Manual Requerimientos y Estandarizacion Espacios Oficinas

 

 

 

 

‖JNCXNF KH ]H^XH]GJGHC[AY BGYGIAY W HY[NCKN]G\NIGAC KH HYPNIGAY KH ABGIGCN PN]N

HKGBGIGAY NKJGCGY[]N[GRAY‚ 

Rhrsgùc argogcnf rhnfgznkn hc bhien cavghjmrh kh =0>; par hf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn, n inroa kh fas iafnmarnkarhs khf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn<  

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Laenccn Injpas Pçrhz Inrjhc Fgn Ienvhs ]njgrhz Pnufn Jafgcn Outghrrhz Ofargncn Xonrth Mrhchs Laroh Ienvhs Injpas Earniga Ienvnrrgn ^uhsnkn _nfthr Fhkhzjn ]alns Kauofns [arrhs ]njgrhz

Par pnrth kh fn Kgrhiigùc kh [hicafaoên kh Iajucginigùc h Gcbarjnigùc<  

Ofhcc Rnrons ^uhsnkn, Xcgknk kh Ohstgùc kh ]hkhs y Iajucginigachs, K[GI

Yhouckn vhrsgùc nitunfgznkn hc lufga khf =0>? par<  

Laenccn Injpas Pçrhz, Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn, Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn

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Ofhcc Rnrons ^uhsnkn, Xcgknk kh ]hkhs y Iajucginigachs, Khpnrtnjhcta kh Gcbrnhstruiturn, Kgrhiigùc kh [hicafaoêns kh Gcbarjnigùc y Iajucginigachs. ]hvgsnkn par<  

Inrjhc Fên Ienvhs ]njêrhz, Lhbh, Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn, Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn

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Lnjhs Ync Fhh, Khpnrtnjhcta kh Prayhitas y Kgshþas, Kgrhiigùc kh Hkgbginigachs Cnigacnfhs,

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Jgcgsthrga kh Amrns Pümfgins y [rncsparths. Dhvgc Iatthr Jurgffa, Kgrhitar Abgigcn Hlhiutarn khf Praornjn kh Gcvhrsgachs (AHPG) kh fn Xcgvhrsgknk kh Iastn ]gin.

Npramnka par<  

Kgcn Jnrên Rêquhz Hsqugvhf, Kgrhitarn, Kgrhiigùc Nkjgcgstrntgvn Nkjgcgstrntgvn y Bgcncighrn, Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

IAC[HCGKA

GC[]AKXIIGÙC< .................................................................................................................................... ;  AMLH[GRA< .............................................................................................................................................. 8  INPÊ[XFA >  ............................................................................................................................................ 2  ................ ................. ................. .................. ................. ................. .................. ...... ? >.  XMGINIGÙC ..................

=.  HY[]XI[X]N W JN[H]GNFHY.  .................................................................................................

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9.  NYPHI[AY OHCH]NFHY  ..........................................................................................................

5

;.  IN]NI[H]GY[ IN]NI[H]GY[GINY GINY JGCGJNY KHF IGHFA ]NYA  ..................................................................... >0 8.  YH]RGIGAY YNCG[N]GAY  ........................................................................................................

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2.  IXN][AY KH IAJXCGINIGÙC  ..............................................................................................

>9

?.  N]IEGRA OHCH]NF  ...............................................................................................................

>9

5.  YGY[HJNY HFHI[]AJHIÎCGIAY HFHI[]AJHIÎCGIAY W H^XGPA KHF HKGBGIGA ................................................... >8 7.  H^XGPA  ..................................................................................................................................

=9

>0. 

HY[NIGACNJGHC[AY  .........................................................................................................

=;

>>. 

HYPHIGBGINIGACHY HYPHIGBGIN IGACHY PN]N INMFHNKA HY[]XI[X]NKA .................................................. =2

>>.> YGY[HJN KN[AY 

=2 

NCHUA >. H^XGPA NI[GRA KH ]HK................ ................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .............................. ............. 9=  >=  FGJPGH\N BGCNF, YH]RGIGA KH JNC[HCGJGHC[A P]HRHC[GRA W IA]]HI[GRA KH FNY GCY[NFNIGACHY HC OHCH]NF  ....................................................................................................... ;8 >9  [GPAY KH ABGIGCN W JAMGFGN]GA.  .........................................................................................

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INPÊ[XFA =  .......................................................................................................................................... ;5  =.>  Î]HNY W JHKGKNY JÊCGJNY. 

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=.=  HY[NCKN]G\NIGAC KH HYPNIGAY KH ABGIGCN PA] A]KHC BXCIGACNF.

80 

Prgjhr Orupa< Abgigcns......................................................................................................................

80

Yhoucka Orupa< Iumêiufas kh [rnmnla  ...............................................................................................

8=

[hrihr Orupa< Iumêiufas iac bucigachs kh rhihpigùc. .........................................................................

89

Iunrta Orupa< Îrhns Iajuchs y kh usa hsphignfgznka ........................................................................ 88 =.9  IN]NI[H]GY[GINY W H^XGPNJGHC[A ]H^XH]GKAY YHOÜC [GPAY KH ABGIGCN

85 

>.  (AB>) Abgigcn khf Jgcgst Jgcgstra ra  .........................................................................................................

85

=.  (AB=) Abgigcns kh Kgrhiigù Kgrhiigùcc Ohchrnf y Rgiihjgcgstras hjgcgstras  ................................................................. 20 9.  (AB9) Abgigcns kh Yumkgrhiigùc a Ohrhcths  ................................................................................

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0. 

(IM>0) ]hihpigùc pnr pnrnn kas Yhirhtnrgns  ................................................................................

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............... ................. .................. ................. .......... ?= (IM>>) Pfntnbarjn kh Nthcigùc nf Pümfgia .................

>=. 

(IM>=) Dgasia kh Gcbarjn Gcbarjnigùc igùc  ..............................................................................................

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>9. 

Rhstêmufa  .............................................................................................................................

?9

>;. 

Ynfns kh Hsphrn, rhihpigùc  ...................................................................................................

?9

>8.  >2. 

Ynfns kh ]hucgachs a juftgusa  .............................................................................................. ?; Iajhkar   ............................................................................................................................. ?8

>?. 

Ynfns kh inpnigtnigùc  ...........................................................................................................

>5. 

Fnmarntargas kh iùjputa  ....................................................................................................... ?2

>7. 

Nukgtargas  ............................................................................................................................

??

=0. 

Ynfn kh Fnitncign  .................................................................................................................

?5

=>. 

................. ................. .................. ................. .................. ................. ....... ?7 Yhrvgigas Jçkgias

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5> 

................ .... 5> IN]NI[H]ÊY[GINY JÊCGJNY KH FN PNCHFH]GN KH FNY HY[NIGACHY KH []NMNLA  ................

HYPHIGBGINIGACHY HYPHIGBGIN IGACHY KH JAMGFGN]GA OHCH]NF  ............................................................................. 5> n.  Jùkufas nriegvnkarhs eargzactnfhs  ............................................................................................

5=

............... ................. .................. ................. .................. ............... 5= m.  Jùkufa rakncth tgpa ‖nrturgta‚ .................

i. 

Partnthifnka hroacùjgia  ..........................................................................................................

5=

k.  Nriegva jùvgf  ...........................................................................................................................

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NCHUAY ................................................................................................................................................ 58 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=-=0>2, kh kackh sh hxtrnh iaja ucn kh fns khmgfgknkhs kh hstn gcstgtuigùc ‖Gcstnfnigachs hc iackgigachs ca nptns pnrn trnmnlnr‚, hvgkhcignkn tnjmgçc hc hf hxpachcignf irhigjghcta khf onsta par nfqugfhrhs pnrn abgigcns y iac mnsh hc fn pafêtgin kh fn rnigacnfgznigùc khf onsta hc fas backas pümfgias shoüc fn Kgrhitrgz C°007-E, jakgbginkn par Kgrhitrgihs 0>;-E y >?-P4 Kgrhitrgz 0=9-E jakgbgink jakgbginknn par Kgrhitrgz 089-E y fn Kgrhitrgz 0?0-E vgohcth n fn bhien kh hstn nitunfgznigùc, hs quh fn Kgrhiigùc Nkjgcgstrntgvn y Bgcncighrn khthrjgcn fn chihsgknk kh ohchrnr uc kaiujhcta tçicgia quh sgrvn kh ouên pnrn fas praihsas kh kgshþa y rhjakhfnigùc kh hkgbgigas, yn shn prapgas a nfqugfnkas, hstnmfhighcka pnrîjhtras pnrîjhtras quh hstncknrgihc fns îrhns nkhiunkns pnrn fas hspnigas hspnigas kh trnmnla y abgigcns kh fas iafnmarnkarhs, shoüc fns bucigachs khsnrraffnkns par fas jgsjas y fn hstruiturn lhrîrqugin kh hsth Jgcgsthrga. Par jhkga kh rhucgachs rhucgachs y shsgachs shsgachs kh trnmnla, hf Khspniea khf Jgc Jgcgstra gstra kh Enighckn y fn Kgrhiigùc Nkjgcgstrntgvn y Bgcncighrn, ohchrnc gcstruiigachs nf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn, pnrn kgshþnr y khsnrraffnr uc hstukga hxenustgva ehrrnjghctns tçicgins pnrniacfn practn nthcigùc kh hstn khmgfgknk, ohchrîckash Xcgbginigùc Enihcknrgn‚ hf bgc kh aroncgznr, praihsnr y nitunfgznr fn gcbarjnigùc rhfnigacnkn‖Prayhita iac fn inpnigknk gcstnfnkn hc fn gcbrnhstruiturn Enihcknrgn y iac uc amlhtgva hsphiêbgia kh hfnmarnr ucn kgrhitrgz quh iacthcon fas pnrîjhtras ùptgjas pnrn nsgocnigùc kh fns îrhns kh trnmnla quh rhqughrh hf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn.

Hc hsth praihsa, hf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn sh vh jatgvnka n pfnsjnr ucn shrgh kh rhquhrgjghcta bêsgias y tçicgias ohchrnfhs quh khmhc kh iujpfgr fns gcstnfnigachs quh shnc aiupnkns par phrsacnf khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn, nsê iaja ucn hstncknrgznigùc kh fas hspnigas tncta kh abgigcns iaja kh îrhns iajuchs hc fns quh sh khsnrraffhc nitgvgknkhs fgonkns iac hf enihr gcstgtuigacnf, kncka iaja prakuita bgcnf hf prhshcth j jncunf, ncunf, pnrn su npfginigùc kh nintnjghcta amfgontarga hc takas fas Kgrhitarhs y bucigacnrgas khf Jgcgsthrga quh thconc khctra kh sus iajphthcigns hf nfqugfhr kh hkgbgigas kh abgigcns a rhjakhfnigachs n hkgbgigas prapgas pnrn shr enmgtnkas par bucigacnrgas khf Jgcgsthrga. Hf kaiujhcta sh hjgth iac fn bgrjh iacvgiigùc iacvgiigùc kh abrhihr safuigachs khbgcgtgvns khbgcgtgvns n fns khmgfgknkhs hxpuhstns ncthrgarjhcth hc jnthrgn kh gcbrnhstruiturn y kgstrgmuigùc hbgighcth khf hspniga. Hf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn hs hf hcth hcinronka abgignfjhcth kh fn npfginigùc y fn bgsinfgznigùc khf iujpfgjghcta kh takas fas pnrîjhtras tçicgias hxpuhstas hc hf prhshcth kaiujhcta. Jhkgncth abgiga KBAH-YNB-020? kh fn Iactrnfarên Ohchrnf kh fn ]hpümfgin kackh rhjgth hf ‖Gcbarjh C° KBAHYNB-GB->7-=0>2, nukgtarên kh inrîithr hsphignf samrh nfqugfhrhs kh hkgbgigas hc hf shitar pümfgia‚, sh safgigtn nf shþar Ehfga Bnffns Rhchons, hc su iackgigùc kh Jgcgstra kh Enighckn, fns mnshs tçicgins chihsnrgns pnrn quh takns fns gcstgtuigachs khf Oamghrca Ihctrnf nkqughrnc hspnigas pnrn abgigcns, bucigacnfhs y mnla hstîcknrhs rnigacnfhs. Prakuita khf jhci jhcigacnka gacnka gcbarjh hs quh sh praihkh n rhnfgznr ucn nitunfgzn nitunfgznigùc igùc khf prhshcth kaiujhcta.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf2, quh nkhjîs gcifuyhrac ucn shrgh kh rhquhrgjghctas pnrn niihsgmgfgknk hstnmfhigkas par hf Iacshla Cnigacnf kh ]henmgfgtnigùc y Hkuinigùc Hsphignf (IC]HH) y fns iarrhiigachs nf kaiujhcta, hcvgnkns jhkgncth iarrha hfhitrùcgia khf >? kh hchra khf =0>? par kgiea bucigacnrga. Nkhjîs jhkgncth abgiga AHPG->92>-=0>?, khf == kh lucga khf =0>? susirgta par hf Nrq. Dhvgc Iatthr Jurgffa, Kgrhitar kh fn Abgigcn Hlhiutarn khf Praornjn kh Gcvhrsgachs kh fn Xcgvhrsgknk kh Iastn ]gin, sh gckgin quh sh egza ucn rhvgsgùc khf Jncunf, nthckghcka fn safgigtuk khf Jgcgsthrga y quh hsn abgigcn ca tghch amshrvnigachs quh enihr n hsth Jncunf.

AMLH[GRA< Jnxgjgznr hf usa khf hspniga pnrn abgigcns hc gcstgtuigachs pümfgins hc nphoa n fn bucigacnfgknk pnrn rnigacnfgznr hf onsta hc iacstruiigachs, nfqugfhrhs y rhjakhfnigachs kh abgigcns aiupnkns par hf Oamghrca Ihctrnf.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf ]H^XH]GJGHC[AY BGYGIAY MÎYGIAY PN]N FAY HKGBGIGAY NKJGCGY[]N[GRAY.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf.  XMGINIGÙC Hf hkgbgiga khmhrî hstnr umginka shoüc fns chihsgknkhs ohaorîbgins kh fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc. Yhrî hf lhrnrin kh inkn gcstgtuigùc qughc khthrjgcn hf fuonr hsphiêbgia n pnrtgr khf iunf sh tajnrî uc rnkga kh niigùc kackh sh umginrîc fns gcstnfnigachs. Hsta npfgin pnrn iajprn a nfqugfhr kh ucn hkgbginigùc. Hstn umginigùc khmhrî thchr nf jhcas fas sgoughcths rhqugsgtas<  

Khmh iactnr iac niihsa n inrrhthrns cnigacnfhs, umginka samrh inffh y iac pasgmgfgknk kh pnrquhas pümfgias hc fns gcjhkgnigachs.

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Fn umginigùc khf gcjuhmfh shrî tnf quh fn fêchn kh shrvgiga pümfgia kh nutamushs fh phrjgtn n fas bucigacnrgas y fas usunrgas usunrgas hf iùjaka niihsa nf hkgbgiga.

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Yh khmh iactnr iac shrvgiga kh rhiafhiigùc kh mnsurn pümfgia a prgvnka nf jhcas kas vhihs n fn shjncn.

Pnrn inkn prayhita hsphiêbgia, fn Gcstgtuigùc rhqughrh uc hkgbgiga quh nfmhrouh fn inctgknk kh bucigacnrgas y kgspacon kh fas hspnigas y jhtras iunkrnkas hstnmfhigkas hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr y quh sh khtnffnrî hc hf Nchxa =. 

=.  HY[]XI[X]N W JN[H]GNFHY. Hf hkgbgiga khmhrî iujpfgr iac takn fn rhofnjhctnigùc hstnmfhigkn hc fn carjntgvn iacstruitgvn vgohcth, khmhrî iujpfgr iac hf Iùkgoa Yêsjgia =0>0, Fhy ?200, CBPN >0>, Jncunf kh kgspasgigachs [çicgins Ohchrnfhs samrh Yhourgknk Eujncn y Prathiigùc iactrn Gcihckgas vhrsgùc =0>9, ]hofnjhcta kh Iacstruiigùc y fns kgspasgigachs quh inkn Jucgigpnfgknk hstnmfhih hc iuncta n iacstruiigachs. Hc hf insa kh nfqugfhr, khmhrî shr ucn iacstruiigùc ifnsh N khf jhrinka gcjamgfgnrga, hkgbgigas quh sac fas jîs khshnkas khf jhrinka khmgka n su hxihfhcth fainfgznigùc, nfta cgvhf kh kgshþa, bnigfgknkhs, sgsthjns thicafùogias y Nkjgcgstrnigùc. Yg mghc nctgouas hkgbgigas puhkhc shr rhigifnkas y pasgigacnkas hc hf jhrinka kh Ifnsh N, fas hkgbgigas quh hctrnc hc hstn inthoarên sac cuhvas hc su jny arên. Hc nfoucas jhrinkas hxgsth fa quh sh khcajgcn Hkgbgiga Gcthfgohcth. Yh trntn kh hkgbgigas quh tghchc uc nfta ornka kh thicafaoên y vnfar norhonka hc hf jncnohjhct, quh fa kgbhrhcignc khf rhsta. Fn gjnohc iarparntgvn hs uc hfhjhcta bucknjhctnf pnrn hstas insas. Iujpfgr hc takas sus nfincihs fn Fhy ?200, tncta pnrn phrsacns iac kgbgiuftnk kh khspfnznjghcta, pramfhjns vgsunfhs, nukgtgvas y iaocgtgvas. Par fa tncta, hf hkgbgiga khmhrî thchr rnjpns, shþnfnjghcta hc mrngffh hc inkn puhrtn y pnsgffas h gckginkar sacara hc nsihcsar. nsihcsar. Nsê iaja tnjmgçc khmh gcifugrsh ugrsh hf sgsthjn iajpfhta iajpfhta kh shþnfgznigùc gcbarjntgvn, nphonka nf fgmra kh jnrin kh fn Gcstgtuigùc.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf8 ij kh nciea hc pnrhk phrgbçrgin, sgsthjn hstruiturnf gcthornf hc insas kh ucn safn pfnctn a iafujcns y vgons hc iacirhta a eghrra hc insa kh kas pfnctns a jîs, pnrhkhs iac rhphffas bgcas. Pgsa ihrîjgia, orhs parihfîcgia a suphrgar hc fns zacns kh nfta trîcsgta. [akas fas pgsas quhknrîc ninmnkas nf cgvhf quh fas pfncas nrqugthitùcgias gckgquhc. Fn infgknk, thxturn y iafarhs kh fas kgvhrsas jnthrgnfhs pnrn hf ninmnka khfns fasjuhstrns pgsas shrîc hsiaogkas y npramnkas par hf Nrqugthita Gcsphitar, pnrn fa iunf hf Iactrntgstn khmh sujgcgstrnr chihsnrgns. Fn hstruiturn prgcigpnf kh thieas khmh shr hc phrbgfhs kh nihra (phrfgco). Yh hjpfhnrîc fîjgcns kh EO hqugvnfhcths a kh jhlar infgknk quh fns kh fas tgpas ackufnka a rhitncoufnr [afhka, infgmrh =2, sgjgfnrhs n fns kh Jhtnfia, iac uc rhiumrgjghcta rhiumrgjghcta prathitar j jêcgja êcgja hqugvnfhcth n 950 o/j½ kh zgci. Yhrîc onfvncgznkns a hsjnftnkns par ucn a kas inrns y shinkns nf earca, ear ca, taka shoüc sh hsphigbgquh hc fas pfncas nrqugthitùcgias. [njmgçc pakrî shr hc fasns kh iacirhta khmgknjhcth gjphrjhnmgfgznkns.

9.  NYPHI[AY OHCH]NFHY  Yh khmh praiurnr quhpnrn takasjncthchr fas hspnigas iuhcthc iac vhctgfnigùc quh puhkn onrnctgznr rhcavnigùc kh ngrh hc fas hspnigas uc njmghcth kh iacbart pnrncnturnf fas usunrgas kurncth fns =;fnearns, iac ucn thjphrnturn nkhiunkn (npraxgjnknjhcth kh == n =; °I). Hc fas insas kackh shn gjpasgmfh iactnr iac hstn vhctgfnigùc cnturnf, sh khmhrî pravhhr kh sgsthjn kh ngrh niackgigacnka quh mrgckh hf iacbart ifgjîtgia rhquhrgka hc inkn hspniga. Iuncka hf sgsthjn kh vhctnchrên shn enign hf hxthrgar, thckrîc vgkrgas bglas y sgsthjn kh gcorhsa kh ngrh brhsia tgpa vhctgfn iac ighrrh ehrjçtgia. Khmhrî ffhvnr ucn prathii prathiigùc gùc kh phfêiufn kh sshourgknk hourgknk quh kgsjgcuyn hf gcorhsa kh rnkgnigùc safnr y prathln nf usunrga hc insa kh qughmrh niigkhctnf. [akns fns vhctncns khmhrîc iactnr iac phrsgncns quh phrjgtnc mnlnr fn rnkgnigùc y fujgcasgknk hc insas kh qu quhh samrh fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla sh suphrhc fas 800 fuxhs [aka hkgbgiga iuyns kgjhcsgachs, aiupnigùc, y kgstrgmuigùc, gjpfginc uc rghsoa kh quh uc ücgia jhkga kh snfgkn sh hciuhctrh mfaquhnka par euja a buhoa hc insa kh ucn hjhrohcign, khmh pashhr iaja jêcgja kas jhkgas kh horhsa shouras. Inkn puhrtn hc fn hctrnkn prgcigpnf khmh thchr nf jhcas >,0 j fgmrh, ninmnka hc vgkrga iac phfêiufn tgpa snckmfnsthnkn iac kgshþa n hsiaohr par fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc, iarrhkgzns nutajntgznkns a nmntgmfhs, kh jnria kh nfujgcga, ffnvgchs kh shourgknk sgjgfnr a gounfhs n Wnfh, ffnvêc kh mnrrn nctgpîcgia, jncgln, nonrrnkhrn hc taka fa nciea kh fns ealns n fn nfturn khf ffnvêc. Fns puhrtns quh fa rhqughrnc y quh nsê sh gckgquh hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr, iactnrîc iac su rhsphitgva mrnza egkrîufgia y taph. Hc ohchrnf takns fns puhrtns khmhrîc iactnr iac uc nciea fgmrh kh nf jhcas 0,70 j. Kgstrgmuigùc kh hspniga tgpa pfnctn fgmrh, hf iunf sh nkhiunrî nf kgshþa nrqugthitùcgia prapuhsta pnrn inkn prayhita, shoüc fns chihsgknkhs.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=%) kh fn pamfnigùc quh qu h aiupn hf hkgbgiga hc igcia jgcutas. Khmh iactnr iac hsinfhrns prgcigpnfhs y hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign iaja jhkgas pnrn fn hvniunigùc khf hkgbgiga, taka hc nphoa n fn carjntgvn vgohcth y fa quh hstnmfhih hf Mhchjçrgta Iuhrpa kh Majmhras. Hf hkgbgiga khmh iactnr iac sgsthjns hbgighcths kh nearra hchroçtgia y hstrnthogns njgonmfhs iac hf njmghcth. Hf niihsa prgcigpnf khf hkgbgiga khmh hstnr kgstgcougka par hf faoa kh fn Gcstgtuigùc shoüc fgmra kh jnrin. Khmh kh gckginrsh fn hctrnkn y snfgkn kh fas pnrquhas. [akas fas niihsas n fas khpnrtnjhctas khmhc kh hstnr khmgknjhcth gkhctgbginkas, iac fn ratufnigùc iarrhspackghcth kh inkn îrhn, khmh kh tajnrsh iaja pnrîjhtras fas faoas kh fn Gcstgtuigùc y hf fgmra kh jnrin. Hc fn hctrnkn prgcigpnf khmh iafainrsh uc nstn, nstn, pnrn iafainr fn Mnckhrn Cnigacnf. Hf hkgbgiga khmhrî iactnr iac hspnigas kh igriufnigùc, ucn zacn iajüc iac hsinfhrns prgcigpnfhs, nsihcsar sg hf hkgbgiga hs kh jîs kh kas pgsas, shrvgiga sncgtnrga pnrn pümfgia< nf jhcas uca pnrn eajmrhs, uca pnrn julhrhs y uca pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk. Hf hkgbgiga khmh kgspachr kh kuitas y ihctras kh niapga kh rhsgkuas sùfgkas ca vnfargznmfhs iac khpùsgtas khmgknjhcth ratufnkas iac fn subgighcth inpnigknk pnrn taka hf hkgbgiga y sh khmh gckginr fn phrgakgigknk iac quh sh mrgckh hf shrvgiga pümfgia kh rhiafhiigùc, kh jnchrn quh ca inushc jnfas afarhs cg prafgbhrnigùc kh pfnons. Hs gjpartncth gcifugr uc sgtga nkhiunka pnrn hf niapga kh fas rhsgkuas vnfargznmfhs (rhigifnlh) hc iacthchkarhs pnrn hsth bgc (Pnphf, inrtùc, pfîstgia, hctrh atras iac mnsh hc fn Hstrnthogn Cnigacnf kh Yhpnrnigùc, ]hiuphrnigùc y Rnfargznigùc kh ]hsgkuas y hf Pfnc Pfnc Cnigacnf pnrn fn Ohstgùc gcthornf kh ]hsgkuas) khctra kh fns gcstnfnigachs, hf iunf hsth thienka, kh bîigf niihsa y jncthcgjghcta, fhlas kh khsinrons pfuvgnfhs. Yh khmhc jncthchr fgjpgas y arkhcnkas, nkhjîs khmh khbgcgr ucn rutn pnrn fn rhiafhiigùc. Pnrn hsth nsphita sh khmh nintnr fn Fhy kh Ohstgùc Gcthornf kh ]hsgkuas C°5597 y su rhofnjhcta. Pnrn fa rhbhrhcth nf thjn kh kgspasgigùc kh khshieas, inkn gcstgtuigùc a khphckhcign, shoüc hf tgpa kh khshieas quh ohchrhc, khmhrî tajnr hc iacsgkhrnigùc fns jhkgkns iarrhspackghcths kh niuhrka n fa hstnmfhigka par hf Jgcgsthrga kh Ynfuk y hf JGCNH. Hsphiêbginjhcth pnrn fas insas kackh sh ohchrhc ]hsgkuas Phfgorasas sh khmh nintnr hf khirhta KH-9??55 ]hofnjhcta Ohchrnf pnrn fn Ifnsgbginigùc y Jnchla kh ]hsgkuas Phfgorasas. Hc inkn insa, sg fn gcstgtuigùc iuhctn iac Khpnrtnjhcta kh Ohstgùc Njmghctnf, sh rhiajghckn quh shn çsth hf hcinronka kh vhfnr par hf iujpfgjghcta kh fn carjntgvn vgohcth, nsê iaja safgigtnr h gjpfhjhctnr fas rhqugsgtas kh nfjnihcnjghcta khf jgsja niuhrka n inkn chihsgknk pnrtgiufnr y shoüc hf hkgbgiga quh sh niackgigacnrî.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf== j. kh fnroa y >8 jgfêjhtras kh hsphsar. Khmhc shr mgshfnkns y ca sh nihptnrîc fîjgcns kh 20 ihctêjhtras x >== ihctêjhtras iartnkns n fn jgtnk hc insa kh utgfgznrsh hf tgpa iunkrnka. Nkhjîs kh fns fîjgcns, hf abhrhcth khmh praparigacnr fn hstruiturn kh saparth quh shrî kh fn jnrin EAPYN a sgjgfnr npramnka, fn inctgknk chihsnrgn kh phrbgfhs kh nfujgcga [ y F kh >‚x>‚x>/2‚(=.8;ij x =.8;ij x

0.>2ij) hc iafar mfncia pnrn fn pnrn fn gcstnfni gcstnfnigùc gùc kh fîjgcns kh bgmrn jgchrnf kh 20 ij kh fnroa, 20 ij kh nciea y >8 jj kh hsphsar , y fn susphcsgùc kh nihra onfvncgznka, quh sh bglnrî n fas hfhjhctas hstruiturnfhs kh thiea jhkgncth tgrncths kh nfnjmrh kh nihra onfvncgz onfvncgznka nka # >= (jîxgja) inkn 20ijs. Hf sgsthjn kh ighfa kh ighfa rnsa n gcstnfnr khmh iactnr iac ihrtgbginigùc XF. Hsth iaclucta kh phrbgfhs y fîjgcns khmh quhknr iarrhitnjhcth cgvhfnka, sus fîjgcns nfgchnkns y nlustnkns b grjhjhcth grjhjhcth jhkgncth pgchs a pnsnkarhs (puctgffn kh =‚(8.05ij)). Inkn fîjgcn kh bgmrn jgchrnf khmhrî nshournrsh n fn susphcsgùc kh nihra onfvncgznka par jhkga kh ‖ifgps‚ a

prhcsns, usncka igcia iaja jêcgja jêcgja y fas quh shnc chihsnrgas pnrn hvgtnr fhvnctnjghcta fhvnctnjghcta y pnckhas. [ncta fn phrbgfnrên kh nfujgcga, iaja fns fîjgcns kh bgmrn jgchrnf khf tgpa ]nknr kh fn jnrin XYO iafar mfncia, khmhc shr sajhtgkns n npramnigùc prhvgn par pnrth p nrth khf Gcsphitar. Hf ighfa rnsa khmhrî iafainrsh n fn nfturn gckginkn hc pfncas y hsphigbginkn hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas kh inkn prayhita, tajîckafn khskh hf cgvhf kh pgsa thrjgcnka. m)  Pasths kh iajprhsgùc nctgsêsjgin< Yh iafainrnc pasths kh iajprhsgùc nctgsê nctgsêsjgin sjgin pnrn praparigacnr uc saparth rêogka nf sgsthjn kh susphcsgùc khf ighfa rnsa hc nfoüc hvhcta sêsjgia hc kgrhiigùc vhrtginf nsê hvgtncka hf khsprhckgjghcta tatnf kh fn hstruiturn. Fas pasths kh iajprhsgùc sh bglnrnc khskh fn hstruiturn hstruiturn kh thiea a fasn n fns ‖thhs‚ prgcigpnfhs kh fn hstruiturn

kh nfujgcga quh vn n sapartnr hf ighfa n inkn 9,2 jhtras iajhczncka n >,59 jhtras kh fns pnrhkhs. Fns abgigcns khstgcnkns pnrn hf usa kh Jgcgstra, Kgrhiigùc y Yumkgrhiigùc ffhvnrîc ighfa rnsa hc oypsuj y iac gjpfhjhctnigùc kh ihchbns nfrhkhkar kh fns pnrhkhs pnrn hvgtnr fn prapnonigùc khf sacgka enign hf hxthrgar.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0 

 

 

Hc fns îrhns kh trnmnla ohchrnfhs, sh utgfgznrîc shiigachs kh ihchbns hc oypsuj samrh fas pnsgffas kh igriufnigùc, iac hspnigas fgmrhs hctrh inkn ihchbn, kh npraxgjnknjhcth =,0 j4 hsta iac hf bgc kh iartnr fns ackns sacarns y hvgtnr fn prapnonigùc kh rugkas.

8.  YH]RGIGAY YNCG[N]GAY Fn hkgbginigùc khmhrî iactnr iac fazns sncgtnrgns y orgbhrêns hbgighcths y ihrtgbginkns pnrn hf nearra eêkrgia. Hc iuncta n fn inctgknk kh shrvgigas sncgtnrgas pnrn bucigacnrgas, khmhrî iujpfgrsh fn inctgknk hstnmfhigkn par hf ]hofnjhcta kh Iacstruiigùc, hf Iùkgoa kh Gcstnfnigachs Egkrîufgins y Yncgtnrgns hc Hkgbginigachs, y hf ]hofnjhcta ohchrnf kh Yhourgknk h Egoghch khf [rnmnla (Khirhta C°> khf 0=-0>->72?), kh niuhrka n fn aiupnigùc rhquhrgkn par fn Gcstgtuigùc y iacsgkhrncka fas pnrîjhtras hxpuhstas hc fn INPÊ[XFA = khf prhshcth kaiujhcta. Khmhrî iactnr iac shrvgigas sncgtnrgas niackgigacnkas pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk hc takas fas pgsas, iuyns kgjhcsgachs y inrnithrêstgins khmhrîc nphonrsh n fa hstnmfhigka hc fn Fhy ?200 y su rhofnjhcta (kh iacbarjgknk iac fas nrtêiufas >>7,>;9 y >;; khf rhofnjhcta). Yh suoghrh tajnr hc iuhctn fns gckginigachs y orîbgias, hc iuncta n shrvgigas sncgtnrgas niihsgmfhs, khf kaiujhcta ‖]hiajhcknigachs Ohchrnfhs samrh fas iajpachcths mîsgias kh niihsgmgfgknk nf hspniga hspniga bêsgia‚ khf Iacshla Cnigacnf kh ]henmgfgtnigùc y Hkuinigùc Hsphignf (IC]HH). Hc insa kh trntnrsh kh uc nfqugfhr, hstas khmhrîc shr ücginjhcth pnrn fas bucigacnrgas kh hsn Gcstgtuigùc y ca shr iajpnrtgkas par atras gcqugfgcas. Khmh iactnr iac fn pasgmgfgknk kh iafainr khctra kh inkn abgigcn khf jîxgja lhrnrin kh fn gcstgtuigùc uc shrvgiga sncgtnrga gckhphckghcth. Hf hkgbgiga khmh iactnr, ihrin khf cüifha eüjhka kh shrvgigas sncgtnrgas y iajpfhtnjhcth gckhphckghcths kh hsh hspniga ucn pgfhtn kh nsha y iunrta pnrn fgjpghzn par pgsa, kackh nkhjîs sh hciuhctrh hf kuita pnrn fn mnsurn, quh ca khmh shr jhcar n 9 jhtras iunkrnkas. [akas fas mfaquhs kh shrvgigas sncgtnrgas ffhvnrîc vhctgfnigùc cnturnf y fas shrvgigas sncgtnrgas gckgvgkunfhs pakrîc ffhvnr vhctgfnigùc barznkn par jhkgas jhiîcgias niigacnkn par gcthrruptar. Fns puhrtns kh niihsa n fas sncgtnrgas khmhrîc thchr nf jhcas >,0 j kh nciea y nmrgr enign nbuhrn, sh fhs khmhrî iafainr uc rùtufa hc jnthrgnf nirêfgia, iarrhspackghcth nf usa< ‖shrvgiga sncgtnrga kh eajmrhs‚ a ‖shrvgiga sncgtnrga kh julhrhs‚, nkhjîs khf ratufa kh shrvgiga sncgtnrga niihsgmfh, takas tnjmgçc hc fhounlh mrngfh.

Inkn iumêiufa kh fas shrvgigas sncgtnrgas khmh thchr nf jhcas<    

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Partn pnphf egogçcgia< Yh iafainrî hf tgpa kgsphcsnkar pnrn raffa tnjnþa gcstgtuigacnf, uca par inkn gcakara. Xcn lnmachrn par inkn fnvntarga. Hc takas fas sncgtnrgas khmh iafainrsh kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns pnrn jncas. Hsphlas bglas pnrn inkn mfaquh y shrvgiga sncgtnrga gckgvgkunf samrh fas fnvntargas. Xc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas kh nftn rhsgsthcign par inkn gcakara. Hc takas fas gcakaras khmh kh hxgstgr sghjprh uc nsghcta kh pfîstgia. Fas gcakaras pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk khmhc shr ihrtgbginkas pnrn hsth usa y khmhrîc iactnr iac mnrrns nmntgmfhs n inkn fnka, tnjmgçc ihrtgbginkns pnrn hsn bucigùc. W fas fnvnjncas khmhrîc shr Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf> 

 

 

gcstnfnkas n ucn nfturn kh 50,0 5 0,0 ij khf cgvhf kh pgsa thrjgcnka, iac mnrrns kh >.= j nf fnka. [njmgçc hs iacvhcghcth, kgspachr kh uc matùc kh hjhrohcigns n ;8 ij khskh hf pgsa thrjgcnka, quh praparigach nsgsthcign nf usunrga kh shr chihsnrga.   Hctrh inkn jgcogtarga enmrî ucn jnjpnrn kgvgsargn ehien kh vgkrga pafnrgznka, pfîstgia, nfujgcga a nihra gcaxgknmfh, sulhtn n fn pnrhk y pgsa par ehrrnlhs kh nihra gcaxgknmfh. Pnrn hf kgjhcsgacnjghcta y fn inctgknk kh shrvgigas sncgtnrgas sh khmh tajnr hc iuhctn fas sgoughcths nsphitas<   Xc hspniga shpnrnka pnrn eajmrhs y atra pnrn julhrhs par inkn pgsa.   Xc gcakara par inkn =0 eajmrhs, ea jmrhs, uc jgcogtarga par inkn =0 eajmrhs y uc fnvntarga par inkn >8 eajmrhs,

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a uca kh inkn ucn kh fns ncthrgarhs pghzns sncgtnrgns par inkn ;00 j½.   Xc gcakara par inkn >8 julhrhs y uc fnvntarga par inkn >8 julhrhs a uca kh inkn ucn kh fns ncthrgarhs pghzns sncgtnrgns par inkn 900 j½.   Par inkn gcakara sh iacsgkhrnrî uc îrhn jêcgjn kh >,80j½, par inkn fnvnjncas uc îrhn kh 0,88 j½ y par inkn jgcogtarga ucn îrhn kh 0,28 j½.

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Yhrvgigas sncgtnrgas niihsgmfhs<  Khmh hxgstgr nf jhcas uca hc takas fas pgsas, iac jhkgkns gcthrcns jêcgjns kh >,58 x =,=8 j, pnrn uc

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îrhn jêcgjn kh ;,>8 j½.  Fn puhrtn khmh thchr uc nciea fgmrh jêcgja kh 0,70 j, y khmhrî nmrgr enign nbuhrn a mghc shr iarrhkgzn a pfhonkgzn.  Khmh kgspachr kh uc hspniga kh trncsbhrhcign fnthrnf nf gcakara iac kgjhcsgachs jêcgjns kh >,=0 j x 0,50 j.  Hf gcakara ca khmh suphrnr fas 0,80 j kh nfturn khskh hf cgvhf kh pgsa thrjgcnka y fn vîfvufn kh khsinron n ca jîs kh >,>0j kh nfturn.  Khmh iactnr iac ucn nonrrnkhrn eargzactnf kh 0,70 j kh facogtuk jêcgjn umginkn hc fn pnrhk nf fnka khf gcakara n ucn nfturn kh 0,90 j par hcigjn khf nsghcta khf gcakara. W ucn shouckn nonrrnkhrn eargzactnf kh tgpa jùvgf kh jêcgja 0,?8 j kh facogtuk, fainfgznkn hc hf îrhn kh trncsbhrhcign n ucn kgstncign kh 0,9= j khf hlh ihctrnf khf gcakara y n ucn nfturn kh 0,90 j par hcigjn khf nsghcta khf gcakara. Yh rhiajghckn quh fns mnrrns kh npaya thconc = pufonkns kh kgîjhtra.  Hf fnvnjncas khmh hstnr n ucn nfturn kh 0,50 j samrh hf cgvhf kh pgsa thrjgcnka y iactnr iac uc îrhn kh npraxgjnigùc kh 0,50j x 0,58j. Xc hspniga fgmrh khmnla khf fnvnjncas kh 0,?0j kh nfturn. Khmh iactnr iac uc orgba kh pnfncin quh qu h puhkn shr niigacnka par iunfqughr phrsacn iac iunfqughr pnrth khf iuhrpa.  Hf pgsa khmh shr nctgkhsfgzncth.  [akas fas hfhjhctas iaja pnþhrns, kgsphcsnkar kh pnphf egogçcgia, kgsphcsnkar kh lnmùc a kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns, sh khmhc umginr n 0,70 j kh nfturn samrh hf cgvhf kh pgsa thrjgcnka.  Fn hxgsthcign kh uc matùc kh hjhrohcign tgpa tgjmrh, hs prhbhrgmfh pnrn ffnjnr nyukn hc insa kh hjhrohcigns. 

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Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf= 

 

 

2.  IXN][AY KH IAJXCGINIGÙC Yh thckrî uc iunrta kh iajucginigùc prgcigpnf kh 9,0 x ;,0 j iac sus rhsphitgva rnids y Ngrh Niackgigacnka. Hsth ngrh niackgigacnka khmh shr inpnz kh sapartnr fas hqugpas kh iajucginigùc y shrvgkarhs. Hf hkgbgiga khmh thchr uc iunrta kh iajucginigachs par pgsa, kh 9,0 x 9,0 j iaja jêcgja, umginkas hxnitnjhcth hc hf jgsja pucta hc takas fas cgvhfhs, iac sus rhsphitgvas rnids y Ngrhs niackgigacnka. Fns pnrhkhs kh hsth hspniga shrîc enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns. Fn puhrtn khmh thchr nf jhcas uc nciea fgmrh kh 0,70 j, shrî hc vgkrga iac ffnvêc, taph y mrnza egkrîufgia. Yh khmh onrnctgznr shourgknk pnrn hf niihsa n hstas iunrtas, par fa quh fn ihrrnlhrên utgfgznkn shrî shrî kh nftn infgknk.

?.  N]IEGRA OHCH]NF Iuncka fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc fa rhqughrn khmgka n quh iuhctn iac inctgknkhs iacsgkhrnmfhs kh hxphkghcths y nriegvas quh khmhc hstnr nf nfincih prùxgja kh fas bucigacnrgas kh hsh hkgbgiga y iac hf bgc kh quh fn gcbarjnigùc sh hciuhctrh shourn, arkhcnkn y niihsgmfh sh kgspackrî, nkhjîs kh fas nriegvas kh inkn khpnrtnjhcta, kh uc hspniga pnrn usa kh nriegva ihctrnf, hc hf iunf sh iustakghc fas hxphkghcths quh ca sac kh usa kgnrga, phra quh nüc ca puhkhc shr hcvgnkas n uc nriegva ihctrnf kh fn Gcstgtuigùc parquh rhqughrhc shr iacsuftnkas hvhctunfjhcth. Kh niuhrka n fn Yhiigùc kh Nriegva Ihctrnf Gcstgtuigacnf, khf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Yhrvgigas khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn, pnrn su umginigùc sh khmh tajnr hc iacsgkhrnigùc fns inrnithrêstgins khf thrrhca iac hf bgc kh onrnctgznr fn hstnmgfgknk y jgcgjgznr rghsoas kh eujhknk sumthrrîchn a pramfhjns kh gcucknigùc. Hstruiturnfjhcth fas pgsas khmhc onrnctgznr fn rhsgsthcign kh inron iarrhspackghcth, fas jnthrgnfhs kh fns pnrhkhs, ighfas y pgsas, nsê iaja fn pgcturn, khmhc shr ca bfnjnmfhs. Hc iuncta n fn inpnigknk kh nfjnihcnjghcta hs chihsnrga quh fas khpùsgtas kh kaiujhctas sh kgjhcsgachc iac hf hspniga subgighcth pnrn iustakgnr kaiujhctnigùc, shoüc fn chihsgknk kh fn khphckhcign pnrn fn quh sh kgshþn, iacthjpfncka hf irhigjghcta kaiujhctnf. Yh umginrî hc uc îrhn quh ca shn trncsgtnkn par pümfgia pnrtgiufnr, knka n fn shourgknk, ngsfnjghcta y kgsirhigùc quh sh rhqughrh pnrn hsth tgpa kh gcbarjnigùc. Hf nriegva thckrî uc ücgia niihsa abgignf abgignf y sùfa gcorhsnrîc fas bucigacnrgas khf nriegva y phrsacns nutargznkns. Fns kgjhcsgachs shrîc hstnmfhigkns shoüc fns chihsgknkhs kh nfjnihcnjghcta kh fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc quh aiupnrî hf hkgbgiga y hstnrîc knkns hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Yh khmh iacsgkhrnr hspnigas fgmrhs kh pnsgffa hctrh fas hstncths kh >,00 j n >,=0 > ,=0 j kh nciea. Hsth hspniga kgspackrî kh hstncthrêns bglns, iajpuhstns kh jùkufas gckgvgkunfhs kh hstruiturn jhtîfgin iac ninmnka kh pgcturn hc pafva hpaxg iafar orgs, iac ncoufnrhs hfnmarnkas hc fîjgcn kh nihra kh >.? jj kh hsphsar iac ucn shiigùc kh 90x80 jj. Nkhjîs khmhrî thchr phrbarnigachs iactgcuns inkn =0jj quh phrjgtnc uc nlusth kh fn nfturn shoüc chihsgknk. Inkn jùkufa gckgvgkunf khmhrî thchr =.;; j kh nfturn, iac sghth mnckhlns eargzactnfhs n fa nfta y iac 98 ij kh hspniga fgmrh hctrh mnckhln y mnckhln. mn ckhln. Inkn jùkufa kh hstncthrên khmh hstnr rhbarznka hc sus iuntra hsqugcns par fns rhsphitgvns hsiunkrns. Inkn mnckhln khmhrî thchr >,>2j kh fnroa y 20 ij kh backa. Kh gounf barjn, inkn mnckhln khmhrî thchr ucn shiigùc phrgjhtrnf khf 9= jj y hstnr khmgknjhcth rhbarznkn pnrn sapartnr 50 Do. Inkn iaclucta kh jùkufas khmhrîc bglnrsh iac njnrrhs y tarcgffas Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf9 

 

 

ornka igcia hctrh sê, fas iunfhs mrgckhc jnyar hstnmgfgknk hc insa kh sgsja. Hf phsa hstgjnka quh sh khmh iacsgkhrnr par inkn hstncthrên aiupnkn hc su inpnigknk tatnf shrî kh 820 do. Khmhrî iactnr iac uc hspniga kh vhctncgffn kh safgigtuk, rhtgra y khvafuigùc kh hxphkghcths, iac ucn nfturn kh nthcigùc shctnkn, tnf iaja fas jùkufas kh pfntnbarjn kh nthcigùc nf pümfgia y iactnrî iac uc hsirgtarga kh >,80 x 0,20 j, ucn sgffn pnrn hf bucigacnrga (tgpa aphrntgvn) y ucn pnrn hf usunrga (kh hsphrn). Hstn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr saparth kh thifnka, jùkufa nriegvnkar kh rakgchs (Nrturgta)(tajn y fn suphrbgigh trnmnla. Khmh iactnr iac kasuctajniarrghcths kamfhsucohchrnfhs, uca pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa XPY), ucnkhsnfgkn kh vaz y ucn snfgkn kh kntas. Buhrn khf îrhn kh nfjnihcnlh sh khmhrîc kgspachr, brhcth n fn vhctncgffn, iuntra sgffns kh hsphrn. Fns pnrhkhs khf hspniga kh nriegva ohchrnf khmhc shr kh pnchfhrên a mghc hc oypsuj, prhbhrgmfhjhcth hc jnthrgnf ca bfnjnmfh, hsta hstnrî khthrjgcnka hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y hc fas pfncas kh inkn prayhita. Inkn nriegva ohchrnf iactnrî iac uc ücgia niihsa y iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk. Fas pgsas khmhc onrnctgznr fn rhsgsthcign kh inron iarrhspackghcth n fn kgjhcsgùc y inpnigknk khf nriegva. Yus pgsas y ighfas khmhc shr kh jnthrgnfhs ca gcbfnjnmfhs. Hc hf hspniga kh nriegva sh khmh rhoufnr y jncthchr fns iackgigachs njmghctnfhs, pnrn fn iacshrvnigùc kh fas kaiujhctas, kh jnchrn quh sh onrnctgih ucn thjphrnturn hctrh fas >5 °I y ==°I, fn eujhknk rhfntgvn khmh jncthchrsh hctrh ;8% y 88%, par fa tncta sh khmh iactnr iac ngrh niackgigacnka. Yg fns iackgigachs kh eujhknk sac hxtrhjns khmh gcstnfnrsh khseujgkgbginkarhs. Fn inctgknk khphckhrî kh fns kgjhcsgachs khf hspniga nsê iaja khf cgvhf kh eujhknk prhshcth. Khmh hxgstgr uc muhc sgsthjn kh vhctgfnigùc pnrn hvgtnr fn npnrgigùc kh baias kh eujhknk y iac hffa fn npnrgigùc kh gcshitas a rahkarhs. Fas hspnigas kh nriegva sh khmhc sajhthr n fgjpghzns y bujgonigachs phrgùkgins, iaja jêcgja kas vhihs nf nnþa, þa, iac prakuitas quh ca gcirhjhcthc fn eujhknk. Hc iuncta n gfujgcnigùc, sh khmhc jncthchr cgvhfhs mnlas kh fuz nrtgbgignf, sh khmh gcstnfnr fuz bfuarhsihcth y ca gcinckhsihcth, fns fîjpnrns sh umginrnc hc fas pnsgffas kh igriufnigùc hctrh fns hstncthrêns. Fas cgvhfhs kh fuz cnturnf tnjmgçc khmhc shr mnlas h gckgrhitas kh jnchrn quh sh prathln fn kaiujhctnigùc. Khmhc iactnr iac nf jhcas 900 fuxhs, khmh shr tgpa fhk y umginrsh hc fas pnsgffas kh igriufnigùc hctrh fn hstncthrên. Hc hf nriegva hs chihsnrgn fn gcstnfnigùc kh nfnrjn kh gcihckga, gcthrru ptarhs khf bfugka hfçitrgia, nsê iaja hqugpas partîtgfhs kh hxtgcigùc (hxtgctarhs kh fas trhs tgpas prgcigpnfhs IA=, pafva quêjgia y noun), fn inctgknk kh hstas shrî iacbarjh n fns kgjhcsgachs khf hspniga y su inpnigknk kh nfjnihcnjghcta. Yh khmhc iacsgkhrnr fns kgspasgigachs tçicgins quh rhbghrh hf cujhrnf ?> khf rhofnjhcta C°=;0=9-I, ]hofnjhcta n fn Fhy ?=0=, Ygsthjn Cnigacnf kh Nriegvas.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf; 

 

 

5.  YGY[HJNY HFHI[]AJHIÎCGIAY W H^XGPA KHF HKGBGIGA n.  Ngrh Niackgigacnka Yh khmh iujpfgr fn Kgrhitrgz C°0>>-JGCNH hc sus nfincihs nfincihs iac rhsphita nf sgsthjn sgsthjn kh ngrh niackgigacnka. Yh khmh utgfgznr fas rhbrgohrncths phrjgtgkas par fn carjn GC[HIA. Hf gcjuhmfh khmh thchr uc sgsthjn kh ngrh niackgigacnka pnrn taka rhigcta quh ca iuhcth iac vhctgfnigùc cnturnf nkhiunkn y subgighcth kurncth fns =; earns quh onrnctgih uc njmghcth iacbartnmfh pnrn fas usunrgas, iac ucn thjphrnturn hstnmfh kh ==° n =;° ihctêornkas iac aiupnigùc pfhcn kh fas hspnigas y iac sus hqugpas hc bucigacnjghcta. Yg sh catnc bfuitunigachs hc fn thjphrnturn kurncth fns earns fnmarnfhs jnyarhs n fas 9° ornkas Ihfsgus, khmhrî gjpfhjhctnrsh uc sgsthjn kh ngrh niackgigacnka. Fn inctgknk kh ngrhs quh sh gcstnfnrîc hstnrî knkn shoüc fn inpnigknk kh fas jgsjas y fn kgjhcsgùc kh fns îrhns n shrvgr, hsth irgthrga khmh khmh hstnr rhspnfknka par uc prabhsgacnf hc fn jnthrgn. Yh khmh nshournr hf iactraf kh thjphrnturn gckhphckghcth pnrn inkn hspniga y rhlgffns kh snfgkn kh ngrh niackgigacnka hc fas pnsgffas y ca samrh fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla. Hf sgsthjn pakrî shr ihctrnf a jgcg Ypfgt, iumrghcka takns fns abgigcns gckgvgkunfhs, hspnigas kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla, snfns kh rhucgachs, y iunfqughr atra hspniga quh nsê fa rhqughrn. Hf ngrh niackgigacnka khmh hstnr iachitnka n fn pfnctn hfçitrgin. Prhbhrgmfhjhcth, sh usnrîc sgsthjns kh ngrh niackgigacnka hbgighcths quh iactrgmuync nf nearra kh hchroên. Fn eujhknk rhfntgvn hc fns îrhns kh abgigcns ca khmhrî shr jnyar n 80 % pnrn hvgtnr khsinrons hfh hfhitrastîtgins, itrastîtgins, shoüc CP[ 82?. Hf sgsthjn khmhrî shr kh jnrin rhiacaigkn hc hf jhrinka iac uc rhspnfka kh infgknk y onrnctên nkhiunkas, sh khmhrîc pravhhr tncta ucgknkhs iackhcsnkarns iaja hvnparnkarns (sgsthjns khmh shr iajpfhta). Khmhrîc thchr takas fas niihsargas chihsnrgas pnrn su bucigacnjghcta, gcifuyhcka majmns, iactrafhs rhjata (nf jhcas > par ucgknk) a iactraf kh pnrhk iac inln prathitarn iac ffnvh. Hc fn abhrtn sh khmhrî prhshctnr hf pncbfhta khf prakuita abhrtnka pnrn shr iarramarnka hc fn hlhiuigùc khf trnmnla. Inkn uca kh fas iunrtas kh iùjputa khmhc thchr uc ngrh niackgigacnka hsphignf pnrn hsth tgpa kh hspniga, iachitnka n fn pfnctn hfçitrgin y onrnctgznr quh tghch fn inpnigknk kh trnmnla =;/?/928.

m.  Noun patnmfh Yh khmhrî iactnr iac tncquh kh inptnigùc kh noun patnmfh quh nshourh fn gckhphckhcign khf sgsthjn kh rhk pümfgin nf jhcas 5 earns pnrn takas fas aiupncths aiupncths khf hkgbgiga. Hf sgsthjn khmh pravhhr n takas fas hfhjhctas khf hkgbgiga quh nsê fa rhqughrn kurncth kurnc th hsh tghjpa.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf8 

 

 

Pnrn hffa khmh iactnr iac majmns, nfnrjns kh cgvhf kh ffhcnka y takas nquhffas hfhjhctas quh nshourhc fn bucigùc. Fns majmns kh noun khmhc hstnr iachitnkns n fn pfnctn hfçitrgin pnrn nshournr fn iactgcugknk kh su bucigacnjghcta. Yh khmh pravhhr kh uc hxnjhc kh patnmgfgknk kh noun quh iacsth nf jhcas kh 9 pruhmns, ucn hc hf tncquh y atrns kas hc fn rhk kh kgstrgmuigùc kh nmnsthigjghcta, rhnfgznka par uc fnmarntarga hxphrta y shr hctrhonka nf Nkjgcgstrnkar khf Hkgbgiga par pnrth kh fn Gcstgtuigùc. Hstn pruhmn khmh rhnfgznrsh nf jhcas ucn vhz inkn 9 jhshs.

i.  Ygsthjn kh rhiafhiigùc kh nouns chorns y nouns shrvgkns Hf hkgbgiga khmh hstnr khmgknjhcth iachitnka n fn rhk kh rhiafhiigùc kh nouns chorns y iactnr iac fas rhogstras chihsnrgas pnrn quh hc insa kh amstruiigùc, shn rhpnrnka iac bnigfgknk. Kh ca hxgstgr rhiafhitar ohchrnf hc hf sgtga, khmhrî thchr uc sgsthjn kh trntnjghcta iacstrugkn kh niuhrka iac fn carjntgvn vgohcth. Yh khmh onrnctgznr hf muhc bucigacnjghcta kh fn jgsjn kh tnf jnchrn quh ca phrjgtn quh hf afar ffhouh enstn fns zacns kh abgigcns. Hc insa kh nfqugfhr, hf prapghtnrga khmhrî npartnr hc su abhrtn fn catn kh fn gcstgtuigùc hcinronkn kh rhiafhitnr hf noun kh khshiea kh nihptnigùc kh fn inctgknk y infgknk khf noun rhsgkunf.

k.  Nouns pfuvgnfhs Hf sgsthjn kh nouns pfuvgnfhs khmh hstnr kgshþnka kh jnchrn quh sh hvgth hf khsmarknjghcta kh incans, mnlncths y rhogstras. rhogstras. [akn fn tumhrên kh nouns pfuvgnfhs khmh hstnr khmgknjhcth incnfgznkn incnfgznkn pnrn quh ca gcthrbghrn iac fas atras sgsthjns y shn hvniunkn nüc hc iackgigachs hxtrhjns kh ffuvgn. Catn0>, CBPN 8;, CBPN ;8, CBPN 85, ]hofnjhcta kh gcstnfnigachs egkrîufgins y sncgtnrgns, iunfqughrn quh sh gcifuyn hc hf rhofnjhcta kh majmhras y quh npfgquh hc hf insa pnrtgiufnr.

h.  Nsihcsarhs Hf cüifha kh nsihcsarhs khmhrî shr inpnz kh trncspartnr iaja jêcgja, nf kaih par ighcta (>=%) kh fn pamfnigùc quh aiupn hf hkgbgiga hc igcia jgcutas. Fns kgjhcsgachs jêcgjns gcthrcns hc fns inmgcns kh nsihcsarhs shrîc< - Nciea puhrtn< >>0 ij. - Nciea fgmrh< >90 ij. - Prabuckgknk fgmrh< >80 ij. - Nfturn kh fas iactrafhs kh shrvgiga< hctrh 50 y >=0 ij. Hf hspniga gcthrca khf nsihcsar khmhrî shr subgighcth pnrn quh puhkn hctrnr y umginrsh ucn sgffn kh ruhkns sgc kgbgiuftnk, hsta sgocgbgin nf jhcas >,80 j kh prabuckgknk y >,90 j kh nciea hbhitgva. Ca pakrî thchr amstîiufas quh fh gjpgknc hf fgmrh javgjghcta kh fn jgsjn. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf2 

 

 

Fn khthrjgcnigùc khf cüjhra, tnjnþa, vhfaigknk, fainfgznigùc aptgjn y aphrnigùc kh hfhvnkarhs sh khmhrî knr iacsuftncka n fns hjprhsns hsphignfgznkns hc hf thjn y safgigtîckafhs ucn jhjargn kh iîfiufa iaja rhspnfka. Hc hf hxthrgar kh niihsa nf nsihcsar khmh hxgstgr uc hspniga kh jncgamrn kh nf jhcas >,8 j kh kgîjhtra. Hc insa kh umginrsh hf hfhvnkar brhcth n fn igriufnigùc kh fns hsinfhrns, fn kgstncign enstn hstns khmh shr kh nf jhcas =,0 j. Hsth hspniga khmh hstnr gfujgcnka iac uc jêcgja kh >00 fux. Hf sgsthjn kh nsihcsarhs khmh hstnr npramnka pnrn aphrnigachs kh hjhrohcign khf Iuhrpa kh Majmhras shoüc sh khtnffn hc hf NYJH N>?.>, Iùkgoa kh Yhourgknk pnrn Nsihcsarhs y Hsinfhrns Jhiîcgins. Nkhjîs hs gjpartncth tajnr hc iuhctn fas ‖]hqugsgtas mîsgias pnrn nsihcsarhs niihsgmfhs‚ khf Iacshla Cnigacnf kh ]henmgfgtnigùc y Hkuinigùc Hsphignf (IC]HH). Hc insa kh nfqugfhr, hf nrrhcknkar khmh praparigacnr n fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc hf kaiujhcta hjgtgka par hf Iuhrpa kh majmhras kackh npruhmn takas fas sgsthjns khf hkgbgiga ncths kh fn aiupnigùc par pnrth kh fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc khf gcjuhmfh.

b.  Ygsthjns kh shourgknk Khmh iactnr iac shourgknk phrgjhtrnf, rhlns a partachs jhtîfgias hc fns vhctncns y puhrtns, nsê iaja hc iunfqughr atra kuita quh kç nf hxthrgar.  

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Fas hkgbgigas sghjprh iactnrîc iac uc puhsta kh shourgknk hc hf niihsa prgcigpnf, kackh uc abgignf puhkn thchr hf iactraf kh fas usunrgas quh hctrnc y snfhc kh fns gcstnfnigachs. Hsth hspniga iactnrî iac uc nria khthitar kh jhtnfhs y uc juhmfh iac ucn suphrbgigh kackh fas usunrgas puhknc iafainr phrthchcigns jghctrns gcorhsnc par hf nria y quh nkhjîs hc fn pnrth gcbhrgar khf juhmfh iuhcth iac onvhtns iac ffnvh. [njmgçc sh gcifugrî ucn sgffn tgpa aphrntgvn pnrn hf abgignf kh shourgknk. Hsth puhsta kh shourgknk shrî nf jhcas kh uc îrhn iarrhspackghcth n ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla kh shirhtnrgn (vhr INPÊ[XFA = kh hsth kaiujhcta). Hf kgshþa kh hsth puhsta kh shourgknk nsê iaja sus kgjhcsgachs sh hsphigbginrî hc fas pfncas nrqugthitùcgias nr qugthitùcgias khf prayhita hsphiêbgia. Ygsthjn kh vgogfncign par iîjnrns hc hf vhstêmufa kh snfgkn n inkn pgsa kh fns hsinfhrns prgcigpnfhs, nsihcsarhs y pnsgffas prgcigpnfhs, zacns kh pnrquha y prgcigpnfhs hctrnkns y snfgkns khf hkgbgiga, nkhjîs khmh iactnr iac su khmgka ihctra kh jacgtarha, iac fn umginigùc jîs ùptgjn pnrn tnf bgc, shoüc kgshþa khf hkgbgiga. Pnrn hbhitas kh iactraf kh gcorhsa, hf sgsthjn kh shourgknk khmhrî iactnr iac ucn hctrnkn y snfgkn pnrn bucigacnrgas, ucn hctrnkn gckhphckghcth pnrn pümfgia y atrn atr n pnrn nutajùvgfhs. Ygsthjns bgla iactrn gcihckgas, khthitarhs kh euja, hsinfhrn kh hjhrohcign prhsurgznkn hc insa kh hciactrnrsh hc uc kuita ihrrnka, shþnfgznigùc kh hjhrohcign y hxtgctarhs. [aka hsta shoüc carjntgvn iarrhspackghcth CBPN. Yh khmhc pravhhr fuihs kh hjhrohcign hc fn hsinfhrn kh hjhrohcign y bfuarhsihcths iac mnfnstra kh hjhrohcign, kh niuhrka n fn carjntgvn iarrhspackghcth. Hc inkn hspniga kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla, vhstêmufas, inshtgffn kh vgogfncign y rhihpigùc, nf jhcas, khmhc iactnr iac hxtgctarhs pnrn hqugpa hfhitrùcgia y pnrn buhoa carjnf. Hc hf iunrta hfçitrgia y kh iajucginigùc khmh thchr hxtgctar hsphignf pnrn hstns zacns. Hc iuncta n fn ifnsh kh hxtgctar, umginigùc, inctgknk, kgstrgmuigùc y barjns kh ncifnlh shrî kh niuhrka nf ]hofnjhcta kh hxtgctarhs partîtgfhs, Khirhta C°=8752-JHGI-J[YY. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf? 

 

 

 

Fns puhrtns kh snfgkn kh hjhrohcign khmhc shr rhtnrkncths nf buhoa par nf jhcas 9 earns y iactnr iac mnrrns nctgpîcgia, iachitnkns n uc sgsthjn kh nfnrjn tgpa injpncn.

o.  Hsinfhrns kh Hjhrohcign< Hstnrîc umginkns kh tnf jnchrn quh phrjgtnc n fas usunrgas snfgr khf hkgbgiga hc insa kh hjhrohcign, hc barjn rîpgkn shourn4 khmhrîc khshjmainr n yfn kgstncigns nihrn pümfgin, nf cgvhf suhfa sh a hcrhsphtnrî uc îrhn fanjpfgn y shourn hxthrgar.y Hc iuncta n fns inrnithrêstgins jîxgjns kh khf rhiarrgka hstnmfhigka hc nfhf Jncunf kh kgspasgigachs [çicgins Ohchrnfhs samrh Yhourgknk Eujncn y Prathiigùc iactrn Gcihckgas khf Mhchjçrgta Iuhrpa kh Majmhras, üftgjn vhrsgùc y iunfqughr atrn vgciufncth y vgohcth. Yh khmhrî iacsgkhrnr nkhjîs, fas rhqugsgtas hstnmfhigkas hc hf ]hofnjhcta kh Hsinfhrns kh Hjhrohcigns Khirhta C°==055-Y khf Jgcgsthrga kh Ynfuk. [akns fn nmhrturns vhrtginfhs khmhc hciactrnrsh ihrrnkns a prathogkns pnrn hvgtnr fn prapnonigùc khf buhoa y hf euja. Fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign quh hstçc umginkns hc hf gcthrgar khf k hf hkgbgia khmhrîc shr iajpnrtgjhctnkns. Hc hf insa kh hsinfhrn iajpnrtgjhctnkn, thckrîc uc ihrrnjghcta kh jnthrgnf gciajmustgmfh pnrn gjphkgr quh hf buhoa hvhctunf kh iunfqughr pgsa sumn par hf kuita kh fn hsinfhrn. Yh khmhc pravhhr fuihs kh hjhrohcign y bfuarhsihcths iac mnfnstra kh hjhrohcign, kh niuhrka n fn carjntgvn iarrhspackghcth. Fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign pakrîc shr hxthrgarhs, phra inkn pgsa khmhrî thchr niihsa kgrhita n hffns n trnvçs kh ucn puhrtn kh snfgkn quh khmhrî iactnr iac uc ffnvêc nctgpîtgia pnrn nshournr hvniunigachs rîpgkns y jhcas rghsoasns. N jhcas quh shnc prathogkns par uc hcighrrh, fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign khmhrîc iactnr, hc fas fnkas quh ca thconc hsn prathiigùc, iac ucn jnffn kh jhtnf u atra tgpa kh mnrnckn rêogkn kh par fa jhcas >,0? j kh nfturn. Hc fn iacstruiigùc khf saparth y hc takn fn hstruiturn sh usnrî jnthrgnf gciajmustgmfh. Fns hsinfhrns kh kgshþa rhita khmhrîc thchr uc nciea jêcgja kh >,=0 j. [hckrîc ucn euhffn ucgbginkn kh 90 ij sghcka fn jhkgkn jêcgjn kh =5 ij y ucn iactrneuhffn ucgbginkn kh >; ij sghcka fn jhkgkn jîxgjn kh >? ij. Ca sh phrjgtgrî hf usa kh hsinfhrns kh inrniaf pnrn hjhrohcigns. Yus puhrtns kh niihsa nmrgrîc hc fn kgrhiigùc carjnf kh snfgkn kh fns phrsacns y sus ihrrnkurns shrîc kh tgpa nctg pîcgia. Fns mnrnckns kh prathiigùc thckrîc iaja jêcgja >,0?j kh nfturn. Inkn pgsa khmhrî hstnr shrvgka par ucn hsinfhrn kh hjhrohcign, pnrn inkn 200 j½ kh îrhn kh pgsa a brniigùc suphrgar n 900 j½. Hc inkn pgsa sh khmhrî khlnr uc hspniga khctra kh fn zacn kh prathiigùc iactrn buhoa pnrn ucn sgffn kh ruhkns. Khmhrî khthrjgcnrsh, sgoughcka fn carjntgvn khf Iuhrpa kh Majmhras y fn CBPN, sg fns puhrtns kh niihsa n fns hsinfhrns khmhc shr iartn buhoa a iartn euja. Fas pgsas kh fas mnfiachs, fns euhffns y iactrneuhffns kh fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign hxthrgarhs shrîc sùfgkas, phrjgtgçckash phrbarnigachs kh ca jîs kh >= jj kh kgîjhtra pnrn khsnoöh. [akns fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign hxthrgarhs khmhc shr bglns y phrjnchcths hc takas fas pgsas.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf5 

 

 

Iuncka fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign shnc hxthrgarhs, khmhrî shr ucn hstruiturn gckhphckghcth n fn khf hkgbgiga. Hf niihsa n fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign shrî gckginka par shþnfgznigùc phrjnchcth y vgsgmfh.

e.  Ygsthjn hfçitrgia [aka hf sgsthjn hfçitrgia khmh iujpfgr iac hf Khirhta Hlhiutgva C°927?7  ’ JHGI - ][I] ;85-=0>> y hf iùkgoa hfçitrgia cnigacnf CHI-=005. Yh khmhrî iactnr iac uc iunrta par pgsa, kackh sh umgquhc takas fas ihctras kh inron hfçitrgias kh fns gcstnfnigachs, iac su khmgkn ratufnigùc kh mnquhfgtn kh niuhrka n fn cajhcifnturn hstnmfhigkn hc pfncas. [akn fn tumhrên hxpuhstn shrî iackugt HJ[, iac ihrtgbginka XF. Pgctnka n kas jncas hc iafar orgs iac pgcturn nctgiarrasgvn y iac gkhctgbginigùc kh iafarhs shoüc fn Carjn GC[HIA pnrn gkhctgbginigùc kh tumhrêns. [akas fas niihsargas, inlns aitaoacnfhs, rhitncoufnrhs, iunkrnkns, onzns, tajniarrghcths, npnonkarhs, hqugpa kh gfujgcnigùc, inmfh, tumhrêns y khjîs hfhjhctas, khmhrîc iactnr iac ihrtgbginka ‖XF‚. Hc hf insa kh fns ucgachs y iachitarhs, sghjprh shrîc kh prhsgùc, y ihrtgbginkas ‖XF‚.  Fn tumhrên iackugt HJ[ khctra khf ighfa rnsa, r nsa, khmhrî vgnlnr sghjprh sapartnkn samrh fns hstruiturns kh jhtnf quh iacbarjnc hf thiea. [akn incnfgznigùc HJ[ shrî iactgcun kh snfgkn n snfgkn, kh jnchrn quh hxgstn iactgcugknk hfçitrgin y jhiîcgin hctrh takns fns pnrths jhtîfgins khf sgsthjn iuncka nsê sh rhqughrn. [akns fns tumhrêns jhtîfgins, quh hstçc nsaignkas iac sgsthjns hfçitrgias khmhrîc hstnr khmgknjhcth puhstas n tghrrn kh niuhrka nf Iùkgoa Hfçitrgia Cnigacnf nrtêiufa =80, CHI =005. Hc hf sgsthjn hfçitrgia sh utgfgznrî ucn tumhrên gckhphckghcth par inkn igriugta rnjnf. Iuncka sh rhqughrn incnfgznigachs suphrbgignfhs hc jhsns kh trnmnla, pnrhkhs hti., shrîc kh tgpa kuita pfîstgia. Yafa sh phrjgtgrî hf usa kh fas niihsargas hsphignfjhcth hsphignfjhcth bnmrginkas pnrn inkn npfginigùùcc y tgpa kh kuita. Hf kuita khmh bglnrsh par jhkga kh tarcgffas n ca jîs kh 20 ij hctrh puctas kh sulhigùc. Fas tgpas kh incnfhtn n hjpfhnr shrîc kh inrnithrêstgins iacstruitgvns gounfhs n fn Eummhff y fn Pnc-_ny, [wgc-?0 kh Pnckugt, kh niuhrka n fas tnjnþas gckginkas hc fn sgjmafaoên, pfncas, iraqugs y hsphigbginigachs nkgigacnfhs. Pnrn fn trncsgigùc kh fn incnfhtn pfîstgin y fn tumhrên iackugt HJ[ khctra khf ighfa rnsa, shrî rhqugsgta fn utgfgznigùc kh fas ‖nknptnkarhs kh ighfa‚ kgshþnkas par hf bnmrgincth.   Hc takas fas insas, fn incnfhtn pfîstgin sh iacstrugrî hc barjn iactgcun, ucgbgincka phrbhitnjhcth takns sus pnrths (îcoufas, thhs, rhogstras, hti.), kh jnchrn tnf quh fas iackuitarhs sghjprh sh hciuhctrhc iumghrtas par fns pnrhkhs kh fn jgsjn. Ca sh phrjgtgrî mnla cgcoucn igriucstncign hf utgfgznr fns pnrhkhs kh iacirhta, bgmrafgt, jnkhrn a jhtnf iaja pnrth kh fn incnfgznigùc. [aka mnlncth kh incnfhtn samrh fns pnrhkhs vgnlnrî sghjprh hc fas hxtrhjas kh fns jgsjns, trntncka kh aiuftnrfn a kgsbrnznrfn hc fn ucgùc kh kas pnrhkhs. Ca sh phrjgtgrî quh fns incnfhtns mnlhc hc jhkga khf îrhn kh fns pnrhkhs, vhctncns, muquhs, muquhs, htiçthrn. Hc insas juy hs hsphignfhs phignfhs sh khthrjgcnrî fa quh praihkh, sghjprh

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf7 

 

 

iactncka iac fn npramnigùc khf suphrvgsar sar kh amrn hfçitrgin. Fas mnlncths pnrn npnonkarhs quhknc par buhrn kh hstn hsphigbginigùc. Fns nrquhtns kh iacirhta pnrn rhogstrnr incnfgznigachs hfçitrgins sumthrrîchns, thckrîc ucn kgstncign jîxgjn hctrh sê kh 80 jhtras fgchnfhs. [akns fas saparths jhtîfgias sghjprh quh hstçc nsaignkas iac sgsthjns hfçitrgias khmhrîc hstnr khmgknjhcth puhstas n tghrrn kh niuhrka nf Iùkgoa Hfçitrgia Cnigacnf nrtêiufa =80. Fns inlns kh snfgkn pnrn gcthrruptarhs, tajns, thfçbacas, hti. shrîc kh ucn pghzn kh infgmrh carjnf y fas tnjnþas rhquhrgkas par hf cüjhra kh kgspasgtgvas y kh fas inmfhs pnrn rnjnfhs, kgiens inlns khmhc hstnr ihrtgbginkns ‖XF‚. Fns inlns kh snfgkn pnrn gcthrruptarhs y tajniarrghcths, pasgigacnkns iactgouas n fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla, hstncthrêns nçrhns, hstncthrêns vhrtginfhs, sh gcstnfnrîc kh jnchrn tnf quh hf jamgfgnrga ca tnph a phrjgtn hf niihsa y usa kh fas kgspasgtgvas kh pathcign. Hf cüjhra kh iackuitarhs hc fns inlns kh snfgkns y inlns kh hjpnfjhs shrî kh niuhrka iac fa hstnmfhigka par hf CHI. [akas fas iackuitarhs khmhrîc shr kh iamrh N_O, tnjnþa shoüc kgshþa, [EEC, ihrtgbginkas ‖XF‚ y iac hf shffa khmgknjhcth gjprhsa hc hf jgsja. Pnrn inmfhnka sumthrrîcha hxthrgar hf ngsfnjghcta khmh shr ]E_ (ngsfnjghcta y iumghrtn kh eufhs sgctçtgias pnrn ?8 °I ù 70°I shoüc chihsgknk, hc njmghcth shia y eüjhka).

g.  Gfujgcnigùc Yh khmh iujpfgr fa hstnmfhigka hc fn Kgrhitrgz C°0>>-JGCNH hc sus nfincihs iac rhsphita n gfujgcnigùc. Yh utgfgznrî sgsthjn kh gfujgcnigùc FHK. Yh rhqughrh gfujgcnigùc ohchrnf hc hf hspniga, kh jnchrn quh fn jhkgigùc ohchrnf hc inkn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla, khmh shr kh 800 fux jêcgja, shoüc Carjn GC[H 9>-05-02-=000. Yh khmh knr ucn kgstrgmuigùc kh fns fujgcnrgns tnf quh fn gfujgcnigùc shn ucgbarjh hc taka hf hspniga y ca sh khc sgtgas jîs asiuras quh atras. Fns fujgcnrgns khmhrîc thchr gcstnfnkas kgbusarhs fnthrnfhs pnrn hvgtnr fas khsfujmrnjghctas khf phrsacnf. Hc pnsgffas y makhons sh nihptnrî kh 900 fux. Hstas vnfarhs shrîc iarramarnkas hc sgtg a n fn earn kh fn rhihpigùc bgcnf khf trnmnla. Hf hqugpa kh gfujgcnigùc shrî kh üftgjn ohchrnigùc, iac ihrtgbginigùc XF, tgpa FHK y iac fujgcnrgns kh hjhrohcign a (mnfnstra kh hjhrohcign), shoüc fa hstnmfhigka hc hf npnrtnka n pnrtnka sgsthjn kh shourgknk. Fns hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign khmhc thchr gfujgcnigùc quh sh niigach iac shcsarhs nf jajhcta kh nmrgr ucn puhrtn. Nkhjîs kh iactnr iac fuihs kh hjhrohcign hc insa quh sh gcthrrujpn hf shrvgiga hfçitrgia. Fas npnonkarhs shrîc khf tgpa shcsgtgva, kh aphrnigùc jhiîcgin kh uc pafa, umginkas iactgouas n fns puhrtns kh gcorhsa n inkn îrhn kh trnmnla y, kackh hxgsthc kas gcorhsas n fn jgsjn îrhn, sh utgfgznrîc npnonkarhs kh uc pafa kas tgras.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=8R, ornka easpgtnfnrga, iafar kh pfnin quh fa kgbhrhcigh khf ohchrnf. Yh khmhrîc gkhctgbginr fas tajniarrghcths khf sgsthjn kh hjhrohcign pnrn usa kh hqugpas kh iùjputa, jhkgncth fn utgfgznigùc kh uc nkehsgva kh mnquhfgtn a pfîstgia bglnka n fn pfnin khf jgsja, iuya iacthcgka hsphigbginrî hf cüjhra khf igriugta shoüc hf kgrhitarga khf tnmfhra kh kgstrgmuigùc hfçitrgin. [akas fas tajniarrghcths pnrn hqugpa, khf sgsthjn kh hjhrohcign shrîc ornka easpgtnfnrga, kamfhs, pafnrgznkas, iachxgùc n tghrrn y kh iafar kgbhrhcth nf tajn ohchrnf, iachitnkns n XPY infiufnkn pnrn supfgr kh hchroên takns fns snfgkns pnrn hqugpa shcsgmfh y ucn pfnctn hfçitrgin kh subgighcth inpnigknk pnrn samrhffhvnr hf hqugpa kh iùjputa, gfujgcnigùc kh hjhrohcign, nsihcsarhs, majmns pnrn nouns patnmfhs, majmns pnrn nouns chorns y pfuvgnfhs, hxtrnitarhs y ngrhs niackgigacnkas. Fas tajniarrghcths pnrn usa ohchrnf shrîc inmfhnkas khskh hf tnmfhra rhsphitgva, inkn snfgkn thckrî uc tajniarrghcth kamfh iac puhstn n tghrrn =0N, >=0R, ornka easpgtnfnrga. e aspgtnfnrga. Yh khmhrîc gkhctgbginr fas tajniarrghcths shcsgtgvas pnrn usa ohchrnf, jhkgncth fn utgfgznigùc kh uc nkehsgva kh mnquhfgtn a pfîstgia bglnka n fn pfnin khf jgsja, iuya iacthcgka hsphigbginrî hf cüjhra khf igriugta shoüc hf kgrhitarga khf tnmfhra kh kgstrgmuigùc hfçitrgin. Fas iajhkarhs a iaigchtns iactnrîc iac igriugtas gckhphckghcths pnrn inkn hfhitrakajçstgia, inmfhnkas khskh hf tnmfhra rhsphitgva, inkn snfgkn thckrî uc tajniarrghcth kamfh iac puhstn n tghrrn =0N, >=0R, ornka easpgtnfnrga.

d.  Ihctras kh inron y tnmfhras [akas fas ihctras kh inron khmhrîc iactnr iac ffnvêc. Fns ffnvhs y fns iapgns chihsnrgns shrîc hctrhonkns nf Yuphrvgsar kh fn Gcstgtuigùc iactrntncth. Yh rhnfgznrî ucn kgbhrhcignigùc kh fas tnmfhras quh nfgjhctnc inrons khf sg sthjn kh hjhrohcign rhsphita n fas tnmfhras quh nfgjhctnc inrons ohchrnfhs. Fas ihctras kh inron pnrn gfujgcnigùc, tajniarrghcths y pathcign, thckrîc cüjhra y tgpa kh kgsyuctarhs thrjajnocçtgias gckginkas pnrn hf cüjhra kh igriugtas chihsnrgas pnrn nfgjhctnr nprapgnknjhcth hf sgsthjn. Yh khmhrîc sujgcgstrnr khctra khf ihctra kh inron hf kgrhitarga kh fas igriugtas nitunfgznkas sg sh enc rhnfgznka injmgas hc hf injpa khmgknjhcth nutargznkas par hf Yuphrvgsar.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

Hstn tnmfn khmhrî hstnr ifnrnjhcth hsirgtn y jactnkn hc uc jnria khtrîs kh fn tnpn, prathogkn iac uc jnthrgnf trncspnrhcth rhsgsthcth. Hc hf hxthrgar inkn tnmfhra sh khmh ratufnr iac mnquhfgtn kh niuhrka n fn cajhcifnturn hstnmfhigkn hc pfncas.

f.  Ygsthjn thfhbùcgia Yh khmhrî khlnr fn snfgkn kh vaz hc inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla y abgigcn. Hc pfncas sh khmh gkhctgbginr fn snfgkn pnrn juftgbucigacnf. Yh khmh khlnr gcstnfnkn ucn fêchn ncnfùogin, cüjhra quh khmh shr knka par fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc iarrhspackghcth. j.  Ygsthjn kh shþnfgznigùc Hf hkgbgiga khmhrî hstnr shþnfnka iajpfhtnjhcth hc fas nsphitas kh shourgknk, rutns kh hvniunigùc y snfgkns kh hjhrohcign, par jnrinigùc fujgcasn y sgsthjn hc fhcounlh mrngffh, kh niuhrka iac fns jhkgkns y umginigachs kh fn carjntgvn vgohcth y hf fgmra kh jnrin kh inkn Gcstgtuigùc. Yh khmhrîc iacsgkhrnr fas rhofnjhctas, Khirhta C° =289=-JHGI Yhourgknk iactrn gcihckgas, Yhþnfgznigùc kh Yhourgknk, Rêns kh Hvniunigùc y Khirhta C° >=?>8JHGI, Carjn Abgignf pnrn fn utgfgznigùc kh iafarhs hc shourgknk y su sgjmafaoên. Fn shþnfgznigùc khmhrî rhsphtnr takas fas nfincihs kh fn Fhy ?200, pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk vgsunf y nukgtgvn y shoüc hf Fgmra kh Jnrin fn gcstgtuigùc iactrntncth. Par fa tncta, takn fn ratufnigùc khmhrî hstnr tnjmgçc hc fhcounlh Mrngffh y fas nsihcsarhs thchr gckginkar sacara kh ffhonkn kh pgsa h gckginigùc sacarn khf cüjhra kh pgsa. Hc hf insa kh nfqugfhr, fn shþnfgznigùc khmhrî hstnr gcifugkn khctra khf pnquhth kh ffnvh hc jnca. Hf hkgbgiga khmhrî gkhctgbginrsh hc bnienkn par jhkga kh uc fhtrhra iac hf faoatgpa y fn fhyhckn kh fn gcstgtuigùc iactrntncth, rhsphtîckash fns praparigachs hstnmfhigkns hc hf fgmra kh jnrin kh fn gcstgtuigùc. Hc fn puhrtn y vhctnchrên kh gcorhsa n inkn pgsa, khmhrî gkhctgbginrsh fn a fns khphckhcigns quh sh hciuhctrnc, kgshþnkas samrh phfêiufn kh shourgknk tgpa snck mfnstgco a hf quh khbgcn fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc, a iac hf tgpa kh ratufnigùc quh sh shfhiigach par hf gcsphitar y nvnfnka par fn Kgrhiigùc khf Praornjn, sghjprh rhsphtncka fns praparigachs khf fgmra kh jnrin kh fn gcstgtuigùc, nkhjîs khmhrî thchr fn ratufnigùc hc hf sgsthjn Mrngfh. Hc hf vhstêmufa prgcigpnf sh iafainrî uc kgrhitarga ohchrnf iac fn gcbarjnigùc kh fns khphckhcigns umginkns hc hsh hkgbgiga par cüjhra kh pgsa.

c.  Ygsthjn Iactrn Gcihckgas (khthiigùc kh euja, nsphrsarhs y nfnr jn)  Yh khmh pravhhr uc sgsthjn kh khthiigùc kh euja iac nfnrjn sacarn pnrn inkn orupa kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla y inkn abgigcn gckhphckghcth, iuncka npfgquh, kh niuhrka iac hf îrhn khf hkgbgiga y inctgknk kh phrsacns quh fa enmgtnc, sh khmh iactnr iac sgsthjn kh nsphrsarhs iac iamhrturn hc hf >00% khf hkgbgiga [akas fas sgsthjns iac nfnrjn sacarn khmhc iactnr iac uc pnchf kh iactraf umginka hc fn inshtn a puhsta khf vgogfncth. Fas jhkgas kh hvniunigùc ù hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign shrîc amfgontargas y kh hciactrnrsh khctra kh uc kuita ihrrnka khmhc thchr uc sgsthjn kh prhsurgznigùc shoüc fns carjns hstnmfhigkns, khmhrîc khsinronr kgrhitnjhcth n fn vên pümfgin.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0>, CBPN >9, CBPN >;, ]hofnjhcta tçicgia ][I]=5877? shourgknk iactrn gcihckgas y taka fa iarrhspackghcth shoüc fa gckgquh hf Jncunf kh kgspasgigachs [çicgins Ohchrnfhs samrh Yhourgknk Eujncn y Prathiigùc iactrn Gcihckgas, vhrsgùc =0>9. [aka hf kgshþa khf sgsthjn khmh thchr npramnigùc prhvgn kh kgien hctgknk. Xcn vhz iacifugkn fn gcstnfnigùc, sh khmh hctrhonr nf ]hspacsnmfh khf Iactrnta hf kaiujhcta kackh sh khthrjgcn par pnrth khf Iuhrpa kh Majmhras fn bhien y earn hc quh sh enrî fn gcsphiigùc, hc fn iunf khmhrî hstnr prhshcth hf phrsacnf tçicgia khf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn a rhspacsnmfh khsgocnka. Fn hjprhsn iactrntnkn rhnfgznrî fas nlusths quh sh fh safgigthc hc hsn gcsphiigùc y hc hf tghjpa quh sh gckgquh.

7.  H^XGPA n.  XPY Fns XPY khmhc thchr fn inpnigknk kh supfgr fn khjnckn kh takas fas hqugpas kh iùjputa y kh iajucginigùc, khmh gcstnfnrsh hc uc rhigcta gckhphckghcth nf iunrta kh iajucginigachs. Fn XPY khmh nfgjhctnr hf a fas tnmfhras pnrn hjhrohcign y fas tnmfhras pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa kh taka hf hkgbgiga, quh khmhrîc shr pravgstas h gcstnfnkas iac takas sus iajpachcths par hf Iactrntgstn pnrn hf hqugpa kh iajucginigachs. Hf iunrta kackh sh umgquh khmh iactnr iac sgsthjn kh ngrh niackgigacnka. m.  Pfnctn Hfçitrgin y [rncsbarjnkar. Yh khmhrî iactnr iac pfnctn hfçitrgiinn iac inpnigknk pnrn hf >00% kh fn inron gcstnfnkn hc hf hkgbgi hkgbgiga, ga, sh khmhrî iachitnr nf tnmfhra prgcigpnf iac su rhsphitgvn trncsbhrhcign nutajîtgin. Pfnctn hfçitrgin n iajmustgmfh tgpa kgçshf, iac inmgcn sacarn. Yh khmhc tajnr takns iacsgkhrnigachs phrtgchcths hc jnthrgn kh shourgknk pnrn khbgcgr fn umginigùc y hf rhsounrka kh fn pfnctn hfçitrgin y hf tncquh kh iajmustgmfh. Catn< Yh khmh tajnr hc iuhctn quh sg hf hkgbgiga hs nfqugfnka pnrignfjhcth sh khmh iactnr iac ucn jhkgigùc khf iacsuja hfçitrgia hc fns îrhns nrrhcknkns par fn Gcstgtuigùc. Fn gcstnfnigùc khf trncsbarjnkar khmh iujpfgr iac fas fgchnjghctas hstnmfhigkas par fn hjprhsn kgstrgmugkarn kh hchroên. Fn khthrjgcnigùc kh su umginigùc khmh rhsphtnr hf iujpfgjghcta kh fn Fhy ?200 y hf Jncunf kh Kgspasgigachs [çicgin Ohchrnfhs samrh Yhourgknk Eujncn y Prathiigùc iactrn Gcihckgas, vhrsgùc vgohcth.

i.  Ihctrnf thfhbùcgin Xcn ihctrnf thfhbùcgin quh khmh quhknr bucigacncka iaja hfhjhcta kh iactgcohcign hc insa kh quh hxgstghrn uc bnffa hc hf sgsthjn GP, quh iajucgquh fas thfçbacas kgrhitas kh fns shirhtnrgns, qughchs n su vhz pakrîc trnsfnknr ffnjnkns n fns lhbnturns y n uc thfçbaca bgla par inkn hspniga kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla. Hsth sgsthjn kh iajucginigùc khmhrî quhknr bucigacncka y aphrncka khskh fn hctrhon khf gcjuhmfh.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0.  HY[NIGACNJGHC[AY Pnrn hf insa kh fn iacstruiigùc kh uc hkgbgiga cuhva, fas hstnigacnjghctas khmhrîc nphonrsh nf iujpfgjghcta khf Pfnc ]houfnkar kh fn Jucgigpnfgknk iarrhspackghcth, a n fn rhoufnigùc phrtgchcth kh niuhrka n su fn umginigùc khf gcjuhmfh. Phra yn mnla shn thiea nfqugfhry iac a iacstruiigùc, iactnr iacchihsgknkhs hspnigas khkhhstnigacnjghcta hxifusgva abgignfhs shourgknk, khkhmh niuhrka n fns fn Gcstgtuigùc. Khmhrî iactnrpnrn iac vheêiufas nf jhcas kas hspnigas hxifusgvas pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk. Fn nsgocnigùc kh hspnigas kh pnrquha pnrn bucigacnrgas quhkn fgjgtnkn n fa quh hstnmfhzin fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc kh fn Gcstgtuigùc mnla kgrhitrgihs nf rhsphita y shoüc fn inpnigknk kh hstnigacnjghctas khf hkgbgiga, sgoughcka hf arkhc lhrîrqugia quh hstnmfhzin kgien kgrhitrgz. Hc insa kh iactnr iac hspnigas kh hstnigacnjghcta pnrn vgsgtncths, khmhc hstnr khmgknjhcth khjnrinkas y iac uc niihsa pnvgjhctnka a nkaqugcnka, gckhphckghcth kh fn inrrhthrn a hspnfkùc. Yh khmh iujpfgr iac fn Fhy ?200 y su rhofnjhcta hc iuncta n hspnigas hxifusgvas pnrn usa kh phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk. Hf 8% khf tatnf kh hspnigas kgspacgmfhs, khmhrî shr khstgcnka n vheêiufas iackuigkas par phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk a quh fhs trncsparthc. Iuncka hf hstnigacnjghcta iuhcth iac jhcas kh ;0 hspnigas, sh khsgocnrîc nf jhcas = hspnigas pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk. Hstas hspnigas prhbhrhcignfhs khmhrîc umginrsh ihrin kh fns hctrnkns prgcigpnfhs n fas fainfhs kh nthcigùc nf pümfgia y khmgknjhcth gkhctgbginkas iac hf sêjmafa gcthrcnigacnf kh niihsa. Inkn hspniga kh hstnigacnjghcta nsê iaja fns inffhs kh gcorhsa y snfgkn kh fns jgsjns khmhc hstnr khmgknjhcth khjnrinkns y ratufnkns nsê iaja iujpfgr iac fns kgjhcsgachs quh pnrn hffa hstnmfhih hf ]hofnjhcta kh Iacstruiigùc =,20j x 8,8j pnrn hspnigas carjnfhs y 9,9j x 8,8j pnrn hspnigas hxifusgvas pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk, iuncka hf hstnigacnjghcta sh hciuhctrh hc kgspasgigùc phrphckgiufnr a kgnoacnf n fn igriufnigùc vhegiufnr fns kgjhcsgachs sac kh 9,?j x 8,8j y fns kgjhcsgachs kh fas hstnigacnjghctas pnrn jataigifhtns shrîc kh >,0j x =,0j. [ncta nf gcorhsa iaja n fn snfgkn khf pnrquha sh thckrî ucn vnffn kh shourgknk tgpa pfujn niigacnkn par hf phrsacnf kh vgogfncign. Hsphiêbginjhcth pnrn fns inrnithrêstgins kh fas hstnigacnjghctas rhshrvnkas pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk, sh khmhc shougr fns gckginigachs khf kaiujhcta ‖]hqugsgtas mîsgias pnrn hstnigacnjghctas rhshrvnkas niihsgmfhs‚ khf Iacshla Cnigacnf kh ]henmgfgtnigùc y Hkuinigùc Hsphignf (IC]HH).

Fas hspnigas kh hstnigacnjghcta khmhc hstnr kgspuhstas kh jnchrn quh takas fas vheêiufas hstnigacnkas puhknc shr rhtgrnkas sgc thchr quh javgfgznr atra nutajùvgf.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf>.  HYPHIGBGINIGACHY PN]N INMFHNKA HY[]XI[X]NKA >>.> YGY[HJN KN[AY CA[N< Fns hsphigbginigachs nquê gckginkns sac fns rhquhrgkns par fn Kgrhiigùc kh [hicafaoêns kh Gcbarjnigùc y Iajucginigachs khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn. Pnrn insas kackh sh npfgquh hc atrns gcstgtuigachs, fns hsphigbginigachs kh hsth npnrtnka C° >> pakrênc vnrgnr shoüc fns chihsgknkhs prapgns. Yh iafainrnc par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, hc fns snfns kh rhucgachs y hc fas hspnigas quh nsê fa rhqughrnc, fns snfgkns kh vaz y kh kntas gckginkns hc hf sgoughcth iunkra, pnrn hffa khmhrî iujpfgr iac fa quh sh gckgin<

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Ynfgkns kamfhs Juftgbucigacnfhs Ynfgkns shcigffns (n ighfa) (vaz y kntas)

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>)  Hf tgpa kh inmfh khmh shr X[P >00 aejgas, kh ; pn pnrhs rhs inthoarên 2N a suphrgar. Khmhrî pravhhr hf inmfh, hf iunf khmhrî shr kh hxihfhcth infgknk y jnrin rhiacaigkn y ifnsgbginigùc IJ], sgc pnctnffn, iac ngsfnjghctas thrjapfîstgias. Nsê jgsja, hf inmfh khmh shr carjnfgznka par hf hstîcknr kh inthoarên gcthrcnigacnf (HGN/[GN-825)."Iajhrignf [hfhiajucgintgaacs cs Inmfgco Ytncknrk" y carjn HGN/[GN 825M.=-> =)  Hf inmfh khmhrî shr pramnka iac kgspasgtgvas quh iujpfnc fns hsphigbginigachs [YM-2?" [rncsjgssgac Phrbarjncihs Yphigbgintgacs bar Bghfk [hstgco ab Xcseghfkhk[wgsthk-pngrinmfgcoY Xcseghfkhk[wgsthk-pngrinmfgcoYysthjs". ysthjs". Khmhrî iactnr iac uc ihrtgbginkar kh rhkhs pnrn rhnfgznr fns pruhmns phrtgchcths. Inkn ucn kh fns fêchns Htehrcht khmh pramnrsh iac çxgta n vhfaigknkhs kh >00/>000/>0000Jmps4 khmh hctrhonrsh uc kaiujhcta khmgknjhcth ihrtgbginka iac hf rhsuftnka kh fns pruhmns kh inkn ucn. Hsth kaiujhcta fa khmh hjgtgr fn hjprhsn quh hstî gcstnfncka hf inmfhnka hstruiturnka hf iunf khmh kh thchr uc hqugpa quh rhnfgih fn ihrtgbginigùc kh inmfhnka hstruiturnka pnrn inthoarên 2N a suphrgar. Hf iactrntgstn khmh hctrhonr ucn tnmfn kh jhkgigùc par fêchn quh gckgquh, hctrh atrns iasns< kgstncign kh inkn fêchn, nthcunigùc a pçrkgkn, kgnbacên (irasstnfd), hti. [aka khmh hstnr khctra kh carjn hstnmfhigkn pnrn gcstnfnigùc kh inmfhnka hstruiturnka. 9)  Yh thckrî uc iunrta kh iajucginigùc prgcigpnf (JKB hs fn sgofn hc gcofçs (jngc kgstrgmutgac bnigfgty), kh nf jhcas ;,0 j x ;,0 j iac sus rhsphitgvas rnids y Ygsthjn kh ngrh niackgigacnka. Hsth ngrh niackgigacnka khmh shr inpnz kh sapartnr fas hqugpas kh iajucginigùc y shrvgkarhs. Kh shr hf Hkgbgiga kh jîs kh ucn pfnctn khmh iactnr iac fas iunrtas kh iajucginigachs rhquhrgkas (GKB hs fn sgofn hc gcofçs (gcthrjhkgnth kgstrgmutgac bnigfgty), kh nf jhcas 9,0 j x ;,0 j iaja jêcgja, umginkas hxnitnjhcth hc hf jgsja pucta p ucta hc takas fas cgvhfhs, iac sus rhsphitgvas rnids y ngrhs niackgigacnkas.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=0 Raftgas iarrghcth nfthrcn iac kas tajniarrghcths kamfhs, hc igriugtas n pnrth pnrn amthchr nsê rhkuckncign hc fn nfgjhctnigùc hfçitrgin, iac bnigfgknk kh niihsa pnrn iachitnr n fas rnids. 2)  Khmh gcstnfnrsh uc sgsthjn kh XPY, takas fas rnids khmhc thchr fn apigùc kh iachitnrsh n fas igriugtas prathogkas par hsth hqugpa. ?)  Hf hkgbgiga khmh iactnr iac bnitgmgfgknk y kgspacgmgfgknk kh nf jhcas kas hcfnihs pnrn iajucginigùc kh rhkhs kh kntas khf GIH y ]NIYN u atra pravhhkar hc hf îrhn, iac vhfaigknkhs kh nf jhcas =0 Jmps pnrn hcfnih shiucknrga y ;0 Jmps pnrn hf hcfnih prgcigpnf, kh tnf barjn quh sh pravhn rhkuckncign kh hcfnihs wnc (pravhhkarhs kgbhrhcths pnrn inkn hcfnih) fn jaknfgknk kh aphrnigùc khmhrî shr nitgvapnsgva4 hf abhrhcth khmhrî prhshctnr fns rhsphitgvns ihrtgbginigachs kh bnitgmgfgknk kh hstas hcfnihs kh fas rhsphitgvas pravhhkarhs kh shrvgiga. 5)  Hf nrrhckncth khmhrî ohstgacnr fn gcstnfnigùc kh kgieas hcfnihs y nsujgr hf iasta kh fas jgsjas (gcstnfnigùc y pnoa jhcsunf)4 sh khmhrî iaarkgcnr iac fn Xcgknk kh Ohstgùc kh ]hkhs y Iajucginigachs fn gjpfhjhctnigùc y iacbgournigùc kh hstas hcfnihs pnrn onrnctgznr hf iarrhita bucigacnjghcta kh fn iajucginigùc hctrh sgtgas y nshournr fn iarrhitn aphrntgvgknk kh fas sgsthjns kh gcbarjnigùc utgfgznkas. 7)  Yh khmh pravhhr fn kuithrgn rhquhrgkn pnrn fas pravhhkarhs kh shrvgigas kh thfhiajucginigùc, shoüc hf rhquhrgjghcta kh fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc, fn iunf khmh ffhonr khskh fns inlns kh iajucginigùc hxthrcn enstn fas iunrtas kh iajucginigùc JKB. >0)  Kh thchr fn hkgbginigùc jîs kh ucn pfnctn sh khmh pravhhr kh ‖mnidmach prgjnrga‚ iacstrugka kh bgmrn ùptgin y pravhhr fns rhsphitgvns gcthrbnihs pnrn fashchqugpas nitgvas kh rhk y hc iaja X[P jêcgja pnrn hf shiucknrga, hc inthoarên 2N a suphrgar. Fn safuigùc bgmrn ùptgin khmhrî sapartnr trncsjgsgachs kh >0Om/s. Fas iajpachcths kh fn safuigùc kh bgmrn ùptgin khmhrîc shr kh uc jgsja bnmrgincth tnfhs iaja ‖pntieiarks‚, inmfh kh bgmrn ùptgin, iachitarhs, omgis, niapfnkarhs y mnckhlns.

Pnrn hf mnidmach hc bgmrn khmhc gcstnfnr = (kas) inmfhs kh bgmrn ùptgin (khf tgpa quh rhqughrn fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc) kh nf jhcas 2 egfas inkn uca khskh fas kgbhrhcths pgsas a iunrtas kh iajucginigachs (GKB) enign hf iunrta kh iajucginigùc prgcigpnf (JKB). Fas inmfhs kh bgmrn ùptgin khmhc vgnlnr par rutns kgbhrhcths pnrn amthchr ucn nftn kgspacgmgfgknk. Pnrn hf mnidmach hc X[P hf tgrnlh khmh shr kh nf jhcas ; (iuntra) inmfhs X[P kh inkn uca kh fas kgbhrhcths pgsas a iunrtas kh iajucginigachs (GKB) enign hf iunrta kh iajucginigachs prgcigpnf (JKB). Fas iunfhs khmhc shr bgcnfgznkas hc iachitarhs inthoarên 2N a suphrgar pnrn X[P, kh kgbhrhcth iafar n fas kh vaz y kntas, khmhc quhknr khmgknjhcth htgquhtnkas.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf>)  Fas iunrtas kh iajucginigùc khmhc pashhr nf jhcas kas rnids a onmgchths kh pgsa kh >7 pufonkns hc hf iunrta kh iajucginigùc prgcigpnf (JKB) iac nf jhcas trhs mnckhlns y fas rnids rhquhrgkas hc inkn pgsa hc fas iunrtas kh iajucginigùc shiucknrgas (GKB) kh >7 pufonkns iac nf jhcas ucn mnckhln. Hstas rnids a onmgchths khmhrîc shr kh nfujgcga kh nf jhcas ;8 ucgknkhs kh rnid, quh nkjgcgstrnrnc tncta hf inmfhnka eargzactnf iaja vhrtginf, inkn iunrta khmhrî mrgcknr pathcign hfçitrgin n fas hqugpas nitgvas kh ]hk, inkn rnid khmhrî iactnr iac kas rhofhtns kh nf jhcas >0 tajns iarrghcths inkn ucn.  

>=) [aka sgsthjn kh khmhrî pashhrhcsuiaciarkncign htgquhtnka rhsphitgva, fns pnrn carjns y hstîcknrhs hstnmfhigkas par hf hfJgcgsthrga Enighckn, nf hlhjpfashoüc gckginka fn gjpfhjhctnigùc. [akns fns htgquhtns khmhc shr gjprhsns y kgshþnkns hsphiêbginjhcth pnrn hf prapùsgta kh gkhctgbginr inmfhs y pfnins. Hsth htgquhtnka shrî par fn pnrth bractnf y trnshrn kh fas pntie-pnchfs hc njmas hxtrhjas khf inmfh X[P, y hc fns pfnins kh fns îrhns kh trnmnla. Kh gounf barjn taka inmfhnka hfçitrgia n hbhitunr, gcifuyhcka fn iachxgùc n tghrrn, khmhrî hstnr khmgknjhcth htgquhtnka, gcifuyhcka fns mnrrns kh tghrrn [OM y [JOM. Hlhjpfa kh htgquhtnka

P#-JKB a GKB-]#-PP#-(K ù R)# Kackh P# hs hf cüjhra kh pgsa, hc insa kh thchr jîs kh ucn pfnctn, JKB hs hf iunrta prgcigpnf, GKB iunrta shiucknrga- cüjhra rnid - cüjhra pntie pnchf cüjhra kh puhrta kh vaz a kh kntas. ^uhkncka par hlhjpfa kh fn sgoughcth jnchrn< P9-JKB-]=-PP=-K? >9)  Fn incnfgznigùc prgjnrgn shrî par jhkga kh incnstns, kh gounf barjn shrî rhsgsthcth n fn iarrasgùc. Ca sh phrjgtgrî hf usa kh incnstn hc hxthrgarhs. >;)  Hf vafujhc kh inmfhnka khctra kh fn incnfgznigùc prgjnrgn y/a shiucknrgn, ca khmhrî samrhpnsnr uc jîxgja khf 20%. >8)  Fn incnfgznigùc shiucknrgn khf inmfhnka khmh shr hc tumhrên pfîstgin tgpa PRI, pnrn fuonrhs khctra kh ighfas y HJ[ a XF pnrn fuonrhs hxpuhstas a buhrn kh ighfas4 hc njmas insas sh khmhrîc rhsphtnr fns jgsjns inrnithrêstgins kh fas saparths kh fn incnfgznigùc prgjnrgn hc iuncta n fns iackgigachs kh eujhknk. >2)  Khmh hxgstgr fn shpnrnigùc kh iafarhs, uc iafar pnrn hf inmfhnka kh vaz y atra iafar pnrn kntas. Nsê iaja iafarhs eajaoçchas hc takas fas hfhjhctas, niihsargas, y inlns kh fas tajns kh fas iachitarhs ]L;8. Inkn niapfnjghcta khmh iujpfgr iac fn khsgocnigùc [825N "Iajhrignf Mugfkgco Hstîcknr bar [hfhiajjucgintgacs Pntewnys nck Ypnihs". >?)  Pnrn îrhns kh trnmnla iac jamgfgnrga jakufnr sh khmhrî utgfgznr kuitas gcthrcas gciarparnkas pnrn hf inmfhnka hstruiturnka y hfçitrgia. Pnrn îrhns kh trnmnla quh ca iuhcthc iac hstas jamgfgnrgas jakufnrhs, sh khmhrî nkjgcgstrnr hf inmfhnka hstruiturnka y hfçitrgia samrh pnrhkhs, jhkgncth hf usa kh incnfhtns, fns iunfhs khmhc ounrknr nrjacên hstçtgin iac fns pnrhkhs khf fuonr, utgfgzncka niihsargas iajpfhtas y argogcnfhs prapgas kh hstns incnfhtns.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf5)  Khmhc hxgstgr fas kuitas chihsnrgas khskh fn niajhtgkn hxthrcn nf iunrta kh iajucginigùc prgcigpnf (JKB)4 pnrn bgmrn ùptgin sh khmh utgfgznr nf jhcas = kuitas kh = pufonkns kh kgîjhtra, pnrn gcthrgarhs sh puhkh utgfgznr tumhrên khf tgpa iackugt y pnrn hxthrgarhs khmh shr HJ[, hstns snfgkns khmhc thchr sus rhsphitgvns iackufhtns. (takas fas kuitas khmhc kh quhknr iac sus rhsphitgvns sackns). >7)  Hf hkgbgiga khmh thchr rhk gcnfîjmrgin pnrn fn iachitgvgknk FNC, y shr niihsgmfh hc inkn ucn kh fns îrhns kh usunrga bgcnf. =0)  Pnrn fns iachxgachs hc iamrh khmhc hxgstgr fas kuitas khskh fn niajhtgkn nf iunrta kh iajucginigùc prgcigpnf (JKB), sh khmh utgfgznr nf jhcas = kuitas kh > >/= pufonkns kh kgîjhtra4 pnrn gcthrgarhs sh puhkh utgfgznr tumhrên khf tgpa iackugt y pnrn hxthrgarhs khmh shr HJ[, sh khmh gcstnfnr iuntra inmfhs X[P inthoarên 2N a suphrgar hc inkn uca kh hstas kuitas khskh fn pnrth hxthrcn khf kuita y thrjgcncka hc fas ]nids kh iajucginigùc. =>)  Hf inmfhnka hstruiturnka khmh thchr hf gcbarjh kh rutns hbhitunkns, hc bêsgia y hc kgogtnf iac barjnta (nutaink) y (pkb) hc hf insa kh fas kgnornjns a pfncas4 kackh sh juhstrh ifnrnjhcth fn kgstrgmuigùc bêsgin kh fas puctas bgcnfhs kh fns fêchns kh rhk, vêns eargzactnfhs y kaiujhctnigùc fùogin kh fn tapafaoên. ==)  Inkn snfgkn kh rhk shn kamfh a shcigffn, n ighfas a pnrhk, khmh iactnr iac su rhsphitgva tajniarrghcth kamfh khf sgsthjn kh XPY y uc tajn iarrghcth kamfh kh usa ohchrnf, hsta khmh hstnr gckginka kh barjn ifnrn hc hf pfnca hfçitrgia. =9)  Hf hqugpa nitgva kh rhk, fas pnchfhs kh kgstrgmuigùc y hf inmfhnka, khmhc quhknr gcstnfnkas hc fas ‖onmgchths‚ a rnids iac sus rhsphitgvas aroncgznkarhs.  =;)  Ca sh khmhrî gcstnfnr ucgachs (hjpnfjhs), khf inmfh khctra kh fns incnstns a kuitas, hs khigr, hf inmfh khmhrî shr uca sùfa hctrh hf ‖onmgchth‚ y fn snfgkn kh pnr pnrhk hk n quh thckrî niihsa fn hstnigùc kh trnmnla.

=8)  Fas iarkachs kh pnrieha ‖pntieiarks‚ kh fn rashtn r ashtn n fn jgiraiajputnkarn y khf pnchf kh kgstrgmuigù c nf iacjutnkar, khmhc shr iacstrugkas hc bîmrgin, ihrtgbginkas y kgshþnkas pnrn tnf bgc. Khmhc shr kh iafar nzuf pnrn kntas y kh iafar rala pnrn vaz, a hf iafar quh rhqughrn fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc4 takas fas kh vaz y kntas khmhrîc shr sujgcgstrnkas par inkn snfgkn gcstnfnkn. =2)  Fn facogtuk kh fas ‖pntieiarks‚ kh iachxgùc hc hf îrhn kh trnmnla shrî kh trhs (9) jhtras, phra sg par nfoüc jatgva fn facogtuk safgigtnkn ca sh nknptn n nfoucns hstnigachs kh trnmnla sh khmhrîc praparigacnr fas chihsnrgas, quh supfnc fn chihsgknk kh iachxgùc pnrn hsns snfgkns kh rhk, tncta pnrn vaz iaja pnrn kntas. Hc fas iunrtas kh iajucginigùc fas ‖pntieiarks‚ shrîc kh uc jhtra y jhkga

(>.8j) kh facogtuk, gounfjhcth kh rhquhrgrsh jnyar tnjnþa s h khmhc supfgr pnrn safvhctnr fn chihsgknk. =?)  Fas pnchfhs kh pnrieha khmhc quhknr iac takas fas niapfnjghctas gcstnfnkas, nucquh ca sh utgfgihc hc hstn gcstnfnigùc y hc fn inthoarên safgigtnkn, tncta pnrn vaz iaja pnrn kntas. =5)  Fas njnrrhs hc hf inmfhnka, khmhc utgfgznrsh hc gcthrvnfas nkhiunkas pnrn nshournr hf inmfh y hvgtnr khbarjnigachs hc fas puctas kh thrjgcnigùc, pnrn hsta sh utgfgznrîc igcturachs kh vhfira. Mnla cgcoüc jatgva sh utgfgznrîc njnrrns pfîstgins pnrn fn sulhigùc u aroncgznigùc kh fas inmfhs. =7)  Fas rnids kh iajucginigachs khmhrîc hstnr khmgknjhcth ncifnkas nf pgsa y thchr gcstnfnkns fns mnrrns nctgsêsjgins. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf.  Yh khmhrî prhshctnr n fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc khf JGCGY[H]GA KH ENIGHCKN, uc ihrtgbginka quh phrjgtn onrnctgznr hf bucigacnjghcta bucigacnjghcta khf inmfhnka hstruitur hstruiturnka nka hbhitunka, par hf phrgaka kh vgohcign kh fn iactrntnigùc pnrn fn gcstnfnigùc y fas jnthrgnfhs, iactrn khbhitas kh bnmrginigùc, utgfgznkas kh barjn iarrhitn.

gcstnfnigùc khf inmfhnka hstruiturnka hstruiturnka y fas jnthrgnfhs yy/a /a hqugpa =.  Fn onrnctên khmh iacthjpfnr takn fn gcstnfnigùc pnsgva, sh khmhrî sujgcgstrnr rhpuhstas argogcnfhs, cuhvas y vgohcths n pnrtgr kh fn puhstn hc aphrnigùc kh fn safuigùc abrhigkn. 9.  Iunfqughr gciacvhcghcth iac hf inmfhnka hstruiturnka hc rhfnigùc iac iachitgvgknk, pçrkgkn kh pnquhths u atra quh shn gjputnmfh nf inmfhnka, khmh shr iarrhogka sgc quh hsta rhprhshcth uc iasta nkgigacnf n fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn.

m.  Ihrtgbginigachs Ihrtgbginkas kh onrnctên samrh fn gcstnfnigùc khf inmfhnka hstruiturnka< uca par pnrth khf iactrntgstn y atra par pnrth khf bnmrgincth kh fas prakuitas abhrtnkas. Njmas ihrtgbginkas khmhrîc shr argogcnfhs a iapgn ihrtgbginkn.

i.  Hqugpa nitgva kh rhk Fas hcrutnkarhs, swgtiehs kh iarh, iactrafnkarhs kh rhk gcnfîjmrgin fas niihss-pagct y nkjgcgstrnkarhs kh nciea kh mnckn khmhrîc bucigacnr hc nftn kgspacgmgfgknk, hstas hqugpas y fas swgtiehs kh niihs niihsaa khmhc shr pravgstas par hf nrrhckncth, fas jgsjas shrîc nkjgcgstrnkas par fn Xcgknk kh Ohstgùc kh ]hkhs y Iajucginigachs kh fn Kgrhiigùc kh [hicafaoêns kh Gcbarjnigùc khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn. >.  Fn jaknfgknk kh iactrntnigùc khmh shr kh tgpa ‖ffnvh hc jnca‚, rhsphita n hqugpnjghcta nitgva kh rhk hc nftn kgspacgmgfgknk y khmh iacthchr iaja jêcgja<

n.  Ywgtie kh Iarh, inpn 9 hc nftn kgspacgmgfgknk m.  Ywgtiehs kh Niihsa kh ;5 puhrtas khf tgpa PaH+ a suphrgar, pnrn usunrga bgcnf y thfhbacên GP4 fn inctgknk khphckhrî khf cüjhra kh pgsas y fn khcsgknk kh usunrgas, juftgbucigacnfhs, iîjnrns kh shourgknk GP, pnctnffns kh [R, niihss pagct par pgsa, y hqugpas kh iùjputa, fa ncthrgar npfgin shoüc hf pfnca kh kgstrgmuigùc khf hkgbgiga. i.  Hcrutnkarhs< Hqugpas pnrn hcfnihs kh phrêjhtra hc nftn kgspacgmgfgknk. k.  Iactrafnkarhs pnrn iachitgvgknk gcnfîjmrgin hc nftn kgspacgmgfgknk. h.  Puctas kh niihsa (niihss pagct) fn inctgknk kh hqugpas pnrn fn rhk gcnfîjmrgin khphckhrî khf cüjhra kh pgsas y fn khcsgknk kh usunrgas, hsta npfgin shoüc hf pfnca y fn kgstrgmuigùc khf hkgbgiga. b.  Hqugpas nkjgcgstrnkarhs kh nciea kh mnckn hc nftn kgspacgmgfgknk pnrn abrhihr infgknk kh

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf

k.  Kgshþa kh fn gcbrnhstruiturn kh iajucginigachs >.  Yh khmhrî prhshctnr uc kgshþa kh fn tapafaoên kh iajucginigachs n khsnrraffnr, hsn tapafaoên khmhrî shr rhvgsnkn y vnfgknkn par fn ucgknk kh Ohstgùc kh ]hkhs y Iajucginigachs kh fn Kgrhiigùc kh [hicafaoêns kh Gcbarjnigùc y [hfhiajucginigachs khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn. =.  Hf kgshþa khmhrî gcifugr h gckginr takas fas kgspasgtgvgtas y hfhjhctas quh phrjgtnc hstnmfhihr fn rhkuckncign iarrhspackghcth pnrn onrnctgznr fn iachitgvgknk kh takas fas hqugpas nitgvas n gcstnfnr. 9.  Yh khmhrî rhnfgznr fn gjpfhjhctnigùc kh fn safuigùc thicafùogin, takas fas hqugpas khmhrîc quhknr gcstnfnkas bêsginjhcth hc sus rhsphitgvas rnid, iacbgournkas y aphrntgvas iac fn rhk khf Jgcgsthrga4 hf jgsja pakrî rhnfgznr iunfqughr nlusth a jakgbginigùc nf kgshþa kh tapafaoên kh iajucginigachs. CA[NY y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

NCHUA >. H^XGPA NI[GRA KH ]HK [akas fas hqugpas gcifugkas hc hstn abhrtn khmhc shr iajpntgmfhs iac fn nitunf gcbrnhstruiturn kh thfhiajucginigachs Khf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn.

Hqugpa kh Gcthriachxgùc kh ]hkhs pnrn Nkjgcgstrnigùc y Iactraf kh Nciea kh Mnckn Inctgknk

Hsphigbginigachs [çicgins  >.  Khmh kh iactnr iac kas jùkufas kh iachxgùc >0/>00/>000 Mnsh[ (iuntra puhrtas hc tatnf). =.  Yapartnr uc terauoetput kh nf jhcas >00 jmps buff küpfhx. 9.  Yapartnr fn irhnigùc kh =,000 ifnshs y pafêtgins kh Nkjgcgstrnigùc. ;.  Inpnigknk kh jnchlnr =00.000 inctgknk kh shsgachs tip iaciurrhcths 8.  Inpnigknk kh jnchlnr >00.000 inctgknk kh shsgachs ukp iaciurrhcths 2.  Khmh sapartnr ?8.000 inctgknk kh easts ?.  Khmh phrjgtgr nf jhcas fn irhnigùc kh 8,000 cüjhras kh shojhctas kh nciea kh mnckn hctrhonkas hc barjn kgcîjgin. 5.  Khmh phrjgtgr norhonr iùkgoa hc barjn jakufnr pnrn khsiumrgr cuhvns npfginigachs, hti. 7.  Inpnigknk kh khsiumrgjghcta nutajîtgia kh trîbgia n cgvhf kh inpn ? >0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac fns onrnctêns khf bnmrgincth par hf phrgaka quh kurh hf nrrhcknjghcta khf hkgbgiga, mnla ucn jaknfgknk kh =;x?x; (=; earns, sghth kêns n fn shjncn, ; earns pnrn rhjpfnza kh pnrths).

= 

Ywgtie kh IA]H Inctgknk

=

Hsphigbginigachs tçicgins >.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac nf jhcas =; puhrtas bêsgias jakufnrhs tgpa YBP / YBP+, iac fn inpnigknk kh aphrnr yn shn hc jaka Ogonmgt Htehrcht (YBP) a hc jaka >0 Ogonmgt Htehrcht (YBP+). =.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr buhcths kh pakhr y nmncgias rhkuckncths y jakufnrhs, quh phrjgtnc injmgas kh fns buhcths a nmncgias sgc chihsgknk kh npnonr fas hqugpas (eatswnp). Hf bfula kh ngrh khmh shr khf brhcth enign ntrîs. 9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr kas buhcths kh pakhr kh nf jhcas ?00 _ntts inkn ucn, pnrn igriugtas hfçitrgias kh iarrghcth nfthrcn >00R a =;0R. Yh khmhc gcifugr fas inmfhs kh pakhr rhsphitgvas iac iachitarhs tgpa CHJN 8->8P a hf rhquhrgka par fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc. ;.  Fas hqugpas khmhc gcifugr fn inpnigknk kh aphrnr iaja uc safa Ywgtie Rgrtunf, iac fa quh sh phrjgth gcthriachitnrfas hctrh sê y shr ohstgacnkas iaja ucn safn ucgknk. Fas hqugpas khmhc sapartnr fn nitunfgznigùc kh sabtwnrh sgc nbhitnr fn aphrnigùc kh fn rhk

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0O-Mnsh-Y], YBP tgpa >0OMnsh-[ y >000Mnsh-t. 2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr takas fas niihsargas y ehrrnlhs pnrn su khmgkn gcstnfnigùc bêsgin. ?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr ucn inpnigknk kh iacjutnigùc (terauoeput) kh nf jhcas 500 Omps hc jaka kh aphrnigùc gckhphckghcth y nf jhcas >.2 [mps aphrncka hc jaka kh Ywgtie Rgrtunf (kgspasgtgvas gcthriachitnkas). 5.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr ucn inpnigknk kh hcvêa kh pnquhths pnrn trîbgia GPv; y Inpn = kh nf jhcas =80 Jpps y ucn inpnigknk kh nf jhcas >=8 Jpps pnrn trîbgia GPv2. 7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr ucn inpnigknk kh nf jhcas 2;000 rutns pnrn GPv; y kh nf jhcas 9=000 rutns pnrn GPv2. >0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr nf jhcas 80000 kgrhiigachs JNI. >>.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas 5 OM kh jhjargn K]NJ. >=.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas ;OM kh jhjargn CR]NJ. >9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas ;OM kh jhjargn hxthrcn tgpa YK. >;.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr ucn gcthrbnih Htehrcht >0/>00/>000 Jmps Mnsh-[ pnrn Nkjgcgstrnigùc khkginkn. >8.  Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr pnquhths tgpa "lujma" kh nf jhcas 7>00 myths. >2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr nf jhcas ;07; gkhctgbginkarhs kh RFNC. >?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr j nchlnr nf jhcas ;07; RFNCs kh Inpn 9. >5.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr nf jhcas 9=000 orupas GOJP y ;8000 hctrnkns N]P. >7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr fn inpnigknk pnrn iacbgournigùc y aphrnigùc iac kgrhiigachs GPv2. =0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr bucigachs kh hcrutnjghcta (inpn 9) pnrn prataiafas GPv; h GPR2 pnrn ucginst y juftginst, iaja rutns hstîtgins, ]GPv>, ]GPv=, ]GPco, AYPBv=, AYPBv9 , a HGO]P, nkhjns khmh sapartnr MOP, PGJ y PafgiyMnshk]autgco (PM]). =>.  Inkn hqugpa khmh phrjgtgr fn iacbgournigùc kh pnrîjhtras kh Infgknk kh Yhrvgiga (^aY), nsê iaja gcifugr fn inrnithrêstgin kh iacbgournigùc nutajîtgin kh ^aY. Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr nf jhcas 5 iafns kh snfgkn kh trîbgia par inkn puhrta. ==.  Inkn kgspasgtgva khmh gcifugr fn inpnigknk pnrn jacgtarhnr takas fas bfulas kh trîbgia quh gcorhsnc y snfhc khf hqugpa, nsê iaja sapartnr fn hxpartnigùc kh hstn gcbarjnigùc pnrn

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=8000 bfulas kh trîbgia. =9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr fn inpnigknk pnrn jnchlnr gcstncigns kh Ypnccgco[rhhPrataiaf (Y[P) par inkn RFNC, yn shn jhkgncth Y[P Ytncknrk (GHHH 50=.>K) a ]npgk Y[P (GHHH 50=.>_). [njmgçc khmhc shr inpnihs kh jnchlnr JuftgpfhYpnccgco[rhhPrataiaf (GHHH 50=.>Y). =;.  Inkn hqugpa khmh aphrnr hc uc rncoa kh thjphrnturn hctrh 0¼I y ;0¼I. =8.  Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr uc tghjpa jhkga hctrh bnffns (J[MB) kh nf jhcas =00.000 earns. =2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh phrjgtgr irhnr fgstns kh iactraf kh niihsa (NIFY) y utgfgznrfns pnrn iacbgournigachs a bucigacnfgknkhs kh shourgknk a infgknk kh shrvgiga. shrvg iga. =?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr fns sgoughcths thicafaoêns a bucigachs kh shourgknk< Part Yhiurgty GHHH 50=.>U KEIP Ycaapgco Iactraf PfnchPrathitgac Yhiurh Yehff v= RFNC NIFs Nuthctginigùc par jhkga kh ]NKGXY y [NINIY+ Ypnccgco [rhh MPKX Ounrk y ]aat Ounrk =5.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iujpfgr iac fns sgoughcths s goughcths carjns y hstîcknrhs< ]hkuitgac ab Enznrkaus Yumstncihs (]AEY) 8 XF 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac HC 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac GHI 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac ;?IB] Pnrt >8 (IB] ;?) Ifnss N NY/C\Y IGYP]== Ifnss N IGYP]== Ifnss N HC880== Ifnss N GIHY009 Ifnss N =7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac uc iactrnta kh onrnctên s y saparth iac hf bnmrgincth par hf phrgaka quh kurh hf nrrhcknjghcta khf hkgbgiga, mnla ucn jaknfgknk kh =;x?x; (=; earns, earns, sghth kêns n fn shjncn, ; earns pnrn rhjpfnza kh pnrths).

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf>.>.>  Ywgtiehs kh kgstrgmuigùc a niihsa Inctgknk

Hsphigbginigachs tçicgins >.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac nf jhcas ;5 puhrtas Htehrcht >0/>00/>000 Jmps ]L-;8, kgspacgmfhs pnrn su utgfgznigùc sgjuftîchn iac inpnigknk buff küpfhx y

nuta choaignigùc. Fn inctgknk shrî gckginkn kh niuhrka n fn inctgknk =.  Inkn uca kh fas ;5 puhrtas khmh iactnr iac fn thicafaoên PaH (GHHH 50=.9nb), kh pgsas khf hkgbgiga, nsê pnrn jnchlnr enstn >8.; _ntts par puhrta, nsê iaja iac fn thicafaoên PaH+ iaja fn khcsgknk kh usunrgas kh fn (GHHH 50=.9nt), pnrn jnchlnr enstn 90 _ntts par puhrta. [njmgçc khmhc gcifugr Nkjgcgstrnigùc. fn inpnigknk kh jnchla aptgjgznka kh hchroên jhkgncth fn thicafaoên HchroyHbbgighct Htehrcht (HHH). 9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr kas buhcths kh pakhr kh nf jhcas 200 _ntts pnrn igriugtas hfçitrgias kh iarrghcth nfthrcn >>8R a =;0R. Kh fn pathcign gckginkn, nf jhcas 950 _ntts khmhc hstnr kgspacgmfhs pnrn utgfgznr iac PaH y PaH+. Yh khmhc gcifugr fas inmfhs kh pakhr rhsphitgvas iac iachitarhs tgpa CHJN 8->8P a fas rhquhrgkas par fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc. ;.  Inkn hqugpa khmh sapartnr buhcths kh pakhr rhkuckncths y nmncgias jakufnrhs, quh phrjgtnc injmgas kh fns buhcths a nmncgias sgc chihsgknk kh npnonr fas hqugpas (eat-swnp). 8.  Fas hqugpas khmhc gcifugr fn inpnigknk kh shr gcstnfnkas y iacbgournkas hc jaka stnid, iac fa quh sh phrjgth gcthriachitnr jüftgpfhs kgspasgtgvas y shr ohstgacnkas iaja ucn ucn safn ucgknk. Inkn stnid khmh sapartnr nf jhcas 5 Ywgtiehs gcthriachitnkas hctrh sê. 2.  Yh khmhc gcifugr fas jùkufas y inmfhs chihsnrgas pnrn sapartnr fn bucigacnfgknk kh stnid, fn iunf khmh aphrnr n ucn vhfaigknk kh nf jhcas >80 Omps. Fas inmfhs kh stnid khmhc shr nf jhcas kh 80 ij. ?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr ; gcthrbnihs bêsgins jakufnrhs tgpa YBP / YBP+, iac fn inpnigknk kh aphrnr yn shn iaja ; gcthrbnihs Ogonmgt Htehrcht (YBP) a iaja = gcthrbnihs >0 Ogonmgt Htehrcht (YBP+). 5.  Inkn kgspasgtgva khmh gcifugr fn inctgknk rhquhrgkn kh< YBP+ tgpa >0O-Mnsh-Y] y YBP tgpa >0OMnsh-[ pnrn faornr fn iachitgvgknk iac hf Ywgtie kh IA]H. 7.  Inkn hqugpa khmhrî gcifugr takas fas niihsargas y ehrrnlhs pnrn su khmgkn gcstnfnigùc bêsgin. >0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr ucn inpnigknk kh iacjutnigùc (swgtiegco) kh nf

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf?8 Omps. >>.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr ucn inpnigknk kh hcvêa kh pnquhths kh nf jhcas >00 Jpps. >=.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr nf jhcas 9=000 kgrhiigachs JNI. >9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas ;OM kh jhjargn K]NJ. >;.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas =OM kh jhjargn BFNYE. >8.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr ucn gcthrbnih Htehrcht >0/>00/>000 Jmps Mnsh-[ pnrn Nkjgcgstrnigùc khkginkn. >2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr pnquhths tgpa "lujma" kh nf jhcas 7>00 myths. >?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr nf jhcas ;07; gkhctgbginkarhs kh RFNC. >5.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr nf jhcas >000 RFNCs kh Inpn 9. >7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr fn inpnigknk pnrn iacbgournigùc y aphrnigùc iac kgrhiigachs GPv2. =0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr bucigachs kh hcrutnjghcta (inpn 9) pnrn prataiafas GPv; h GPR2, iaja rutns hstîtgins, ]GPv>, ]GPv=, AYPB a HGO]P y ]GPco, nsê iaja trîbgia kh gcthrbnihs RFNCs fainfhs. =>.  Inkn hqugpa khmh phrjgtgr fn iacbgournigùc kh pnrîjhtras kh Infgknk kh Yhrvgiga (^aY), nsê iaja gcifugr fn inrnithrêstgin kh iacbgournigùc nutajîtgin kh ^aY. Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr nf jhcas 5 iafns kh snfgkn kh trîbgia par inkn puhrta. ==.  Inkn kgspasgtgva khmh gcifugr fn inpnigknk pnrn jacgtarhnr takas fas bfulas kh trîbgia quh gcorhsnc y snfhc khf hqugpa, nsê iaja sapartnr fn hxpartnigùc kh hstn gcbarjnigùc pnrn ncîfgsgs kh trîbgia. Inkn hqugpa a Ytnid khmh jnchlnr nf jhcas ;0000 bfulas kh trîbgia. =9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr fn inpnigknk pnrn jnchlnr gcstncigns kh Ypnccgco[rhhPrataiaf (Y[P) par inkn RFNC, yn shn jhkgncth Y[P Ytncknrk (GHHH 50=.>K) a ]npgk Y[P (GHHH 50=.>_). [njmgçc khmhc shr inpnihs kh jnchlnr JuftgpfhYpnccgco[rhhPrataiaf (GHHH 50=.>Y). =;.  Khmh gcifugr fn aphrnigùc hc jaka kh nohcth kh javgfgknk y sapartnr hf jaka kh iactrafnkar kh javgfgknk jhkgncth fgihcignjghcta f gihcignjghcta nkgigacnf. Khmhc thchr ucn inpnigknk kh nf jhcas ;0 Omps pnrn norhonigùc kh trîbgia gcnfîjmrgia, nsê iaja sapartnr nf jhcas =8 puctas kh niihsa gcnfîjmrgias y >000 ifghcths gcnfîjmrgias par Ywgtie a par Ytnid.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf, YCJPv=i, nck YCJPv9).  

=5. Inkn hqugpa khmh phrjgtgr irhnr fgstns kh iactraf kh niihsa (NIFY) y utgfgznrfns pnrn iacbgournigachs a bucigacnfgknkhs kh shourgknk a infgknk kh shrvgiga. =7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr fns sgoughcths sgoug hcths thicafaoêns a bucigachs kh shourgknk< 90.  Part Yhiurgty 9>.  GHHH 50=.>U 9=.  KEIP Ycaapgco 99.  Kycnjgi N]P Gcsphitgac (KNG) 9;.  GP YaurihOunrk 98.  Iactraf PfnchPrathitgac 92.  Yhiurh Yehff v= 9?.  RFNC NIFs 95.  Nuthctginigùc par jhkga kh ]NKGXY y [NINIY+ 97.  Ypnccgco [rhh MPKX Ounrk y ]aat Ounrk ;0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iujpfgr iac fns sgoughcths carjns y hstîcknrhs< ;>.  ]hkuitgac ab Enznrkaus Yumstncihs (]AEY) 8 ;=.  XF 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac ;9.  HC 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac ;;.  GHI 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac ;8.  BII Pnrt >8 Ifnss N ;2.  IGYP]== Ifnss N ;?.  HC880== Ifnss N ;5.  GIHY009 Ifnss N ;7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac uc iactrnta kh onrnctêns y saparth iac hf bnmrgincth par par hf phrgaka phrgaka quh kurh hf nrr hcknjghcta khf hkgbgiga, mnla ucn jaknfgknk kh =;x?x; (=; earns, sghth kêns n fn shjncn, ; earns pnrn rhjpfnza kh pnrths).

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf>.>.=  Hcrutnkarhs prgcigpnfhs Inctgknk

Hsphigbginigachs tçicgins >.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac uc rhckgjghcta kh nf jhcas =00 Jmps iac

=

shrvgigas nvncznkas nitgvas, iaja hcirgptnigùc, ohstgùc kh trîbgia y aptgjgznigùc kh _NC. Jhkgncth fgihcignjghcta nkgigacnf khmh sapartnr uc rhckgjghcta kh nf jhcas ;00 Jmps. =.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac nf jhcas 9 Gcthrbnihs Ogonmgt Htehrcht kh jaka kunf, quh puhknc aphrnr yn shn iaja tgpa ]L-;8 a iaja tgpa YBP. 9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac nf jhcas = rncurns kh hxpncsgùc pnrn gcstnfnigùc kh jùkufas nkgigacnfhs tgpa Htehrcht. Yh khmhc sapartnr jùkufas iac inpnigknk kh >2, =; a ;5 puhrtas Htehrcht. ;.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas ;OM kh jhjargn K]NJ, hxpnckgmfh enstn >2 OM. 8.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr nf jhcas ;OM kh jhjargn BFNYE, hxpnckgmfh enstn >2 OM. 2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr ucn gcthrbnih Htehrcht >0/>00/>000 Jmps Mnsh-[ Mnsh- [ pnrn Nkjgcgstrnigùc khkginkn. ?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr > puhrta kh iacsafn shrgnf ]L-;8 y > puhrta kh iacsafn jgcg XYM tgpa M. 5.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr = puhrtas XYM =.0 tgpa N pnrn inpnigknk kh nfjnihcnjghcta hxthrca. 7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh gcifugr kas buhcths kh pakhr kh nf jhcas ;00 _ntts pnrn igriugtas hfçitrgias kh iarrghcth nfthrcn >00R a =;0R. Yh khmhc gcifugr fas inmfhs kh pakhr rhsphitgvas iac iachitarhs tgpa CHJN 8->8P a fas rhquhrgkas par fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc. >0.  Khmhrî gcifugr takas fas niihsargas y ehrrnlhs pnrn su khmgkn gcstnfnigùc bêsgin. >>.  Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr n cgvhf kh fn gcthrbnihs jakufnrhs fn hxtrniigùc h gcshrigùc hc fêchn. >=.  Inkn hqugpa khmh aphrnr hc rncoa kh thjph rnturn kh aphrnigùc kh 0 ¼I n ;0 ¼I. >9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh sapartnr fas prataiafas GPv; h GPv2. G Pv2. >;.  Inkn hqugpa khmh sapartnr fas sgoughcths prataiafas< ]GPv>, ]GPv=, AYPB, a HGO]P, nkhjîs khmh sapartnr MOP, GY-GY, GOJPv9, PGJ, ]YRP, KEIP, NNN, R]]P, GPR;-GPR2 Juftginst, JPFY, JP-MOP y MBK.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf8.  Inkn hqugpa khmh sapartnr bucigachs pnrn hvgtnr y jnchlnr fn iacohstgùc hc fn rhk (^aY). >2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh jnchlnr fas prataiafas YCJP (YCJPv>, YCJPv=i, nck YCJPv9). >?.  Inkn hqugpa khmh phrjgtgr irhnr fgstns kh iactraf kh niihsa (NIFY).  

>5. Inkn hqugpa khmh iujpfgr iac fns sgoughcths carjns y hstîcknrhs< XF 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac HC 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac GHI 20780-> Yhiack Hkgtgac NY/C\Y 98;5 Ifnss N IGYP]== Ifnss N HC880== Ifnss N GIHY-009 Ifnss N >7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iactnr iac uc iactrnta kh onrnctêns y saparth iac hf bnmrgincth par hf phrgaka quh quh kurh hf nrrhcknjghcta khf hkgbgiga, mnla ucn jaknfgknk kh =;x?x; (=; earns, sghth kêns n fn shjncn, ; earns pnrn rhjpfnza kh pnrths).

>>.=  H^XGPA GCNFÎJM]GIA >>.=.>  Niihss Pagct (NP¨s) Inctgknk

Hsphigbginigachs tçicgins >.  Pnrn gcstnfnr hc fas pgsas kackh sh rhqughrn hf niihsa gcnfîjmrgia =.  Inkn niihss pagct khmh jnchlnr kh fas hstîcknrhs GHHH

Fn inctgknk shrî gckginkn kh niuhrka nf cüjhra kh pgsas khf hkgbgiga, nsê iaja hf hstukga kh ackns hfhitrajnocçtgins (sgthsurvhy) quh sh rhnfgih, n bgc kh quh fn shþnf y trncsjgsgùc shnc ùptgjns hc iunfqughr fuonr kh fn hkgbginigùc.

50=.>>o, GHHH 50=.>>n, GHHH 50=.>>c y GHHH 50=.>>ni. 9.  Inkn kgspasgtgva khmh iactnr iac bucigacnfgknkhs quh phrjgtnc aphrnr tncta hc fn mnckn kh =. ;OEz iaja hc fn mnckn kh 8OEz. ;.  Inkn kgspasgtgva khmh iactnr iac ncthcns gcthrcns gcthornkns y ajcgkgrhiigacnfhs (920¼ kh nphrturn eargzactnf) pnrn njmns brhiuhcigns =.; OEz y 8 OEz y khmhc thchr ucn oncncign kh nf jhcas ;.0 kMg. 8.  Inkn kgspasgtgva khmh phrjgtgr jakgbginr fn pathcign kh trncsjgsgùc tncta pnrn =.; OEz iaja pnrn 8 OEz.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf FHK gckginkar kh hstnka jhkgncth hf iunf puhkn gckginr< hstnka khf ohstar kh nrrncquh, hstntus hstntus kh nsaignigùc, hstntus kh aphrnigùc, nkvhrthcigns khf ohstar kh nrrncquh y hrrarhs khf ohstar kh nrrncquh. ?.  Khmhc sapartnr khf hstîcknr 50=.9nb (PaH). 5.

 

Inkn hqugpa khmh thchr ucn gcthrbnih kh rhk Ogonmgt Htehrcht pnrn fn iachitgvgknk iac fn rhk inmfhnkn.

7.  Inkn hqugpa khmh sapartnr thicafaoên JGJA (Juftgpfh Gcput Juftgpfh Autput) >0.  Khmhc thchr nf jhcas 8>=JM kh ]NJ y 2;JM kh Bfnse >>.  Pnrn 50=.>>c khmhc thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr fns sgoughcths inrnithrêstgins<          

9x; JGJA iac trhs bfulas hspnignfhs Iajmgcnigùc kh rhfnigùc jîxgjn (J]I) [hicafaoên kh mhnjbarjgco 50=.>>c y 50=.>>n/o Incnfhs kh =0- nck ;0-JEz Rhfaigknkhs bêsgins (PEW) kh enstn ;80Jmps (;0 JEz wgte 8 OEz)   Norhonigùc kh pnquhths< N-JPKX ([x/]x), N-JYKX ([x/]x)   50=.>> Yhfhiigùc kgcîjgin kh brhiuhcign (KBY).   Yaparth kh kgvhrsgknk kh khspfnznjghcta igifgia (IYK).

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>=.  Pnrn 50=.>>ni khmhc thchr fn inpnigknk kh jnchlnr fns sgoughcths inrnithrêstgins<                

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9x; JGJA iac trhs bfulas hspnignfhs Iajmgcnigùc kh rhfnigùc jîxgjn (J]I) [hicafaoên kh mhnjbarjgco mhnjbarjgco 50=.>>ni Nciea kh mnckn kh incnfhs kh =0-, ;0-, y 50-JEz Rhfaigknkhs bêsgins kh onstn >.9 Omps (50 JEz wgte 8 OEz) Norhonigùc kh pnquhths< N-JPKX ([x/]x), N-JYKX ([x/]x) 50=.>> 50=.>> Yhfhiigùc kgcîjgin kh brhiuhcign (KBY) Yaparth kh kgvhrsgknk kh khspfnznjghcta igifgia (IYK). >9.  Inkn hqugpa khmh iujpfgr iac fas sgoughcths hstîcknrhs<

                   

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XF 20780-> INC/IYN-I==.= Ca. 20780-> XF =0;9 GHI 20780-> HC 20780-> BII Pnrt >8.=;?, >8.;0? HJG y susihtgmgfgknk (Ifnss M) BII Pnrt >8.>0? y >8.>07 GHHH 50=.>>n/m/o, 50=.>>c, 50=.>>e, 50=.>>k GHHH 50=.>>ni Krnbt 8

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf>g, _g-Bg Prathithk Niihss = (_PN=), _PN 50=.>U Nkvncihk Hciryptgac Ytncknrks (NHY), [hjparnf Dhy Gcthorgty Prataiaf ([DGP) Hxthcsgmfh Nutehctgintgac Prataiaf (HNP) typhs< HNP-[rncspart Fnyhr Yhiurgty ([FY) HNP-[ucchfhk [FY ([[FY) ar JYIENPv= Prathithk HNP (PHNP) v0 ar HNP-JYIENPv= HNP-Bfhxgmfh Nutehctgintgac vgn Yhiurh [ucchfgco (BNY[) PHNP v> ar HNP-Ohchrgi [adhc Inrk (O[I) HNP-Yumsirgmhr Gkhctgty Jakufh (YGJ)

Juftgjhkgn<  

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_g-Bg Juftgjhkgn (_JJ)

Atras<    

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BII Muffhtgc AH[-28I ]YY->0= >;.  Khmhc iujpfgr iac fns sgoughcths hsphigbginigachs njmghctnfhs<

     

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[hjphrnturn (hqugpa nfjnihcnka)< -== n >85°B (-90 n ?0°I) [hjphrnturn kh aphrnigùc< 9= n >0;°B (0 n ;0°I) Eujhknk kh aphrnigùc< >0 n 70 par ighcta ig hcta >8.  Khmhc sapartnr shr nfgjhctnka par ucn buhcth kh pakhr hxthrcn quh sujgcgstrh hctrh ;; y 8? Raftgas kh Iarrghcth Kgrhitn a jhkgncth uc Ywgtie a uc pawhr gcyhitar quh iujpfn iac hf hstîcknr 50=.9nb (PaH) n trnvçs kh fn gcthrbnz Ogonmgt Htehrcht khf hqugpa. >2.  Fas hqugpas khmhc pakhr shr nkjgcgstrnkas par jhkga kh uc iactrafnkar kh rhkhs gcnfîjmrgins.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

>>.=.=  Iactrafnkar kh ]hk gcnfîjmrgia (_FIs) Inctgknk

Hsphigbginigachs tçicgins >.  Yh jnchlnrî uc hsquhjn kh nftn kgspacgmgfgknk y mnfnciha kh inrons. =.  Inkn hqugpa khmhrî iactnr iac nf jhcas 5 puhrtas pnrn iachxgachs Ogonmgt Htehrcht utgfgzncka inmfhs X[P a bgmrn ùptgin.

= 9.  Yh khmhc gcifugr = YBP tgpa >000-Mnsh-[ pnrn inkn kgspasgtgva. ;.  Inkn iactrafnkar khmh thchr fn inpnigknk gcgignf pnrn rhogstrnr y iactrafnr nf jhcas =8 niihss pagcts y sapartnr uc gcirhjhcta pnrn ffhonr enstn 800 niihss pagcts jhkgncth fgihcignjghcta nkgigacnf. 8.  Khmhc sapartnr hf hstîcknr hstîcknr INP_NP (]BI 8;>8) pnrn fn iajucginigùc hctrh fas niihss pagcts y hf iactrafnkar. Nkhjîs kgien iajucginigùc khmhrî shr iajpfhtnjhcth hcirgptnkn. 2.  Inkn hqugpa khmh mrgcknr gcbarjnigùc egstùrgin y hc tghjpa rhnf kh fns gcthrbhrhcigns kh ]B quh gjpnithc hf rhckgjghcta kh fn rhk gcnfîjmrgin. ?.  Inkn iactrafnkar khmh sapartnr fn irhnigùc y bucigacnjghcta kh jêcgja >2 YYGKs nf jgsja tghjpa. 5.  Inkn iactrafnkar khmhrî pakhr shr nkjgcgstrnmfh vên whm par ettp a ettps, nsê iaja par puhrta shrgnf jhkgncth [hfcht a YYE a jhkgncth ucn ehrrnjghctn kh ohstgùc hxthrcn . 7.  Inkn iactrafnkar khmh sapartnr nf jhcas fas sgoughcths hstîcknrhs gcnfîjmrgias<  

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GHHH 50=.>>n, 50=.>>m, 50=.>>o, 50=.>>k, _JJ/50=.>>h, 50=.>>e, 50=.>>d, 50=.>>c, 50=.>>r, 50=.>>u, 50=.>>w, 50=.>>ni.

>0.  Inkn hqugpa khmh shr iajpntgmfh iac nf jhcas fas sgoughcths hstîcknrhs kh shourgknk<   _PN   GHHH 50=.>>g (_PN=, ]YC)   ]BI >9=> JK8 Jhssnoh-Kgohst Nfoargtej   ]BI >58> [eh HYP [rgpfh KHY [rncsbar j   ]BI =>0; EJNI< Dhyhk Ensegco bar Jhssnoh Nutehctgintgac   ]BI ==;2 [FY Prataiaf Rhrsgac >.0   ]BI =;0> Yhiurgty Nriegthiturh bar teh Gcthrcht Prataiaf   ]BI =;09 EJNI-JK8-72 wgtegc HYP nck NE   ]BI =;0; EJNI-YEN->-72 wgtegc HYP nck NE   ]BI =;08 HYP KHY-IMI Igpehr Nfoargtej wgte Hxpfgigt GR   ]BI =;02 GPshi   ]BI =;0? Gcthrprhtntgac bar GYNDJP   ]BI =;05 GYNDJP   ]BI =;07 GDH

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Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf HYP IMI-Jakh Igpehr Nfoargtejs ]BI 9=50 Gcthrcht U.807 PDG Ihrtgbginth nck I]F Prabgfh ]BI 920= [eh NHY-IMI Igpehr Nfoargtej nck Gts Xsh wgte GPshi ]BI 9252 Xsgco NHY Iaucthr Jakh wgte GPshi HYP ]BI ;9;? Kntnornj [rncspart Fnyhr Yhiurgty ]BI ;9;2 [FY Prataiaf Rhrsgac >.>

>>.  Inkn iactrafnkar khmhrî sapartnr nf jhcas fas sgoughcths sg oughcths hstîcknrhs kh hcirgptnigùc y nuthctginigùc< senrhk nrhk   _HP nck [DGP-JGI< ]I; ;0, >0; nck >=5 mgts (mate stntgi nck se dhys)   NHY< IMI, IIJ, IIJP   KHY< KHY-IMI, 9KHY   YYF nck [FY< ]I; >=5-mgt nck ]YN >0=;- nck =0;5-mgt   K[FY< NHY-IMI   GPYhi< KHY-IMI, 9KHY, NHY-IMI

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>=.  Nkhjîs khmhrî sapartnr fas sgoughcths hstîcknrhs<   GHHH 50=.>U   ]BI =8;5 Jgirasabt Rhckar-Yphigbgi ]NKGXY Nttrgmuths   ]BI =?>2 PPP HNP-[FY   ]BI =528 ]NKGXY Nutehctgintgac

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]BI =52? =522 ]NKGXY ]NKGXY [ucchf Niiauctgco ]BI Niiauctgco ]BI =527 ]NKGXY Hxthcsgacs ]BI 98?2 Kycnjgi Nuteargzntgac Hxthcsgacs ta ]NKGXY ]BI 98?7 ]NKGXY Yuppart bar HNP ]BI 9850 GHHH 50=.>U ]NKGXY Ougkhfgchs ]BI 9?;5 Hxthcsgmfh Nutehctgintgac Prataiaf _hm-mnshk nutehctgintgac [NINIY suppart bar jncnohjhct ushrs

>9.  Khmhc iujpfgr iac fns sgoughcths hsphigbginigachs njmghctnfhs<   [hjphrnturn (hqugpa nfjnihcnka)< ->9 ta >85°B (-=8 ta ?0°I)   [hjphrnturn kh aphrnigùc< 9= ta >0;°B (0 ta ;0°I)   Eujhknk kh aphrnigùc< >0 n 78 par ighcta

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>>.=.9  Iajpachcths Nkgigacnfhs   Iunfqughr kgspasgtgva, gcthrbnih, iachitar kh bgmrn ‚Omgi kh >Om a >0Om‚ ,‖[rncsgvhr‚, y fas pniteiark, hctrh atras, quh shnc chihsnrgas pnrn fn iachitgvgknk y trîbgia hbgighcth hctrh ‖mnidmach‚ y inmfhnka

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eargzactnf khmhc shr praparigacnkas nf Jgcgsthrga sgc cgcoüc iasta nkgigacnf.   Fas hfhjhctas khsirgtas ncthrgarjhcth khmhc shr cuhvas, ca rhiacstrugkas, y shr khf jgsja bnmrgincth.

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Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf>.=.;  Jncthcgjghcta >>.=.8  Jncthcgjghctas prhvhctgvas Hsphigbginigachs tçicgins Yh khmhc gcifugr fas jncthcgjghctas prhvhctgvas par hf phrgaka tatnf khf nrrhcknjghcta pnrn takas fas hqugpas nitgvas < Kgieas jncthcgjghctas iacsgsthc hc< >.  Fgjpghzn ohchrnf n fas hqugpas inkn 2 jhshs. =.  ]hvgsgùc kh ‖faos‚ hc fas hqugpas pnrn tajnr jhkgkns prhvhctgvns a iarrhitgvns. Fn gkhn kh hstn nitgvgknk hs khthrjgcnr iunfqughr bnffa tncta hc hf enrkwnrh, sgsthjn aphrntgva, iaja hc fas hcfnihs 9.  Nitunfgznigachs kh sabtwnrh sabtwnrh khf bnmrgincth hhff iunf ohchrn vhrsgachs kh sgst sgsthjn hjn aphrntgva. Fns jgsjns bucigacnc hc fn iarrhiigùc kh hrrarhs, a vufchrnmgfgknkhs kh shourgknk, par hsth jatgva hs rhiajhcknmfh jncthchrsh nf kên hc kgiens vhrsgachs. ;.  Xcn vhz quh hstç fgmhrnkn fn cuhvn vhrsgùc kh sgsthjn aphrntgva pnrn fas hqugpas, fn nitunfgznigùc sh rhnfgznrî hc fn vgsgtn sgoughcth kh jncthcgjghcta prhvhctgva. 8.  Khmhrî hxgstgr uc praihkgjghcta kh ‖raffmnid‚ hc insa kh prhshctnrsh nfoüc pramfhjn quh nbhith hf bucigacnjghcta carjnf kh fn rhk.

>>.=.2  Jncthcgjghctas iarrhitgvas >.  Yh khmhrîc gcifugr fas Jncthcgjghctas iarrhitgvas par hf phrgaka kh nrrhcknjghcta khf gcjuhmfh nf Jgcgsthrga kh Enighckn, Enighckn, sh khmh rhnfgznr hf rhparth rhsphit rhsphitgva gva n fn Nkjgcgstrni Nkjgcgstrnigùc gùc iac hf khtnffh kh fns nitgvgknkhs rhnfgznkns. =.  Hf jncthcgjghcta iarrhitgva iacsgsth mîsginjhcth hc safuigùc kh bnffns hc fn pfntnbarjn. 9.  Hf earnrga kh nthcigùc khmh shr =;x?x; (=; earns, ? kêns n fn shjncn, iac uc tghjpa kh rhspuhstn jîxgja kh ; earns). ;.  Fn nvhrên khmh hstnr iarrhogkn hc uc tghjpa jîxgja kh ; earns pasthrgar n fn ffhonkn khf tçicgia

y hstas tghjpas gcifuyhc hf rhhjpfnza kh uc hqugpa a nfoüc iajpachcth. Hs khigr, sh khmh kh abrhihr cgvhfhs kh shrvgiga quh onrnctgihc quh n fns ; earns sh rhstnmfhihrî fn iactgcugknk khf shrvgiga kh jnchrn carjnf tncta pnrn fas swgtiehs kh iarh, niihsa, hcrutnkarhs kh IA]H, hqugpas kh Nkjgcgstrnigùc kh nciea kh mnckn, iactrafnkarhs kh rhk gcnfîjmrgin y niihss pagct. 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=  FGJPGH\N BGCNF, YH]RGIGA KH JNC[HCGJGHC[A P]HRHC[GRA W IA]]HI[GRA KH FNY GCY[NFNIGACHY HC OHCH]NF n.  Fgjpghzn Bgcnf Hf iactrntgstn khmhrî khlnr takn takn hf îrhn hc quh enyn gcthrvhcgka fgmrh kh khshi khshieas. eas. Nsgjgsja khmhrî enihr ucn fgjpghzn tatnf khf hkgbgiga, sus inffhs, niihsas lnrkgchs y nfrhkhkarhs ncths kh hctrhonrfa. Ca sh nihptnrîc juhmfhs, pgsas, vgkrgas, jnrias, ighfas, ihrrnkurns, pfnins kh tajniarrghcths, pfnins kh gcthrruptarhs, juhmfhs sncgtnrgas, hti. iac jnciens kh pgcturn u atrn cnturnfhzn. Fn fgjpghzn bgcnf khmh shr npramnkn par hf Gcsphitar khf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn a hf bgsinfgznkar khsgocnka, qughc iajpfhtnrn ucn bgien quh gckginrn fns ca iacbarjgknkhs hciactrnkns y chihsnrgns kh rhjhkgnr ncths khf rhigma pravgsgacnf kh fn amrn. Fn hjprhsn (hc insa kh uc nfqugfhr) a fn Gcstgtuigùc (hc insa kh hkgbgiga prapga) khmhrîc mrgcknr jncthcgjghcta prhvhctgva y iarrhitgva iajpfhta n fn hkgbginigùc y sus sgsthjns.

 

m. Jncthcgjghcta iarrhitgva. Khmhrî mrgcknrsh hc takas fas sgsthjns quh iajpachc fn hkgbginigùc, tncta nouns chorns, nouns patnmfhs, hfhitrgigknk, kntas, vaz, hjhrohcign, sgsthjns iactrn gcihckgas, nsihcsarhs, hqugpas y iajpachcths kh inkn uca kh hffas. Xcn vhz quh sh en rhpartnka fn nvhrên, hf rhspacsnmfh khf jncthcgjghcta kh fas hkgbgigas a hf nrrhckncth, hc insa kh hkgbgigas nfqugfnkas, khmhrî rhsafvhrfa kh niuhrka n fa sgoughcth<  

Khrrnjh kh noun, bgftrnigùc kh noun kh ffuvgn, knþas hc hf sgsthjn kh nouns chorns, quh puhkn inusnr gcucknigùc a knþa hc fas jnthrgnfhs a hqugpas kh fn Gcstgtuigùc, = earns jîxgja khspuçs kh rhigmgka hf nvgsa.   Bnffa hc hf sgsthjn kh hfhitrgigknk, = earns jîxgja khspuçs kh rhigmgka hf nvgsa.   ^ughmrn kh vgkrgas a knþa hc fas sgsthjns kh shourgknk, puhrtns, thiea, vhctnchrên, knþa hc ffnvgchs prgcigpnfhs, partachs u atras hfhjhctas kh prathiigùc quh pacon hf phfgora fas mghchs kh fn Gcstgtuigùc,  

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jîxgja = earns. Bnffa hc hf sgsthjn kh nsihcsarhs, hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign a iunfqughr atra sgsthjn kh hvniunigùc, jîxgja = earns sg sh trntn kh gcenmgfgtnigùc kh uc jhkga kh niihsa a hvniunigùc4 sg fn bnffn hs pnrignf y ca sh vh nbhitnkn fn shourgknk kh fas usunrgas, =; earns jîxgja. Injmga kh bfuarhsihcths, mnfnstras, npnonkarhs, tajniarrghcths ohchrnfhs, ;5 earns jîxgja. Bnffa hc hf sgsthjn hfçitrgia kh iajputnigùc, pfnctn hfçitrgin, XPY, sgsthjn kh vaz a kntas, = earns jîxgja. Knþas hc hf sgsthjn kh pnchfhrên, onvhtns, partnthifnkas, puhrtns kh juhmfhs a nriegvas, ffnvgchs kh onvhtns a puhrtns, hstncthrêns y iunfqughr atra hfhjhcta quh iajpach hf jamgfgnrga, jîxgja > shjncn. Ffnvhs, niihsargas a nouns chorns, shrvgigas sncgtnrgas ntninkas a iac khrrnjh kh nouns chorns, jîxgja = earns sg sh trntn kh gcenmgfgtnigùc kh takn ucn mnthrên kh shrvgigas sncgtnrgas, sg hs uca kh fas iumêiufas kh fas shrvgigas sncgtnrgas, =; earns.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf9  [GPAY KH ABGIGCN W JAMGFGN]GA. Hc hsth npnrtnka sh khmh gckginr fn inctgknk kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla y abgigcns rhquhrgkns, shoüc su tgpa, pnrn hf prayhita hsphiêbgia, nkhjîs kh fns hsphigbginigachs y jamgfgnrga pnrn inkn uca kh fas tgpas. Pnrn hstnmfhihr fns inctgknkhs y fas tgpas kh hspnigas kh trnmnla, fn khphckhcign quh safgigtn hf hkgbgiga khmhrî khtnffnr kh utgfgzncka bucigacnrgas y fas hspnigas hc hsn khphckhcign, pnrn fa iunf sh khmh prhshctnrfnfninctgknk gcbarjnigùc hf barjnta khf Nchxachihsnrgas >. Pasthrgarjhcth hstn gcbarjnigùc shrvgrî kh mnsh pnrn quh hf khpnrtnjhcta tçicgia kh inkn Gcstgtuigùc hstnmfhzin fas rhquhrgjghctas kh îrhns quh khmhrî thchr hf prayhita y quh sh hxprhsnrî hc hf Nchxa =. Xcn vhz knkns fns inctgknkhs kh hspnigas kh trnmnla, sh khsirgmhc fns hsphigbginigachs kh inkn uca kh fas tgpas kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla u abgigcns rhquhrgkns pnrn hf prayhita. pr ayhita.

CA[N< Pnrn fn iacbhiigùc kh hsth npnrtnka, mnsnrsh hc fn INPÊ[X INPÊ[XFA FA = khf prhshcth kaiujhcta.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf  Î]HNY W JHKGKNY JÊCGJNY. Nsphitas ohchrnfhs jêcgjas quh khmh gcifugr<  

Nihrns kh niihsa kh jêcgja >,80 j kh nciea

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Jêcgja uc pnrquha par inkn >00 j½ kh iacstruiigùc, a shoüc fa hstnmfhzin hf Pfnc ]houfnkar kh fn Jucgigpnfgknk rhsphitgvn.

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Mnrnckns kh 0,70 j kh nfturn jêcgjn y kh >,0? j hc hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign.

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Nciea kh pnsgffas kh >,=0 j iaja jêcgja.

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Muquh kh puhrtn pnrn niihsa kh phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk kh >,08 j. Hf nciea fgmrh khmh shr kh nf jhcas 0,70 j.

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[akns fns puhrtns enign fns îrhns hxthrgarhs khmhc thchr kamfh niigùc a nmrgr ücginjhcth enign nbuhrn.

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Hsinfhrns kh hjhrohcign kh >,=0 j kh nciea jêcgja, hc hkgbgigas kh trhs a jîs cgvhfhs (vhr npnrtnka kh ‖Hsinfhrns kh Hjhrohcign‚).  

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Iunfqughr hkgbgiga enmgtnka par jîs kh ighc (>00) phrsacns, khmhrîc thchr par fa jhcas kas snfgkns, shpnrnkns trhs jhtras iaja jêcgja quh khshjmaquhc n fn vên pümfgin.

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[aka hkgbgiga iuyn îrhn hxihkn kh kasighctas igciuhctn jhtras iunkrnkas (=80 j½) par pfnctn khmhrî thchr ca jhcas kh kas snfgkns, shpnrnkns iaja jêcgja kh trhs jhtras (9,00 j).

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Fns hctrnkns prgcigpnfhs kh hkgbgigas, quh ca sh hciuhctrhc n cgvhf iac fn nihrn khmhrîc iactnr iac ucn rnjpn iaja jêcgja, nkgigacnf n fns hsinfhrns usunfhs. Kgien rnjpn sh iacstrugrî kh fn fêchn kh prapghknk enign nkhctra y ca hc fn nihrn. Hc insa kh utgfgznrsh rnjpns, su khifgvh ca shrî jnyar kh > hc >0 y khmhrîc iacstrugrsh iac suphrbgigh nctgkhrrnpncth. Fn facogtuk jîxgjn hctrh khsincsas shrî kh cuhvh jhtras (7,00 j). Hf nciea jêcgja kh fn rnjpn shrî kh >,= j y khmh iactnr iac kas pnsnjncas uca n 0,70j kh nfturn y atra n 0,?0 j.

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[aka hkgbgiga kh jîs kh iuntra pgsas, a iac pghzns enmgtnmfhs quh hstçc n ucn nfturn kh kaih jhtras (>=,00 j) a jîs samrh hf cgvhf kh fn nihrn, khmhrî iactnr iac uc nsihcsar inpnz kh trncspartnr iaja jêcgja, nf kaih par ighcta (>=%) kh su pamfnigùc hc igcia jgcutas (pnrn hbhita khf iîfiufa kh fn pamfnigùc khf hkgbgiga sh usnrî hf sgoughcth irgthrga pnrn abgigcns< Xcn phrsacn par inkn shgs jhtras iunkrnkas (2 j½) kh îrhn mrutn kh iacstruiigùc. (vhr npnrtnka kh ‖Nsihcsarhs‚ hc Inpêtufa > kh hsth kaiujhcta).

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf.  (AB>) Abgigcn khf Jgcgstra< ;=,0 j½ (Nkgigacnfjhcth sh gcifugrî ucn iaigchtn, fn snfn kh hsphrn y fns snfns kh rhucgachs).

=.  (AB=) Abgigcn kh Kgrhitar Ohchrnf, Abgignf jnyar, Prhsgkhcth kh [rgmucnf, Rgihjgcgstras< =;,; j½ (Nkgigacnfjhcth sh gcifugrî ucn iaigchtn, fn snfn kh hsphrn y fn snfn kh rhucgachs) 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf8,0 j½

;.  (AB;) Abgigcn kh Lhbhs kh Khpnrtnjhcta, Yum Ohrhcth, Ohstarhs, Luhihs a Nshsarhs kh Jgcgstra< 7,0 j½. Npfgin pnrn Lhbh = a Lhbh 9.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

Yhoucka Orupa< Iumêiufas kh [rnmnla 8.  (IM8-N) Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla Iaarkgcnkarhs kh Xcgknk< ?,0 j½.  Npfgin pnrn Lh Lhbh bh > a Pr Prabhsgacnf abhsgacnf 9

(IM8-M) Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla iac Nthcigùc kh Xsunrgas< ?,0 j½. Gcvhstgonkar a prabhsgacnf iac hqugpa hsphignfgznka, nukgtarhs y rhsafutarhs. Npfgin pnrn Prabhsgacnf 9 iac lustgbginigùc shoüc fn cnturnfhzn kh sus bucigachs.

2.  (IM2) Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla Aphrntgvns, hc îrhn iajüc< 9,8 j½. Abgigcgstns, [çicgias, Prabhsgacnfhs >,=,9.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0,8 j½ 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0.  (IM>0) ]hihpigùc pnrn kas shirhtnrgns< >5 j½ 

>>.  (IM>>) Pfntnbarjn kh Nthcigùc nf Pümfgia< 8,0 j½ par bucigacnrga

>=.  (IM>=) Dgasia kh gcbarjnigùc a kh nutashrvgiga< >,= j½ par phrsacn y =,=0 j½  fas hspnigas prhbhrhcignfhs.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf9.  Rhstêmufa< 0,>8 j½ par phrsacn. >;.  Ynfns kh hsphrn, rhihpigùc< 0,9 j½ par phrsacn. >8.  Ynfn kh ]hucgachs a juftgusa< =,8 j½ par phrsacn. >2.  Iajhkar< >,?8 j½ par phrsacn. >?.  Nufns a Ynfns kh inpnigtnigùc< =,8 j½ par phrsacn. >5.  Fnmarntargas kh iùjputa< 9,0 j½ par phrsacn. >7.  Nukgtargas< >,?0 j½ par phrsacn. =0.  Ynfn kh Fnitncign< >,80  j½ par phrsacn. Jêcgja 7,0 j½ kh niuhrka iac fa hstnmfhigka par fn Iajgsgùc Cnigacnf kh fnitncign Jnthrcn khf Jgcgsthrga kh Ynfuk. Nkgigacnfjhcth ;,0 j½ pnrn uc mnþa iajpfhta. =>.  Iacsuftargas jçkgias pnrn shrvgiga kh fas bucigacnrgas umginkas hc hf hkgbgiga<

n)  Iacsuftarga Jhkgigcn Ohchrnf (9)< >8,0 j½ 

m)  Iacsuftarga Ogchiafaoên (>)< >8,0 j½ 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf)< >2,8 j½ 

k)  Iacsuftarga Psgiafaoên (>)< >=,0 j½ 

h)  Iacsuftarga Cutrgigacgstn (>)< >=,0 j½ 

b)  Hcbhrjhrên (>)< >8,0 j½ 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf0,8 j½ 

e)  Yhirhtnrgn/]hihpigùc (>)< >0,8 j½  g)  Ynfn kh Hsphrn< 0,9 j½ par phrsacn  l)  Mnthrên kh Mnþas eajmrhs y julhrhs, hxifusgvn pnrn shrvgigas jçkgias< 90 j½ jêcgja. Khmh iujpfgr iac Fhy ?200.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf.  (AB>) Abgigcn khf Jgcgstra Yhrî kh ?,0 x 8,8 j npraxgjnknjhcth, iac = sgffns kh hsphrn, = sgffachs kh = pfnzns, jhsn kh rhucgachs pnrn ; phrsacns y hstnigùc kh trnmnla iac su jamgfgnrga khsirgta hc hf rhsphitgva npnrth kh hsth kaiujhcta. Fn abgigcn khf Jgcgstra thckrî uc mnþa iajpfhta  gckhphckghcth, kh =,8 x >,8 j, iac kuien, uc gcakara, fnvnjncas iac juhmfh, tanffhra, partn pnphf egogçcgia kh tnjnþa kh raffa iajüc y kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns. Khmh iacsgkhrnrsh hf hspniga pnrn ucn shirhtnrgn iac su rhsphitgva iumêiufa ihrin kh fn abgigcn. Hstn abgigcn thckrî uc phquhþa hspniga kh iaigchtn kackh sh umginrî uc juhmfh quh iacthcon uc brhonkhra sgc hsiurrgkar, uc hspniga pnrn rhbrgohrnkarn phquhþn kh abgigcn, uc jgiraackns y uc iabbh jndhr, iac hstncthrên iac puhrtns hc fn pnrth gcbhrgar khf juhmfh, fn iunf thckrî uc îrhn npraxgjnkn kh ;,0 j½ nkgigacnfhs nf îrhn kh fn abgigcn. Yh khmhrî iactnr iac ucn Ynfn kh rhucgachs iac jhsn pnrn >0 phrsacns nkynihcth nf khspniea jgcgsthrgnf y iac gcorhsa khskh fnnsAbgigcn khf nJgcgstra y fn Yhirhtnrgn, 90 snfns phrsacns iac fnsy snfnkhkhpakhr shsgachs jgsjns inrnithrêstgi inrnithrêstgins hc iuncta fas gcorhsas. Khmh knrshy fnucn apigùc ucgrsh pnrn njmns kh rhucgùc pakhr rhigmgr nf jhcas n ;0 phrsacns. Hstns snfns kh rhucgùc khmhrîc thchr bîigf niihsa n fn iaigchtn khf Jgcgstra. Hf khspniea khf Jgcgstra iactnrî iac ucn snfn kh hsphrn hc hf vhstêmufa kh su rhihpigùc, iuyn îrhn npraxgjnkn shrî kh =8,0 j½.

>.> Pnrhkhs pnrn abgigcn abgigcn khf Jgcgstra Fns pnrhkhs kh hstns abgigcns shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj kamfh inrn, enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns. Hc su iacstruiigùc sh khmhrî iacsgkhrnr quh fns kgvgsgachs khmhrîc faornr nftas êckgihs kh ngsfnjghcta niüstgia kh niuhrka n fas rhquhrgjghctas khf usunrga bgcnf. Hf ighfa rnsa shrî hc oypsuj. Fn gfujgcnigùc kh hstns abgigcns shrî hc fîjpnrns tgpa FHK, umginkas sa mrh fn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, fn zacn kh sgffachs y samrh fn jhsn kh rhucgachs. Fn puhrtn shrî hc pnchf kh jnkhrn nofajhrnkn a jnkhrn sùfgkn iac ffnvêc kh jncgouhtn, iac ffnvh y taph. Hf ninmnka kh fn abgigcn shrî hc pnstn bgcn, fgsa, pgcturn nirêfgin, quh inkn uca kh sus aiupncths hsiaohrî kh fn pnfhtn iajhrignf. Hf hspniga ffhvnrî raknpgç y iarcgsn khiarntgvn. Fns pnrhkhs kh fas shrvgigas sncgtnrgas shrîc iacstrugkas hc oypsuj kamfh barra, iac rhiumrgjghcta kh ihrîjgin y kh ca pakhr mrgcknr vhctgfnigùc cnturnf, ffhvnrî vhctgfnigùc par jhkga jhiîcgia, niigacnka jhkgncth fn gfujgcnigùc y iachitnkn n fn pfnctn hfçitrgin. Khmh iactnr iac uc tajn ohchrnf kamfh. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf.= Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla pnrn Jgcgstra Fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla sh iajpackrî iaja jêcgja kas suphrbgighs rhitns kh trnmnla, ucn kackh sh umginrî hf jacgtar y atrn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla hc fn iunf sh puhkn nthckhr n ucn vgsgtn, iac su rhsphitgva bnfkùc jhtîfgia a khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh khf hsirgtarga. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmhrîc thchr uc kgshþa tnf quh sghjprh kh brhcth n fn puhrtn fn hxthcsgùc kh rhucgachs. Hf kgshþa khmh shr hroacùjgia, hf iafar shrî n hsiaohr par hf Yuphrvgsar. Yhrîc hc barjn kh F, iac kgjhcsgachs kh nf jhcas >,50 x =,0 jhtras.

>.9 Jamgfgnrga Hstnigùc kh trnmnla pnrn Jg Jgcgstra cgstra Yh gcstnfnrî kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins y hsphigbginigachs quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y hc pfncas. Fn hstnigùc shrî kh nf jhcas >,50 x =, 0 jhtras, hc barjn kh F. Pnrn fn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc saparth kh thifnka, uc jùkufa nriegvnkar kh rakgchs (Nrturgta) y fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla, nkhjîs kh kas nrjnrgas tgpa fgmrhra iac rhpgsns hc fn pnrth suphrgar y fn pnrth gcbhrgar iac puhrtns y onvhtns pnrn iafainr njpas y inrphtns iafoncths kh 0,70 n >,=0 jhtras kh nciea y kh >,80 n =,0 jhtras kh nfta. [aka hf jamgfgnrga iac ffnvgchs kh shourgknk. Yh khmhc gcifugr kas sgffachs kh kas pfnzns inkn uca y ucn jhsn kh ihctra. Kas sgffns kh hsphrn pnrn fn hxthcsgùc kh rhucgachs khf hsirgtarga. Yh khmh gcifugr ucn jhsn kh rhucgachs pnrn ; phrsacns iac sgffns khf jgsja kgshþa kh fns = sgffns kh hsphrn. Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr iuntra tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnf, uc tajniarrghcth kamfh pnrn bnx, uca kh iùjputa (tajn XPY) y kas snfgkns kh vaz y kas snfgkns kh kntas. Fn abgigcn khf Jgcgstra ffhvnrî uc ngrh niackgigacnka gckhphckghcth a iactraf kh thjphrnturn, npnonkar gckhphckghcth. Pnrn hstn abgigcn sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn tgpa hlhiutgva pnrn Jgcgstra.

>.; Ygffns tgpa Hlhiutgva pnr pnrnn Jgcgstra. Fns sgffns thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh ?0 ij kh nfta par 80 ihctêjhtras kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, iac inmhihrn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par 80 ihctêjhtras kh nciea. Nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gci gcifgcnigùc fgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh hstruiturnf kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,2 x >,8 j. Fn abgigcn iactnrî iac = sgffns kh hsphrn, = sgffachs kh = pfnzns y hstnigùc kh trnmnla iac su jamgfgnrga khsirgta hc hf rhsphitgva npnrth kh hsth kaiujhcta. Khmh iacsgkhrnrsh hf hspniga pnrn ucn shirhtnrgn iac su rhsphitgva iumêiufa ihrin kh fn abgigcn. Khmh iacsgkhrnrsh ucn snfn kh rhucgachs iac jhsn pnrn >= phrsacns, lucta n fn abgigcn khf Kgrhitar y niihsgmfh khskh fn jgsjn. [akns fns abgigcns kh Kgrhitar y Rgihjgcgstras thckrîc shrvgiga sncgtnrga gckhphckghcth, iac uc gcakara, fnvnjncas iac juhmfh, tanffhra, partn pnphf egogçcgia kh tnjnþa kh raffa iajüc y kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns. Hstns abgigcns thckrîc uc phquhþa hspniga kh iaigchtn kackh sh umginrî uc juhmfh quh iacthcon uc brhonkhra sgc hsiurrgkar, uc hspniga pnrn rhbrgohrnkarn r hbrgohrnkarn phquhþn kh abgigcn, uc jgiraackns y uc iabbh jndhr, iac hstncthrên iac puhrtns hc fn pnrth gcbhrgar khf juhmfh, fn iunf thckrî uc îrhn npraxgjnkn kh ;,0 j½ nkgigacnfhs nf îrhn kh fn abgigcn. Iactnrîc iac ucn snfn kh hsphrn hc hf vhstêmufa kh su rhihpigùc, fn iunf shrî kh >0,8 >0 ,8 j½.

=.> Pnrhkhs pnrn abgigcns kh Kgrhitarhs y Rgihjgcgstras Fns pnrhkhs kh hstns abgigcns shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj kamfh inrn enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns. Fns kgvgsgachs khmhrîc faornr nftas êckgihs kh ngsfnjghcta niüstgia kh niuhrka n fas rhquhrgjghctas khf usunrga bgcnf. Hf ighfa rnsa shrî hc oypsuj. Fn gfujgcnigùc kh hstns abgigcns shrî hc fnjpnrns tgpa FHK, umginkas samrh fn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, fn zacn kh sgffachs y samrh fn jhsn kh rhucgachs. Fn puhrtn shrî hc pnchf kh jnkhrn nofajhrnkn a jnkhrn sùfgkn iac ffnv êc kh jncgouhtn, iac ffnvh y taph y mrnza egkrîufgia. Hf ninmnka kh fn abgigcn shrî hc pnstn bgcn, fgsa, pgcturn nirêfgin, quh inkn uca kh sus aiupncths hsiaohrî kh fn pnfhtn iajhrignf. Hf hspniga ffhvnrî raknpgç y iarcgsn khiarntgvn.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,50 x =,0 jhtras. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn. Pakrîc shr hsirgtargas kh jnkhrn.

=.9 Jamgfgnrga Hstnigachs kh trnmnla pnrn Kgrhitarhs y Rgihjgcgstras Yh gcstnfnrîc fns hstnigachs kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Inkn hstnigùc shrî kh nf jhcas >,50 x =, 0 jhtras, hc barjn kh F. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc saparth kh thifnka, uc jùkufa nriegvnkar kh rakgchs (nrturgta) y fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla, nkhjîs kh kas nrjnrgas iac rhpgsns hc fn pnrth suphrgar y fn pnrth gcbhrgar iac puhrtns y onvhtns pnrn iafainr njpas y inrphtns iafoncths kh 0,70 n >,=0 jhtras kh nciea y kh >,80 n =,0 jhtras kh nfta. [aka hf jamgfgnrga iac ffnvgchs kh shourgknk. Yh khmhc gcifugr kas sgffachs kh kas pfnzns inkn uca y ucn jhsn kh ihctra. Kas sgffns kh hsphrn pnrn fn hxthcsgùc kh rhucgachs khf hsirgtarga. Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr iuntra tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnf, uc tajniarrghcth kamfh pnrn bnx, uca kh iùjputa (tajn XPY) y kas snfgkns kh vaz y kas snfgkns kh kntas. Inkn abgigcn kh kgrhitar ffhvnrî uc ngrh niackgigacnka gckhphckghcth a iactraf kh thjphrnturn, npnonkar gckhphckghcth. Mrnza egkrîufgia iac taph hc fn puhrtn, iac ffnvh. Par inkn abgigcn sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn tgpa ohrhcignf.

=.; Ygffns tgpa ohrhcignf pnrn Kgrhitarhs y Rgihjgcgstras. Fns sgffns thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh ?0 ij kh nfta par 80 ihctêjhtras kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, iac inmhihrn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par 80 ihctêjhtras kh nciea. Nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gci gcifgcnigùc fgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh hstruiturnf kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra npraxgjnknjhcth. Khmhc thchr nf jhcas pgstùc kh nlusth kh nfturn, nlusth hc fn gcifgcnigùc khf rhspnfka y hf nsghcta.

9.  (AB9) Abgigcns kh Yumkgrhiigùc a Ohrhcths Yhrîc kh 8,0 x 9,0 j npraxgjnknjhcth, iac = sgffns kh hsphrn, jhsn kh rhucgachs pnrn ; phrsacns y hstnigùc kh trnmnla iac su jamgfgnrga khsirgta hc hf rhsphitgva npnrth kh hsth kaiujhcta. Khmh iacsgkhrnrsh hf hspniga pnrn ucn shirhtnrgn iac su rhsphitgva iumêiufa ihrin kh fn abgigcn.

9.> Pnrhkhs pnrn abgigcns kh Yumkgrhiigùc a Ohrhcths Fns pnrhkhs kh hstns abgigcns shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj kamfh inrn, enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns. Fns kgvgsgachs khmhrîc faornr nftas êckgihs kh ngsfnjghcta niüstgia kh niuhrka n fas rhquhrgjghctas khf usunrga bgcnf. Hf ighfa rnsa shrî hc oypsuj.

9.= Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla pnrn Yumkgrhiigùc a Ohrhcths Inkn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla sh iajpackrî iaja jêcgja kas suphrbgighs rhitns kh trnmnla, ucn kackh sh umginrî hf jacgtar y atrn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla hc fn iunf sh puhkn nthckhr n iactrgmuyhcths y su rhsphitgva bnfkùc jhtîfgia a khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh khf hsirgtarga. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmhrîc thchr uc kgshþa tnf quh sghjprh kh brhcth n fn puhrtn fn hxthcsgùc kh rhucgachs. Hf kgshþa khmh shr hroacùjgia, hf iafar shrî shrî n hsiaohr par hf Yuphrvgsar. Yhrîc hc barjn kh F, iac kgjhcsgachs kh nf jhcas >,50 x =,0 jhtras. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn.

9.9 Jamgfgnrga Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla pnrn Yumkgrhitarhs a Ohrhcths. Yh gcstnfnrîc fns hstnigachs kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins y hsp higbginigachs quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y hc pfncas. Inkn hstnigùc shrî kh nf jhcas >,50 x =, 0 jhtras, hc barjn kh F. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc saparth kh thifnka, uc jùkufa nriegvnkar kh rakgchs (Nrturgta) y fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla, nkhjîs kh uc nrjnrga iac rhpgsns hc fn pnrth suphrgar y fn pnrth gcbhrgar iac puhrtns y onvhtns pnrn iafainr njpas y inrphtns iafoncths kh 0,70 n >,=0 jhtras kh nciea y kh >,80 n =,0 jhtras kh nfta. Yh khmh gcifugr ucn jhsn kh rhucgachs pnrn ; phrsacns iac sgffns khf jgsja kgshþa kh fns = sgffns kh hsphrn. Kas sgffns kh hsphrn pnrn fn hxthcsgùc kh rhucgachs khf hsirgtarga. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf Pnrhkhs pnrn abgigcns kh Lhbhs kh Khpnrtnjhcta, Yum ohrhcths, Ohstarhs, Luhihs a Nshsarhs kh Jgcgstra Fns pnrhkhs kh fn abgigcn kh fns lhbnturns shrîc hc vgkrga kh pgsa n ighfa pnrn bnvarhihr fn gfujgcnigùc cnturnf hc fas hspnigas gcthrcas, iajmgcncka iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco kh niuhrka nf kgshþa kh gjnohc iarparntgvn kh fn Gcstgtuigùc. Fn puhrtn shrî khf jgsja sgsthjn kh pnchfhrên hc vgkrga iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco, iac ffnvh, taph y mrnza egkrîufgia.

;.= Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla trnmnla hstnigachs kh trnmnla Lhbhs kh Khpnrtnjhcta, Yum ohrhcths, Ohstarh Ohstarhs, s, Luhihs a Nshsarhs kh Jgcgstra Inkn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla sh iajpackrî iaja jêcgja kh kas suphrbgigh s rhitns kh trnmnla hroacùjgins, hc ucn kh hffns sh umginrî hf jacgtar y nkhjîs kh ucn thrihrn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla a hxthcsgùc quh iacbarjh fn X y su rhsphitgva bnfkùc jhtîfgia a khf jgsja jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmhrîc thchr uc kgshþa tnf quh sghjprh khc brhcth n fn puhrtn tncta hc fn hxthcsgùc kh rhucgachs iaja hc partn thifnka. Hf kgshþa khmh shr hroacùjgia, hf iafar shrî n hsiaohr par hf Yuphrvgsar. Yhrîc hc barjn kh X, iac kgjhcsgachs kh nf jhcas >,50 x =,=0 jhtras. HHff ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn iac ninmnka jnth, iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf kh f samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,50 x =,=0 jhtras, hc barjn kh X. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr, uc saparth kh thifnka, uc jùkufa nriegvnkar eargzactnf iajpuhsta par uc mfaquh kh onvhtns tgpa nrturgta, uc hspniga pnrn njpas iac puhrtn, y uc hspniga nmghrta kackh sh puhkh iafainr hf IPX, nkhjîs kh fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla khsirgtns ncthrgarjhcth, taka kh niuhrka iac hf pfnca prapuhsta, nkhjîs kh uc nrjnrga tgpa fgmrhra pnrn iafainr njpas y inrphtns kh 0,70 n >,=0 jhtras kh nciea y kh 0,70 n >,90 jhtras kh nfta iac uc nriegvnkar eargzactnf kh = onvhtns a sgjgfnr hc fn pnrth gcbhrgar, taka hf jamgfgnrga iac ffnvgchs kh shourgknk. Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr iuntra tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnf, uc tajniarrghcth kamfh pnrn bnx, uca kh iùjputa (tajn XPY), y kas snfgkns kh vaz y kas snfgkkns ns kh kntas. Inkn abgigcn kh lhbnturn ffhvnrî uc ngrh niackgigacnka gckhphckghcth a iactraf kh thjphrnturn, npnonkar gckhphckghcth. Puhrtn iac ffnvh, ffnvh, y taph hc fn pnrth gcbhrgar kkhh fn puhrtn. Par inkn abgigcn sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn tgpa hlhiutgva y = sgffns kh hsphrn.

;.; Ygffns tgpa ohrhcignf pnrn Lhbhs kh Khpnrtnjhcta, Yum ohrhcths, Ohstarhs, Luhihs a Nshsarhs kh Jgcgstra Fns sgffns thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh ?0 ij kh nfta par 80 ihctêjhtras kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, iac inmhihrn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par 80 ihctêjhtras kh nciea. Nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gci gcifgcnigùc fgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh hstruiturnf kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra npraxgjnknjhcth. Khmhc thchr nf jhcas pgstùc kh nlusth kh nfturn, nlusth hc fn gcifgcnigùc khf rhspnfka y hf nsghcta.

8.  (IM8-N) Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla kh Iaarkgcnkarhs. Pnrn fas iaarkgcnkarhs kh ucgknk, sh phrjgth hf usa kh hstnigachs nutasapartncths, iac suphrbgighs hc barjn kh ‖X‚ y shpnrnkns kh fns khjîs hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns, jhkgncth pnchfhrgn fgvgncn a kh vgkrga kh nf

jhcas >,0 ij thjphrnka, iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco, kgshþa n hsiaohr. Hstns shrîc umginkns shoüc kgshþa hc pfncas, hstnrîc kgstrgmugkns hc hf îrhn ohchrnf khf pgsa kh jnchrn quh inkn iaarkgcnkar hstç ihrin kh su orupa kh bucigacnrgas n inroa, khlncka pnsgffas kh >,= jhtra kh nciea hctrh hstnigachs iaja jêcgja.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,>0 j kh nfturn jhkgncth pnchfhrgn y ‖sirhhc manrk‚ hc vgkrga iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco. Fn nutargznigùc khmhrî knrfn par hsirgta hf Kgrhitar khf Praornjn nf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn ncths kh fn pumfginigùc khf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins tçicgins y pfncas kh kgstrgmuigùc kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla iac nthcigùc kh usunrgas shrîc nsgocnkns n bucigacnrgas quh par fn cnturnfhzn kh sus fnmarhs tghchc ucn chihsgknk kh hspniga jnyar hc hf îrhn kh trnmnla y hspniga pnrn nthcigùc kh iactrgmuyhcths. Hstns shrîc umginkns shoüc kgshþa hc pfncas, hstnrîc kgstrgmugkns hc hf îrhn ohchrnf khf pgsa, khlncka pnsgffas kh >,= jhtra kh nciea hctrh h ctrh hstnigachs iaja jêcgja.

CA[N Pnrhkhs pnrn iaarkgcnkarhs y hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns iac nthcigùc kh usunrgas Fns hstnigachs th trnmnla kh fas (IM8-N) khmhrîc iactnr quh iac fns pnchfhrên y kh vgkrga iaja kgvgsgachs enstn ucniaarkgcnkarhs nfturn kh >,50khj ucgknk pnrn mrgcknr jnyar prgvnigknk khjîsfgvgncn hstnigachs aphrntgvns. Hctrh inkn hstnigùc aphrntgvn iac nthcigùc kh usunrgas (IM8-M) sh iafainrî ucn kgvgsgùc enstn ucn nfturn kh >,=0 j hc pnchfhrên fgvgncn quh iajmgcnrî pnchfhs hc jhfnjgcn a vgkrga y ‖sirhhc manrk‚ hc vgkrga kh nf jhcas >,0 ij thjphrnka, iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco, kgshþa n hsiaohr, kh niuhrka iac fa khsirgta hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr.

8.= Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns iac nthcigùc kh usunrgas usunrgas Inkn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla sh iajpackrî iaja jêcgja kh suphrbgighs rhitns kh trnmnla hroacùjgins, hc ucn kh hffns sh umginrî hf jacgtar, nkhjîs kh ucn thrihrn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla a hxthcsgùc quh iacbarjh fn X hc fn iunf sh puhkn nthckhr n kas Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iachfsaparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Hf kgshþa khmhiactrgmuyhcths. shr hroacùjgia, hf iafar shrî n hsiaohr par Yuphrvgsar, iac suphrbgigh nsgjçtrgin. Yh khmhc kgstrgmugr kh barjn ucgbarjh y iacbartnmfh hc hf îrhn rhsphitgvn kh fn abgigcn, hc barjn kh X, iac kgjhcsgachs kh nf jhcas >,50 x =,=0 jhtras. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn, iac ninmnka jnth. Khmhrîc iactnr iac uc sgsthjn kh pnsn inmfhs iac uc hspniga npraxgjnka kh 2>jj iac tnpn khsjactnmfh a nmntgmfh pnrn phrjgtgr hf pnsa kh inmfhs khskh fn pnrth gcbhrgar n fn suphrbgigh. Inkn suphrbgigh khmhrî iactnr iac fas saparths chihsnrgas quh shrîc hc jhtnf. Fns suphrbgighs kh ucn jgsjn hstnigùc khmhc hstnr ucgkns hctrh sê.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,50 x =,=0 jhtras, hc barjn kh X. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc jùkufa nriegvnkar eargzactnf iajpuhsta par uc mfaquh kh onvhtns tgpa Nrturgta, uc hspniga pnrn njpas iac puhrtn, y uc hspniga nmghrta kackh sh puhkh iafainr hf IPX, nkhjîs kh fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla khsirgtns ncthrgarjhcth, taka kh niuhrka iac hf pfnca prapuhsta. Nkhjîs, inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla khmh shpnrnrsh khf rhsta par pnchfhnrên kh niuhrka iac fa hsphigbginka hc hf npnrth rhsphitgva kh hsth kaiujhcta. Fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla kh iaarkgcnkarhs kh ucgknk (IM8-N), ffhvnrîc nkhjîs uc nriegvnkar vhrtginf kh = puhrtns a sgjgfnr, iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk. Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr kas tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnfhs, uca pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa (tajn XPY), ucn snfgkn kh vaz y ucn snfgkn kh kntas. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn aphrntgvn. Hc fns hstnigachs kh iaarkgcnkarhs sh iafainrîc nkhjîs kas sgffns kh hsphrn.

8.; Ygffns pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns. Hc inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, pnrn fas bucigacnrgas kh fns kgbhrhcths îrhns sh khmh sujgcgstrnr sgffns hroacùjgins ogrntargns, thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh 88 ij kh nfta par 80 ij kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par ;8 ihctêjhtras kh nciea iac iac nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gcifgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra npraxgjnknjhcth.

2.  (IM2) Orupas kh Hstnigachs kh [rnmnla Aphrntgvns Fns hstnigachs aphrntgvns shrîc kgstrgmugkns kh jnchrn quh inkn Iaarkgc nkar quhkh iac su rhsphitgva orupa kh trnmnla. Fns hstnigachs kh ttrnmnla rnmnla hstnrîc kgstrgmugkns hc hf îrhn ohchrnf khf ppgsa, gsa, khlncka pnsgffas kh >,= jhtra kh nciea hctrh hstnigachs iaja jêcgja, praiurncka ucn kgstrgmuigùc kackh fn jnyar inctgknk kh bucigacnrgas thcon ihrincên iac îrhns kh vhctncnfhs. [akns fns hstnigachs khmhrîc thchr bîigf niihsa par jhkga kh uc pnsgffa khmgknjhcth shþnfnka n fns snfgkns kh hjhrohcign y khmhc thchr uc vhstêmufa kh gcorhsa nf orupa kh hstnigachs kackh sh umginrî fn shirhtnrgn (sg sh tghch) y hf Iaarkgcnkar.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf Pnchfhrên pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns Hctrh inkn hstnigùc aphrntgvn sh iafainrî ucn kgvgsgùc enstn ucn nfturn kh >,=0 j hc pnchfhrên fgvgncn quh iajmgcnrî pnchfhs hc jhfnjgcn a vgkrga y ‖sirhhc manrk‚ hc vgkrga kh nf jhcas >,0 ij thjphrnka, iac phfêiufn

snck mfnstgco, kgshþa n hsiaohr, kh niuhrka iac fa hsphigbginka hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas khf prayhita.

2.= Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla kh hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns Inkn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla sh iajpackrî iaja jêcgja kh kas suphrbgighs rhitns kh trnmnla hroacùjgins, hc ucn kh hffns sh umginrî hf jacgtar. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Hf kgshþa khmh shr hroacùjgia, hf iafar shrî n hsiaohr par hf Yuphrvgsar, iac suphrbgigh nsgjçtrgin. Yh khmhc kgstrgmugr kh barjn ucgbarjh y iacbartnmfh hc hf îrhn rhsphitgvn, shrîc hc barjn kh F, iac kgjhcsgachs kh nf jhcas >,50 x >,80 jhtras. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn iac ninmnka jnth iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn. Khmhrîc iactnr iac uc sgsthjn kh pnsn inmfhs iac uc hspniga npraxgjnka kh 2>jj iac tnpn khsjactnmfh a nmntgmfh pnrn phrjgtgr hf pnsa kh inmfhs khskh fn pnrth gcbhrgar n fn suphrbgigh. Inkn suphrbgigh khmhrî iactnr iac fas saparths chihsnrgas quh shrîc hc jhtnf. Fns suphrbgighs kh ucn jgsjn hstnigùc khmhc hstnr ucgkns hctrh sê.

2.9 Jamgfgnrga pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns Yh gcstnfnrîc fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla aphrntgvns kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins y hsphigbginigachs khf prhshcth kaiujhcta, nsê iaja pfncas kh kgstrgmuigùc y inctgknkhs quh sh gckginc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas khf prayhita. Inkn hstnigùc shrî kh nf jhcas >,50 x >,80 jhtras, hc barjn kh F. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc jùkufa nriegvnkar eargzactnf iajpuhsta par uc mfaquh kh onvhtns tgpa nrturgta, uc hspniga pnrn njpas iac puhrtn, y uc hspniga nmghrta kackh sh puhkh iafainr hf IPX, nkhjîs kh fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla khsirgtns ncthrgarjhcth, taka kh niuhrka iac hf pfnca prapuhsta. Hf jamgfgnrga khmhrî iactnr iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr kas tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnfhs, uca pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa (tajn XPY), ucn snfgkn kh vaz y ucn snfgkn kh kntas. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh pravhhr uucn cn sgffn aphrntgvn.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf Pnchfhrên pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla kh mnln brhiuhcign Hctrh inkn hstnigùc aphrntgvn sh iafainrî ucn kgvgsgùc enstn ucn nfturn kh >,=0 j hc pnchfhrên fgvgncn quh iajmgcnrî pnchfhs hc jhfnjgcn a vgkrga y ‖sirhhc manrk‚ hc vgk rga kh nf jhcas >,0 ij thjphrnka, iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco, kgshþa n hsiaohr, kh niuhrka iac fa hsphigbginka hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas khf prayhita.

?.= Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla hstnigachs kh trnmnla kh mnln mnln brhiuhcign Inkn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla shrî rhitncoufnr iac kgjhcsgachs kh nf jhcas >,80 x 0,20 jhtras, kackh sh umginrî hf jacgtar hc insa kh quh sh rhqughrn hqugpa kh iùjputa. Hf kgshþa khmh shr hroacùjgia, hf iafar shrî n hsiaohr par hf suphrvgsar kh fn amrn. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs hs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn iac ninmnka jnth, iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmhrîc iactnr iac uc sgsthjn kh pnsn inmfhs iac uc hspniga npraxgjnka kh 2>jj iac tnpn khsjactnmfh a nmntgmfh pnrn phrjgtgr hf pnsa kh inmfhs khskh fn pnrth gcbhrgar n fn suphrbgigh. Inkn suphrbgigh khmhrî iactnr iac fas saparths chihsnrgas quh shrîc hc jhtnf.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,80 x 0,20 jhtras, hc barjn rhitncoufnr. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc saparth kh thifnka, uc jùkufa nriegvnkar kh rakgchs (Nrturgta) y fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla. Nkhjîs, inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla khmh shpnrnrsh khf rhsta pa parr pnchfhnrên kh niuhrka iac fa hsphigbginka hc hf npnrth rhsphitgva r hsphitgva kh hsth kaiujhcta. Hf jamgfgnrga khmhrî iactnr iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr kas tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnfhs, uca pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa (tajn XPY), ucn snfgkn kh vaz y ucn snfgkn kh kntas. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn aphrntgvn

?.; Ygffns pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla kh mnln brhiuhcign. Hc inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, pnrn fas bucigacnrgas kh fns kgbhrhcths îrhns sh khmh sujgcgstrnr sgffns hroacùjgins ogrntargns, thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh 88 ij kh nfta par 80 ij kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par ;8 ihctêjhtras kh nciea nciea iac nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gcifgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra npraxgjnknjhcth.

5.  (IM5) Hstnigachs kh trnmnla pnrn Yhirhtnrgns Iactnrîc iac uc hspniga nmghrta kh =,=8 x =,=8 j. Yhrîc hstnigachs nutasapartncths iac suphrbgighs hc barjn kh ‖F‚. 

5.>  Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla pnrn shirhtnrgns. Fns hstnigachs kh shirhtnrgns shrîc hc F kh nf jhcas >,50 x >,80 jhtras y su rhsphitgva bnfkùc jhtîfgia a khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmhrîc thchr uc kgshþa tnf quh sghjprh hf partn thifnka kh brhcth n fn puhrtn. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn iac ninmnka jnth, iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Khmhrî thchr = cgvhfhs c gvhfhs kgbhrhcths kh suphrbgighs< fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla y fn suphrbgigh kh rhpgsn (tgpa iaucthr) kh nthcigùc nf pümfgia n ucn nfturn kh >,>0j. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,>0j pnrn iafainr kaiujhctas n nfturn kh nthcigùc kh pgh. Hf jamgfgnrga khmhrî iactnr iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr kas tajniarrghcths kamfh ohchrnf, uc tajniarrghcth kamfh pnrn bnx, uca kh iùjputa (tajn IPX), kas snfgkns kh vaz y kas snfgkns kh kntas. Nkhjîs khmhrîc thchr atrn snfgkn kh kntas y hfçitrgin pnrn juftgbucigacnf, hc insa kh quh hstn sh vnyn n umginr hc hf hspniga kh fn shirhtnrgn. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn tgpa shirhtnrgnf

5.9 Ygffns aphrntgvns pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla shirhtnrgnfhs  Hc inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, pnrn fas bucigacnrgas kh fns kgbhrhcths îrhns sh khmh sujgcgstrnr sgffns hroacùjgins ogrntargns, thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh 88 ij kh nfta par 80 ij kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par ;8 ihctêjhtras kh nciea iac iac nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gcifgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra npraxgjnknjhcth.

7.  (IM7) Hstnigachs kh [rnmnl [rnmnlaa pnrn ]hihpigùc Fns rhihpigachs pakrîc shr kh ucn a kas shirhtnrgns shoüc fn aroncgznigùc kh fas khpnrtnjhctas hc hf pgsa, fns iunfhs sh gcstnfnrîc kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins y hsphigbginigachs quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y hc pfncas. Njmas tgpas kh rhihpigùc thckrî fns jgsjns inrnithrêstgins, iac fn kgbhrhcign hc hf kgjhcsgacnjghcta khf hspniga, shoüc fns jhkgkns jêcgjns hxpuhstns hc hf npnrtnka kh îrhns jêcgjns y fn inctgknk jamgfgnrga (pnrn ucn a kas shirhtnrgns).

7.> Yuphrbgighs kh trnmnla ]hihpigùc Fns hstnigachs kh rhihpigùc shrîc hc ‖F‚ kh >,80 x >,50 j, iac ucn hxthcsgùc hc ‖F‚ jîs pçquhþn  kh 0,50 x

>,80j quh phrjgtn khfgjgtnr hf hspniga kh fn rhihpigacgstn y nf jgsja tghjpa nthckhr n usunrgas shctnkas. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn iac ninmnka jnth, iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfncgcn. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,>0j, gckhphckghcths ucns kh fns atrns. Fn suphrbgigh kh nthcigùc nf pümfgia khmhrî iactnr iac ucn shiigùc pnrn nthcigùc kh pgh y atrn shiigùc pnrn nthcigùc shctnkn quh bnigfgth hf usa n phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk. (vhr iraqugs kh rhihpigùc IM7) Fas bnfkachs kh fns hstnigachs kh rhihpigùc shrîc hc jhtnf y ffhvnrîc hf faoatgpa kh fn Gcstgtuigùc traquhfnka.

7.= Jamgfgnrga hstnigùc kh trnmnla pnrn nthcigùc nf pümfgia hc fn ]hihpigùc Yh gcstnfnrîc fns hstnigachs kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins y hsphigbginigachs quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y pfncas, iactnrîc iac ucn rhpgsn n fn nfturn kh 0,58 j npnrn nthcigùc shctnkn n phrsacns iac nfoüc ornka kh kgsinpnigknk y ucn rhpgsn (tgpa iaucthr) n ucn nfturn kh >,>0j pnrn iafainr kaiujhctas n nfturn kh nthcigùc kh pgh. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc saparth kh thifnka, jùkufa nriegvnkar eargzactnf iajpuhsta par uc mfaquh kh onvhtns tgpa Nrturgta, uc hspniga pnrn njpas iac puhrtn, y uc hspniga nmghrta kackh sh puhkh iafainr hf IPX, nkhjîs kh fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla khsirgtns ncthrgarjhcth, taka kh niuhrka iac hf pfnca prapuhsta. Ffhvnrîc nkhjîs, kas nriegvnkarhs eargzactnfhs kh = puhrtns tgpa irhkhczn a sgjgfnr. Hf jamgfgnrga khmhrî iactnr iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr kas tajniarrghcths kamfh ohchrnf, uc tajniarrghcth kamfh pnrn bnx, uca kh iùjputa y uc tajniarrghcth kamfh pnrn juftgbucigacnf, kas snfgkns kh vaz y kas snfgkns kh kntas. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh pravhhr ucn sgffn tgpa shirhtnrgnf y fn inctgknk kh sgffns kh hsphrn gckginkns hc pfncas.

7.9 Ygffns pnrn hstnigachs kh trnmnla shirhtnrgnfhs Hc inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla, pnrn fas bucigacnrgas kh fns kgbhrhcths îrhns sh khmh sujgcgstrnr sgffns hroacùjgins ogrntargns, thckrîc khsincsnmrnzas iac nlusth eargzactnf y kh nfturn, rhspnfka kh 88 ij kh nfta par 80 ij kh nciea iac iactraf kh gcifgcnigùc, iac saparth fujmnr nlustnmfh hc prabuckgknk y nfturn, nsghcta kh nf jhcas ;8 ihctêjhtras kh fnroa par ;8 ihctêjhtras kh nciea nciea iac nfturn nlustnmfh jhkgncth sgsthjn sgsthjn kh pgstùc kh ons. Hsqugcns iac markhs rhkackhnkas. Nlusth pnrn gcifgcnigùc khf nsghcta y iac rhsarth pnrn gcirhjhctnr a mnlnr fn thcsgùc kh fn jgsjn. Hf ninmnka shrî iac rhspnfka hc jnffn quh phrjgtn hf pnsa kh ngrh. Hf nsghcta barrnka hc thfn rhtnrkncth nf buhoa, fn suphrbgigh khf nsghcta khmh shr hc hspujn brên gcyhitnkn kh nftn khcsgknk, gckhbarjnmfh, barrnka, kh 88 jj kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja, iac mnsh kh 8 nspns irajnkns, iac rakgchs kamfhs kh kamfh ogra hc pafgprapgfhca kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh 80jj kh kgîjhtra npraxgjnknjhcth.

>0.  (IM>0) ]hihpigùc pnr pnrnn kas Yhirhtnrgns Fns inrnithrêstgins kh hsth tgpa khc rhihpigùc sac fns jgsjns quh fns khf pucta ncthrgar (7) phra hf hqugpnjghcta shrî pnrn kas shirhtnrgns y fn iacbgournigùc hspnignf hspnignf khmhrî shr gounf a sgjgfnr nf iraqugs kh rhihpigùc pnrn kas

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

shirhtnrgns (IM>0), fns rhihpigachs sh gcstnfnrîc kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins inrnithrêstgins y hsphigbginigachs hsphigbginigachs quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y hc pfncas.

>>.  (IM>>) Pfntnbarjn kh Nthcigùc nf Pümfgia Yh umginrîc jùkufas kh hsirgtargas hc ‖F‚ kh >,50 x >,50 j, iac ucn hxthcsgùc kh 0,90j kh brhcth n fn jgsjn

nfturn kh fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla, pnrn nthcigùc shctnkn. Iuncka nsg sh rhqughrn, inkn pfntnbarjn khmhrî iactnr iac ucn shpnrnigùc hc vgkrga hctrh nf îrhn kh nthcigùc khf usunrga y fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla khf bucigacnrga iac nf jhcas >,5 j kh nfturn. Inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnlù khmhrî hstnr hjpntnkns fnthrnfjhcth jùkufa n jùkufa y shpnrnkas hctrh sê iac pnchfhrên enstn ucn nfturn jêcgjn kh >,50 j, ucn sgffn pnrn hf bucigacnrga (tgpa aphrntgvn) y kas pnrn usunrgas (kh hsphrn). Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmh shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn iac ninmnka jnth, iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn. Khmh shr nuta-sapartncth, iac saparths jhtîfgias y khf jnthrgnf kh fn suphrbgigh. Yh umginrîc jùkufas kh shþnfçtgin gcbarjntgvas kh brhcth y nrrgmn kh inkn jùkufa kh hsirgtarga. Par inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla sh khmh iacsgkhrnr uc saparth kh thifnka, uc jùkufa nriegvnkar kh rakgchs (Nrturgta) iac ffnvêc kh shourgknk y fn suphrbgigh kh trnmnla.

Jamgfgnrga hstnigachs kh trnmnla kh pfntnbarjn Par khtrîs kh fas jùkufas sh umginrîc juhmfhs kh ounrknka tgpa ‖irhkhczns‚, quh phrjgtnc jncthchr ihrrnkns sus puhrtns amfgontargnjhcth, aiuftncka fn kaiujhctnigùc y inlns kh usa iarrghcth. [aka hf jamgfgnrga khmh iactnr iac ffnvgchs kh shourgknk. Fns inrnithrêstgins khf jamgfgnrga y pnchfhrên shrîc iagcigkhcths n fas kh hstnigachs kh shirhtnrgns. Par inkn hstnigùc sh khmhc iafainr kas tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnfhs, uca pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa (tajn XPY), ucn snfgkn kh vaz y ucn snfgkn kh kntas. Yh gcstnfnr ucpnrn sgsthjn nutajntgznka khkh iactraf kh bgfns, iac rhogstra sacara y vgsunf iac ucn pnctnffn hc hf îrhnkhmh kh pfntnbarjn uc iactraf arkhcnka usunrgas.

>=.  (IM>=) Dgasia kh Gcbarj Gcbarjnigùc nigùc Iuncka sh rhqughrnc dgasias kh gcbarjnigùc y kh nutashrvgiga, hc fas hs pnigas khsgocnkas pnrn hsta shoüc kgshþa kh kgstrgmuigùc, sh umginrîc jùkufas kh hsirgtargas kh >,00 x 0,20 j, hjpntnkas fnthrnfjhcth jùkufa n jùkufa y shpnrnkas hctrh sê iac pnchfhrên enstn ucn nfturn jêcgjn kh >,=0 j, ucn sgffn kh hsphrn. Hf ninmnka kh fns suphrbgighs khmhrî shr hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn iac uc hsphsar jêcgja kh >7 jj, iac fn inrn gcbhrgar khf samrh barrnkn hc uc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf9.  Rhstêmufa Kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Yh kgjhcsgacnrî shoüc nbfuhcign kh usunrgas khf hkgbgiga.

>;.  Ynfns kh Hsphrn, rhihpigùc Fns îrhns kh hsphrn shrîc hspnigas nmghrtas, sh umginrîc y kgstrgmugrîc shoüc kgshþa hc pfncas y sh kgjhcsgacnrîc shoüc fn inctgknk npraxgjnkn kh usunrgas quh rhigmn (0,9 j½ par phrsacn). Fn inctgknk kh usunrgas khmhrî shr mrgcknkn par hf Kgrhitar ncths kh pumfginr hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr.

>;.> Jamgfgnrga pnrn îrhns kh hsphrn y pnsgffas Fns îrhns kh hsphrn iac sgffns gckginkns hc pfncas, thckrîc iaja jêcgja fns sgoughcths inrnithrêstgins, khphckghcka khf tgpa kh sgffns quh sh safgigthc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y pfncas kh inkn prayhita<

Ygffns kh hsphrnij, kgstncign hctrh fn pntns 80 ijs, nsghcta kh fn sgffn kh ;0 x ;9 ij npraxgjnknjhcth, rhspnfka kh 80 x ;0ij y uc orasar jêcgja kh fn hspujn khf nsghcta kh 80 jj npraxgjnknjhcth. Yh gcstnfnrîc fn inctgknk quh sh gckgquh hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y pfncas kh inkn prayhita. Ygffns tgpa tîckhj y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf8.  Ynfns kh ]hucgachs a juftgusa Hstns snfns sh kgjhcsgacnrîc shoüc fn inctgknk kh usunrgas pnrn fas quh sh kgshþh (=,8 j½ par phrsacn). Fns snfns kh rhucgachs kh fns Kgrhiigachs shrîc kh >= phrsacns. Atrns snfns shrîc hstnmfhigkns shoüc fa khsirgta hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr.

>8.> Pnrhkhs pnrn snfns kh rhucgùc Fns pnrhkhs kh fns snfns kh rhucgùc shrîc enstn ighfa, iacstrugkns hc pnchfhrên a oypsuj quh puhkh iajmgcnr vgkrga iac phfêiufn snck mfnstgco y jhfncgcn a pnchfhs iajpfhtas kh vgkrga. Yg sac pnchfhs kh vgkrga, khmhrî kh ihrtgbginrsh quh hc insa kh gcihckga a sgsja hf vgkrga jncthckrî sus inrnithrêstgins enstn khspuçs kh > earn. Fn puhrtn shrî khf jgsja sgsthjn kh pnchfhrên hc vgkrga iac phfêiufn kh shourgknk, iac ffnvh, taph y mrnza egkrîufgia. Fns pnrhkhs hc oypsuj kamfh inrn, enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns, iuncka sh trnth kh fn snfn kh rhucgachs khf Kgrhitar a lhrnrin iac cgvhf suphrgar nf Kgrhitar. Hstns snfns ffhvnrîc ighfa rnsa hc oypsuj y fn puhrtn shrî hc pnchf kh jnkhrn nofajhrnkn a jnkhrn sùfgkn iac ffnvêc kh jncgouhtn, iac ffnvh, taph y mrnza egkrîufgia.

>8.= Jamgfgnrga pnrn snfns kh rhucgachs Yh gcstnfnrîc fns jhsns iac sus sgffns kh niuhrka iac fns inrnithrêstgins y hsphigbginigachs quh sh gckginrîc hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y pfncas kh inkn prayhita. Pnrn fn snfn kh rhucgùc kh fns Kgrhiigachs sh gcstnfnrî ucn jhsn pnrn >= phrsacns, kh npraxgjnknjhcth >,=8 jhtras par 9,0 j kh fnroa iaja jêcgja. Hf tnj tnjnþa nþa kh fn jhsn vnrgnrî shoüc hf tgpa kh snfn y fn inctgknk kh phrsacns pnrn fn quh sh kgshþh fn jgsjn. Fn suphrbgigh kh fn jhsn khmh shr kh jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jnkhrn nofajhrnkn barrnkn hc jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar n fn jhfnjgcn, iac mnckhln nmntgmfh a iac tnpn y kuita hc hf ihctra pnrn iafainr fas tajniarrghcths, tajns kh vaz y kntas quh sumgrîc par ucn ‖vhrthmrn‚ a iunfqughr atra hfhjhcta hsphignfjhcth kgshþnka pnrn hsh bgc. Fas saparths khmhc kh shr jhtîfgias. Hf iafar shrî gounf nf iafar kh fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla kh fas kgrhitarhs y sumkgrhitarhs. Prhbhrgmfhjhcth ucn jhsn rhitncoufnr u avnfnkn y ca sh nihptnrn jhsns pfhonmfhs Khmh sapartnr uc phsa jêcgja kh >28 do npraxgjnknjhcth. Fns pntns a saparths khmhc shr nctgkhsfgzncths a trnhr hf nkgtgva chihsnrga pnrn shr nctgkhsfgzncths y khmhrîc pashhr sus rhsphitgvas cgvhfnkarhs. Khmh iactnr iac sus rhsphitgvns sgffns y ucn jhsn nuxgfgnr pnrn prayhitar pr ayhitar a kaiujhctnigùc kh npraxgjnknjhcth 0,90 x 0,20 j y 0,70 kh nfturn iac rakgchs. Inkn snfn kh rhucgachs iactnrî iac uc juhmfh nriegvnkar eargzactnf, tgpa irhkhczn, iac kas puhrtns y ffnvêc, kackh sh puhknc ounrknr nrtêiufas pnrn prayhiigùc. Inkn snfn khmh iactnr iac snfgkn kh rhtraprayhitar hc ighfa, snfgkn pnrn pnctnffn y su rhsphitgva inmfhnka pnrn GP y hfhitrgigknk. Yh khmhc iafainr iuntra tajniarrghcths kamfhs ohchrnf, uca kh iùjputa (tajn XPY). Fn jhsn thckrî = snfgkns kh kntas, = tajniarrghcths y thfhbùcgia hc hf ihctra kh fn jhsn, iac iumghrtn a nmntgmfh.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf8.9 Ygffns kh rhucgachs Yh pravhhrîc fn inctgknk kh sgffns gckginkn par inkn snfn kh rhucgachs. Fns sgffns shrîc hroacùjgins kurnmfhs, iac hf jnthrgnf khf nsghcta y rhspnfknr kh fns sgffns gounf a suphrgar nf pfîstgia rhbarznka, hf nsghcta tnpgznka hc thfn n hsiaohr par fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc, iuntra pntns irajnkns jnth y iac khsincsnmrnzas irajnka jnth, iac ucn hstruiturn iacstrugkn hc jhtnf, hf nsghcta khmh vhcgr barrnka hc hspujn. Fns jhkgkns npraxgjnkns kh fn sgffn hc nfturn 5>ij, hctrh fnkhpntns 80 ijs, ;9 x 80 ij npraxgjnknjhcth, rhspnfka kh 80 xtatnf ;0ij y uckgstncign orasar jêcgja fn hspujn khfnsghcta nsghctakh kh fn80sgffn jjkhnpraxgjnknjhcth.

>2.  Iajhkar Fas iajhkarhs sh umginrîc shoüc kgshþa hc pfncas y sh kgjhcsgacnrîc shoüc fn inctgknk npraxgjnkn kh usunrgas quh fa utgfgznrîc par turca (>,?8 j½ par phrsacn). Yh kgshþnrî uc iajhkar pnrn hf 99% kh fn pamfnigùc n fn quh shrvgrî, tajncka hc iuhctn quh fas khpnrtnjhctas khpnr tnjhctas sh aroncgznrîc hc trhs turcas kh nfjuhrza a hc fn brniigùc quh inkn Khphckhcign iacsgkhrh, taka kh niuhrka iac fa hstnmfhigka hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr.

>2.> Jamgfgnrga pnrn iajhkar Par inkn iajhkar sh khmh pravhhr uc juhmfh kh iaigcn iac su rhsphitgva brhonkhra kh kas tncquhs, iac puhrtns y hstncthrêns y juhmfh nçrha hc jnkhrn nofajhrnkn kh 90 jj nf jhcas, iac ninmnka hc barjgin pastbarjnka, iac uc bractnfêc kh nf jhcas jhcas >0 ihctêjhtras. Prhbhrgmfhjhcth sh iactnrî iactnrî trnjpns kh ornsn hc fas khsnoöhs kh fas brhonkhras, pnrn hvgtnr fn iactnjgcnigùc kh fns nouns rhsgkunfhs. Hf juhmfh thckrî onvhtns y tnpn suphrgar iac ninmnka rhsgsthcth n fn eujhknk. Fn nfturn khf juhmfh enstn hf samrh shrî kh 0,70 jhtras y hf juhmfh nçrha kh fas jgsjas jnthrgnfhs jhcigacnkas. Khmh pravhhrsh, nkhjîs, uc juhmfh pnrn jgiraackns y iabbhjndhr iac hstncthrên iac puhrtns hc fn pnrth gcbhrgar (fn inctgknk kh jgiraackns y iabbhjndhr sh hsphigbginrî hc fas rhquhrgjghctas kh inkn prayhita) kh fns kgjhcsgachs chihsnrgns pnrn iafainr fn inctgknk kh hqugpas quh gckgquh fn Nkjgcgstrnigùc. Fns jhsns kh iajhkar pakrîc shr rhitncoufnrhs a rhkackns shoüc shn jîs iacvhcghcth pnrn fn kgstrgmuigùc khf hspniga. Fns rhitncoufnrhs thckrîc jhkgkns kh >,=0 j kh nciea y =,>8 j kh fnroa iac ?9 ij kh nfturn (jhkgkns jîxgjns), shrîc iac samrh hc jhfncgcn, iac tnpachs nctgkhsfgzncths kh pafgprapgfhca pnrn npaya n suhfa. Hf jêcgja kh aiupncth aiupncthss par jhsn shrî kh 2 phrsacns. Fns jhsns rhkackns kh >,= jhtras kh kgîjhtra y 8 sgffns par inkn jhsn. Fns sgffns pnrn iajhkar shrîc kh inrinsn y nsghcta hc pfîstgia gcyhitnka, kh nftn rhsgsthcign, kh ucn safn pghzn nsghcta y rhspnfka, iac pntns hc jhtnf, sgc mrnzas cg rakgchs. Pnrn hf îrhn kh iajhkar sh khmhc pravhhr nf jhcas ; snfgkns kh tajniarrghcth pnrn jgiraackns, kas pnrn rhbrgohrnkar, ; snfgkns kamfhs pnrn iabbh jndhr y kas pnrn hcbrgnkarhs kh noun.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf?.  Ynfns kh inpnigtnigùc Iuncka sh rhqughrnc snfns kh inpnigtnigùc, çstns sh kgjhcsgacnrîc shoüc fn inctgknk kh usunrgas pnrn fas quh sh kgshþh (=,8 j½ par phrsacn), shrîc hstnmfhigkns shoüc fa khsirgta hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Khmhc iactnr iac rhk gcnfîjmrgin

>?.> Pnrhkhs pnrn snfns kh inpnigtnigùc Fns pnrhkhs kh fns snfns kh inpnigtnigùc  shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj n kamfh inrn, kh pgsa enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns, iac ninmnka bgca y pgcturn nirêfgin. Fns kgvgsgachs khmhrîc faornr ngsfnjghcta niüstgia.

>?.= Jamgfgnrga ppnrn nrn snfns kh inpnig inpnigtnigùc tnigùc Iactnrîc iac jhsns gckgvgkunfhs kh = puhstas inkn ucn quh sh puhknc javgfgznr pnrn arkhcnr hf nufn shoüc fn chihsgknk kh fns nitgvgknkhs quh sh khsnrraffhc hc fns jgsjns, y sus rhsphitgvns sgffns khf tgpa kh rhucgachs. Ca sh nihptnrîc jhsns pfhonmfhs. Inkn snfn kh inpnigtnigùc khmh iactnr iac tajn iarrghcth y snfgkn pnrn rhtraprayhitar a ‖vgkha mhnj‚ hc hf ighfa rnsa, snfgkn pnrn pnctnffn hc fn pnrhk kackh sh umgin hf gcstruitar y kas tajns kamfhs ohchrnfhs yn shn hc pgsa a hc fn pnrhk n 90 ij khf cgvhf kh pgsa thrjgcnka. Nkhjîs hc hf hspniga kackh sh umginrî hf gcstruitar khmh iactnr iac uc tajn kamfh ohchrnf, uc tajn pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa (tajn XPY) y ucn snfgkn kh kntas. Nkgigacnf n hsa, inkn snfn kh inpnigtnigùc khmh iactnr iaja jêcgja iac iuntra tajns kamfhs ohchrnfhs hc fns pnrhkhs, inctgknk quh sh gcirhjhctnrî khphckghcka khf îrhn y fn inpnigknk kh phrsacns pnrn fn quh hstç kgshþnkn. Iuncka fns snfns kh inpnigtnigùc  ca iuhcthc iac vhctgfnigùc cnturnf nkhiunkn, quh onrnctgih hf iacbart ifgjîtgia kh fas usunrgas, sh khmhrî pravhhr kh hqugpa kh ngrh niackgigacnka.

>5.  Fnmarntargas kh iùjputa Iuncka sh rhqughrnc fnmarntargas kh iùjputa, çstas sh kgjhcsgacnrîc shoüc fn inctgknk kh usunrgas pnrn fas quh sh kgshþh (9,0 j½ par phrsacn), shrîc hstnmfhigkas shoüc fa khtnffnka hc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Khmhc iactnr iac rhk gcnfîjmrgin

>5.> Pnrhkhs pnrn fn fnmarntargas marntargas kh iù iùjputa jputa Fns pnrhkhs kh fns nufns shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj n kamfh inrn, kh pgsa enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns, iac ninmnka bgca y pgcturn nirêfgin. Fns kgvgsgachs khmhrîc faornr ngsfnjghcta niüstgia.

>5.= Jamgfgnrga ppnrn nrn fnmarntargas kh iùjputa Iactnrîc iac jhsns gckgvgkunfhs kh = puhstas inkn ucn, y sus rhsphitgvns sgffns khf tgpa kh rhucgachs. Ca sh nihptnrîc jhsns pfhonmfhs. Inkn puhsta khmh iactnr iac uc tajn kamfh ohchrnf, uc tajn pnrn hqugpa kh iùjputa (tajn XPY) y ucn snfgkn kh kntas, nf gounf quh hf hspniga kackh sh umginrî hf gcstruitar.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf7.  Nukgtargas Iuncka sh rhqughrn kh uc nukgtarga, çsth sh kgjhcsgacnrî shoüc fn inctgknk kh usunrgas pnrn fas quh sh kgshþh (>,? j½ par phrsacn), shrî hstnmfhigka shoüc hf kaiujhcta kh hsphigbginigachs tçicgins y pfncas kh inkn prayhita hc pnrtgiufnr. Hf nukgtarga khmh iactnr iac uc hspniga kh hsihcnrga. Hf pgsa khf nukgtarga khmh kgshþnrsh iac ucn phckghcth nkhiunkn pnrn nshournr n takas fas hsphitnkarhs ucn vgsgùc nkhiunkn khf hsihcnrga. Khmh iactnr iac nfbajmrn hc hf pgsa. Fas pnsgffas shrîc kh >,=0 j kh nciea iaja jêcgja. Khmh iactnr iac nf jhcas kas puhrtns kh snfgkn gckhphckghcths kh 0,70j fgmrhs inkn ucn, pnrn bnigfgtnr hf khsnfala khf hspniga y sh khmh gkhctgbginr ucn snfgkn kh hjhrohcign. Hf nciea kh fns bgfnshspnigas kh fns mutnins khmh shrbgfnkhhxifusgvas nf jhcas 0,78 Yh khmhrîc khlnr hc fn prgjhrn pnrn j. fn umginigùc sgffns kh ruhkns y kh phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk. Khmh iactnr iac ucn phquhþn inmgcn kh trnkuiigùc y kh iactrafhs, sg fns kgjhcsgachs khf nukgtarga y su usa fa rhqughrhc.

>7.> Pnrhkhs pnrn nuk nukgtarga gtarga Fns pnrhkhs kh fas nukgtargas khmhrîc kgshþnrsh kh tnf barjn y iac jnthrgnfhs nprapgnkas quh phrjgtnc uc ornka kh niüstgin nkhiunka (jnkhrn prhbhrgmfhjhcth). Fa Fa jgsja npfgin pnrn hf ighfa rns rnsa. a. Fns hsphigbginigachs shrîc knkns par hf prabhsgacnf quh kgshþh hf nukgtarga.

>7.= Jamgfgnrga pnrn nukg nukgtarga targa  Khmhrîc pravhhrsh h gcstnfnrsh hf cüjhra kh mutnins gckginka hc pfncas, fns iunfhs khmhrîc shr kh nsghcta y rhspnfka kh kgshþa hroacùjgia y pnrn usa usa phsnka. Fn hstruiturn khmhrî shr kh tuma y pfnins kh nihra iac safknkurns kh nria iactgcua kh =jj kh hsphsar. Fns mutnins khmhc iactnr iac ntrgf rhtrîitgf pnrn hsirgmgr y quh phrjgtn iachxgachs kh vas pnrn iachitnr hqugpas kh trnkuiigùc. Hf iafar shrî hsiaogka par hf nrqugthita gcsphitar iac mnsh n uc njpfga intîfaoa kh iafarhs y hs amfgonigùc khf Iactrntgstn prhshctnr iac subgighcth nctgigpnigùc fns juhstrns chihsnrgns pnrn su hsiaohcign. Prhbhrgmfhjhcth khmhrîc thchr fns sgoughcths kgjhcsgachs< nfturn jîxgjn khf pgsa nf nsghcta ;; ij, nfturn jîxgjn khf pgsa nf rhspnfka ?5,8 ij, backa jîxgja 82 ij, nciea jîxgja kh nsghcta ;2 ij, nciea jîxgja hc mncinkns 20 ij. Khmh iactnr iac tajn iarrghcth y snfgkn pnrn rhtraprayhitar a ‖vgkha mhnj‚ hc hf ighfa rnsa, snfgkn pnrn pnctnffn hc fn pnrhk khf hsihcnrga y kas tajns kamfhs ohchrnfhs yn shn hc pgsa a hc fn pnrhk n 90 ij khf cgvhf kh pgsa

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf00 khf iùkgoa kh [rnmnla. Çsth hspniga sh kgjhcsgacnrî shoüc fn inctgknk kh usunrgas pnrn fas quh sh kgshþh (>,80 j½ par phrsacn), ca shrî jhcar n 7,0 j½, y shoüc fa hsphigbginka hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y pfncas kh inkn prayhita. Hsth hspniga khmh iactnr iac vhctgfnigùc h gfujgcnigùc cnturnf y iackgigachs egogçcgins nkhiunkns. Khmh iactnr iac iuntra tajns ohchrnfhs kamfhs kgstrgmugkas hc fns pnrhkhs kh fn snfn, uca kh hffas pnrn fn rhbrgohrnkarn. Fn snfn kh fnitncign thckrî uc mnþa iajpfhta gckhphckghcth, iac ucn kuien, uc gcakara, fnvnjncas, tanffhra, partn pnphf egogçcgia kh tnjnþa kh raffa iajüc y kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns. Fns pnrhkhs khf shrvgigas sncgtnrgas shrîc iacstrugkas hc khcofnss kamfh barra, iac rhiumrgjghcta kh ihrîjgin y kh ca pakhr mrgcknr vhctgfnigùc cnturnf, ffhvnrî vhctgfnigùc par jhkga jhiîcgia, niigacnka jhkgncth fn gfujgcnigùc y iachitnkn n fn pfnctn hfçitrgin. Hf mnþa khmh iactnr iac uc tajn ohchrnf ohchr nf kamfh.

=0.> Pnrhkhs pnrn Ynfn kh fnitncign Fns pnrhkhs kh fn snfn kh fnitncign shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj n kamfh inrn, kh pgsa enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns, iac ninmnka bgca y pgcturn nirêfgin kh iafar ifnra quh ohchrh uc njmghcth nornknmfh y prapgiga pnrn hstn nitgvgknk, hf iunf shrî npramnka par hf gcsphitar khf prayhita.

=0.= Jamgfgnrga pnrn Ynfn kh fnitncig fnitncignn Khmh iactnr iac ucn rhbrgohrnkarn a eghfhrn jhkgncn. Xcn jhsn phquhþn (0,20j x 0,50 j npraxgjnknjhcth) kackh fn jnkrh puhkn iafainr fns iasns quh trnh iacsgoa, chihsnrgns pnrn fn tnrhn kh fnitncign. Ygffns hroacùjgins, hc îcoufa kh 70 ornkas, iac barra sunvh hc nsghcta y rhspnf knr a ucn nfjaenkn par inkn sgffn, fn inctgknk kh niuhrka nf cüjhra kh jnkrhs quh fa pakrîc utgfgznr sgjuftîchnjhcth. Nf jhcas ucn jhihkarn a sabî pnrn njnjnctnr. Xc juhmfh injmgnkar kh mhmçs iac ucn suphrbgigh kh 0,20 j x >,>8 j iac barra sunvh y iac ucn nfturn kh 0,70j. Xc brhonkhra a fnvnjncas, kgsphcsnkar kh lnmùc, kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns kh pnphf pnrn shinka kh jncas, uc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas iac tnpn y mafsn kh mnsurn. Nf jhcas uc nmncgia sg hf hspniga ca iuhctn iac vhctgfnigùc cnturnf subgighcth.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf.  Yhrvgigas Jçkgias< Yg buhrn chihsnrga quh hc hf hkgbgiga sh umginrnc iacsuftargas jçkgias pnrn shrvgr n fas bucigacnrgas quh sh hciuhctrhc neê khstninkas, khmhrî iactnr iac fn inctgknk y par hsphignfgknk quh sh rhqughrn, ucn hcbhrjhrên, uc îrhn kh kgsphcsnrga kh jhkginjhctas, uc iumêiufa pnrn shirhtnrgn, ucn snfn kh hsphrn pnrn nf jhcas >0 phrsacns, y ucn mnthrên kh mnþas quh iujpfn iac fn Fhy ?200, iac npashctas par shpnrnka pnrn eajmrhs y pnrn julhrhs. Fns pnrhkhs kh fas iacsuftargas shrîc hc barra hc oypsuj n kamfh inrn, kh pgsa enstn ighfa, iajpfhtnjhcth ihrrnkns, iac ninmnka bgca y pgcturn nirêfgin. Fns kgvgsgachs khmhrîc faornr faor nr ngsfnjghcta niüstgia. Yh khmhrî iujpfgr iac takns fns kgspasgigachs hstnmfhigkns pnrn hf bucigacnjghcta kh hsth tgpa kh hspnigas shoüc fns nutargknkhs iajphthcths (Jgcgsthrga kh Ynfuk y IIYY). Hf jamgfgnrga jêcgja kh inkn uca kh fas npashctas sh khsirgmh n iactgcunigùc par hsphignfgknk<

n)  Iacsuftarga Jhkgigcn Ohchrnf< >8,0 j½ inkn uca. Inkn iacsuftarga iactnrî hc hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla aphrntgvn, iac su rhsphitgva jamgfgnrga, nkhjîs kas sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn. Xc nriegva jhtîfgia, ucn kgvgsgùc jhkgncth iartgcn nctgmnithrgnf hctrh hf îrhn kh hxnjhc y hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn. Hc hf îrhn kh hxnjhc iactnrî iac ucn injgffn, uc mncia ogrntarga, uc nriegvnkar kasshinka puhrtns,khucjncas, fnvnjncas iac su rhsphitgva kgsphcsnkar lnmùc, kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns eargzactnf kh pnphf khpnrn uc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas iac khtnpn. Hf hqugpnjghcta jçkgia mîsgia chihsnrga, shoüc rhquhrgjghctas hsphiêbgias khf khpnrtnjhcta kh Yhrvgigas Jçkgias.

m)  Iacsuftarga Ogchiafaoên< >8,0 j½ Iactnrî hc hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla aphrntgvn, iac su rhsphitgva jamgfggnrga, nrga, nkhjîs kas sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn. Xc nriegva jhtîfgia, ucn kgvgsgùc jhkgncth iartgcn nctgmnithrgnf hctrh hf îrhn kh hxnjhc y hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn. Hc hf îrhn kh hxnjhc iactnrî iac ucn injgffn ogchiafùogin, uc mncia ogrntarga, uc nriegvnkar eargzactnf kh kas puhrtns, uc fnvnjncas iac su rhsphitgva kgsphcsnkar kh lnmùc, kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns kh pnphf pnrn shinka kh jncas, uc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas iac tnpn. Hf hqugpnjghcta jçkgia mîsgia chihsnrga, shoüc rhquhrgjghctas hsphiêbgias khf lhbh kh Yhrvgigas Jçkgias. i)  Iacsuftarga Akactafaoên< >2,8 j½ Iactnrî hc hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla aphrntgvn, iac su rhsphitgva jamgfggnrga, nrga, nkhjîs kas sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn. hsphrn. Xc nriegvnkar eargzactnf kh kas puhrtns, iactnrî iac ucn sgfffn fn akactafùogin, kas mncias ogrntarga, uc fnvnjncas iac su rhsphitgva kgsphcsnkar kh lnmùc, kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns kh pnphf pnrn shinka kh jncas, uc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas iac tnpn. Hf hqugpnjghcta jçkgia mîsgia chihsnrga, shoüc rhquhrgjghctas hsphiêbgias khf lhbh kh Yhrvgigas Jçkgias. k)  Iacsuftarga Psgiafaoên< >=,0 j½ Iactnrî hc hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla aphrntgvn, iac su rhsphitgva jamgfggnrga, nrga, nkhjîs kas sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn. Xc nriegvnkar eargz eargzactnf actnf kh kas puhrtns, uc fnvnjncas iac iac su rhsphitgva

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf=,0 j½ Iactnrî hc hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla aphrntgvn, iac iac su rhsphitgva jamgfgnrga, nkhjîs kas sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn. Xc nriegvnkar eargz eargzactnf actnf kh kas puhrtns, uc fnvnjncas iac iac su rhsphitgva kgsphcsnkar kh lnmùc, kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns kh pnphf pnrn shinka kh jncas, uc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas iac tnpn y ucn mîsiufn.

b)  Hcbhrjhrên< >8,0 j½ Iactnrî hc hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla aphrntgvn, iac su rhsphitgva jamgfggnrga, nrga, nkhjîs kas sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn. Xcn kgvgsgùc jhkgncth iartgcn nctgmnithrgnf hctrh hf îrhn kh hxnjhc y hf îrhn kh hctrhvgstn. Hc hf îrhn kh hxnjhc iactnrî iac ucn injgffn, uc mncia ogrntarga, uc nriegvnkar eargzactnf kh kas puhrtns, uc fnvnjncas iac su rhsphitgva kgsphcsnkar kh lnmùc, kgsphcsnkar kh tanffns kh pnphf pnrn shinka kh jncas, uc iacthchkar pnrn rhsgkuas iac tnpn. Hf hqugpnjghcta jçkgia mîsgia chihsnrga, shoüc rhquhrgjghctas hsphiêbgias khf lhbh kh Yhrvgigas Jçkgias. o)  Kgsphcsnrga Jçkgia< >0,8 j½ Khmhrî iactnr iac vhctncgffn kh safgigtuk y rhtgra kh jhkginjhctas, iac ucn nfturn kh nthcigùc shctnkn, tnf iaja fas jùkufas kh pfntnbarjn kh nthcigùc nf pümfgia y iactnrî iac uc hsirgtarga kh >,50 x >,50 j, ucn sgffn pnrn hf bucigacnrga (tgpa aphrntgvn). Nkhjîs iactnrî iac ucn jhsn rhitncoufnr y kas sgffns sgjgfnrhs n fns kh iajhkar. Hsth hspniga kgspackrî kh hstncthrêns kh jnkhrn a jhfncgcn, vhrtginfhs, kh ;0 ij kh backa y =,00 = ,00 j kh nfta, hf nciea puhkh shr vnrgnmfh shoüc fn kgstrgmuigùc khf hspniga hc kackh sh vnyn n umginr (fns kgjhcsgachs puhkhc hstnr sulhtns n vnrgnigachs khmgka n fn abhrtn khf jhrinka).

e)  Yhirhtnrgn/]hihpigùc (>)0,8 j½ Iactnrî iac ucn hstnigùc kh trnmnla kh tgpa rhihpigùc pnrn ucn shirhtnrgn, iac su rhsphitgva jamgfgnrga. g)  Ynfn kh Hsphrn< 0,9 j½ par phrsacn Fns îrhns kh hsphrn shrîc hspnigas nmghrtas, sh umginrîc y kgstrgmugrîc shoüc kgshþa hc pfncas y sh kgjhcsgacnrîc shoüc fn inctgknk npraxgjnkn kh usunrgas quh rhigmn. Iactnrîc iac sgffns kh tgpa hsphrn shoüc fn inctgknk gckginkn hc pfncas.

 l)  Mnthrên kh Mnþas< =2 j½ jêcgja Yh kgspackrî kh uc jùkufa pnrn julhrhs y uca pnrn eajmrhs, inkn u ca khmhrî iactnr iac ucn kuien, kas fnvnjncas, iac shrvgigas sncgtnrgas niackgigacnkas pnrn phrsacns iac kgsinpnigknk, fas iunfhs khmhrîc nphonrsh n fa hstnmfhigka hc fn Fhy ?200 y su rhofnjhcta, y jgcogtarga hc hf insa khf jùkufa pnrn eajmrhs. [akas fas shrvgigas sncgtnrgas ffhvnrîc vhctgfnigùc cnturnf a vhctgfnigùc barznkn par jhkgas jhiîcgias niigacnkn par gcthrruptar. Yh khmh iujpfgr iac takas fas rhquhrgjghctas hsphigbginkas hc hf npnrtnka shrvgigas sncgtnrgas kh fn INPÊ[XFA > kh çsth kaiujhcta.

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf00% rhiacbgournmfh. Ca sh phrjgtgrîc tarcgffas pnrn ncifnlh hctrh suphrbgighs kh trnmnla y kgvgsgachs. Fn rhsgsthcign kh fas hfhjhctas kh saparth khmhrî hstnr kgshþnkn pnrn ucn inpnigknk kh nf jhcas =00 do par suphrbgigh kh trnmnla, khmhrîc pashhr cgvhfnkarhs kh nlusth gckhphckghcth pnrn iarrhogr iunfqughr gcifgcnigùc, iac uc rncoa kh nfturn kh nf jhcas =.?ij. Hf sgsthjn khmhrî abrhihr kgbhrhcths tgpas kh iachitarhs, hctrh hffas fas kh = vêns, 9 vêns, ; vêns, hspnignkarhs y nkhjîs hstas iachitarhs khmhrîc phrjgtgr fn jakufnigùc hc îcoufas kh 70¼. [aka pnchf khmhrî shr >00% ninmnka hc su ehieurn sgc chihsgtnr kh hfhjhcta nfouca hxthrca pnrn su ninmnka hstçtgia. Fns tnpns kh rhjnth tncta eargzactnf iaja vhrtginf kh fn hstruiturn shrîc jhtîfgins. Fn hstruiturn jhtîfgin thckrî hc fas kuitas gcthrcas vhrtginfhs uc sgsthjn kh ncifnlh gcthornka, pnrn iafonr fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla, jùkufas nçrhas y niihsargas khf sgsthjn. [hckrîc tnrlhtns kh vgkrga, samrh fas 70 ihctêjhtras kh nfta. Xtgfgznrîc uc vgkrga kh nf jhcas 9/>2‚ kh hsphsar iaja jêcgja iac phfêiufn kh shourgknk y thckrîc jnria hc nfujgcga a nihra khmgknjhcth trntnka y pgctnka gounf n fn hstruiturn jhtîfgin, iac hjpnquh quh fh phrjgtn nf vgkrga bglnrsh nf jnria. Hstns tnrlhtns kh barjgin thrjabarjnkn y vgkrga a tnpns kh kuitas grîc hc njmns inrns kh fn hstruiturn.

HYPHIGBGINIGACHY KH JAMGFGN]GA OHCH]NF

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf 

 

 

n.  Jùkufas nriegvnkarhs eargzactnfhs Hsth nriegvnkar eargzactnf shrî pnrth kh fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla y sustgtuyh nf nrturgta, mrgckncka jnyar inpnigknk kh nfjnihcnlh n inkn bucigacnrga. Kackh sh gckgquh sh gcstnfnrî uc jùkufa nriegvnkar eargzactnf quh sh umginrî khmnla kh ucn kh fns suphrbgighs kh trnmnla kh fns hstnigachs kh trnmnla, iac kgjhcsgachs npraxgjnkns kh nf jhcas 20ij kh nciea par >>0ij kh fnroa y ?0 ij kh nfturn, iac ucn onvhtn phquhþn iac aroncgznkar kh fîpgihs, kas onvhtn kh tnjnþa carjnf y atrn tgpa nriegva iac phstnþns gcthornkns n fn onvhtn pnrn iafonr fns inrphtns tnjnþa abgiga, thckrîc uc ffnvêc ihctrnf kh shourgknk pnrn fns iuntra onvhtns thrjabarjnkns. Atrn shiigùc iac kgvgsgùc eargzactnf pnrn iafainr njpas iac puhrtn iarrhkgzn iac ffnvêc gcthornka iac = ffnvhs. W ucn thrihrn shiigùc kh =0 ij npraxgjnknjhcth quh iacsgsth hc uc cgiea pnrn iafainr hf IPX. Hf iuhrpa khf juhmfh shrî kh tnmfhra jhfnjêcgia a suphrgar kh nf jhcas >7 jj kh hsphsar,

m.  Jùkufa rakncth tgpa ‖nrturgta‚  Hc inkn hstnigùc kh trnmnla kackh ca sh abhrth hf jùkufa nriegvnkar eargzactnf sh khmh kh sujgcgstrnr uc jùkufa tgpa Nrturgta, iac ucn onvhtn phquhþn iac aroncgznkar kh fîpgihs, ucn onvhtn kh tnjnþa carjnf y atrn tgpa nriegva iac phstnþns gcthornkns n fn onvhtn pnrn iafonr fns inrphtns tnjnþa abgiga. [hckrîc uc ffnvêc ihctrnf kh shourgknk pnrn fns trhs onvhtns thrjabarjnkns.

i.  Partnthifnka hroacùjgia Yh khmhc sujgcgstrnr partn thifnkas khsjactnmfhs, iac khsincsn juþhins, partn fîpgihs, jhkgkns npraxgjnkns kh 80ijs. x =5ijs. iaja jêcgja, pfîstgia gcyhitnka (a jnthrgnf gounf a suphrgar), iac uc hspniga pnrn fîpgihs y niihsargas iac tnpn pfîstgin, iac rhoufnkar kh thifnka y ninmnka hroacùjgia, Fas rghfhs shrîc hc nihra gcaxgknmfh tgpa thfhsiùpgia, iac sgsthjn kh mnfgchs. Fas rghfhs khmhrîc iactnr iac brhca kh shourgknk pnrn hvgtnr hf javgjghcta nf utgfgznrfa. Nkhjîs thckrîc tnpachs kh eufh pnrn hvgtnr fas bgfas jhtîfgias. k.  Nriegva jùvgf Ncths kh nkqugrgr uc nriegva jùvgf uc prabhsgacnf hc gcohcghrên igvgf khmh ihrtgbginr quh fn umginigùc khf nriegva jùvgf iarrhspackh n fn inron kh saparth khf hkgbgiga. Yh khmhrî iafainr uc nriegva jùvgf iac fas iuhrpas bglas chihsnrgas kackh nsê sh gckgquh hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas y pfncas kh inkn prayhita, nf jhcas kh 9shr iuhrpas jùvgfhs y uca Fas pnrnfhs, tnpns fnthrnfhs, hspnfkn y bractnfhs khmhc jhtîfgins infgmrh >;bgla. iaja jêcgja, iac trntnjghcta nctgiarrasgva y ninmnka hc pgcturn hfhitrastîtgin, traquhfnkas inkn pufonkn tgpa irhjnffhrn pnrn onrnctgznr utgfgznigùc y ornkunigùc kh fns mnckhlns, pnrn 5 cgvhfhs ütgfhs jîs thiea, fn nfturn khskh hf pgsa enstn fn üftgjn mnckhln khmh shr kh =,;8j iaja jêcgja. Hf ighrrh khf sgsthjn khmh phrjgtgr uc mfaquha kh shourgknk par jhkga kh ucn puhrtn nmntgmfh, fas jùkufas sh khmhc khspfnznr enign uc fnka, sh ighrrn fn puhrtn a sh ogrn fn jncgln pnrn nitgvnr hf mfaquha. Khmhc thchr mnckhlns jhtîfgins infgmrh =0 a == iaja jêcgja iac rhbuhrza eargzactnf pnrn sapartnr ucn inron kh >00do, iac kamfhz bractnf kh =,8ij iaja jêcgja, nfhtn trnshrn kh 8 ij iaja jêcgja, ornkunmfhs quh sh puhknc sninr kh brhcth y npravhienmfhs >00%. Yus kgjhcsgachs khmhc shr kh 0,70j kh fnroa 0, 0,90j 90j kh prabuckgknk npraxgjnknjhcth, sghth mnckhlns par jùkufa, fn aitnvn hs hf thiea. Fn mnckhln pnrn inrphtns iafoncths, khmh khspfnznrsh enign buhrn khf sgsthjn pnrn bnigfgtnr su iacsuftn, fns inrphtns sac sasthcgkns par hfhjhctas umginkas fnthrnfjhcth pnrn bnigfgtnr su nfjnihcnjghcta, tnjmgçc sh Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf º‚ y 9/>2‚ iaja jêcgja, onrnctgzncka ucn rhsgsthcign rhsgsthcign kh > tachfnkn par ucgknk. Hf sgsthjn kh trniigùc (inrr (inrra, a, mnsh,

ruhkns, raknjghctas, inkhcn) khmh aphrnr n fa fnroa kh taka hf jùkufa, quh khmhc shr niigacnkas khskh hf iarrhkar kh igriufnigùc, kh tnf barjn quh ruhkhc ruhk hc ucgbarjhjhcth samrh hf rghf. Hf rghf jhtîfgia khmh shr hc nihra kh >‚x>/5‚ a su gounf a suphrgar, khmhrî shr ncifn ka nf pgsa, fas inrras sh khspfnznc samrh ruhkns y raknjghctas shffnkas quh abrhihc khspfnznjghcta y hstnmgfgknk, iac sgsthjn nctgvuhfia pnrn hvgtnr quh fas inrras a jùkufas sh snfonc kh su iursa carjnf. Fas pgþachs khmhc shr kh >5 kghcths iaja jêcgja, iac inkhcn kh º pnsa pnrn nshournr uc javgjghcta jîs bfugka kh fas vnoachs. A sgsthjn gounf a suphrgar. Fn hstnmgfgknk khf jùkufa kh hstncthrên sh khmh onrnctgznr iac fn gcstnfnigùc kh thcsarhs jhtîfgias, iac jhincgsjas quh phrjgtnc su ornkunigùc, y quh sh fh khmh gcstnfnr n inkn jùkufa pnrn nshournr su hstnmgfgknk vhrtginf y eargzactnf. Kgjhcsgachs kh Nriegvas jùvgfhs shoüc inctgknk kh pfnzns.

> iuhrpa

= iuhrpas

9 iuhrpas

Îrhn< ?,= j½

Îrhn< 7,8 j½

Îrhn< >>,7 j½

Nriegva javgf ; iuhrpas< Îrhn >;,= j½  Nriegva javgf 8 iuhrpas< Îrhn >2,; j½  Nriegva javgf 2 iuhrpas< Îrhn >5,? j½  Nriegva javgf ? iuhrpas< Îrhn =>,> j½ 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf,>8 j½ inkn ucn

Nkhjîs khf jamgfgnrga yn hsphigbginka hc hsth jncunf, pnrn hf jamgfgnrga quh sh vnyn n gcstnfnr pnrn mrgcknr niihsgmgfgknk n phrsacns iac nfoüc tgpa kh kgsinpnigknk a hc jamgfgnrga kh usa kh pümfgia sh rhiajghckn tajnr hc iuhctn hf kaiujhcta ‖]hqugsgtas mîsgias pnrn jamgfgnrga niihsgmfh‚ khf Iacshla Cnigacnf kh ]henmgfgtnigùc y

Hkuinigùc Hsphignf (IC]HH).

CA[NY OHCH]NFHY< >)  [akas fas kgshþas khmhrîc thchr npramnigùc prhvgn par uc prabhsgacnf hc gcohcghrên igvgf a nrqugthita kh fn Gcstgtuigùc iarrhspackghcth, kh gcgignr hf praihsa khshrî iactrntnigùc, abhrtns, bnmrginigùc iacstruiigùc. Fas kgshþas shrîc prhshctnkas nfncths Kgrhitar khf Praornjn qughc qughc mrgcknrî hf vgsta muhca ybgcnf . =)  Iunfqughr atra rhquhrgjghcta quh par fn pnrtgiufnrgknk kh uc prayhita, ca sh en yn iacthjpfnka hc hsth kaiujhcta, khmhrî gcifugrsh iac sus hsphigbginigachs iarrhspackghcths, hc hf kaiujhcta kh rhquhrgjghctas khf prayhita hsphiêbgia, iac su khmgkn lustgbginigùc y pnsnrî par npramnigùc khf Kgrhitar khf praornjn y khf Khpnrtnjhcta kh Nrqugthiturn. 

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf IXNK]A KH ]H^XH]GJGHC[AY

NCHU NCHUA A>

Iunkra Iunkra kh Kgst Kgstrg rgmuiga muigac c kh Bucig Bucigacnr acnrgas gas y ]hquhr ]hquhrgjg gjghcta hctass kh in inkn kn Kh Khphckhci phckhcign gn CAJM]H KH FN KHPHC KHPHCKHCIGN KHCIGN Bucigacnrgas

K ggrr hhii ig ig ù ùc c

K hp hp nr nr ttnn j jhh ct cta

X cg cg kn kn k

Cajmrh khf Bucigacnrga Cajmrh y  Nphffgkas

Ifnsh kh Puhsta

LHBH KH GCO]HYAY >

 QQQQQQQQQQQQ  QQQQQQQQQ KG]HIIGAC KH  QQQQQQQQQQQQQ Q  QQQQQQQQQQQQQ Q  QQQQQQQQQQQQ

 Nphffgkas

P]ABHYGACNF 9

Aiupn

nf pümfgia

Javgfhs

Jhtîfgias

cnfhs

Ynfns kh rhucgachs (inpnigknk)

Ynfn kh hsphrn

Makhon

Rhegiufas

Iacigkhrnigachs

abgignfhs

hsphignfhs

n) Hspniga pnrn > juftgbucigacnf.

Xcgknk

P]ABHYGACNF >-M aphrnigachs

m) Nrhn ngsfnkn ca vgsgmfh >

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P]ABHYGACNF =

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ABGIGCGY[N KH YH]RGIGA IGRGF = Yhirhtnrgn

Cajmrh y

GCO]HYAY >

 Nphffgkas

 QQQQQQQQQQQQ Cajmrh y  QQQQQQQQQ  Nphffgkas Cajmrh y  Nphffgkas

hsphignfhs kh npfginigùc

 Ncnfgstn

kh Fhy ?200

Lhbh kh Iaarkgcnkar kh

Cajmrh y P]ABHYGACNF 9

nf pümfgia i) Iacsgkhrnigachs

Cajmrh y

Khpnrtnjhcta kh

[atnf kh bucigacnrgas

Nriegvas Juftgbuciga

Khpnrtnjhcta

 Nphffgkas

Xcgknk kh

Nriegvas

Lhbh kh

Prabhsgacnf kh

Cajmrh y  Nphffgkas

kh nthcigùc

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Cajmrh y Xcgknk kh

Rhctncgffn Inroa quh

n) Hspniga pnrn >

Xcgknk Prabhsgacnf kh

0

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P]ABHYGACNF >-M aphrnigachs

0

juftgbucigacnf. m)Hspniga pnrn ; nriegvas

ABGIGCGY[N KH YH]RGIGA IGRGF = Yhirhtnrgn

7

*CA[N< Hsth iunkra puhkh vnrgnr shoucrhquhrgjghctas hsphiêbgias kh nfoucn khphcihcign, aja par hlhjpfa sg rhqughrh gcifugr nufns kh inpnigtnigac, a fnmarntargas kh iùjputa, hti, par fa quh sh fh gcifugrgnc jîs iafujcns

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf

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Iacigkhrnigachs

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0

0

Xcgknk kh QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

0

0

0

0

>;

0

=;,8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lhbnturn khf khpnrtnjhcta

0

0

0

7

?

0

9,8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Xcgknk kh QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

0

0

0

7

0

0

98

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Xcgknk kh QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

0

0

0

0

0

0

>0,8

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

0

Khpnrtnjhcta kh  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

0 0,,9

(inpnigknk)

Nrhn j½ Iaigchtn

Kgr hiigùc

Khpnrtnjhcta kh KG]HIIGAC KH  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ  QQQQQQQQQ  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ   QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ   QQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ 

? ,= +(C*=,9 )

Ynfns kh rhucgachs

Yum [atnf par tgpa kh hspniga Yum tatnf îrhn kh Abgigcns Yum tatnf iacsgkhrncka Parihctnlh kh igriufnigac (90%)

N]HNY IAJXCHY [gpa kh hspniga

Yum Nrhn Iacigkhrnigachs Inctgkn (j½) par tatnf kh hsphignfhs k ucgknk nrhn (j½)

Rhstgmufa

>

>

>

Iaj hkar

>

>

>

 Nufns kh inpnigtniga c

>

>

>

Fnmarntarga kh i ùj puta

>

>

>

 Nukgtarga

>

>

>

Ynfn kh fni tnci gn

>

>

>

 Nriegva OhchrnfGcstgtuigacnf

>

>

>

Makhons Ohchrnfhs (8% khf nrhn tatnf kh abgi g cns)

>

>

>

Iunrta kh i aj ucgi ni g ùc Prgci g pnf

>

>

>

Iunrtas kh Iaj ucgi ni gùc shi ucknrg as (> par pgsa)

>

>

>

Iunrtas kh Fgj pghzn

>

>

>

 Nrhns kh Makhons Jgsihfnchas

>

>

>

 Nrhn kh abgignfhs kh shourgknk

>

>

>

[ nff hr - Makhon kh J ncthcgj ghcta

>

>

>

Iaci uf targas kh Yhrvgi gas J çkgi as

>

>

> >

Ogj cnsga

>

>

 Nrjhrgn

>

>

>

Hstni gacnj ghcta Rhegi ufas Abgi gnfhs

>

>

>

Hstni gacnj ghcta Buci g acnrgas Nutarg znkas

>

>

>

Hstni gacnj ghcta kh kh vheêi ufas pnrn kg kgsi npni gtnkas - Fhy ?200 (8 ( 8%)

>

>

>

>5

j½

Yum tatnf iacsgkhrncka Parihctnlh kh igriufnigac (90%)

=9,;

j½

]H^XH]GJGHC[A KH N]HN [A[NF

=9,;

j½

Yum tatnf îrhn iajuchs

Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf759



  Fhy c° ?200, Fhy Gounfknk kh Apartucgknkhs pnr pnrnn fns Phrsacns iac Kgsinpnigknk.



  Iùkgoa kh Gcstnfnigachs Egkrîufgins y Yncgtnrgns hc Hkgbginigachs, Iafhoga Bhkhrnka kh Gcohcghras y kh



Nrqugthitas kh Iastn ]gin.

  Nshsarên kh fn Kgrhiigùc kh Nrqugthiturn h Gcohcghrên kh fn Inln Iastnrrgihcsh khf Yhoura Yaignf.



Nvhcgkn =, inffh > y 9 kgnoacnf nf [hntra Cnigacnf. Ync Lasç, Iastn ]gin.- [hf