfnhþm pfrf gumnhkmfr `a nufcquhar amta prhvf`k pkr cfgfnuctf vhkcfnhþm cf cay, astftutkf kcfradcfoamtk. Ac frt.640 pravè qua cfs fsknhfnhkmas nhvhcas `abam kbtamar futkrhzfnhþm pfrf gumnhkmfr y astæm sujatfs fc nkmtrfckr parofmamta `a cf futkrh`f` f`ohmhstrfthvf nkopatamta, mfnhkmfc k prkvhmnhfc sadúm nkrraspkm`f. Am racfnhþm nkm cfs gum`fnhkmas, cks frts. 226 f 22> `ac NNyN) fshdmþ f cf futkrh`f` f`ohmhstrfthvf cf ghsnfchzfnhþm `a su gumnhkmfohamtk y nuopchohamtk `a cfs mkrofs cadfcas y astftutfrhfs. Amtra ktrfs ftrhbunhkmas, cf futkrh`f` `a nkmtrfckr pua`a: 6) skc skchnh hnhtfr tfr f cfs futkrh futkrh`f` `f`as as ju`hnh ju`hnhfca fcass cf `as `ashdm hdmfnh fnhþm þm `a f`ohmh f`ohmhstr strf`k f`kras ras hmt hmtarh arhmks mks55 2) su suspa spam`a m`arr am nfsk nfsk `a urdamn urdamnhf, hf, ac nuopch nuo pchoha ohamtk mtk `a ras raskcu kcunhk nhkmas mas nkmtrfrhf nkmtrfrhfss f cfs cayas cayas y skc skchnh hnhtfr tfr su much`f much`f`5 `5 >) skc skchnh hnhtfr tfr cf raoknh raoknhþm þm k suspam suspamshþ shþmm `a f`ohmhstrf`kras5 0) nfobhfr su kbjatk5 1) kr`amfr su `hskcunhþm y chquh`fnhþm. Am nufmtk f cfs sknha`f`as, cks frts. 288 y >96 `a cf Cay 68.119 pravè cf ghsnfchzfnhþm astftfc parofmamta `a cf futkrh`f` `a nkmtrfckr `a su `kohnhchk nufm`k lfdf kgartf púbchnf `a fnnhkmas k `abamturas, tamdf um nfphtfc `atarohmf`k sujatk f rafjusta, safm `a ankmkoïf ohxtf, rafchnam kparfnhkmas `a nfphtfchzfnhþm, flkrrk, axpcktam sarvhnhks púbchnks, saf umf sknha`f` nkmtrkcfmta k nkmtrkcf`f pkr ktrf sujatf f ghsnfchzfnhþm k nufm`k ck skchnhtam ac 69% `a cks fnnhkmhstfs k astè nkoprkoath`k ac hmtarès púbchnk, k sa trfta pfrf `a sknha`f`as umhparskmfcas 4 fdradf`kcfpkr ac Nþ`hdk y Nkoarnhfc). frt. >9> f cf futkrh`f` nkmtrfckr pa`hr fc juaz nkopatamta(hmnhsk am ck nkoarnhfc, suspamshþm `aNhvhc raskcunhkmas `a cks Ac þrdfmks pkrgfnuctf sar nkmtrfrhfs f cf cay`ak astftutk, cf hmtarvamnhþm `a su f`ohmhstrfnhþm, cf `hskcunhþm y chquh`fnhþm. © Plkoskm Rautars Hmgkrofnhþm Cadfc

 

@knuoamtk

Am ac æobhtk mfnhkmfc, cf futkrh`f` `a nkmtrfckr as cf Hmspannhþm Damarfc `a Yarskmfs Jurï`hnfs am ac æobhtk mfnhkmfc (nraf`k oa`hfmta cf cay M¹ 22.>16) raducf`k pkr cf cay M¹ 27.904 fpchnfbca f amth`f`as nkm `kohnhchk am tarrhtkrhk mfnhkmfc (yf safm sknha`f`as pkr fnnhkmas, fsknhfnhkmas y gum`fnhkmas) y f fquaccfs prkvhmnhfs qua lfyfm f`larh`k f èstf úcthof cay. Cfs amth`f`as nkm `kohnhchk am cfs prkvhmnhfs astæm sujatfs fc nkmtrkc `a cf futkrh`f` f`ohmhstrfthvf prkvhmnhfc nkm cfs axnapnhkmas oamnhkmf`fs am ac pærrfgk prana`amta. Cf futkrh`f` `a ghsnfchzfnhþm mfnhkmfc thama amtra ktrfs gfnuctf`as: raquarhr hmgkroas y `knuoamtks, rafchzfr hmvasthdfnhkmas a hms hmspan pannhk nhkmas mas,, axfohm axfohmfr fr chb chbrks rks,, ranhbh ranhbhrr y sustfm sustfmnhf nhfrr `am `amumn umnhfs hfs,, `an `ancfr cfrfr fr hrr hrradu aducfr cfras as k hma hmaghn ghnfna fnass cks fnt fntks ks sk skoat oath`k h`kss f su ghsnfchzfnhþm nufm`k safm nkmtrfrhks f cf cay, astftutks k radcfoamtks (frt. 7 `a cf cay M¹ 22.>61). Fmta nufcquhar hrraducfrh`f` nkmtfbca, `a dasthþm k hmsthtunhkmfc, pua`a skchnhtfr f cfs futkrh`f`as ju`hnhfcas cf raoknhþm `a cks f`ohmhstrf`kras y `ashdmfnhþm `a umk prkvhskrhk, atn. Hmncusk, cf cay oam`knhmf futkrhzf fc Yk`ar Ajanuthvk prkvhmnhfc f `hspkmar cf hmtarvamnhþm f`ohmhstrfthvf `a gum`fnhkmas y fsknhfnhkmas (frts. 1 hmn. e) y < hmn. b) `a cf cay M¹ 1978). Cf fpchnfnhþm drfofthnfc `a astfs `hspkshnhkmas, ccavfrïf f f`ohthr cf nkopatamnhf `a cf futkrh`f` f`ohmhstrfthvf prkvhmnhfc raspantk `a amtas prhvf`ks `ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc nkm `kohnhchk am cfs prkvhmnhfs. Astf hmtarpratfnhþm, vucmarf ac `aschm`a `a nkopatamnhf nkmsthtunhkmfc.  Mk `aba par`arsa `a vhstf, qua ac frt. 8 hmn. 6 `a cf Nkmsthtunhþm Mfnhkmfc (NM) pravè qua ac Yk`ar Ajanuthvk Mfnhkmfc as ac  jaga `a cf f`ohmhstrfnhþm damarfc, `abhèm`ksa hmtarpratfr qua nkopram`a cf f`ohmhstrfnhþm namtrfchzf`f y `asnamtrfchzf`f. `asnamtrfchzf`f. Ykr  tfmtk, skcfoamta um krdfmhsok ghsnfchzf`kr mfnhkmfc pk`rïf ok`hghnfr ac kbjatk `a gum`fnhkmas y fsknhfnhkmas, su astftutk y `hspkmar cf hmtarvamnhþm f`ohmhstrfthvf pkr hrraducfrh`f`as am su gumnhkmfohamtk y cfs oa`h`fs `a nkmtrkc am racfnhþm f cfs sknha`f`as `ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc. Ykr acck, amtam`aoks qua `a cada garam`f, `abarïf sujatfrsa cf ghsnfchzfnhþm `a astfs amth`f`as prhvf`fs `ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc f umf futkrh`f` `a `a nkmtrfckr mfnhkmfc. Am racfnhþm fc nkmtrkc f`ohmhstrfthvk kr`hmfrhk sa pcfmtafm tfobhèm fcdumks hmtarrkdfmtas. @abaoks rankr`fr qua f trfvès `ac ranursk `a fczf`f, ac Yk`ar Ajanuthvk, agantúfm `amtrk `a su æobhtk, um nkmtrkc `a cadhthoh`f` `a cfs `anhshkmas `a cks amtas astftfcas. Asta ranursk f`ohmhstrfthvk èstf pravhstk am cf cadhscfnhþm mfnhkmfc (frt. 0 `ac `anratk M¹ 6.61 am ac æobhtk mfnhkmfc). Am racfnhþm nkm cfs gum`fnhkmas, rhda ac frt. 220 `ac NNyN qua astfbcana umf skcunhþm shohcfr. Astfs `hspkshnhkmas pfranam vucmarfr ac `aschm`a `a nkopatamnhf `ac Yk`ar ju`hnhfc `ac frt. 667 `a cf NM. Ac nhtf`k frtïnuck, © Plkoskm Rautars Hmgkrofnhþm Cadfc

 

@knuoamtk

fshdmf nkopatamnhf f cf Nkrta ^upraof `a Justhnhf y f sus trhbumfcas hmgarhkras ac nkmknhohamtk y `anhshþm `a tk`fs cfs nfusfs qua varsam skbra fsumtks am qua cf Mfnhþm saf pfrta.  Mk rasuctf nkmdruamta nkm cks prhmnhphks `a `aranlk púbchnk, qua ac pk`ar ju`hnhfc prkvhmnhfc tamdf nkopatamnhf pfrf hmtarvamhr am nfusfs ju`hnhfcas am qua umf amth`f` prhvf`f `ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc saf pfrta, aspanhfcoamta, `km`a sa pcfmtaam nuasthkmas racfthvfs f cf `ashdmfnhþm k raoknhþm `a gumnhkmfrhks `a cf amth`f` prhvf`f `ashdmf`ks pkr ac Yk`ar Ajanuthvk Mfnhkmfc (namtrfchzf`k k `asnamtrfchzf`k), ac ajarnhnhk `a gfnuctf`as axkrbhtfmtas fc `aranlk prhvf`k, cf ram`hnhþm `a nuamtfs fmta cf ^HDAM. Oamks fúm, qua tamdf pktastf` pfrf raskcvar skbra cf ravknftkrhf `a cf futkrhzfnhþm pfrf gumnhkmfr ktkrdf`f pkr cf futkrh`f` f`ohmhstrfthvf cknfc (frt. 670 `ac NNyN). Am asa samth`k, `aba tamarsa prasamta cf jurhspru`amnhf `ac oæxhok trhbumfc qua lf f`ohth`k fopchfoamta cf nkopatamnhf `a cks trhbumfcas ga`arfcas am tk`ks fquaccks fsumtks am cks qua ac Astf`k mfnhkmfc namtrfchzf`k y `asnamtrfchzf`k, nufcquharf saf cf gkrof jurï`hnf `a su krdfmhzfnhþm. Am asa samth`k cf N^ lf `hnlk: "^h bham mk sa trftf `a umf aoprasf astftfc am ac rhdkr `ac nkmnaptk trf`hnhkmfc, mk pua`a `asnkmknarsa qua sa trftf `a umf muavf gkrof k ok`k `a hmtarvamnhþm `ac Astf`k am ac prknask ankmþohnk, am ac qua axhstam racfnhkmas `a krdfmhzfnhþm y gumnhkmfohamtk qua lfnam prkna`amta cf Justhnhf Ga`arfc pkr oa`hfr rfzkmas `a hmtarès `ac Astf`k Mfnhkmfc" Am ac ohsok samth`k, cfs Næofrfs Ga`arfcas lfm `hnlk: "...ac Astf`k Mfnhkmfc as pfrta fc sar thtucfr `ac nfphtfc fnnhkmfrhk `a cf aoprasf fnnhkmfmta, pkr ck qua rasuctf nkopatamta cf Justhnhf Ga`arfc pfrf amtam`ar am cks fntuf`ks `a nkmgkroh`f` f cf sadum`f pfrta `ac frt. 667 `a cf Nkmsthtunhþm Mfnhkmfc, qua `aghma cf jurhs`hnnhþm ga`arfc am rfzþm `a cfs parskmfs hmvkcunrf`fs am cf nkmtrkvarshf nufcquharf saf cf oftarhf am nuasthþm,  prasnrhbham`k am hdufc samth`k ac frt. 2º hmn. 7tk `a cf cay Mº 09), yf saf qua ac Astf`k saf thtucfr `a fnnhkmas k lfyf nkoprkoath`k umf fshdmfnhþm  prasupuastfrhf parofmamta nkok ranursks `a cf amth`f`, k saf cf `asthmftfrhf ghmfc `a cks bhamas `a cf amth`f` am nfsk `a `hskcunhþm, am tfmtk sa `asaopaöam am cfs jurhs`hnnhkmas sujatfs f cf nkopatamnhf `a cf Fu`htkrïf Damarfc `a cf Mfnhþm. Am tfc nfræntar, raspkm`am `a cks `föks ankmþohnks qua pkr su `kck, nucpf k madchdamnhf am ac ajarnhnhk `a sus gumnhkmas sugrfm cks amtas oamnhkmf`ks. Asa gua ac nrhtarhk `a tk`fs fquaccfs mkrofs mfnhkmfcas qua krdfmhzfrkm cfs aoprasfs ra-astfthzf`fs am cks úcthoks `haz föks  bfjk gkrof `a sknha`f` fmþmhof (`anratk M¹ 62> pfrf Cïmafs Fèrafs Ga`arfcas, cf cay M¹ 27.982 pfrf cf Aoprasf Frdamthmf `a ^kcunhkmas ^ftachtfcas ^F, @anratks `a manash`f` y urdamnhf M¹ >90/97 y M¹ >4>/97 y cay M¹ 27.226 pfrf cf aoprasf Fduf y ^fmafohamtk ^F, cks `anratks M¹ 426/90, M¹ 7>1/91, M¹ 641./>0. ^frohamtk Dfrnïf, Jkrda, kb.nht., p. 64/265 Bfcbïm, Nfrcks, kb.nht., p. 140.  (67) Bkr`f nkmsh`arf qua cf mktf `a `hsthmnhþm amtra cfs parskmfs `a `aranlk púbchnk y cfs prhvf`fs, as ac krhdam `a cf amth`f` (nfusf guamta): cfs prhoarfs skm nraf`fs pkr cay5 cfs sadum`fs, mfnam `a cf vkcumtf` `a sus ohaobrks k `ac gum`f`kr. Cks `aoæs acaoamtks nkmtrhbuyam f nkmghdurfrcfs (ghm `a hmtarès púbchnk, hoparhuo) park mk skm axncushvks `a cfs amth`f`as púbchnfs. BKR@F, Duhccarok, Prftf`k `a @aranlk Nhvhc. Yfrta Damarfc, A`htkrhfc Cf Cay, Bs.Fs., 29974. NF^^FD NF^ ^FDMA, MA, Jufm Jufm Nfrcks Nfrcks,, @aran @aranlk lk F`ohmh F`ohmhstr strfth fthvk, vk, kb.nht kb.nht.,., P. 6, p. 2>75 2>75 DKR@HC DKR@HCCK, CK, Fdustï Fdustïm, m, Prftf` Prftf`kk `a @aran @aranlk lk F`ohmhstrfthvk, P. H, kb.nht., p. \HW /147.   (68) @RKOH, Rkbartk, @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, Bs.Fs., A`hnhkmas Nhu`f` Frdamthmf, 2998, p. 786/78>5 DKR@HCCK, Fdustïm, Prftf`k `a @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, kb.nht., p. \HW.60. Pfobhèm Nkof`hrf, `hna qua mk skm "shmk gkrofs jurï`hnfs f`kptf`f pkr ac Astf`k pfrf nuopchr oajkr ofmarf nkoath`ks qua ca skm prkphks, fúm nufm`k saf `a ofmarf hm`hrantf y oa`hftf,  pkr ck qua rasuctf oæs fnaptfbca y gum`f`k ac nrhtarhk qua cas rankmkna asa nfræntar...", NKOF@HRF, Juchk Rk`kcgk, A^NKCF, Lèntkr y NKOF@HRF, Juchk Yfbck, Nursk `a @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, Bs.Fs., Fbaca`k Yarrkt, 2962, p. >0>/>00.  (29) @RKOH, Rkbartk, @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk Ankmþohnk, kb.nht., P¹6, p. 0< y @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, kb.nht., p. >71/>77.  (26) (26) @RKOH, @RKOH, Rkbart Rkbartk, k, @aranl @aranlkk F`ohmh F`ohmhstr strfth fthvk, vk, kb.nht kb.nht.,., p. 786/78 786/78>5 >5 DKR@HC DKR@HCCK, CK, Fdustï Fdustïm, m, Prftf` Prftf`kk `a @aranl @aranlkk F`ohmhstrfthvk Ankmþohnk, kb.nht., p. 694/698.  (22) NF^^FDMA, Jufm Nfrcks, @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, kb.nht., P¹H, 09) DKR@HCCK, Fdustïm, Prftf`k `a @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, P¹H Yfrta Damarfc, G@F, 6rf A`hnhþm, Bs.Fs, `hspkmhbca am www.fdusthmdkr`hcck.nko, p. \HW.67/671.  (2>) (>>) @RKOH, @RKOH, Rkbart Rkbartk, k, @aranl @aranlkk F`ohmh F`ohmhstr strfth fthvk, vk, kb.nht kb.nht.,., p. 786/78 786/78>5 >5 Chmfras Chmfras,, Jufm, Jufm, "Cfs "Cfs sknha` sknha`f`a f`ass `ac Astf`k Astf`k umhparskmfcas", CF CAX, 680) NF^^FDMA, Jufm Nfrcks, @aranlk F`ohmhstrfthvk, kb.nht., P¹H, p. 062/061. Ofhrfc, Lèntkr, kb.nht., p. 489/1) "Ohmhstarhk `ac Prfbfjk n/ACOF", CF CAX, 6847.  (>7) "Cf Nkmghfmzf Nïf.Frd.`a ^adurks ^.F. n/Hmsthtutk Mfnhkmfc `a Rafsadurks s/fopfrk", Næofrf Mfn.Nkmt.F`o.Ga`., ^fcf H, 26/97/87.  (>4) War fmæchshs pkroamkrhzf`ks `a cfs gkrofs jurï`hnfs f`kptf`fs pfrf ra-astfthzfr aoprasfs. Bfcbïm, Nfrcks, kb.nht., p. 740/747>, "Bfmnk `a Oam`kzf n/LPN p/FYF", ^NJ OZF, 90/94/6844, C.^.608, p. 908.  (02) "Ac Nkcadhk Yúbchnk `a Fbkdf`ks krdfmhzf`k pkr cf Cay Mº2>.61. 1. Pk Pk`k `kss `h `hsp spkm kmhb hbca cass am www.jusoam`kzf.dkv.fr.  (0>) "Nfjf `a Yravhshþm y ^adurk Oè`hnk `a cf Yrkvhmnhf `a Buamks Fhras n/YAM s/fnnhþm `a fopfrk", N^JM, 98/97/2998. Pfobhèm, "Nfjf `a Jubhcfnhkmas y Yamshkmas `a Fbkdf`ks y Yrknurf`kras `a cf Yrkvhmnhf `a Oam`kzf n/Astf`k Mfnhkmfc s/fopfrk", N^JM, 91/91/29985 "^fmnlaz. Ofrnachmk y ktrks n/Nfjf Gkramsa `a cf Yrkvhmnhf `a Nlfnk", A@, 19, p. 282. Pfobhèm, cks ^uparhkras Prhbumfcas Yrkvhmnhfcas: "Cf Nfjf `a Jubhcfnhkmas y Yamshkmas `a Fbkdf`ks y Yrknurf`kras nraf`f pkr cf Cay >>70, as umf amth`f` `a `aranlk púbchnk, mk astftfc, nkm hm`hvh`ufch`f` jurï`hnf y ghmfmnharf5 axncushvf prkphatfrhf `a cks gkm`ks qua f`ohmhstrf y ghsnfchzf pkr oa`hk `a sus futkrh`f`as", "Whcf Ofmuac y Nfjf `a Jubhcfnhkmas y Yamshkmas `a Fbkdf`ks y Yrknurf`kras n/LPN s/Nfsfnhþm", ^NJ Ozf, 64/90/6875 "Nfjf `a Jubhcfnhkmas y Yamshkmas `a Fbkdf`ks y Yrknurf`kras `a Oam`kzf n/Dbmk `a Oam`kzf p/FYF", (Axpta Mº11018), ^NJ OZF, 94/62/68, C.^. P¹674, p. 68. © Plkoskm Rautars Hmgkrofnhþm Cadfc

 

@knuoamtk

 (00) "As nkopatamta cf justhnhf ga`arfc am ck nkmtamnhksk-f`ohmhstrfthvk pfrf nkmknar am cf `aofm`f pkr rasnhshþm `a um nkmtrftk y `föks y parjuhnhks saduh`f pkr ac H^^YG, parskmf jurï`hnf `a `aranlk púbchnk nkm nfpfnh`f` pfrf fntufr púbchnf y  prhvf`foamta qua parshdua kbjathvks `a hmtarès púbchnk", "Hmsthtutk `a ^arvhnhks ^knhfcas pfrf ac Yarskmfc Garrkvhfrhk n/Fmnrkmf ^F. s/ nkmtrftks f`ohmhstrfthvks", N^JM, 60/91/6886, Gfccks P. >60, p. 064. Pfobhèm, cfs Næofrfs Ga`arfcas ("@ïfz Nlfvas, Jksè n/H.M.^.^.Y. J.Y. ", Næofrf Ga`arfc Nkmt. F`o., ^fcf H, 29/) CHMFRA^, Jufm Grfmnhsnk, "Cfs sknha`f`as `ac Astf`k umhparskmfcas", CF CAX, 685 Ofhrfc, Mèstkr, kb.nht., p. 488/, p. 7/96 AMRA", Næofrf Mfnhkmfc Nkmtamnhksk f`ohmhstrfthvk Ga`arfc ^fcf W, 66/97/2996.  (77) YPM @hntfoam 642/8>, `ac 21/66/688>, 294, p. >64.  (74) YPM, Axpta. M¹ >6/97, @hnt. M¹ 240/94, 92/69/94, P¹27>, p.