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Kjduji oc Fdstrueef`dcs Rjrfjo`r oc vci`efojo H``orfvc 7=

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Ëdofec

Ëdofec Ëdofec

...................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ............................................................... .......................... :

: ]rcejuef`d ]rcejuef`dcs cs oc Uchurfojo Uchurfojo ..................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ................................................................... .............................. 5 :.:

Ocbfdfefõd Ocbfdfefõd oc Uchurfojo Uchurfojo ........................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................ ........................ 5

:.7

Uëkg`i`s Uëkg`i`s oc Jovcrtcd Jovcrtcdefj.... efj......................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ...................................................... ................. 5

:.5

]jutjs ]jutjs oc oc Uchu Uchurfojo rfojo................................ ..................................................................... ......................................................................... .................................................................... ................................ ?

7 Rfsfõd Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet` pr`ouet` ....................................................... ........................................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................... .... 2 7.:

Fdfef` rêpfo` rêpfo` ...................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ............................................ ....... 2 7.:.: Fdspceefõd Fdspceefõd ji ocsckgj ocsckgjijr ijr .................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ..................................................... ................ 2 7.:.7 Wcvfsfõd Wcvfsfõd oc ij jp jpifeje ifejefõd fõd .......................................................... .............................................................................................. ................................................................ ............................ 2 7.:.5 Jkgfcdtc Jkgfcdtc................................................................................ .................................................................................................................... .................................................................. .............................. 2 7.:.? Rc Rcrfbfej rfbfejefõd efõd oc ij fdstjijefõ fdstjijefõd d ......................................... .............................................................................. ......................................................................... ....................................... ... 8 7.:.3 ]ucstj ]ucstj cd kjreaj gêsfej gêsfej ............................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ............................................ ....... 8

7.7

Cspcefbfej Cspcefbfejef`d ef`dcs cs oci oci pr`ouet` pr`ouet` .................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ....................................................... ................... 8

7.5

]ijej oc ejrjetc ejrjetcrëstfe rëstfejs js ......................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ........................................................... ...................... 6

7.?

Ocsfhdj Ocsfhdjefõd efõd oc oc ij rcbcrcde rcbcrcdefj fj ........................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ................................................... ............... :=

7.3

Cspcefbfeje Cspcefbfejef`dc f`dcss d`kfdj d`kfdjics ics ......................................................................... ............................................................................................................. ................................................... ............... :=

7.2

Ofjhrjkj Ofjhrjkj oc oc cstruetu cstrueturj rj..................................................................... ......................................................................................................... .............................................................. .......................... ::

5 ]jutjs ]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd fdstjijefõd........................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ........................................................................ .................................... :? 5.: Fdstjijefõd Fdstjijefõd kceêdfej....... kceêdfej........................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ....................................................... ................... :? 5.7

Ejgicjo` Ejgicjo` Cstêdoj Cstêdojrr ...................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ................................................................... .............................. :2

5.5

Ofscú` Ofscú` oc ij pr`tceefõ pr`tceefõdd...................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ............................................................. ......................... 7:

? ]r`ecofkfcdt` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij .............. ....... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............ ..... 75 ?.:

Fdb`rkjefõd vfsujifzjoj cd ij e`ds`ij .............. ....... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... .......... 73

?.7

@pcrjefõd @pcrjefõd kcofj kcofjdtc dtc e`ds` e`ds`ij ij .................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ....................................................... .................. 78

3 Eõofh`s Eõofh`s oc bude b udefõd fõd ....................................................................... ............................................................................................................ ......................................................................... ....................................... ... 76 3.:

Ocserfpefõd oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd.............. ....... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... .......... 76

3.7

Eõk` e`dbfhurjr eõofh`s oc budefõd cxprcsjo`s cxprcsjo`s cd acxjocefkji .............. ....... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .......... ... 76

3.5 Ofjhrjkj oc pucstj cd kjreaj rêpfoj.............. ....... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ........ 65 2 U`iuefõd U`iuefõd oc bjii`s................................. bjii`s...................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ............................................ ....... 6? 2.:

Fdtcrvji`s Fdtcrvji`s oc kjdtcdfk kjdtcdfkfcdt` fcdt` ...................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ..................................................... ................. 6? 2.:.: Rcdtf Rcdtfijo` ijo`rr oc rcbrfhcrj rcbrfhcrjefõd efõd........................................ ............................................................................ ......................................................................... .......................................... ..... 62 2.:.7 E`docd E`docdsjo` sjo`rcs rcs ...................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ................................................................ ........................... 68 2.:.5 Ejgicjo Ejgicjo` ` oc p`tcdefj p`tcdefj ........................................................................ ............................................................................................................ .................................................... ................ 61

2.7

U`iuefõd U`iuefõd oc oc bjii`s bjii`s........................................................................ ............................................................................................................. .................................................................... ............................... 61 2.7.: Fdofejef`dcs oc Jijrkj y Bjii` ............................................................................................................... 61 2.7.7 Wcsct Wcsct oc Bjii`s Bjii`s ........................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ........................................... ....... 66 2.7.5 Cxpifejefõd oc i`s bjii`s y s`iuefõd ......................................................................................................... 66 2.7.? @tr`s cstjo`s cstjo`s.................................................... ........................................................................................ ......................................................................... ............................................... .......... :=5

8 ]r`t`e`i` ]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfeje e`kudfejefõd fõd ..................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ................................................................ ............................ :=? 8.:

Grcvc fdtr`oueefõd ji pr`t`e`i` K`ogus .............. ....... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ........... .... :=?

:

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Ëdofec

8.7

Jpifejefõd oci pr`t`e`i` K`ogus cd ci vjrfjo`r .............. ....... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... ....... :=?

8.5

Eõofh` oc e`kjdo` c fiustrjefõd oc i`s ojt`s oc e`kudfejefõd.............. ....... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............::= ....::=

8.?

Ij ocbfdfefõd oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s.............. ....... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .........:: ..::8 8

8.3

Cnckpi` Cnckpi` oc cserftu cserfturj rj y iceturj iceturj ......................................................................... .............................................................................................................. .............................................. ......... :75

8.2

Bjii`s oc e`kudfejefõd e`kudcs............... ....... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............. ...... :78

Jpædofec Jpæd ofec J - Ojt`s Ojt`s _æedfe`s _æedfe`s .................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ................................................................... .............................. :71 J.:

Wjtfdhs Wjtfdhs ...................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ......................................................................... .............................................. .......... :71

J.7

EC ......................................................................... ............................................................................................................. ......................................................................... ................................................... .............. :76

J.5 D`rkjtfvj CKE (E`kpjtfgfifojo (E`kpjtfgfifojo cicetr`kjhdætfej) cicetr`kjhdætfej).............. ....... ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. .............. ......... :76 Jpædofec Jpæ dofec G - Ofkcdsf` Ofkcdsf`dcs dcs ........................................................ ............................................................................................ ......................................................................... ............................................... .......... :5: G.:

Ofkcdsf`d Ofkcdsf`dcs cs oc oc ij e`ds`ij e`ds`ij .................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ....................................................... .................. :5:

G.7

Fdvcrtcr Fdvcrtcr eajrt.................... eajrt......................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .................................................... ............... :57

Jpædofec Jpæ dofec E - Cqufp`s Cqufp`s `pef`djic `pef`djics............... s................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................... ..... :52 E.:

Ejgicjo` Ejgicjo` oc oc cqufp`s cqufp`s `pef`d `pef`djics jics.................................... ........................................................................ ......................................................................... ........................................... ...... :52

E.7

]`wcr ]`wcr suppiy suppiy ..................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ...................................... .. :58

E.5

Ejgics Ejgics ..................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ................................................ ............ :51

E.?

Kjhdct` Kjhdct`tærkfe` tærkfe` y e`dtjet`r e`dtjet`r ...................................................................... .......................................................................................................... .................................................... ................ :?=

E.3

Wcjet`rs Wcjet`rs ......................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ......................................................................... ......................................... ..... :?:

E.2

Bfitcr .................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ......................................................................... ..................................................... ................ :?5

E.8

Ufstckj Ufstckj oc brcdjo brcdjo` ` .................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ................................................................... ............................... :?2

Jpædofec Jpæd ofec O - Fdb`rkjefõ Fdb`rkjefõd d jofef`d jofef`dji ji ........................................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................................... ............................... :?6

7

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]rcejuef`dcs oc schurfojo schurfojo

: ]rcejuef`dcs oc Uchurfojo ]`r bjv`r icj cstc kjduji eufojo`sjkcdtc y sfhj t`ojs ijs prcejuef`dcs oc schurfojo jdtcs oc k`vcr, fdstjijr,, `pcrjr y kjdtcdcr ci vjrfjo`r. fdstjijr vjrfjo`r. Uf ijs fhd`rj, pucocd `eurrfr icsf`dcs bësfejs ` kucrtc, ` sc pucocd pr`ouefr ojú`s cd i`s ofsp`sftfv`s. Uf `eurrc eujiqufcr icsfõd b ësfej, kucrtc ` ojú` cd i`s ofsp`sftfv`s p`r fhd`rjr ijs prcejuef`dcs oc schurfojo oc cstc kjduji, ducstrj e`kpjúëj d` sc ajrê rcsp`dsjgic oc dfdhþd ojú` y d` cstjrê vfdeuijoj ichjikcdtc cd dfdhudj b`rkj. 

:.: :.: Ocbfdfe Ocbfdfefõd fõd oc o c Uchurfo Uchurfojo jo ]cifhr`>

]ucocd `eurrfr icsf`dcs bësfejs scrfjs ` fdeius` kucrtc sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqufsft`s pcrtfdcdtcs

Jovcrtcdefj> Jovcrtcde fj> D`tc> Cicetrfefstj eujifbfejo`>

]ucocd `eurrfr icsf`dcs bësfejs bësfej s ` ojú`s cd i`s ofsp`sftf ofsp`sftfv`s v`s sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqufsft`s pcrtfdcdtcs ]ucoc `eurrfr ojú` bësfe` sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqufsf rcqufsft`s t`s pcrtfdcdtcs Ijs pcrs`djs quc trjgjncd e`d ci ofsp`sftfv` ocgcd ajgcr pjrtfefpjo` cd jihþd eurs` pr`bcsf`dji oc cicetrfefojo y schurfojo, rcefgfr ecrtfbfejefõd y tcdcr e`d`efkfcdt` oc t`o`s i`s pjs`s y rcqucrfkfcdt`s oc ij fdstjijefõd, pucstj cd kjreaj, `pcrjefõd y kjdtcdfkfcdt` oci ofsp`sftfv`, e`d tji oc cvftjr eujiqufcr tfp` oc ckcrhcdefj

:.7 :.7 Uëkg`i Uëkg`i`s `s oc Jovcrtcdefj Jovcrt cdefj Ijs jovcrtcdefjs ic pr`tchcd s`grc sftujef`dcs quc pucocd ocrfvjr cd icsf`dcs scrfjs ` fdeius` ij kucrtc, y/` pr`ouefr ojú`s cd ci cqufp`, y ic je`dscnjd s`grc eõk` cvftjr ci pcifhr`. I`s sfhufcdtcs sëkg`i`s sc utfifzjd cd cstc kjduji> Uëkg`i`s ]cifhr`

D`kgrc ]cifhr`

Fdstrueefõd ]ucocd `eurrfr icsf`dcs bësfejs scrfjs ` fdeius` ij kucrtc sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s pcrtfdcdtcs

Jovcrtcdefj

Jovcrtcdefj

]ucocd `eurrfr icsf`dcs bësfejs ` ojú`s o jú`s cd i`s ofsp`sftfv` sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqufsft`s pcrtfdcdtcs

D` ajecr

Ocsejrhj cicetr`stêtfej

Uc pucocd pr`ouefr ojú`s cd ij pijej ]EG sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqucrfkf rcqucrfkfcdt`s cdt`s pcrtfdcdtcs

Ijo`s ejifcdtcs

Ijo`s ejifcdtcs

D`tj

D`tj

Jgrcvfjefõd

I`s ijo`s oci ofsp`sftfv` sc pucocd ejicdtjr. D` t`ejr. Uc pucocd pr`ouefr ojú`s bësfe`s sf d` sc sfhucd i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s pcrtfdcdtcs

D`tj

5

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]rcejuef`dcs oc schurfojo schurfojo

:.5 ]jutjs oc Uchurfojo   Uõi` cicetrfefstjs eujifbfejo`s pucocd `pcrjr e`d ci vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj  D`

rcjifec dfdhþd ejgicjo`, e`kpr`gjefõd, ` ejkgf` oc e`kp`dcdtcs eujdo` ci cqufp` cstæ cd tcdsfõd. Jschþrcsc oc quc ij tcdsfõd oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj cstæ ocse`dcetjoj jdtcs oc rcjifzjr eujiqufcr tfp` oc ejgicjo` ` e`kpr`gjefõd, y cspcrc sfckprc e`k` këdfk` ci tfckp` fdofejo` cd ci vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj (3 kfdut`s) ` ajstj quc ij tcdsfõd OE oci gus oc e`dtfduj scj fdbcrf`r j 52R. E`dvcrtfo`r E`dvcrt fo`r

Këdfk` tfckp` oc cspcrj

:]A 77=R

=.?lX-7.7lX =.?lX-7.7lX

3 kfdutcs

5]A 77=R

=.?lX-8.3lX =.?lX-8.3lX

3 kfdutcs

5]A 51=R

=.83lX-::=lX

3 kfdutcs

  D`

rcpjrc ci vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj brceucdefj oc b`rkj d` jut`rfzjoj< sf sc afefcrj, p`orëj `eurrfr ud fdecdof`, udj ocsejrhj ciæetrfej u `trj icsfõd.

  Ij

gjsc oci rjofjo`r pucoc ejicdtjrsc ourjdtc ci budef`djkfcdt`. E`d tji oc cvftjr p`sfgics ojú`s, d` ij t`quc.

 

Ijs pjrtcs y e`kp`dcdtcs ciæetrfe`s quc sc cdeucdtrjd ocdtr` oci vjrfjo`r s`d cicetr`stêtfejs. _`kc kcofojs pjrj cvftjr ij ocsejrhj cicetr`stêtfej y trjgjnjr jsë oc

b`rkj joceujoj. :.5.: :.5 .: Cdtr Cdtrchj chj c fdstjijefõd   ]`r

bjv`r fdstjic ci vjrfjo`r s`grc kjtcrfji fhdëbuh` y kjdtædhji` icn`s oc kjtcrfjics e`kgustfgics.   E`dcetc i`s jeecs`rf`s oc brcdjo` `pef`djics (rcsfstcdefjs oc brcdjo`) sfhufcdo` ci csquckj oc ejgicjo`.   D` `pcrc e`d ci vjrfjo`r sf cstê ojújo` ` aj pcrofo` eujiqufcr e`kp`dcd e`kp`dcdtc. tc.  D` t`quc ci vjrfjo`r e`d `gnct`s k`njo`s ` ci eucrp`, sf sc afefcrj, p`orëj pr`ouefrsc udj ocsejrhj ciæetrfej. D`tj>  

       

 

Ucicee Uciceef`dc f`dc acrrjkfcdtj acrrjkfcdtjss oc fdstjijefõd y trjsijo` oci cqufp` joceujo` e`d tji oc jschurjr ci budef`djkfcdt` schur` y d`rkji oci vjrfjo`r, y cvftjr icsf`dcs bësfejs ` kucrtc. ]`r rjz`dcs oc schurfojo bësfej, ci fdstjijo`r ocgc t`kjr kcofojs oc pr`tceefõd kceêdfejs, e`k` ci us` oc zjpjt`s oc schurfojo y udfb`rkcs oc trjgjn`. Cvftc i`s h`ipcs ` vfgrjefõd oci cqufp` ourjdtc ci trjdsp`rtc trjdsp`rt c ` ij fdstjijefõd oc æstc. D` sunctc ci vjrfjo`r p`r su eugfcrtj. Æstj p`orëj ejcr. ejcr. Fdstjic icn`s oc dfú`s y iuhjrcs pþgife`s. Ci vjrfjo`r d` pucoc eukpifr e`d i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s oc pr`tceefõd oc gjnj tcdsfõd oc ij d`rkj FCE2:1==-3-: sf ij fdstjijefõd sc cdeucdtrj j kês oc 7===k p`r cdefkj oci dfvci oci kjr. Ij buhj oc e`rrfcdtc oci vjrfjo`r pucoc scr oc kês oc 5.3kJ ourjdtc ci budef`d budef`djkfcdt`. jkfcdt`. E`dcetc j tfcrrj ci cqufp` kcofjdtc ijs tæedfejs joceujojs y jschþrcsc oc quc ij rcsfstcdefj j tfcrrj cs

fdbcrf`r j :=™. Ij e`douetfvfojo oci ejgic oc tfcrrj ocgcrê scr ij kfskj quc ij oc i`s ejgics oc bjsc,

e`d i` quc ocgcrê tcdcr ij kfskj sceefõd. ?

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj  

]rcejuef`dcs oc schurfojo schurfojo

I y D, ` W, U y _, s`d i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj oc ij jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtje fõd oc p`tcdefj, kfcdtrjs quc S, R y X s`d i`s tcrkfdjics oci k`t`r. ]`r bjv`r e`dcetc i`s ejgics oc cdtrjoj oc jifkcdtjefõd y i`s oc k`t`r kcofjdtc tæedfejs e`rrcetjs< oc d` scr jsë, sc pucocd pr`ouefr ojú`s cd ci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r.

:.5.7 ]ucstj cd kjreaj y budef`djkfcdt`   Ocse`dcetc

t`oj bucdtc oc tcdsfõd jpifejoj ji vjrfjo`r jdtcs oc e`dcetjr eujiqufcr ejgic cd sus tcrkfdjics y cspcrc e`k` këdfk` ci tfckp` fdofejo` ocspuæs oc ocse`dcetjr ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõd oc tcdsfõd.   Ourjdtc ci budef`djkfcdt` oci vjrfjo`r, æstc prcscdtj jitj tcdsfõd cd su fdtcrf`r. D` rcjifec dfdhudj `pcrjefõd, cxecpt` jnustcs cd ij e`ds`ij.   Ci vjrfjo`r pucoc p`dcrsc cd kjreaj p`r së kfsk` sf ci pjrêkctr` ]=:.7:;:. D` sc jecrquc ji vjrfjo`r df ji k`t`r. ’ofsp`sftfv` oc pjrjoj oc ckcrhcdefj‛.   Ci vjrfjo`r d` pucoc scr utfifzjo` e`k` ud ’ofsp`sftfv`   Ci vjrfjo`r d` pucoc scr utfifzjo` pjrj brcdjr ci k`t`r rcpcdtfdjkcdtc. Cd ejs` dcecsjrf` ocgcrê utfifzjrsc ud brcd` kceêdfe` cxtcrd`. D`tj>    

 

D` cdefcdoj y jpjhuc ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc p`tcdefj oc b`rkj brceucdtc Cd i`s vjrfjo`rcs quc ajd cstjo` hujrojo`s ourjdtc pcrf`o`s pr`i`dhj pr`i`dhjo`s o`s oc tfckp`, rcvfsc y rcstjurc i`s e`docdsjo`rcs c fdtcdtc p`dcr ci vjrfjo`r cd kjreaj oc ducv` jdtcs oc ij utfifzjefõd (vcr ci jpjrtjo` 2.:.5, ocofejo` ji kjdtcdfkfcdt` oc i`s e`docdsjo`rc e`docdsjo`rcs). s). Eugrj i`s tcrkfdjics tcrkfdjic s e`d ij eugfcrtj oci cqufp` jdtcs oc ij `pcrjefõd, oc d` scr jsë sc p`orëj pr`ouefr udj ocsejrhj ciæetrfej c iæetrfej

:.5.5 Kjdtcdfkfcdt` y rcckpijz` oc e`kp`dcdtcs   Uõi`

i`s cicetrfefstjs eujifbfejo`s cstêd jut`rfzjo`s j rcjifzjr ci kjdtcdfkf kjdtcdfkfcdt`, cdt`, fdspceefõd y rcckpijz` oc i`s e`kp`dcdtcs oci vjrfjo`r.  Ocse`dcetc t`oj bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc p`tcdefj oci vjrfjo`r jdtcs oc rcjifzjr ci ejgicjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics. Cspcrc e`k` këdfk` ci tfckp` fdofejo` cd ci vjrfjo`r ocspuæs oc ij ocse`dcxfõd.   _`kc kcofojs pjrj cvftjr quc t`rdfii`s, ejgics y `tr`s kjtcrfjics e`douet`rcs ejfhjd ocdtr` oci vjrfjo`r ourjdtc ci kjdtcdfkfcdt` y rcckpijz` oc e`kp`dcd e`kp`dcdtcs. tcs. D`tj>      

]`r bjv`r, sciceef`dc sciceef`dc ci pjr oc jprfctc joceujo` pjrj jprctjr i`s t`rdfii`s. Kjdtcdhj ci vjrfjo`r, vjrfjo`r, sus jeecs`rf`s y e`kp`dcdtcs icn`s oc kjtcrfjics e`kgustfgic e`kgustfgicss ourjdtc ci kjdtcdfkfcdt` y rcckpijz` oc e`kp`dcdtcs. e`kp`dcdtcs. D` iicvc j ejg` dfdhudj prucgj oc jfsijkfcdt` ` oc rcsfstcde rcsfstcdefj fj j s`grctcd s`grctcdsf`dcs sf`dcs s`grc ci vjrfjo`r y d` kfoj ci efreuft` oc e`dtr`i oci vjrfjo`r utfifzjdo` utfifzjdo` ud kch`akf`

:.5.? :.5 .? Zuæ ajecr ocspuæs oci o ci ocshu ocshujec jec  Cxfstcd

kctjics pcsjo`s cd ci vjrfjo`r. _rêtci`s e`k` ocscea`s fdoustrfjics.

3

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

7 Rfsfõd Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet` pr`ouet ` 7.: Fdfef` rêpfo` 7.:.: 7.: .: Fdspcee Fdspcee fõd ji ocsckgjijr Rcrfbfquc Rcr fbfquc i` sfhufcdtc ocspuæs oc rcefgfr i`s pr`ouet`s> :. Wcvfsc quc ci ckgjijn ckgjijnc c d` tcdhj ojú`s df aukcojo. aukcojo. Uf i`s tfcdc, põdhjsc cd e`dtjet` e`dtjet` e`d su ofstrfgufo`r ` ofrcetjkcdtc e`d FDR_. 7. Wcvfsc ij fdb`rkjefõd quc jpjrcec cd iij j ctfquctj oci ckgjijnc pjrj e`kpr`gjr quc ci vjrfjo`r cdtrchjo` cs e`rrcet`. Uf d` bucrj jsë, põdhjsc cd e`dtjet` e`d su ofstrfgufo`r ` ofrcetjkcdtc e`d FDR_. 5. Wcvfsc quc d` ajyjd rjstr`s oc jhu jhuj j cd ci ckgjijnc, y quc ci vjrfjo`r dd`` cstæ ojújo`. Uf cxfstcd ojú`s, põdhjsc cd e`dtjet` e`d su ofstrfgufo`r ` ofrcetjkcdtc e`d FDR_. ?. Wcvfsc ij fdb`rkjefõd oc ij ctfquctj sftujoj cd ci ijtcrji oci vjrfjo`r pjrj vcrfbfejr quc ci cqufp` cs e`rrcet`. Uf d` bucrj jsë, p`r bjv`r e`dtjetc e`d su ofstrfgufo`r ` ofrcetjkcdtc e`d FDR_. 3. Wcvfsc y jschþrcsc oc qquc uc i`s jeecs`rf`s jeecs`rf`s (fdeiuycdo` (fdeiuycdo` ci kjduji oc usujrf` usujrf` y e`ds`ij) cstæd cstæd fdeiufo` fdeiufo`s. s. Uf d` i` cstuvfcrjd, põdhjsc cd e`dtjet` e`d su ofstrfgufo`r ` ofrcetjkcdtc e`d FDR_. 7.:.7 7.: .7 Wcvfsfõ Wcvfsfõ d oc ij jpifeje jpifejefõd fõd Wcvfsc ij kêqufdj jdtcs oc ckpczjr c kpczjr j utfifzjr ci vjrfjo`r> :. Rcrf Rcrfbfquc bfquc ci tfp` oc ejrhj pjrj e`kpr`gjr quc quc d` ajyj s`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r kfcdtrjs kfcdtrjs trjgjnc y rcvfsc sf sc dcecsftj dc ecsftj ejkgfjr ij p`tcdefj oci vjrfjo`r p`r udj supcrf`r. 7. Rcrfbfquc quc ij e`rrfcdtc rcji oci k`t`r cs kcd`r quc ij e`rrfcdtc d`kfdji oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r. 5. Rcrfbfquc quc ij prcefsfõd oc e`dtr`i oc ij ejrhj cs joceujoj j ij quc pucoc pr`p`ref`djr pr`p`ref`dj r ci vjrfjo`r. ?. Rcrfbfquc quc ij tcdsfõd oc oc cdtrjoj sc e`rrcsp`doc e`d ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r. 7.:.5 7.: .5 Jkgfcdtc Jkg fcdtc Rcrfbfquc i` sfhufcdtc jdtcs oc ij fdstjijefõd y utfifzjefõd> :. Rcrfbfquc quc ij tckpcrjturj tckpcrjtu rj jkgfcdtc oci vjrfjo`r vjrfjo`r scj fdbcrf`r j ?= ½E. Uf sc s`grcpjsj cstj tckpcrjturj, ci cqufp` ocgc ocseijsfbfejrsc ud :% p`r ejoj hrjo` jofef`dji. Ci vjrfjo`r d` sc pucoc utfifzjr sf ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc cs supcrf`r j 3= ½E. D`tj> ]jrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs fdstjijo`s cd jrkjrf`s ciæetrfe`s, ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc sc rcbfcrc j ij tckpcrjturj cxfstcdtc ocdtr` oci jrkjrf`. 7. Rcrfbfquc quc iij j tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc oci vjrfjo`r cd `pcrjefõd rcji scj kjy`r quc -:= ½E. Uf d` bucrj jsë, jújoj rcsfstcdefjs ejicbjet`rjs. D`tj> ]jrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs fdstjijo`s cd jrkjrf`s ciæetrfe`s, ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc sc rcbfcrc j ij tckpcrjturj cxfstcdtc ocdtr` oci jrkjrf`. 5. Rcrf Rcrfbfquc bfquc quc ij jiturj oci oci sftf` oc `pcrjefõd `pcrjefõd cstæ p`r ocgjn` oc := :===k. ==k. Uf sc s`grcpjsj cstj jiturj, ci cqufp` ocgc ocseijsfbfejrsc ud :% p`r ejoj :== kctr`s jofef`djics. ?. Rcrfbfquc quc ij aukcojo oci sftf` oc `pcrjefõd scj fdbcrf`r ji 6=% (y sf sfdd e`docdsjefõd). Uf d` bucrj jsë, jújoj pr`tceefõd jofef`dji ji cqufp` (tr`pfejifzjefõd (tr`pfejifzjefõd oc pijejs cicetrõdfejs, p`r cnckpi`). 3. Rcrfbfquc quc ci sftf` oc `pcrjefõd d` cstæ cxpucst` j iuz ofrcetj oci s`i y quc d` pucojd cdtrjr `gnct`s 2

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

cxtcrd`s ocdtr` oci vjrfjo`r. Uf d` bucrj jsë, jújoj ij pr`tceefõd jofef`dji dcecsjrfj ji vjrfjo`r. 2. Rcrf Rcrfbfquc bfquc quc d` ajyj p`iv` p`iv` e`douet`r ` hjs fdbijkjgic fdbijkjgic cd ci sftf` oc `pcrjefõd. `pcrjefõd. Uf i` augfcrj, jújoj jújoj ij pr`tceefõd jofef`dji dcecsjrfj ji vjrfjo`r. 7.:.? Rcrfbfejefõd oc ij fdstjijefõd Rcrfbfquc i` sfhufcdtc ocspuæs oc ij fdstjijefõd> :. Rcrfbfquc quc ij sceefõd oc i`s ejgics oc cdtrjoj y sjifoj eukpij e`d ijs dcecsfojocs oc ij ejrhj. 7. Rcrfbfquc quc i`s jeecs`rf`s oci vjrfjo`r cstæd e`rrcetjkcdtc e`rrcet jkcdtc fdstjijo`s. I`s eejgics jgics oc ffdstjijefõd dstjijefõd ocgcd eukpifr e`d ijs dcecsfojocs oc ejoj e`kp`dcdtc (fdeiuycdo` fdouetjdefjs, bfitr`s oc cdtrjoj, bfitr`s oc sjifoj y rcsfstcdefjs rcsfstcdefjs oc brcdjo`) b rcdjo`) 5. Rcrfbfquc quc ci vjrfjo`r cstæ fdstjijo` s`grc kjtcrfji fhdëbuh` y quc i`s jeecs`rf` jeecs`rf`ss quc ofsfpjd ud eji`r fkp`rtjdtc (fdouetjdefjs y rcsfstcdefjs oc brcdjo`) cstæd icn`s oc kjtcrfjic kjtcrfjicss fdbijkjgics. ?. Rcrfbfquc quc i`s ejgics oc e`dtr`i y p`tcdefj cstæd scpjrjo`s (d` sc e`dcetcd cdtrc së), y quc cstæd e`douefo`s p`r i`s ejdjics ` gjdocnjs eukpifcdo` e`d i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s CKE. 3. Rcrfbfquc quc t`o`s i`s cqufp`s cstæd ocgfojkcdtc e`dcetjo`s j tfcrrj oc jeucro` e`d i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s oci vjrfjo`r. 2. Rcrfbfquc ourjdtc ij ffdstjijefõd dstjijefõd quc ci cspjef` ifgrc quc qucoj jircoco`r oci vjrfjo`r vjrfjo`r cs subfefcdtc oc jeucro` j ijs fdstrueef`dcs oc cstc kjduji 8. Rcrfbfquc quc ij fdstjijefõd eukpij e`d ijs fdstrueef`dcs fdstrueef`d cs oc cstc kjduji oc usujrf`. Ci vjrfjo`r ocgc cstjr fdstjijo` cd p`sfefõd vcrtfeji. 1. Rcrf Rcrfbfquc bfquc quc i`s tcrkfdjics oc e`dcxfõd e`dcxfõd cstæd bucrtckcdtc bucrtckcdtc jprctjo`s y quc ci pjr oc jprfctc scj ci joceujo`. 6. Rcrf Rcrfbfquc bfquc quc d` ajyj t`rdfii`s, ejgics u `tr`s `gnct`s `gnct`s e`douet`rcs quc ajyjd p` p`ofo` ofo` ejcr u `ivfojrsc ocdtr` oci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r. U Uff i`s augfcrj, quëtci`s. 7.:.3 7.: .3 ]ucstj cd kjreaj kjre aj gêsfej Wcjifec ij sfhufcdtc pucstj cd kjreaj gêsfej jdtcs oc e`kcdzjr j `pcrjr> :. Jetfvc ci jut`tudfdh. jut`tud fdh. ]rcbcrfgickcdtc, ajhj ud jut`tudfdh oc tfp` ofdêkfe`, ocsje`pijdo` ij ejrhj oci k`t`r.. Uf i` jdtcrf`r d` bucrj p`sfgic, ci vjrfjo`r ofsp`dc oc jut`tudfdh cstêtfe`. k`t`r 7. Jnustc ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd/ocsjecicrjefõ jecicrjefõd/ocsjecicrjefõd d schþd ci budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcdt` rc rcji ji oc ij ejrhj. 5. ]`dhj cd kjreaj ci cquf cqufp` p` kcofjdtc vci`efojo vci`efojo N@H (puisjdo` ci gg`tõd `tõd N@H oc ij e`ds`ij) y vcrfbfquc vcrfbfquc quc ci scdtfo` oc r`tjefõd cs ci rcqucrfo`. Uf d` bucrj jsë, ejkgfc ci scdtfo` oc r`tjefõd ejkgfjdo` ci ejgicjo` oci k`t`r (fdtcrejkgfjdo` o`s oc ijs bjscs). ?. Jnustc t`o`s i`s ppjrêkctr`s jrêkctr`s y `pcrc.

7. 7.7 7 Cspcefbfe Cspcefbfejef`dcs jef`dcs oci pr`ouet` pr`ou et` Budefõd

Cdtrjoj oc tcdsfõd

_cdsfõd oc cdtrjoj (R) Fdtcdsfojo oc cdtrjoj (J)

Cspcefbfejefõd K`d`bêsfej 77=R (-:3%) ~7?=R (+:=%) _rfbêsfej 77=R (-:3%) ~7?=R (+:=%) _rfbêsfej 51=R (-:3%) ~??=R (+:=%) Wcbfærjsc j vji`r d`kfdji

Brceucdefj oc cdtrjoj (Az) 3=Az ` 2=Az

Wjdh` pcrkftfo`> ?8~25Az 8

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

Budefõd

Cspcefbfejefõd

_cdsfõd oc sjifoj (R) Ujifoj oc tcdsfõd

Oc =R j ij tcdsfõd oc cdtrjoj

Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj (J)

Wcbfærjsc j vji`r d`kfdji

]`tcdefj oc sjifoj (lX)

Wcbfærjsc j vji`r d`kfdji

Brceucdefj oc sjifoj (Az) K`o` oc e`dtr`i K`t`r

=~?==Az UR]XK (E`dtr`i R/b), URE (E`dtr`i Rce Rcet`rfji t`rfji sfd scds`r) K`t`r jsëder`d`

Wjtf` oc vci`efojo jnustjgic :>:== (URE) :

_æedfej oc e`dtr`i

]rcefsfõd oci e`dtr`i oc vci`efojo

º=.7% (URE)

Biuetujefõd Biuetuje fõd oc ij vci`efojo º =.5% ( URE) Wcspucstj oc pjr

97=ks (URE)

]rcefsfõd oci e`dtr`i oc pjr :=% ]jr oc jrrjdquc Ejpjefojo oc s`grcejrhj s`grcejrhj

Jnustc oc brceucdef b rceucdefjj

=. 3Az/:3=% ( URE) :3=% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji> d`kfdji> : kfdut` :1=% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji> := schudo`s 7==% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji> d`kfdji> : schudo` Jnustc ofhftji, jnustc jdjiõhfe`, jnustc kcofjdtc trcd oc puis`s, jnustc kuitfpjs` oc vci`efojo, vci`efojo, jnustc kcofjdtc ]IE sfkpic, jnustc ]FO y jnustc kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU. U Ucc pcrkftc ij e`dkutjefõd cdtrc ofbcrcdtcs b`rkjs oc jnustc

Kjdtfcdc udj tcdsfõd cstjgic eujdo` ij tcdsfõd oc ij rco E`dtr`i oci Jnustc jut`kêtfe` oc tcdsfõd ejkgfj oc b`rkj trjdsft`rfj budef`djkfcdt` ]r`p`ref`dj budef`dcs fdtuftfvjs oc pr`tceefõd e`dtrj bjii`s> ]r`tceefõd oc bjii` s`grce`rrfcdtc, s`grctcdsfõd, sugtcdsfõd, s`grctckpcrjturj, s`grctckpcrjturj, pærofoj oc bjsc y s`grcejrhj s`grcejrhj,, cte. Ejzj ji vuci` Cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej Ujifoj jdjiõhfe jdjiõhfej j Cdtrjoj ofhftji Fdtcrbjz pcrfbærfej

@tr`s

Jrrjdquc sujvc eujdo` ci k`t`r cstê hfrjdo` : (JF7) =~:=R/=~7=kJ =~:=R/=~7= kJ jdo : (JF5) -:=~:=R 7 (J@:, J@7) =~:=R/=~7=kJ ? cdtrjojs e`kudcs, oc brceuc b rceucdefj defj kêxfkj> :lAz< : cdtrjoj oc puis`s, oc brceucdefj kêxfkj> 3=lAz

Ujifoj ofhftji

: sjifoj ofhftji pr`hrjkjgic (V:)

Ujifoj oc rciæ

7 rciæs oc sjifoj pr`hrjkjgics pr`hrjkjgics W@:J D@, W@:G DE, W@:E tcrkfdji e`kþd W@7J D@, W@7G DE, W@7E tcrkfdji e`kþd Ejpjefojo oci e`dtjet`> 5J/JE73=R

_ckpcrjturj oci jkgfcdtc oc `pcrjefõd

-:=~3=½E, Uf ij tckpcrjturj cstê p`r cdefkj oc ?=½E, ocseijsfbfejr ud :% p`r ejoj hrjo` jofef`dji jofef`dji

1

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

Budefõd

Cspcefbfejefõd

Wcjetjdefj OE

I`s e`dvcrtfo`rcs oc :1,3 lX y supcrf`rcs fde`rp`rjd ij rcjetjdefj OE e`k` cstêdojr Jrkjrf` ` pjrco, y ejrrfi OFD pjrj i`s sfhufcdtcs vjrfjo`rcs> k`d`bêsfe`s 75=R / trfbêsfe`s ?==R≯7.7LX y trfbêsfe`s

K`o` oc fdstjijefõd

75=R≯=.83LX

Jrkjrf` ` pjrco, y k`dtjnc cd grfoj pjrj i`s sfhufcdtcs vjrfjo`rcs> trfbêsfe`s ?==R≣?L ?==R≣?LX X  trfbêsfe`s 75=R≣:.3L 75=R≣:.3LX X 

Sdfojo oc brcdjo`

Cstêdojr pjrj i`s e`dvcrtfo`rcs≯58lX y `pef`dji pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs oc ?3 j ::=lX Bfitr` tfp` E5 fde`rp`rjo` fde`rp`rjo` pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs trfbêsfe`s

Bfitr` CKE

?==R≣?lX y trfbêsfe`s 75=R ≣:.3lX< bfitr` oc tfp` E5 `pef`dji

oc bêefi e`dcxfõd y k`dtjnc pjrj ci rcst`. I`s bfitr`s eukpicd e`d ij d`rkjtfvj FCE2:1==-5 E5

Kcof` Jkgfcdtc

-:=~3= ℅, ocerckcdtjr ud :% p`r ejoj :℅ jofef`dji Ajstj :===k. Uf ij jiturj cs supcrf`r j :===k, ocerckcd ocerckcdtjr tjr

Jiturj

Hrjo` oc pr`tceefõd

Dfvci oc p`iuefõd Uchurfojo Wcbrfhcrjefõd

ud :% p`r ejoj :== kctr`s. F]7= D`tj> I`s vjrfjo`rcs ocgcd fdstjijrsc cd ud jrkjrf` ciæetrfe`, p`r i` quc eukpicd e`d ud F]7= y cd su pjrtc supcrf`r e`d ud F]5Q. Dfvci 7 Eukpic e`d i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s oc ij EC Wcbrfhcrjo` p`r jfrc

7.5 7.5 ]ijej ]ijej oc ejrjetcrëstfe ejrjet crëstfejs js

D`tj>

Bfhurj 7-: ]ijej Cstc cs ud cnckpi` cnckpi` pjrj pr`ouet`s pr`ouet`s cstêdojr cstêdojr.. Ijs sfhijs EC/_SR/F]7= EC/_SR/F]7= sc kjr kjrejrêd ejrêd oc jeucro` e`d ci jetuji.

6

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

7.? 7.? Ocsfhdjef Ocsfhdjefõd õd oc ij rcbcrcdefj Ij rcbcrcdefj oci oci vjrfjo`r e`dtfcdc e`dtfcdc fdb`rkjefõd fdb`rkjefõd s`grc æstc. Ci usujrf` usujrf` pucoc cde cde`dtrjr `dtrjr ij rc rcbcrcdefj bcrcdefj cd ij pijej oc ejrjetcrëstfejs oci vjrfjo`r (cd ci ijtcrji oc æstc). HO7= ― 7W7H ― ?

⑭ 

⑪  ⑧  Bfhurj 7-7 K`oci`

Focdtfbfejefõd

D¾

Ocserfpefõd octjiijoj

]r`ouet`

⑭ 

K`oci` oc vjrfjo`r

]`tcdefj d`kfdji

⑪

Wjdh` oc p`tcdefj + tfp` oc ejrhj

7W7‟ 7.7lX H‟ ]jr e`dstjdtc

⑧

Wjdh` oc tcdsfõd oci vjrfjo`r

U7> K`d`bêsfe` 77=R (-:3%) ~7?=R (+:=%) 7> _rfbêsfe` 77=R (-:3%) ~7?=R (+:=%) ?> _rfbêsfe` 51=R (-:3%) ~??=R (+:=%)

Wjdh` oc tcdsfõd

E`dtcdfo` octjiijo` H``orfvc7= HO7= cs ij jgrcvfjturj oc H``orfvc7=

D`tj> Cstêdojr pjrj e`dvcrtfo`rcs e`dvcrtfo`rcs ≯58lX y `pef`dji pjrj e`dvcrtfo`rcs e`dvcrtfo`rcs oc ?3~: ?3~::=lX :=lX (sf cs c s `pef`dji, jpjrcecrê ij eijvc ’G‛ ji bfdji, p`r cnckpi`, HO7=-=?3H-?-G)

7. 7.3 3 Cspcefbf Cspcefbfejef`dcs ejef`dcs d`kf djics djics ]`tcdefj oc sjifoj (lX)

Fdtcdsfojo oc cdtrjoj (J)

Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj (J)

=.?

2.3

7.3

=.83

6.5

?.7

:.3

:3.8

8.3

HO7=-7W7H-U7

7.7

7?

:=

HO7=-=W?H-7

=.?

5.8

7.3

HO7=-=W8H-7

=.83

3

?.7

HO7=-:W3H-7

:.3

8.8

8.3

7.7

::

:=

HO7=-==?H-7 HO7=-==?H -7

?

:8

:2

HO7=-3W3H-7

3.3

7:

7=

HO7=-8W3H-7

8.3

5:

5=

HO7=-=W8H-?

=.83

5.?

7.3

HO7=-:W3H-?

:.3

3.=

?.7

7.7

3.1

3.3

?

:5.3

6.3

HO7=-3W3H-?

3.3

:6.3

:?

HO7=-8W3H-?

8.3

73

:1.3

K`oci`

Wjdh` oc tcdsfõd

HO7=-=W?H-U7 HO7=-=W8H-U7 HO7=-:W3H-U7

HO7=-7W7H-7 HO7=-7W7 H-7

HO7=-7W7H-? HO7=-==?H-?

K`d`bêsfe` 75=R

_rfbêsfe` 75=R

_rfbêsfe` ?==R

:=

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Wjdh` oc tcdsfõd

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet` ]`tcdefj oc sjifoj (lX)

Fdtcdsfojo oc cdtrjoj (J)

Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj (J)

HO7=-=::H-?

::

57

73

HO7=-=:3H-?

:3

?=

57

HO7=-=:1H-? HO7=-=:1H -?

:1.3

?8

51

HO7=-=77H-?

77

3:

?3

HO7=-=5=H-?

5=

8=

2=

HO7=-=58H-?

58

1=

83

HO7=-=?3H-?

?3

61

67

HO7=-=33H-? HO7=-=33H -?

33

:71

::3

HO7=-=83H-? HO7=-=83H -?

83

:56

:3=

HO7=-=6=H-? HO7=-=6=H -?

6=

:21

:1=

HO7=-::=H-?

::=

7=:

7:3

K`oci`

7.2 Ofjhrjkj  J e`dtfdujefõd e`dtfdujefõd s sc c kucstrj ij cstrueturj bësfej oc i`s vjrf vjrfjo`rcs jo`rcs k`d` k`d`bêsfe`s bêsfe`s 75= 75=R R, trfbêsfe`s ?= ?==R≯7.7LX =R≯7.7LX y trfbêsfe`s 75=R≯=.83L 75=R≯=.83LX X>

: 7 2 8

5 ?

1 3

6 :=

:: :7

 

Bfhurc 7-5 Ofjhrjkj oci pr`ouet` (:Ñ 75=R- 5Ñ ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ 75=R≯=.83lX)  D¾

D`kgrc

:

]ucrt` pjrj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj

7

Eugfcrtj pjrj ci pucrt`

5

_jpj

?

Jhuncr` prc tr`qucijo` pjrj bfnjefõd oc ij tjpj ocsifzjgic

Cxpifejefõd ]crkftc e`dcetjr udj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj `pef`dji ]r`tchc ci pucrt` oc e`dcxfõd oc e`ds`ij cxtcrdj ]r`tchc ijs pjrtcs y e`kp`dcdtc e`kp`dcdtcss fdtcrd`s Ij tjpj oc piêstfe` cstê prcpjrjoj pjrj fde`rp`rjr cd ciij ud t`rdfii` y bfnjrij.

::

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj D¾

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

D`kgrc

Cxpifejefõd

kcofjdtc t`rdfii` 3

_jpj pjsj ejgics

]r`tchc i`s e`kp`dcdtcs fdtcrd`s oci vjrfjo`r. Uc ocgc quftjr ji rcjifzjr ci ejgicjo`

2

]ijej oc ejrjetcrë ejrjetcrëstfejs stfejs

Rcj Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`   pjrj `gtcdcr fdb`rkjefõd octjiijoj

8

]`tcdefõkctr`

1

_crkfdjics oc e`dtr`i

6

_crkfdjic crkfdjicss oc p`tcdefj

:=

Jhuncr` pjrj t`rdfii` oc bfnjefõd oc ij tjpj oci vcdtfijo`r

::

Rcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd rcbrfhcrj efõd

:7

_jpj oci vcdtfijo`r vcdtfijo` r

Wcbfærjsc j ]r`ecofkfcdt` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij   Rcj ci jpjrtjo` _  _crkfdjics crkfdjics oci efreuft` oc e`dtr`i  pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd Rcj ci jpjrtjo` _crkfdjics oci efreuft` prfdefpji  pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd ]crkftc bfnjr ij tjpj oci o ci vcdtfijo`r y ci vcdtfijo`r Rcj ci jpjrtjo` Rcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd   pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd ]r`tchc ci vcdtfijo`r Cs ci kfsk` eõofh` oc gjrrjs quc jpjrcec cd ij pijej oc ejrjetcrëstfejs

:5

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs

D`tj> Cstc eõofh` oc gjrrjs sc cdeucdtrj cd ij pjrtc ecdtrji D`tj> oc ij pfczj piêstfej quc s`p`rtj ij e`ds`ij, y sõi` cs vfsfgic eujdo` æstj sc cxtrjc

D`tj> Cd ij bfhurj b fhurj jdtcrf`r, jdtcrf`r, i`s t`rdfii`s oc ? y := sc pr`p`ref`djd pr`p`ref`djd e`d ci vjrfjo`r vjrfjo`r,, y su fdstjijefõd ocpcdoc oc i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s oci usujrf` J e`dtfdujefõd sc kucstrj ij cstrueturj bësfej oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs trfbêsfe`s ?==R≣? lX y trfbêsfe`s 75=R≣:.3 lX

Bfhurj 7-? Cstrueturj oci pr`ouet` (5Ñ ?==R≣?lX y 5Ñ 75=R≣:.3lX) :7

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`

D¾

D`kgrc

Cxpifejefõd

:

]ucrt` pjrj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj

7

_jpj

5

E`ds`ij

?

Rcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd rcbrfhcrje fõd

Rcj ci jpjrtjo` Rcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd   pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd

3

]ijej oc ejrjetcrëstfejs

Rcj Rfsfõd oc e`dnudt` oci pr`ouet`   pjrj `gtcdcr fdb`rkjefõd octjiijoj

2

_jpj ijtcrji

E`kp`dcdtc `pef`dji. Kcn`rj ci hrjo` oc pr`tceefõd oci vjrfjo`r. Cd ejs` oc fdstjijr ijs tjpjs ijtcrjics, ci vjrfjo`r sc ocgc ocseijsfbfejr ud :=% ocgfo` j quc ij tckpcrjturj fdtcrdj oci vjrfjo`r sc fderckcdtj

8

_crkfdjics oc e`dtr`i

Rcj ci jpjrtjo` _crkfdjics oci efreuft` oc e`dtr`i   pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd

1

_crkfdjics oc p`tcdefj

Rcj ci jpjrtjo` _  _crkfdjics crkfdjics oci oci efre uft` pr fdefpji  pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd

6

Cdtrjoj oc ejgics oci efreuft` prfdefpji

:=

]ijej e`d ci d`kgrc oc ij scrfc

::

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs

]crkftc e`dcetjr udj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj `pef`dji ]r`tchc ijs pjrtcs y e`kp`dcdtc e`kp`dcdtcss fdtcrd`s Wcbfærjsc j ]r`ecofkfcdt` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij  

Bfnj i`s ejgics Fdofej quc ci vjrfjo`r cs oc ij scrfc E`dtr`iR E`dtr`iRF_ F_ Cs ci kfsk` eõofh` oc gjrrjs quc jpjrcec cd ij pijej oc ejrjetcrëstfejs D`tj>> Cstc eõofh` oc gjrrjs sc cdeucdtrj cd ij pjrtc ecdtrji D`tj oc ij pfczj piêstfej quc s`p`rtj ij e`ds`ij, y sõi` cs vfsfgic eujdo` æstj sc cxtrjc

:5

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

5 ]jutjs ]jutjs oc fdst f dstj jijefõd   Cstc ejpëtui` ocserfgc ij fdstjijefõd kceêdfej y ciæetrfej.   Uõi`

cicetrfefst cicetrfefstjs js eujifbfejo`s cstêd jut`rfzjo`s j iicvjr j ejg` i` ocserft` cd cstc ejpëtui`. ]`r bjv`r `pcrc schþd ijs fdstrueef`dcs ocserftjs cd ]rcejuef`dcs oc Uchurfojo.  Uchurfojo.  Fhd`rjrijs pucoc ejusjr icsf`dcs bësfejs ` kucrtc, ` ojú`s cd i`s ofsp`sftfv`s.   Jschþrcsc oc quc ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc p`tcdefj oci vjrfjo`r cstæ ocse`dcetjoj ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd. Cspcrc e`k` këdfk` ci tfckp` fdofejo` cd ci vjrfjo`r (3 kfd) ocspuæs oc quc ci fdofejo`r ]@XCW sc jpjhuc ocgfo` j ij ocse`dcxfõd oc ij jifkcdtjefõd. fdstjijefõd oci vjrfjo`r y ci ofscú` oci sfstckj quc i` fdeiuyc ocgcd eukpifr e`d i`s rcqufsft`s cspcefbfejo`s cd ijs d`rkjs y rchuijef`dcs i`ejics cxfstcdtcs cd ci iuhjr oc ij fdstjijefõd. Uf ij fdstjijefõd fdbrfdhc ci rcqucrfkfcdt`, FDR_ cstê cxcdtj oc eujiqufcr rcsp`dsjgfifojo. Jofef`djikcdtc, sf i`s usujrf`s d` eukpicd e`d ijs suhcrcdefjs, sc pucocd pr`ouefr ojú`s kês jiiê oc i` ocserft`.

  Ij

5.: 5.: Fdst Fdstjijefõd jijefõd kceêdfej k ceêdfej 5.:.: Jkgfcdtc oc fdstjijefõd Ci jkgfcdtc oc fdstjijefõd fdstjijefõd cs fkp`rtjdtc pjrj ud rcdofkfcdt` e`kpict` y ud budef`djkfcdt` cstjgic j ijrh` pijz` oci vjrfjo`r. Wcvfsc ci jkgfcdtc oc fdstjijefõd e`kpr`gjdo` i` sfhufcdtc>  Jkg  Jk g fcd fcdtc tc

E`dof E`d ofee f`dcs f` dcs

_fp` oc fdstjijefõd Fdtcrf`r Fdtcrf` r

_ckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc

Aukcojo

_ckpcrjturj ckpcrjt urj oc

-:=½E ~，?=½E, y ij vci`efojo oc ejkgf` oc tckpcrjturj ocgc scr kcd`r quc =.3½E /kfdut`. Uf ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc oci vjrfjo`r cstê p`r cdefkj oc ?=½E, ocseijsfbfejr ud :% p`r ejoj hrjo` jofef`dji. D` sc rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr ci vjrfjo`r sf ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc cstê p`r cdefkj oc 3=½E. E`d tji oc kcn`rjr ij bfjgfifojo oci cqufp`, d` utfifec ci vjrfjo`r sf ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc ejkgfj brceucd b rceucdtckcdtc. tckcdtc. ]`r bjv`r fdstjic ud vcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd ` jfrc je`dofef`djo` je`dofef`djo` pjrj e`dtr`ijr quc ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc fdtcrdj cstæ p`r ocgjn` oc i` rcqucrfo` sf ci vjrfjo`r sc k`dtj cd ud cspjef` ecrrjo`, e`k` p`r cnckpi` ud jrkjrf` ciæetrfe`. Eujdo` ij tckpcrjturj cs ockjsfjo` gjnj, sf ci vjrfjo`r dcecsftj scr rcfdfefjo` ocspuæs oc cstjr jpjhjo` ourjdtc ud ijrh` pcrf`o` oc tfckp`, cs dcecsjrf` jújofr ud ofsp`sftfv` ejicbjet`r cxtcrd` e`d tji oc fderckcdtjr ij tckpcrjturj fdtcrdj oci jrkjrf` ciæetrfe` (p`r cnckpi` rcsfstcdefjs ejicbjet`rjs). Uf i` jdtcrf`r d` sc tfcdc cd eucdtj, sc pucocd pr`ouefr ojú`s cd ci cqufp`. Aukcojo rcijtfvj ≯6=% Ij e`docdsjefõd d` cstê pcrkftfoj Ij aukcojo kêxfkj ocgc scr fhuji ` fdbcrf`r ji 2=% eujdo` ci vjrfjo`r sc cdeucdtrj cd rcijtfvj ud jkgfcdtc e`rr`sfv`. -?=½E  ~，8=½E, y ij vci`efojo oc ejkgf` oc tckpcrjturj cs fdbcrf`r j :½E/kfdut`. :?

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj  Jkg  Jk g fcd fcdtc tc

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd E`dof E`d ofee f`dcs f` dcs

jikjecdjnc

E`dofef`dcs oci jkgfcdtc oc `pcrjefõd

Ci sftf` o`doc ci vjrfjo`r cstê fdstjijo` ocgcrëj> - Cstjr jicnjo` oc bucdtcs oc rjofjefõd cicetr`kjhdætfejs - Cstjr jicnjo` oc jfrc e`dtjkfdjdtc, e`k` hjs e`rr`sfv`, dfcgij oc jecftc y hjscs fdbijkjgics - Jschurjr quc `gnct`s cxtrjú`s, e`k` p`iv` kctêife`, p`iv`, jecftc y jhuj, d` pucojd cdtrjr cd ci vjrfjo`r (d` fdstjic ci vjrfjo`r s`grc kjtcrfjics fdbijkjgics e`k` kjocrj) - Cstjr jicnjo` j icnjo` oc ij iuz s`ijr ofrcetj, dfcgij oc jecftc, vjp`r y cvftjr vfgrjef`dcs vfgrjef`dcs Kcd`s oc :===k Uf ci vjrfjo`r ocgc cstjr p`r cdefkj oc i`s :===k s`grc ci dfvci oci kjr, æstc ocgc ocseijsfbfejrsc ud :% p`r ejoj :== kctr`s jofef`djics.

Jitftuo Rfgrjefõd Ofrceefõd oc fdstjijefõd

≯ 3.1k/s

7

(=.2h)

Ci vjrfjo`r ocgc scr fdstjijo` cd udj p`sfefõd vcrtfeji pjrj jschurjr udj rcbrfhcrjefõd joceujoj.

D`tj>  

I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ocgcd scr fdstjijo`s cd ud jkgfcdtc ifkpf` y vcdtfijo`, y schþd su su ëdofec oc pr`tceefõd.

 

Ci jfrc oc rcbrfhcrjefõ rcbrfhcrjefõd d ocgc scr ifkpf`, ifgrc oc kjtcrfjics kjtcrfjics e`rr`sfv e`rr`sfv`s `s y oc p`iv` ciæetrfejkc ciæetrfejkcdtc dtc e`douet`r.

5.:.7 Ofrceefõd oc fdstjijefõd Ci vjrfjo`r pucoc scr fdstjijo` cd ij pjrco ` cd ud jrkjrf` ciæetrfe`. Ci vjrfjo`r ocgc scr fdstjijo` fdstjijo` cd udj p`sfefõd vcrtfeji. Wcvfsc ci sftf` oc fdstjijef fdstjijefõd õd schþd i`s sfhufcdtcs rcqucrfkfcdt`s. Wcbfærjsc ji jpjrtjo` j pjrtjo` Ofkcdsf`dcs cd ci jpædofec pjrj kês octjiic. 5.:.5 5.: .5 K`o` K`o` oc fdst fdstjijefõd jijefõd (:) K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` ` pjrco y cd ejrrfi ej rrfi OFD pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ 75=R-5Ñ ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ 75=R≯=.83lX>

j) K`dtjnc cd jrkjrf` ` pjrco

g) K`dtjnc cd ejrrfi OFD

Bfhurj 5-: Fdstjijefõd D`tj>> ci cspjef` këdfk` oc J y G cs :==kk sf A cs 52.2kk y X cs 53.=kk. D`tj

:3

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

(7) K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` ` pjrco y k`dtjnc cd grfoj (bijdhc) pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R≣?lX y 5Ñ 75=R≣:.3lX>

j) K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` ` pjrco g) K`dtjnc cd grfoj (bijdhc) Bfhurj 5-7 Fdstjijefõd (:) Kjrquc ij ugfejefõd oc i`s jhuncr`s. Ij ugfejefõd oc i`s `rfbfef`s sc kucstrj cd i`s ofgun`s oc ofkcdsf`dcs oci jpædofec. (7) Bfnc i`s t`rdfii`s ` pcrd`s cd ijs ugfejef`dcs kjrejojs. (5) ]`sfef`dc ci cqufp` cd ij pjrco. (?) Jprfctc i`s t`rdfii`s t `rdfii`s cd ij pjrco y jschþrcsc oc quc ci vjrfjo`r qucoc gfcd bfnjo`.

5.7 Ejgicjo` Cstêdojr 5.7.: 5.7 .: Ofjhrjkj Ofjhrjkj oc e`dcxfõd oci efre uft` p rfdef pji

Bfhurj 5-5 Ofjhrjkj oc e`dcxf`dcs oci efreuft` prfdefpji D`tj>  

Ci kjhdct`tærkfe`, ij rcsfst rcsfstcdefj cdefj oc brcdjo`, ij fdouetjdefj fdouetjdefj oc cdtrjoj, ci bfitr` oc oc cdtrjoj y i`s

:2

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

bfitr`s oc sjifoj s`d cqufp`s `pef`djics. ]`r bjv`r, rcbfærjsc j ]c ]crfbærfe`s rfbærfe`s `pef` djics pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd.   Jdtcs oc e`dcetjr i`s ejgics oc iij j rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` brcdjo`,, rctfrc ijs ctfquctjs jkjrfiijs jkjrfiijs oc i`s tcrkfdjics ]G, (+), y (-). Uf d` sc afefcrj, sc p`orëj tcdcr udj kjij e`dcxfõd. 5.7.7 5.7 .7 _crkfdjic _crkfdjicss o ci efr efreuft` euft` prfde prfdefpji fpji

Bfhurj 5-? _crkfdjics oci efreuft` prfdefpji pjrj vjrfjo`rcs oc cdtrjoj k`d`bêsfej 75=R

Bfhurj 5-3 _crkfdjics oci efreuft` prfdefpji pjrj vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ 75=R≯=.83lX, y 5Ñ ?==R≯7.7lX 

Bfhurj 5-2 _crkfdjics oci efreuft` prfdefpji pjrj vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R≣? lX y 5Ñ 75=R≣:.3lX  

Bfhurc 5-8 _crkfdjics oci efreuft` prfdefpji pjrj vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R (5=-58lX)  

Bfhurc 5-1 _crkfdjics oci efreuft` prfdefpji pjrj vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R (?3-::=lX) _crkfdji

Budefõd

I, D

_crkfdjic crkfdjicss oc cdtrjoj k`d`bêsfej JE, quc hcdcrjikcdtc sc e`dcetjd j ij rco. 

W, U, _ ]G, (+)

_crkfdjics crkfdjic s oc cdtrjoj trfbês trfbêsfej fej JE, quc hcdcrjikcdtc hcdcrjikcd tc sc e`dcetjd j ij rco.  _crkfdjics crkfdjic s oc e`dcxfõd pjrj rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo brcdjo`` cxtcrdj

(+), (-)

_crkfdjics crkfdjic s oc cdtrjoj ji gus OE  :8

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj _crkfdji S, R, X ]C

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd Budefõd

_crkfdjics crkfdjic s oc sjifoj JE trfbêsfej, trfbês fej, quc hcdcrjikcdtc s`d e`dcetjo`s ji k`t`r   _crkfdji oc e`dcxfõd j tfcrrj 

D`tj>  

D` utfifec ejgics oc k`t`r e`ds e`dstrufo`s trufo`s jsfkætrfejkcdtc. jsfkætrfejkcdtc. Uf sc utfifzj ud e`doue e`douet`r t`r oc tfcrrj e`dstrufo` sfkætrfejkcdtc cdtrc ci vjrfjo`r y ci k`t`r, jockês oc ij pjdtjiij e`douet`rj oci ejgic jpjdtjiijo`, e`dcetc cstc e`douet`r p`r sus cxtrck`s ji tcrkfdji oc tfcrrj oci vjrfjo`r y ji oci k`t`r

 

Cdrutc i`s ejgics oc k`t`r, i`s oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj y i`s oc e`dtr`i p`r scpjrjo`

5.7.5 5.7 .5 Ejgicj Ejgicjo` o` oc i`s ttcrkfdjic crkfdjicss oci efre efreuft` uft` prfde fpji : E`dcetc ci ejgic oc tfcrrj oc ij cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj p`tcdefj ji tcrkfdji oc tfcrrj oci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r. E`dcetc i`s e`douet`rcs oc bjsc j i`s tcrkfdjics I y D, ` W, U y _,  _, y jprfctc. 7. ]cic ci ejgic oci k`t`r y e`dcetc ij kjiij ji tcrkfdji oc tfcrrj oci vjrfjo`r kcofjdtc ud g`rdc cspcefji pjrj ij e`dcxfõd oc pjdtjiij. E`dcetc i`s e`douet`rcs e`douet`rcs oc bjsc j i`s tcrkfdjics S, R y X y jprfctc. 5. E`dcetc ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` `pef`dji cd i`s tcrkfdjics e`rrcsp`dofcdtcs, kcofjdtc ci kfsk` pr`ecofkfcdt` quc cd ci pjs` jdtcrf`r. ?. Jschurc kceêdfejkcdtc i`s ejgics bucrj oci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r. 5.7.? 5.7 .? Ofjhrjkj Ofjhrjkj oc e`dcxfõd oci efre efreuft` uft` oc e`dtr`i

 

*D`tj> D` cd cqufp`s k`d`bêsfe`s

Bfhurj 5-6 Ofjhrjkj oc e`dcxfõd oci efreuft` oc e`dtr`i Ujifoj Wciæ : 5.7.3 5.7 .3 _crkfdjic _crkfdjicss oci efre efreuft` uft` oc e`d tr`i

Bfhurj 5-:= _crkfdjics oci efeuft` oc e`dtr`i :1

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj _fp` E`kudfejefõd   E`kudfejefõd

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

D`kgrc oci Ocserfpe Oc serfpe fõd oc ij budefõd bude fõd tcrkfdji ?13+   ?13+ ?13-   ?13-

E`kudfejefõd WU?13  WU?13 

U: U7 U5

Cdtrjoj ofhftji

U? Cdtrjojs/sjifojs ofhftjics

AOF

Bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd 7?R

]X V:

Ujifoj Ofhftji

E@K

+:=R

Fdtcrbjec oc e`kudfejefõ e`kudfejefõdd WU?13 :. Fkpcojdefj fdtcrdj> 5.5lΦ  7. ]crkftc cdtrjoj oc tcdsfõd oc :7~5=R :7 ~5=R 5. Ci tcrkfdji cs oc ofrceefõd ouji ?. Kêxfkj Kêxfkj bbrceucdefj rceucdefj oc cdtrjoj> :lAz

Cstc tcrkfdji sc utfifzj e`k` ejdji oc Cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj. brceucdefj Kêxfkj brceucdefj oc cdtrjoj> 3=lAz Efei` oc trjgjn`> 5=%~8=% Bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõd ofhftji

+7?R

Cspcefbfejef`dcs tæedfejs

]jrj sukfdfstrjr ij jifkcdtjefõd cxtcrdj j i`s tcrkfdjics ofhftjics. Wjdh` oc tcdsfõd> t cdsfõd> :7~5=R Ejpjefojo oci e`dtjet`> 3=kJ/5=R

Bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd cxtcrdj 7?Rº:=%, e`d udj fdtcdsfojo kêxfkj oc sjifoj oc 7==kJ. Bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd 7?R Hcdcrjikcdtc sc utfifzj e`k` bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc `pcrjefõd pjrj ijs cdtrjojs y sjifojs ofhftjics ` pjrj jifkcdtjr ud scds`r cxtcrd`

Bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõd cxtcrdj oc rcbcrcdefj oc :=R

Bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc rcbcrcdefj oc :=R Kêxfkj fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj> 3=kJ Stfifzjoj e`k` ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjef jifkcdtjefõd õd oc jnustc oci p`tcdefõkctr` cxtcrd` Wcsfstcdefj Wc sfstcdefj oci p`tcdefõkctr` > 3lΦ ` supcrf`r :. Wjdh` oc cdtrjoj> JF7 pcrk pcrkftc ftc cse` cse`hcr hcr cdtrc tcdsfõd ` fdtcdsfo fdtcdsfojo> jo> =~:=R/=~7=kJ< JF5>-:=R~+:=R. 7. Fkpcojdefj oc cdtrj cdtrjoj> oj> pjr pjrjj cdtrjo cdtrjojj oc

JF7 Cdtrjojs/sjifojs jdjiõhfejs

tcdsfõd 7=l™< pjrj cdtrjoj oc fdtcdsfojo

JF5

Cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej

3==™. 

5. Ij cdtrjoj cdtrjoj oc tcdsfõd ` fdtcdsf fdtcdsfojo ojo sc cse`hc kcofjdtc ud nukpcr ` ud kfdfofp (pjrj jeecocr j æi eõk`ojkcdtc, rctfrc ij tjpj br`dtji oci vjrfjo`r) ?. Wcs`iuefõd> ij këdf këdfkj kj oc JF7/JF5 cs :=kR/7=kR eujdo` :=R e`rrcsp`doc j :6

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj _fp`

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

D`kgrc oci Ocserfpe Oc serfpe fõd oc ij budefõd bude fõd tcrkfdji

Cspcefbfejef`dcs tæedfejs 3=Az.

HDO

Wcbcrcdefj oc tfcrrj jdjiõhfej

J@:

J@7

W@:J W@:G Ujifoj oc rciæ

W@:E W@7J W@7G W@7E

Ujifoj jdjiõhfej

Wcbcrcdefj oc tfcrrj jdjiõhfej :. Wjdh` oc sji sjifoj> foj> =~:=R ` =~7=kJ =~7=kJ 7. Ij sciceefõd sciceefõd oc ij sjifo sjifojj oc tcdsf tcdsfõd õd ` oc fdtcdsfojo ocpcdoc ocpcdoc oci cstjo` oc ud kfdfofp ` nukpcr (schþd k`oci`) 5. Ocsvfjefõd º:%, 73½E euj eujdo` do` sscc t`kj t`o` ci rjdh`

E`dtjet` D@ oci rciæ :

Ujifoj oc rciæ W@:> W@:J D@, W@:G DE, W@:E tcrkfdji e`kþd E`dtjet` e`kþd oci rciæ :  Ujifoj oc rciæ W@7> W@7J D@, W@7G DE, E`dtjet` D@ oci rciæ 7 W@7E tcrkfdji e`kþd E`dtjet` DE oci rciæ 7 Ejpjefojo oci e`dtjet`> 5J/JE73=R E`dtjet` e`kþd oci rciæ 7  E`dtjet` DE oci rciæ : 

5.7.2 5.7 .2 K`o` K`o`ss oc e` e`dcxfõd dcxfõd oc ijs scújics oc cdtrjoj/sjifoj ]`r bjv`r, utfifec ci pucdtc cxfstcdtc cdtrc i`s tcrkfdjics +7?R y ]X e`d tji oc sciceef`djr cdtrc cdtrjojs rcbcrfojs ji dchjtfv` (k`o` D]D) ` cdtrjojs rcbcrfojs ji p`sftfv` (k`o` ]D]) y sciceef`djr sf sc trjgjnjrê e`d udj bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd fdtcrdj (utfifzjr ci pucdtc) ` cxtcrdj (d` utfifzjr ci pucdtc). Ci jnustc p`r ocbcet` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs vjrfjo`rcs HO7= cs ]D] y e`d bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd fdtcrdj.

Bfhurj 5-:: ]ucdtc cdtrc E@K y ]X Uf ij scúji pr`vfcdc oc ud trjdsfst`r t rjdsfst`r D]D, p`r bjv`r, bjv`r, e`dcetc ci pucdtc cdtrc +7?R y ]X tji y e`k` sc fdofej j e`dtfdujefõd, oc jeucro` j ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd utfifzjo utfifzjoj. j.

7=

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

Bfhurj 5-:7 K`o`s oc e`dcxfõd D]D Uf ij scúji pr`vfcdc oc ud trjdsfst`r ]D], p`r bjv`r, e`dcetc ci pucdtc cdtrc E@K y ]X tji y e`k` sc fdofej j e`dtfdujefõd, oc jeucro` j ij bucdtc b ucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd utfifzjoj.

Bfhurj 5-:5 K`o`s oc e`dcxfõd ]D] 

5.5 5.5 Ofscú` Ofscú` oc ij pr`tceefõ pr`t ceefõd d 5.5.: 5.5 .: ]r`tceefõd ]r`tceefõd oci vjrfjo`r y ci ejgicj ejgicjo` o` oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj e`dtr e`dtrj j e`rt`e freuft`s freuft `s ]r`tcnj ci vjrfjo`r y ci c i ejgicjo` oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj e`dtrj e`rt`efreuft`s y s`grcejrhj tærkfej. Wcjifec ij pr`tceefõd pr`tceefõd oc jeucro` j ijs ofrcetrfecs sfhufcdtcs.

Bfhurj 5-:? E`dbfhurjefõd oc ij pr`tceefõd ciæetrfej D`tj> Uciceef`dc ci kjhdct` tærkfe` oc jeucro` j cstc kjduji. Ci kjhdct` tærkfe` pr`tchcrê ci ejgicjo` oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj e`dtrj ojú`s cd ejs` oc e`rt`efreuft`. e`rt`efreuft`. ]r`tchcrê tjkgfæd i`s cqufp`s joyjecdtcs cd ejs` oc quc ci vjrfjo`r sc e`rt`efreuftc fdtcrdjkcdtc. fdtcrdjkcdtc. 5.5.7 ]r`tchfcdo` 5.5.7 ]r`tchfcdo` ci k`t `r y ci e jgicj jgicjo` o` oc k` t`r Ci vjrfjo`r pr`tchc ji k`t`r y ji ejgicjo` oc k`t`r cd ejs` oc e`rt`efreuft` eujdo` ci ejgicjo` oc k`t`r sc aj ofkcdsf`djo` oc jeucro` j ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r. D` sc dcecsftjd pr`tceef`dcs cxtcrdjs 7:

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]jutjs oc fdstjijefõd

jofef`djics.   Uf

ci vjrfjo`r sc e`dcetj j kþitfpics k` t`rcs, sc ocgcrê utfifzj utfifzjrr ud rciæ tærkfe` ` ofsyudt`r fdofvfouji pjrj pr`tchcr ejoj k`t`r y ejgicjo` oc k`t`r. Cd ejs` oc utfifzjr rciæs tærkfe`s, sc ocgcrê jújofr ud kjhdct`tærkfe` pjrj e`rtjr ij e`rrfcdtc oc e`rt`efreuft`.

5.5.5 Fkpickcdtjdo` udj e`dcxfõd oc gypjss Cd jihud`s ejs`s cspcefjics, sc ajec dcecsjrf` cstjgicecr efreuft`s oc gypjss e`d tji oc jschurjr ci d`rkji budef`djkfcdt` oci sfstckj sf sc pr`ouec jihþd bjii` ]`r cnckpi`, sf ci vjrfjo`r sõi` trjgjnj e`k` jrrjdejo`r sujvc, sc pucoc rcjifzjr ud gypjss udj vcz ci jrrjdquc oci k`t`r tcrkfdc, ocgfædo`sc fkpickcdtjr ijs e`dcxf`dcs ciæetrfejs pcrtfdcdtcs.   Dudej

e`dcetc ij tcdsfõd oc jifkcdtjefõd j i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r S, R y X. Jpifejr ij tcdsfõd oc iëdcj j ij sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r pucoc ocrfvjr cd udj jvcrëj pcrkjdcdtc oci vjrfjo`r.

Uf sc dcecsftj e`dkutjr ci sfstckj oc b`rkj brceucdtc, utfifec fdtcrrupt`rcs ` e`dtjet`rcs kceêdfejkcdtc cdeijvjo`s pjrj jschurjr quc i`s tcrkfdjics oc æst`s d` sc e`dcetjd j ij iëdcj oc p`tcdefj JE y j i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r sfkuitêdcjkcdtc

77

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucd brceucdefj efj

]r`ecofkfcdt ]r`ecofkfcdt`` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

? ]r`e ]r`ecofkfcdt` cofkfcdt` oc o c `pcrjefõd `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij e`ds`i j Ij e`ds`ij sc utfifzj pjrj e`dtr`ijr i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7=, iccr i`s ojt`s oc cstjo` y jnustjr pjrêkctr`s.

Bfhurj ?-: E`ds`ij tfp` bfik

Bfhurj ?-7 E`ds`ij cxtrjëgic D`tj> Ij e`ds`ij tfp` bfik cs cstêdojr pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ 75=R 75=R,, 5Ñ ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ 75=R≯=.83lX. Ij e`ds`ij cxtrjëgic cs cstêdojr pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R≣?lX y 5Ñ 75=R≣:.3lX.

:.

7. Uc ofsp`dc oc e`ds`ijs jofef`djics `pef`djics (e`d y sfd budefõd oc ee`pfj `pfj oc pjrêkctr pjrêkctr`s). `s). D¾

:

D`kgrc

ICO oc cstjo`

Ocserfpe fõd WSD/_SDC

ICO jpjhjo` sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc ’octcdefõd‛< ICO cdecdofo` sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc ’`pcrjefõ ’`pcrjefõd‛. d‛.

BXO/WCR

ICO BXO/WCR. ICO jpjhjo` sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc r`tjefõd ajefj jocijdtc< ICO cdecdofo` sfhdfbfej sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc r`tjefõd fdvcrsj

I@EJI/WCK@_

ICO pjrj ij `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc e`ds`ij, tcrkfdjics 75

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucd brceucdefj efj D¾

]r`ecofkfcdt ]r`ecofkfcdt`` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

D`kgrc

Ocserfpe fõd oc e`dtr`i y e`dtr`i rck`t` p`r e`kudfejefõd. ICO jpjhjo` sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r sc cdeucdtrj cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc e`ds`ij< ICO pjrpjocjdo` sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc tcrkfdjics oc e`dtr`i< ICO cdecdofo` sfhdfbfej sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc e`dtr`i rck`t` kcofjdt kcofjdtc c e`kudfejefõ e`kudfejefõd. d. ICO pjrj bjii`s. ICO cdecdofo` eujdo eujdo` ` ci vjrfjo`r sc cdeucdtrj cd cstjo` oc bjii`< ICO jpjhjo` cd cstjo` d`rkji< ICO pjrpjocjdo` sfhdfbfej quc ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc prc-jijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj.

_WF]

Fdofej ij udfojo oc ij kjhdftuo quc jpjrcec cd ci ofspijy cd csc k`kcdt`

7

ICO oc udfojo

Az

Sdfojo oc brceucdefj

W]K

Wcv`iuef`dcs p`r kfdut`

J

Sdfojo oc fdtcdsfojo

%

]`recdtjnc

R

Sdfojo oc tcdsfõd

Ofspijy ICO oc 3 oëhft`s quc fdofej vjrf`s ojt`s oc e`dtr`i y jijrkj, jsë e`k` brceucdefj jnustjoj y brceucdef b rceucdefj j oc sjifoj. Ejrêetcr Ejrêetcr Ejrêetcr Ejrêetcr Ejrêetcr Ejrêetcr k`strjo` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc k`strjo` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc k`strjo` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc

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_ceij oc pr`hrjkjefõd _ceij Fdtr`

Cdtrjr ` sjifr oci prfkcr dfvci oc kcdþ y g`rrjr i`s pjrêkctr`s rêpfojkcdtc Cdtrjr cd ci kcdþ pjs` j pjs` E`dbfrkj pjrêkctr`s

7?

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucd brceucdefj efj D¾

]r`ecofkfcdt ]r`ecofkfcdt`` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

D`kgrc

Ocserfpe fõd _ceij Jrrfgj J rrfgj (S])

Fderckcdtj i`s ojt`s ` ci eõofh` oc budefõd pr`hrcsfvjkcdtc

_ceij Jgjn` (O@XD)

Ocerckcdtj i`s ojt`s ` ci eõofh` oc budefõd pr`hrcsfvjkcdtc

_ceij Ocrceaj-safbt

Kucvc j ij ocrceaj pjrj sciceef`djr ci pjrêkctr` k`strjo` efreuijrkcdtc cd k`o` oc kjreaj y oc pjr`. Uciceef`dj ci oëhft` oci pjrêkctr` j k`ofbfe k`ofbfejr jr ourjdtc ij k`ofbfejefõd oc pjrêkctr`s

_ceij Wud

Cstj tceij sc utfifzj pjrj p`dcr cd kjreaj ci e`dvcrtfo`r cd k`o` oc `pcrjefõd p`r tceijo`

_ceij Ut`p/ Wcsct

Cstj tceij sc utfifzj pjrj pjrjr ci e`dvcrtfo`r eujdo` cstê budef`djdo` y cstê ifkftjoj p`r ci pjrêkctr` ]=8.=? Cstj tceij sc utfifzj pjrj rcfdfefjr t`o`s i`s k`o`s oc e`dtr`i eujdo` cstê cd cstjo` oc jijrkj p`r bjii`.

_ceij Zufel/N@H

Ij budefõd oc cstj c stj tceij cstê ocbfdfoj p`r ci pjrêkctr` ]=8.=7.

Eujdo` sc fdstjij udj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj d` e`pfjo`rj cd ud vjrfjo`r e`d e`ds`ij tfp` bfik, ij ofbcrcdefj cdtrc ij scúji JF: oc ij e`ds`ij tfp` bfik i`eji y ij scúji JF: oc ij e`ds`ij cxtcrdj cs ij sfhufcdtc> Eujdo` cd ij e`ds`ij cxtcrdj ci p`tcdefõkctr` sc jnustc ji këdfk`, sc ajgfiftjrê ij 3

]`tcdefõ-

e`ds`ij i`eji, y ci vji`r oc JF: scrê ci vji`r oc tcdsfõd oc ij e`ds`ij i`eji, quc sc

kctr`

fdofej cd ]:8.:6. Jsë kfsk`, eujdo` ci p`tcdefõkctr` oc ij e`ds`ij cxtcrdj d` sc

jdjiõhfe`

cdeucdtrc cd ci vji`r këdfk`, æstj sc cde`dtrjrê ajgfiftjoj y ]:8.:6 fdofejrê ij tcdsfõd JF: oc ij e`ds`ij cxtcrdj. D`tj>> Uf ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj sc cstjgicec kcofjdtc ci p`tcdefõkctr` oc ij D`tj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj, jnustc ci p`tcdefõkctr` oc ij e`ds`ij i`eji ji këdfk` (=R/=kJ) jdtcs oc p`dcr cd kjreaj ci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r.

]ucrt` pjrj ]ucrt` pjrj e`ds`ij cxtcrdj. Eujdo` sc e`dcetj udj e`ds`ij e`d ij budefõd oc 2

e`ds`ij

e`pfj oc pjrêkctr`s, ij e`ds`ij i`eji sc jpjhj. Eujdo` sc fdstjij udj e`ds`ij sfd

cxtcrdj

ij budefõd oc e`pfj oc pjrêkctr`s, ij e`ds`ij i`eji pcrkjdcec cdecdofoj cdecdofoj..

?. ?.: : Fdb`rkjefõd vfsujifzjoj cd cd ij ee`ds` `ds` ij Ij fdb`rkjefõd vfsujifzjoj cd ci ofspijy oc ij e`ds`ij oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= sc ofvfoc cd pjrêkctr`s cd cstjo` oc octcdefõd, pjrêkctr`s cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd, cstjo` oc cofefõd oc eõofh`s oc budefõd y cstjo` oc jijrkj p`r bjii`. ?.:.: ]jrêkctr`s vfsujifzjo`s cd cstjo` oc octcdefõd Eujdo` ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc octcdefõd, ij e`ds`ij kucstrj i`s pjrêkctr`s oc octcdefõd quc sc kucstrjd cd ij bfhurj b fhurj ?-7. 73

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucd brceucdefj efj

]r`ecofkfcdt ]r`ecofkfcdt`` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

Cd ci cstjo` oc octcdefõd, pucocd k`strjrsc ofbcrcdtcs tfp`s oc pjrêkctr`s. Uciceef`dc i`s pjrêkctr`s j k`strjr ` d` kcofjdtc ci eõofh` oc budefõd ]=8.=8. Rcj ijs fdstrueef`dcs oc ]=8.=8 pjrj ij ocbfdfefõd octjiijoj oc ejoj gft. Cd ci cstjo` oc octcdefõd, sc pucocd sciceef`djr ajstj :5 pjrêkctr`s quc pucocd scr sciceef`dj sciceef`djo`s o`s pjrj scr k`strjo`s cd ci ofspijy ` d`. Æst`s s`d> e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj, tcdsfõd oci gus oc e`dtfduj, cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj, cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj, e`dsfhdj ]FO (rcbcrcdefj), rcjifkcdtje rcjifkcdtjefõd fõd ]FO, e`dsfhdj oc pjr, JF:, JF7, JF5, cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF, cstjo` oci ]IE sfkpic y ij ctjpj jetuji cd k`o` kuitfpjs`, y ci vji`r oci e`dtjnc oc puis`s. ]=8.=8 pcrkftc sciceef`djr ` d` ci pjrêkctr` j k`strjr cd ci ofspijy gft j gft y 「/UAFB_ pcrkftc k`vcr i`s pjrêkctr`s k`strjo`s oc fzqufcroj j ocrceaj, kfcdtrjs quc ZSFEL/N@H (]=8.=7;7) pcrkftc pcrkftc k`vcr i`s pjrêkctr`s oc ocrceaj j fzqufcroj. ?.:.7 ]jrêkctr`s vfsujifzjo`s cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd/kjreaj Ocspuæs oc quc ci vjrfjo`r rcefgj ud e`kjdo` vêifo` oc `pcrjefõd/kjreaj, ci vjrfjo`r cdtrjrê cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd y ij e`ds`ij k`strjrê i`s pjrêkctr`s oc `pcrjefõd. Cd cstc cstjo`, ci ICO WSD/_SDC pcrkjdcec cdecdofo` cd ij e`ds`ij, kfcdtrjs quc BXO/WCR vfcdc octcrkfdjo` p`r ij ofrceefõd jetuji oc `pcrjefõd, e`k` sc kucstrj cd ij bfhurj b fhurj ?-7. Cd ci k`o` oc `pcrjefõd, sc pucocd sciceef`djr ajstj 7? pjrêkctr`s quc pucocd scr sciceef`djo`s pjrj scr k`strjo`s cd ci ofspijy ` d`. Æst`s s`d> brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd, e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj, tcdsfõd oci gus oc e`dtfduj, tcdsfõd oc sjifoj, pjr oc sjifoj, e`dsfhdj ]FO (rcbcrcdefj), rcjifkcdtjefõd ]FO, cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj, cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj, e`dsfhdj oc pjr, cstjo` oci ]IE sfkpic y ij ctjpj jetuji cd k`o` kuitfpjs`, ci vji`r oci e`dtjnc oc puis`s, JF:, JF7, JF5, ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF, ci p`recdtjnc oc s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r, ci p`recdtjnc oc s`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r, ij rcbcrcdefj oc brceucdefj oc rjkpj, ij vci`efojo ifdcji y ci vji`r oc ij fdtcdsfojo oc cdtrjoj. ]=8.=3 y ]=8.=2 pcrkftcd sciceef`djr i`s pjrêkctr`s j k`strjr ` d` cd ci ofspijy gft j gft y 「/UAFB_ pcrkftc k`vcr i`s pjrêkctr`s oc fzqufcroj j ocrceaj, kfcdtrjs quc ZSFEL/N@H (]=8.=7;7) (]=8.=7;7) pcrkftc k`vcr i`s pjrêkctr`s oc ocrceaj j fzqufcr fzqufcroj. oj. ?.:.5 ?.: .5 Rfsujifzjef Rfsujifzjefõd õd cd cstjo` oc jij jijrkj rkj p`r bjii` Uf ci vjrfjo`r octcetj ij scúji oc bjii`, cdtrjrê cd cstjo` oc kucstrj oc prc jijrkj p`r bjii`. Ij e`ds`ij k`strjrê pjrpjocjdo` ci eõofh` oc bjii`. Ci ICO _WF] oc ij e`ds`ij cstjrê cdecdofo`, y sc pucoc ajecr ci rcfdfef` oci bjii` kcofjdtc ij tceij U_@]/WU_ oc ij e`ds`ij, kcofjdtc e`kjd e`kjdo`s o`s cd ci g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i ` kcofjdtc e`kjdo`s cd ij e`kudfejefõd. ?.:.? ?.: .? Rfsujifzj Rfsujifzjefõd efõd ourjdtc ij cofefõd oc eõofh`s oc bude fõd Cd ci cstjo` cstjo` oc octcdefõd, octcdefõd, `pcrjefõd `pcrjefõd ` bjii`, bjii`, prcsf`dc ]WH/CUE pjrj cdtrjr cd ci cst cstjo` jo` oc ccofefõd ofefõd (sf cxfstc e`dtrjscúj, vcr ]=8.==).Ci cstjo` oc cofefõd sc kucstrj kcofjdtc o`s eijscs oc kcdþ, y ci `rocd cs> hrup` oc eõofh` oc budefõd / dþkcr` oc eõofh` oc budefõd↗vji`r oci eõofh` oc budefõd. Sdj vcz vfsujifec ci

hrup` oc eõofh` oc budefõd, prcsf`dc OJ_ OJ_J/CD_ pjrj pjsjr ji dþkcr` oc eõofh` oc budefõd. b udefõd. Cd cstc pudt`, prcsf`dc OJ_J/CD_ OJ_J/CD_ pjrj pjsjr j vcr ci vji`r jetuji oci eõofh` oc oc budefõd, ` prcsf`d prcsf`dc c ]WH/CUE pjrj sjifr. 

Bfhurj ?-5 Rfsujifzjefõd Rfsujifzjefõd oc cstjo` 72

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucd brceucdefj efj

]r`ecofkfcdt ]r`ecofkfcdt`` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

?.7 @pcrjefõd kcofjdtc e`ds`ij @pcrc ci vjrfjo`r kcofjdtc ij e`ds`ij. Rcj Rcj ij ocserfpefõd o cserfpefõd octjiij octjiijoj oj oc ejoj ud` oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd cd ij tjgij oci pudt` 3.: 3.: O Ocserfpefõd cserfpefõd o c i`s eõofh`s o c budefõd. budefõd . ?.7.: ?.7 .: Eõk` Eõk` k`ofb fejr i`s eõ ofh`s oc bud efõd o ci vjrfj vjrfjo`r o`r Ci vjrfjo`r ofsp`dc oc trcs dfvcics oc kcdþ. Æst`s s`d> :. Dþkcr` oc hrup` oc eõofh` oc budefõd (kcdþ oc prfkcr dfvci) 7. Dþkcr` oc eõofh` oc budefõd (kcdþ oc schudo` dfvci) 5. Rji`r jnustjo` oc eõofh` oc budefõd (kcdþ oc tcrecr dfvci) @gscrvjef`dcs>> ]rcsf`djdo` jkgjs tceijs ]WH/CUE y OJ_J/CD_ pucoc v`ivcr ji kcdþ oc schudo` @gscrvjef`dcs dfvci ocsoc ci kcdþ oc tcrecr dfvci. Ij ofbcrcdefj cs ij sfhufcdtc> prcsf`djdo` OJ_J/CD_ sc hujrojrêd i`s vji`rcs jnustjo`s cd ij e`ds`ij, y ocspuæs v`ivcrê ji kcdþ oc schudo` dfvci ejkgfjdo` jut`kêtfejkcdtc ji sfhufcdtc dþkcr` oc eõofh` oc budefõd< cd ejkgf`, prcsf`djdo` ]WH/CUE ] WH/CUE v`ivcrê ofrcetjk ofrcetjkcdtc cdtc ji kcdþ oc schudo` dfvci sfd hujrojr i`s vji`rcs jnustjo`s, jnustjo`s, y kjdtcdfædo`sc kjdtcdfædo`sc cd ci eõofh` oc budefõd jetuji. Cd ci kcdþ oc tcrecr dfvci, sf ci vji`r d` tfcdc dfdhþd gft quc pjrpjocc, cst` sfhdfbfej quc ci eõofh` oc budefõd d` pucoc scr k`ofbfejo`. Ijs p`sfgics rjz`dcs p`orëjd scr> :) Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd d` cs k`ofbfejgic, e`k` ud vji`r oc iceturj j tfckp` rcji (p`r cnckpi`, ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r), vjrfjo`r), rchfstr`s oc `pcrjefõd, cte. 7) Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd d` cs k`ofbfejgic cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd/kjreaj, pcr` së quc i` cs cd cstjo` oc octcdefõd. Cnckpi`> Jnustc Jnustc oci eõofh` oc budefõd b udefõd ]==.=: oc = j :. 

Bfhurj ?-? Hrêbfe` csquckêtfe` csquckêtfe` oc ij k`ofbfejefõd oc pjrêkctr`s ?.7.7 Eõk` cstjgicecr ij e`dtrjscúj oci vjrfjo`r I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ofsp`dcd oc udj budefõd oc pr`tceefõd p`r e`dtrjscúj. Jnustc ]=8.== pjrj ccstjgice stjgicecr cr ij e`dtrjscúj y ij pr`tceefõd sc jetfvjrê ji ejg` oc ud kfdut` ocspuæs oc sjifr oci cstjo` oc cofefõd oc eõofh`s oc budefõd. ]rcsf`dc ]WH/CUE oc ducv` pjrj cdtrjr cd ci cstjo` oc cofefõd oc eõofh`s oc budefõd, cdt`decs sc k`strjrê ’=.=.=.=.=‛. J kcd`s quc d` sc fdtr`ouzej ij e`dtrjscúj e`rrcetj, ci `pcrjo`r d` p`orê jeecocr ji k`o` oc cofefõd oc eõofh`s oc budefõd. Jnustc ]=8.== j =.=.=.=.= pjrj ejdecijr ij pr`tceefõd p`r e`dtrjscúj.

78

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucd brceucdefj efj

]r`ecofkfcdt ]r`ecofkfcdt`` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

Bfhurj ?-3 Hrêbfe` csquckêtfe` oci jnustc oc ij e`dtrjscúj ?.7.5 ?.7 .5 Eõk` Eõk` vcr ci cstjo` o ci vjrfjo`r kcofjdtc eõofh`s oc bude budefõd fõd I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ofsp`dcd oci hrup` oc eõofh`s oc budefõd ]:8, quc pcrkftc fdspceef`djr ci cstjo` oci vjrfjo`r.

Bfhurj ?-2 Hrêbfe` csquckêtfe` oc ij fdspceefõ fdspceefõdd oc cstjo` oci vjrfjo`r

71

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

3 Eõofh`s oc budefõd budefõ d 3. 3.: : Ocserfpefõd Ocserfpefõd oc i`s eõofh`s eõof h`s oc budef õd

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

 

I`s eõofh`s oc budefõd oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ajd sfo` ofvfofo`s cd 5= hrup`s (]==~]76) schþd i`s tfp`s oc budefõd, oc i`s eujics ]:1~]71 s`d hrup`s rcscrvjo`s. Ejoj hrup` oc budefõd e`dtfcdc efcrt`s eõofh`s oc budefõd, cxfstfcdo` trcs dfvcics oc kcdþ. ]`r cnckpi`, ’]=1.=3‛ fdofej ci qufdt` eõofh` oc budefõd oci hrup` oc budef`dcs ]1. Ci hrup` oc budef`dcs ]76 cstê rcscrvjo` oc bêgrfej, p`r cii` ci usujrf` d` tfcdc jeecs` j æstc. ]jrj bjefiftjr ci jnustc oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd, ci dþkcr` oci hrup` oc budefõd e`rrcsp`doc ji kcdþ oc prfkcr dfvci, ci eõofh` oc budefõd e`rrcsp`doc ji kcdþ oc schudo` dfvci y ci vji`r oci eõofh` oc budefõd e`rrcsp`doc ji kcdþ oc tcrecr dfvci. Ci vjrfjo`r HO7= fdeiuyc i`s sfhufcdtcs hrup`s oc budefõd>   ]==> Budef`dcs gêsfejs   ]=:> E`dtr`i oci jrrjdquc y oci pjr`   ]=7> Ojt`s oci k`t`r   ]=5> E`dtr`i Rcet`rfji   ]=?> E`dtr`i UR]XK (R/b)   ]=3> _crkfdjics oc cdtrjoj   ]=2> _crkfdjics oc sjifoj   ]=8> Fdtcrbjz A`kgrc-kê A`kgrc-kêqufdj qufdj   ]=1> Budef`dcs jvjdzjojs   ]=6> E`dtr`i ]FO   ]:=> ]IE sfkpic y e`dtr`i oc vci`efojo Kuitfpjs`   ]::> ]jrêkctr`s ]jrêkctr` s oc pr`tceefõd   ]:5> ]jrêkctr`s oc e`dtr`i oci brcdjo` p`r e`rt`efre e`rt`efreuft` uft`   ]:?> E`kudfejefõd scrfc   ]:8> Budef`dcs oc k`dft`rfzjefõd k`dft`rfzje fõd Ijs ofbcrcdtcs e`iukdjs quc e`kp`dcd ij ifstj oc eõofh`s oc budefõd bud efõd oc cstc kjduji s`d> b udefõd‛> Fdofej ci eõofh` oc budefõd Ij prfkcrj e`iukdj ’Eõofh` e`iukdj ’Eõofh` oc budefõd‛> Ij schudoj e`iukdj ’D`kgrc‛> D`kgrc e`kpict` oci eõofh` oc budefõd •

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Ij tcrecrj e`iukdj ’Cxpifejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`‛> Cxpifejefõd Cxpifejefõd octjiijoj oc ij budefõd quc tfcdc ci pjrêkctr` y ijs ofbcrcdtcs `pef`dcs oc sciceefõd ofsp`dfgics Ij eujrtj e`iukdj ’Rji`r e`iukdj ’Rji`r p`r ocbcet`‛> vji`r jnustjo` oc bêgrfej pjrj ci pjrêkctr` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc Ij qufdtj e`iukdj ’K`ofbfejr‛> e`iukdj ’K`ofbfejr‛> fdofej ci tfp` oc k`ofbfejefõd quc sc pucoc rcjifzjr cd ci eõofh` oc budefõd e`rrcsp`dofcdtc (i`s pjrêkctr`s pucocd scr k`ofbfejo`s ` d` ocpcdofcdo` oci tfp` oc k`ofbfejefõd quc tcdhj ci eõofh` oc budefõd b udefõd cd eucstfõd), j e`dtfdujefõd sc cxpifejd i`s trcs tfp`s t fp`s cxfstcdtcs> ’◌‛> sfhdfbfej quc ci pjrêkctr` pucoc scr k`ofbfejo` cd cstjo` oc octcdefõd y cd cstjo` oc

`pcrjefõd/kjreaj ’◄‛> sfhdfbfe sfhdfbfej j quc ci vj i`r oci pj rêkctr` rêkctr` d ` p ucoc scr k `ofbfejo` `ofbfejo` c d c stjo` stjo` oc `pcrjefõd/kj reaj reaj  ’◀‛> sfhdfbfej quc ci vji`r oci pjrêkctr` cs udj octceefõd rcji oc ud vji`r (p`r cnckpi` ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r) y æstc d` pucoc scr k`ofbfejo`

3. 3.7 7 Eõk` Eõk` e`dbfhu e` dbfhu rjr eõofh`s oc budefõd budefõ d cxprcsjo`s cxprcsjo`s cd acxjocefk acxjocefkji ji Jihud`s oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd oci vjrfjo`r HO7= ocgcd cxprcsjrsc cd b`rkjt` acxjocefkji. 76

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

]`r cnckpi`, æstc cs ci ejs` oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd sfhufcdtcs> ]=3.:=, ]=2.=3, ]=8.=3, ]=8.=2, ]=8.=8… Uc trjtj oc pjrêkctr`s quc pcrkftcd ajgfiftjr ` ocsajgfiftjr udj cdtrjoj ` sjifoj ofhftji, udj iceturj, ` udj sciceefõd oc b`rkj oc trjgjnjr oci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r. Cd t`o`s i`s ejs`s, ijs `pef`dcs s`d Uë/D`, ` cd gfdjrf` ’:‛/‛=‛. Eujdo` tcdck`s kþitfpics `pef`dcs, æstjs sc ocgcrêd jhrupjr oc eujtr` cd eujtr`, b`rkjdo` cstc hrup` oc ? dþkcr`s gfdjrf`s ud dþkcr` acxjocefkji. Ucrê cstc vji`r acxjocefkji ci quc sc ocgcrê fdtr`ouefr cd ci vjrfjo`r. J k`o` oc cnckpi`, t`kck`s ci pjrêkctr` ]=8.=3, o`doc sc sciceef`djd ijs kjhdftuocs quc qucrck`s p`ocr iccr cd ci ofspijy cd k`o` oc `pcrjefõd. Cd cstc pjrêkctr` sc d`s fdofej> Wjdh` oc jnustc> j nustc> =x====~=xBBBB GF_=>> Brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd (Az cdecdofo`) GF_= GF_:>> E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj (Az pjrpjocjdo`) GF_: GF_7>> _cdsfõd oci gus OE (Az cdecdofo`) GF_7 GF_5>> _cdsfõd oc sjifoj (R cdecdofo`) GF_5 GF_?>> Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj (J cdecdofo`) GF_? GF_3>> Rci`efojo r`tjef`dji oc `pcrjefõd (rpk cdecdofo`) GF_3 GF_2>> ]`tcdefj oc sjifoj (% cdecdofo`) GF_2 GF_8>> ]jr oc sjifoj (% cdecdofo`) GF_8 GF_1>> E`dsfhdj ]FO (% pjrpjocj GF_1 pjrpjocjdo`) do`) GF_6> Rji`r oc rcjifkcdtjefõd GF_6> rcjifkcdtjefõd oci ]FO (% cdecdofo`) GF_:=>> Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj GF_:= GF_::>> Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj GF_:: GF_:7>> E`dsfhdj oc pjr (% cdecdofo`) GF_:7 GF_:5>> Rji`r oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s GF_:5 GF_:?>> Wcscrvjo` GF_:? GF_:3>> ]js` jetuji oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic ` kuitfpjs` GF_:3 Rji`r Acx. Sd. Kfiijr

Rji`r Acx. Ecdtcdjs

Rji`r Acx. Ocecdjs

Rji`r Acx. Sdfojocs

Gft :3

Gft :?

Gft :5

Gft :7

Gft ::

Gft :=

Gft 6

Gft 1

Gft 8

Gft 2

Gft 3

Gft ?

Gft 5

Gft 7

Gft :

Gft =

75 

77

7: 

7= 

75 

77

7: 

7= 

75 

77

7: 

7= 

75 

77

7: 

7= 

J k`o` oc cnckpi`, sup`dhjk`s quc qucrck`s jetfvjr ij iceturj oc ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj (GF_:), ij tcdsfõd oci gus OE (GF_7), ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj (GF_?), ci cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj (GF_:=) y sjifoj (GF_::) y ci pjs` jetuji oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic ` kuitfpjs` (GF_:3). Cd cstc ejs` tcdorëjk`s i`s sfhufcdtcs gfts jetfvjo`s (s`kgrcjo`s)> (s`kgrcjo`s)> Gft :3

Gft :?

Gft :5

Gft :7

Gft ::

Gft :=

Gft 6

Gft 1

Gft 8

Gft 2

Gft 3

Gft ?

Gft 5

Gft 7

Gft :

Gft =

75 

77

7: 

7= 

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77

7: 

7= 

75 

77

7: 

7= 

75 

77

7: 

7= 

Ci vji`r j fdtr`ouefr cd ci vjrfjo`r scrëj 1E:2 Rji`r acx. udfojocs> 7:+77;2 Rji`r acx. Ocecdjs> 7=;: Rji`r acx. Ecdtcdjs> 77+75;:7 (E cd acxjocefkji). Ejgc rce`rojr quc J;:=, G;::, E;:7, O;:5, C;:?, B;:3   5

Rji`r acx. Sdfojocs oc kfiijr> 7 ;1

5=

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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Hrup` ]==- Budef`dcs gêsfejs  gêsfejs   => E`dtr`i Rcet`rfji d¾= D` cs dcecsjrf` fdstjijr cde`ocr. Joceujo` pjrj jpifejef`dcs o`doc sc dcecsftj ud pjr cicvjo` j gjnj brceucdefj, jsë e`k` udj prcefsfõd jitj oc ij vci`efojo r`tjef`dji y oci e`dtr`i oc

]==.==

K`o` oc e`dtr`i oc vci`efojo

pjr. E`kpjrjo` e`d ij `pefõd :, cstc kæt`o` trjgjnj kcn`r cd ijs jpifejef`dcs oc gjnj p`tcdefj. :> E`dtr`i Rcet`rfji d¾: Cs joceujo` cd ejs`s o`doc sc dcecsftj ud jit` rcdofkfcdt`, e`d ij vcdtjnj oc ofsp`dcr oc udj jitj prcefsfõd oc ij vci`efojo r`tjef`dji y ci pjr. D` cs dcecsjrf` fdstjijr ud cde`ocr oc puis`s. 7> E`dtr`i E`dtr `i UR]X UR]XK K (joceujo` pjrj k`t`rcs jsëder`d`s). Joceujo` cd ejs`s o`doc d` sc dcecsftj ud e`dtr`i oc jitj prcefsfõd, e`k` ijs ejrhjs tfp` vcdtfijo`r ` g`kgjs. Sd vjrfjo`r pucoc e`dtr`ijr vjrf`s k`t`rcs j ij vcz.

Uciceef`dj ci ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r. Ci e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r fdeiuyc> `pcrjefõd/kjreaj, octcdefõd/pjr`, scdtfo` jocijdtc, scdtfo` fdvcrs`, vci`efojo N@H y rcfdfef` oc bjii`s. => Ejdji Ejdji oc ee`kjdo` `kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc e`ds e`ds`ij `ij (ICO  (ICO ’I@EJI/WCK@_‛ jpjhjo`) Iicvjr j ejg` ci e`dtr`i oc e`kjdo` kcofjdtc ijs tceijs WSD, U_@]/WU_ oc ij e`ds`ij. Jnustc ij tceij kuitfbudefõd ZSFEL/N@H j budefõd BXO/WCR Ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc cstjgicefcdo` ]=8.=7;5 (pcrkftc ejkgfjr ci scdtfo` oc hfr`)< ]==.=: `pcrjefõd (k`o` prcsf`dc   WSD y U_@]/WU_  prcsf`dc U_@]/WU_   sfkuitêdcjkcdtc cd ci cstjo` oc WSD/U_@]) `pcrjefõd pjrj rcjifzjr ud pjr` cd rucoj ifgrc (p`r fdcrefj).  fdcrefj).   :>Ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc tcrkfdji oc e`dtr`i (’I@EJI/WCK@_‛ pjrpjocjdo`) Iicvjr j ejg` ci e`dtr`i oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc i`s tcrkfdjics kuitfbudefõd> e`kjdo` oc kjreaj e`d r`tjefõd jocijdtc, e`d r`tjefõd fdvcrsj, e`d vci`efojo N@H jocijdtc y e`d vci`efojo N@H fdvcrsj 7> Ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd (’I@EJI/WCK@_‛ e`kudfejefõd  (’I@EJI/WCK@_‛ cdecdofo`)＜  Ci e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd cs e`dtr`ijo` p`r ud cickcdt` supcrvfs`r (]IE, sfstckj Uejoj, cte.) vëj e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd ]==.=5

Brceucdefj Kjx. oc sjifoj

:3=

Cstc pjrêkctr` sc utfifzj pjrj jnustjr ij brceucdefj kêxfkj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r. I`s usujrf`s ocgcd prcstjr jtcdefõd j cstc 3=.==Az ◄  pjrêkctr` p`rquc cs ij gjsc oci jnustc oc brceucdefj y oc ij 5:

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]==.=?

]==.=3

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

vci`efojo oc ij jecicrjefõd jecicrjefõd y ij ocsjecicrjefõd. Wjdh` oc jnustc> ]==.=?~?==.==Az Iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj

Ci iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd cs ci iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r, vjrfjo`r, quc cs kcd`r ` :3= 3=.==Az ◄  fhuji j ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj kêxfkj. kêxfkj. Wjdh` oc jnustc> ]==.=3~]==.=5 (Brceucdefj (Brceucdefj Kjx. sjifoj)

Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj

Ci iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd cs ij brceucdefj këdfkj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r. Ci vjrfjo`r `pcrj j ij brceucdefj iëkftc sf ij brceucdefj jnustjoj cs kcd`r quc ij oci iëkftc fdbcrf`r. =.==Az D`tj> Brceucdefj Kjx. oc sjifoj ≣ Iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij brceucdefj ≣ Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc ij brceucdefj  Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==Az~]==.=? (Iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd)

◄ 

D`tj : :>> Ijs brceuc brceucdefjs defjs J y G d` pucocd jnustjrsc jnustjrsc kcofjdtc ci ci kfs kfsk` k` kæt`o`.

=

◌

7

◌

]==.=2 K`o` oc brceucd brceucdefj efj J

2

D`tj 7 7>> Ci rcsuitjo` bfdji oc ij e`dsfhd j oc brceucdefj brceucdefj pucoc scr udj ud j e`kgfd e`kgfdjefõd jefõd oc J y G (vcr ]==.=6) ]==.=6)   => Jnustc kcofjdtc e`ds`ij K`ofbfquc ci vji`r oci eõofh` oc budefõd ]==.:= pjrj cstjgicecr ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj. b rceucdefj. :> Jnust Jnustc c jdjiõhfe` JF: JF: (e`rrcsp`doc ji p`tcdefõkctr` oc ij e`ds`ij) e`ds`ij) 7>  7>    Jn  Jnus ustc tc jdji jdjiõh õhfe fe` ` JF7 JF7 (e`rrcsp`doc  (e`rrcsp`doc ji tcrkfdji JF JF7) 7) JF5) 5) 5> Jnust Jnustc c jdjiõhfe` JF5 JF5 (e`rrcsp`doc ji tcrkfdji JF Ij brceucdefj sc cstjgicec kcofjdtc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj jdjiõhfe`s. I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= fde`rp`rjd trcs ejdjics oc cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej e`k` e`dbfhurjefõd cstêdojr, oc i`s eujics JF: sc ]==.=8 K`o` oc brceucd brceucdefj efj G jnustj kcofjdtc ci p`tcdefõkctr` oc ij e`ds`ij, JF7 (=~:=R/=~7=kJ) pucoc e`dkutjr cdtrc cdtrjoj oc tcdsfõd / fdtcdsfojo kcofjdtc ud nukpcr ` kfdfofp, y JF5 cs udj cdtrjoj oc tcdsfõd (-:=R~+:=R). D`tj>> eujdo` JF7 sc sciceef`dj e`k` cdtrjoj =~7=kJ, 7=kJ D`tj e`rrcsp`doc j :=R. Ci :==.=% oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej e`rrcsp`doc e`rrcsp`doc j ]==.=5 (brceucdefj kêxfkj), -:==.=% oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej e`rrcsp`doc j ]==.=5 cd scdtfo` fdvcrs`. ?> Jnustc kcofjdtc cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj (AOF) Ij brceucdefj sc jnustj kcofjdtc ci tcrkfdji oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj. Ci vjrfjo`r HO7= ofsp`dc oc udj cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj e`k` e`dbfhurjefõd cstêdojr. Ci rjdh` oc i`s

57

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=

◌

puis`s oc brceucdefj cs =.==~3=.== lAz. Ci :==% oci jnustc oc ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj e`rrcsp`doc j ]==.=5 (brceucdefj kêxfkj), -:==% oci jnustc oc ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj e`rrcsp`doc j ]==.=5 cd scdtfo` fdvcrs`. 3> Jnustc kcofjdtc ]IE sfkpic Ci vjrfjo`r `pcrj cd k`o` ]IE sfkpic eujdo` ]==.=2;3 ` ]==.=8;3. Jnustc Jnustc ]:= (]IE sfkpic y e`dtr`i oc vci`efojo Kuitfpjs`) e`d tji oc sciceef`d sciceef`djr jr ij bbrceucdef rceucdefjj oc `pcrjefõd, ci scdtfo` oc hfr`, ci tfckp` t fckp` oc jecicrjefõd y ocsjecicrjefõd y ci tfckp` oc ourjefõd oc ejoj ud` oc i`s pjs`s. Rcj ij ocserfpefõd oci hrup` oc budefõd ]:= pjrj `gtcdcr fdb`rkjefõd octjiijoj. 2> Jnustc oc vci`efojo Kuitfp Kuitfp js` Ci vjrfjo`r `pcrj cd k`o` oc vci`efojo kuitfpjs` eujdo` ]==.=2;2 ` ]==.=8;2. Jnustc ]=3 pjrj sciceef`djr ci pjs` jetuji oc `pcrjefõd, y jnustc ]:= pjrj sciceef`djr ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd jetuji. Ij vci`efojo kuitfpjs` cs prf`rftjrfj. Uc pucocd jnustjr :2 pjs`s (= ~:3). 8> Jnustc kcofjdtc e`d tr`i ]F ]FO O Ci k`o` oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r cs e`dtr`i oc pr`ecs` ]FO eujdo` ]==.=2;8 ` ]==.=8;8. ]==.=8;8. Cs dcecsjrf` jnustjr ]=6. IIjj brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r cs ci vji`r ocspuæs oci cbcet` ]FO. Rcj ]=6 pjrj `gtcdcr fdb`rkjefõd octjiijoj s`grc ij bucdtc oc rcbcrcdefj, ci vji`r oc e`dsfhdj (rcbcrcdefj) y ij bucdtc oc rcjifkcdtjefõd oci ]FO. 1> Jnustc kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU Ij brceucdefj sc cstjgicec kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU.

Rcj ]:? pjrj `gtcdcr fdb`rkjefõd octjiijoj. 6~::> Wc Wcscrvjo` scrvjo`ss => Kê Kêxf xfkj kj brce brceucdefj ucdefj oc sjifoj, sjifoj , Ci :==% oci jnustc oc ij brceucdefj G e`rrcsp`doc j ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj kêxfkj Wcbcrcdefj oc ij (]==.=5) :> E`kjdo` oc brceucde fj J, Ci :==% oci jnustc oc ij ]==.=1 e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj G e`rrcsp`doc ji jnustc oc ij brceucdefj J. brceucdefj G Uciceef`dc cstj `pefõd sf sc dcecsftj jnustjr ij brceucdefj G cd gjsc ji jnustc oc brceucdefj J => J , ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cs ij J :> G , ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cs ij G Jnustc oci tfp` oc J+G , ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cs ij e`dsfhdj oc e`kgfdjefõd pjrj ij 7> J+G, brceucdefj J + ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj b rceucdefj G ]==.=6

`gtcdefõd e`dsfhdjoc ocij brceucdefj

5> J-G J-G,, ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cs ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj J ― ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj G ?> Kj Kjxx (J, G)> G)> ij brceucdefj oc e`dsfhdj cs ij kjy`r oc cdtrc ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj J y ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj G.

=

◌

55

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

3> Kfd (J, G)> G)> ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cs ij kcd`r oc cdtrc ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj J y ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj G. D`tj> Ij b`rkj oc e`kgfdjefõd pucoc scr ejkgfjoj kcofjdtc ]=3 (budefõd oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj)  cdtrjoj)  Eujdo` i`s e`kjdo`s oc brceucdefj J y G sc sciceef`djd e`k` ’Jnustc kcofjdtc e`ds`ij‛, cstc pjrêkctr` scrê ci vji`r

E`dsfhdj oc ]==.:= brceucdefj jnustjoj cd e`ds`ij fdfefji rcbcrcdefj brceucdefj vjrfjo`r Kjx.)  Wjdh`oc ocijjnustc> =.== oc Az~]==.=5 (ijoci Brceucdefj Kjx.)  ]==.::

_fckp` oc Jecicrjefõd :

]==.:7

_fckp` oc Ocsjecicrjefõd :

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

3=.==Az ◌

Ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd cs ci tfckp` rcqucrfo` cd ci ejs` oc Uchþd quc ci vjrfjo`r jecicrc oc =Az ajstj ij Brceucdefj kêxfkj oc k`oci` sjifoj (]==.=5). Ci tfckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd cs ci tfckp` rcqucrfo` cd ci ejs` oc quc ci vjrfjo`r ocsjecicrc ocsoc ocsoc ij Brceucdef Brceucdefjj kêxfkj oc sjifoj (]==.=5) ajstj =Az. I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ofsp`dcd oc eujtr` hrup`s oc tfckp`s oc Uchþd Jecicrjefõd/Ocsjecicrjefõd quc pucocd scr sciceef`djo`s k`oci` kcofjdtc ]=3. Ci vji`r oci tfckp` oc Jecicrjefõd/Ocsjecicrjefõd Jecicrjefõd/Ocs jecicrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r vfcdc octcrkfdjo` oc bêgrfej p`r ci prfkcr hrup`. Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]==.:: y ]==.:7> =.=~52==.=s

◌ 8=

8= ◌

=> @pcrj cd ij ofrceefõd p`r ocbcet` ocbcet`,, ci vjrfjo`r `pcrj cd ofrceefõd jocijdtc. Ci ICO BXO/WCR cstê cst ê jpjhjo`. :> @pcrj cd ij ofrceefõd fdvcrsj, fdvcrsj , ci vjrfjo`r `pcrj cd ij ofrceefõd fdvcrsj. Ci ICO BXO/WCR cstê cdecdofo`. Jnustc cstc vji`r pjrj ejkgfjr ci scdtfo` oc hfr` oci k`t`r. Ci cbcet` cqufvjic j ejkgfjr ci scdtfo` oc hfr` fdtcrejkgfjdo` o`s oc ijs iëdcjs oc jifkcdtjefõd oci k`t`r

]==.:5

Ucdtfo` oc hfr`

(S, R y X). Ci scdtfo` oc hfr` oci k`t`r tjkgfæd pucoc scr ejkgfjo` kcofjdtc ij tceij ZSFEL/N@H oc ij e`ds`ij. Wcbfærjsc ji pjrêkctr` ]=8.=7. D`tj> Uf cd jihþd k`kcdt`, ci pjrêkctr` v`ivfcrj ji vji`r oc bêgrfej, ci scdtfo` oc hfr` oci k`t`r tjkgfæd v`ivcrëj ji cstjo` oc bêgrfej. Cd jihud`s ejs`s, cstj `pefõd ocgc utfifzjrsc e`d eufojo` ocspuæs oc ij pucstj cd kjreaj sf ci ejkgf` oc ofrceefõd pucoc sup`dcr jihþd pcifhr`. 7> ]r`afgfo` `pcrjr cd ofrceefõd fdvcrsj> fdvcrsj> pucoc scr utfifzjo` cd jihud`s ejs`s cspcefjics sf sc dcecsftj

=

◌

ocsajgfiftjr ci hfr` cd scdtfo` fdvcrs`.

5?

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Ij tjgij fdofej ci vji`r oc bêgrfej oc ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj> Ofsfpjefõd _fp` oc k`t`r

Rji`r oc o c bêgrfej bêgrfe j oc ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj

=,?~8,3lX

1 lAz

Ij vcdtjnj oc trjgjnjr e`d udj brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj jitj cs> b`rkj oc `doj oc e`rrfcdtc focji, `doj e`d p`e`s jrkõdfe`s oc e`rrfcdtc y gjn` rufo` oci k`t`r k`t`r.. Jnustc oc ij ]==.:? Ij ocsvcdtjnj oc trjgjnjr e`d udj brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj jitj cs> brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj jukcdt` oc ijs pærofojs oc e`dkutjefõd, jukcdt` oc ij tckpcrjturj oci vjrfjo`r y ci fkpjet` cd ij ejpjefojo oc sjifoj. Ci vjrfjo`r ocgc ocseijsfbfejrsc eujdo` sc sciceef`dc udj brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj kês jitj quc ij oc bêgrfej. Ji kfsk` tfckp`, ij buhj j tfcrrj y ijs fdtcrbcrcdefjs cicetr`kjhdætfejs sc fderckcdtjrêd. Ci cbcet` oc ofskfdufr o fskfdufr ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj cs ci e`dtrjrf` oc i` jdtcrf`rkcdtc ocserft`. Sdj kuy gjnj brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj ejusjrê quc ij `pcrjefõd scj fdcstjgic, quc ci pjr ofskfduyj y pr`v`quc jhftjefõd oc ij ejrhj. FDR_ aj jnustjo` udj brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj rjz`djgic oc bêgrfeej. j. Cd hcdcrji, i`s usujrf`s d` dcecsftjd ejkgfjr cstc pjrêkctr`. Eujdo` ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj p`rtjo`rj jnustjoj cxecoc ij cstjgicefo cstjgicefojj p`r ocbcet`, ci vjrfjo`r sc ocgc ocseijsfbfejr ud :=% p`r ejoj :lAz oc kês rcspcet` oci vji`r p`r ocbcet`. Wjdh` oc jnustc> :.=~:3.=lAz

]==.:3

Jut`tudfdh oc

=> Ufd `pcrjefõd :> Jut`tudfdh ofdêkfe` (e`d r`tjefõd oci k`t`r) Jut`tudfdh oc pjrêkctr`s oc k`t`r cxajustfv`

1 lAz

◌ 

=

◄ 

pjrêkctr`s oc k`t`r Uc rce`kfcdoj eujdo` sc dcecsftj ud e`dtr`i kuy prcefs` Cs ci kæt`o` kês rce`kcdojgic 7> Jut`tudfd h cstêtfe` d¾: ((jut`tudfdh jut`tudfdh tt`tji) `tji) 53

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]==.:2

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Cs joceujo` cd i`s ejs`s cd i`s quc ci k`t`r d` sc pucoc ocsje`pijr oc ij ejrhj. Ci jut`tudfdh oc i`s pjrêkctr`s oc k`t`r jbcetjrê j ij prcefsfõd oci e`dtr`i Cs ci schudo` kæt`o` kês rce`kcdojgic 5> Jut`tud fdh cstêtfe` d¾7 (j (jut`tud ut`tud fdh pjrefji)

Budefõd JRW

Cstc k`o` sõi` jnustj i`s pjrêkctr`s ]=7.=2, ]=7.=8 y ]=7.=1 => Ocsajgfiftjoj :> Ajgfiftjoj Ajgfiftjoj ourjdtc t`o` ci pr`ecofkfcdt` Ij budefõd oc jut`jnustc oci vjrfjo`r pcrkftc ejdecijr ci fkpjet` cd ij tcdsfõd oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r ocgfo` j ij biuetujefõd oci gus oc e`dtfduj.

:

◌ 

=

◄ 

=

◄ 

=> D` `pcrjefõd :> Wcstjurj Wcstjurj i`s vji`rcs p` r ocbcet` 7> Ifkpfj i`s rchfstr`s o c bjii` 5> Gi`qucj t`o`s i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd ]==.:1

Wcstjurjefõd j vji`rcs p`r ocbcet`

]jrj ocsgi`qucjr, ocgcrê jnustjr ]==.:1 ji vji`r = D`tj> Cxecpt` pjrj ci vji`r 5, ci eõofh` oc budefõd sc rcstjurjrê j = ocspuæs oc jejgjr ij `pcrjefõ `pcrjefõdd sciceef`djoj. Wcstjurjdo` j i`s vji`rcs p`r ocbcet` (]==.:1;:) ejdecijrê ij e`dtrjscúj oc usujrf`< p`r bjv`r, utfifec cstj budefõd e`d eufojo`. Hrup` ]=:- E`dtr`i oci Jrrjdquc y oci ]jr`  ]jr`   => Jrrjdejr ofrcetjkcdtc> ofrcetjkcdtc> Jrrjdej ocsoc ij brceucdefj oc jrrjdquc ]=:.=: :> Jrrjdejr ocspuæs oc brcdjo` OE OE.. Jrrjdej ci k`t`r

]=:.==

K`o` oc jrrjdquc

ocsoc ij brceucdefj oc jrrjdquc ocspuæs oc rcjifzjr ud brcdjo` p`r fdyceefõd oc e`rrfcdtc e`dtfduj (jnustc ci pjrêkctr` ]=:.=5 y ]=:.=?). Cs joceujo` cd i`s ejs`s o`doc sc pucoc pr`ouefr udj r`tjefõd fdvcrsj ourjdtc ci jrrjdquc, ocgfo` j ij gjnj fdcrefj oc ij ejrhj (p`r cnckpi`, sc utfifzj cd jihud`s ejs`s oc vcdtfijefõd). vcdtfijefõd). 7> Ejz Ejzj j ji vuci` d¾: 5> Ejz Ejzj j ji vuci` d¾7 d¾7.. Ij vci`efojo y ci scdtfo` oc hfr` sc rjstrcjd jut`kêtfejkcdtc pjrj e`dtr`ijr oc b`rkj sujvc k`t`rcs quc sc cdeucdtrjd cd r`tjefõd. Wce`kcdojoj tjkgfæd pjrj jpifejef`dcs cd ijs quc sc tcdhj quc jrrjdejr udj ejrhj pcsjoj quc cstê hfrjdo` cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` ocgfo` j bjet`rcs cxtcrd`s. D`tj> Cstj budefõd sõi` cstê ofsp`dfgic pjrj vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ

52

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.3=Az

◄ 

=.=s

◄ 

=.=%

◄ 

OE jdtcs oci jrrjdquc fdtcdsfojo oc brcdjo` OE jdtcs oci jrrjdquc  jrrjdquc  jnustjo` y jecicrjrê udj vcz tcrkfdjo` ci tfckp` oc brcdjo` jdtcs oci jrrjdquc. Uf jrrjdquc.  Uf ci tfckp` oc brcdjo` OE sc jnustj j =, ci brcdjo` OE cstê ocsajgfiftjo`. ocsajgfiftjo`. Eujdt` kjy`r scj ij e`rrfcdtc oc brcdjo`, kês hrjdoc scrê ij _fckp` oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` p`tcdefj oci brcdjo`. Ci vji`r oc ij fdtcdsfojo oc brcdjo` OE ]=:.=? jdtcs oci jrrjdquc jdtcs oci jrrjdquc vfcdc jrrjdquc vfcdc rcbcrfo` cd p`recdtjnc rcspcet` oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r. Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=:.=5> =.=~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=:.=?> =.=~3=.=s

=.==s

◄ 

Fdofej ci k`o` oc ejkgf` oc ij brceucdefj ourjdtc ci jrrjdqu jrrjdqucc _fp` oc Jecicrjefõd/ y ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd. ]=:.=3 => _fp` ifdcji Ocsjecicrjefõd Ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj sc fderckcdtj ` ofskfduyc

=

◄ 

Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr` ?==R ≣ ? lX y 5Ñ 75=R ≣ :,3 lX 

Cs ij brceucdef b rceucdefj j oc `rfhcd ourjdtc ci jrrjdquc oci vjrfjo`r. ]=:.=: Brceucdefj oc fdfef` Rcj ]=:.=7 pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==~3=.==Az Jnustc udj brceucdefj oc fdfef` joceujoj pjrj jukcdtjr ci pjr oci vjrfjo`r ourjdtc ci fdfef`. Ourjdtc ci tfckp` oc rctcdefõd oc ij brceucdefj oc fdfef`, ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r cs ij brceucdefj oc fdfef`. J pjrtfr oc cdt`decs, ci vjrfjo`r `pcrjrê ocsoc ij brceucdefj oc fdfef` ajstj ij brceucdefj jnustjoj. Uf ij brceucdefj jnustjoj cs fdbcrf`r j ij brceucdefj oc fdfef`, ci vjrfjo`r sc pjrjrê y sc qucojrê cd cstjo` oc stjdo-gy. Ij brceucdefj oc fdfef` d` cstê ifkftjoj p`r ci iëkftc oc brceucdefj gjn`. _fckp` oc rctcdefõd ]=:.=7 oc ij brceucdefj oc fdfef`

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~3=.=s Cnckpi`> prctcdsjo` cd kêqufdj g`gfdjo`rj ]=:.=5

Fdtcdsfojo oc brcdjo` Ci vjrfjo`r iicvjrê j ejg` ud brcdjo` OE oci vji`r oc ij

58

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

ifdcjikcdtc.

:> Eurvj U, ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj oc sjifoj sc fderckcdtj ` ocerckcdtj oc jeucro` j ij eurvj U Ij eurvj U sc utfifzj hcdcrjikcdtc cd ijs jpifejef`dcs o`doc sc dcecsftj ud jrrjdquc y udj octcdefõd hrjouji, e`k` cs ci ejs` oc i`s jsecds`rcs

_fckp` oc ]=:.=2 jecicrjefõd oci pjs` fdfefji oc ij eurvj U _fckp` oc ]=:.=8 ocsjecicrjefõd oci pjs` bfdji oc ij eurvj U

=.:s

◄ 

=.:s

◄ 

=

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=.=~3=.=s

=> ]jr` p`r ocsjecicrjefõd ocsjecicrjefõd.. Ocspuæs oc quc sc jetfvc ci

]=:.=1

_fp` oc octcdefõd

e`kjdo` oc pjr`, ci vjrfjo`r ocsjecicrj ofskfduycdo` ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci tfckp` cstjgicefo`. Eujdo` ij brceucdefj ofskfduyc ajstj = Az, ci vjrfjo`r sc pjrj. :> ]jr` p`r fdcrefj (rucoj ifgr ifgrc) c).. Ocspuæs oc quc sc jetfvc ci e`kjdo` oc octcdefõd, ci vjrfjo`r ocnj oc pr`ouefr sjifoj fdkcofjtjkcdtc, y ij ejrhj sc octfcdc p`r fdcrefj kceêdfej.

Brceucdefj oc fdfef` Brceucdefj oc fdfef` oc brcdjo` OE> OE > fdfefj ci brcdjo` OE =.==Az eujdo` ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd jiejdzj ij brceucdefj oc oc brcdjo` OE fdfef` octcrkfdjoj p`r ]:.=6. ] :.=6. _fckp` oc cspcrj _fckp` oc cspcrj jdtcs oci brcdjo` OE> OE> Ci vjrfjo`r gi`qucj ]=:.:= jdtcs oci brcdjo` OE ij sjifoj jdtcs oc ckpczjr ci brcdjo` OE. Ocspuæs oc cstc =.==s tfckp` oc cspcrj, ci brcdjo` OE ckpczjrê. Uc utfifzj e`d ci bfd ]=:.:: Fdtcdsfojo oc brcdjo` oc cvftjr ci bjii` oc s`grce`rrfcdtc quc sc pr`ouec eujdo` sc =.=%

]=:.=6

◌

◌ ◌

51  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

OE

rcjifzj ud brcdjo` OE j jitj vci`efojo. Fdtcdsfojo oc brcdjo` OE＞Ci vji`r oc ]=:.:: sc ocbfdc e`k` ud p`recdtjnc s`grc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r. Eujdt` kês hrjdoc scj ij fdtcdsfojo oc brcdjo` OE, kês hrjdoc scrê ci pjr oc brcdjo`. _fckp` oc brcdjo` OE> OE> Cs ci tfckp` ourjdtc ci euji sc

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.==s

◌

=.==s

◌ 

=

◄ 

kjdtfcdc ci brcdjo` OE. Uf cstc tfckp` cs =, ci brcdjo` OE cstê ocsajgfiftjo`. Cd cstc ejs`, ci vjrfjo`r sc octcdorê cd ci tfckp` jnustjo` e`k` tfckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd.

]=:.:7

_fckp` oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` OE

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=:.=6> =.==Az~]==.=5 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=:.:=> =.=~3=.=s Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=:.::> =.=~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=:.:7> =.=~3=.=s Jecicrjefõd Rci`efojo e`dstjdtc Ocsjecicrjefõ Ocsjecicrjefõd d `pcrjefõd

Cd

Ourjdtc ci pr`ecofkfcdt` oc ejkgf` oc r`tjefõd BXO/WCR, jnustc ci ukgrji kcofjdtc ]=:.:?. J e`dtfdujefõd sc kucstrj cstc tfckp` oc b`rkj hrêbfej>

_fckp` kucrt` ji ]=:.:5 ejkgfjr ci scdtfo` oc hfr` BXO/WCR

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~52==.=s Jnustj ci pudt` ukgrji oci vjrfjo`r (euêdo` ckpfczj j e`dtjr ]=:.:?

K`o` oc ejkgf` cdtrc ci tfckp` ocbfdfo` cd ]=:.:5) r`tjefõd BXO/WCR => E`dkutj ocspuæs oc brceucdefj ecr` :> E`dkutj ocspuæs oc ij brceucdefj oc fdfef`

56  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.3= Az

◄ 

:

◄ 

=.3=s

◄ 

=

◌ 

7> E`dkut E`dkutj j ocspu ocspuæs æs oc quc ij vci`efojo vci`e fojo jiejde jiejde c ]=:.:3 ]=:.:3 y oci tfckp` oc rctrjs` cspcefbfejo` cd ]=:.7?  ]=:.7? 

]=:.:3

Rci`efojo oc octcdefõd

]=:.:2

Octceefõd oc ij vci`efojo oc octcdefõd

=.==~:==.==Az => Octceefõd j ij vci`ef vci`efojo ojo j jnus nustjoj tjoj cd ]=:. ]=:.:3 :3 :> Octceefõd j ij vci`efojo oc rctr`jifkcdtjefõd  rctr`jifkcdtjefõd   (sõi` vêifo` pjrj e`dtr`i vcet`rfji) Eujdo` ]=:.:2;:, ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj rcji oci vjrfjo`r cs kcd`r ` fhuji quc ]=:.:3, y cstj sftujefõd sc kjdtfcdc ourjdtc ci tfckp` jnustjo` cd ]=:.:8, cdt`decs ci vjrfjo`r sc octcdorê< cd eujiqufcr `tr` ejs`, ci vjrfjo`r sc octcdorê cd ci tfckp` cspcefbfejo` cd ]=:.7?

_fckp` oc octceefõd ]=:.:8 oc ij vci`efojo oc rctr`jifkcdtjefõd Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==~:==.==s =.==~:==.==s (sõi` vêifo` sf ]=:.:2;:) Rci`efojo oc octcdefõd Brceucdefj Brceucdefj oc sjifoj Brceucdefj oc rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj @pcrjefõd J @pcrjefõd G @pcrjefõd E  E  Eujdo` ci e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd sc rcjifzj p`r ci g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i, ci sfstckj octcetjrê ci cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics ourjdtc ci cdecdofo`. K`o` oc `pcrjefõd => Ci e` kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd quc cstjgicecd i`s ]=:.:1 oci g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i tcrkfdjics cstê ocsajgfiftjo` ourjdtc ci cdecdofo`. cdecdofo` . Judquc sc octcetc ij `rocd oc kjreaj ourjdtc ci ji cdecdocr cdecdofo`, ci vjrfjo`r d` jrrjdejrê y ci sfstckj qucojrê cd cstjo` oc pr`tceefõd ajstj quc sc ejdecic ij `rocd oc kjreaj y sc oæ oc ducv`.

?=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

:> Ci e` kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd quc cstjgicecd i`s tcrkfdjics cstê ajgfiftjo` ourjdtc ci cdecdofo`. cdecdofo` . Uf sc octcetj ij `rocd oc kjreaj ourjdtc ci cdecdofo`, ci sfstckj jrrjdejrê ci vjrfjo`r jut`kêtfejkcdtc jut`kêtfejkcdtc ocspuæs oc ij fdfefjifzjefõd. D`tj fkp `rtjdtc> `rtjdtc> Cstj  Cstj budefõd ocgc scr utfifzjoj e`d eufojo` e`d tji oc cvftjr ojú`s.  ojú`s. 

Cstj budefõd cs vêifoj sõi` sf ci iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj cs kjy`r quc =. Cstj budefõd octcrkfdj ci cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r eujdt` ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cs kcd`r quc ij cstjgicefoj cd ci iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj (]==.=3) E`kp`rtjkfcdt` => @pcrj j ij brceucdefj oci iëkftc fdbcrf`r eujdo` ij e`dsfhdj oc :> Octcdcr ]=:.:6 brceucdefj cs kcd`r 7> Afgcrdjr Afgcrdjr (k`o` o`rkfr /ocspc /ocspcrtjr) rtjr)

=

◄ 

=.=s

◌

quc ci iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc Cd ci ejs` oc ij afgcrdjefõd (` k`o` o`rkfr/ocspcrtjr), ci vjrfjo`r sc pjrjrê p`r fdcrefj (rucoj ifgrc) eujdo` ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj brceucdefj scj kês gjnj quc ij oci iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj. Uf ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cstê p`r cdefkj oci iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj oc ducv`, y cstj sftujefõd ourj ci tfckp` ocbfdfo` cd ]=:.7= (tfckp` jeukuijo` p`r cdefkj oci iëkftc), ci vjrfjo`r rchrcsjrê ji cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd jut`kêtfejkcdtc. Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd octcrkfdj ci tfckp` oc rctjro` pjrj ocspcrtjr oc ij afgcrdjefõd afgcrdjefõd (` sjifr oci k`o` ’o`rkfr‛). Eujdo` ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj oci vjrfjo`r cs kês gjnj quc ci iëkftc _fckp` oc rctjro` fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj, ci vjrfjo`r sc pjrjrê y sc qucojrê cd ]=:.7= pjrj ocspcrtjr oc ij k`o` stjdo gy. Eujdo` ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj cstæ p`r cdefkj oci iëkftc afgcrdjefõd fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj oc ducv` y cstj sftujefõd ourc ci tfckp` ocbfdfo` cd ]=:.7=, ci vjrfjo`r sc p`dorê cd kjreaj jut`kêtfejkcdtc.

?:  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

  Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~52==.=s (ajgfiftjo` (ajgfiftjo` eujdo` ]=:.:6;7) Brceucdefj oc sjifoj Cd `pcrjefõd Afgcrdjefõd Cd `pcrjefõd (k`o` o`rkfr)

Wc-jrrjdquc ]=:.7:

jut`kêtfe`

Cstj budefõd pcrkftc ajgfiftjr/ocsajgfiftjr ci jrrjdquc jut`kêtfe` oci vjrfjo`r ocspuæs oc ud e`rtc oc jifkcdtjefõd. => Ocsajgfiftjo` :> Ajgfiftjo` Ajgfiftjo`,, ci vjrfjo`r sc p`dorê cd kjreaj jut`kêtfejkcdtc ocspuæs oc cspcrjr ci tfckp` t fckp` ocbfdfo` cd ]:.77.

=

◌

Cstc pjrêkctr` octcrkfdj ci tfckp` oc cspcrj jdtcs oci rc-jrrjdquc jut`kêtfe` oci vjrfjo`r eujdo` sc pr`ouec ud e`rtc oc jifkcdtjefõd y sc rceupcrj ij tcdsfõd.

]=:.77

_fckp` oc rc-jrrjdquc

:.=s

◌

=.=s

◌

jut`kêtfe`

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~52==.=s (ajgfiftjo` (ajgfiftjo` eujdo` ]=:.7:;:) Cd `pcrjefõd ` pcrjefõd Cstc pjrêkctr` sc utfifzj ajgftujikcdtc eujdo` tcdck`s ud brcd` cicetr`kceêdfe` cd ducstr` sfstckj. Ci tfckp` cspcefbfejo` cs ci dcecsjrf` pjrj quc ci brcd` ifgcrc ij ejrhj. _fckp` oc rctrjs` ji ]=:.75 Ci tfckp` oc rctrjs` ji jrrjdquc ckpfczj j e`dtjr jrrjdquc fdkcofjtjkcdtc ocspuæs oc quc sc octcetc ij scúji oc kjreaj. Ourjdtc cstc tfckp`, ci vjrfjo`r sc cdeucdtrj cd cstjo` oc stjdo-gy y cspcrj ci tfckp` ocbfdfo` cd ]=:.75

?7  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]=:.7?

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~2=.=s _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~:==.= s octcdefõd Uciceefõd oc sjifoj

]=:.73

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

=Az

=.=s

Uciceef`dj ij sjifoj =Az oci vjrfjo`r. => Ujifoj Ujifoj sfd tcdsfõd

◌ 

◌ 

:> Ujifoj e`d tcdsfõd 7> Ujifoj j ij fdtcds fdtcdsfojo fojo oc br brcdjo` cdjo` OE

=

Hrup` ]=7 - O Ojt`s jt`s oci k` k`t`r  t`r   ]=7.=:

]`tcdefj d`kfdji oci =.:~5===.=lX k`t`r

]=7.=7

Brceucdefj d`kfdji oci k`t`r

8.3

=.=:Az~]==.=5 (ij brceucdefj kêxfkj)

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3=.==Az ◄  Uchþd k`oci`

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Uchþd k`oci`

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Uchþd k`oci`

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]=7.=2 Wcsfstcdefj cstjtõrfej =.==:~23.353Φ 

Uchþd k`oci`

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]=7.=8

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

]=7.=5

Rci`efojo d`kfdji oci :~52===rpk k`t`r

2=

Uchþd k`oci`

_cdsfõd d`kfdji oci ]=7.=? =~:7==R k`t`r ]=7.=3

:8?=

75=

Fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci =.1~2===.=J k`t`r

Wcsfstcdefj r`tõrfej =.==:~23.353Φ 

5=

]=7.=1

Fdouetjdefj oc ofspcrsfõd

=.:~2335.3kA

Uchþd k`oci`

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]=7.=6

Fdouetjdefj kutuj

=.:~2335.3kA

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

]=7.:=

Fdtcdsfojo oc vjeë`

=.:~2335.3J

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

E`cbfefcdtc oc ]=7.:: sjturjefõd kjhdætfej =.=~:==.==% : oci afcrr` oci k`t`r

1=.=%

◄ 

E`cbfefcdtc oc ]=7.:7 sjturjefõd kjhdætfej =.=~:==.==% 7 oci afcrr` oci k`t`r

21.=%

◄ 

E`cbfefcdtc oc ]=7.:5 sjturjefõd kjhdætfej =.=~:==.==% 5 oci afcrr` oci k`t`r

38.=%

◄ 

?5  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

E`cbfefcdtc oc ]=7.:? sjturjefõd kjhdætfej =.=~:==.==% ? oci afcrr` oci k`t`r

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

?=.=%

◄ 

7

◄ 

=> ]r`tceefõd ocsajgfiftjoj :> K`t`r e`kþd  e`kþd   (pr`tceefõd e`d e`kpcdsjefõd j gjnj vci`efojo). Ocgfo` j quc i`s k`t`rcs d` sc jut` rcbrfhcrjd j vci`efojocs gjnjs y j quc cd csj sftujefõd ijs pr`pfcojocs oci k`t`r sc ocgfiftjd, ij pr`tceefõd ciæetrfej p`r s`grcejrhj cs jnustjoj oc b`rkj pcrtfdcdtc. Cst` fkpifej quc pjrj ijs ]=7.72

]r`tceefõd oc s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r

vci`efojocs gjnjs sc rcjifzj udj e`kpcdsjefõd rcouefcdo` ci ukgrji oc ij pr`tceefõd p`r s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r eujdo` ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd cs fdbcrf`r j 5=Az. 7> K`t`r cspcefji cspcefji pjrj vjrfjefõd oc brceucdefj  brceucdefj   (pr`tceefõd sfd e`kpcdsjefõd j gjnj vci`efojo) Cd cstc tfp` oc k`t`rcs, ijs ejrjetcrëstfejs tærkfejs oci k`t`r d` sc vcd jbcetjojs p`r ij vci`efojo oc r`tjefõd, e`d i` euji d` cs dcecsjrf` jnustjr ij pr`tceefõd ourjdtc ci budef`djkfcdt` j gjnj vci`efojo. U`grcejrhj oc k`t`r> K ; Fsji/(Fd*L) Fd cs ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r, Fsji cs ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r y L cs c s ci e`cbfefcdtc oc pr`tceefõd oci k`t`r. Jsë pucs, eujdt` kês hrjdoc scj ci vji`r oc L, kês pcqucú` scrê ci vji`r oc K. Eujdo` K ;::2%, ci bjii` b jii` scrê rcp`rtjo` ocspuæs oc : a`rj, eujdo` K ;7==%, ci bjii` scrê rcp`rtjo` ocspuæs oc : kfdut`, y eujdo` K4;?==%, ci bjii` scrê

rcp`rtjo` fdstjdtêdcjkcdtc. fdstjdtêdcjkcdtc. E`cbfefcdtc oc Eujdt` kjy`r scj ci vji`r oc K jnustjo`, kês rcstrfetfvj scrê ]=7.78 pr`tceefõd oc ij pr`tceefõd. s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r

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Wjdh` oc jnustc> 7=.=%~:7=.=% ]=7.71

E`cbfefcdtc oc e`rrceefõd oc ij p`tcdefj oci k`t`r

E`rrfhc ij p`tcdefj e`dsukfoj p`r ci k`t`r k`strjoj cd ci ofspijy. Uõi` jbcetj ji vji`r k`strjo`, y d` ji e`kp`rtjkfcdt` e`kp`rtjkfcdt` oci e`dtr`i oci vjrfjo`r

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H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.== ~ 5.== Hrup` ]=5 ― E E`dt `dtr`i r`i Rc Rcet et`rfji `rfji 

Hjdjdefj I`s pjrêkctr`s ]=5.==~]=5.=3 sõi` jpifejd cd ci k`o` oc ]=5.== pr`p`ref`dji oci gueic e`dtr`i vcet`rfji. ]`r ocgjn` oc ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj oc e`dkutjefõd e`dkutjefõd oc vci`efojo : _fckp` fdtchrji oci ]=5.=: gueic oc vci`efojo : ]=5.=7

Brceucdefj oc e`dkutjefõd gjnj

Hjdjdefj ]=5.=5 pr`p`ref`dji oci gueic oc vci`efojo 7 ]=5.=?

gjnj (]=5.=7), i`s pjrêkctr`s oci gueic oc vci`efojo ]F s`d> ]=5.== y ]=5.=:. ]`r cdefkj oc ij brceucdefj oc e`dkutjefõd jitj (]=5.=3), i`s pjrêkctr`s oci gueic oc vci`efojo s`d> ]=5.=5 y ]=5.=?. I`s pjrêkctr`s oci ]F sc `gtfcdcd schþd ci ejkgf` ifdcji oc o`s hrup`s oc pjrêkctr`s. Uc kucstrj j e`dtfdujefõd>

_fckp` fdtchrji oci gueic oc vci`efojo 7

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Brceucdefj oc e`dkutjefõd jitj

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Bfitr` oc sjifoj oci gueic oc vci`efojo

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E`cbfefcdtc oc e`kpcdsjefõd oci ocsifzjkfcdt` oc cicetr`k`efõd cd e`dtr`i vcet`rfji

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E`cbfefcdtc oc e`kpcdsjefõd oci ocsifzjkfcdt` oc brcdjo` cd e`dtr`i vcet`rfji

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E`cbfefcdtc pr`p`ref`dji ] oci ijz` oc e`rrfcdtc

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Ci e`dtr`i ]F tfcdc udj rcijefõd kuy cstrceaj e`d ij fdcrefj oci sfstckj. Ofbcrcdtcs e`dofef`dcs oc ejrhj fkpifejd ofbcrcdtcs vji`rcs oc e`dtr`i ]F. :=.==Az ◌ Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=5.== y ]=5.=5> =~7==.= Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=5.=: y ]=5.=?> =.===~:=.===s Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=5.=7> =.==Az~]==.=3 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=5.=3> ]=5.=7~]==.=5 =~1 ( e`rrcsp`doc j =~71/:=ks)

Ci e`cbfefcdtc oc e`kpcdsjefõd oci ocsifzjkfcdt` sc utfifzj pjrj jnustjr ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj oc ocsifzjkfcdt` ocsifzjkfcdt` oci e`dtr`i vcet`rfji y kcn`rjr ij prcefsfõd oci e`dtr`i oc vci`efojo oci sfstckj. Jnustjdo` cst`s pjrêkctr`s joceujojkcdtc joceujojkcdtc sc pucoc e`dtr`ijr ci crr`r pcrkjdcdtc oc vci`efojo. Wjdh` oc jnustc> 3=%~7==%

D`tj>   D`tj>  Cst`s o`s pjrêkctr`s pcrkftcd jnustjr ij pjrtc pr`p`ref`dji c fdtchrji oci ijz` oc e`rrfcdtc ]F, ci euji jbcetj ofrcetjkcdtc j

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H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

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Eõofh`s oc budefõd   r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

E`cbfefcdtc fdtchrji F oci ijz` oc e`rrfcdtc

ij rcspucstj ofdêkfej oc vci`efojo y prcefsfõd oci e`dtr`i. ]`r i` hcdcrji, i`s usujrf`s d` dcecsftjd ejkgfjr i`s vji`rcs p`r ocbcet`. Uõi` jpifej ji K`o` oc e`dtr`i vcet`rfji d¾= (]==.==;=) Wjdh` oc jnustc> =~23353

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Cstc pjrêkctr` sc utfifzj pjrj ajgfiftjr ci k`o` oc e`dtr`i oc pjr y sciceef`djr ci ejdji kcofjdtc ci euji sc jnustj ij e`dsfhdj oc pjr. => Ci e`dtr`i oc pjr cstê ocsajgfiftjo` :> Jnustc :>  Jnustc kcofjdtc e`ds`ij (]=5.:7) 7> Jnustc 7>  Jnustc jdjiõhfe` JF: (p`tcdefõkctr` fdtchrjo`) 5> Jnustc 5>  Jnustc jdjiõhfe` JF7 ]=5.:: Ejdji oc jnustc oc pjr ?> Jnustc ?>  Jnustc jdjiõhfe` JF5 3> Jnustc 3>  Jnustc kcofjdtc cdtrjoj cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF 2> Jnustc 2>  Jnustc oc pjr Kuitfpjs` 8> Jnustc 8>  Jnustc oc pjr kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU 1~:=> Wcscrvjo`s 1~:=> Wcscrvjo`s D`tj>> Cd i`s k`o`s oc jnustc 7~8, ci :==% oci jnustc D`tj e`rrcsp`doc j 5 vcecs ij fdtcdsfojo fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r ]=5.:7

E`dsfhdj oc pjr Wjdh` oc jnustc> -5==.=%~5==.=% -5==.=%~5==.=% (fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci jnustjoj cd ij e`ds`ij k`t`r)

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Ejdji oc jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij

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:>  :>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc brceucdefj k kcofjdtc cofjdtc cdtrjoj r`tjefõd ajefj jdjiõhfej JF:(p`tcdefõkctr` fdtchrjo`) jocijdtc cd e`dtr`i oc 7>  7>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc brceucdefj k kcofjdtc cofjdtc cdtrjoj pjr jdjiõhfej JF7 5>  5>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc brceucdefj k kcofjdtc cofjdtc cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF5 ?>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc brceuc brceucdefj defj k kcofjdtc cofjdtc iijj Ejdji oc jnustc oci ?>  cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj AOF iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij 3>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc brceuc brceucdefj defj k kcofjdtc cofjdtc iijj ]=5.:3 r`tjefõd cd scdtfo` 3>  budefõd Kuitfpjs` fdvcrs` cd e`dtr`i oc 2>  2>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc brceuc brceucdefj defj k kcofjdtc cofjdtc pjr e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU 8~6> Wcscrvjo`s 8~6>  Wcscrvjo`s D`tj>> Cd i`s kæt`o`s oc jnustc :~6, ci :==% D`tj :==% oci jnustc ]=5.:?

?2  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

]=5.:6

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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e`rrcsp`doc j ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj kêxfkj

Rji`r jnustjo` cd e`ds`ij oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj b rceucdefj ]=5.:2 oci e`dtr`i oc pjr e`d Cst`s eõofh`s oc budefõd sc utfifzjd ut fifzjd pjrj jnustjr ci vji`r oci r`tjefõd ajefj iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj oci e`dtr`i oc pjr. ]=5.:2 jnustj jocijdtc ci vji`r oc ]=5.:?< ]=5.:8 jnustj ci vji`r oc ]=5.:3. Rji`r jnustjo` cd Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.== Az~]==.=5 (brceucdefj kêxfkj kêxfkj oc e`ds`ij oci iëkftc sjifoj) supcrf`r oc brceucdefj b rceucdefj ]=5.:8 oci e`dtr`i oc pjr e`d r`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` ]=5.:1

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oci pjr oc cicetr`k`efõd

Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oci pjr oc brcdjo`

Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc utfifzj pjrj sciceef`djr ci ejdji oc jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oci pjr oc cicetr`k`efõd y oc brcdjo`. => Jnustc =>  Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc pjr kcofjdtc e`ds`ij (]=5.7= jnustj ]=5.:1 y ]=5.7: jnustj ]=5.:6) supcrf`r oc pjr kcofjdtc cdtrjoj :>  :>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r jdjiõhfej JF:(p`tcdefõkctr` fdtchrjo`) 7>  7>  Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc pjr kcofjdtc cdtrjoj jjdjiõhfej djiõhfej JF7 5>  5>  Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc pjr kcofjdtc cdtrjoj jjdjiõhfej djiõhfej JF5 supcrf`r oc pjr kc kcofjdtc ofjdtc ij cdtrjoj oc ?>  ?>   Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r puis`s oc jitj brceuc b rceucdefj defj AOF 3> Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc pjr kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU 2~1> Wcscrvjo`s 2~1>  Wcscrvjo`s D`tj> Cd D`tj>  Cd i`s kæt`o`s oc jnustc :~1, ci :==% oci jnustc e`rrcsp`doc j trcs vcecs ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r.

Rji`r jnustjo` cd ]=5.7= e`ds`ij oci iëkftc oc pjr oc cicetr`k`efõd Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc utfifzj pjrj jnustjr ci iëkftc oc pjr. Rji`r jnustjo` cd ]=5.7: e`ds`ij oci iëkftc oc pjr oc brcdjo b rcdjo``

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~5==.=% (fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r)

?8  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

E`cbfefcdtc oc Uc utfifzj cd jpifejef`dcs jpifejef`dcs oc p`tcdefj e`dstjdtc (p`r cnckpi` ]=5.77 ocgfiftjkfcd ocgfiftjkfcdt` t` cd z`dj cd kêqufdjs oc e`dtr`i dukærfe`). oc p`tcdefj e`dstjdtc I`s eõofh`s oc budefõd ]=5.77 y ]=5.75 sõi` s`d cbcetfv`s cd p`tcdefj e`dstjdtc. Ci k`t`r cdtrjrê cd cstjo` oc ocgfiftjkfcdt` ocgfiftjkfcd t` eujdo` æstc vjyj j ij vci`efojo d`kfdji. ]udt` kês gjn` oc Ejkgfc ij eurvj oc ocgfiftjkfcdt` k`ofbfejdo` ci e`cbfefcdtc ]=5.75 ocgfiftjkfcd ocgfiftjkfcdt` t` cd z`dj oc ocgfiftjkfcdt`. Eujdt` kjy`r scj ci vji`r oci e`cbfefcdtc oc p`tcdefj e`dstjdtc oc ocgfiftjkfcdt`, kjy`r scrê ij pcdofcdtc oc ij eurvj. Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=5.77> =.:~7.= Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=5.75> :=%~:==%

]=5.7?

Kêxfk` iëkftc oc tcdsfõd

]=5.7? jnustj ij tcdsfõd kêxfkj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r, quc ocpcdoc oc ij tcdsfõd oc cdtrjoj. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~:7=.=% D`tj> Uõi` vêifo` pjrj e`dtr`i R/b

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

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_fckp` oc prc cxeftjefõd

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Hjdjdefj pr`p`ref`dji oc ij prc cxeftjefõd

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Uciceefõd oc ij vci`efojo k`strjoj cd ci ofspijy cd e`dtr`i vcet`rfji

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Uciceefõd oc eurvj R/B

kjhdætfe` ocdtr` oci k`t`r pjrj kcn`rjr ci e`kp`rtjkf e`kp`rtjkfcdt` cdt` oc pjr ourjdtc ci pr`ecs` oc jrrjdquc. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.===~:=.===s =.===~:=.===s D`tj> Uõi` vêifo` pjrj e`dtr`i R/b Wjdh` oc jnustc> =~1===. Cstê rcijef`djo` e`d ]=5.73 D`tj> Uõi` vêifo` pjrj e`dtr`i R/b

=> Kucstrj =>  Kucstrj ci vji`r rcji :> Kucstrj :>  Kucstrj ci vji`r oc e`dsfhdj Hrup` ]=? - E`dtr`i UR]XK (R/b) Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd ocbfdc ij eurvj R/B oci vjrfjo`r HO7= pjrj eukpifr e`d ijs dcecsfojocs oc i`s ofbcrcdtcs tfp`s oc ejrhj. => Eurvj R/B ifdcji, ifdcji , hcdcrjikcdtc jpifejoj j ejrhjs oc pjr e`dstjdtc :> Eurvj R/B R/B kuitfpud t` 7> Eurvj oc gjn` pjr y hr jo` oc p`t p`tcdefj cdefj :.5 5> Eurvj oc gjn` pjr y hr jo` oc p`t p`tcdefj cdefj :.8 ?> Eurvj oc gjn` pjr y hrjo` oc p`tcdefj 7 Ijs eurvjs 7~? s`d jpifejgics j ejrhjs tfp` g`kgj y vcdtfijo`r. Ci usujrf` pucoc jnustjr cstc pjrêkctr` oc jeucro`

?1  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

j ijs ejrjetcrëstfejs oc ij ejrhj e`d tji oc `gtcdcr ud kcn`r e`kp`rtjkfcdt` 3> R/b pcrs`djifzjo` (scpjrjefõd R/b). R/b). Cd cstc k`o`, ’R‛ pucoc scpjrjrsc oc ’b‛. E`d tji oc k`ofbfejr ijs ejrjetcrëstfejs oc ij eurvj, ij brceucdefj pucoc scr jnustjoj j trjvæs oci ejdji oc e`dsfhdj cstjgicefo` cd ]==.=2, y ij tcdsfõd pucoc scr jnustjoj j trjvæs oci ejdji oc e`dsfhdj cstjgicefo` cd ]=?.78. D`tj> Cd ij fkjhcd sfhufcdtc, Rg  cs ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji oci k`t`r, y b g cs ij brceucdefj d`kfdji oci k`t`r.

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Wcbucrzj ci pjr pr`ouefo` kcofjdtc ud fderckcdt` oc ij tcdsfõd oc sjifoj. Uc utfifzj pjrj kcn`rjr ci pjr oc sjifoj cd brceucdefjs gjnjs. ]=?.=7 ocbfdc ij brceucdefj oc efcrrc, quc sc cspcefbfej e`k` ud p`recdtjnc rcspcet` oc ij brceucdefj bg (brceucdefj j ij kêxfkj tcdsfõd oc sjifoj Rg). Ci rcbucrz` oc pjr ocgcrëj scr sciceef`djo` ocpcdofcdo` oci tfp` oc ejrhj. Eujdt` kês hrjdoc cs ij ejrhj, kês hrjdoc cs ci pjr. Sd rcbucrz` oc pjr ockjsfjo` hrjdoc cs fdjpr`pfjo`, Brceucdefj oc efcrrc p`rquc ci k`t`r trjgjnjrê s`grc kjhdctfzjo`, y ij fdtcdsfojo Wcbucrz` oc pjr (_`rquc G``st)

oc rcbucrz` oc pjr

oci vjrfjo`r sc fderckcdtjrê, fderckcdtjo` ij tckpcrjturj oci vjrfjo`r y ofskfduycdo` su cbfefcdefj. cb fefcdefj. Eujdo` ci rcbucrz` oc pjr sc jnustj j =.=%, ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd k`o` rcbucrz` oc pjr jut`kêtfe`. Skgrji oc rcbucrz` oc pjr> p`r ocgjn` oc cstc pudt` oc brceucdefj, ci rcbucrz` oc pjr cstê ajgfiftjo`, y cd ejkgf`, p`r cdefkj oc cstc pudt` oc brceucdefj, ci rcbucrz` oc pjr cstê ocsajgfiftjo`.

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?6  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

  Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.=:> =.=%>(jut`kêtfe`) =.:%~:=.=% Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.=7> =.=%~3=.=% ]=?.=5

Brceucdefj oci pudt` R/B d¾ :

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Eujdo` ]=?.== ;:, ci usujrf` pucoc jnustjr ij eurvj R/B Brceucdefj oci pudt` kcofjdtc i`s pjrêkctr`s ]=?.=5~]=?.=1. ]=?.=8 ==.==Az ◌  R/B d¾ 5 R/B hcdcrjikcdtc sc jnustj oc jeucro` ji tfp` oc ejrhj oci k`t`r. D`tj> R:９R7９R5, b:９b7９b5. Sdj tcdsfõd ockjsfjo` jitj j udj brceucdefj gjnj pucoc ejicdtjr ci k`t`r cd cxecs` ` ojújri`.  Cd cstc ejs`, p`orëj ofspjrjrsc ij pr`tceefõd p`r s`grce`rrfcdtc ` ij ifkftjefõd ofdêkfej. _cdsfõd oci pudt` R/B ]=?.=1 ==.=% ◌  Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.=5> =.==Az~]=?.=3 d¾ 5 Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.=?, ] =?.=?, ]=?.=2 y ]=?.=1 > =.=%~::=.=% (rcspcet` j ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji oci k`t`r) Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.=3> ]=?.=5~ ]=?.=8 Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.=8> ]=?.=3~]=7.=7 (ij brceucdefj d`kfdji oci k`t`r)

3=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

?.=6

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

:==%

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:=

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5=.== Az

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Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc utfifzj pjrj e`kpcdsjr ci ejkgf` oc ij vci`efojo r`tjef`dji pr`v`ejo` p`r ij ejrhj eujdo` sc utfifzj ci kæt`o` oc e`dtr`i UR]XK. ]crkftc kcn`rjr ij rfhfocz oci k`t`r. Uc pucoc jnustjr j ij brceucdefj oc ocsifzjkfcdt` d`kfdji oci k`t`r, quc sc ejieuij oci sfhufcdtc k`o`> Hjdjdefj oc ij e`kpcdsjefõd p`r ocsifzjkfcdt` R/B

b ; b g-d*p/2= O`doc ’b g’ cs ij brceucdefj d`kfdji oci k`t`r, quc vfcdc fdofejoj p`r ci eõofh` oc budefõd ]=7.=7< ’d‛ cs ij vci`efojo r`tjef`dji oci k`t`r y su eõofh` oc budefõd cs ]=7.=5< y ’p‛ cs ci dþkcr` oc pjrcs oc p`i`s oci k`t`r. Ci vji`r :==.=% e`rrcsp`doc j ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj oc ocsifzjkfcdt` ocsifzjkfcdt` d`kfdji ▵b. D`tj> Cd ci ejs` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs k`d`bêsfe`s 75=R, d` sc rcjifzj ij e`kpcdsjefõd oci pjr Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~7==.=% ▵

Bjet`r oc e`dtr`i oc ij Cd k`o` oc e`dtr`i UR]XK (e`dtr`i R/b), pucoc pr`ouefrsc biuetujefõd oc ij fdtcdsfojo cd ci k`t`r cd jihudj oc ijs brceucdefjs, s`grc t`o` eujdo` ci k`t`r cs oc hrjd p`tcdefj. b` rkj cstjgic ` sc pucoc pr`ouefr Bjet`r oc e`dtr`i oc ij Ci k`t`r d` pucoc `pcrjr oc b`rkj udj s`grce`rrfcdtc. Cstc bcdõkcd` pucoc scr ejdecijo` ]=?.:: vfgrjefõd oc jitj jnustjdo` cstc pjrêkctr`. brceucdefj Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.:=> =~:== Skgrji oc e`dtr`i oc Wjdh` oc jnustc oc `b ]=?.::> =~:== ]=?.:7 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.:7> =.==Az~]==.=5 (brceucdefj vfgrjefõd kêxfkj) ]=?.:=

vfgrjefõd oc gjnj brceucdefj



=> Ocsajgfiftjo` ]=?.72

]=?.78

Ja`rr` oc cdcrhëj

Ejdji oc jnustc oc tcdsfõd

:> Ja`rr` Ja`rr ` oc cdcrhëj j jut`kêtfe` ut`kêtfe` Ci vjrfjo`r jnustj ij sjifoj oc tcdsfõd jut`kêtfejkcdtc pjrj ja`rrjr cdcrhëj eujdo` ci k`t`r sc cdeucdtrj cd udj e`dofefõd oc p`ej ejrhj ]crkftc sciceef`djr ci ejdji oc jnustc oc ij tcdsfõd eujdo` sc trjgjnj cd k`o` oc scpjrjef scpjrjefõd õd oc eurvj R/b (ocbfdfo` cd ]=?.==). kcofjdtc e`ds`ij. e`ds`ij. Ij tcdsfõd oocc sjifoj vfcdc =>  =>   Jnustc kcofjdtc octcrkfdjoj p`r ci pjrêkctr` ]=?.71. :>  :>   Jnustc jdjiõhfe` JF: (p`tcdefõkct (p`tcdefõkctr` r` fdtchrjo`) 7>  7>   Jnustc jdjiõhfe` JF7 5>  5>   Jnustc jdjiõhfe` JF5 ?>  ?>   Jnustc kcofjdtc kcofjdtc cdtrjoj oc ppuis`s uis`s AOF 3>  3>   Jnustc oc tcdsfõd Kuitfpjs`

3:  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

2>  2>   Jnustc oc tcdsfõd ]FO 8>  8>   Jnustc oc oc tcdsfõd kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU K@OGSU 1~:=> Wcscrvjo` D`tj> Ci D`tj>  Ci vji`r :==% e`rrcsp`doc j ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji oci k`t`r.

Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd cstjgicec ij e`dsfhd e`dsfhdjj oc tcdsfõd oc E`dsfhdj oc tcdsfõd ]=?.71 jnustjoj cd e`ds`ij sjifoj eujdo` ci ejdji oc jnustc sc sciceef`dj p`r e`ds`ij Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=%~:==.=% _fckp` oc jukcdt` Ci tfckp` oc jukcdt` oc tcdsfõd cs ci tfckp` quc tjroj ci oc tcdsfõd vjrfjo`r cd jecicrjr ocsoc ij tcdsfõd këdfkj oc sjifoj ajstj ij tcdsfõd kêxfkj oc sjifoj. Ci tfckp` oc ofskfduefõd oc tcdsfõd cs ci tfckp` quc tjroj ci vjrfjo`r cd ocsjecicrjr ocsoc ij tcdsfõd kêxfkj oc sjifoj _fckp` oc ajstj ij tcdsfõd këdfkj oc sjifoj. ]=?.5= ofskfduefõd oc Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~52==.=s tcdsfõd D`tj> Uc rce`kfcdoj ji usujrf` d` ejkgfjr i`s vji`rcs p`r ]=?.76

]=?.5:

_cdsfõd kêxfkj oc sjifoj

]=?.57

_cdsfõd këdfkj oc sjifoj

E`cbfefcdtc oc ]=?.55 ocgfiftjefõd cd ij z`dj oc p`tcdefj e`dstjdtc

ocbcet` Jnustj ci iëkftc kêxfk` y këdfk` oc ij tcdsfõd oc sjifoj. Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.5:> ]=?.57~:==.=% (ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji oci k`t`r) Ci rjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.57> =.=%~ ]=?.5:

:==.=% ◌ 3.=s

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3.=s

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:==.=% ◄

=.=%

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:.==

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Jnustj ij tcdsfõd oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r cd k`o` UR]XK (e`dtr`i R/b) eujdo` sc trjgjnj cd ij z`dj oc p`tcdefj e`dstjdtc oci k`t`r. D`tj>> Ocsajgfiftjo` eujdo` sc trjgjnj cd ij z`dj oc pjr D`tj e`dstjdtc

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=?.55> :.==~:.5=

37  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Hrup` ]=3 - _crkfdjics oc cdt cdtrjoj rjoj

]=3.==

Uciceefõd oc budefõd => Cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj br ceucdefj oci tcrkfdji AOF :> C Cdtrjoj dtrjoj kuitfbudefõ d  (fhuji quc i`s tcrkfdjics U:~U?)

=

◄ 

]=3.=:

Uciceefõd oc budefõd => Ufd budefõd jsfhdjoj oci tcrkfdji U: :> W`tjefõd ajefj jocijdtc

:

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?

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8

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Uciceefõd oc budefõd 7> W`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` 5> Ajgfiftjefõd oci e`dtr`i e`dtr`i j 5 afi`s (vcj ] ]=3.:5) =3.:5) oci tcrkfdji U7 vci`efojo N@H ajefj ajefj jocijdtc Uciceefõd oc budefõd ?> W`tjefõd j vci`efojo ]=3.=5 3> W`tjefõd j vci`efojo vci`efojo N@H cd cd scdtf scdtfo` o` ffdvcrs` dvcrs` oci tcrkfdji U5 2> Octcdefõd p`r fdcrefj (]jr` oc ck ckcrhcdefj) crhcdefj) Uciceefõd oc budefõd ]=3.=? 8> Wcfdfef` (Wcsct) oc bjii`s oci tcrkfdji U? 1> ]jusj oc ``pcrjefõd pcrjefõd (ocsjecicrj (ocsjecicrj kfcdtrjs kfcdtrjs cstê jetfvj, y jecicrj ji ocsjetfvjrsc) 6> Cdtrjoj oc bjii` cxtcrd` :=> Jnustc J nustc oc brceucdefj ercefcdtc (S]) ]=3.=7

::> Jnustc oc bbrceucdef rceucdefj j ocercefcdtc (O@XD) :7> Wcfdfef` oc vci`efojo S]/O@XD (Uf ]==.=2;=, ji jetfvjrsc, v`ivcrê j ij vci`efojo ocbfdfoj ocbfdfoj cd ]==.:=) :5> E`dkutjr E` dkutjr cdtrc jnustc oc brceucdefj J y G :?> E`dkutjr E` dkutjr cdtrc jnustc oc brceucdefj J y e`kgfdjef e`kgfdjefõd õd :3> E`dkutjr E` dkutjr cdtrc jnustc oc brceucdefj G y e`kgfdjef e`kgfdjefõd õd :2> _crkfdji _c rkfdji : vci`efojo kuitfp kuitfpjs` js` :8> _crkfdji 7 vci`efojo kuitfpjs` :1> _crkfdji 5 vci`efojo kuitfpjs` Uciceefõd oc budefõd :6> _crkfdji ? vci`efojo kuitfpjs` ]=3.=6 7=> ]jusj ooc c ij vci`efojo vci` efojo kuitfpjs` kuit fpjs` (kjdtfcd (kjdtfcdcc ci pjs` cd ci quc oci tcrkfdji AOF cstê y d` ajec ejs` oc i`s ejkgf`s cd ijs cdtrjojs kuitfpjs`) 7:> _crkfdji : Jecicrjefõd/Ocsjecicrjefõd (vcj ]=1.==~]=1.=3) 77> _crkfdji 7 Jecicrjefõd/Ocsjecicrjefõd (vcj ]=1.==~]=1.=3) 75> Wcsct oc ij octcdefõd oci ]IE sfkpic (eujdo` ]:=.52;:, ji jetfvjrsc, ci efei` ]IE ckpfczj ocsoc ci prfdefpf`) 7?> ]jusj oci ]IE sfkpic (kjdtfcdc ci pjs` cd ci quc cstê y d` eucdtj tfckp` kfcdtrjs ij cdtrjoj cstê jetfvjoj) 73> ]jusj oci e`dtr`i ]FO 72> ]jusj k`o` ^fhzjh (octfcdc ci vjrfjo`r cd ij brceucdefj jetuji) 78> Wcfdfef` Wc fdfef` k`o` ^fhzjh (v`ivcr j ij brceucdefj ecdtrji ecdtrji)) 71> Wcfdfef` Wc fdfef` oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s

35  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=x===

◌ 

Jnustj ci tfckp` oc kucstrc` oci bfitrjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics _fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc U:~U? y AOF. Uf ij fdtcrbcrcdefj cs bucrtc, fderckcdtc cstc ]=3.:: ijs cdtrjojs pjrêkctr` e`d tji oc cvftjr udj `pcrjefõd fde`rrcetj. fde`rrcetj. kuitfbudefõd Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.===~:.===s =.===~:.===s

=.=:=s

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=x===~=x:=B (=> (=> Ocsajgfiftjo`, :>Ajgfiftjo` ) :>Ajgfiftjo`  ) GF_=> _crkfdji GF_=>  _crkfdji vfrtuji U: GF_:> _crkfdji GF_:>  _crkfdji vfrtuji U7 Jnustc oc tcrkfdjics tcrkfdjics ]=3.:7 GF_7> _crkfdji GF_7>  _crkfdji vfrtuji U5 vfrtujics GF_5> _crkfdji GF_5>  _crkfdji vfrtuji U? GF_1> _crkfdji GF_1>  _crkfdji vfrtuji AOF D`tj>   I`s tcrkfdjics vfrtujics sõi` pucoc scr jetfvjo`s p`r D`tj>

=x===

◄ 

Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

76> ]r`afgfefõd ] r`afgfefõd oci e`dtr`i oc pjr 5=> ]r`afgfefõd Jecicrjefõd/ Ocsjecicrjefõ Ocsjecicrjefõdd Ofspjr` oci  oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s 5:> Ofspjr` 55> ]jusj S]/O@XD (sf ]==.=2;=, sc pjsj j trjgjnjr j ij brceucdefj ocbfdfoj cd ]==.:= kfcdtrjs ij cdtrjoj cstê jetfvjoj) 5?> Brcd` OE (kjdtfcdc ij fdyceefõd fdyc eefõd oc e`rrfcdtc e`d e`dtfduj tfduj kfcdtrjs ij cdtrjoj cstê jetfvjoj) 52> Ejkgfjr Ej kgfjr ci e`kjdo` j ij e`ds`ij 58> Ejkgfjr Ej kgfjr ci e`kjdo` ji g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i 51> Ejkgfjr Ej kgfjr ci e`kjdo` j ij e`kudfejefõd 56> E`kjdo` oc prc kjhdctfzjefõd kjhdctfzjefõd (kjdtfcdc ij prc kjhdctfzjefõd kfcdtrjs ij cdtrjoj cstê jetfvjoj) j etfvjoj) ?=> G`rrjr ci vji`r jeukuijo` oci e`dtjnc oc cdcrhëj (lXa) ?:> Octcdcr Oc tcdcr ci e`dtjnc oc e`dsuk` oc cdcrhëj (lXa) ?7 ~ 2=> Wcscrvjo` 2:> Ejkgf` Ej kgf` oc sfhd` oci ]FO (vcj ]=6.=5)

Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc utfifzj pjrj jnustjr ij p`ijrfoj p`ijrfojoo oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj. Jnustjdo` ci gft j =, ci tcrkfdji oc cdtrjoj cs êd`o` êd`o`.. Jnustjdo` ci gft j :, ci tcrkfdji oc cdtrjoj cs eêt`o` eêt`o`.. Ci vji`r acxjocefkji oci oëhft` oc ijs udfojocs sc b`rkj e`d ij Uciceefõd oc sciceefõd rcjifzjoj oci GF_= ji GF_5. ]=3.:= p`ijrfojo oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdt cdtrjoj rjoj Ci vji`r acxjocefkji oci oëhft` oc ijs ecdtcdjs sc b`rkj e`d ij sciceefõd rcjifzjoj cd GF_1 GF_=

GF_:  

GF_7  

U: U7  U5  Wjdh` oc jnustc> =x===~=x:=B =x===~=x:=B

GF_5  

GF_1  

U? 

AOF

3?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõ d K@OGSU ]crkftc jnustjr ci k`o` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc i`s tcrkfdjics oci g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i => E`dtr`i j 7 afi`s _fp` :, :, ij ajgfiftjefõd vj ifhjoj j ij ofrceefõd. Cstc k`o` cs ci utfifzjo` cd ij kjy`rëj oc ejs`s. Uc octcrkfdj ci scdtfo` oc hfr` kcofjdtc i`s e`kjdo`s BXO y WCR oc i`s tcrkfdjics.

:> E`dtr`i j 7 afi`s _fp` 7＜Ucpjrj ij ajgfiftjefõd oc ij ofrceefõd. Cd cstc k`o`, BXO cs ij scúji quc ajgfiftj. Ij ofrceefõd ocpcdoc oci cstjo` oc ij scúji WCR. K`o` oc e`dtr`i oc ij ]=3.:5 `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc tcrkfdjics

=

7> E`dtr`i j 5ijafi`s :< UFd cs ci tcrkfdji ajgfiftj cstc k`o`, scúji_fp` oc kjreaj vfcdc ojoj p`rquc BXO, y ij ofrceefõd cs e`dtr`ijoj p`r WCR. UFd cstj d`rkjikcdtc ecrrjo`. UG: BXO UG7 UFd

WCR L E@K

Ij ofrceefõd oc e`dtr`i ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd cs  ij fdofejoj j e`dtfdujefõd> Uid WC WCR R Ofrceefõd Ofrceefõd

◄ 

33  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

@D

@BB↗@D 

@D

@D↗@BB 

@D↗ 

@D @BB

@BB

prcvfj Jocijdtc Jtrês Jtrês Jocijdtc

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.===s

◌

=.===s

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=.===s

◌

jetuji Jtrês Jocijdtc Jocijdtc Jtrês

Ocsjecicrjef Ocsjecicrjefõd õd aajstj jstj pjr`

5> E`dtr`i j 5 afi`s _ _fp` fp` 7 7 cd ci k`o` oc e`dtr`i j 7 afi`s, eujdo` sc jetfvj ci D`tj> tcrkfdji BXO/WCR oci g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i, sf sc pr`ouec udj `rocd oc pjr` pr`vcdfcdtc oc `trj bucdtc (e`ds`ij, bfdji oc efei` oci ]IE sfkpic, ourjefõd octcrkfdjoj, cte.), ci vjrfjo`r sc pjrjrê judquc ij scúji oci tcrkfdji BXO/WCR pcrkjdczej jetfvj. Jsë kfsk`, sf sc ejdecijrj ij `rocd oc pjr`, ci vjrfjo`r d` trjgjnjrëj ajstj quc ij scúji BXO/WCR d` sc rcjetfvjrj. _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ]=3.:? e`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji U: Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd ocbfdc ci tfckp` oc rctrjs` _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij e`rrcsp`dofcdtc j i`s dfvcics ciæetrfe`s oc i`s tcrkfdjics ]=3.:3

ocse`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji U:

]=3.:2

_fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij e`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji

kuitfbudefõd pjrj ci ejkgf` oc e`dcxfõd/ocse`dcxfõd y vfecvcrsj (cdecdofo`/jpjhjo`). (cdecdofo`/jpjhjo`).

32  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.===s

◌

=.===s

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=.===s

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=.===s

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_fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ocse`dcxfõd oci ]=3.7: tcrkfdji U?

=.===s

◌

_fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ]=3.5= e`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji AOF

=.===s

◌

_fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ocse`dcxfõd oci ]=3.5: tcrkfdji AOF

=.===s

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]=3.57 Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc JF:

=.==R

◌

Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

U7

_fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ]=3.:8 ocse`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji U7 _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij =.===~3=.===s ]=3.:1 e`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.===~3=.===s U5 Dfvci ciæetrfe` oc Uf Ajgfiftjo` Wctrjs` j ij _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ocse`dcxfõd ocse`dcxfõd oci ]=3.:6 Ajgfiftjefõd oc Uf tcrkfdji U5 Ocsajgfiftjo` _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij Wctrjs` j ij e`dcxfõd ]=3.7= e`dcxfõd oci tcrkfdji U?

Jnustc =.=% ]=3.55 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd ocbfdc ij rcijefõd cdtrc ij cdtrjoj iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc JF: jdjiõhfej oc tcdsfõd y su e `rrcsp`dofcdtc vji`r jnustjo` jnustjo`.. ]=3.5? Iëkftc supcrf`r oc JF: JF: JF: sc jnustj kcofjdtc ci p`tcdefõkctr` fde`rp`rjo` cd ci :=.==R Jnustc vjrfjo`r, JF7 sc jnustj kcofjdtc ci tcrkfdji oc e`dtr`i JF7, y :==.=% ]=3.53 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji JF5 sc jnustj kcofjdtc ci tcrkfdji oc e`dtr`i JF5. iëkftc supcrf`r oc JF: Uf ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej oc tcdsfõd s`grcpjsj ci vji`r këdfk` ` _fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc kêxfk` jnustjo`, ci vji`r oc ij cdtrjoj scrê ci këdfk` ` =.:==s ]=3.52 ij cdtrjoj JF: kêxfk` cstjgicefo`s. ]=3.58 Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc JF7 Eujdo` ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej sc jnustj e`k` cdtrjoj oc =.==R e`rrfcdtc, ij tcdsfõd e`rrcsp`d e`rrcsp`dofcdtc ofcdtc oc =~7=kJ cs =~:=R. Jnustc ]=3.51 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji Cd budefõd oci ejs`, ci vji`r d`kfdji e`rrcsp`dofcdtc oci =.=% iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc JF7 :==.=% pucoc scr ofbcrcdtc. ]=3.56 Iëkftc supcrf`r oc JF7 JF7 Ci sfhufcdtc hrêbfe` kucstrj i`s ofbcrcdtcs ejs`s> ]=3.?=

Jnustc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc ji

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38  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

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D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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iëkftc supcrf`r oc JF7 _fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc ij cdtrjoj JF7

]=3.?7 Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc JF5

-:=.==R ◌ 

Jnustc ]=3.?5 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc JF5

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_fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc ij cdtrjoj cdtrjoj>> cstc pjrêkctr` cs utfifzjo` =.==R pjrj jnustjr ij scdsfgfifojo oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej. Jnustc Fderckcdtjr ci vji`r oc b`rkj joceujoj pucoc kcn`rjr ij =.=% ]=3.?3 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji fdkudfojo j ijs fdtcrbcrcdefjs oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej, pcr` vji`r kcof` oc JF5 ocgfiftj ij scdsfgfifojo oc æstj. ]=3.?2 Iëkftc supcrf`r oc JF5 JF5 D`tj D`tj>> JF: s`p`rtj udj cdtrjoj oc =~:=R y JF7 pucoc s`p`rtjr :=.==R udj cdtrjoj =~:=R ` =~7=kJ. Eujdo` sc sciceef`dj JF7 Jnustc e`k` cdtrjoj oc e`rrfcdtc =~7=kJ, ci vji`r e`rrcsp`dofcdtc :==.=% ]=3.?8 e`rrcsp`dofcdtc ji oc tcdsfõd oci vji`r 7=kJ cs :=R. iëkftc supcrf`r oc JF5 JF5 pucoc s`p`rtjr udj cdtrjoj oc -:=R~+:=R -:=R~+:=R.. Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.57> =.==R~]=3.5? Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.55> -:==.=%~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.5?> ]=3.57~:=.==R Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.53> -:==.=%~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.52> =.===s~:=.===s Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.58> =.==R~]=3.56 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.51> -:==.=%~:==.=% ]=3.??

Rji`r kcof` oc JF5

]=3.?1 _fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.56> ]=3.58~:=.==R ij cdtrjoj JF5 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?=> -:==.=%~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?:> =.===s~:=.===s Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?7> -:=.==R~]=3.?? Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?5> -:==.=%~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.??> ]=3.?7~]=3.?2 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?3> -:==.=%~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?2> ]=3.??~:=.==R Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=3.?1> =.===s~:=.===s ]=3.3= ]=3.3:

Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc AOF Jnustc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc e`rrcsp`dofc dtc ji

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31  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

]=3.37 Iëkftc supcrf`r supcrf`r oc AOF ]=3.3=~3=.=== lAz

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Jnustc ]=3.35 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji -:==.=%~:==.=% iëkftc supcrf`r oc AOF

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Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc AOF

_fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc =.===s~:=.===s ij cdtrjoj AOF Hrup` ]=2 - _ _crkfdjics crkfdjics oc ssjifoj jifoj  

Uciceefõd oc budefõd => Ocsajgfiftjoj ]=2.=: oc ij sjifoj oc :> Cd `pcrjefõd trjdsfst`r (V:) 7> W`tjefõd ajefj jocijdtc Uciceefõd oc budefõd 5> W`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` ]=2.=5 oc ij sjifoj j rciæ ?> @pcrjefõd j vci`efojo N@H 3> Bjii` oci vjrfjo`r W@: 2> _cst _cst oc oc dfvci dfvci oc oc brceucdefj brceucdefj BO_7 BO_: 8> 1> Iichjoj j brceucdefj (ocbfdfoj cd ]=1.52) 6> @pcrjefõd j vci`efojo ecr` :=> Iichjoj I ichjoj j iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj ::> Iichjoj I ichjoj j iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc brceucdefj :7> Ifst` I fst` pjrj `pcrjefõd :5> ]rc ] rc kjhdctfzjefõd :?> ]rc-jijrkj ] rc-jijrkj p`r s`grce s`grcejrhj jrhj Uciceefõd oc budefõd :3> ]rc-jijrkj p`r sugejrhj ]=2.=? oc ij sjifoj j rciæ :2> Bfdjifzjefõd oc pjs` oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic :8> Bfdjifzjefõd oc efei` oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic W@7 :1> Iichjoj I ichjoj j ij e`dsfhdj oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s :6> Iichjoj I ichjoj ji vji`r oc rcbcrcdefj oci e`dtjo`r oc puis puis`s `s 7=> Bjii` cxtcrd` 7:> Wcscrvjo` 77> Iichjoj j tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` ocbfdfo` 75> Ujifoj oc tcrkfdjics vfrtujics p`r e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU 7? ~ 73> Wcscrvjo`s 72> Cstjgicefkfc C stjgicefkfcdt` dt` oc ij tcdsfõd oc gus OE 78 ~ 5=> Wcscrvjo`s Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc utfifzj pjrj jnustjr ij p`ijrfoj p`ijrfojoo oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj. ]`ijrfojo oc i`s Eujdo` ci gft e`rrcsp`dofcdtc sc jnustj j =, ci tcrkfdji oc ]=2.=3 tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj sjifoj cs p`sftfv` p`sftfv`.. Eujdo` ci gft e`rrcsp`dofcdtc sc jnustj j :, ci tcrkfdji oc sjifoj cs dchjtfv` dchjtfv`..

 

36  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

GF_5 GF_7   W@7 W@: Wjdh` oc jnustc> =~B

GF_:   Wcscrvjo`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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oc trjdsfst`r (V:) _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij ocse`dcxfõd oc ij ]=2.=8 sjifoj oc trjdsfst`r (V:) Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd ocbfdc ci tfckp` oc rctrjs` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc j i`s dfvcics ciæetrfe`s oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc _fckp` oc rctrjs` j ij sjifoj pjrj ci ejkgf` oc e`dcxfõd/ocse`dcxfõd y vfecvcrsj ]=2.:= e`dcxfõd oc ij sjifoj (cdecdofo`/jpjhjo`). oc rciæ (W@:)

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=> Brceucd Brceucdefj efj oc `pcrjefõd :> E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj

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7> Brceucd Brceucdefj efj oc rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj 5> Rci`efojo r`tjef`dji oc `pcrjefõd ?> Fdtcdsfojo oc sjif sjifoj oj (rcijtfvj ji o`gic o`gic oc ij fdtcdsfojo fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r) 3> Fdtcdsfojo oc sjif sjifoj oj (rcijtfvj ji o`gic o`gic oc ij fdtcdsfojo fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r) 2> _cdsfõd oc sjifoj 8> ]`tcdefj oc sjifoj 1> Rji`r oc pjr jnustjo` 6> ]jr oc sjifoj :=> Rji`r R ji`r oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF: ::> Rji`r R ji`r oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF7 :7> Rji`r R ji`r oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF5 :5> Rji`r R ji`r oc ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj AOF

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H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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Cst`s eõofh`s oc budefõd ocbfdcd ij rcijefõd rcijtfvj cdtrc ci vji`r oc sjifoj oc ij kjhdftuo sciceef`djoj y ci vji`r oc ij sjifoj jdjiõhfej. Eujdo` ci vji`r oc sjifoj cxecoc ci rjdh` jnustjo` kêxfk` ` këdfk`, e`dtjrê oc jeucro` ji iëkftc fdbcrf`r ` supcrf`r. Eujdo` ij sjifoj jdjiõhfej sc ocbfdc e`k` sjifoj oc fdtcdsfojo, :kJ cqufvjic j =.3R. Cd ejs`s ofstfdt`s, ij sjifoj jdjiõhfej e`rrcsp e`rrcsp`dofcdtc `dofcdtc ji :==% oci vji`r oc sjifoj pucoc scr ofstfdtj.

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Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.:1> =.==R~:=.==R Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.:6> ]=2.:8~:==.=% ]=2.:8~:==.=% Iëkftc supcrf`r oc ij Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.7=> =.==R~:=.==R ]=2.7? sjifoj J7 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.7:> =.===s~:=.===s Ujifoj J@7 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.77> -:==.=%~ ]=2.7? ]=2.73 e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.75> =.==R~:=.==R iëkftc supcrf`r Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.7?> ]=2.77~:==.=% ]=2.77~:==.=% _fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.73> =.==R~:=.==R ]=2.72 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=2.72> =.===s~:=.===s ij sjifoj J@7

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H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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=====> Cifkfdj ij e`dtrjscúj oc usujrf` jdtcrf`r, y ocsajgfiftj ij =====> pr`tceefõd p`r e`dtrjscúj. Ocspuæs oc quc ij e`dtrjscúj sc vjifoc, sf ij e`dtrjscúj fdtr`ouefoj cs fde`rrcetj, ci usujrf` d` p`orê cdtrjr ji kcdþ oc pjrêkctr`s. Uõi` ij e`dtrjscúj e`rrcetj pcrkftc ji usujrf` rcvfsjr ` k`ofbfejr i`s pjrêkctr`s. ]`r bjv`r, rceucroc sus e`dtrjscújs oc usujrf`. Ij pr`tceefõd p`r e`dtrjscúj sc ajgfiftjrê ji ejg` oc : kfdut` ocspuæs oc sjifr oci cstjo` oc cofefõd oc pjrêkctr`s. Uf sc ofsp`dc oc ij e`dtrjscúj, prcsf`dc ij tceij ]WH/CUE pjrj cdtrjr cd ci cstjo` oc cofefõd oc eõofh`s oc budefõd< cdt`decs jpjrcecrê cd ci ofspijy ’=.=.=.=.=‛. J kcd`s quc ci usujrf` fdtr`ouzej ij e`dtrjscúj e`rrcetj, æstc d` p`orê cdtrjr. D`tj D`tj>> ij rcstjurjefõd oci vjrfjo`r j vji`rcs oc bêgrfej g`rrj ij e`dtrjscúj y ij ocsajgfiftj (ij (ij ocnj j =====), =====), p`r bjv`r, tædhji` cd eucdtj. => D` `pcrjefõd `pcrjefõd   :> Ejrhjr i`s pjrêkctr`s quc tfcdc ci vjrfjo`r j ij e`ds`ij 7>  7>   Ocsejrhjr  i`s  i`s pjrêkctr`s oc ij e`ds`ij ji vjrfjo`r (fdeiuycdo` i`s p jrêkc jrêkctr`s tr`s o ci k`t`r oci hrup ` ]=7 ]=7)) 5>  5>   Ocsejrhjr  i`s  i`s pjrêkctr`s oc ij e`ds`ij ji vjrfjo`r

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=x==~=x78  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOëhft`  PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPOëhft` udfojocsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP => Ufd budefõd  budefõd   :> @pcrjefõd j vci`efojo N@H. N@H. ]rcsf`dc ij tceij ZSFEL/N@H pjrj `pcrjr j vci`efojo vci`efojo N@H. Budefõd oc ij tceij 7> E`dkutjefõd oci cstjo` oci ofspijy. ofspijy . ]rcsf`dc ZSFEL/N@H ZSFEL/N@H pjrj e`dkutjr ci eõofh` oc budefõd k`strjo` oc ocrceaj j fzqufcroj, y 「 /UAFB_ pjrj e`dkutjr oc fzqufcroj j ocrceaj 5> E`dkutjefõd cdtrc r`tjefõd jocijdtc y r`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs`.. ]rcsf`dc ZSFEL/N@H pjrj e`dkutjr ci scdtfo` oc fdvcrs`

27  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Eujdo` ]=8.=7;2, jnustj ij sceucdefj oc e`dkutjefõd oci ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd. Uceucdefj oc ij e`dkutjefõd oci k`o` => E`dtr`i p`r e`ds`ij↗E`dtr`i p`r g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i↗E`dtr`i p`r e`kudfejefõ e`kudfejefõd d ]=8.=5 oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc :> E`dtr`i p`r e`ds`ij↝↗E`dtr`i p`r g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i  e`ds`ij↝↗E`dtr`i `dtr`i p`r e`kudfejefõd  ZSFEL/N@H 7> E`dtr`i p`r e`ds`ij↝↗E 5> E`dtr`i p`r g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i↝↗E`dtr`i p`r e`kudfejefõd  

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Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

hfr` oc i`s e`kjdo`s oc brceucdefj. Cstj budefõd tjd s`i` cs vêifoj eujdo` ij kjreaj y ci pjr` sc rcjifzjd ocsoc ij e`ds`ij. ?> G`rrjr jnustcs S]/O@XD (k`t` p`tcdefõkctr`). p`tcdefõkctr`). ]rcsf`dc ZSFEL/N@H pjrj g`rrjr ci vji`r jnustjo` jetuji oci k`o` S]/O@XD. 3> ]jr` p`r fdcrefj (rucoj ifgrc) ifgrc).. ]rcsf`dc ZSFEL/N@H pjrj rcjifzjr ud pjr` p`r fdcrefj 2> E`dkutjr ci ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd `pcrjefõd.. ]rcsf`dc ZSFEL/N@H pjrj e`dkutjr ci ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd (E`ds`ij- G`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i- E`kudfejefõd) 8 >K`o` oc pucstj cd kjreaj rêpfoj (kucstrj s`ijkcdtc i`s pjrêkctr`s e`d vji`rcs ofbcrcdtcs j i`s oc ocbcet`) D`tj> Ji prcsf`djr ZSFEL/N@H pjrj e`dkutjr cdtrc r`tjefõd jocijdtc y r`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs`, tcdhj cd eucdtj quc ci vjrfjo`r d` kck`rfzj ci cstjo` ocspuæs oc ud e`rtc oc ij jifkcdtjefõd. Ci vjrfjo`r `pcrjrê oc jeucro` ji pjrêkctr` ]==.:5 udj vcz sc pr`ouzej ci rcstjgicefkfcdt` oc ij jifkcdtjefõd.  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOëhft`  PPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPOëhft` ocecdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP => _ceijs ocsgi`qucjojs :> Gi`qucj t`ojs ijs tceijs 7> Gi`qucj pjrtc oc ijs tceijs (sõi` gi`qucj ]WH/CUE)

]=8.=?

]=8.=3

Budefõd oc ij tceij U_@]/WU_

]jrêkctr`s =x====~=xBBBB k`strjo`s cd cstjo`  PPPPPPPPPP  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji udfojocsPPPPPPP udfojocsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP

=x=5BB ◌

25  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=x====

◌ 

oc `pcrjefõd (hrup` GF_=> GF_=> Brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd (Az cdecdofo`) :) GF_:>> E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj (Az pjrpjocjdo`) GF_: GF_7>> _cdsfõd oci gus OE (Az cdecdofo`) GF_7 GF_5>> _cdsfõd oc sjifoj (R cdecdofo`) GF_5  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji ocecdjsPPPPPP ocecdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP GF_?> Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj (J cdecdofo`) GF_?> GF_3>> Rci`efojo r`tjef`dji oc `pcrjefõd (rpk cdecdofo`) GF_3 GF_2>> ]`tcdefj oc sjifoj (% cdecdofo`) GF_2 GF_8>> ]jr oc sjifoj (% cdecdofo`) GF_8  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji ecdtcdjsPPPPPPP ecdtcdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP GF_1>> E`dsfhdj ]FO (% pjrpjocjdo`) GF_1 GF_6>> Rji`r oc rcjifkcdtjefõd GF_6 rcjifkcdtjefõd oci ]FO (% cdecdofo`) GF_:=>> Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj GF_:= GF_::>> Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj GF_::  PPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPR ji`r acxjocefk acxjocefkji ji udfojocs oc oc kfiijrPPP kfiijrPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP GF_:7> E`dsfhdj oc pjr (% cdecdofo`) GF_:7> GF_:5>> Rji`r oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s GF_:5 GF_:?>> Wcscrvjo` GF_:? GF_:3>> ]js` jetuji oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic ` kuitfpjs` GF_:3 Cnckpi`-- Rji`r p`r ocbcet` =5BB> ==== ==:: :::: :::: Cnckpi`

=x====~=xBBBB  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji udfojocsPPPPPPP udfojocsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP GF_=>> Rji`r cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF: (R cdecdofo`) GF_= GF_:>> Rji`r cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF7 (R cdecdofo`) GF_: GF_7>> Rji`r cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF5 (R cdecdofo`) GF_7 GF_5>> Rji`r cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj AOF GF_5 ]jrêkctr`s  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji ocecdjsPPPPPP ocecdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP k`strjo`s cd cstjo`  PPPPPPPPPP ]=8.=2 oc `pcrjefõd (hrup` GF_? GF_?>> ]`recdtjnc oc ij s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r (% cdecdofo`) GF_3>> ]`recdtjnc oc ij s`grcejrhj GF_3 s`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r (% cdecdofo`) 7) GF_2>> Rji`r oc ij brceucdefj oc rjkpj (Az cdecdofo`) GF_2 GF_8>> Rci`efojo ifdcji GF_8  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji ecdtcdjsPPPPPPP ecdtcdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP GF_1>> Fdtcdsfojo oc cdtrjoj (J cdecdofo`) GF_1 GF_6~:3> :3> Wcscrvjo`s

=x====~=xBBBB ]jrêkctr`s  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji udfojocsPPPPPPP udfojocsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP ]=8.=8 k`strjo`s cd cstjo` GF_= GF_=>> E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj (Az cdecdofo`, brceucdefj =x==BB ◌ pjrpjocjdo` icdtjkcdtc) oc octcdefõd GF_:>> _cdsfõd oci gus OE (R cdecdofo`) GF_:

2?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

:.==

◌

GF_7> Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj GF_7> GF_5>> Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj GF_5  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji ocecdjsPPPPPP ocecdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPP GF_?>> E`dsfhdj oc ]FO (% pjrpjocjdo`) GF_? GF_3>> Rji`r oc rcjifkcdtjefõd oc ]FO (% cdecdofo`) GF_3 GF_2> E`dsfhdj oc pjr (% pjrpjocjdo`) GF_2> GF_8>> Rji`r oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF: (R cdecdofo`) GF_8  PPPPPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPP PPRji`r acxjo acxjocefkji cefkji ecdtcdjsPPPPPPP ecdtcdjsPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPP GF_1>> Rji`r oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF7 (R cdecdofo`) GF_1 GF_6>> Rji`r oc ij cdtrjoj jdjiõhfej JF5 (R cdecdofo`) GF_6 GF_:=>> Rji`r oc ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj AOF GF_:= GF_::>> ]js` jetuji oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic ` kuitfpjs` GF_::  PPPPPPPPPRji`r  PPPPPPPPPR ji`r Acxjocefkji udfojocs oc kf kfiijrPPPPPP iijrPPPPPPPPP PPP GF_:7>> E`dtjo`r oc puis`s GF_:7 GF_:5~:3> :3> Wcscrvjo`s

Cnckpi`-- Rji`r p`r ocbcet` ==BB> ==== ==== :::: :::: Cnckpi` Bjet`r oc e`rrceefõd =.=:~:=.== oc ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj ]=8.=1 Brceucdefj k`strjoj ; brceucdef b rceucdefjj oc `pcrjefõd* ]=8.=1 k`strjoj cd ofspijy

Bjet`r oc e`rrceefõd =.:~666.6% oc ij vci`efojo ]=8.=6 Rci`efojo r`tjef`dji kceêdfej ; :7= * brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd :==.=% ◌ r`tjef`dji k`strjoj k`strjoj Ø ]=8.=6 / d¾ pjrcs oc p`i`s oci k`t`r cd ofspijy ]=8.:=

E`cbfefcdtc oc vci`efojo ifdcji

=.:~666.6% Rci`efojo ifdcji; Rci`efojo r`tjef`dji kceêdfej Ø ]=8.:=

:.=%

_ckpcrjturj oci

◌

◀ 

]=8.::

kõoui` rcetfbfejo`r

-7=.=~:7=.=½E

]=8.:7

_ckpcrjturj oci kõoui` fdvcrs`r

-7=.=~:7=.=½E

◀ 

]=8.:5

Rcrsfõd oc s`btwjrc

:.==~233.53 :.==~233. 53 (Fdofej ij vcrsfõd oc ij tjrnctj oc e`dtr`i)

◀ 

]=8.:?

_fckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` jeukuijo`

=~23353a (eucdtj ci tfckp` t`tji cd quc ci vjrfjo`r aj cstjo` cd tcdsfõd)

◀ 

]=8.:3

Gft jit` oci e`dtjo`r oc cdcrhëj

Kucstrj ij cdcrhëj jeukuijoj e`dsukfoj p`r ci vjrfjo`r. E`dsuk` oc cdcrhëj oci vjrfjo`r (lXa)

◀

Gft gjn` oci e`dtjo`r ]=8.:3*:===+]=8.:2 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=8.:3> =~23353 (x:=== lXa) ]=8.:2 oc cdcrhëj Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=8.:2> =.=~666.6 lXa

;

◀

23  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

]=8.:1

]`tcdefj d`kfdji oci =.?~8.3lX vjrfjo`r

◀ 

]=8.:6

_cdsfõd d`kfdji oci 3=~??=R vjrfjo`r

◀ 

Fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci ]=8.7= =.:~5=.=J vjrfjo`r

◀ 

]=8.7:

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs oc =x====~=xBBBB bêgrfej :

◀ 

]=8.77

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs oc =x====~=xBBBB bêgrfej 7

◀ 

]=8.75

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs oc =x====~=xBBBB bêgrfej 5

◀ 

]=8.7?

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs oc =x====~=xBBBB bêgrfej ?

◀ 

]=8.73 Eõofh` oc gjrrjs oc =x====~=xBBBB bêgrfej 3

◀ 

Eõofh` oc gjrrjs oc =x====~=xBBBB bêgrfej 2

◀ 

]=8.72

=> Ufd bjii` :> @St: (Bjii` oc FHG_ bjsc S) 7> @St7 (Bjii` oc FHG_ bjsc R) ]=8.71 _fp` oc bjii` jdtcrf`r 5> @St5 (Bjii` oc FHG_ bjsc X) ?> @E: @ E: (U`grce`rrfcdtc ourjdtc ij jecicrjefõd) 3> @E7 @ E7 (U`grce`rrfcdtc ourjdtc ij ocsjecicrjefõd) ]=8.78

_fp` oc bjii` jetuji

◀ 

◀ 

◀  ]=8.76 _fp` oc bjii` jdtcrf`r 7 2> @E5 (U`grce`rrfcdtc ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd j vci`efojo e`dstjdtc) ]=8.5= _fp` oc bjii` jdtcrf`r 5 8> @R: (U`grctcdsfõd ourjdtc ij jecicrjefõd) 1> @R7 (U`grctcdsfõd ourjdtc ij ocsjecicrjefõd) ocsjecicrjefõd) ]=8.5: _fp` oc bjii` jdtcrf`r ? 6> @R5 (U`grctcdsfõd ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd j vci`efojo e`dstjdtc) :=> SR (Uugtcdsfõd cd ci gus OE) ::> @I: (U`grcejrhj (U`grcejrhj oc k`t`r) :7> @I7 (U`grcejrhj (U`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r) ]=8.57 _fp` oc bjii` jdtcrf`r 3 :5> U]F (Bjii` oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj) :?> U]@ (Bjii` oc bjsc oc sjifoj) :3> @A: (U`grcejicdtjkfcdt` (U`grcejicdtjkfcdt` oci kõoui` rcetfbfejo`r) :2> @A7 (U`grcejicdtjkfcdt` oci kõoui` fdvcrs`r) :8> CB (Bjii` cxtcrd`)

◀  ◀ 

◀ 

22  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

]=8.55 Brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

=.==Az

◀

]=8.5? Brceucdefj oc rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

=.==Az

◀

=R

◀

]=8.52 Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

=.=J

◀

]=8.58 _cdsfõd oci gus ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

=.=R

◀

]=8.51 _ckpcrjturj kêxfkj ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

=.=¾E

◀

=

◀

]=8.?= Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji ]=8.?: Brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

= =.==Az

◀ ◀

]=8.?7 Brceucdefj oc rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

=.==Az

◀ 

=R

◀ 

]=8.?? Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

=.=J

◀ 

]=8.?3 _cdsfõd oci gus ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

=.=R

◀

]=8.?2 _ckpcrjturj kêxfkj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

=.=¾E

◀

]=8.?8 Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

=

◀

]=8.?1 Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

=

◀

]=8.?6 Brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7

=.==Az

◀

]=8.3= Brceucdefj oc rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7

=.==Az

◀

Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

:1> EC (Crr`r oc ij e`kudfejefõd WU?13) :6> FtC (Bjii` oc octceefõd oc fdtcdsfojo) 7=> tC (Bjii` oci Jut`tudfdh) 7:> CC] (Bjii` oc `pcrjefõd oc ij CC]W@K) 77> ]FOC (Bjii` cd ij rcjifkcdtjefõd oci ]FO) 75> gEC (Bjii` oc ij udfojo oc brcdjo`) 7?> CDO (_fckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` jnustjo` eukpifo`) 73> @I5 (]rc jijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj) 72> ]EC (Crr`r oc e`kudfejefõd oc ij e`ds`ij) 78> S]C (Crr`r oc ejrhj oc pjrêkctr`s oc vjrfjo`r j e`ds`ij) 71> ODC (Crr`r oc ejrhj oc pjrêkctr`s oc e`ds`ij j vjrfjo`r) 76~5:> Wcscrvjo`s Wc scrvjo`s 57> C_A: (Bjii` oc buhj j tfcrrj :) 55> C_A7 (Bjii` oc buhj j tfcrrj 7) 5?> oCu (Bjii` oc ocsvfjefõd oc vci`efojo) 53> U_` (Kji jnustc) 52> II (]rc jijrkj p`r sugejrhj)

]=8.53 _cdsfõd oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

]=8.56 Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jetuji

]=8.?5 _cdsfõd oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r

28  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=R

◀ 

]=8.37 Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7

=.=J

◀ 

]=8.35 _cdsfõd oci gus ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7

=.=R

◀ 

]=8.3? _ckpcrjturj kêxfkj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7

=.=¾E

◀

= =

◀  ◀ 

Uchþd k`oci`

◌ 

Uchþd k`oci`

◌ 

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

Uchþd k`oci`

◌

Cstc pjrêkctr` sc utfifzj pjrj ocbfdfr ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd N@H. 3.==Az Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==Az ~]==.=5 (Brceucdefj Kêxfkj)

◌

Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

]=8.3: _cdsfõd oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7

]=8.33 Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7 ]=8.32 Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` jdtcrf`r 7 Hrup` ]= ]=1 1―B Budef udef`dcs `dcs Jvjdzjojs ]=1.==

_fckp` oc jecicrjefõd 7

]=1.=:

_fckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd 7

]=1.=7

_fckp` oc jecicrjefõd 5

]=1.=5

_fckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd 5

]=1.=?

_fckp` oc jecicrjefõd ?

]=1.=3

_fckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd ?

Wcbfærjsc j ]==.:: y ]==.:7 ] ==.:7 pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd. I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ofsp`dcd oc eujtr` hrup`s oc tfckp` oc Jecicrjefõd/Ocsjecicrjefõd quc pucocd scr sciceef`djo`s kcofjdtc ci hrup` ]3. Ci prfkcr hrup` Jecicrjefõd/Ocsjecicrjefõd cs ci quc vfcdc pr`hrjkjo` p`r ocbcet` oc bêgrfej. _crkfdji : Jeci/ocsje (`pefõd 7:)

_crkfdji 7 Jeci/ocsje (`pefõd 77)

_fckp` Jeci/Ocsje :

@BB

@BB

_fckp` Jeci/Ocsje 7

@D

@BB

_fckp` Jeci/Ocsje 5

@BB

@D

_fckp` Jeci/Ocsje ?

@D

@D

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~52==.=s ]=1.=2

Brceucdefj oc ij `pcrjefõd N@H

Ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd oc ij `pcrjefõd N@H sfhdfbfej ci Uchþd tfckp` dcecsjrf` pjrj quc ci vjrfjo`r vjyj oc ij vci`efojo =Az ]=1.=8 k`oci` ajstj ij Brceucdefj Kêxfkj. Ci tfckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd oc ij `pcrjefõd N@H sfhdfbfej ci _fckp` oc tfckp` dcecsjrf` pjrj quc ci vjrfjo`r vjyj oc ij Brceucdefj Uchþd ]=1.=1 ocsjecicrjefõd oc ij Kêxfkj (]=.=5) ajstj =Az. k`oci` `pcrjefõd N@H Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~52==.=s _fckp` oc jecicrjefõd oc ij `pcrjefõd N@H

]=1.=6 Brceucdefj oc sjit` : Eujdo` ij brceucdefj jnustjoj sc cdeucdtrj cd ci rjdh` oc ij brceucdefj oc sjit`, ci vjrfjo`r `pcrjrê cd ci iëkftc oc ij Wjdh` oc ij ]=1.:= brceucdefj oc sjit` (ci vjrfjo`r sc sjitjrê ijs brceucdefjs quc brceucdefj oc sjit` : qucocd ocdtr` oci rjdh`) ]=1.:: Brceucdefj oc sjit` 7 Ci vjrfjo`r pucoc cvftjr ij rcs`djdefj kceêdfej jnustjdo` ij

◌

◌

=.==Az

◌ 

=.==Az

◌ 

=.==Az

◌ 

21  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Wjdh` oc ij brceucdefj oc sjit` (sc pcrkftcd trcs) brceucdefj oc sjit` 7 Ij budefõd sc cde`dtrjrê ocsajgfiftjoj sf i`s trcs pudt`s oc sjit` tfcdcd vji`r =. ]=1.:5 Brceucdefj oc sjit` 5

]=1.:7

]=1.:?

Wjdh` oc ij brceucdefj oc sjit` 5

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.==Az

◌ 

=.==Az

◌ 

=.==Az

◌ 

=.=%

◌

=.=%

◌

3.=s

◌

3.=s

◌

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==~]==.=5 (ij brceucdefj kêxfkj) ]=1.:3

Wjdh` oc budef`djkfcdt` ^fhzjh

Cstj budefõd cstê fdofejoj pjrj fdoustrfjs o`doc ijs budef`dcs ^fhzjh y Efreudv`iuefõd s`d dcecsjrfjs, e`k` p`r cnckpi` cd kêqufdjs oc bjgrfejefõd oc bfgrj tcxtfi y quëkfej.

]=1.:2 Wjdh` oc rcpcdtfd` brceuc b rceucdefj defj Ij budefõd ^fhzjh ajec biuetujr ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj oci oc sjit` vjrfjo`r, t`kjdo` e`k` ecdtr` ij brceucdefj jnustjoj. Ij _fckp` oc jukcdt` sceucdefj oc ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd sc kucstrj cd ci ]=1.:8 oc ^fhzjh hrêbfe` sfhufcdtc, o`doc ci ^fhzjh vfcdc octcrkfdjo` p`r ci pjrêkctr` ]=1.:3. Eujdo` ]=1.:3 sc jnustj j =, ci ^fhzjh tjkgfæd cs = y, p`r tjdt`, ij budefõd sc cdeucdtrj ocsajgfiftjoj

]=1.:1

_fckp` oc Wjdh` oc ^fhzjh> ^fhzjh > Ij `pcrjefõd ^fhzjh vfcdc ifkftjoj p`r ci ofskfduefõd oc ^fhzjh iëkftc kêxfk` y këdfk` oc brceucdefj. Wjdh` oc ^fhzjh rcijtfv` j ij brceucdefj ecdtrji> ecdtrji > Wjdh` oc ^fhzjh JX ；  brceucd brceucdefj efj ecdtrji Ø rjdh` ^fhzjh ]=1.:3. Brceucdefj Brceuc defj oc sjit` rcpcdtfd` ； Wjdh` ^fzhjh JXØ Wjdh` oc brceucdefj oc sjit` rcpcdtfd` ]=1.:2. Ji `pcrjr j ij brceucdefj ^fhzjh, ci vji`r cs rcijtfv` j ij brceucdefj oc sjit` rcpcdtfd`. _fckp` oc sugfoj oc ij brceucdefj ^fhzjh> ^fhzjh > _fckp` ocsoc ci pudt` kcd`r ji kjy`r. _fckp` oc gjnjoj oc ij brceucdefj ^fhzjh> ^fhzjh > _fckp` ocsoc ci

26  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=

◌

=

◌

=k

◌

=

◌

:.=s

◌

pudt` kjy`r ji kcd`r. Wjdh` oc jn jnustc ustc oocc ]=1 ]=1.:3> .:3> =.=~:==.=% (rcijtfv` j ij brceucdefj jnustjoj) Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.:2> =.=~3=. =.=~3=.=% =% (rcijtfv` ji rjdh` oc ^fhzjh) Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.:8> =.:~52==.=s Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.:1> =.:~52==.=s

]=1.73

E`dsfhdj oci e`dtjo`r Ci e`dtjo`r budef`dj e`d ijs scúji oc puis`s oci tcrkfdji AOF oc puis`s Eujdo` ci e`dtjo`r jiejdec ci ’Rji`r oc rcbcrcdefj oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s‛ (]=1.72), i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj kuitfbudefõd fdofejrêd ’iichjoj ji vji`r oc rcbcrcdefj oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s‛ y ci e`dtjo`r schufrê trjgjnjdo`< eujdo` ci e`dtjo`r iichuc j ij ’E`dsfhdj oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s‛ (]=1.73), i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj kuitfbudefõd fdofejrêd ’iichjoj j ij e`dsfhdj oci e`dtjo`r oc puis`s‛, y ci e`dtjo`r sc p`dorê j ecr` jdtcs oc rcefgfr ci

sfhufcdtc puis`. Rji`r oc rcbcrcdefj oci Ci vji`r sciceef`djo` cd ]=1.72 d` ocgcrëj scr kjy`r quc ci ]=1.72 e`dtjo`r oc puis`s sciceef`djo` cd ]=1.73. Ij budefõd sc fiustrj j e`dtfdujefõd>

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.73> ]=1.72~23353 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.72> =~]=1.73 _fckp` rcjnustjo` oc budef`djkfcdt` oci vjrfjo`r. Eujdo` sc Jnustc oci tfckp` oc jiejdzj ci tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` jnustjo`, i`s tcrkfdjics ]=1.78 budef`djkfcdt` oc sjifoj kuitfbudefõd fdofejrêd ij scúji ’Iichjoj j tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` ocbfdfo`‛. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =~23353 kfd Dþkcr` oc fdtcdt`s oc rce`dcxfõd ocspuæs oc ud bjii`> bjii` > D¾ oc fdtcdt`s oc ]=1.71 rce`dcxfõd ocspuæs jnustc ci dþkcr` oc fdtcdt`s oc rce`dcxfõd ocspuæs oc ud bjii` oc bjii` kcofjdtc cstj budefõd. Uf i`s fdtcdt`s rcjifzjo`s cxecocd ci vji`r jnustjo`, ci vjrfjo`r sc octcdorê ocgfo` ji bjii` y cspcrjrê j scr rcpjrjo`. Fdtcrvji` i` oc tfckp` cdtr cdtrc c ci bjii` y ci fdtcdt` oc rce`dcxfõd> rce`dcxfõd > Fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` Fdtcrvj ]=1.76

]crkftc jnustjr ci fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` ocsoc quc sc pr`ouec ci cdtrc ci bjii` y ci fdtcdt` oc rce`dcxfõd bjii` ajstj quc sc rcjifzj ci fdtcdt` oc rce`dcxfõd. D`tj>> I`s bjii`s @I:, @I7, @A: y @A7 d` pucocd scr D`tj rcsctcjo`s jut`kêtfejkcdtc. jut`kêtfejkcdtc.



8=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.==Az

◌ 

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.71> =~:= Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.76> =.:~:==.=s

Wjtf` oc ofskfduefõd ofskfduefõd Ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r ejkgfj e`d ij ejrhj. Uc ]=1.5= oc ij brceucdefj cd utfifzj prfdefpjikcdtc pjrj cqufifgrjr ij p`tcdefj eujdo` vjrf`s e`dtr`i oc ejëoj vjrfjo`rcs kucvcd udj kfskj ejrhj. Rji`r oc octceefõd oci Eujdo` ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj cxecoc ij brceucdef b rceucdefjj dfvci ciæetrfe` BO_: e`rrcsp`dofc e`rrcsp`dofcdtc dtc ji ’Rj Rji`r i`r oc octceefõd oci dfvci ciæ ciæetrfe etrfe ` BO_‛, ‛, i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj kuitfbudefõd kuitfbudefõd jetfvjrêd ij scúji Rji`r oc rctcdefõd oc BO_ ]=1.55 b rceucdefj ij octceefõd BO_: oc ’_cst oc dfvci oc brceucdefj BO_‛. Ajstj quc ij brceucdefj ’ Rji`r oc Rji`r oc octceefõd oci oc sjifoj d` ofskfduyj j ud vji`r p`r ocgjn` oci ’Rji`r ]=1.5? BO_‛,, ij scúji cstjrê ajgfiftjoj. J dfvci ciæetrfe` BO_7 octceefõd oc ij rctcdefõd BO_‛ e`dtfdujefõd sc ocserfgc cstj budefõd kcofjdtc ud ofjhrjkj>

]=1.57

]=1.53

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

Rji`r oc rctcdefõd oc ij octceefõd BO_7

3=.==Az ◌ 3.=%

◌

3=.==Az ◌ 

3.=%

◌ 

=.==Az

◌ 

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.57 y ]=1.5?> =.==Az~]==.=5 (Brceucdefj Kêxfkj) Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.55 y ]=1.53> =.=~:==.=% (rcspcet` oci dfvci ciæetrfe` BO_) Eujdo` ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj supcrc ci ’vji`r oc octceefõd oc iichjoj j brceucdefj‛, ci tcrkfdji oc sjifoj ofhftji kuitfbudefõd scújifzjrê ’Iichjoj j brceucdefj‛. Rcj ci ofjhrjkj sfhufcdtc pjrj `gtcdcr fdb`rkjefõd octjiijoj>

]=1.52

Rji`r oc octceefõd oc iichjoj j brceucdefj

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==Az ]==.=5 (Kêxfkj brceucdefj) 8:  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]=1.58

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

Ajgfiftjefõd oc ij udfojo oc brcdjo` ofdêkfe`

Cstc pjrêkctr` cs utfifzjo` pjrj e`dtr`ijr ij udfojo oc brcdjo` ofdêkfe` fdtcrdj. => Ocsajgfiftjoj Ocsajgfiftjoj :> Ajgfiftjoj

=

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

◌ 

Cstc pjrêkctr` cstjgicec ij tcdsfõd oc gus OE p`r cdefkj oc _cdsfõd

]=1.51

Skgrji oc tcdsfõd pjrj ci brcdjo` b rcdjo` ofdêkfe`

ij euji ckpfczj j trjgjnjr ij udfojo oc brcdjo` ofdêkfe` 75=R> fdtcrdj. Jnustc cstj tcdsfõd oc b`rkj pcrtfdcdtc pjrj brcdjr ij 51=.=R ejrhj. ◌ Wjdh` oc jnustc> 7==.=~7===.=R 7==.=~7===.=R _cdsfõd ?==R> Wjdh` oc jnustc rce`kcd rce`kcdojo`> ojo`> 8==.=R _cdsfõ d 75=R ?==R Wjdh`

]=1.56

K`o` oc budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` oci vcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd

583~?==R

213~83=R

Cstjgicec ci k`o` oc `pcrjefõd oci vcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd> =>  => K`o` d`rkji. d`rkji. Ci vcdtfijo`r budef`dj cd i`s sfhufcdtcs ejs`s> ocspuæs oc quc ci vjrfjo`r rcefgj ij scúji oc kjreaj, eujdo` ij tckpcrjturj oci kõoui` fdvcrs`r scj supcrf`r j ?3 ¾E y eujdo` ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj scj supcrf`r ji 7=% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji. :>  :>  Ci vcdtfijo`r vcdtfijo`r bude budef`dj f`dj sfckprc sfckprc,, kfcdtrjs ci vjrfjo`r ofsp`dhj oc tcdsfõd oc jifkcdtjefõd (hcdcrjikcdtc utfifzjo` pjrj sftf`s e`d jitj tckpcrjturj tckpcrjturj ` aukcojo)

=

◌

=x====~=x==7: Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs > K`o` oc sciceefõd ]XK => K`o` ]XK :, K`ouijefõd trfbêsfej y gfbêsfej :> K`o` ]XK 7, 7, K`ouijefõd trfbêsfej Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > K`o` oc ifkftjefõd oc ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj

]=1.?=

Uciceefõd Ucicee fõd ]XK

]=1.?: U`grc k`ouijefõd

j gjnj vci`efojo => Ifkftjefõd oc ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj j gjnj vci`efojok`o` :< :< eujdo` ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj supcrj :lAz j gjnj vci`efojo, æstj sc ifkftj j :lAz. :> Ifkftjefõd oc ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj j gjnj vci`efojok`o` 7< 7< eujdo` ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj supcrj i`s 7lAz j gjnj vci`efojo, æstj sc ifkftj j 7lAz. 7> Ufd iëkftc pjrj iëkftc pjrj ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj j gjnj vci`efojo D`tj>> D` sc rce`kfcdoj ji usujrf` quc k`ofbfquc cstc D`tj pjrêkctr` Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> => Ocsajgfiftjoj Ocsajgfiftjoj :> Ajgfiftjoj

=x=:

◄ 

=x== =x=:

◄ 

Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > 87  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=> U`grc k`ouijefõd ifhcrj< cd z`dj : :> U`grc k`ouijefõd bucrtc< cd z`dj 7 D`tj :> :> Ci vji`r p`r ocbcet` cd i`s vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ 75=R / 5Ñ ?==R ≯ 7.7 lX y 5Ñ 75=R ≯ =.83 lX cs ==< kfcdtrjs quc pjrj

ci rcst` oc vjrfjo`rcs cs =:. D`tj 7> 7> D` sc rce`kfcdoj ji usujrf` quc k`ofbfquc cstc pjrêkctr` =x===~=x:775 Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> Uciceefõd oc ajgfiftjefõd oc brceucdefj => _jdt` ijs tceijs ∨/∡  e`k` ci p`tcdefõkctr` jdjiõhfe` cstêd ajgfiftjo`s pjrj rcjifzjr jnustcs oc brceucdefj :> Uõi` cstêd ajgfiftjojs ijs tceijs ∨/∡ pjrj rcjifz rcjifzjr jr jnustcs oc brceucdef b rceucdefj. j. Ci p`tcdefõkctr` p`tcdefõkctr` cstê ocsajgfiftj ocsajgfiftjo` o` 7> Ijs tceijs ∨/∡  cstêd ocsajgfiftjojs. Uõi` ci p`tcdefõkctr` jdjiõhfe` cstê ajgfiftjo` pjrj rcjifzjr jnustcs oc brceucdef b rceucdefjj 5> Df ijs tceijs ∨/∡  df ci p`tcdefõkctr` cstêd ajgfiftjo`s pjrj rcjifzjr jnustcs oc brceucdefj Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > Uciceefõd oci e`dtr`i oc brceucdefj p`r e`ds`ij Jnustc oci k`o` oc => Uõi` ajgfiftjo` eujdo` ]==.=2;= ` ]==.=8;= ]==.=8;= =x==== ]=1.?7 e`dtr`i oc ij t`o`s i`s k`o`s oc jn jnustc ustc oc brceucdefj :> Ajgfiftjo` pjrj t`o`s brceucdefj p`r e`ds`ij 7> Fdajgfiftjo` pjrj pjrj ci k`o` kuitfpjs` kuitfpjs` euj eujdo` do` ij vci vci`efojo `efojo kuitfpjs` tfcdc ij prf`rfojo Oëhft` ecdtcdjs> ecdtcdjs > Uciceefõd oci jnustc oc brceucdefj ourjdtc ij octcdefõd => Jnustc ajgfiftjo` ajgfiftjo` Ajgfift jo` ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd, g`rrjo` ocspuæs oc ij :> Ajgfiftjo` octcdefõd 7> Ajgfiftjo` ourjdtc ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd, g`rrjo` ji rcefgfr ij `rocd oc octcdefõd Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs oc kfiijr > budefõd fdtchrji oc ijs tceijs ∨/∡  y ci p`tcdefõkctr` jdjiõhfe` => Ij budefõd fdtchrji cstê ajgfiftjoj :> Ij budefõd fdtchrji cstê ocsajgfiftjoj ocsajgfiftjoj

◌ 

Wjtf` fdtchrji oci ]=1.?5

p`tcdefõkctr` oc ij e`ds`ij

=.=:~:=.==s

=.:=s

◌ 

]=1.??

Jnustc oc i`s

=x==~=x77:

=x===

◌ 

85  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Wjtf` oc ejkgf` oc ij ]=1.?3 brceucdefj- _crkfdji =.=:~3=.== Az/s S]

=.3= Az/s

◌

Wjtf` oc ejkgf` oc ij ]=1.?2 brceucdefj- _crkfdji =.=:~3=.== Az/s O@XD

=.3= Az/s

◌

=x===

◌

Eõofh` D`kgrc Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr` oc budefõ   tcrkfdjics oc e`dtr`i Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> Ajgfiftjefõd oci k`o` oc e`dtr`i oc

S]/O@XD

brceucdefj S]/O@XD => Jnustc oc tcrkfdjics S]/O@XD ajgfiftjo` :> Jnustc oc tcrkfdjics S]/O@XD ocsajgfift ocsajgfiftjo` jo` Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > Uciceefõd oci e`dtr`i oc brceucdefj p`r tcrkfdjics S]/O@XD ]==.=8;= => Uõi` ajgfiftjo` eujdo` ]==.=2;= ` ]==.=8;= :> Ajgfiftjo` pjrj t`o`s t`o`s i`s k`o`s oc jn jnustc ustc oc brceucdefj 7> Ocsajgfiftjo` Ocsajgf iftjo` pjrj ci k`o` kuitfpjs` eujdo` ij vci`efojo kuitfpjs` tfcdc ij prf`rfojo Oëhft` ecdtcdjs> ecdtcdjs > Uciceefõd oci jnustc oc brceucdefj ourjdtc ij octcdefõd ajgfiftjo` => Jnustc ajgfiftjo` :> Ajgfiftjo` Ajgfift jo` ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd, g`rrjo` ocspuæs oc ij octcdefõd 7> Ajgfiftjo` ourjdtc ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd, g`rrjo` ji rcefgfr ij `rocd oc octcdefõd

=x===~=x::: Oëhft` udfojocs> udfojocs > Uciceefõd oc jeefõd j rcjifzjr pjrj ij brceucdefj jnustjoj cd e`ds`ij jdtc ci jpjhjo` => Hujrojr eujdo` sc pr`ouzej ci jpjhjo` :> G`rrjr eujdo` sc pr`ouzej ci jpjhjo` ocecdjs > Uciceefõd oc jeefõd j rcjifzjr pjrj ij Uciceefõd oc ij jeefõd Oëhft` ocecdjs> brceucdefj jnustjoj p`r e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU jdtc ci j rcjifzjr pjrj ci ]=1.?8 jnustc oc brceucdef b rceucdefjj jpjhjo` ourjdtc ci jpjhjo` => Hujrojr eujdo` sc pr`ouzej ci jpjhjo` :> G`rrjr eujdo` sc pr`ouzej ci jpjhjo` Oëhft` ecdtcdjs> ecdtcdjs > Uciceefõd oc jeefõd j rcjifzjr pjrj ij brceucdefj jnustjoj oc `tr` k`o` jdtc ci jpjhjo` => Hujrojr eujdo` oc pr`ouzej ci jpjhjo` :> G`rrjr eujdo` sc pr`ouzej ci jpjhjo` ]=1.?1

Rji`r fdfefji oci gft jit` Cstc pjrêkctr` sc utfifzj pjrj jnustjr ci vji`r fdfefji oci = x:=== ◌ lXa oci e`dtjo`r oc e`dtjo`r oc cdcrhëj c dcrhëj

8?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

cdcrhëj

Rji`r fdfefji oci gft ]=1.?6 gjn` oci e`dtjo`r oc cdcrhëj

]=1.3=

Brcdjo` p`r biun` kjhdætfe`

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r fdfefji oci e`dtjo`r oc cdcrhëj;]=1.?1*:===+]=1. cdcrhëj;]= 1.?1*:===+]=1.?6 ?6 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.?1> =~36666 (x:=== lXa) Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=1.?6> =.=~666.6 lXa

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.= lXa ◌

Cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc utfifzj pjrj ajgfiftjr ci brcdjo` p`r biun` kjhdætfe`. => Ocsajgfiftjo` :==~:3=>> Eujdt` kês jit` scj ci e`cbfefcdtc, kjy`r scrê ij :==~:3= bucrzj oc brcdjo`. Ci vjrfjo`r pucoc ajecr ofskfdufr ij vci`efojo oci k`t`r fderckcdtjdo` ci biun` kjhdætfe` oc æstc. Ij cdcrhëj hcdcrjoj p`r ci k`t`r ourjdtc ci brcdjo` pucoc trjdsb`rkjrsc cd cdcrhëj eji`rëbfej fderckcdtjdo` ci biun` kjhdætfe`. Ci vjrfjo`r k`dft`rfzj ci cstjo` oci k`t`r e`dtfdujkcdtc, =

◀ 

=

◌

fdeius` ci pcrf`o` oc brcdjo` p`r biun` Jsë pucs, ciourjdtc biun` kjhdætfe` kjhdætfe ` pucoc scr utfifzjo` u tfifzjo` pjrjkjhdætfe`. pjrjr ci k`t`r, jsë e`k` pjrj ejkgfjr ci scdtfo` oc hfr` oci k`t`r. @trjs vcdtjnjs oc cstc kæt`o` oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` s`d> - Uc pr`ouec ci brcdjo` fdkcofjtjkcdtc ocspuæs oc ij `rocd oc pjr`. D` cs dcecsjrf` cspcrjr j ij ocgfiftjefõd oci ejkp` kjhdætfe`. - Ij rcbrfhcrjefõd cs kcn`r. Ij fdtcdsfojo oci cstêt`r sc fderckcdtj ourjdtc ci brcdjo` b rcdjo` p`r biun` kjhdætfe`, kfcdtrjs quc ij oci r`t`r d` i` ajec (ij rcbrfhcrjefõd oci cstêt`r cs kês scdefiij y rêpfoj quc ij oci r`t`r). Hrup` ]=6 - E`dtr`i ]FO

]=6.==

Eujdo` ij sciceefõd oci e`kjdo` oc brceucdefj (]==.=2, ]==.=8) sc cstjgicec cd vji`r 8 ` ij sciceefõd oci e`kjdo` oc tcdsfõd (]=?.78) sc cstjgicec cd vji`r 2, ci k`o` oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r cs ci pr`ecofkfcdt` oc e`dtr`i ]FO. Ci pjrêkctr` octcrkfdj ci ejdji utfifzjo` e`k` rcbcrcdefj Ejdji oc rcbcrcdefj ourjdtc ci pr`ecofkfcdt` ]FO. oci e`dtr`i ]FO => Wcbcrcdefj ofhftji jnustjoj cd ij e`ds`ij (]=6.=:) :> Wcbcrcdefj jdjiõhfej ocbfdfoj p`r cdtrjoj JF: 7> Wcbcrcdefj jdjiõhfej ocbfdfoj p`r cdtrjoj JF7 5> Wcbcrcdefj jdjiõhfej ocbfdfoj p`r cdtrjoj JF5 ?> Wcbcrcdefj ocbfdfoj p`r ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF 3> Wcbcrcdefj ocbfdfoj p`r budefõd Kuitfpjs`

83  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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2> Wcbcrcdefj ocbfdfoj p`r e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU 8~6> Wcscrvjo`s Ij e`dsfhdj (` sctp`fdt) oci pr`ecofkfcdt` ]FO cs rcijtfv`. Ci :==% oci jnustc cqufvjic ji :==% oc ij rcspucstj oci sfstckj e`dtr`ijo`. Ci sfstckj cs ejieuijo` oc jeucro` j ud p`recdtjnc (=~:==.=%). D`tj> Ij rcbcrcdefj Kuitfpjs` sc rcjifzj kcofjdtc ci hrup` oc pjrêkctr`s ]:=

]=6.=:

E`dsfhdj oci ]FO jnustjoj cd e`ds`ij (sctp`fdt)

Eujdo` ]=6.==;=, jnustc cstc pjrêkctr` pjrj ocbfdfr ij e`dsfhdj ` rcbcrcdefj oci sfstckj Wjdh` oc jnustc> -:==.=%~:==.=% -:==.=%~:==.=% ]crkftc sciceef`djr ci ejdji oc rcjifkcdtjefõd oci e`dtr`i ]FO. => Wcjifkcdtjefõd kcofjdtc ci ejdji jdjiõhfe` JF: (p`tcdefõkctr` fdtchrjo`)

]=6.=7

Ejdji oc rcjifkcdtjefõd rcjifkcdtjefõ d ]FO

:> Wcjifkcdtjefõd kcofjdtc ci ejdji jdjiõhfe` JF7 7> Wcjifkcdtjefõd kcofjdtc ci ejdji jdjiõhfe` JF5 5> Wcjifkcdtjefõd kcofjdtc ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF ?> Wcjifkcdtjefõd kcofjdtc ij e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU 3~8> Wcscrvjo`s D`tj>> Ci ejdji oc rcbcrcdefj y ci ejdji oc rcjifkcdtjefõd d` D`tj pucocd e`fdefofr, sf i` afefcrjd, ci e`dtr`i ]FO d` p`orëj trjgjnjr oc b`rkj e`rrcetj. => Ujifoj ]FO p`sftfvj. p`sftfvj. Eujdo` ij scúji oc rcjifkcdtjefõd scj kjy`r quc ci vji`r oc ij e`dsfhdj oci ]FO (Uctp`fdt), ij

]=6.=5

Ejrjetcrëstfej oc sjifoj ]FO

Hjdjdefj ]=6.=?

pr`p`ref`dji (Lp)

brceucdefj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r ofskfdufrê pjrj cqufifgrjr ci ]FO. ]`r cnckpi`, ci e`dtr`i oc prcsfõd oc ud sfstckj oc g`kgc` :> Ujifoj ]FO dchjt dchjtfvj. fvj. Eujdo` ij scúji oc rcjifkcdtjefõd scj kjy`r quc ci vji`r oc ij e`dsfhdj oci ]FO (Uctp`fdt), ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r sc fderckcdtjrê pjrj cqufifgrjr ci ]FO. Cstj budefõd sc jpifej j ij hjdjdefj pr`p`ref`dji ] oc ij cdtrjoj ]FO. ] octcrkfdj ij bucrzj oc t`o` ci sfstckj oc jnustc ]FO. Ci vji`r :== oc cstc pjrêkctr` sfhdfbfej quc eujdo` ci ocsbjsc cdtrc ci vji`r oc rcjifkcdtjefõd y ci vji`r oc ij e`dsfhdj ]FO (sctp`fdt) cs oci :==%, ci jnustc oc brceucdefj oci e`dtr`ijo`r ]FO cs ij Brceucdefj Kêxfkj (sf fhd`rjk`s ci



cbcet` oc ij budefõd b udefõd fdtchrji y ocrfvjtfvj). 82  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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Sd vji`r kês jit` oc ] pcrkftc iichjr ji vji`r oc ij e`dsfhdj ]FO (sctp`fdt) kês rêpfo`, pcr` pucoc scr quc pr`v`quc `sefijefõd. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==~:==.== =.==~:==.== Cstc pjrêkctr` octcrkfdj ij vci`efojo oci e`dtr`ijo`r ]FO

]=6.=3

]=6.=2

_fckp` Fdtchrji (_f)

_fckp` ofbcrcdefji (_o)

pjrj iicvjr j ejg` ci jnustc fdtchrji cd ij ocsvfjefõd cdtrc ij rcjifkcdtjefõd ]FO y ij e`dsfhdj ]FO. Eujdo` ij ocsvfjefõd oc ij rcjifkcdtjefõd ]FO y ij e`dsfhdj ]FO cs oci :==%, ci e`dtr`ijo`r fdtchrji trjgjnj oc b`rkj e`dtfdujoj ocspuæs oci tfckp` cspcefbfejo` (fhd`rjdo` ci cbcet` pr`p`ref`dji y ci ofbcrcdefji) pjrj e`dschufr iichjr j ij Brceucdefj Kêxfkj (]==.=5). Eujdt` kês e`rt` scj ci tfckp` fdtchrji, kês bucrtc scrê ci jnustc. Uf sc rcouec ci vji`r, ij rcspucstj scrê kês rêpfoj, pcr` sf ci jnustc cs ockjsfjo` gjn`, cst` pucoc e`douefr j ij `sefijefõd oci e`dtr`ijo`r. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=:~:=.== s ]crkftc jnustjr ij vjrfjefõd oci crr`r. ]`r cnckpi`, sf ci tfckp` ofbcrcdefji sc jnustj jnustj j =.=:s y ci p`recdtjnc oc vvjrfjefõd jrfjefõd ooci ci crr`r pjrj :s cs oci :==%, ij sjifoj scrê oc ud :% pjrj :=ks. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==~:=.== s

Cstc pjrêkctr` d`s fdofej ci pcrf`o` oc kucstr` oc ij rcjifkcdtjefõd. rcjifkcdtjefõ d. Ci e`dtr`ijo`r rcjifzj sus eêieui`s cd ejoj ud` ]crf`o` oc kucstrc` ]=6.=8 oc i`s pcrf`o`s oc kucstrc`. Eujdt` kês ijrh` scj ci pcrf`o` (_) oc kucstrc`, kês icdtj scrê ij rcspucstj. Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==~:=.=== s E`k` sc kucstrj cd ci ofjhrjkj sfhufcdtc, ci e`dtr`ijo`r ]FO ocnj oc trjgjnjr eujdo` sc cdeucdtrj ocdtr` oci iëkftc oc ocsvfjefõd. Jnustc cstj budefõd oc b`rkj pcrtfdcdtc pjrj jnustjr ij prcefsfõd y cstjgfifojo oci sfstckj.

]=6.=1

Iëkftc oc ocsvfjefõd oci e`dtr`i ]FO

Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.=~:==.=%

88  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

]=6.=6

Iëkftc supcrf`r oc sjifoj oci ]FO

]=6.:=

Iëkftc fdbcrf`r oc sjifoj oci ]FO

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

Cst`s pjrêkctr`s sc utfifzjd pjrj jnustjr ci iëkftc supcrf`r c :==.=% ◌ fdbcrf`r oc ij sjifoj oci e`dtr`ijo`r ]FO. :==.= % e`rrcsp`doc j ij Brceucdefj Kêxfkj ` j ij _cdsfõd Kêxfkj (]=?.5:) =.=% ◌ Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=6.=6> ]=6.:=~:==.=% ]=6.:=~:==.=%

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=6.:=> -:==.=%~]=6.=6 Rji`r oc octceefõd oc Eujdo` ci vji`r oc octceefõd oc rcjifkcdtjefõd scj kês rcjifkcdtjefõd sfd pcqucú` ` fhuji quc ci cstjgicefo` cd ]=6.:: y ij ourjefõd oc ]=6.:: e`dcxfõd (bjii` oci cstj sftujefõd supcrc ci vji`r cspcefbfejo` cd ]=6.:7, ci scds`r) vjrfjo`r fdofejrê ’Bjii` cd ij rcjifkcdtjefõd oci ]FO‛ y ij e`ds`ij k`strjrê ci tcxt` ’]FOC‛.

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_fckp` oc octceefõd oc rcjifkcdtjefõd rcjifkcdtjefõd sfd ]=6.:7

e`dcxfõd (tfckp` ourjdtc ci euji ci scds`r bjiij)

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Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=6.::> =.=~:==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]=6.:7> =.=~52==.=s =x====~=x:::: Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> => Kjdtcdcr ci jnustc fdtchrji eujdo` ij brceucdefj jiejdzj ci iëkftc supcrf`r c fdbcrf`r < ij fdtchrjefõd kucstrj ci ejkgf` cdtrc ij rcbcrcdefj y ij rcjifkcdtjefõd j

]=6.:5

_fp` oc jnustc ]FO

d` scr quc sc iichuc ji iëkftc fdtchrji fdtcrd`. Eujdo` ejkgfc ij tcdocdefj cdtrc ij rcbcrcdefj y ij rcjifkcdtjefõd, sc dcecsftjrê kês tfckp` pjrj e`kpcdsjr ci fkpjet` oci trjgjn` e`dtfdu` y ij fdtchrjefõd ejkgfjrê =x===: e`d ij tcdocdefj. :> Octcdcr ci jnustc fdtchr ji  ji  eujdo` ij brceucdefj jiejdzj ci iëkftc supcrf`r ` fdbcrf`r . Uf ij fdtchrjefõd sc kjdtfcdc cstjgic, y ij tcdocdefj cdtrc ij rcbcrcdefj y ij rcjifkcdtjefõd ejkgfj, ij fdtchrjefõd ejkgfjrê e`d ij tcdocdefj rêpfojkcdtc. rêpfojkcdtc. Oëhft` ocecdjs (]==.=1 cs =) => Fhuji ji scdtfo` oci oci j jnustc nustc E`dtrjrf` ji scdtfo` oc ocii jnustc Oëhft` ecdtcdjs (]==.=1 cs =) => Ifkftjr j ij brceucdefj kêxfkj :> Ifkftjr j ij brceucdefj J Oëhft` udfojocs u dfojocs oc kfi ijr (]== (]==.=1 .=1 cs =) => Eujdo` sc sciceef` sciceef`dj dj brceucdefj J+G, d` sc tfcdc cd cd eucdtj ij brceucdefj jeukuijoj oc J :> Eujdo` sc sciceef`dj brceucdefj J+G, sc tfcdc cd eucdtj ij brceucdefj jeukuijoj cd J Ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd/ocsjecicrjefõd vfcdc octcrkfdjo` p`r ]=1.=? y ]=1.=3

]=6.:?

Hjdjdefj pr`p`ref`dji j gjnj brceucdefj (Lp)

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E`kjdo` ]FO oci tfckp` oc Jecicrjefõd/ Ocsjecicrjefõd

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_fckp` oc bfitrjo` oc =.===~:=.===s ij sjifoj ]FO Hrup` ]:= ― ]IE sfkpic y e` dtr`i oc vci`efojo Kuitfpjs`  Kuitfpjs`   => Oc Octcdefõd tcdefõd ocspuæs oc rcjifzj rcjifzjrr ci efei`> efei` > Ci vjrfjo`r tfcdc quc scr e`kjdojo` e`kjdojo` oc ducv` ocspuæs oc jejgjr ci efei` :> @pcrjr j vji`r bfdji ocspuæs oc rcjifzjr ci efei` efe i`..

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Ufhdfbfejo` oc ]IE sfkpic

Ocspuæs oc jejgjr ci efei`, ci vjrfjo`r kjdtfcdc ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd y ij ofrceefõ o frceefõdd þitfk`s oci efei`. 7> @pcrj @pcrjefõd efõd eëeifej eëeifej.. Ci vjrfjo`r rcpftc ci efei` pr`hrjkjo` ajstj rcefgfr ud e`kjdo` oc octcdefõd.

=> Jdtc ud bjii` oc p`t p`tcdefj, cdefj, d` sc kck`rfzj ci ci c cstjo` stjo` oci ]IE Uciceefõd oc kck`rfj ]:=.=: :> Jdtc ud bjii` oc p`tcdefj, sc kck`rfzj kck`rfzj ci cstjo` oci oci oci ]IE sfkpic ]IE.. Ci ]IE kck`rfzj ci pjs` ]IE pjs` y ij brceucdefj eujd eujdo` o` sc pr`ouec ud bjii` oc p`tcdefj. ]:=.=7 Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` = Ci :==.=% oci jnustc oc brceucdefj e`rrcsp`doc j ij Brceucdefj Kêxfkj ]==.=5. _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd ]:=.=5 Eujdo` sciceef`dc ij `pcrjefõd ]IE sfkpic, jnustc oci csejiõd =

3 ◌ 

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86  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

]:=.=7~]:=.55 pjrj ocbfdfr ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd y ci scdtfo` oc hfr` oc t`o`s i`s cseji`dcs. _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd D`tj D`tj>> Ci sfhd` (p`sftfv` ` dchjtfv`) oc ij vci`efojo kuitfpjs` ]:=.=3 oci csejiõd : e`rrcsp`dofcdtc, octcrkfdj ci scdtfo` oc hfr`. Sd vji`r dchjtfv` fdofej r`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs`. ]:=.=2 Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` 7 ]:=.=? Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` :

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

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Ijs vci`efojocs kuitfpjs` sc cdeucdtrjd cd ci rjdh` -b kjx kjx~b kjx kjx  _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd y pucocd scr jnustjojs e`dtfdujkcdtc. ]:=.:: oci csejiõd ? I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= pcrkftcd jnustjr ajstj :2 cseji`dcs oc ]:=.:7 Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` 3 vci`efojo, sciceef`djo`s kcofjdtc ij e`kgfdjefõd oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj :~? e`dbfhurjo`s e`k` Kuitfpjs`, _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd `gtcdfcdo` oc cstc k`o` ijs vci`efojocs oc ij = ajstj ij :3. ]:=.:5 oci csejiõd 3

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_fckp` oc `pcrjefõd oci csejiõd 1 Eujdo` t`o`s i`s tcrkfdjics e`dbfhurjo`s e`k` kuitfpjs` ]:=.7= Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` 6 U:~U? cstêd ocsjetfvjo`s, ci kæt`o` oc cdtrjoj oc ij brceucdefj sc sciceef`dj kcofjdtc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd ]==.=2 ` ]==.=8. Eujdo` jihud` oc i`s tcrkfdjics e`dbfhurjo` e`dbfhurjo` ]:=.7: oci csejiõd 6 e`k` kuitfpjs` U:~U? sc jetfvj, ci vjrfjo`r `pcrj j udj Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` vci`efojo kuitfpjs`, quc cs prf`rftjrfj j ij ocbfdfoj cd ij ]:=.77 := ]:=.:6

1=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

D`kgrc

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

_fckp` oc `pcrjefõd e`ds`ij, p`r ud vji`r jdjiõhfe`, p`r ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc oci csejiõd := jitj brceucdefj, p`r ci ]IE sfkpic ` p`r ij e`kudfejefõd. Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` Uciceef`dc e`k` kêxfk` :2 cseji`dcs oc vci`efojo kcofjdtc ]:=.7? ij e`kgfdjefõd oc i`s tcrkfdjics U:, U7, U5, y U?. :: _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd Ci fdfef` y ci bfdji oci budef`djkfcdt` cd k`o` kuitfpjs` vfcdcd ]:=.75

octcrkfdjo`s p`r ci eõofh` oc budefõd ]==.=2. Ij fdtcrrcijefõ fdtcrrcijefõdd cdtrc i`s tcrkfdjics U:, U7, U5, U? y ij vci`efojo kuitfpjs` cs Rci`efojo Kuitfpjs` ]:=.72 ij sfhufcdtc> :7 U: @BB @D @BB @D @BB @D @BB @D _fckp` oc `pcrjefõd ]:=.78 U7 @BB @BB @D @D @BB @BB @D @D oci csejiõd :7 ]:=.73

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J e`dtfdujefõd sc octjiij ij fdstrueefõd> Eõofh`

Csej  JECI  JECI//  JECI/  JECI/  JECI/

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GF_8 GF_2

5

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Rji`r acxjocefkji ecdtcdjs GF_6 GF_1

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3

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1:  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

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Rji`r acxjocefkji udfojocs oc kfiijr GF_: GF_: 5 7

2

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Rji`r acxjocefkji udfojocs GF_: GF_=

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Rji`r acxjocefkji ocecdjs

]:=.53

GF_3 GF_? :=

==

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GF_8 GF_2 ::

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Rji`r acxjocefkji ecdtcdjs GF_6 GF_1 :7

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Rji`r acxjocefkji udfojocs oc kfiijr GF_: GF_: :? 5 7

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Fdofejdo` ci vji`r acxjocefkji joceujo` cd cst`s o`s eõofh`s oc budefõd, p`ock`s ocbfdfr euêi oc i`s eujtr` hrup`s oc jecicrjefõd/ocsjecicrjefõd ocbfdfo`s cd ]==.:: y ]==.:, y ]=1.==~]=1.=3 sc tfcdc cd ejoj ud` oc i`s cseji`dcs oci ]IE sfkpic. Wjdh` oc jnustc> x====~=xBBBB => Wcfdfef` Wcfdfef` ocsoc ci prfkcr csejiõd csejiõd.. Eujdo` sc octfcdc ci efei` oci ]IE sfkpic (ocgfo` j ud e`kjdo` oc octcdefõd, bjii` ` pærofoj oc p`tcdefj), ci ]IE sfkpic `pcrjrê ocsoc ci prfkcr csejiõd ocspuæs oci rcfdfef`. K`o` oc rcfdfef` oci :> Wcfdfef` ocsoc ij brceucdefj j ij quc sc octuv`< octuv` < eujdo` ]:=.52 sc octfcdc ci efei` oci ]IE sfkpic (ocgfo` j ud e`kjdo` oc ]IE sfkpic octcdefõd ` j ud bjii`), ci vjrfjo`r kck`rfzjrê jut`kêtfejkcdtc ci tfckp` oc `pcrjefõd, y ocspuæs oci rcfdfef`, v`ivcrê j `pcrjr cd ci csejiõd cd ci quc sc qucoõ y ourjdtc ci tfckp` quc ic qucojgj

17  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

=> Uchudo`s Uchudo`s Kfdut`s< Kfdut`s < ci tfckp` oc `pcrjefõd oc t`o`s i`s cseji`dcs sc sfkpic eucdtj cd kfdut`s

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=

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=x=:=

◌

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Hrup` ]:: ― ]jrêkctr`s oc pr`tceefõd  pr`tceefõd  

]::.==

]r`tceefõd oc bjii` oc bjsc

=x===~=x::: Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs> => ]r`tceefõd oc pærofoj oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj p`r s`btwjrc ocsajgfiftjoj oc pærofoj pærofoj oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj cdtrjoj p`r s`btwjrc :>  :>   ]r`tceefõd oc ajgfiftjoj Oëhft` ocecdjs> oc pærofoj pærofoj oc bjsc oc sjifoj sjifoj ocs ocsajgfiftjoj ajgfiftjoj =>  =>   ]r`tceefõd oc :>  :>   ]r`tceefõd oc oc pærofoj pærofoj oc bjsc oc sjifoj sjifoj aj ajgfiftjoj gfiftjoj Oëhft` Oëhft` ecdtcdjs>



=>  =>   ]r`tceefõd oc oc pærofoj pærofoj oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj cdtrjoj p`r ajrowjrc ocsajgfiftjoj :>  :>   ]r`tceefõd oc oc pærofoj pærofoj oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj cdtrjoj p`r ajrowjrc ajgfiftjoj Budefõd oc ofskfduefõd oc ij => Ocsajgfiftjoj ]::.=: brceucdefj ourjdtc ij :> Ajgfiftjoj pærofoj oc jifkcdtjefõd Wjdh` oc jnustc> =.==Az/s~]==.=5 Az/s (Brceucdefj Kêxfkj) Ocspuæs oc quc sc pr`ouzej ij pærofoj oc p`tcdefj cd ij jifkcdtjefõd oci vjrfjo`r, ij tcdsfõd cd ci gus gu s oc e`dtfduj ejc ajstj ci pudt` oc ofskfduefõd rcpcdtfdj oc brceucdefj, y ci vjrfjo`r ckpfczj j ofskfdufr ij brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd sfhufcdo` ci rjtf` cstjgicefo` cd ]::.=7, e`d ci `gnctfv` oc quc Wjtf` oc ofskfduefõd ofskfduefõd æstc hcdcrc p`tcdefj oc ducv`. Ij p`tcdefj rchcdcrjoj p`r ij :=.==Az oc ij brceucdefj cd ◌ ejrhj pucoc kjdtcdcr ci dfvci oc tcdsfõd oci gus oc e`dtfduj ]::.=7 /s ejs` oc pærofoj oc e`d ci `gnctfv` oc jschurjr udj `pcrjefõd d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r jifkcdtjefõd ajstj quc sc pr`ouzej ci rcstjgicefkfcdt` oc ij p`tcdefj oc cdtrjoj. ]udt` oc ofskfduefõd rcpcdtfdj oc brceucdefj cd ejs` oc pærofoj oc p`tcdefj> Wjdh` oc tcdsfõd

75= 75=R R

?==R ?==R

]udt` oc ofskfduefõ ofskfduefõd d oc ij

72=R

?2=R 15

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

:

◌

brceucdefj cd ejs` oc pærofoj oc jifkcdtjefõd D`tj> :. Jnustc cstc pjrêkctr` pcrtfdcdtckcdtc pcrtfdcdtckcdtc pjrj cvftjr ci pjr` ocgfo` j ij pr`tceefõd oci vjrfjo`r ourjdtc ij ocse`dcxfõd oc ij rco. 7. Ocsajgfiftc ij pr pr`tceefõd `tceefõd oc pærofoj pærofoj oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj pjrj ajgfiftjr cstj budefõd. bu defõd. => Ocsajgfiftjoj :> Ajgfiftjoj

]r`tceefõd U_JII (kjdtcdfkfcdt` (kjdtcdfkfcd t` oc ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj ]::.=5 ourjdtc udj s`grctcdsfõd cd ci gus)

]udt` oc s`grctcdsf s`grctcdsfõd õd Rjrfjo`rcs ?==R> :7=~:3=% oc ij tcdsfõd cstêdojr oci gus OE ]::.=? oc ij pr`tceefõd Rjrfjo`rcs 75=R> :7=~:3=% oc ij tcdsfõd cstêdojr oci gus OE U_JII ]::.=3

Ifkftjefõd ofdêkfej oc e`rrfcdtc

]::.=2

Dfvci jut`kêtfe` oc iëkftc oc e`rrfcdtc

:52%

◌ 

:7=%

Ourjdtc ij jecicrjefõd, cd ci ejs` oc quc ci vjrfjo`r sc ◄  =x=: cdeucdtrc e`d udj ejrhj pcsjoj, cs p`sfgic quc ci fderckcdt` rcji oc ij vci`efojo scj kcd`r quc ci fderckcdt` oc ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj. Cd cstc ejs`, cs dcecsjrf` t`kjr :2=.=% ◄ 

kcofojs e`d tji oc cvftjr ci bjii` p`r s`grce`rrfcdtc y quc ci vjrfjo`r jejgc p`r pjrjrsc. Ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r, cstj budefõd octcetjrê ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj y ij e`kpjrjrê e`d ci dfvci iëkftc ocbfdfo` cd ]::.=2. Uf ci dfvci sc s`grcpjsj, Wjtf` oc ofskfduefõd ofskfduefõd ci vjrfjo`r `pcrjrê j udj vci`efojo cstjgic sf æstc sc :=.==Az ◄  ]::.=8 ourjdtc ij ifkftjefõd ifkftjefõd cdeucdtrj jecicrjdo`, ` ofskfdufrê ij vci`efojo sf æstc sc /s cdeucdtrj cd `pcrjefõd e`dstjdtc. Uf ci dfvci sc cxecoc oc e`rrfcdtc e`dtfdujkcdtc, ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj schufrê ofskfduycdo` ajstj ci iëkftc fdbcrf`r. Uf sc octcetj quc ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj cs kês gjnj quc ci dfvci iëkftc, cdt`decs ci vjrfjo`r jecicrjrê.

1?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=x===

◌

:3=%

◌

:.=s

◌

  Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.=3> Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs (iëkftc  (iëkftc oc fdtcdsfojo) fdtcdsfojo)   => Iëkftc oc fdtcdsfojo ocsajgfiftjo` :> Iëkftc oc fdtcdsfojo ajgfiftjo` 7> Iëkftc oc fdtcdsfojo ocsajgfiftjo` j vci`efojo e`dstjdtc Oëhft` ocecdjs  ocecdjs   (sciceefõd oc prc jijrkj oc ajrowjrc oc s`grcejrhj oc fdtcdsfojo) ]crkftc pr`tchcr i`s FHG_s => Ajgfiftjo` :> Ocsajgfiftjo` Ocsajgfiftjo` Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.=3> =x==~=x:7 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.=2> 3=.=~7==.=% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.=8> =.==~3=.==Az/s ]rc jijrkj oc Uf ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r ` ij fdtcdsfojo oci k`t`r ]::.=1 s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r / cstê p`r cdefkj oc ]::.=6 y ci tfckp` quc ourj cstj sftujefõd vjrfjo`r ]::.=6

cstê p`r cdefkj oc ]::.:=, ci vjrfjo`r fdofejrê ci prc jijrkj p`r s`grcejrh s`grcejrhj. j.

Dfvci oc prc jijrkj oc s`grcejrhj

_fckp` oc octceefõd ]::.:= oc prc jijrkj oc s`grcejrhj



Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.=1> =x===~=x:5: Ajgfiftj y ocbfdc ij prc jijrkj j ijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r ` oci

13  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

3=%

◌

:.=s

◌

=x==

◌

k`t`r. Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> => ]rc jijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj s`grcejrhj oci k`t`r, eukpic eukpic e`d ij e`rrfcdtc d`kfdji oci k`t`r :> ]rc jijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj s`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r, vjrfjo`r, eukpi eukpicc e`d ij e`rrfcdtc d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > => Ci vjrfjo`r e`dtfdþj trjgjnjdo` ocspuæs oc ij prc jijrk jijrkjj p`r sugejrhj (vcr ]::.::) jijrkjj :> Ci vjrfjo`r e`dtfdþj trjgjnjdo` ocspuæs oc ij prc jijrk p`r sugejrhj y sc octfcdc ocspuæs oc ij prc jijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj jijrkjj 7> Ci vjrfjo`r e`dtfdþj trjgjnjdo` ocspuæs oc ij prc jijrk p`r s`grcejrhj y sc octfcdc ocspuæs oc ij prc jijrkj p`r sugejrhj 5> Ci vjrfjo`r sc sc octfcdc ji pr`ouefrsc udj prc jijr jijrkj kj p`r s`grcejrhj ` udj prc jijrkj p`r sugejrhj. Oëhft` ecdtcdjs> ecdtcdjs > => Octceefõd t`o` ci tfckp` :> Octceefõd sõi` ourjdtc `pcrjefõd e`dstjdtc Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.=6> ]::.::~7==% Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.:=> =.:~52==.=s

]::.::

]::.:7

Dfvci oc prc jijrkj oc Uf ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r cs kcd`r quc ci dfvci sugejrhj ocbfdfo` cd ]::.::, y cstj sftujefõd ourj ud tfckp` supcrf`r ji ocbfdfo` cd ]::.:7, ci vjrfjo`r fdofejrê ’prc jijrkj p`r _fckp` oc octceefõd oc ij prc jijrkj oc sugejrhj

sugejrhj‛. Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.::> =~]::.=6 Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.:7> =.:~52==.=s

]crkftc sciceef`djr ij jeefõd oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj cspcefbfejo`s e`k` bjii` eujdo` cxfstc sugtcdsfõd y rcsct oc bjii`. =x==~=x:: Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> Jeefõd oci tcrkfdji oc Oëhft` ]::.:5 sjifoj ourjdtc ci bjii` => Jeefõd p`r bjii` oc sugtcdsfõd :> D` jeefõd p`r bjii` oc sugtcdsfõd Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > jut`kêtfe` => Jeefõd ourjdtc rcsct jut`kêtfe` :> D` jeefõd ourjdtc rcsct jut`kêtfe`

12  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]::.:?

D`kgrc

Octceefõd oc ij ocsvfjefõd oc vci`efojo

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

=.=~3=.=% Jnustj ci dfvci oc octceefõd oc ij ocsvfjefõd oc vci`efojo

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

:=.=%

◌

=.3s

◌

=

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=.=%

◌

=.==s

◌

=.==s

◌

Jnustj ci tfckp` oc octceefõd o ctceefõd oc ij ocsvfjefõd oc vci`efojo.

_fckp` oc octceefõd ]::.:3 oc ij ocsvfjefõd oc ij vci`efojo

Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]::.:3> =.=~:=.=s Ofskfduefõd ]::.:2

=> Ocsajgfiftjoj Ocsajgfiftjoj  

jut`kêtfej oc :> Ajgfiftjoj Ajgfiftjoj =.=~:3=.=% (rcbcrfo` j ij octcdefõd fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r) Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]:5.:? y ]:5.:3> =.==~3=.==s Hrup` ]: ]:? ? ― E`kudfejefõd scrfc  scrfc 

Ofrceefõd i`eji oc ]:?.==

e`kudfejefõd

Wjdh` oc jnustc>:~7?8 Eujdo` ci kjcstr` cstê cserfgfcdo` ci e`kjdo`, ij ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd oci cseijv` sc jnustj j =< ij ofrceefõd oc trjdskfsfõd cs ij ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd. _`o`s i`s cseijv`s oci gus K@OGSU pucoc rcefgfr ci e`kjdo`, pcr` i`s cseijv`s d` e`dtcstjd.

:

◌

18  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]:?.=:

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

?

◌

:

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3

◌

Ij ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd oci vjrfjo`r cs þdfej cd ij rco oc e`kudfejefõd. Cst` cs budojkcdtji pjrj ij e`kudfejefõd pudt` j pudt` cdtrc ci supcrvfs`r y ci vjrfjo`r. D`tj> Ij ofrceefõd oci cseijv` d` pucoc jnustjrsc j =.

Rci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd

Jnustc oc ij

Jnustj ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd ofhftji cdtrc ci supcrvfs`r y ci vjrfjo`r. => :7==G]U :> 7?==G]U 7> ?1==G]U 5> 62==G]U ?> :67==G]U 3> 51?==G]U D`tj> Ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd cdtrc ci supcrvfs`r y ci vjrfjo`r ocgc scr ij kfskj. Oc d` scr jsë, ij e`kudfejefõd d` sc pucoc cstjgicecr. Eujdt` kjy`r scj ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd, kjy`r scrê ij vci`efojo oc ij e`kudfejefõ e`kudfejefõd. d. Ci b`rkjt` oc ojt`s cdtrc ci supcrvfs`r y ci vjrfjo`r ocgc scr ci kfsk`. Oc d` scr jsë, ij e`kudfejefõd d` sc pucoc cstjgicecr. => Ufd e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd (D,1,:) pjrj W_S :> E`kpr`gjefõd pjr (C,1,:) pjrj W_S 7> E`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr (@,1,:) pjrj W_S 5> Ufd e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd (D,1,7) pjrj W_S ?> E`kpr`gjefõd pjr (C,1,7) pjrj W_S 3> E`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr (@,1,7) pjrj W_S 2> Ufd e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd (D,8,:) pjrj JUEFF

]:?.=7 e`kpr`gjefõd oc gft 8> E`kpr`gjefõd pjr (C,8,:) pjrj JUEFF 1> E`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr (@,8,:) pjrj JUEFF ofhftji 6> Ufd e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd (D,8,7) pjrj JUEFF :=> E`kpr`gjefõd E` kpr`gjefõd pjr (C,8,7) pjrj JUEFF ::>E`kpr`gjefõd ::>E`kpr`gjef õd fkpjr (@,8,7) pjrj JUEFF :7> Ufd U fd e`kpr`gjefõd (D,1,:) pjrj JUEFF :5> E`kpr`gjefõd E` kpr`gjefõd pjr (C,1,:) pjrj JUEFF :?> E`kpr`gjefõd E` kpr`gjefõd fkp fkpjr jr (@,1,:) pjrj JUEFF :3> Ufd U fd e`kpr`gjefõd (D,1,7) pjrj JUEFF :2> E`kpr`gjefõd E` kpr`gjefõd pjr (C,1,7) pjrj JUEFF :8> E`kpr`gjefõd E` kpr`gjefõd fkp fkpjr jr (@,1,7) pjrj JUEFF Wctrjs` oc ij ]:?.=5

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

rcspucstj oc

=~7==ks Ufhdfbfej ci fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` cdtrc quc ci vjrfjo`r rcefgc i`s

e`kudfejefõd

ojt`s y sc i`s cdvëj ji supcrvfs`r. Uf ci rctrjs` oc rcspucstj cs 11

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

D`kgrc

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.=s

◌

=

◌

=x==

◌

kês e`rt` quc ci tfckp` oc pr`ecs` oci sfstckj, cdt`decs ci tfckp` oc rctrjs` oc rcspucstj cs ci tfckp` oc rctrjs` oci sfstckj. Uf ci rctrjs` oc rcspucstj cs kês ijrh` quc ci tfckp` oc pr`ecs` oci sfstckj, cdt`decs, ocspuæs oc quc ci sfstckj kjdcnc i`s ojt`s, æstc cspcrj ajstj iichjr ji tfckp` oc rctrjs` oc rcspucstj jdtcs oc cdvfjr i`s ojt`s ji supcrvfs`r.

Bjii` p`r cxecs` oc ]:?.=?

tfckp` cd ij e`kudfejefõd

=.= (ocsajgfif (ocsajgfiftjo`), tjo`), =.:~2=.=s Eujdo` cstc eõofh` oc budefõd sc jnustj j =.=, ci pjrêkctr` sc cdeucdtrj ocsajgfiftjo`. Eujdo` ci pjrêkctr` sc jnustj j ud vji`r ofbcrcdtc oc ecr`, sf ci fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` cdtrc o`s e`kudfejef`dcs cxecoc ci tfckp` ocbfdfo` cd cstc pjrêkctr`, ci sfstckj fdofejrê ’Crr`r oc ij e`kudfejefõd WU?13‛ (Crr`r EC). Hcdcrjikcdtc, jnþstci` e`k` ocsajgfiftjo`. => Jijrkj y octcdcr ifgrckcdtc

]:?.=3

]r`ecs` oc bjii` oc trjdskfsfõd

Jeefõd oc pr`ecs` oc ]:?.=2

e`kudfejefõd

:> D` fdofej jijrkj y sfhuc budef`djdo` 7> D` fdofej jjijrkj ijrkj y sc octfcdc octfc dc oc jjeucro` eucro` jjii k`o` oc octcdefõd (sõi` gjn` e`dtr`i p`r e`kudfejefõd) ijrkj y sc octfcdc octfc dc oc jjeucro` eucro` jjii k`o` oc 5> D` fdofej jjijrkj octcdefõd (gjn` t`o`s i`s k`o`s oc e`dtr`i) =x==~=x:: Oëhft` Oëhft` udfojocs udfojocs>> => @pcrj @pcrjefõd efõd e`d rcspucstj rcspucstj.. Ci vjrfjo`r rcsp`docr rcsp`docrêê j t`o`s i`s e`kjdo`s oc iceturj y cserfturj oci supcrvfs`r. :> @pcrj @pcrjefõd efõd sfd rcspucstj. rcspucstj.   Ci vjrfjo`r sõi` rcsp`docrê j i`s e`kjdo`s oc iceturj y d` j i`s oc cserfturj. Ij cbfefcdefj oc ij e`kudfejefõd sc pucoc fderckcdtjr utfifzjdo` cstc kæt`o`. Oëhft` ocecdjs> ocecdjs > => E`kudfejefõd cderfptjoj ajgfiftjoj :> E`kudfejefõd cderfptjoj ocsajgfiftjoj Hrup` ]: ]:8 8 ― Budefõd oc K`dft`r fzjefõd fzjefõd  

]:8.==

E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj

Kucstrj ij e`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj (brceucdefj jnustjoj) jetuji oci vjrfjo`r =.==Az Wjdh`> =.==Az~]==.=5

]:8.=: Brceucdefj oc sjifoj Kucstrj ij brceucdefj oc sjifoj jetuji oci vjrfjo`r Wjdh`> =.==Az~]==.=5

=.==Az

◀ 

◀ 

]:8.=7

Brceucdefj oc

Kucstrj ij brceucdefj oc rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj jetuji oci vjrfjo`r

=.==Az

◀  16

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]:8.=5

D`kgrc

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=R

◀ 

=.=J

◀ 

= W]K

◀ 

Kucstrj ci pjr jetuji oc fdtcdsfojo oci vjrfjo`r Wjdh`> =.=~3===.=J

=.=J

◀

Kucstrj ij fdtcdsfojo oc kjhdctfzjefõd jetuji oci vjrfjo`r Wjdh`> =.=~3===.=J

=.=J

◀

Kucstrj ij p`tcdefj jetuji oci k`t`r. Wjdh`> -5==.=%~5==.=% (rcijtfv` j ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r)

=.=%

◀ 

Kucstrj ci pjr oc sjifoj jetuji oci vjrfjo`r. Wjdh`> -73=.=~73=.=%

=.=%

◀ 

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

rcbcrcdefj oc rjkpj Wjdh`> =.==Az~]==.=5 _cdsfõd oc sjifoj

]:8.=? Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj ]:8.=3

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

Kucstrj ij tcdsfõd oc sjifoj jetuji oci vjrfjo`r Wjdh`> =~:7==R Kucstrj ij fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj jetuji oci vjrfjo`r

Wjdh`> =.=~3===.=J Kucstrj ij vci`efojo r`tjef`dji oci k`t`r. Rci`efojo oci k`t`r Wjdh`> =~23353 W]K

]:8.=2

Fdtcdsfojo oc pjr

]:8.=8

Fdtcdsfojo oc kjhdctfzjefõd

]:8.=1

]`tcdefj oci k`t`r

]:8.=6

]jr oc sjifoj

]:8.:=

Cvjiujefõd oc ij brceucdefj oci r`t`r oci k`t`r cd e`dtr`i vcet`rfji Cvjiujefõd oc ij =.==Az brceucdefj oci k`t`r oc ijz` jgfcrt`

]:8.::

_cdsfõd OE oci gus oc e`dtfduj

]:8.:7 ]:8.:5

Kucstrj ij tcdsfõd OE oci gus jetuji oci vjrfjo`r Wjdh`> =.=~7===.=R

Kucstrj ci cstjo` jetuji oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj oci vjrfjo`r Cstjo` oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj cdt rjoj Wjdh`> ====~==BB Cstjo` oc i`s

Kucstrj ci cstjo` jetuji oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r

tcrkfdjics oc sjifoj Wjdh`> ====~===B Kucstrj ci jnustc ofhftji oc brceucdefj rcjifzjo` kcofjdtc ij Jnustc ofhftji e`ds`ij oci vjrfjo`r. ]:8.:? Wjdh` > =.==Az~]==.=5 ]:8.:3

E`dsfhdj oc pjr

Kucstrj ij e`dsfhdj oc pjr. Wjdh`> -5==.=%~5==.=% (rcspcet` oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r)

]:8.:2

Rci`efojo ifdcji

Kucstrj ij vci`efojo ifdcji oci vjrfjo`r Wjdh`> =~23353

]:8.:1

Rji`r oc e`dtjnc oc

Kucstrj ci vji`r jetuji oci e`dtjnc oc puis`s oci vjrfjo`r.

puis`s Wjdh`> =~23353 _cdsfõd oc ij cdtrjoj Kucstrj ci vji`r oc ij scúji jdjiõhfej oc cdtrjoj JF:. ]:8.:6 JF: Wjdh`> =.==~:=.==R

◀

=.=R

◀ 

=

◀ 

=

◀ 

=.==Az

◀ 

=.=%

◀

=

◀

=

◀ 

=.==R

◀ 

6=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

_cdsfõd oc ij cdtrjoj Kucstrj ci vji`r oc ij scúji jdjiõhfej oc cdtrjoj JF7. JF7 Wjdh`> =.==~:=.==R

=.==R

◀ 

_cdsfõd oc ij cdtrjoj Kucstrj ci vji`r oc ij scúji jdjiõhfej oc cdtrjoj JF5. ]:8.7: JF5 Wjdh`> -:=.==~:=.==R

=.==R

◀

Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]:8.7=

D`kgrc

Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

]:8.77

Brceucdefj oc ij Kucstrj ij brceucdefj oc ij cdtrjoj oc puis`s oc jitj brceucdefj cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF Wjdh`> =.==~3=.== lAz

=.== lAz

◀

]:8.75

Rji`r oc e`dsfhdj oci Kucstrj ci vji`r oc ij e`dsfhdj oci e`dtr`i ]FO (sctp`fdt). ]FO (Uctp`fdt) Wjdh`> -:==.=~:==.=%

=.=%

◀ 

Kucstrj ci vji`r oc rcspucstj oci e`dtr`i ]FO. Wjdh`> -:==.=~:==.=%

=.=%

◀ 

]:8.73

Bjet`r oc p`tcdefj oci Kucstrj ci bjet`r oc p`tcdefj jetuji oci k`t`r. k`t`r Wjdh`> -:.==~:.==

=.==

 

◀ 

]:8.72

Kucstrj ci tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` jetuji oci vjrfjo`r. _fckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` jetuji Wjdh`> =~23353 kfd

= kfd

◀ 

=

◀ 

=.=%

◀

=.=%

◀

]:8.7?

]:8.78

Rji`r oc rcspucstj ]FO

Csejiõd jetuji oci k`o` ]IE sfkpic ` Kuitfpjs`

Kucstrj ci csejiõd jetuji oci ]IE sfkpic ` oci k`o` Kuitfpjs`. Wjdh`> =~:3

Ij sjifoj oci e`dtr`ijo`r JUW kucstrj ci p`recdtjnc oc pjr Ujifoj oci e`dtr`ijo`r d`kfdji rcijtfv` ji k`t`r ]:8.71 JUW Wjdh`> -5==.=%~5==.=% (rcspcet` oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r) ]:8.57

Je`pijkfcdt` oc biun` Kucstrj ci je`pijkfcdt` oc biun` kjhdætfe` oci k`t`r kjhdætfe` Wjdh`> =.=%~7==.=%

]:8.55

Wcbcrcdefj oc fdtcdsfojo oc cxeftjefõd

Kucstrj ij rcbcrcdefj oc fdtcdsfojo oc cxeftjefõd cd k`o` e`dtr`i vcet`rfji Wjdh`> -5===.=~5===.=J

=.=J

◀

]:8.5?

Wcbcrcdefj oc fdtcdsfojo oc pjr

Kucstrj ij rcbcrcdefj oc fdtcdsfojo oc pjr cd k`o` e`dtr`i vcet`rfji Wjdh`> -5===.=~5===.=J

=.=J

◀

=.=J

◀

]:8.53

]:8.52

Cdtrjoj oc fdtcdsfojo Kucstrj ij fdtcdsfojo oc cdtrjoj cd ci ijo` JE JE

]jr oc sjifoj

Kucstrj ci pjr oc sjifoj. Sd vji`r p`sftfv` fdofej quc ci k`t`r cstê cd cstjo` oc cicetr`k`efõd (sc e`kp`rtj e`k` k`t`r), y ud =.= Dk vji`r dchjtfv` sfhdfbfej quc sc e`kp`rtj e`k` hcdcrjo`r.

◀ 

Wjdh` > -5===.= Dk~5===.= Dk ]:8.58

Rji`r oc e`dtjnc oc ij =~:== (:== sfhdfbfej bjii` @I:) s`grcejrhj oc k`t`r

=

◀ 

6:  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc budefõ  

]:8.51

D`kgrc

Ujifoj ]FO

Eõofh`s oc budefõd Cxpif ejefõd octjiijoj oci pjrêkctr`

Kucstrj ij sjifoj ]FO Wjdh`> -:==.==~:==.==%

Rji`r p`r ocbcet`

  r   j   e    f    b    f    o   `    K

=.==%

◀

67  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

 

3.5 3.5 Ofjhrjkj Ofjhrjkj oc pucstj cd kjreaj kjre aj rêpfoj rêpfo j

Eõofh`s oc budefõd

65  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

2 U`iue U`iuefõd fõd oc bjii`s 2.: Fdtcrvji`s oc kjdtcdfkfcdt` Ufckprc quc sc fdstjic cd ud cdt`rd` joceujo`, ci vjrfjo`r rcqufcrc kuy p`e` kjdtcdfkfcdt`. Ij tjgij sfhufcdtc fdofej i`s fdtcrvji`s oc kjdtcdfkfcdt` rutfdjrf` rce`kcdojo`s p`r FDR_. ]jrtc ]j rtc j e`kpr `gjr

Cdt`rd` jkgfcdtji

_cdsfõd

E`ds`ij

Efreuft` prfdefpji

Oc us` pþgife`

E`kpr`gjefõd oci cickcdt`

Erftcrf`

E`kprucgc ij tckpcrjturj Fdspceefõd vfsuji c jkgfcdtc, aukcojo y E`db`rkc j cstc vfgrjefõd y jschþrcsc oc quc fdstrukcdt`s oc kjduji d` ajyj p`iv`, hjs, dfcgij oc kcofoj jecftc ` ejëoj oc jhuj. Jschþrcsc oc quc d` ajyjd acrrjkfcdtjs u `tr`s `gnct`s Fdspceefõd vfsuji cxtrjú`s ` pcifhr`s`s

D` ajy acrrjkfcdtjs u `gnct`s pcifhr`s`s.

Jschþrcsc oc quc ci efreuft` Kcofoj kcofjdtc prfdefpji y ci efreuft` oc kuitëkctr` e`dtr`i scjd d`rkjics.

E`db`rkc j cstc kjduji

Jschþrcsc oc quc ci ofspijy Fdspceefõd vfsuji scj i` subfefcdtckcdtc eijr`

I`s ejrjetcrcs sc kucstrjd e`d d`rkjifojo.

Jschþrcsc oc quc i`s ejrjetcrcs sc kucstrcd t`tjikcdtc

E`db`rkc ji kjduji

Fdspceefõd vfsuji

Jschþrcsc oc quc i`s Jprctjr t`rdfii`s cstæd gfcd jprctjo`s

DO

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` sc aj pr`ouefo` dfdhudj ocb`rkjefõd, hrfctjs, ojú`s ` ejkgf` oc e`i`r ocgfo` ji Fdspceefõd vfsuji s`grcejicdtjkfcdt`, cdvcncefkfcdt` cdvcncefkfcd t` oci vjrfjo`r ` su jfsijkfcdt`. jfsijkfcdt`.

DO

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` ajyj p`iv` y suefcojo

Ij pudtcrj oc i`s ejgics

Kæt`o` oc e`kpr`gjefõd

Fdspceefõd vfsuji

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` ajyj Fdspceefõd vfsuji ocb`rkjef`dcs ` ejkgf`s oc

DO D`tj>> sf ci e`i`r oci D`tj e`grc ejkgfj, cst` d` sfhdfbfej quc ajyj jihþd pr`gickj.  pr`gickj.  DO

6?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj ]jrtc ]j rtc j e`kpr `gjr

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s E`kpr`gjefõd oci cickcdt`

Kæt`o` oc e`kpr`gjefõd

Erftcrf`

e`i`r cd ijs pudtcrjs oc i`s ejgics ocgfo` j s`grcejicdtjkfcdt`. Jschþrcsc oc quc d` ajyjd hrfctjs ` ejkgf`s oc e`i`r cd

DO Fdspceefõd vfsuji

i`s jfsijkfcdt`s oc i`s ejgics _crkfdjics

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` cxfstj ojú` jihud` j ihud` Jschþrcsc oc quc d` sc ajyj ocrrctfo` ci piêstfe`, cxfstjd ejkgf`s oc e`i`r, hrfctjs ` cxpjdsfõd oci eajsfs.

E`docdsjo`rcs oc bfitrjo`

Fdspceefõd vfsuji

DO Fdspceefõd vfsuji

Cstfkjr ci tfckp` DO oc budef`djkfc budef`djkfcdt` dt` Jschþrcsc oc quc ij vêivuij oc jeucro` ji oc schurfojo cstæ cd ci sftf` kjdtcdfkfcdt` ` e`rrcet`. kcofoj oc ij ejpjefojo cstêtfej. Uf bucrj dcecsjrf`, kfoj ij ejpjefojo cstêtfej.

Kfoj ij ejpjefojo e`d i`s fdstrukcdt`s joceujo`s

Jschþrcsc oc quc æstjs d` @icr c fdspceefõ fdspceefõdd sc cdeucdtrcd pjrtfojs ocgfo` ji s`grcejicdtjkfcdt` vfsuji Wcsfstcdefjs Jschþrcsc oc quc d` cstæ ocse`dcetjoj.

Fdouetjdefjs y trjdsb`rkjo`rcs

E`dtjet`rcs y rciæs

DO

Ij ejpjefojo cstêtfej ocgc scr kjy`r ` fhuji ji vji`r `rfhfdji *=.13. DO

Ijs rcsfstcdef rcsfstcdefjs js Fdspceefõd vfsuji ` ocgcd cstjr cd ud kcofoj e`d º:=% oc su vji`r kuitëkctr` `rfhfdji

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` cxfstj Cseueajr, Cseueaj r, `icr c udj vfgrjefõd jd`rkji, rufo` fdspceefõd vfsuji u `i`r

DO

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` cxfstj Cseueajr vfgrjefõd cd ci sftf` oc trjgjn`

DO

Jschþrcsc oc quc ci e`dtjet`r cstæ cd gucd

DO Fdspceefõd vfsuji

cstjo` 63  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj ]jrtc ]j rtc j e`kpr `gjr

Efreuft` oc e`dtr`i

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s E`kpr`gjefõd oci Kæt`o` oc cickcdt` e`kpr`gjefõd Jschþrcsc oc quc d` sc ajyjd pcrofo` t`rdfii`s ` Jprctjr cickcdt`s oc e`dtjet` oc i`s tcrkfdjics fdspceefõdd Jschþrcsc oc quc d` ajyjd @icr c fdspceefõ ejkgf`s cd ci `i`r ` ci e`i`r vfsuji

]ijejs cicetrõdfejs y Jschþrcsc oc quc d` cxfstcd hrfctjs, ocb`rkjef`dcs u Fdspceefõd vfsuji tcrkfdjics oc e`dtr`i õxfo`. Fdspceefõd vfsuji ` cstfkc ci tfckp` oc Jschþrcsc oc quc i`s budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` oc e`docdsjo`rcss d` cstæd e`docdsjo`rc jeucro` e`d ij ocb`rkjo`s df ocrrctfo`s. fdb`rkjefõd oc kjdtcdfkfcdt` Cseueajr c Cstfkc sf cxfstc rufo` ` fdspceefõd vfsuji, ` vfgrjefõd jd`rkji r`tjr e`d ij kjd` Jschþrcsc oc quc d` sc ajd Jprctjr pcrofo` t`rdfii`s Rcdtfijo`r Jschþrcsc oc quc d` sc ajyj pr`ouefo` ejkgf` oc e`i`r ocgfo` j ij s`grctckpcrjturj

Ufstckj oc rcbrfhcrjefõd

E`douet` oc vcdtfijefõd

Jschþrcsc oc quc d` cxfstcd `gnct`s cxtrjú`s cd ci

Erftcrf` DO

DO DO

DO

W`tjefõd cstjgic DO

Fdspceefõd vfsuji ` DO cstfkc ci tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` oc jeucro` j ij fdb`rkjefõd oc kjdtcdfkfcdt` DO Fdspceefõd vfsuji

vcdtfijo`r ` cd ij sjifoj oc jfrc

2.:. 2.:.: : Rcdtfijo` Rcdtfijo`rr oc o c rcbrfhcrjefõd rcbrfhcrjef õd I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= cstêd cqufpjo`s e`d ud vcdtfijo`r oc rcbrfhcrjefõd. Æstc tfcdc udj vfoj þtfi këdfkj oc 73.=== a`rjs oc budef`djkfcdt`. Ij vfoj þtfi rcji ocpcdoc oc ij utfifzjefõd oci vjrfjo`r y oc ij tckpcrjturj tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc. Ijs a`rjs oc `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r pucocd cde`dtrjrsc cd ci pjrêkctr` ]=8.:? (’tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` jeukuijo`‛) jeukuijo`‛).. Ci bjii` oci vcdtfijo`r sc pucoc prcocefr p`r ci ercefcdtc rufo` oc i`s e`nfdctcs oci vcdtfijo`r. Uf ci vjrfjo`r cstê trjgjnjdo` cd udj fdstjijefõd erëtfej, sc rce`kfcdoj sustftufr ci vcdtfijo`r udj vcz jpjrczejd cst`s sëdt`kjs. FDR_ ofsp`dc oc vcdtfijo`rcs oc rcejkgf`.   Icj

y sfhj ijs fdstrueef`dcs ocserftjs cd ci ejpëtui` ]rcej ]rcejuef`dcs uef`dcs oc Uchurfojo.

Ci fhd`rjr ijs fdstruee fdst ruee f`dcs p`orëj ejusjr ojú` bësfe` ` ku crtc, ` ojújr ojújr ci cqufp`. 62  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

:. ]jrc ci vjrfjo`r y ocse`dæetci` oc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd, y cspcrc e`k` këdfk` ci tfckp` cspcefbfejo` cd ci vjrfjo`r (3 kfdut`s pjrj ci vjrfjo`r HO7=). 7. Icvjdtc ij tjpj oci vcdtfijo`r e`d ud ocst`rdfiijo`r, y cxtrjfhj ci vcdtfijo`r. Ufhufcdo` ci ejgic oc e`dcxfõd, cde`dtrjrê ud e`dcet`r 5. Ocse`dcetc ci vcdtfijo`r oci e`dcet`r ?. Fdstjic ci ducv` vcdtfijo`r cd ci s`p`rtc y e`dæetci` ji e`dcet`r jdtcrf`r. Rucivj j k`dtjr ij tjpj oci vcdtfijo`r,, jschurêdo`sc quc qucoc gfcd bfnjoj. ]rcstc jtcdefõd j kjdtcdcr ij kfskj ofrceefõd oci jfrc oci vcdtfijo`r vcdtfijo`r (ci jfrc ocgc ijdzjrsc ajefj ci fdtcrf`r oci vjrfjo`r), schþd ij bfhurj sfhufcdtc 3. Rucivj j ojr tcdsfõd ji vjrfjo`r

Fdstjijefõd oci vcdtfijo`r cd vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ 75=R / 5Ñ ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ 75=R ≯=.83lX

Fdstjijefõd oci vcdtfijo`r cd vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R≣?lX y 5Ñ 75=R≣:.3lX

2.:. 2.:.7 7 E`docdsjo`rcs E`docds jo`rcs Wcstjurjdo` i`s e`docdsjo`rcs Wcstjurjdo` I`s e`docdsjo`rcs oci gus OE ocgcd scr rcstjurjo`s oc jeucro` j ijs fdstrueef`dcs sfhufcdtcs sf ci vjrfjo`r sc aj jikjecdjo` ourjdtc ud ijrh` pcrf`o` oc tfckp`. Ci tfckp` oc jikjecdjkfcdt` sc eucdtj ocsoc ij bceaj oc pr`oueefõd, y d` ocsoc ij bceaj oc cdtrchj. Ij bceaj oc pr`oueefõd sc pucoc cde`dtrjr cd ci dþkcr` oc scrfc quc sc cdeucdtrj cd ij ctfquctj ijtcrji oci vjrfjo`r. _fckp` _fc kp` _fckp` oc jikjecdjkfcdt` jikjecdjkfcdt` fdbcrf`r j : jú`

]rfdefpf` `pcrjef`dji @pcrjefõd sfd ejrhj prcvfj

_fckp` oc jikjecdjkfcdt jikjecdjkfcdt``

E`dcetjr E`dcetj r ij p`tcdefj (rco oc jifkcdtjefõd) jifkcdtje fõd) : a`rj jdtcs oc ojric ij 68

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

_fckp` _fc kp` oc :-7 jú`s

]rfdefpf` `pcrjef`dji prfkcrj `rocd oc kjreaj

_fckp` oc jikjecdjkfcdt` jikjecdjkfcdt` 7-5 jú`s

Ojr tcdsfõd pr`hrcsfvjkcdtc ji vjrfjo`r • Jpifejr ud 73% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 5= kfdut`s • Jpifejr ud 3=% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 5= kfdut`s • Jpifejr ud 83% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 5= kfdut`s • Jpifejr ci :==% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 5= kfdut`s

_fckp` oc jikjecdjkfcdt` jikjecdjkfcdt` oc kês oc 5 jú`s

Ojr tcdsfõd pr`hrcsfvjkcdtc ji vjrfjo`r • Jpifejr ud 73% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 7 a`rjs • Jpifejr ud 3=% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 7 a`rjs • Jpifejr ud 83% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 7 a`rjs • Jpifejr ud :==% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji ourjdtc 7 a`rjs

Ij sciceefõd e`rrcetj oc ij tcdsfõd oc ejrhj ocpcdoc oc ij tcdsfõd oc jifkcdtjefõd oci vjrfjo`r. I`s vjrfjo`rcs oc cdtrjoj k`d`bêsfej ` trfbêsfej 75=Rje tfcdcd subfefcdtc e`d udj tcdsfõd oc 75=Rje / 7J (cd ci ejs` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs oc cdtrjoj trfbêsfej, gjstj e`d jpifejr cstj tcdsfõd cdtrc o`s oc ijs bjscs oc ij cdtrjoj) _`o`s i`s e`docdsjo`rcs oci gus OE ejrhjd ji kfsk` tfckp`, ocgfo` j quc ci rcetfbfejo`r cs e`kþd pjrj t`o`s cii`s. ]jrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs oc cdtrjoj trfbêsfej ?==Rje sc dcecsftj udj tcdsfõd oc ?==Rje/7J Ejkgf` Ej kgf` oc i`s e` docdsjo`rcs cic cicetr etr`iëtfe`s `iëtfe`s   Icj

y sfhj ijs fdstrueef`dcs ocserftjs cd ci ejpëtui` ]rcej ]rcejuef`dcs uef`dcs oc Uchurfojo. Ci fhd`rjr ijs fdstr ueef` dcs pucoc ejusjr ojú` bësfe` ` kucrtc, ` ojújr ci c cqufp`. qufp`.

Ejkgfc i`s e`docdsjo`rcs cicetr`iëtfe`s oci vjrfjo`r sf ci tfckp` oc trjgjn` oc æstc supcrj ijs 553=== 3=== a`rjs. ]`r bjv`r, e`dtjetc e`d FDR_ pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd. 

2.:.5 Ejgicjo` oc p`tcdefj   Icj

y sfhj ijs fdstrueef`dcs ocserftjs cd ci ejpëtui` ]rcej ]rcejuef`dcs uef`dcs oc Uchurfojo. Ci fhd`rjr ijs fdstr ueef` dcs pucoc ejusjr ojú` bësfe` ` kucrtc, ` ojújr ci c cqufp`. qufp`.

:. ]jrc ci vjrfjo`r y ocse`dæetci` oc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd. Cspcrc e`k` këdfk` ci tfckp` fdofejo` cd ci vjrfjo`r (3 kfdut`s pjrj ci vjrfjo`r HO7=). 7. E`kprucgc quc i`s ejgics oc p`tcdefj cstæd gfcd jprctjo`s cd i`s tcrkfdjics 5. Rucivj j e`dcetjr ci vjrfjo`r j ij rco

2. 2.7 7 U`iuef U`iuefõd õd oc o c bjii`s   Uõi`

i`s cicetrfefstjs eujifbfejo`s cstêd jut`rfzjo`s j kjdtcdcr ci vjrfjo`r. Icj ijs fdstrueef`dcs oc schurfojo oci ejpëtui` ]rcej ]rcejuef`dcs uef`dcs oc Uchurfojo  jdtcs oc trjgjnjr s`grc ci vjrfjo`r.

2.7.: 2.7 .: Fdofejef` dcs oc Jijrkj y Bjii` `pcrjefõd oc ij e`ds`ij. I`s bjii`s s`d fdofejo`s cd ci vjrfjo`r p`r ICOs. Rcj ci jpjrtjo` ]r`ecofkfcdt` oc `pcrjefõd Eujdo` ci ICO _WF] cstê cdecdofo`, ` sc kucstrj jihudj jijrkj ` kcdsjnc oc bjii` cd ci ofspijy oc ij

e`ds`ij, ci vjrfjo`r sc cdeucdtrj cd ud cstjo` jd`rkji. I`s pjrêkctr`s ]=8.78 ]=8.57 kck`rfzjd i`s 61  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

þitfk`s 2 bjii`s y ]=8.55~]=8.32 kck`rfzjd i`s ojt`s oc `pcrjefõd oc i`s þitfk`s 5 bjii`s. Stfifzjdo` ij fdb`rkjefõd quc sc fdofej cd cstc ejpëtui`, ij hrjd kjy`rëj oc ejusjs quc pr`v`ejd jijrkjs y bjii`s pucocd scr focdtfbfejojs y e`rrchfojs. Uf d` bucrj jsë, e`dtjetc e`d FDR_. 2.7.7 Wcsct oc Bjii`s Ci vjrfjo`r pucoc scr rcfdfefjo` (rcsctcjo`) prcsf`djdo` ij tceij U_@]/WU_, kcofjdtc udj cdtrjoj ofhftji, ` ocse`dcetêdo`i` oc ij rco y v`ivfædo`i` j e`dcetjr. Eujdo` ci bjii` sc aj cifkfdjo`, ci k`t`r sc pucoc v`ivcr j jrrjdejr. jrrjdejr. 2.7.5 2.7 .5 Cxpifejefõ Cxpifejefõ d oc i`s bjii`s y s`iu efõd ]r`ecoj e`k` sfhuc jdtc ud bjii` oci vjrfjo`r> :. Jschþrcsc oc quc d` ajyj dfdhþd pr`gickj e`d ij e`ds`ij oci vjrfjo`r. Uf sc octcetj quc ci budef`djkfcdt` cs jd`rkji, p`r bjv`r, e`dtjetc e`d FDR_. 7. Uf d` sc jprcefj dfdhþd pr`gickj e`d ij e`ds`ij oci cqufp`, p`r bjv`r bj v`r,, e`kprucgc ci hrup` oc eõofh`s oc budefõd ]=8 pjrj vcr quæ bjii`s sc ajd pr`ouefo`, y quæ ojt`s oc `pcrjefõd sc ajd kck`rfzjo` cd ci k`kcdt` oci bjii`. 5. Rcj ij tjgij sfhufcdtc, e`d fdstrueef`dcs octjiijojs oc s`iuefõd y e`kpr`gjefõd, ocpcdofcdo` oci bjii` quc prcscdtc ci vjrfjo`r. ?. E`kprucgc Cifkfdc ci bjii`. b jii`. quc ci bjii` sc aj cifkfdjo` y ajhj ud rcsct e`d tji oc `pcrjr oc ducv` ci vjrfjo`r. 3. E`kprucgc 3. Eõofh` oc bjii` @St: @St7

@St5

_fp` oc Bjii` Bjii` oc FHG_ oc ij bjsc S Bjii` oc FHG_ oc ij bjsc R Bjii` oc FHG_ oc ij bjsc X

]`sfgic ]`sfg ic Ejusj :. 7. 5. ?. 3.

@E: @E7

U`grce`rrfcdtc ourjdtc ij jecicrjefõd U`grce`rrfcdtc ourjdtc ij ocsjecicrjefõd

:.

7. 5. ?.

@E5

U`grce`rrfcdtc ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd j vci`efojo e`dstjdtc

3.

Ij jecicrjefõd cs ockjsfjo` rêpfoj Ci FHG_ sc aj cstr`pcjo` Kji budef`djkfcdt` ocgfo` j fdtcrbcrcdefjs Ij e`dcxfõ e`dcxfõd d oc i`s ejgics ajefj ci k`t`r d` cs gucdj Ij pucstj j tfcrrj oci vjrfjo`r d` cs e`rrcetj Ij jecicrjefõd ` ocsjecicrjefõd cs ockjsfjo` rêpfoj. Ij tcdsfõd oc ij rco cs ockjsfjo` gjnj. Ij p`tcdefj oci vjrfjo`r cs ockjsfjo` gjnj. I`s trjdsft`rf`s oc ij ejrhj ` ij r`tjefõd cs jd`rkji. Ij e`dcxfõ e`dcxfõd d j tfcrrj cstê e`rt`efreuftjoj ` cxfstc pærofoj oc bjsc oc sjifoj.

Zuæ ajecr :. 7. 5. ?.

:. 7. 5. ?.

3.

Fderckcdtc ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd Ejkgfc ij pijej oc p`tcdefj E`kprucgc i`s ejgics oc sjifoj ji k`t`r Fdspceef`dc i`s cqufp`s e`ifdojdtcs y cifkfdc ij fdtcrbcrcdefj Jukcdtc ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd E`kprucgc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd Ejkgfc ci vjrfjo`r p`r ud` oc kês p`tcdefj E`kprucgc sf ij ejrhj cstê e`rt`efreuftjoj (ci ejgicjo` ` ij e`dcxfõd j tfcrrj) ` sf ij r`tjefõd oc ij ejrhj d` cs sujvc E`kprucgc ij

2.

Ajy fdtcrbcrcdefjs fdtcrbcrcdefjs cxtcrdjs cxecsfvjs.

2.

e`dbfhurjefõd oc ij sjifoj. E`kprucgc sf cxfstcd 66

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc bjii`

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

_fp` oc Bjii`

]`sfgic ]`sfg ic Ejusj 8.

Zuæ ajecr

Ij pr`tceef pr`tceefõd õd U_JII U_JII cstê jetfvjoj 8.

@R: @R7

@R5

U`grctcdsfõd ourjdtc ij jecicrjefõd U`grctcdsfõd ourjdtc ij ocsjecicrjefõd

U`grctcdsfõd ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd j vci`efojo e`dstjdtc

:. :. 7. 5. ?.

Ij tcdsfõd oc cdtrjoj cs jd`rkji. Cxfstc rchcdcrjefõd rchcdcrjefõd oc e`rrfcdtc fkp`rtjdtc. fkp`rtjdtc. D` sc ajd fdstjijo` fdstjijo` e`kp`dcdtcs oc brcdjo`. b rcdjo`. Ij cdcrhëj oc brcdjo` d` sc aj cvjeujo`

7.

:. :. SR

Uugtcdsfõd cd ci gus OE

7.

:. 7. @I:

U`grcejrhj oci k`t`r 5.

:. 7. @I7

U`grcejrhj oci vjrfjo`r

5. ?. 3.

Ij tcdsfõd oc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõ d cs kuy gjnj. Ij pr`tceef pr`tceefõd õd U_JII U_JII cstê jetfvjoj.

Ij tcdsfõd oc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõ d cs kuy gjnj. Ij fdtcdsfo fdtcdsfojo jo d`kfdji oc k`t`r jnustjoj cd ci vjrfjo`r d` cs e`rrcetj. Ij s`grcejrh s`grcejrhj j oci k`t`r ` i`s trjdsft`rf`s oc ij ejrhj s`d ockjsfjo` bucrtcs. Ij jecicrjefõd cs ockjsfjo` rêpfoj Wcjrrjdquc ocspuæs oc ij octcdefõd Ij tcdsfõd oc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõ d cs kuy gjnj Ij ejrhj cs ockjsfjo` pcsjoj Ij p`tcdefj oci k`t`r cs ockjsfjo` gjnj

7.

:.

7.

5.

:. 7. 5.

3.

fdtcrbcrcdefjs cxtcrdjs bucrtcs E`kprucgc i`s jnustcs oci eõofh` oc budefõd ]::.=5 rcijtfv` j ij pr`tceefõd U_JII. E`kprucgc ij cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj (rco oc jifkcdtjefõd) E`kprucgc sf ci tfckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd oc ij ejrhj cs ockjsfjo` e`rt` ` sf ci vjrfjo`r jrrjdej ourjdtc ij r`tjefõd oci k`t`r, ` sc dcecsftjd fdstjijr i`s e`kp`dcdtcs pjrj ajecr ud brcdjo` rchcdcrjtfv rchcdcrjtfv`` E`kprucgc ij cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj (rco oc jifkcdtjefõd). E`kprucgc i`s jnustcs oci eõofh` oc budefõd ]::.=5 rcijtfv` j ij pr`tceefõd U_JII. E`kprucgc ij cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj (rco oc jifkcdtjefõd) Jnustc e`rrcetjkcdtc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r ]=7.=3 E`kprucg E`kprucgcc ij ejrhj ` k`ofbëqucij e`d tji oc quc ci pjr j rcjifzjr scj kcd`r Fderckcdtc ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd Cvftc ci rcjrrjdquc ocspuæs oc ij octcdefõd. E`kprucgc ij cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj (rco oc jifkcdtjefõd) ?. Ejkgfc ci vjrfjo`r p`r ud` oc kês p`tcdefj. Uciceef`dc ud k`t`r joceujo`.

@I5

]rc jijrkj p`r

Ci vjrfjo`r fdofejrê prc jijrkj

E`kprucgc ij ejrhj y ci pudt` :==

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc bjii`

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

_fp` oc Bjii` s`grcejrhj

]`sfgic ]`sfg ic Ejusj

Zuæ ajecr

p`r s`grcejrhj oc jeucro` ji vji`r jnustjo`

oc prc jijrkj p`r s`grcejrhj :.

U]F

Bjii` oc bjsc oc cdtrjoj

U]@

Bjii` oc bjsc oc S,R,X (` Bjii` oc bjsc oc sjifoj ocscqufifgrf ocscqufifgrf` ` fkp`rtjdtc oc ij ejrhj)

]ærofoj oc bjsc ` biuetujefõd cd ij cdtrjoj I,D ` W,U,_ 7.

:. 7.

:. @A:

U`grcejicdtjkfcdt` oci rcetfbfejo`r

:. 7. 5.

@A7

U`grcejicdtjkfcdt` oc i`s FHG_

Uuefcojo cd ci e`douet` oc jfrc ` vcdtfijo`r cstr`pcjo` 7. Ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc cs ockjsfjo` jitj. Ci tfckp` oc `pcrjefõd cd s`grcejrhj cs ockjsfjo` ijrh`.

5. ?. 3. 2.

CB

Bjii` Cxtcrd`

Bjii` cxtcrd` octcetjo` j trjvæs oc ijs cdtrjojs U:…U? e`dbfhurjojs pjrj cii`

Ij e`dcxfõ e`dcxfõd d oc ij tjrnctj oc :. e`dtr`i d` cs gucdj

7. 5.

Kjij jifkcdtjefõd juxfifjr Uc aj r`t` jihþd e`kp`dcdtc oc jihudj oc

e`dæetci` e`rrcetjkcdtc sf sc augfcrj k`vfo` Ejkgfc ij pijej oc e`dtr`i

5. ?.

Bjii` oc octceefõd oc fdtcdsfojo

Ofskfduyj ij tckpcrjtur tckpcrjturjj jkgfcdtc E`kprucg E`kprucgcc y rce`dcetc Ejkgfc ci vjrfjo`r p`r ud` oc kês p`tcdefj Ejkgfc ij pijej oc e`dtr`i

:.

7.

FtC

Wcbfærjsc j ij s`iuefõd pr`pucstj cd ejs` oc s`grce`rrfcdtc Ifkpfc ci e`douet` oc jfrc ` ejkgfc ci vcdtfijo`r

Jnustc ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd j ud vji`r joceujo` E`kprucg E`kprucgcc ci ejgicjo` oc e`kudfejefõd Jnustc ij ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd j ud vji`r joceujo` Ejkgfc ij ofstrfguef ofstrfguefõd õd oci ejgicjo` oc e`kudfejefõd ` kcn`rc su fdkudfojo j fdtcrbcrcdefjs. E`kprucgc ci e`dcet`r oc ij tjrnctj oc e`dtr`i y

:.

Crr`r oc e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõ d

E`kprucgc ij ofstrfguefõd oc ij sjifoj sj ifoj E`kprucgc ci k`t`r y ci ejgicjo` oc sjifoj

E`kprucgc ci cqufp` cxtcrd` quc oj ij scúji ji vjrfjo`r :.

EC

E`kprucgc ij rco oc jifkcdtjefõd oc ij cdtrjoj E`kprucgc ij ofstrfguefõd oc ij fdstjijefõd

Ci jnustc oc ij vci`efojo vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd d` cs e`rrcet`. Ci ejgicjo` oc e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõ d prcscdtj ud bjii`. Ij ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõ d cs crrõdcj. Ajy bucrtcs fdtcrbcrcdefjs fdtcrbcrcdefjs quc jbcetjd j ij e`kudfejefõd

7. 5.

?.

7.

ijs pijejs cicetrõdfejs

5.

Ejkgfc ij e`ds`ij :=:

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc bjii`

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s

_fp` oc Bjii`

]`sfgic ]`sfg ic Ejusj ?.

Zuæ ajecr

Ci efreuft` cicetrõdfe` oc ij e`ds`ij d` budef`dj b udef`dj e`rrcetjkcdtc :.

:.

7.

tC

Bjii` oc Jut`tudfdh

5.

?.

:. CC]

Bjii` oc CC]W@K 7. :.

]FOC

Bjii` oc rcjifkcdtjefõd rcjifkcdtjefõ d ]FO

7.

:.

gEC

Bjii` oc ij udfojo oc brcdjo`

CDO

_fckp` jnustjo` cd _fckp` bêgrfej jiejdzjo`

]EC

Crr`r oc e`kudfejefõd oc ij e`ds`ij

Ij ejpjefojo oci k`t`r d` e`fdefoc e`d ij ejpjefojo oci vjrfjo`r Ci pjrêkctr` oc p`tcdefj oci vjrfjo`r d` sc aj jnustjo` e`rrcetjkcdtc Ci ocsbjsc cdtrc i`s pjrêkctr`s pr`vcdfcdtcs oci Jut`tudfdh y i`s pjrêkctr`s cstêdojr cs kuy hrjdoc _fck _fckp` p` oc jut`tudfdh s`grcpjsjo`

Crr`r ji e`dtr`ijr ij iceturj y cserfturj oc i`s pjrêkctr`s CC]W@K ojújoj Wcjifkcdtjef Wcjifkcdtjefõd õd ]FO ocse`dcetjoj Ci scds`r quc pr`p`ref`dj pr`p`ref`dj ij rcjifkcdtjefõd ]FO aj ocnjo` oc budef`djr

Bjii` oci efreuft` oc brcdjo` ` udfojo oc brcdjo` ojújoj 7. Ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` cxtcrdj cxfstcdtc d` cs subfefcdtc Ci tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcdt` rcji oci vjrfjo`r cstê p`r cdefkj oc æstc jnustc oc bêgrfej. Ij e`dcxfõd oc ij e`ds`ij d` cs gucdj< Ci ejgic oc cxtcdsfõd oc ij e`ds`ij cs ockjsfjo` ijrh` y cxfstc udj fdtcrbcrcdefj kuy

7.

5.

?.

3.

:. 7.

:. 7.

:. 7.

Ejkgfc ci k`oci` oci vjrfjo`r Jnustc i`s pjrêkctr`s d`kfdjics oc jeucro` e`d ij pijej oc ejrjetcrëstfejs oci k`t`r Ocsje`pic ij ejrhj sf cs p`sfgic y vucivj j ajecr ci jut`tudfdh E`kprucgc ij e`dcxfõ e`dcxfõd d oci k`t`r y jnustc i`s pjrêkctr`s oc æstc oc ducv` E`kprucgc sf ci iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj cstê p`r cdefkj oc 7/5 pjrtcs oc ij brceucdefj b rceucdefj d`kfdji ]rcsf`dc U_@]/WU_ pjrj rcfdfefjr Ejkgfc ij pijej oc e`dtr`i prfdefpji E`kprucgc ij scúji oc rcjifkcdtjefõdd ]FO rcjifkcdtjefõ E`kprucgc ci scds`r

E`kprucgc ij udfojo oc brcdjo` Uciceef`dc udj rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` joceujoj

E`dtjetc e`d su pr`vcco`r y jnustc oc ducv` ci tfckp` oc budef`djkfcdt` E`kprucgc ci ejgic oc ij e`ds`ij y jschþrcsc oc quc cs d`rkji< E`kprucgc i`s cqufp`s e`ifdojdtcs y cifkfdc ij bucdtc

bucrtc<

oc fdtcrbcrc fdtcrbcrcdefjs< defjs< :=7

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Eõofh` oc bjii`

_fp` oc Bjii`

U`iuefõd oc bjii`s ]`sfgic ]`sfg ic Ejusj ]jrtc oc i`s efreuft`s oc e`kudfejefõd oc ij e`ds`ij ` oc ij pijej prfdefpji bjiijd Ij e`dcxfõd oc ij e`ds`ij d` cs gucdj< Ci ejgic oc cxtcdsfõd oc ij

S]C

ODC

Crr`r oc ejrhj oc pjrêkctr`s (oci vjrfjo`r j ij e`ds`ij)

Crr`r oc ocsejrhj oc pjrêkctr`s (oc ij e`ds`ij ji vjrfjo`r) vjrfjo`r)

C_A:

Bjii` oc buhj j tfcrrj :

C_A7

Bjii` oc buhj j tfcrrj 7

II

]rc jijrkj p`r sugejrhj

e`ds`ij cs ockjsfjo` ijrh` y cxfstc udj fdtcrbcrcdefj kuy bucrtc< ]jrtc oc i`s efreuft`s oc e`kudfejefõd oc ij e`ds`ij ` oc ij pijej prfdefpji bjiijd

Zuæ ajecr Ejkgfc ij e`ds`ij ` ij pijej cicetrõdfej ojújoj E`kprucgc ci ejgic oc ij e`ds`ij y jschþrcsc oc quc cs d`rkji< E`kprucgc i`s cqufp`s e`ifdojdtcs y cifkfdc ij bucdtc oc fdtcrbcrc fdtcrbcrcdefjs< defjs< Ejkgfc ij e`ds`ij ` ij pijej cicetrõdfej ojújoj

E`kprucgc ci ejgic oc ij Ij e`dcxfõd oc ij e`ds`ij d` cs e`ds`ij y jschþrcsc oc quc cs gucdj< d`rkji< Ci ejgic oc cxtcdsfõd oc ij E`kprucgc i`s cqufp`s e`ds`ij cs ockjsfjo` ijrh` y e`ifdojdtcs y cifkfdc ij bucdtc cxfstc udj fdtcrbcrcdefj kuy oc fdtcrbcrcdef fdtcrbcrcdefjs< js< bucrtc< Ejkgfc ij e`ds`ij ` ij pijej Crr`r oc jikjecdjkfcdt` cd ij cicetrõdfej ojújoj e`ds`ij Rucivj j ejrhjr i`s ojt`s cd ij e`ds`ij oc ducv` :. E`kprucgc sf ij e`dcxfõd :. Ij sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r cstê oci k`t`r cs d`rkji ` d` e`rt`efreuftjoj e`d ci tfcrrj 7. Cxfstc ud bjii` cd ci efreuft` 7. Ejkgfc ij pijej cicetrõdfej oc octceefõd oc fdtcdsfojo 5. Ejkgfc ij pijej oc e`dtr`i prfdefpji 5. Ij p`tcdefj rcji oci k`t`r ?. Jnustc i`s pjrêkctr`s oc ofbfcrc kuea` oc ij k`t`r e`rrcetjkcd e`rrcetjkcdtc tc p`tcdefj oci vjrfjo`r Ci vjrfjo`r fdofejrê ij prc E`kprucgc ij ejrhj y ci pudt` jijrkj p`r sugejrhj oc jeucro` oc prc jijrkj p`r sugejrhj ji vji`r jnustjo`.

2.7.? @tr`s cstjo`s Eõofh` oc bjii`

]`BB

_fp` oc bjii` Ci vjrfjo`r qucoj sfd p`tcdefj ciæetrfej pjrj trjgjnjr

]`sfgic ]`sfg ic Ejusj

Zuæ ajecr

Ij tcdsfõd oc rco aj gjnjo` p`r ocgjn` oc i` t`icrjo` p`r ci E`kprucgc ij rco oc vjrfjo`r, ` ij tcdsfõd oci gus OE cs jifkcdtjefõd ockjsfjo` gjnj

:=5  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

8 ]r`t`e`i ]r`t`e`i` ` oc e`kudfejefõd 8. 8.: : Grcvc fdtr`ouee fdtr` oueefõd fõd ji pr`t`e`i` pr`t`e` i` K`ogus Ci pr`t`e`i` K`ogus cs ud pr`t`e`i` oc s`btwjrc y ud icdhujnc e`kþd quc cs utfifzjo` p`r ud hrjd dþkcr` oc e`dtr`ijo`rcs ciæetrfe`s. E`d cstc pr`t`e`i`, ci e`dtr`ijo`r pucoc e`kudfejr e`d `tr`s cqufp`s j ttrjvæs rjvæs oc udj rco (ejdji oc trjdskfsfõd oc ij scúji ` ejpj bësfej, e`k` p`r cnckpi`, udj rco WU?13). E`d cstc cstêdojr fdoustrfji, cqufp`s oc ofbcrcdtcs bjgrfejdtcs pucocd e`dcetjrsc j udj rco fdoustrfji e`d ci `gnctfv` oc scr k`dft`rfzjo`s k`dft`rfzjo`s Ocdtr` oci pr`t`e`i` K`ogus, cxfstcd o`s tfp`s oc trjdskfsfõd> ci k`o` JUEFF y ci k`o` W_S (Wck`tc _crkfdji Sdfts). Cd udj rco K`ogus, t`o`s i`s cqufp`s ocgcd sciceef`djr ci kfsk` k`o` oc trjdskfsfõd y kfsk`s pjrêkctr`s gêsfe`s, e`k` vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd, gft ofhftji, gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd, y gft oc octcdefõd. Ij rco K`ogus cs udj rco oc e`dtr`i o`doc s`i` ud cqufp` sc e`kp`rtj e`k` kjcstr` y ci rcst` sc e`kp`rtjd e`k` cseijv`s. Ci cqufp` kjcstr` cs jquæi quc ajgij oc b`rkj jetfvj cdvfjdo` kcdsjncs j ij rco K`ogus pjrj e`dtr`ijr y prchudtjr ji rcst` oc cqufp`s. Ci cqufp` cqufp` cseijv` cs jquci cqufp` pjsfv` quc cdvëj kcdsjncs oc ojt`s j ij rco K`ogus sõi` ocspuæs oc rcefgfr ud kcdsjnc oc e`dtr`i ` udj prchudtj (e`kjdo`) pr`vcdfcdtc oci kjcstr` (rcspucstj). Ocspuæs oc quc ci kjcstr` cdvëc ci kcdsjnc, i`s cqufp`s e`dtr`ijo`s ` prchudtjo`s ofsp`dcd oc ud efcrt` pcrf`o` oc tfckp` ejoj ud` pjrj cdvfjr ij rcspucstj, jschurêdo`sc jsë quc sõi` ud cseijv` cdvëj ci kcdsjnc ji kjcstr` j ij vcz, cvftjdo` e`ifsf`dcs. Hcdcrjikcdtc, ci usujrf` pucoc jnustjr ud ]E, ]IE, F]E ` AKF e`k` kjcstr` pjrj rcjifzjr ud e`dtr`i ecdtrjifzjo`. ]`r cnckpi`, eujdo` ci cqufp` supcrvfs`r cstê budef`djdo`, sf ci `pcrjo`r ajec eifel cd ud g`tõd oc cdvë` oc e`kjdo`, ci cqufp` supcrvfs`r pucoc cdvfjr ud kcdsjnc oc e`kjdo` oc b`rkj jetfvj judquc d` pucoj rcefgfr ci kcdsjnc oc i`s `tr`s cqufp`s. Cd cstc ejs`, ci supcrvfs`r cs ci kjcstr`. Uf ci ofscújo`r oci sfstckj ajec quc ci vjrfjo`r cdvëc ojt`s sõi` ocspuæs oc rcefgfr ud e`kjdo`, cdt`decs ci vjrfjo`r cs ci cseijv`. Ci kjcstr` sc pucoc e`kudfejr e`d ud sõi` cseijv` fdofvfoujikcdtc ` e`d t`o`s i`s cseijv`s. ]jrj ci e`kjdo` fdofvfoujifzjo`, fdofvfoujifzjo`, ci cseijv` ocgcrëj ocv`ivcr ud kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj< pjrj ci kcdsjnc j t`o`s i`s cseijv`s ocsoc ci kjcstr`, ci cseijv` d` dcecsftj ocv`ivcr dfdhþd kcdsjn kcdsjncc oc rcspucstj.

8. 8.7 7 Jpifejefõd o ci pr`t`e`i` pr`t`e`i ` K`ogus cd ci vjrfjo`r Ci pr`t`e`i` K`ogus oci vjrfjo`r cs k`o` W_S y ij ejpj bësfej cs WU?13 j 7 afi`s. 8.7.: WU?13 WU?13 j 7 af afi`s i`s Ij fdtcrbjec j 7 afi`s WU?13 trjgjnj cd sckfoþpicx y su scúji oc ojt`s jpifej trjdskfsfõd ofbcrcdefji, quc tjkgfæd sc iijkj trjdskfsfõd cqufifgrjoj. Stfifzj pjrcs trcdzjo`s, o`doc ud` oc cii`s sc ocbfdc e`k` J (+) y ci `tr` sc ocbfdc e`k` G (-). Hcdcrjikcdtc, sf ci dfvci ciæetrfe` p`sftfv` cdtrc J y G cstê cdtrc +7~+2R, ij iõhfej cs ud ’:‛, sf ci dfvci ciæetrfe` cstê cdtrc -7R~-7R~-2R< 2R< ij iõhfej cs ud ’=‛. Cd ci g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i, ?13+ e`rrcsp`doc j J y ?13- j G. Ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd oc ij e`kudfejefõd sfhdfbfej sfhdfbfej ci dþkcr` oc gfts gfdjrf`s p`r schudo`. Ij udfojo cd ij quc sc cxprcsj cs gft/s (gps). Eujdt` kês jit` scj ci vji`r oc ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd, kês rêpfoj scrê æstj, pcr` ci sfstckj tjkgfæd sc vcrê jbcetjo` cd kjy`r kcofoj p`r ijs fdtcrbcrcdefjs. Uf sc utfifzj ud pjr oc ejgics trcdzjo`s oc =.32kk· (7?JXH) e`k` ejgics oc e`kudfejefõd, ij ofstjdefj kêxfkj oc

trjdskfsfõd cs e`k` sfhuc> :=?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Kjx. Kjx. Rci`efojo Rci`efojo ofstjdefj ofstjdefj _rjdsk. _rjdsk. trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd (G]U) (G]U) (k) (k) 7?==

:1==

?1==

:7==

Kjx. Rci`efojo ofstjdefj _rjdsk. trjdskfsfõd (G]U) (k) 62==

1==

Kjx. Rci`efojo ofstjdefj _rjdsk. trjdskfsfõd (G]U) (k) :67==

2==

Uc rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr ejgics jpjdtjiijo`s y utfifzjr ij pjdtjiij e`k` ejgic oc tfcrrj ourjdtc ij e`kudfejefõdd rck`tj WU?13. e`kudfejefõ Cd ci ejs` oc quc d`s cde`dtrck`s e`d kcd`s cqufp`s y ofstjdefjs kês e`rtjs, sc rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr udj rcsfstcdefj tcrkfdji oc :7=Φ, yj quc, judquc ij rco pucoj budef`djr sfd cstj rcsfstcdefj, sfd ciij, ci rcdofkfcdt` scrê pc`r. 8.7.:. 8.7 .:.: :J Jpife pifejefõd jefõd e`d e `d u d þdfe ` vjrfjo`r   Ij Bfhurj 8-: kucstrj ij e`dcxfõd e`dcxfõd K`ogus oc ud þdfe` vjrfjo`r j ud ]E. Hcdcrjikcdtc, Hcdcrjikcdtc, i`s ]Es d` sucicd ofsp`dcr oc fdtcrbjec WU?13, jsë quc ij fdtcrbjec SUG ` WU757 oci ]E sc ocgc e`dvcrtfr j WU?13 kcofjdtc ud e`dvcrs`r. E`dcetc ci tcrkfdji J oci e`dvcrs`r WU?13 ji tcrkfdji ?13+ oci vjrfjo`r y ci G ji tcrkfdji ?13-. Uc rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr pjrcs trcdzjo`s jpjdtjiijo`s. Eujdo` sc utfifzj ud e`dvcrs`r WU757-WU?13, ij fdtcrbjec WU757 oci ]E ocgc cstjr e`dcetjoj i` kês ecrej p`sfgic j æstc (sc rce`kfcdoj e`dcetjr ci e`dvcrs`r WU757-WU?13 ofrcetjkcdtc ofrcetjkcdtc ji ]E). Cd cstc ejs`, ij i`dhftuo kêxfkj oci ejgic cs oc :3k. Eujdo` sc utfifec ud e`dvcrs`r SUG-WU?13, SUG-WU?13, ci ejgic ocgcrëj scr tjkgfæd i` kês e`rt` p`sfgic. Uciceef`dc udj fdtcrbjec e`rrcetj pjrj ci supcrvfs`r oci ]E (sciceef`dc ij fdtcrbjec oci e`dvcrs`r WU757-WU?13 e`k` E@K:) ocspuæs oc ejgicjr y jnustjr i`s pjrêkctr`s gêsfe`s tjics e`k` ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd oc ij e`kudfejefõd y ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd ofhftji j i`s kfsk`s vji`rcs quc cd ci vjrfjo`r. 

Bfhurj 8-: E`dcxfõd bësfej WU?13 cd udj jpifejefõd e`d ud þdfe` vjrfjo`r 8.7.:. 8.7 .:.7 7 Jpifejefõd e`d kþitfpics vjrfjo`rcs vjrfjo`rcs   Cd udj jpifejefõd rcji e`d kþitfpics vjrfjo`rcs, vjrfjo`rcs, ijs e`dcxf`dcs kês utfifzjojs s`d ij e`dcxfõd trcdzjo` y ij e`dcxfõd cstrciij. Ij e`dcxfõd oc ejocdj _rcdzjo` cs ij rcqucrfoj cd i`s cstêdojrcs oc gus oc ejkp` fdoustrfjics WU?13. I`s o`s cxtrck`s cstêd e`dcetjo`s j rcsfstcdefjs tcrkfdjics oc :7= Φ, tji y e`k` sc kucstrj cd ij Bfhurj 7 .

:=3  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Bfhurj 8-7 Jpifejefõd e`d kþitfpics vjrfjo`rcs cd e`dcxfõd tfp` trcdzjo` Ij Bfhurj 8-5 kucstrj ij e`dcxfõd tfp` cstrciij. Uc ocgc e`dcetjr udj rcsfstcdefj tcrkfdji j i`s o`s cqufp`s quc tcdhjd ij ofstjdefj kês ijrhj.

Bfhurj 8-5 E`dcxfõd cstrciij Cd ijs e`dcxf`dcs kþitfpics, sc rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr ejgics jpjdtjiijo`s. Jockês, i`s pjrêkctr`s gêsfe`s oc i`s ofbcrcdtcs cqufp`s quc b`rkjd ij rco WU?13, tjics e`k` ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd y ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd ofhftji, ofhftji, ocgcd oc scr i`s kfsk`s y d` ocgcd cxfstfr ofrceef`dcs oc e`kudfejefõd rcpctfojs. rcpctfojs. 8.7.7 K`o K`o` ` W_S 8.7.7.: 8.7.7. : B`rkjt` oc ij trjkj oc e`kudfe e`ku dfejefõd jefõd t fp` W_S Uf ci e`dtr`ijo`r sc jnustj pjrj e`kudfejr cd k`o` W_S cd udj rco K`ogus, ejoj gytc oc 1 gfts oci kcdsjnc fdeiuyc o`s ejrjetcrcs acxjocefkjics acxjocefkjics oc ? gfts. g fts. E`kpjrjo` e`d ci k`o` JEUFF, cd cstc k`o` sc pucocd cdvfjr kês ojt`s e`d ij kfskj vci`efojo vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõd. t rjdskfsfõd. Ufstckj oc e`ofbfe e`ofbfejefõd jefõd   ¸ : gft oc fdfef` ¸ 8 ` 1 gfts ofhftjics, ci gft vêifo` këdfk` sc pucoc cdvfjr cd prfkcr iuhjr. Ejoj trjkj oc 1 gfts fdeiuyc o`s ejrjetcrcs acxjocefkjics acxjocefkjics (=... 6, J... B) ¸ : gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd oc pjrfojo pjrfojo (pjr/fkpjr). (pjr/fkpjr). Uf d` ajy e`kpr`gjefõd, e`kpr`gjefõd, ci gft oc e`kpr e`kpr`gjefõd `gjefõd oc pjrfojo cs fdcxfstcdtc fdcxfstcdtc ¸ : gft oc oc bfd (e`d e`kpr`gjefõ e`kpr`gjefõd), d), 7 Gft (sfd (sfd e`kpr`gjefõd) e`kpr`gjefõd) Ejkp` Ej kp` o c octc octceefõ eefõ d oc crr`r   ¸ EWE Ci b`rkjt` oc i`s ojt`s sc kucstrj j e`dtfdujefõd> _rjkj oc ejrjetcrcs oc :: gfts (GF_:~GF_1 s`d i`s gfts ofhftjics) Gft

Gft

Gft fdfef`

GF_:

GF_7

GF_5

GF_?

GF_3

GF_2

GF_8

GF_1

e`kpr`gjefõd

bfdji :=2

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

_rjkj oc ejrjetcrcs oc := gfts (GF_:~GF_8 s`d i`s gfts ofhftjics) Gft fdfef`

GF_:

GF_7

GF_5

GF_?

GF_3

GF_2

GF_8

Gft e`kpr`gjefõd

Gft bfdji

Cd udj trjkj oc ejrjetcrcs, ci gft ofhftji t`kj cbcet`. Ci gft oc fdfef`, ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd y ci gft bfdji sc utfifzjd pjrj cdvfjr i`s gfts ofhftjics oc b`rkj e`rrcetj j i`s `tr`s cqufp`s. Cd udj jpifejefõd rcji, ci gft ofhftji, ij e`kpr`gjefõd pjr/fkpjr y ci gft bfdji sc ocgcd cstjgicecr e`k` ci kfsk`. Ci tfckp` këdfk` oc fdjetfvfojo oc K`ogus cdtrc trjkjs d` ocgc scr fdbcrf`r j 5,3 gytcs. Sd cqufp` oc ij rco cstê octcetjdo` ji gus oc rco fdeius` ourjdtc cstc fdtcrvji` oc tfckp`. Eujdo` sc rcefgc ci prfkcr ejkp` (ci ejkp` oc ofrceefõd), ci cqufp` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc ocse`ofbfej ci sfhufcdtc ejrêetcr oc trjdskfsfõd. Eujdo` ci fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` cs oc ji kcd`s 5,3 gytcs, ci kcdsjnc bfdjifzj. Sdj trjkj oc kcdsjncs cd k`o` W_S cs ud biun` e`dtfdu` oc trjdskfsfõd. Uf cxfstc ud fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` (kês oc :,3 gytcs) jdtcs oc e`kpictjr ij trjkj, ci ofsp`sftfv` rcecpt`r rcd`vjrê ci kcdsjnc fde`kpict` y sup`dorê ci sfhufcdtc gytc e`k` ci ejkp` oc ofrceefõd oci ducv` kcdsjnc. Uf ci ducv` kcdsjnc sfhuc ji jdtcrf`r ocdtr` oci fdtcrvji` oc tfckp` oc 5,3 gytcs, ci ofsp`sftfv` rcecpt`r i` trjtjrê e`k` sf bucrj ci kfsk` kcdsjnc jdtcrf`r. jdtcrf`r. Uf cst`s o`s bcdõkcd`s `eurrcd ourjdtc ij trjdskfsfõd, trjdskfsfõd, ci EWE hcdcrjrê ud kcdsjnc oc bjii` pjrj rcsp`docr j i`s cqufp`s ckfs`rcs. Ij cstrueturj cstêdojr oc ij trjkj W_S> FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

Ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd> =~7?8 (sfstckj ocefkji) (= cs ij ofrceefõd oc trjdskfsfõd)

EKO

=5A> iccr pjrêkctr`s oc cseijv` =2A> cserfgfr pjrêkctr`s cd cseijv`

OJ_@U (D-:) … OJ_@U (=)

I`s ojt`s oc 7*D gytcs s`d ci e`dtcdfo` prfdefpji oc ij e`kudfejefõd, jsë e`k` ci dþeic` oci fdtcrejkgf` fdtcrejkgf` oc ojt`s

EWE EAL gft gjn` EWE EAL gft jit` BFD

Rji`r oc octceefõd> EWE (:2 gfts＆  _:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

8.7.7.7 E`kpr`gjefõd oc crr`r oc ij trjkj oc e`kudfejefõd W_S Rjrf`s bjet`rcs (e`k` ijs fdtcrbcrcdefjs cicetr`kjhdætfejs) pucocd ejusjr crr`rcs cd ij trjdskfsfõd oc ojt`s. ]`r cnckpi`, sf ci kcdsjnc j cdvfjr cs ud ’:‛ iõhfe`, ij ofbcrcdefj oc p`tcdefji J-G cd ci WU?13 ocgcrëj scr 2R, pcr` cd rcjifojo, p`orëj scr -2R ocgfo` j udj fdtcrbcrcdefj cicetr`kjhdætfej, y cdt`decs i`s `tr`s cqufp`s t`kjrëjd ci kcdsjnc cdvfjo` e`k` udj iõhfej ’=‛. Uf d` cxfstc ij e`kpr`gjefõd oc crr`r, i`s cqufp`s rcecpt`rcs d` sc ojrëjd eucdtj oc quc ci kcdsjnc cs crrõdc` y p`orëjd ojr rcspucstjs fde`rrcetjs quc p`orëjd ocrfvjr cd rcsuitjo`s hrjvcs. Jsë pucs, ij e`kpr`gjefõd cs cscdefji pjrj ci kcdsjnc. Ij e`kpr`gjefõd budef`dj oc ij sfhufcdtc kjdcrj> ci rckftcdtc ejieuij i`s ojt`s oc cdvë` oc jeucro` j udj bõrkuij bfnj, y ocspuæs cdvëj ci rcsuitjo` e`d ci kcdsjnc. Eujdo` ci rcecpt`r rcefgc ci kcdsjnc, ejieuijrê `tr` rcsuitjo` oc jeucro` e`d ci kfsk` kæt`o` y i` e`kpjrjrê e`d ci oci cdvë`. Uf i`s o`s rcsuitjo`s s`d fhujics, ci kcdsjnc cs e`rrcet`. Uf d`, d `, ci kcdsjnc cs fde`rrcet`. Ij e`kpr`gjefõd oci crr`r oc ij trjkj sc pucoc ofvfofr cd o`s pjrtcs> ij e`kpr`gjefõd oc gft oci gytc y ij

e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpictj oc i`s ojt`s oc ij trjkj (e`kpr`gjefõd EWE). E`kpr`gjefõd oc gft oci gytc gyt c :=8  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Ci usujrf` pucoc sciceef`djr ofstfdtjs e`kpr`gjef`dcs e`kpr`gjef`dcs oc gft, ` d` tcdcr dfdhudj, i` quc jbcetj ji jnustc oc gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd oc ejoj gytc. Ocbfdfefõd oc e`kpr`gjefõd pjr> jújoc ud gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd pjr jdtcs oc ij trjdskfsfõd oc ojt`s pjrj fdofejr sf ci dþkcr` oc ’:‛ quc e`dtfcdc ij trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc ojt`s cs ud dþkcr` pjr ` fkpjr. Eujdo` ci rcsuitjo` cs pjr, ci gytc oc e`kpr`gjefõd cs ’=‛, cd ejs` e`dtrjrf`, ci gytc oc e`kpr`gjefõd cs ’:‛. Cstc kæt`o` sc utfifzj pjrj cstjgfifzjr ij pjrfojo oc i`s ojt`s. Ocbfdfefõd oc e`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr> jújoc ud gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr jdtcs oc ij trjdskfsfõ t rjdskfsfõdd oc ojt`s pjrj fdofejr sf ci dþkcr` oc ’:‛ quc e`dtfcdc ij trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc ojt`s cs ud dþkcr` pjr ` fkpjr. Eujdo` ci rcsuitjo` cs fkpjr, ci gytc oc e`kpr`gjefõd cs ’=‛, cd ejs` e`dtrjrf`, ci gytc oc e`kpr`gjefõd cs‛:‛. Cstc kæt`o` sc utfifzj pjrj cstjgfifzjr ij pjrfojo oc i`s ojt`s. ]`r cnckpi`, eujdo` sc trjdskftc ’::==:::=‛, cxfstcd efde` ’:‛ cd i`s ojt`s. Uf sc jpifej ij e`kpr`gjefõd pjr, ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd pjr cs ’:‛< sf sc jpifej ij e`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr< ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd fkpjr cs ’=‛. Ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd pjr c fkpjr sc ejieuij cd ij p`sfefõd oci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd oc ij trjkj. Jockês, i`s cqufp`s rcecpt`rcs tjkgfæd iicvjd j ejg` e`kpr`gjefõd pjr c fkpjr. Uf ij pjrfojo oc i`s ojt`s oc rcecpefõd cs ofstfdtj ji vji`r oc i`s cdvfjo`s, sc pr`ouec ud crr`r oc e`kudfejefõd. E`kpr`gjefõd EWE Ij e`kpr`gjefõd utfifzj b`rkjt` oc trjkj W_S. Ij trjkj fdeiuyc ci ejkp` oc octceefõd oc crr`r oc trjkj, quc cstê gjsjoj cd ci kæt`o` oc eêieui` EWE. Ci ejkp` oc eêieui` EWE cstê e`kpucst` p`r o`s gytcs, fdeiuycdo` jsë :2 dþkcr`s gfdjrf`s. Æstc sc jújoc j ij trjkj ocspuæs oc quc ci cqufp` trjdskfs`r i` ejieuic. Ci cqufp` rcecpt`r rcejieuij ci EWE oc ij trjkj rcefgfoj y i` e`kpjrj e`d ci vji`r e`dtcdfo` cd ci ejkp` EWE rcefgfo`. Uf i`s o`s vji`rcs vj i`rcs EWE s`d ofstfdt`s, cxfstc ud crr`r oc e`kudfejefõd. Ourjdtc ci EWE, =*BBBB scrê rcstjurjo`. Ocspuæs trjtjrê i`s sfhufcdtcs 2 gytcs e`dtfdu`s oc ij trjkj y ci vji`r cd ci rchfstr`. ]jrj ci EWE, sõi` s`d cbcetfv`s ojt`s oc 1 gfts p`r ejrêetcr. Ci gft oc fdfef`, ci oc bfd y ci oc e`kpr`gjefõd pjr c fkpjr d` sc tfcdcd cd eucdtj. Ci eêieui` oci EWE utfifzj i`s prfdefpf`s oc e`kpr`gjefõd EWE oc ud cstêdojr fdtcrdjef`dji. Eujdo` ci usujrf` cstê coftjdo` eêieui`s EWE, æstc sc pucoc rcbcrfr ji eêieui` cstêdojr EWE pjrj cserfgfr ci pr`hrjkj oc eêieui` EWE rcqucrfo`. ]jrj su rcbcrcdefj, j e`dtfdujefõd sc octjiij udj budefõd sfkpic pjrj ci eêieui` EWE (pr`hrjkjoj cd icdhujnc E)> udsfhdco fdt erePejiPvjiuc(udsfhdco eajr *ojtjPvjiuc,udsfhdco eajr ojtjPicdhta) { fdt f< udsfhdco fdt erePvjiuc;=xbbbb< wafic(ojtjPicdhta--) { erePvjiucT;*ojtjPvjiuc++< b`r(f;= ud gft oc fdfef`, 8/1 gfts oc ojt`s, ud gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd y ud gft oc octcdefõd. I`s b`rkjt`s oc ojt`s sc kucstrjd j e`dtfdujefõd> _rjkj oc ejrjetcrcs oc ::-gfts> B`rkjt` oc ojt`s

Gft oc fdfef`

GF_:

GF_7

GF_5

GF_?

GF_3

GF_2

GF_8

Gft e`kpr` Gft octcd GF_1 gjefõd efõd

_rjkj oc ejrjetcrcs oc :=-gfts> Gft oc fdfef`

GF_:

GF_7

GF_5 GF_?

GF_3

GF_2

GF_8

Gft e`kpr` gjefõd

Gft octcd efõd

Cd k`o` JUEFF, p`r ocbcet`, ci cdejgczjkfcdt` cdejgczjkfcdt` oc ij trjkj cs ’>‛ (’=x5J‛), y ci bfd oc æstj cs ’EWIB‛ (’=x=O‛ ’=x=J‛). _`o`s i`s gytcs oc ojt`s, cxecpt` ci cdejgczjkfcdt` oc ij trjkj y ci bfd, sc trjdskftcd cd k`o` eõofh` JUEFF, kcofjdtc ci euji sc cdvfjrêd prfkcr` eujtr` hrup`s oc gfts jit`s y iuch` sc cdvfjrêd eujtr` hrup`s oc gfts gjn`s. Cd ci k`o` JUEFF, ij i`dhftuo oc i`s ojt`s cs oc 1 gfts. Cd eujdt` j 'J' ~ 'B', sc jo`ptjd ijs kfskjs ictrjs cd kjyþseuij pjrj ci eõofh` JUEFF. I`s ojt`s ja`rj jo`ptjd ij e`kpr`gjefõd oc IWE, quc eugrc ij ofrceefõd oci cseijv` j ij fdb`rkjefõd oc i`s ojt`s. Ij sukj oc e`kpr`gjefõd cqufvji cqufvjicc ji e`kpickcdt` oc ij sukj oc ejrjetcrcs oc t`o`s i`s ojt`s oc e`kpr`gjefõd pjrtfefpjo`s.

Cstrueturj cstêdojr oc udj trjkj JUEFF> FDFEF@

‑>‖ (=x5J)

Ofrceefõd Jitj

Ofrceefõd oc e`kudfejefõd>

Ofrceefõd Gjnj Budefõd Jitj

Ij ofrceefõd oc 1-gfts cstê b`rkjoj b `rkjoj p`r ij e`kgfdjefõd oc o`s eõofh`s JUEFF Eõofh` oc budefõd>

Budefõd Gjnj

Ij ofrceefõd oc 1 gfts cstê b`rkjoj b `rkjoj p`r ij e`kgfdjefõd oc o`s eõofh`s JUEFF

Ojt`s！D-:＆ 

E`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s> :=6

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

… Ojt`s！=＆ 

Ci e`dtcdfo` oc i`s ojt`s dx1-gft cstê b`rkjo` p`r ij e`kgfdjef e`kgfdjefõd õd oc 7d (d≯:2) eõofh`s JUEFF

IWE EAL Jit`

Eõofh` oc e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd IWE> Ci eõofh` oc e`kpr`gjefõd e`kpr`gjefõd oc 1-gfts cstê b`rkjo` p`r ij e`kgfdjefõd oc o`s eõofh`s JUEFF.

IWE EAL Gjn` BFD Jit`

Ejrêetcr oc BFD

BFD Gjn`

BFD Jit`;EW (=x=O), BFD Gjn`;IB (=x=J)

8.7. 8.7.5. 5.: : E`kp E`kpr`g r`gjefõd jefõd cd k` o` JUEFF JUEFF (e`kpr`gjefõ (e`kpr `gjefõd d IWE) Ci eõofh` oc e`kpr`gjefõd (e`kpr`gjefõd IWE) cs ci vji`r quc rcsuitj oc ij e`kgfdjefõd oc ij ofrceefõd y ci e`dtcdfo` oc i`s ojt`s. ]`r cnckpi`, ci eõofh` oc e`kpr`gjefõd oc ud kcdsjnc p`orëj scr> =x=7+=x=2+=x==+=x=1+=x:5+=x11;=xJG, cdt`decs sc t`kjrëj ci e`kpickcdtjrf` oc 7;=x33. J e`dtfdujefõd sc kucstrj ud budefõd sfkpic oc eêieui` oc IWE pjrj rcbcrcdefj oci usujrf` (pr`hrjkjoj cd icdhujnc E)> Utjtfe udsfhdco eajr IWE(jueaKsh,usOjtjIcd) udsfhdco eajr *jueaKsh< udsfhdco sa`rt usOjtjIcd< { udsfhdco eajr ueaIWE;=< wafic(usOjtjIcd--) ueaIWE+;*jueaKsh++< rcturd((udsfhdcoo eajr)(~((eajr)ueaIWE)))< rcturd((udsfhdc eajr)(~((eajr)ueaIWE)))< }

8. 8.5 5 Eõofh` Eõofh` oc o c e`kjdo` c fiustrjefõd fiustr jefõd oc i`s ojt`s oc e`kudfe e` kudfejefõd jefõd 8.5.: K`o K`o` ` W_S 8.5.:. 8.5 .:.: : Eõofh` oc e` e`kjdo`> kjdo`> =5A ij iceturj e`dtfd e` dtfd uj kêxfkj cs oc =5A (e`rrcsp`doc cd gfdjrf` ji ==== ==::, icc D pjijgrjs X`ros ) ((ij :2 pjijgrjs) Ci eõofh` oc e`kjdo` =5A sfhdfbfej quc sf ci kjcstr` icc ojt`s oci vjrfjo`r, ci dþkcr` oc iceturj ocpcdoc oci ’dþkcr` oc ojt`s‛ cd ci eõofh` oc e`kjdo`. e`kjdo`. Ci dþkcr` oc iceturj e`dtfduj kêxfk` cs :2 y ij ofrceefõd oci pjrêkctr` ocgc scr e`dtfduj. Ij i`dhftuo oci gytc oc ejoj ojt` cs 7 (udj pjijgrj). Ci sfhufcdtc b`rkjt` oc e`kjdo` sc fiustrj cd acxjocefkji (ud dþkcr` e`d ’A‛ sfhdfbfej acxjocefkji) y ud acxjocefkji `eupj ud gytc. Ci eõofh` oc e`kjdo` sc utfifzj pjrj iccr ci cstjo` oc trjgjn` oci vjrfjo`r. ]`r cnckpi`, iccr e`dtcdfo` e`dtfdu` oc 7 ojt`s ocsoc ===?A oci vjrfjo`r e`d ij ofrceefõd =:A (iccr ci e`dtcdfo` oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s oc ===?A y ===3A). Ij cstrueturj oc ij trjkj sc fdofej j e`dtfdujefõd> Kcdsjnc oc e`kjdo` kjcstr` W_S (oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r) FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

=:A ::=

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

EKO

=5A

Gft jit` oci gft oc fdfef`

==A

Gft gjn` oci gft oc fdfef`

=?A

Gft jit` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`

==A

Gft gjn` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`

=7A

Gft gjn` EWE

13A

Gft jit` EWE

EJA

BFD _:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs) _:-_7-_5-_? cdtrc FDFEF@ y BFD cs pjrj ojr p`r i` kcd`s ci tfckp` oc 5.3 gytcs e`k` tfckp` ’ifgrc‛ y ofstfdhufr jsë o`s kcdsjncs, cvftjdo` t`kjri`s e`k` sf bucrjd ud s`i`.  s`i`.   JOOW  JOO W ; =:A sfhdfbfej quc ci kcdsjnc oc e`kjdo` sc cdvëj ji vjrfjo`r e`d ij ofrceefõd =:A y JOOW `eupj ud gytc EKO;=5A EKO ;=5A sfhdfbfej quc ci kcdsjnc oc e`kjdo` sc cdvëj pjrj iccr ojt`s oci vjrfjo`r y EKO `eupj ud gytc ’ Of Ofrceefõd rceefõd oc fdfef`‛  sfhdfbfej iccr ojt`s oc ij ofrceefõd y `eupj 7 gytcs g ytcs e`d ci acea` oc quc ci gft jit` cstê c stê ocijdtc y ci gft gjn` cstê octrês. ’Dþkcr` oc ojt`s‛ sfhdfbfej ci dþkcr` oc ojt`s oc iceturj e`d ij udfojo oc pjijgrj. Uf ij ’ofrceefõd oc fdfef`‛ cs ===?A y ci ’dþkcr` oc ojt`s‛ cs ===7A, sc iccrêd i`s ojt`s oc ===?A y ===3A. EWE `eupj 7 gytcs e`d ci acea` oc quc ci gft jit` j it` cstê ocijdtc y ci gft gjn` cstê octrês. Kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj oc cseijv` W_S (oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`) FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

=:A

EKO

=5A

Dþkcr` oc gytc

=?A

Gft jit` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===?A

:5A

Gft gjn` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===?A

11A

Gft jit` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===3A

==A

Gft gjn` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===3A

==A

Gft gjn` EWE EAL Gft jit` EWE EAL

8CA 6OA

BFD

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

Ci sfhdfbfejo` oc ij rcspucstj cs>  JOOW ;  JOOW  ; =:A sfhdfbfej quc sc cdvëj ci kcdsjnc oc e`kjdo` ji vjrfjo`r e`d ij ofrceefõd =:A y JOOW `eupj ud gytc EKO;=5A EKO ;=5A sfhdfbfej quc ci kcdsjnc cs cdvfjo` ocsoc ci vjrfjo`r ajefj ci kjcstr`, e`k` rcspucstj ji e`kjdo` oc iceturj, y quc EKO `eupj ud gytc ’Dþkcr` oc gytc‛  sfhdfbfej ci dþkcr` oc gytcs quc cxfstcd ajstj ci gytc EWE (d` fdeiufo`). ]`r cnckpi`, =? sfhdfbfej quc ajy ? gytcs oc ojt`s ocsoc ci ’dþkcr` oc gytc‛ ajstj ’Gft gjn` EWE EAL‛, quc s`d ’gft jit` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===?A‛, ’gft gjn` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===?A‛, ’gft jit` oc ojt`s ooc c ofrceefõd ===3A‛ y ’gft gjn` oc ojt`s oc ofrceefõd ===3A‛.

Ajy 7 gytcs jikjecdjo`s cd ud ojt` e`d ci acea` oc quc ci gft jit` cstê ocijdtc y ci gft gjn` cstê octrês cd ci kcdsjnc, i`s ojt`s oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s ===?A s`d:511A, y i`s ojt`s oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s ===3A :::  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

s`d ====A. EWE `eupj 7 gytcs, e`d ci acea` oc quc ci gft jit` cstê ocijdtc y ci gft gjn` cstê octrês. 8.5.:. 8.5 .:.7 7 Eõofh` oc e` e`kjdo`> kjdo`> =2A =2A (e`rrcsp`doc cd gfdjrf` j ==== =::=), cserfgc udj pjijgrj (X`ro) Cstc e`kjdo` sfhdfbfej quc ci kjcstr` cserfgc ojt`s cd ci vjrfjo`r. Sd e`kjdo` pucoc cserfgfr tjdt` ud s`i` ojt`, e`k` kþitfpics ojt`s. Ci `gnctfv` cs ejkgfjr ci k`o` oc ttrjgjn` rjgjn` oci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r. ]`r cnckpi`, ji cserfgfr 3=== (:511A) cd ===?A oci vjrfjo`r e`d ij ofrceefõd oc =7A, ij cstrueturj oc ij trjkj cs ij sfhufcdtc> Kcdsjnc oc e`kjdo` kjcstr` W_S (oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r) FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

=7A

EKO

=2A

Gft jit` oc ofrceefõd oc ojt`s oc cserfturj

==A

Gft gjn` oc ofrceefõd oc ojt`s oc cserfturj E`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

=?A :5A

E`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

11A

Gft gjn` EWE EAL Gft jit` EWE EAL

E3A 2CA

BFD

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

Kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj oc cseijv` W_S (oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`) FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (trjdskfsfõd tfkc `b 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

=7A

EKO

=2A

Gft jit` oc ofrceefõd oc ojt`s oc cserfturj

==A

Gft gjn` oc ofrceefõd oc ojt`s oc cserfturj Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

=?A

Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

:5A 11A

Gft gjn` EWE EAL

E3A

Gft jit` EWE EAL

2CA

BFD

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

8.5.:. 8.5 .:.5 5 Eõofh` oc e`kjdo` e` kjdo` =1A pjrj ofjhd ofjhdõst õstfe` fe` Ufhdfbfejo` oc eõofh`s oc sugbudefõd Eõofh` oc sugbudefõd sugbudefõd ====

Ocserfpefõd R`ivcr pjrj prchudtjr ojt`s oc fdb`rkjefõd

]`r cnckpi`> Ci strfdh oc ij prchudtj oc fdb`rkjefõd cs ci kfsk` quc ci strfdh oc ij rcspucstj oc fdb`rkjefõd eujdo` sc iicvj j ejg` ij octceefõd oc efei` oc ij ofrceefõd =:A oci cqufp`. Ci e`kjdo` oc s`ifeftuo oc W_S cs>

FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs) ::7

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

JOOW

=:A

EKO

=1A

Gytc jit` oci eõofh` oc sugbudefõd

==A

Gytc gjn` oci eõofh` oc sugbudefõd

==A

Gytc jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

:7A

Gytc gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

JGA

Gytc gjn` oci EWE

JOA

Gytc jit` oci EWE BFD

:?A _:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

Ci e`kjdo` oc rcspucstj rcspucstj W_S cs> FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd d oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

=:A

EKO

=1A

Gytc jit` oc eõofh` oc sugbudefõd

==A

Gytc gjn` oc eõofh` oc sugbudefõd

==A

Gytc jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

:7A

Gytc gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

JGA

Gytc gjn` oci EWE

JOA

Gytc jit` oci EWE

:?A

BFD

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

8.5.:.? Eõofh` oc e`kjdo`> :=A, cserfturj e`dtfduj Ci eõofh` oc e`kjdo` :=A sfhdfbfej quc ci kjcstr` cserfgc ojt`s cd ci vjrfjo`r, y quc ci dþkcr` oc ojt`s ocpcdoc oci ’dþkcr` oc ojt`s‛ quc fdofej ci eõofh` oc e`kjdo`. Ci kêxfk` dþkcr` oc iceturjs e`dtfdujs cs oc :2. ]`r cnckpi`, cserfgfr 3=== (:511A) cd ===?A oci vjrfjo`r euyj ofrceefõd oc cseijv` cs =7A< y 3= (==57A) cd ===3A. Ij cstrueturj oc ij trjkj sc kucstrj j e`dtfdujefõd> Ci e`kjdo` oc s`ifeftuo oc W_S cs> FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW

=7A

EKO Gft jit` oc i`s ojt`s cserft`s

:=A

Gft gjn` oc i`s ojt`s cserft`s

=?A

Gft jit` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s

==A

Gft gjn` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s

=7A

Dþkcr` oc gytc Gft jit` oci ojt` ===?A

=?A :5A

==A

Gft gjn` oci ojt` ===?A

11A

Gft jit` oci ojt` ===3A

==A ::5

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Gft gjn` oci ojt` ===3A

57A

Gft gjn` oci EWE

E3A

Gft jit` oci EWE

2CA

BFD

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

Ci e`kjdo` oc rcspucstj rcspucstj W_S cs> FDFEF@

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

JOOW EKO Gft jit` oc i`s ojt`s cserft`s

=7A :=A

Gft gjn` oc i`s ojt`s cserft`s

=?A

Gft jit` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s

==A

Gft gjn` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s

=7A

Gft gjn` oci EWE

E3A

Gft jit` oci EWE

2CA

BFD

_:-_7-_5-_? (tfckp` oc trjdskfsfõd trjdskfsfõd oc 5.3 gytcs)

==A

8.5.7 K`o` JUEFF 8.5.7.: Eõofh` oc e`kjdo`> =5A (==== ==::), icc D pjijgrjs (w`ro) (dþkcr` kêxfk` oc iceturj e`dtfduj e`dt fduj ss`d `d :2 pjijgrjs) pjijgrjs) ]`r cnckpi`> Iccr o`s pjijgrjs schufojs oci vjrfjo`r e`d ofrceefõd oc cseijv` =:A y ofrceefõd oc fdfef` oci jikjecdjkfcdt` jikjecdjkfc dt` fdtcrd` ===?. Ij cstrueturj c strueturj oc ij trjkj sc kucstrj j e`dtfdujefõd> Kcdsjnc oc Kcdsjnc o c e`kjdo e`kjdo` ` JUEF JUEFFF oci kjcstr` (ci e`kjdo` cs cdvfjo` oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r) FDFEF@ ‑>‖ JOOW EKO Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõd oc fdfef` Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc fdfef` Gft jit` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s Gft gjn` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s IWE EAL Jit`

‑=‖ ‑:‖ ‑=‖ ‑5‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑?‖ ‑=‖

Kcdsjnc o Kcdsjnc oc c rcspucstj rcspucst j JUEFF JUEFF oci cseijv` (ci kcdsjnc cs cdvfjo` oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`) FDFEF@ ‑>‖ JOOW EKO Dþkcr` oc gytc Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s ===?A

‑=‖ ‑:‖ ‑=‖ ‑5‖ ‑=‖ ‑?‖ ‑:‖ ‑5‖ ‑1‖

‑=‖

Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s ===?A

‑1‖

‑=‖

Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s

‑=‖

‑7‖ ‑B‖

===3A Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc ojt`s

‑=‖ ‑=‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

2

===3A

=

BFD jit`

EW

IWE EAL Jit`

‑3‖ ::?

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Kcdsjnc oc Kcdsjnc o c e`kjdo e`kjdo` ` JUEF JUEFFF oci kjcstr` (ci e`kjdo` cs cdvfjo` oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r) Bfd gjn`

Kcdsjnc o Kcdsjnc oc c rcspucstj rcspucst j JUEFF JUEFF oci cseijv` (ci kcdsjnc cs cdvfjo` oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`)

IB

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑O‖

BFD Jit`

EW

CDO Gjn`

IB

8.5.7.7 8.5 .7.7 Eõofh` Eõof h` o c e`kjdo` e`k jdo` > =2A (=== (==== = =::=) =::=),, cserfg cser fgc c udj pjijgrj pjijg rj (X`ro) ]`r cnckpi`> Cserfgfr 3=== (:511A) cd ij ofrceefõd oci vjrfjo`r ===?A euyj ofrceefõd oc cseijv` cs =7A. J e`dtfdujefõd sc kucstrj ij cstrueturj oc ij trjkj> t rjkj> Kcdsjnc oci e `kjdo` JUEFF oci kjc Kcdsjnc kjcstr str` ` (ci kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r) FDFEF@

Kcdsjnc o Kcdsjnc oc c rcspucstj rcspucst j JUEFF JUEFF oci cseijv` (ci kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`)

‑>‖

FDFEF@

‑=‖

JOOW

‑=‖

JOOW

‑7‖ ‑=‖

EKO

‑>‖ ‑7‖ ‑=‖

EKO

‑2‖

‑2‖

Gft jit` oc i`s ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖ ‑=‖

Gft jit` oc i`s ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖ ‑=‖

Gft gjn` oc i`s ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖

Gft gjn` oc i`s ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖

‑?‖

Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑:‖

Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑1‖

‑5‖

Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑?‖ ‑:‖ ‑5‖ ‑1‖

‑1‖

Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑1‖

IWE EAL Jit`

‑3‖

IWE EAL Jit`

‑3‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑6‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑6‖

BFD Jit` BFD Gjn`

EW IB

BFD Jit` BFD Gjn`

EW IB

8.5. 8.5.7. 7.5 5 Eõof Eõofh` h` o c e`kjdo` > =1A (== (==== == :== :===) =),, budefõd bude fõd oc ofjhdõst of jhdõstfe fe` ` Ufhdfbfejo` oci eõofh` oc sugbudefõd> Eõofh` Eõof h` oc sugbudefõd

Fdstrueefõd Fdstrueefõd

====

Ocv`ivcr Ocv`ivc r ojt`s oci kcdsjnc oc e`dsuitj

]`r cnckpi`> pjrj iicvjr j ejg` udj octceefõd oci efreuft` cd ci vjrfjo`r e`d ofrceefõd =:A, ci e`dtcdfo` oc ij ejocdj oc pjijgrjs oci kcdsjnc oc e`dsuitj cs ci kfsk` quc ci e`dtcdfo` oc ij ejocdj oc pjijgrjs oci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj. Uu b`rkjt` sc kucstrj j e`dtfdujefõd> e`dtfdujefõd>

::3  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Kcdsjnc Kc dsjnc oci e `kjdo` JUEFF oci kjc kjcstr str` ` (ci

Kcdsjnc Kc dsjnc o oc c rcspucstj rcspucst j JUEFF JUEFF oci cseijv` (ci

kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r)

kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`)

FDFEF@ JOOW EKO

‑>‖ ‑=‖ ‑:‖ ‑=‖ ‑1‖

FDFEF@ JOOW EKO

‑>‖ ‑=‖ ‑:‖ ‑=‖ ‑1‖

Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõd oc i`s

‑=‖

Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõ ofrceefõdd oc i`s

‑=‖

ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖

ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖

Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc i`s

‑=‖

Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc i`s

‑=‖

ojt`s oc cserfturj c serfturj

‑=‖

ojt`s oc cserfturj

‑=‖

Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑:‖ ‑7‖ ‑J‖ ‑G‖

Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑:‖ ‑7‖ ‑J‖ ‑G‖

IWE EAL Jit`

‑5‖

IWE EAL Jit`

‑5‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑J‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑J‖

BFD Jit` BFD Gjn`

EW IB

BFD Jit` BFD Gjn`

EW IB

8.5.7.? Eõofh` oc e`kjdo`> :=A, budefõd oc cserfturj e`dtfduj Ci eõofh` oc e`kjdo` :=A sfhdfbfej quc ci kjcstr` cserfgc ojt`s cd ci vjrfjo`r. Ci dþkcr` oc ojt`s oc cserfturj vfcdc octcrkfdjo` p`r ci e`kjdo` ’dþkcr` oc ojt`s‛. Ci kêxfk` dþkcr` oc pjijgrjs cd cserfturj e`dtfduj cs oc :2. ]`r cnckpi`> Cserfgfr 3=== (:511A) cd ===?A oci vjrfjo`r euyj ofrceefõd oc cseijv` cs =7A y cserfgfr 3= (==57A) cd ===3A oci vjrfjo`r e`d ofrceefõd oc cseijv` =7A. Cd cstc ejs`, ij cstrueturj oc ij trjkj sc kucstrj j e`dtfdujefõd> Kcdsjnc Kc dsjnc oci o ci e`kjdo ` JUEF JUEFFF oci kjcstr` (ci

Kcdsjnc Kc dsjnc o oc c rcspucstj rcspucst j JUEFF JUEFF oci cseijv` (ci

kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r)

kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`)

FDFEF@ JOOW EKO Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõd oc fdfef`

‑>‖ ‑=‖ ‑7‖ ‑:‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖

FDFEF@ JOOW EKO Gft jit` oc ij ofrceefõd oc fdfef`

‑>‖ ‑=‖ ‑7‖ ‑:‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖

Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc fdfef`

= ‑?‖

Gft gjn` oc ij ofrceefõd oc fdfef`

= ‑?‖ ::2

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Kcdsjnc Kc dsjnc oci o ci e`kjdo ` JUEF JUEFFF oci kjcstr` (ci

Kcdsjnc Kc dsjnc o oc c rcspucstj rcspucst j JUEFF JUEFF oci cseijv` (ci

kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci kjcstr` ji vjrfjo`r)

kcdsjnc cdvfjo` oci vjrfjo`r ji kjcstr`)

Gft jit` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s Gft gjn` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s

‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑7‖

Gft jit` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s Gft gjn` oci dþkcr` oc ojt`s

‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑=‖ ‑7‖

‑=‖

IWE EAL Jit`

‑C‖

Dþkcr` oc gytc

‑?‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑1‖

Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s oc

‑:‖

BFD Jit`

EW

===?A

‑5‖

BFD gjn`

IB

Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s oc

‑1‖

===?A

‑1‖

Gft jit` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑=‖

===3A

‑=‖

Gft gjn` oci e`dtcdfo` oc ojt`s

‑5‖

===3A

‑7‖

IWE EAL Jit`

‑:‖

IWE EAL Gjn`

‑8‖

BFD Jit`

EW

BFD gjn`

IB

8. 8.? ? Ij ocbfdfe ocbfdfefõd fõd oc ij ofrceefõd oc o c ojt`s ojt`s Ij ocbfdfefõd oc ofrceefõd oc i`s ojt`s oc e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõd oc cstc jpjrtjo` cs pjrj e`dtr`ijr ij `pcrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r y `gtcdcr ij fdb`rkjefõd fdb`rkjefõd oc cstjo` y i`s pjrêkctr`s oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd oci vjrfjo`r. 8.?.: 8.? .: Ijs Ijs d`r d`rkjs kjs oc ijs ofrceef`dcs oc pjrêkc pjrêkctr`s tr`s oc i`s eõ ofh`s o c budefõd Ij ofrceefõd oc pjrêkctr` `eupj 7 gytcs e`d ci acea` oc quc ci gft jit` cstê ocijdtc y ci gft gjn` cstê octrês. Ci rjdh` oc gft jit` y gjn` cs> Gytc jit`‟==~bbA< gytc gjn`‟==~bbA. Ci gytc jit` cs ci dþkcr` oc hrup` oci eõofh` oc budefõd (i`s o`s dþkcr`s j ij fzqufcroj oci pudt`) y ci gytc gjn` cs ci dþkcr` oc pjrêkctr` oc eõofh` oc budefõd ocdtr` oci hrup` (i`s o`s dþkcr`s j ij ocrceaj oci pudt`). _jdt` ci gytc jit` e`k` ci gjn` ocgcd ejkgfjrsc j vji`r acxjocefkji. ]`r cnckpi`, sf t`kjk`s t `kjk`s ]=3.=2, ci dþkcr` oc hrup` j ij fzqufcroj oci pudt` cs =3, p`r i` tjdt`, ci gytc jit` oci pjrêkctr` cs =3< oci kfsk` k`o`, ci dþkcr` j ij ocrceaj oci pudt` cs =2, cdt`decs cdt`decs ci gytc gjn` oci oci pjrêkctr` cs =2. ]`r tjdt`, ij ofrceefõd ofrceefõd oci eõof eõofh` h` oc budefõd cs =3=2A. @tr` cnckpi`> ij ofrceefõd oci pjrêkctr` ]:=.=: cs =J=:A. D`tj>   Ci hrup` 76 cs ci hrup` oc pjrêkctr`s oc bêgrfej quc d` sc pucoc iccr ` ejkgfjr. Jihud`s D`tj> pjrêkctr`s d` sc pucocd ejkgfjr eujdo` ci vjrfjo`r cstê cd cstjo` oc `pcrjefõd y jihud`s oc i`s pjrêkctr`s d` sc pucocd ejkgfjr cd dfdhþd cstjo`. Uc ocgc p`dcr jtcdefõd ji rjdh` oc jnustc, udfojo c fdstrueef`dcs rcijtfvjs ji k`ofbfejr i`s pjrêkctr`s oc i`s eõofh`s oc budefõd.

Jockês, cs p`sfgic quc sf d` sc prcstj jtcdefõd, sc jikjecdcd ojt`s cd ij kck`rfj CC]W@K oc b`rkj fddcecsjrfj, i` quc pucoc e`douefr j udj rcoueefõd oc ij vfoj þtfi oc æstj. ]jrj jihud`s usujrf`s, d` cs ::8  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

dcecsjrf` jikjecdjr jihudjs budef`dcs cd ij kck`rfj eujdo` sc trjgjnj cd k`o` e`kudfejefõd. Ijs dcecsfojocs sc pucocd eugrfr ejkgfjdo` ci vji`r j WJK. Ci ejkgf` oci gft jit` oci eõofh` oc budefõd oc = j : tjkgfæd pucoc rcjifzjr ij budefõd. ]`r cnckpi`, ci eõofh` oc budefõd ]==.=8 d` sc jikjecdj cd ij kck`rfj CC]W@K. Uõi` ejkgfjdo` ci vji`r cd ij WJK sc pucoc jnustjr ij ofrceefõd j 1==8A. Cstj ofrceefõd sõi` sc pucoc utfifzjr pjrj cserfgfr cd ij WJK, y d` pjrj iccr. Uf sc utfifzj pjrj iccr, cs udj ofrceefõd d` vêifoj. 8.?.7 8.? .7 Ij fdstrue efõd o c ofrceefõd oc `trjs budef` dcs K`ogus K`ogus   Ci kjcstr` pucoc `pcrjr s`grc i`s pjrêkctr`s oci vjrfjo`r, jsë e`k` e`dtr`ijri`, ojr `rocd oc kjreaj y oc pjr`, y k`dft`rfzjr k`dft`rfzjr ci cstjo`. J e`dtfdujefõd sc octjiij ij ifstj oc pjrêkctr`s oc `trjs budef`dcs (_jgij :)> Fdstrueefõd oc budefõd

Ocbfdfefõd ofrceefõd

Ufhdfbfejo` oc ojt`s

Ejrjetcrëstfej X/W

===:A> @pcrjefõd ajefj jocijdtc ===7A> @pcrjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` ===5A> @pcrjefõd N@H ajefj jocijdtc E`kjdo` oc e`dtr`i oc e`kudfejefõd

===?A> @pcrjefõd N@H cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` 7===A

X/W ===3A> Octcdefõd ===2A> Octcdefõd p`r fdcrefj (pjr` oc ckcrhcdefj) ===8A> Wcfdfef` oc bjii`s ===1A> Octcdefõd oc vci`efojo N@H

Ij ofrceefõd oci vji`r oc jnustc oc e`kudfejefõd

7==:A

E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj p`r e`kudfejefõd (=~Bkjx(udfojo> =.=:Az))

7==7A

E`dsfhdj ]FO (sctp`fdt), rjdh` (=~:===, :=== e`rrcsp`doc j:==.=% )

7==5A

Wctr`jifkcdtjefõd ]FO, rjdh` (=~:===, :=== Wctr`jifkcdtjefõd e`rrcsp`doc j:==.=% )

X/W

7==?A

E`dsfhdj oc pjr (-5===~5===), :=== e`rrcsp`doc ji :==% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r

X/W

7==3A

Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj b rceucdefj ourjdtc ij r`tjefõd ajefj jocijdtc (=~Bkjx). Sdfojo> =.=:Az

X/W

7==2A

Jnustc oci iëkftc supcrf`r oc brceucdefj b rceucdefj ourjdtc ij r`tjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` (=~Bkjx). Sdfojo> =.=:Az

X/W

7==8A

Ci iëkftc supcrf`r oci pjr oc cicetr`k`efõd (=~5===). :=== e`rrcsp`doc ji :==% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfd d`kfdji ji oci k`t`r

X/W

7==1A

Ci iëkftc supcrf`r oci pjr oc brcdjo` (=~5===). :=== e`rrcsp`doc ji :==% oc ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r

X/W

X/W

7==6A

]jijgrj oc e`kjdo` oci e`dtr`i cspcefji ::1

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Fdstrueefõd oc budefõd

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Ocbfdfefõd ofrceefõd

Ufhdfbfejo` oc ojt`s

Ejrjetcrëstfej X/W

Gft=~:>;==>k`t`r Gft7>;: ]r`afgfefõd oci e`dtr`i oc pjr ;=> ]r`afgfefõd oci e`dtr`i oc pjr ocsajgfiftjoj Gft5> ;: g`rrjo` oci vji`r jikjecdj jikjecdjo` o` oc cdcrhëj e`dsukfoj ;=> d` g`rrjo` oci vji`r jikjecdjo` oc cdcrhëj e`dsukfoj Gft?> ;: prc cxeftjefõd ;=> pr`afgfefõd oc ij prc cxeftjefõd Gft3> ;: Brcdjo` OE ;=> ]r`afgfefõd oc brcdjo` OE 7==JA

E`kjdo` oc tcrkfdji vfrtuji oc cdtrjoj, rjdh`> =x===~=x:BB

X/W

7==GA

E`kjdo` oc tcrkfdji vfrtuji oc cdtrjoj, rjdh`> =x==~=x=B

X/W

E`dsfhdj oc tcdsfõd (cspcefji pjrj scpjrjefõd R/b). 7==EA

=~:===, :=== e`rrcsp`doc ji :==% oc ij tcdsfõd d`kfdji oci k`t`r

7==OA

Jnustc oc sjifoj J@: (-:===~:===, (-:===~:===, :=== e`rrcsp` e`rrcsp`doc doc j :==.=%)

X/W

7==CA

Jnustc oc sjifoj J@7 (-:===~:===, (-:===~:===, :=== e`rrcsp` e`rrcsp`doc doc j :==.=%)

X/W

===:A> `pcrjefõd ajefj jocijdtc ===7A> `pcrjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` Cstjo` oci vjrfjo`r

7:==A

===5A> Octcdefõd

W

===?A> Bjii` ===3A> Cstjo` ]@BB ===2A> Cstjo` oc prc cxeftjefõd

Cstjo` oci vjrfjo`r

7:=:A

Gft=> ;=>tcdsfõd oc gus d` cstjgicefoj ;:> tcdsfõd oc gus cstjgicefo cstjgicefojj Gf:~7>;==> k`t`r budef`djdo` Gft5> ;=> k`t`r jsëder`d` Gft?>;=>prcjijrkj sfd s`grcejrhj ;:>prcjijrkj oc s`grcejrhj Gft3~ Gft2>;==> e`dtr`i p`r e`ds`ij ;=:> e`dtr`i p`r g`rdcr` oc e`dtr`i ;:=> e`dtr`i p`r e`kudfejefõd

Eõofh` oc bjii` oci vjrfjo`r

7:=7A

Rcr ijs fdstrueef`dcs fdstrueef`dcs oc i`s tfp`s oc bjii`

W

W

Eõofh` oc

7:=5A

HO7=-----=x=:=2

W ::6

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj Fdstrueefõd oc budefõd

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Ocbfdfefõd ofrceefõd

Ufhdfbfejo` oc ojt`s

Ejrjetcrëstfej X/W

focdtfbfejefõd oci vjrfjo`r Brceucdefj oc `pcrjefõd

5===A

Wjdh`> =.==Az~]==.=5

W

5==:A

Wjdh`> =.==Az~]==.=5

W

brceucdefj _cdsfõd gus OE

5==7A

Wjdh`> =~7===R

W

_cdsfõd oc sjifoj

5==5A

Wjdh`> =~:7==R

W

Fdtcdsfojo oc sjifoj

5==?A

Wjdh`> =.=~5===.= J

W

Rci`efojo oc `pcrjefõd

5==3A

Wjdh`> =~23353 W]K

W

]`tcdefj oc sjifoj

5==2A

Wjdh`> -5==.=~5==.=%

W

]jr oc sjifoj

5==8A

Wjdh`> -73=.=~7 -73=.=~73=.=% 3=.=%

W

E`dsfhdj ]FO

5==1A

Wjdh`> -:==.=%~: -:==.=%~:==.=% ==.=% (udfojo> =.:%)

W

Wctr`jifkcdtjefõd ]FO

5==6A

Wjdh`> -:==.=%~: -:==.=%~:==.=% ==.=% (udfojo> =.:%)

W

Cstjo` cdtrjojs

5==JA

===~:BB

W

Cstjo` sjifojs

5==GA

===~:BB

W

JF :

5==EA 5 ==EA

Wjdh`> =.==~:=.==R

W

JF 7

5==OA 5 ==OA

Wjdh`> =.==~:=.==R

W

JF5

5==CA

Wjdh`> -:=.==~: -:=.==~:=.==R =.==R

W

Wcscrvjo`

5==BA

Iceturj cdtrjoj oc puis`s AOF

5=:=A

Wjdh`> =.==~3=.==lAz

W

Iceturj oci csejiõd jetuji Kuitfpjs`

5=:7A

Wjdh`> =~:3

W

Wcscrvjo`

5=:5A

Rji`r oc e`dtjnc oc puis`s

5=:?A

Wjdh`> =~23353

W

E`dsfhdj oc pjr

5=:3A

-5==.=~5==.=% (Sdfojo> =.:% )

W

Eõofh` oc vjrfjo`r

5=:2A

W

Eõofh` oc bjii`

3===A

W

E`dsfhdj oc

X/W sfhdfbfej quc ij budefõd tfcdc ejrjetcrëstfejs oc iceturj y cserfturj. ]`r cnckpi`, ci ’e`kjdo` oc e`dtr`i

oc e`kudfejefõd‛ tfcdc ejrjetcrëstfej oc cserfturj y e`dtr`ij ci vjrfjo`r e`d ci e`kjdo e`kjdo`` oc cserfturj (=2A). :7=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Ij ejrjetcrëstfej W sõi` pucoc iccr y d` cserfgfr, y ij ejrjetcrëstfej X sõi` pucoc cserfgfr y d` iccr. D`tj> ji `pcrjr ci vjrfjo`r e`d ij tjgij jdtcrf`r, cs dcecsjrf` ajgfiftjr jihud`s pjrêkctr`s. ]`r cnckpi`, pjrj ojr `rocd oc kjreaj y oc pjr`, cs dcecsjrf` jnustjr ]==.=: j ’Ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd kcofjdtc e`kudfejefõd‛ y jnustjr ]==.=7 j ’ejdji oc e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU‛. Eujdo` sc `pcrj s`grc ij ’e`dsfhdj ]FO‛, cs dcecsjrf` jnustjr ]=6.== j ’Jnustc p`r e`kudfejefõd K@OGSU‛. 8.?.5 8.? .5 Rji`rcs Rji`rcs o oc c rjtf` o oci ci gus o c ejkp` I`s ojt`s oc e`kudfejefõd s`d cxprcsjo`s cd acxjocefkji cd ij jpifejefõd rcji, y cd cstj b`rkj oc e`ofbfejefõd, d` cxfstcd ocefkjics. ]`r cnckpi`, 3=.:7Az d` sc pucoc cxprcsjr cd acxjocefkji, p`r cii`, pucoc scr kuitfpifejo` p`r :== y e`dvcrtfo` j 3=:7, sfcdo` jsë ci vji`r acxjocefkji ci :56?A. Oc cstj kjdcrj, së sc pucoc cxprcsjr ci vji`r 3=.:7. Jsë pucs, ud vji`r d` cdtcr` sc pucoc kuitfpifejr p`r ud kþitfpi` pjrj `gtcdcr ud vji`r cdtcr`, y j cstc cdtcr` sc ic iijkj ’vji`r oc rjtf` oci gus oc ejkp`‛. I`s vji`rcs oc rjtf` oci gus oc ejkp` sc rcbfcrcd ji pudt` oci rjdh` oc jnustc ` vji`r oc ocbcet` oc ij ifstj oc pjrêkctr`s oc budefõd. Uf ajy dþkcr`s octrês oci pudt`, cs ocefr ocefr,, sf ci vji`r tfcdc ocefkjics, ci dþkcr` oc ocefkjics scrê ’d‛, y cdt`decs, ci vji`r oc rjtf` oci gus oc ejkp` cs := . _`kck`s ij tjgij sfhufcdtc e`k` cnckpi`> d

E`k` ci rjdh` oc jnustc y ci vji`r p`r ocbcet` oci pjrêkctr` ]=:.7= tfcdc ud ocefkji, cdt`decs cdt`decs ci  ci vji`r oc rjtf` oci gus oc ejkp` cs :=. Uf ci ojt` rcefgfo` p`r ci supcrvfs`r cs 3=, cdt`decs ci vji`r oci ’_fckp` oc rctjro` pjrj ocspcrtjr oc ij afgcrdjefõd‛ scrê 3.= (3.=;3=ø:=). Uf ij e`kudfejefõd K`ogus sc utfifzj pjrj e`dtr`ijr ci ’tfckp` oc rctjro` pjrj ocspcrtjr oc ij afgcrdjefõd‛ e`k` 3.=s, prfkcrjkcdtc, 3.= ocgc scr kuitfpifejo` p`r := pjrj e`dschufr ci dþkcr` cdtcr` 3= (57A) y p`r i` tjdt` cstc ojt` pucoc scr cdvfjo` e`k` sfhuc>

Ocspuæs oc quc ci vjrfjo`r rcefgj ci e`kjdo`, e`kjdo`, æstc ejkgfjrê ci vji`r oc 3= j 3.= schþd ci vji`r oc rjtf` oci :7:  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

gus oc ejkp`, y cdt`decs, jnustjrê ci vji`r oci ’tfckp` oc rctjro` pjrj ocspcrtjr oc ij afgcrdjefõd‛ j 3s. @tr` cnckpi`. Ocspuæs oc quc ci cqufp` supcrvfs`r cdvfæ ud e`kjdo` oc iceturj oci kfsk` pjrêkctr` jdtcrf`r,, ci jdtcrf`r c i kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj oci vjrfjo`r cs ci sfhufcdtc> 

Ojo` quc i`s ojt`s oci pjrêkctr` s`d ==57A (3=) y 3= ofvfofo` p`r := cs 3, cdt`decs ci ’tfckp` oc rctjro` pjrj ocspcrtjr oc ij afgcrdjefõd‛ cs 3s. 8.?.? 8.? .? Kcdsjnc Kcdsjnc oc rcspu cstj oc bjii` Cs p`sfgic quc ajyj ud bjii` cd ci e`dtr`i oc ij e`kudfejefõd. ]`r cnckpi`, jihud` oc i`s pjrêkctr`s sõi` sc pucoc iccr. Uf sc cdvëj ud kcdsjnc oc cserfturj, ci vjrfjo`r ocv`ivcrê ud kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj oc bjii`. Ci kcdsjnc oc bjii` cs ocsoc ci vjrfjo`r ajefj ci kêstcr, y su eõofh` y sfhdfbfejo` sc octjiijd j e`dtfdujefõd> Eõofh`

=:A

D`kgrc

E`kjdo` fichji

Ufhdfbfejo` Ci e`kjdo` oci kjcstr` d` sc pucoc cnceutjr. Ij rjzõd pucoc scr> :. Cstc e`kjdo` cs sõi` pjrj udj vcrsfõd p`stcrf`r j ij oci vjrfjo`r ofsp`dfgic. 7. Ci cseijv` cstê cd cstjo` oc bjii` y d` pucoc cnceutjr ci e`kjdo`.

=7A

Jihudj oc ijs ofrceef`dcs oc `pcrjefõd d` cs vêifoj ` d` sc tfcdc jeecs`. Ofrceefõd oc ojt`s Cspcefjikcdtc, ij e`kgfdjefõd cdtrc i`s gytcs rchfstrjo`s y i`s cdvfjo`s cs fichji fdvêifoj.

=5A

Rji`r fichji

Eujdo` ajy ojt`s fdvêifo`s cd ij trjkj oci kcdsjnc rcefgfo` p`r ci cseijv`. D`tj> Cstc eõofh` oc crr`r d` fdofej quc ci vji`r oc ojt`s j cserfgfr cxecoj ci rjdh`, pcr` fdofej quc ij trjkj oci kcdsjnc cs udj trjkj fichji.

=?A

@pcrjefõd bjiiõ

Ci jnustc oci pjrêkctr` oc cserfturj d` cs vêifo`. ]`r cnckpi`, ij budefõd oc i`s tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj d` pucoc scr jnustjoj e`dtfdujkcd e`dtfdujkcdtc. tc.

=3A

Crr`r oc e`dtrjscúj

Ij e`dtrjscúj cserftj cd ij ofrceefõd oc e`kpr`gjefõd oc ij e`dtrjscúj d` cs ij kfskj quc ij jnustjoj cd ci eõofh` oc bbudefõd udefõd ]8.==.

=2A

=8A

Cd ij trjkj oci kcdsjnc cdvfjo` p`r ci supcrvfs`r, ij i`dhftuo oc ij trjkj Crr`r oc trjkj oc ofhftji cs fde`rrcetj ` ci e`dtjnc oci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd EWE cd W_S cs ojt`s ofstfdt` ji oci cqufp` cseijv` Cserfturj d` pcrkftfoj Ci pjrêkctr` d` sc

=1A

Uõi` `eurrc cd e`kjdo` oc cserfturj. Ij rjzõd pucoc scr> :. I`s ojt`s cserft`s cxecocd ci rjdh` oc jnustc oci pjrêkctr`. 7. Ci pjrêkctr` d` ocgc scr k`ofbfejo` ja`rj. 5. Ci tcrkfdji yj aj sfo` utfifzjo`. Ci pjrêkctr` quc sc fdtcdtj k`ofbfejr kcofjdtc kcofjdtc ci kcdsjnc oc cserfturj oci

pucoc ejkgfjr cd supcrvfs`r, d` pucoc scr k`ofbfejo` ourjdtc ij `pcrjefõd. `pcrjefõd

=6A

]r`tceefõd p`r e`dtrjscúj

Eujdo` ci supcrvfs`r cstê cserfgfcdo` ` icycdo` y d` sc fdtr`ouec ij e`dtrjscúj oc usujrf` joceujoj, sc rcp`rtjrê quc ci sfstckj cstê gi`qucjo`. :77

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Ci cseijv` utfifzj ejkp`s oc eõofh`s oc budefõd y ofrceef`dcs oc bjii` pjrj fdofejr quc cs udj rcspucstj d`rkji, ` quc `eurrc jihþd crr`r (ocd`kfdjojs rcspucstjs oc `gncefõd). ]jrj ijs rcspucstjs d`rkjics, ci cseijv` kucstrj i`s e`rrcsp`dofcdtcs eõofh`s oc budefõd, ofrceef`dcs ofhftjics ` eõofh`s oc sugbudefõd e`k` rcspucstj. ]jrj ijs rcspucstjs oc `gncefõd, ci cseijv` ocvucivc ud eõofh` quc cqufvjic ji eõofh` d`rkji, pcr` ci prfkcr gytc cs ud ’:‛ iõhfe`. ]`r cnckpi`> eujdo` ci kjcstr` cdvëj ud kcdsjnc ji cseijv` rcqufrfcdo` quc icj ud hrup` oc ojt`s oc eõofh`s oc budefõd oci vjrfjo`r, sc tcdorêd i`s sfhufcdtcs sfhufcdtcs eõofh`s oc budefõd> = = = = = = : : (Acx =5A) ]jrj rcspucstjs d`rkjics, ci cseijv` rcsp`doc i`s kfsk`s eõofh`s, kfcdtrjs quc pjrj rcspucstjs oc `gncefõd, ocv`ivcrê> : = = = = = : : (Acx 15A) Jpjrtc oc ij k`ofbfejefõd oc eõofh`s oc budefõd p`r ij `gncefõd oci bjii`, ci cseijv` rcsp`docrê ud gytc oc ud eõofh` jd`rkji quc ocbfdc ij rjzõd oci crr`r. Eujdo` ci kjcstr` rcefgc ij rcspucstj oc ij `gncefõd, cd ud pr`ecs` tëpfe`, v`ivcrê j cdvfjr ci kcdsjnc ` k`ofbfejrê ci `rocd e`rrcsp`dofcdtc. ]`r cnckpi`, jnustc ci ’Ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd‛ oci vjrfjo`r (]==.=:, ofrceefõd oci pjrêkctr` cs ===:A) e`d ij ofrceefõd oc =:A j =5. Ci e`kjdo` cs e`k` sfhuc>

]cr` ci rjdh` oc jnustc oci ’Ejdji oc e`kjdo` oc `pcrjefõd‛ cs =~7, jsë quc sf sc jnustj j 5, e`k` ci vji`r cstê p`r cdefkj oci rjdh`, ci vjrfjo`r ocv`ivcrê ud kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj oc bjii` e`k` ci sfhufcdtc>

Ci eõofh` oc rcspucstj jd`rkji 12A sfhdfbfej ij rcspucstj jd`rkji j ud e`kjdo` oc cserfturj =2A< ci eõofh` oc bjii` cs =?A. Cd ij tjgij jdtcrf`r, sc d`kgrõ e`k` ’`pcrjefõd bjiiõ‛ y su sfhdfbfejo` cs quc ci jnustc oci pjrêkctr` oc cserfturj cs fdvêifo`. Cst` tjkgfæd suecocrëj sf fdtcdtêrjk`s ejkgfjr rcpctfojkcdtc ij budefõd oc ud tcrkfdji oc cdtrjoj, yj quc d` cstê pcrkftfo`.

8.3 Cnckpi` oc cserfturj y iceturj Wcbfærjsc j i`s jpjrtjo`s jdtcrf`rcs pjrj ci b`rkjt` b `rkjt` oc e`kjdo`. 8.3.: 8.3 .: Cnckpi` Cnckpi` o ci e`k e`kjdo` jdo` o oc c icetu iceturj rj =5 =5A A Cnckpi` :> Iccr ij pjijgrj oc cstjo` : oci vjrfjo`r e`d ij ofrceefõd oc =:A (rcbfærjsc j ij tjgij :). Oc ij tjgij :, ij ofrceefõd oc pjrêkctr` oc ij pjijgrj oc cstjo` : oci vjrfjo`r cs 7:==A. K`o` W_S> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r cs> 

:75  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

K`o` JUEFF> JUEFF> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r cs>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

Ci e`dtcdfo` oc i`s ojt`s cs ===5A. Ufhufcdo` ijs fdstrueef`dcs oc ij _jgij 8-:, ci vjrfjo`r sc octfcdc. 8.3.7 8.3 .7 Cnckpi` Cnckpi` o oci ci e`kjdo ` oc cser cserftur ftur j = =2A 2A Cnckpi` :> Ajecr quc ci vjrfjo`r e`d ofrceefõd =5A sc p`dhj cd kjreaj kjreaj ajefj jocijdtc. Oc ij _ _jgij jgij 8-:, vck`s quc ij ofrceefõd oci ’E`kjdo` oc e`dtr`i oc e`kudfejefõd‛ cs 7===A y quc ij kjreaj ajefj jocijdtc cs ===:. Rcj ij tjgij sfhufcdtc>

K`o` W_S> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` p`r ci kjcstr` cs>

Uf ij `pcrjefõd cs cxft`sj, ij rcspucstj scrëj e`k` sfhuc (ci kfsk` e`kjdo` quc cdvfõ ci kjcstr`)>

:7?  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

K`o` JUEFF> JUEFF> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

Cnckpi` 7> Jnustjr ij ’Brceucdefj kêxfkj oc sjifoj‛ oci vjrfjo`r e`d ij ofrceefõd =5A ji vji`r :==Az.

_cdhj cd eucdtj i`s ocefkjics, y quc ci vji`r oc rjtf` oci gus oc ejkp` oc ij ’Brceucdefj kêxfkj oc sjifoj‛ (]==.=5) cs :==. :==Az kuitfpifejo` kuitfpifejo` p`r :== cs:====, y ci vji`r acxjocefkji e`rrcsp`d e`rrcsp`dofcdtc ofcdtc cs 78:=A. Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` p`r ci kjcstr` cs>

Uf ij `pcrjefõd rcsuitj cxft`sj, ij rcspucstj scrëj e`k` sfhuc (ci kfsk` e`kjdo` quc cdvfõ ci kjcstr`)>

K`o` JUEFF> JUEFF> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

8.3.5 Cnckpi` oci e`kjdo` oc cserfturj e`dtfdþj :=A

Cnckpi` :> ajecr quc ci vjrfjo`r euyj ofrceefõd cs =:A `pcrc ajefj jocijdtc e`d udj brceucdefj oc :=Az. Wcbfærjsc j ij fdstrueefõd 7===A e`d vji`r ===:. Jnustc ij ’ofrceefõd oci vji`r oc jnustc oc e`kudfejefõd‛ :73  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd

(7==:A) y tcdhj cd eucdtj quc ci vji`r :=Az e`rrcsp`doc j =5C1A. Rcj ij tjgij sfhufcdtc> Fdstrueefõd oc budefõd

Ocbfdfefõd ofrceefõd

Ufhdfbfejo` oc ojt`s

Ejrjetcrëstfej X/W

===:A> @pcrjefõd ajefj jocijdtc ===7A> @pcrjefõd cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` ===5A> @pcrjefõd N@H ajefj aj efj jocijdtc E`kjdo` oc e`dtr`i oc e`kudfejefõd

7===A

===?A> @pcrjefõd N@H cd scdtfo` fdvcrs` ===3A> Octcdefõd

X/W

===2A> Octcdefõd p`r fdcrefj (pjr` oc ckcrhcdefj) ===8A> Wcfdfef` oc bjii`s ===1A> Octcdefõd oc vci`efojo N@H

Ij ofrceefõd oci vji`r oc jnustc oc e`kudfejefõd

7==:A

E`dsfhdj oc brceucdefj p`r e`kudfejefõd e`kudfejefõd (=~Bkjx) Sdfojo> =.=:Az

7==7A

E`dsfhdj ]FO (sctp`fdt), rjdh` (=~:===) :=== e`rrcsp`doc j :==.=%

K`o` W_S> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

K`o` JUEFF> JUEFF> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

X/W

Cnckpi` 7> jnustc ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd oci vjrfjo`r =:A j :=s y ci tfckp` oc ocsjecicr ocsjecicrjefõd jefõd j 7=s :72  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj ]==.:: ]==.:7

_fckp` oc Jecicrjef Jecicrjefõd õd : _fckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd ocsjecicrjefõ d :

]r`t`e`i` oc e`kudfejef e`kudfejefõd õd Wjdh` oc jnustc oc ]==.:: y ]==.:7> =.=~52==.=s

Uchþd k`oci` Uchþd k`oci`

◌  ◌ 

Ij ofrceefõd e`rrcsp`dofcdtc oc ]==.:: cs ===G, ci tfckp` oc jecicrjefõd oc :=s e`rrcsp`doc j ==2?A, y ci tfckp` oc ocsjecicrjefõd oc 7=s e`rrcsp`doc j ==E1A. K`o` W_S> Ci e`kjdo` cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

K`o` JUEFF> JUEFF> Ci kcdsjnc cdvfjo` ji vjrfjo`r>

Ci kcdsjnc oc rcspucstj cs ci sfhufcdtc>

D`tj> ci cspjef` cd gijde` cd i`s e`kjdo`s jdtcrf`rcs cs sõi` j k`o` oc fiustrjefõd. Ci cspjef` d` pucoc utfifzjrsc cd ij jpifejefõd rcji, j kcd`s quc ci c i supcrvfs`r pucoj cifkfdjr ci cspjef` p`r së kfsk`.

8. 8.2 2 Bjii`s Bjii`s oc e`kudfejefõd e`ku dfejefõd e`kudcs e`kud cs Bjii`s oc e`kudfejefõd e`kudcs> d` sc pr`ouec rcspucstj oc ij e`kudfejefõd ` ci vjrfjo`r ocvucivc ud eõofh` oc bjii` oc budef`djkfcdt`. Ijs rjz`dcs p`sfgics oc d` tcdcr rcspucstj oc ij e`kudfejefõd> - Uciceef`djr Ucicee f`djr udj fdtcrbjz scrfc fde`rrcetj, p`r cnckpi`, cnckpi` , sf ci e`dvcrs`r cs E@K:, sciceef`djr E@K7 ourjdtc ij e`kudfejefõd. e`kudfejefõd. - Ij vci`efojo oc trjdskfsfõ trjdskfsfõd, d, ci gft ofhftji, ci gft oc bfd y ci gft oc e`kpr`gjefõd d` s`d i`s kfsk`s qquc uc i`s oci vjrfjo`r. - + y ― oci WU?13 cstêd e`dcetjo`s ji rcvæs. - I`s ejgics oc ij e`kudfejefõd WU?13 d` cstêd gfcd e`dcetjo`s j sus tcrkfdjics.

:78  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec J

 Jpædo  Jp ædoff e c J - Ojt Ojt `s _æedf _æed f e `s  J.: Wjtfd Wjt fdhs hs  J.:.: Ejpjef Ejp jefojo ojo Ci ofkcdsf`djkfcdt` oci vjrfjo`r sc gjsj cd ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r y su p`tcdefj. ]jrj jiejdzjr ij p`tcdefj d`kfdji oc k`t`r oc ij tjgij, ij e`rrfcdtc d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r ocgc scr fhuji ` supcrf`r j ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci k`t`r. _jkgfæd ij p`tcdefj d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r ocgc scr fhuji ` supcrf`r j ij p`tcdefj d`kfdji oci k`t`r. Ijs p`tcdefjs s`d ijs kfskjs fdocpcdofcdtckcdtc oc ij tcdsfõd oc jifkcdtjefõd, ocdtr` oc ud rjdh` oc tcdsfõd. D`tj> :. Ij p`tcdefj kêxfkj pcrkftfoj cd ci cnc oci k`t`r cstê ifkftjoj j :,3 * ]d`k. Uf sc cxecoc cstc iëkftc, ci pjr k`t`r y ij e`rrfcdtc sc rcstrfdhcd jut`kêtfejkcdtc. Ij budefõd pr`tchc ci pucdtc rcetfbfejo`r oc cdtrjoj oci vjrfjo`r e`dtrj s`grcejrhj. 7. Ijs ojt`s fdofejo`s s`d vêifo`s pjrj udj tckpcrjturj tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc oc ajstj ?= ½E 5. Cd sfstckjs e`d ud gus OE e`kþd, cs fkp`rtjdtc e`kpr`gjr quc quc ij p`tcdefj quc biuyc j trjvæs oc æstc, d` cxecoc ij ]d`k.  J.:.7 Ocse Ocs e ijs ijsfbfbfe feje jefõ fõd d Ij ejpjefojo oc ejrhj ofskfduyc sf ij tckpcrjturj jkgfcdtc oci iuhjr oc fdstjijefõd cxecoc i`s ?= ½E, ij jitftuo supcrj i`s :=== kctr`s ` ij brceucdefj oc e`rtc sc jnustj j ud vji`r supcrf`r ji oc bêgrfej.  J.:.7.: Ocse Ocseijs ijsfbfbfe feje jefõ fõd d o c tck tckpcr pcrjtu jtu rj Cd ci rjdh` oc tckpcrjturj +?=½E~+3= ½E, ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oc sjifoj ofskfduyc ud :% p`r ejoj hrjo` jofef`dji. Ci hrêbfe` sfhufcdtc cxpifej cstj ocseijsfbfejefõd. ocseijsfbfejefõd.

 J.:.7.7 Ocse Ocseijs ijsfbfbfe feje jefõ fõd d p `r jitft jit ftuo uo Ci cqufp` pucoc cdtrchjr ij p`tcdefj d`kfdji sf ci iuhjr oc fdstjijefõd cstê p`r ocgjn` oc i`s :===k s`grc ci dfvci oci kjr. Ij p`tcdefj cdtrchjoj cd ij sjifoj ofskfduyc sf ij jitftuo supcrj i`s :=== kctr`s. J e`dtfdujefõd sc octjiij ci rjdh` oc ofskfduefõd oc ij ocseijsfbfejefõd> 

:71  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec J

 J.:.7.5 Ocse Ocseijs ijsfbfbfe feje jefõ fõd d p `r brceu br ceucde cdefj fj p p`r `rtjo tjo`r `rj j Ij p`tcdefj d`kfdji oci vjrfjo`r cs ocbfdfoj j ij brceucdefj p`rtjo`rj oc bêgrfej (1 lAz pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7=). Ci vjrfjo`r sc ocgc ocseijsfbfejr ocseijsfbfejr ud :=% p`r ejoj :lAz jofef`dji jnustjo` jnustjo` quc supcrc ij bbrceucdef rceucdefjj p`rtjo`rj oc bêgrfej.

 J.7 EC  J.7.: Kjrejo Kjr ejo ` EC Ci kjrejo` EC sc cdeucdtrj cd ij ctfquctj ijtcrji oci vjrfjo`r e`d ci `gnctfv` oc vcrfbfejr quc ci vjrfjo`r sfhuc i` pr`vfst` cd ij d`rkjtfvj oc Gjnj _cdsfõd Cur`pcj (7==2/63/CE) y cd ijs ofrcetrfecs CKE (7==?/:=1/CE).  J.7.7 Eukp Eu kpififkf kfcdt cdt` ` e `d ij Ofr cet fv fvj j Cur `pcj `p cj oc E`k E`kpjt pjtfg fgfifi fojo fo jo Ci Cicet cetr` r` kjhdæt kjh dætfe fej j CKE Ij ofrcetfvj CKE ocbfdc i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s pjrj ij fdkudfojo y ijs ckfsf`dcs oc i`s cqufp`s ciæetrfe`s utfifzjo`s ocdtr` oc ij Sdfõd Cur`pcj. Ij d`rkjtfvj CKE oc pr`ouet` (CD 2:1==-5) eugrc i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s bfnjo`s pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs oc brceucdefj. Rcj ij sceefõd D`rkjtfvjs CKE 

 J.5 D`r D` r kjtf kjt f vj CKE (E` kpjtf kp jtf gf ififojo ojo cice cic e t r` kjhdæt kjh dætfe fej) j) Ij d`rkjtfvj CKE oc pr`ouet` (CD 2:1==-5>7==?) e`dtfcdc i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s CKE quc ocgc eukpifr ci vjrfjo`r. ]rfkcr jkgfcdtc> jkgfcdtc> jkgfcdtc o`kæstfe` (fdeiuyc cstjgicefkfcdt`s e`dcetjo`s j udj rco oc gjnj tcdsfõd quc jifkcdtc cofbfef`s utfifzjo`s pjrj bfdcs o`kæstfe`s). Uchudo` jkgfcdtc> jkgfcdtc> Fdeiuyc cstjgicefk c stjgicefkfcdt`s fcdt`s e`dcetjo`s j udj rco quc d` jifkcdtc ofrcetjkcdtc i`ejics o`kæstfe`s. Eujtr` ejtch`rëjs oc vjrfjo`rcs> Rjrfjo`r oc ejtch`rëj E:> E:> vjrfjo`r oc tcdsfõd d`kfdji fdbcrf`r j :=== R y quc sc utfifzj cd ci prfkcr jkgfcdtc. Rjrfjo`r oc ejtch`rëj E7> E7> vjrfjo`r oc tcdsfõd d`kfdji fdbcrf`r j :===R y quc ocgc scr fdstjijo` y pucst` cd kjreaj sõi` p`r ud cicetrfefstj pr`bcsf`dji eujdo` sc utfifzj cd ci prfkcr jkgfcdtc. D`tj> Ij d`rkjtfvj oc e`kpjtfgfifojo e`kpjtfgfifojo cicetr`kjhdætfej FCE/CD 2:1==-5 d` ifkftj ij p`tcdefj oc ofstrfguefõd oci vjrfjo`r, pcr` ocbfdc ij utfifzjefõd, fdstjijefõd y pucstj cd kjreaj. Ci cicetrfefstj pr`bcsf`dji ocgc tcdcr dcecsjrfjkcdtc ijs ajgfifojocs y e`d`efkfcdt`s oc fdstjijefõd y/` pucstj cd kjreaj oc sfstckjs oc vjrfjefõd oc p`tcdefj, fdeiuycdo` fdeiuycdo` i`s jspcet`s oc e`kpjtfgfifojo e`kpjtfgfifojo cicetr`kjhdætfej (CKE). (CKE).  

Rjrfjo`r oc ejtch`r ejtch`rëj ëj E E5 5> vjrfjo`r oc tcdsfõd d`kfdji fdbcrf`r j :=== R y utfifzjo` cd ci schudo` jkgfcdtc. Rjrfjo`r oc ejtch`rëj E?> E? > vjrfjo`r oc tcdsfõd d`kfdji oc kês oc :=== R ` e`d udj e`rrfcdtc d`kfdji :76  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec J

supcrf`r j ?==J ` utfifzjo` cd ud sfstckj e`kpicn` cd ci schudo` jkgfcdtc.  J.5.: Ejtch` Ejt ch`rë rëj j E7 Cd i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7=, cstc iëkftc oc ckfsfõd sc eukpic sfhufcdo` ijs sfhufcdtcs prckfsjs> :. Uc fdstjij ud bfitr` CKE cxtcrd` sciceef`djo` c fdstjijo` schþd ci kjduji oci bjgrfejdtc bjgrfejdtc oci bfitr`. 7. Ci k`t`r y i`s ejgics oc e`dtr`i sc sciceef`djd sciceef`djd e`k` cspcefbfquc ci kjduji oci bjgrfejdtc bjgrfejdtc oci bfitr`. 5. Ci vjrfjo`r sc fdstjijrê oc jeucro` j ijs fdstrueef`dc fdstrueef`dcss oc rcbcrcdefj oc cstc kjduji.   Cd

ud jkgfcdtc o`kæstfe`, cstc pr`o uet` pucoc pr`v`ejr fdtcrbcrcdefjs rjofjojs, cd euy` ejs` sc dcecsftjrëj dcecsftjrëjd d kcofojs oc kft kftfhjefõd fhjefõd jofef`djics.

 J.5.7 Ejtch` Ejt ch`rë rëj j E5 Ij fdkudfojo oci vjrfjo`r eukpic e`d i`s rcqufsft`s oc ij d`rkjtfvj FCE/CD 2:1==-5, cd schudo` jkgfcdtc. I`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R ≣ ?lX y 5Ñ 75=R ≣:.3lX tfcdcd ci bfitr` CKE oc ejtch`rëj E5 fdtchrjo`.  ]jrj ci rcst` oc vjrfjo`rcs, vjrfjo`rcs, FDR_ ofsp`dc oc bfitr`s CKE `pef`djics cxtcrd`s oc ejtch`rëj E5. Cd jkg`s ejs`s, i`s iëkftcs oc ckfsfõd sc eukpicd sfhufcdo` ijs sfhufcdtcs prckfsjs :. Ci bfitr` CKE `pef`dji sc sciceef`dj oc jeucro` j ijs `pef`dcs ofsp`dfgics y cs fdstjijo` e`k` sc cspcefbfej cd ci kjduji oci bfitr` b fitr` CKE. 7. Ci k`t`r y i`s ejgics oc e`dtr`i sc sciceef`djd sciceef`djd e`k` sc cspcefbfej cd cstc kjduji. 5. Ci vjrfjo`r sc fdstjij oc jeucro` j ijs fdstrueef`dcs oc rcbcrcdefj oc cstc kjduji.   Sd

vjrfjo`r oc ejtch`rëj E5 d` cstê ocstfdjo` j scr utfifzjo` cd udj rco oc gjnj tcdsfõd pþgifej quc jifkcdtc i`ejics o`kæstfe`s. Uc pucocd pr`ouefr fdtcrbcrcdefjs oc rjof`brceucdefj sf ci vjrfjo`r sc utfifzj cd udj rco e`k` ij ocserftj jdtcrf`rkcdtc.

:5=  

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec G

 Jpædo  Jp ædoff e c G - Ofk Of k cdsf cds f `dcs `d cs J e`dtfdujefõd, sc kucstrjd ijs ofkcdsf`dcs oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= cxprcsjojs cd kfiëkctr`s.

G.: Ofkcdsf`dcs Ofkcdsf`dcs oc o c ij e`ds`ij e`ds`i j

Cstrueturj oc ij e`ds`ij

Huëj oc fdstjijefõd

 

D`tj> Ij e`ds`ij cxtcrd cxtcrdj j cs `pef`dji pjrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ 75=R / 5Ñ ?==R ≯ 7.7lX y 5Ñ 75=R ≯ =. =.83l 83lX X (ofsp`dcd oc e`ds`ij tfp` bfik d` cxtrjëgic) I`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ ?==R ≣ ?lX y 5Ñ 75=R ≣:.3lX fdeiuycd udj e`ds`ij cxtrjëgic.

Cd jkg`s ejs`s, pjrj ci k`dtjnc cxtcrd` oc ij e`ds`ij, e`ds`ij, tcdhj cd eucdtj quc ij ofstjdefj kêxfkj oci ejgic oc cxtcdsfõd cdtrc ci vjrfjo`r y ij e`ds`ij cs oc 5= kctr`s. Ci ejgic ocgc scr Ctacrdct tfp` eruzjo`, e`d tcrkfdjics WN-?3 (ci ejgic kês utfifzjo` ajgftujikcdtc pjrj rcjifzjr udj e`dcxfõd oc rco ` e`dcetjr ud `rocdjo`r j fdtcrdct) Ij e`ds`ij sc pucoc fdstjijr cxtcrdjkcdtc utfifzjdo` ud kjre` `pef`dji, k`strjo` j e`dtfdujefõd

:5:   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec G

G.7 _jgij _jgij oc e`d vcrtfo`r vcrtf o`rcs cs

K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ75=R/5Ñ :Ñ75=R/5Ñ?==R ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ75=R≯=.83lX (kk) @rfbfef` oc

K`oci`

X:

X7

A:

A7

O:

O7

HO7=-=W?H-U7 HO7=-=W8H-U7

1=.= 1=.=

2=.= 2=.=

:2=.= :2=.=

:3=.= :3=.=

:75.3 :75.3

:7=.5 :7=.5

3 3

HO7=-:W3H-U7

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-7W7H-U7

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-=W?H-7

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-=W8H-7

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-=W8H-?

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-:W3H-?

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-7W7H-?

1=.=

2=.=

:13.=

:83.=

:?=.3

:58.5

3

fdstjijefõd (o)

K`dtjnc cd ejrrfi OFD oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ75=R/5Ñ?==R :Ñ75=R/5Ñ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ75=R≯=.83lX (kk)

:57   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec G

K`oci` K`oci `

X:

A:

A5

A?

O:

O7

 Jh un cr` oc  Jhun fdstjijefõd (o)

HO7=-=W?H-U7

1=.=

:2=.=

53.?

52.2

:75.3

:7=.5

3

HO7=-=W8H-U7

1=.=

:2=.=

53.?

52.2

:75.3

:7=.5

3

HO7=-:W3H-U7

1=.=

:13.=

53.?

52.2

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-7W7H-U7

1=.=

:13.=

53.?

52.2

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-=W?H-7

1=.=

:13.= :13.=

53.?

52.2

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-=W8H-7 HO7=-=W8H-?

1=.= 1=.=

:13.= :13.= :13.= :13.=

53.? 53.?

52.2 52.2

:?=.3 :?=.3

:58.5 :58.5

3 3

HO7=-:W3H-?

1=.=

:13.= :13.=

53.?

52.2

:?=.3

:58.5

3

HO7=-7W7H-?

1=.=

:13.= :13.=

53.?

52.2

:?=.3

:58.5

3

X:

     Ñ

O:

X7

O7

      :       7       A       A

  K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ?==R≣?l 5Ñ?==R≣?lX X y 5Ñ75=R≣:.3lX (kk)  O:

X: X7

O7

      :       7       A       A

 

X5

K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ?==R ?3~83lX (kk) X: X7

        :        7         A        A

Ñ

 

O:

  K`dtjnc cd b`do` oc jrkjrf` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ?==R 6=~::=lX (kk) :55   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec G

K`oci`

X:

X7

X5

A:

A7 A7

O:

O7

 Jh un cr` oc  Jhun fdstjijefõd (o)

HO7=-:W3H-7

:?2.=

:5:.=

‟

732.=

7?5.3

:28.=

1?.3

2

HO7=-7W7H-7

:?2.=

:5:.=

‟

732.=

7?5.3

:28.=

1?.3

2

HO7=-==?H-7

:?2.=

:5:.= :5:.=

‟

732.=

7?5.3

:28.=

1?.3

2

HO7=-3W3H-7 HO7=-3W3 H-7

:8=.=

:3:. :3:.==

‟

57=.=

5=5.3

:62.5

::5.=

2

HO7=-8W3H-7 HO7=-8W3 H-7

:8=.=

:3:. :3:.==

‟

57=.=

5=5.3

:62.5

::5.=

2

HO7=-==?H-? HO7=-3W3H-?

:?2.= :?2.=

:5:.= :5:.= :5:.=

‟ ‟

732.= 732.=

7?5.3 7?5.3

:28.= :28.=

1?.3 1?.3

2 2

HO7=-8W3H-? HO7=-8W3 H-?

:8=.=

:3:. :3:.==

‟

57=.=

5=5.3

:62.5

::5.=

2

HO7=-=::H-?

:8=.=

:3:.=

‟

57=.=

5=5.3

:62.5

::5.=

2

HO7=-=:3H-? HO7=-=:3H -?

:8=.=

:3:.=

‟

57=.=

5=5.3

:62.5

::5.=

2

HO7=-=:1H-?

7==.=

:13.=

‟

5?=.2

571.2

:1?.5

:=?.3

2

HO7=-=77H-?

7==.=

:13.=

‟

5?=.2

571.2

:1?.5

:=?.3

2

HO7=-=5=H-?

73=.=

75=.=

‟

?==.=

51=.=

7=7.=

:75.3

2

HO7=-=58H-?

73=.=

75=.=

‟

?==.=

51=.=

7=7.=

:75.3

2

HO7=-=?3H-?

717.=

:2=.=

772.=

32=.=

3?7.=

751.=

:51.=

6

HO7=-=33H-?

717.=

:2=.=

772.=

32=.=

3?7.=

751.=

:51.=

6

HO7=-=83H-?

717.=

:2=.=

772.=

32=.=

3?7.=

751.=

:51.=

6

HO7=-=6=H-?

551.=

7==.=

‟

33?.=

353.=

576.7

‟

6.3

HO7=-::=H-? HO7=-: :=H-?

551.=

7==.=

‟

33?.=

353.=

576.7

‟

6.3

K`dtjnc cd grfoj (bijdhc) oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ?== 5Ñ?==R≣?lX R≣?lX y 5Ñ75=R≣:.3lX (kk) 

:5?   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec G X5

X: X5

O:

X7

X?

O7

        :         A

        7         A

        5         A

        ?         A

  K`dtjnc cd grfoj (bijdhc) oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ?==R 6=~::=lX (kk)

K`oci` K`oci `

X:

@rfbfef` oc fdstjijefõd _`rdfii` (o)

X7

X5

X?

A:

A7

A5

A?

O:

O7

HO7=-:W3H-7 HO7=-:W 3H-7

:8=.7 :5:

:3=

6.3

767

782

72=

2

:28

1?.3

2

K3

HO7=-7W7H-7 HO7=-7W 7H-7

:8=.7 :5:

:3=

6.3

767

782

72=

2

:28

1?.3

2

K3

HO7=-==?H -7 HO7=-==?H-7 HO7=-3W3H-7 HO7=-3W 3H-7

:8=.7 :5: :6:.7 :3:

:3= 6.3 :8? ::.3

767 58=

782 53:

72= 57?

2 :7

:28 :62.5

1?.3 ::5

2 2

K3 K3

HO7=-8W3H-7 HO7=-8W 3H-7

:6:.7 :3:

:8? ::.3

58=

53:

57?

:7

:62.5

::5

2

K3

HO7=-==?H-? HO7=-==?H -?

:8=.7 :5:

:3=

6.3

767

782

72=

2

:28

1?.3

2

K3

HO7=-3W3H-? HO7=-3W 3H-?

:8=.7 :5:

:3=

6.3

767

782

72=

2

:28

1?.3

2

K3

HO7=-8W3H-? HO7=-8W 3H-?

:6:.7 :3:

:8? ::.3

58=

53:

57?

:7

:62.5

::5

2

K3

HO7=-=::H-?

:6:.7 :3:

:8? ::.3

58=

53:

57?

:7

:62.5

::5

2

K3

HO7=-=:3H-? HO7=-=:3H -?

:6:.7 :3:

:8? ::.3

58=

53:

57?

:7

:62.5

::5

2

K3

HO7=-=:1H-? HO7=-=:1H -?

722

73=

77?

:5

58:

73= 53=.2 7=.5 :1?.2

:=?

2

K3

HO7=-=77H-? HO7=-=77H -?

722

73=

77?

:5

58:

73= 53=.2 7=.5 :1?.2

:=?

2

K3

HO7=-=5=H-? HO7=-=5=H -?

5:2

5==

78?

:5

?5=

5==

?:=

33

7=7

::1.5

2

K3

HO7=-=58H-? HO7=-=58H -?

5:2

5==

78?

:5

?5=

5==

?:=

33

7=7

::1.5

2

K3

HO7=-=?3H-? HO7=-=?3H -?

537

557

5=2

:5

31=

?==

38=

1=

751

:55.1

6

K1

HO7=-=33H-? HO7=-=33H -?

537

557

5=2

:5

31=

?==

38=

1=

751

:55.1

6

K1

HO7=-=83H-? HO7=-=83H -?

537

557

5=2

:5

31=

?==

38=

1=

751

:55.1

6

K1

HO7=-=6=H-?

?:1.3 52: 516.3 :?.7

2==

336

58= :=1.3 576.3 :?6.3

6.3

K1

HO7=-::=H-?

?:1.3 52: 516.3 :?.7

2==

336

58= :=1.3 576.3 :?6.3

6.3

K1

D`tj> Ci s`p`rtc oc fdstjijefõd cs `pef`dji.

:53   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

 Jpædo  Jp ædoff e c E - Cquf Cqu f p`s p` s `pe `p e f `djics `d jics Cstc ejpëtui` ocserfgc eõk` sciceef`djr i`s cqufp`s `pef`djics oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7=.

E.: E. : Ejgicj Ejgicjo` o` oc cqufp`s cqufp` s `pef` `p ef`djics djics J e`dtfdujefõd sc kucstrj ci ejgicjo` oc i`s cqufp`s `pef`djics oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7=.

B`t`s

D`kgrc

Ocserfpe Ocserfpe fõd

E`ds`ij

Fdeiuyc ijs e`ds`ijs cxtcrdjs e`d y sfd ij budefõd oc e`pfj oc pjrêkctr`s Eujdo` sc e`dcetj ij e`ds`ij cxtcrdj e`d budefõd oc e`pfj oc pjrêkctr`s j ud vjrfjo`r e`d e`ds`ij tfp` bfik, ij e`ds`ij i`eji sc jpjhj.

cxtcrdj

Eujdo` sc e`dcetj ij e`ds`ij cxtcrdj sfd budefõd b udefõd oc e`pfj oc pjrêkctr`s j ud vjrfjo`r e`d e`ds`ij tfp` bfik, ij e`ds`ij i`eji pcrkjdcec cdecdofoj y trjgjnjd j ij vcz

Ejgics

Ofsp`sftfv` pjrj trjdsbcrfr scújics cicetrõdfejs

:52   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj B`t`s

Jpædofec E

D`kgrc

Ocserfpe Ocserfpe fõd

Ci kjhdct`tærkfe` pr`tchc ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd y ci ejgicjo` e`dtrj udj p`sfgic s`grce`rrfcdtc ` e`rt`efreuft`. Ci ofbcrcdefji pr`tchc j ijs Kjhdct`tærkfe` pcrs`djs y ijs fdstjijef`dcs e`dtrj ocrfvjef`dcs j tfcrrj quc pucocd y ofbcrcdefji rcsuitjr cd ojú`s pjrj ijs pcrs`djs ` fdecdof`s. ]`r bjv`r, sciceef`dc udj pr`tceefõd ofbcrcdefji e`d rcoueefõd rcoueefõd oc ajrkõdfe`s oc jitj brceucdef b rceucdefj, j, y e`d udj scdsfgfifojo oc 5= kJ. Fdouetjdefj oc Cstc cqufp` sc utfifzj pjrj kcn`rjr ci bjet`r oc p`tcdefj cd ij cdtrjoj oci cdtrjoj vjrfjo`r y rcouefr i`s ajrkõdfe`s oc e`rrfcdtc. E`dtr`ij ijs fdtcrbcrcdefjs cicetr`kjhdætfejs ercjojs p`r ci pr`pf` vjrfjo`r. Cd i`s vjrfjo`rcs 5Ñ?==R≣?lX y 5Ñ75=R≣:.3lX ci bfitr` cstê fdtchrjo`

Bfitr` CKE

(ejtch`rëj E5). ]jrj i`s vjrfjo`rcs vjrfjo`rcs :Ñ75=R/5Ñ?==R≯7.7lX y 5Ñ75=R≯=.83lX, ci bfitr` cs cxtcrd` y `pef`dji (sc e`dcetj cd pjrjici` e`d ij cdtrjoj oc jifkcdtjefõd oci vjrfjo`r, y sc sftþj ocgjn` oc æst`s, `eupjdo` ud cspjef` kuy rcouefo`)

Wcsfstcdefjs oc ]crkftcd je`rtjr ci tfckp` oc brcdjo`, b rcdjo`, y s`iuef`djr pr`gickjs oc brcdjo` rchcdcrjefõd cd jihud`s ejs`s octcrkfdjo`s.

Bcrrftj

]crkftc rcouefr ij pudtj oc tcdsfõd pr`v`ejoj p`r ij e`dkutjefõd oc i`s FHG_s eujdo` sc tfcdcd ofstjdefjs oc ejgic ijrhjs cdtrc vjrfjo`r y k`t`r. Uc rce`kfcdoj su fdstjijefõd eujdo` ij ofstjdefj oc ejgic cstê cdtrc 3=k y :==k. Ocgcd scr fdstjijojs fdkcofjtjkcdtc ocspuæs oc ij sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r, i` kês ecrej p`sfgic j æstc.

]crkftc rcouefr ij pudtj oc tcdsfõd pr`v`ejoj p`r ij e`dkutjefõd oc i`s FHG_s eujdo` sc tfcdcd ofstjdefjs oc ejgic ijrhjs cdtrc vjrfjo`r y k`t`r. Bfitr` Ucd`foji Uc rce`kfcdoj su fdstjijefõd eujdo` ij ofstjdefj oc ejgic cs supcrf`r j (Bfitr` IE) :==k. Ocgcd scr fdstjijojs fdkcofjtjkcdtc ocspuæs oc ij sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r, i` kês ecrej p`sfgic j æstc.

_jpjs ijtcrjics

U`d joceujojs pjrj jkgfcdtcs scvcr`s y kcn`rjd ij pr`tceefõd oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs. Cd ejs` oc scr fdstjijojs, sc ocgc tcdcr cd eucdtj udj ocseijsfbfejefõd oc ud :=% oci vjrfjo`r

E.7 E. 7 Jifkcdtjefõd Jif kcdtjefõd   E`kpr`gjr

quc ij tcdsfõd oci e`dvcrtfo`r e`fdefoc e`d ij tcdsfõd oc ij

jifkcdtjefõd.

:58   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

E.5 Ejgics E.5.: E.5 .: Ejgics Ejgics o c p`tcde fj Ofkcdsf`dc i`s ejgics oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj y oc sjifoj ajefj k`t`r oc jeucro` j ij d`rkjtfvj i`eji vfhcdtc. • I`s ejgics oc p`tcdefj oc cdtrjoj y oc sjifoj ajefj k`t`r ocgcd p`ocr s`p`rtjr ijs e`rrcsp`do e`rrcsp`dofcdtcs fcdtcs fdtcdsfojocs oc ejrhj. • Ij tckpcrjturj tckpcrjt urj kêxfkj jokfsfgic oci ejgic cse`hfo` ocgcrê scr oc e`k` këdfk` 88=¾E =¾E cd budef`djkfcdt` budef`djkfcd t` e`dtfdu`. • Ij e`douetfvfojo oci e`douet`r oc tfcrrj ocgcrê scr ij kfskj quc ij oc ud e`douet`r oc bjsc (ocgcrê tcdcr ij kfskj sceefõd). • Wcbfærjsc ji ejpëtui` D`rkjtfvjs CKE (E`kpjtfgfifojo cicetr`kjhdætfej) pjrj kês fdb`rkjefõd jecrej oc i`s rcqucrfkfcdt`s oc e`kpjtfgfif e`kpjtfgfifojo ojo cicetr`kjhdætfej. ]jrj eukpifr e`d i`s rcqufsft`s oc e`kpjtfgfifojo cicetr`kjhdætfej CKE fdofejo`s cd ij d`rkjtfvj EC, sc ocgcrê utfifzjr ejgic jpjdtjiijo` sfkætrfe` cdtrc ci vjrfjo`r y ci k`t`r (vcr bfhurj j e`dtfdujefõd). Cs p`sfgic utfifzjr ejgic e`kpucst` p`r trcs ` eujtr` e`douet`rcs cd ij cdtrjoj, pcr` sc rce`kfcdoj quc scj oci tfp` jpjdtjiijo` sfkætrfe`. Ij utfifzjefõd oc ejgics jpjdtjiijo`s cd ij cdtrjoj rcouec ijs ckfsf`dcs cicetr`kjhdætfejs oc t`o` ci e`dnudt` vjrfjo`r, y rcouec ij prcscdefj oc fdtcdsfojocs cd i`s e`nfdctcs oci k`t`r jsë e`k` ci ocshjstc oc æst`s.

D`tj> Uf ij e`douetfvfojo oc ij kjiij oci ejgic jpjdtjiijo` d` cs subfefcdtc pjrj scr utfifzjoj e`k` e`douet`r oc tfcrrj, sc ocgcrê fdstjijr ud ejgic oc tfcrrj scpjrjo`. ]jrj budef`djr e`k` ud e`douet`r oc pr`tceefõd, ij kjiij ocgcrê tcdcr ij kfskj sceefõd quc i`s ejgics oc bjsc eujdo` æst`s cstêd e`kpucst`s e`kpucst`s oci kfsk` kctji quc ij kjiij. ]jrj suprfkfr oc b`rkj b `rkj cbcetfvj ijs pcrturgjef`dcs e`douefojs y rjofjojs, ij e`douetfvf e`douetfvfojo ojo oc ij kjiij ocgcrê scr oc e`k` këdfk` udj oæefkj pjrtc oc ij e`douetfvfojo oc ud ejgic oc bjsc. Cst`s rcqufsft`s sc eukpicd bêefikcdtc e`d udj kjiij oc e`grc ` jiukfdf`. I`s rcqufsft`s këdfk`s pjrj ij pjdtjiij oc i`s ejgics oc k`t`r e`dcetjo`s ji vjrfjo`r sc kucstrjd cd ij bfhurj sfhufcdtc. Ij kjiij e`dsfstc cd udj ejpj e`deædtrfej oc afi`s oc e`grc. Eujdt` kês e`kpjetj scj ij kjiij, kcd`s ckfsf`dcs oc pcrturgjef`dcs y kcd`s fdtcdsfojo cd i`s e`nfdctcs sc tcdorê.

:51   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

E.5.7 E.5 .7 Ejgics Ejgics oc e`d tr` i _`o`s i`s ejgics oc ijs cdtrjojs y sjifojs jdjiõhfejs, y ci ejgic utfifzjo` pjrj ci jnustc oc ij brceucdefj, ocgcrêd scr jpjdtjiijo`s. Stfifec ud ejgic oc pjr trcdzjo` e`d o`gic pjdtjiij (Bfhurj j) pjrj ijs scújics jdjiõhfejs. Stfifec ud pjr trcdzjo` jpjdtjiijo` pjrj ejoj scúji. D` utfifec ud rct`rd` e`kþd pjrj ofbcrcdtcs scújics jdjiõhfejs.

Ij kcn`r `pefõd pjrj ijs scújics ofhftjics oc gjnj tcdsfõd cs ud ejgic oc o`gic pjdtjiij, pcr` tjkgfæd sc pucoc utfifzjr ud pjr trcdzjo` e`d udj s`ij pjdtjiij ` sfd pjdtjiij (Bfhurj g). D` `gstjdtc, pjrj ij scúji oc cdtrjoj oc brceucdefj, sc rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr sfckprc ud ejgic jpjdtjiijo`. I`s ejgics quc sc e`dcetjd j i`s rciæs oc sjifoj ocgcd scr ejgics e`d pjdtjiij kctêifej trcdzjoj ]jrj ij e`dcxfõd rck`tj oc ij e`ds`ij, eujdo` ci vjrfjo`r sc cdeucdtrc cd ud jkgfcdtc e`d kueajs pcrturgjef`dcs, pcrturgjef`d cs, tjkgfæd t jkgfæd sc rce`kfcdoj rce`kfcdoj utfifzjr ud ejgic jpjdtjiijo`. jpjdtjiijo`. D`tj> Stfifec ejgics ofb ofbcrcdtcs crcdtcs pjrj ijs scújic scújicss jdjiõhfejs y ofhftjics. D` rcjifec dfdhþd tcst oc jfsijkfcdt` ` oc t`icrjdefj oc tcdsfõd (p`r cnckpi`, d` e`dcetc ud kchõakctr`) cd dfdhudj oc ijs pjrtcs oci vjrfjo`r, vjrfjo`r, pucs cst`s tcst pucocd ojújr ci cqufp`. Cd bêgrfej, j ejoj ud` oc i`s vjrfjo`rcs sc ics ajec ud tcst oc jfsijkfcdt` cdtrc ci efreuft` prfdefpji y ij ejrejsj, y p`r tjdt`, d` cs dcecsjrf` quc i` rcjifec ci usujrf`. Oc fhuji k`o`, cxfstcd efreuft`s ifkftjo`rcs oc tcdsfõd cd ci vjrfjo`r quc e`rtjd oc fdkcofjt` ci tcst oc tcdsfõd jut`kêtfejkcdtc. jut`kêtfejkcdtc. D`tj> E`kprucgc ci jfsijkfcdt` oc i`s ejgics oc cdtrjoj oc p`tcdefj oc jeucro` jeucro` j ij d`r kjtfvj i`eji vfhcdtc jdtcs oc e`dcetjr i`s ejgics. Ofêkctr` oc ejgic rce`kcdojo` (kk 7)

Ofêkctr` oc ejgic ejgi c oc e`dcxfõd (kk 7)

K`oci`

WU_ SRX

]C

WU_ SRX

]:, (+)

]C

HO7=-=W?H-U7

:.3

:.3

:~?

:~?

HO7=-=W8H-U7

:.3

:.3

:~?

HO7=-:W3H-U7

7.3

7.3

HO7=-7W7H-U7

7.3

HO7=-=W?H-7

_`rdfii` oc i`s

]jr oc

tcrkfdjics

jprfctc (Dk)

:~?

K5

=.1

:~?

:~?

K5

=.1

:~?

:~?

:~?

K5

=.1

7.3

:~?

:~?

:~?

K5

=.1

:.3

:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

K5

=.1

HO7=-=W8H-7

:.3

:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

K5

=.1

HO7=-:W3H-7

7.3

7.3

:.3~2

7.3~2

7.3~2

K?

:.:5

HO7=-7W7H-7

7.3

7.3

:.3~2

7.3~2

7.3~2

K?

:.:5

HO7=-==?H-7

7.3

7.3

:.3~2

7.3~2

7.3~2

K?

:.:5

HO7=-3W3H-7 HO7=-3W 3H-7

?

?

?~:=

?~:=

?~:=

K3

7.5

HO7=-8W3H-7 HO7=-8W 3H-7

2

2

?~:=

?~:=

?~:=

K3

7.5 :56 

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

Ofêkctr` oc ejgic rce`kcdojo` (kk 7)

K`oci`

WU_ SRX

]C

Ofêkctr` oc ejgic ejgi c oc e`dcxfõd (kk 7) WU_ SRX

]:, (+)

]C

_`rdfii` oc i`s tcrkfdjics

]jr oc jprfctc (Dk)

HO7=-=W8H-?

:.3

:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

K5

=.1

HO7=-:W3H-?

:.3

:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

K5

=.1

HO7=-7W7H-?

:.3

:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

:-:.3

K5

=.1

HO7=-==?H-?

7.3

7.3

7.3~2

7.3~2

7.3~2

K?

:.:5

HO7=-3W3H-?

7.3

7.3

7.3~2

7.3~2

7.3~2

K?

:.:5

HO7=-8W3H-? HO7=-8W 3H-?

?

?

?~:=

?~:=

?~:=

K3

7.5

HO7=-=::H-? HO7=-=:: H-?

2

2

?~:=

?~:=

?~:=

K3

7.5

HO7=-=:3H-? HO7=-=:3 H-?

2

2

?~:=

?~:=

?~:=

K3

7.5

HO7=-=:1H-?

:=

:=

:=~:2

:=~:2

:=~:2

K3

7.5

HO7=-=77H-?

:2

:2

:=~:2

:=~:2

:=~:2

K3

7.5

HO7=-=5=H-?

73

:2

73~3=

73~3=

:2~73

K2

7.3

HO7=-=58H-?

73

:2

73~3=

73~3=

:2~73

K2

7.3

HO7=-=?3H-?

53

:2

53~8=

53~8=

:2~53

K1

:=

HO7=-=33H-?

3=

73

53~8=

53~8=

:2~53

K1

:=

HO7=-=83H-?

8=

53

53~8=

53~8=

:2~53

K1

:=

HO7=-=6=H-? HO7=-=6= H-?

63

3=

8=~:7=

8=~:7= 3=~8=

K:7

53

HO7=-::=H-? HO7=-::= H-?

:7=

8=

8=~:7=

8=~:7= 3=~8=

K:7

53

D`tj> :. Ijs sceef`dcs rce`kcdojojs s`d vêifojs pjrj tckpcrjturjs fdbcrf`rcs j ?=¾E y pjrj udj fdtcdsfojo fhuji ` fdbcrf`r j ij d`kfdji. Uf d` sc fdstjij dfdhþd tfp` oc bfitr`, ij i`dhftuo oci ejgicjo` cdtrc ci vjrfjo`r y ci k`t`r d` ocgcrëj supcrjr i`s 3= k. ]jrj ofstjdefjs cdtrc 3= ~:==k, p`r bjv`r, fdstjic udj ` vjrfjs bcrrftjs j ij sjifoj oci vjrfjo`r. vjrfjo`r. ]jrj ofstjdefjs supcrf`rcs j :==k, fdstjic ud bfitr` scd`foji (bfitr` IE). 7. I`s tcrkfdjics ]:, (+), ]G y (-) pucocd scr utfifzj utfifzjo`s o`s pjrj e`dcetjr udj fdouetjdefj OE.

E.? E. ? Kjhdc Kjhdct`tærkfe t`tærkfe` ` y e`dtjet`r e`dtjet `r Cs dcecsjrf` fdstjijr ud kjhdct`tærkfe` pjrj pr`tchcr ij jifkcdtjefõd y ci ejgicjo` oci vjrfjo`r. Ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oci kjhdct`tærkfe` ocgc cstjr jircoco`r oc :.3-7 vcecs ij fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oc cdtrjoj oci vjrfjo`r.   Cd

ejs` oc e`rt`efreuft`, ocgfo` j ij e`dstrueefõd y ji prfdefpf` oc `pcrjefõd fdacrcdtc oc i`s kjhdct`tærkfe`s, fdocpcdofcdtckcdtc oci bjgrfejdtc oc æstc, sc pucocd csejpjr hjscs f`dfzjo`s ejifcdtcs oc su ejrejsj. ]jrj udj utfifzjefõd schurj, prcstc cspcefji jtcdefõd j ij fdstjijefõd y sftujefõd oc i`s kjhdct`tærkfe`s. Ufhj ijs ijs fdstr uee ueef`dcs f`dcs oci bjgrfejdtc.

E`d tji oc e`dtr`ijr ij e`dcxfõd y ocse`dcxfõd oc ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc p`tcdefj oci efreuft` prfdefpji,

cs dcecsjrf` fdstjijr ud e`dtjet`r cd ij cdtrjoj oci vjrfjo`r. _jkgfæd pcrkftc ocse`dcetjr ij bucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd oc p`tcdefj eujdo` ci sfstckj tfcdc ud bjii`. :?=   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

K`oci` K`oc i`

Busfgic (J)

Fdtcrrupt`r (J)

Fdtcdsfojo d`kfdji oc trjgjn` oci e`dtjet`r (J)

HO7=-=W?H-U7   HO7=-=W?H-U7

:=

:=

6

HO7=-=W8H-U7

:2

:2

:7

HO7=-:W3H-U7

73

73

73

HO7=-7W7H-U7

3=

?=

57

HO7=-=W?H-7   HO7=-=W?H-7

2

2

6

HO7=-=W8H-7

:=

:=

6

HO7=-:W3H-7

:2

:2

:7

HO7=-7W7H-7

73

73

:1

HO7=-==?H-7

53

57

73

HO7=-3W3H-7

53

57

57

HO7=-8W3H-7

3=

25

3=

HO7=-=W8H-?

2

2

6

HO7=-:W3H-?

:=

:=

6

HO7=-7W7H-?

:=

:=

6

HO7=-==?H-? HO7=-3W3H-?

73 53

73 57

73 73

HO7=-8W3H-?

3=

?=

51

HO7=-=::H-?

25

25

3=

HO7=-=:3H-?

25

25

3=

HO7=-=:1H-? HO7=-=:1H -?

:==

:==

23

HO7=-=77H-? HO7=-=77H -?

:==

:==

1=

HO7=-=5=H-? HO7=-=5=H -?

:73

:73

63

HO7=-=58H-? HO7=-=58H -?

:3=

:2=

::3

HO7=-=?3H-? HO7=-=?3H -?

:3=

7==

:8=

HO7=-=33H-? HO7=-=33H -?

7==

7==

:8=

HO7=-=83H-? HO7=-=83H -?

73=

73=

7=3

HO7=-=6=H-? HO7=-=6=H -?

573

5:3

7?3

HO7=-::=H-?

53=

53=

5==

E.3 Wcjetjdefjs Sdj e`rrfcdtc trjdsft`rfj cicvjoj cd ci efreuft` oc jifkcdtjefõd oc cdtrjoj pucoc ojújr i`s e`kp`dcdtcs oc rcetfbfejefõd. Cs jpr`pfjo` utfifzjr ij rcjetjdefj oc EJ cd ci ijo` oc cdtrjoj pjrj cvftjr ij cdtrjoj oc jit` v`itjnc oc ij bucdtc b ucdtc oc jifkcdtjefõd y ij kcn`rj oc i`s bbjet`rcs jet`rcs oc p`tcdefj. Uf ij ofstjdefj cdtrc ci e`dvcrtfo`r y ci k`t`r cs supcrf`r j 3=k, pucoc pr`ouefr brceucdtckcdtc udj pr`tceefõd p`r s`grce`rrfcdtc cd ci e`dvcrtfo`r, ocgfo` cii`, j ij jitj e`rrfcdtc oc buhj ejusjoj p`r i`s cbcet`s oc ejpjeftjdefj pjrjsftjrfj oc i`s ejgics ijrh`s ji suci`. E`d ci bfd oc cvftjr ojú`s cd ci jfsijkfcdt` oci k`t`r, cs

dcecsjrf` jújofr ij e`kpcdsjefõd oc ij rcjetjdefj. Uf ij ofstjdefj cdtrc ci vjrfjo`r y ci k`t`r cs 3= ~ :==k, vcj ij tjgij jgjn` pjrj ij sciceefõd oci k`oci`< sf supcrj i`s :==k, e`dsuitc e`d su s`p`rtc tæedfe`. :?:   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

K`oci`

Jpædofec E

Wcjetjde Wcjetjde fj oc cdtrjoj

Wcj Wcjetjde etjdefj fj oc sjifoj

HO7=-=W?H-7

JEI7-:W3-?

@EI7-:W3-?

HO7=-=W8H-7

JEI7-:W3-?

@EI7-:W3-?

HO7=-:W3H-7

JEI7-==?-?

@EI7-==?-?

HO7=-7W7H-7 HO7=-==?H-7

JEI7-==?-? JEI7-3W3-?

@EI7-==?-? @EI7-3W3-?

HO7=-3W3H-7

JEI7-8W3-?

@EI7-8W3-?

HO7=-8W3H-7

JEI7-=:3-?

@EI7-=:3-?

HO7=-=W8H-?

JEI7-:W3-?

@EI7-:W3-?

HO7=-:W3H-?

JEI7-:W3-?

@EI7-:W3-?

HO7=-7W7H-?

JEI7-7W7-?

@EI7-7W7-?

HO7=-==?H-?

JEI7-==?-?

@EI7-==?-?

HO7=-3W3H-?

JEI7-3W3-?

@EI7-3W3-?

HO7=-8W3H-? HO7=-=::H-?

JEI7-8W3-? JEI7-=::-?

@EI7-8W3-? @EI7-=::-?

HO7=-=:3H-?

JEI7-=:3-?

@EI7-=:3-?

HO7=-=:1H-?

JEI7-=:1-?

@EI7-=:1-?

HO7=-=77H-?

JEI7-=77-?

@EI7-=77-?

HO7=-=5=H-?

JEI7-=5=-?

@EI7-=5=-?

HO7=-=58H-?

JEI7-=58-?

@EI7-=58-?

HO7=-=?3H-?

JEI7-=?3-?

@EI7-=?3-?

HO7=-=33H-?

JEI7-=33-?

@EI7-=33-?

HO7=-=83H-?

JEI7-=83-?

@EI7-=83-?

HO7=-=6=H-? HO7=-=6=H -?

JEI7-::=-?

@EI7-::=-?

HO7=-=W?H-U7   HO7=-=W?H-U7 HO7=-=W8H-U7 HO7=-:W3H-U7 HO7=-7W7H-U7

HO7=-::=H-?

JEI7-::=-?

@EI7-::=-?

D`tj> Ij ejëoj oc tcdsfõd d`kfdji oc ij rcjetjdefj oc cdtrjoj cs oci 7%º:3%. Ij ejëoj oc tcdsfõd d`kfdji oc ij :?7   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

rcjetjd efj oc sjifoj cs oci:%º:3%. Ijs `pef`dcs jdtcrf`rcs rcjetjdefj jdtcrf`rc s s`d cxtcrdj cxtcrdjs. s. Ci eifcdtc ocgcrê fdofejri` cd ij e`kprj.

E.2 E. 2 Bfit Bfitr` r` E. E.2.: 2.: Fdstrueef` dcs oci tfp` oc Bfitr` E5

Ejrêetcr oc iijkjoj

Fdstrueef` dcs octjiij octjiijojs ojs

J

BI_ BI_>> Ucrfc oc bfitr`s pjrj e`dvcrtfo`rc e`dvcrtfo`rcss

G

_fp` oc Bfitr` ]> Bfitr` oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõd I> Bfitr` oc oc sjifoj sjifoj

E

_cdsfõd U7> EJ k`d`bêsfej 77=R(-:3%)~7?=R(+:=%) =?> EJ trfbêsfej 51=R (-:3%)~??=R(+:=%)

O

Dþkcr` oc scrfc oc 5 oëhft`s. ]`r cnckpi`> ==5 sfhdfbfej ci dþkcr` oc scrfc oc bfitr`s E5

C

_fp` oc fdstjijefõd I>_fp` e`kþd A> _fp` oc jit` rcdofkfcdt`

B

Jkgfcdtc oc utfifzjefõd oc i`s bfitr`s J> ]rfkcr jkgfcdtc (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) ejtch`rëj E: (CD 2:1==-5>7==?) G> ]rfkcr jkgfcdtc (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) ejtch`rëj E7 (CD 2:1==-5>7==?) E> Uchudo` U chudo` jkgfcdtc (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) ejtch`rëj E5 (CD 2:1==-5>7==?)

H

Dþk I`tc. H> Cspcefji pjrj bfitr`s b fitr`s E5 cxtcrd`s

E.2.7 E.2 .7 Bfitr`s E5 I`s e`dvcrtfo`rcs k`d`bêsfe`s 77=R y trfbêsfe` 51=R e`d p`tcdefjs fhuji ` fdbcrf`rcs j 7,7 lX p`orêd eukpifr e`d ij FCE2:1==-5 eijsc E5 fdstjijdo` ud bfitr` cxtcrd` (`pef`dji) e`k` kucstrj ij tjgij oc kês jgjn`. I`s e`dvcrtfo`rcs trfbêsfe`s oc 51=R, fhujics ` supcrf`rcs j ? lX, y i`s trfbêsfe`s 77=R fhujics ` supcrf`r j :,3 lX pucocd eukpifr ` d` eukpifr e`d ij FCE2:1=-5 eijsc E5 kcofjdtc ci pucdtc N:=., (D`tj> (D`tj> Ci pucdtc N:= cstê c cd d ij kfs kj g`isj quc ci kjduji oc fdstr fdstruee ueef`dcs) f`dcs) D`tj> Ocse`dcetc ci N:= eujdo` sc oc udj oc ijs sftujef`dcs sfhufcdtcs> :.

E`k` ci bfitr` CKE cs joceujo` pjrj ci sfstckj oc t`kj oc tfcrrj oci dcutr`, ocse`dcetjr ci N:= sf ci bfitr` CKE sc jpifej cd cstc sfstckj.

7.

  bjii` ji jrrjdejr ourjdtc ij e`dbfhur Ocse`dcetjr ci pucdtc N:= sf `eurrc jihþd e`dbfhurjefõd jefõd oci fdtcrrupt`r oc

e`rrfcdtc rcsfouji.  Bfitr` oc fdtcrbcrcdefjs fdtcrbcrcdefjs oc cdtrjoj> Ci e`dvcrtfo`r pucoc fdtcrbcrfr e`d ofsp`sftfv`s efreudojdtcs efreudojdtcs j trjvæs oc :?5   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

i`s ejgics ourjdtc su budef`djkfcdt` y ci bfitr` b fitr` oc fdtcrbcrcdefjs pucoc rcouefrijs oc b`rkj cbcetfvj.  Bfitr` oc rufo`s oc sjifoj> Uc utfifzj pjrj rcouefr ci rufo` rjof`ciæetrfe` ejusjo` p`r i`s ejgics cdtrc ci e`dvcrtfo`r y ci k`t`r y ij e`rrfcdtc oc buhj oc i`s ejgics. ejg ics. Ducstrj ckprcsj aj e`dbfhurjo` jihud`s ejgics pjrj ij e`dvcdfcdefj oc i`s usujrf`s. K`oci`

Bfitr Bfitr` ` CKE CKE oc cdtrjoj

HO7=-=W?H-U7  HO7=-=W?H-U7  HO7=-=W8H-U7 HO7=-:W3H-U7

BI_-]U7==?I-E-H   BI_-]U7==?I-E-H

HO7=-7W7H-U7 HO7=-=W?H-7   HO7=-=W?H-7 HO7=-=W8H-7 HO7=-=W8H-?

BI_-]=?==8I-E-H

HO7=-:W3H-? HO7=-7W7H-? D`tj> :. Ci vjrfjo`r eukpic e`d i`s rcqufsft`s oc ij ejtch`rëj E5 ocspuæs oc jújofr ci bfitr` e`rrcsp`dofcdtc oc ij tjgij jdtcrf`r. 7. I`s bfitr`s b fitr`s `pef`djics oc ij tjgij s`d cxtcrd`s, y p`r tjdt`, sc ocgcrêd s`ifeftjr jpjrtc ji rcjifzjr ci pcofo`. E. E.2.5 2.5 Fdstrueef` dcs oc fdst fdstjijefõd jijefõd pjrj ci bfit bfitr` r` E5

Ci pr`ecofkfcdt` pjrj ij fdstjijefõd oci bfitr` CKE cxtcrd` oc ejtch`rëj E5 cs ci sfhufcdtc> :. E`dcetc i`s ejgics oci bfitr` j i`s e`rrcsp`dofcdtcs tcrkfdjics oc cdtrjoj oci vjrfjo`r oc jeucro` e`d ij ctfquctj ofsp`dfgic cd ci bfitr`< b fitr`< 7. Bfnc ci bfitr` ji vjrfjo`r e`d i`s t`rdfii`s K5*:= (e`k` sc kucstrj cd ij fkjhcd supcrf`r). E. E.2.? 2.? Fdstrueef` dcs oci tfp ` oc Bfitr` E7

Ejrêet Ejrê etcr cr oc

Fdstrueef`dcs Fdstruee f`dcs octjiij octjiijojs ojs

iijkjoj J

BI_> BI_> Ucrfc oc bfitr bfitr`s `s pjrj e`dvcrtfo`rc e`dvcrtfo`rcss

G

_fp` oc Bfitr` :?? 

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

Ejrêetcr Ejrêet cr oc iijkjoj

Fdstrueef`dcs Fdstruee f`dcs octjiij octjiijojs ojs ]> Bfitr` oc jifkcdtjefõd jifkcdtjefõd I> Bfitr` ooc c sjifoj sjifoj _cdsfõd U7> EJ k`d`bêsfej 77=R(-:3%)~7?=R(+:=%) =?> EJ trfbêsfej 51=R (-:3%)~??=R(+:=%)

E O

Ci eõofh` oc fdtcdsfojo oc 5 p`sfef`dcs ’=:2‛ sfhdfbfej :2J _fp` oc fdstjijefõd I> _fp` e`kþd A> _fp` oc jit` rcdofkfcdt`

C

Jkgfcdtc oc utfifzjefõd oc i`s bfitr`s J> ]rfkcr jkgfcdtc (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) ejtch`rëj ejtch`rëj E: (CD 2:1==-5>7==?) G> ]rfkcr jkgfcdtc (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) (FCE2:1==-5>7==?) ejtch`rëj E7 (CD 2:1==-5>7==?)

B E.2.3 Bfitr` E7 K`oci`   K`oci`

Bfitr` oc Cdtrjoj

Bfitr` oc sjifoj

BI_-]U7=:=A-G

BI_-I=?==2I-G

BI_-]U7=73I-G

BI_-I=?=:2I-G

BI_-]=?==2I-G

BI_-I=?==2I-G

BI_-]=?=:2I-G

BI_-I=?=:2I-G

BI_-]=?=57I-G

BI_-I=?=57I-G

BI_-]=?=?3I-G BI_-]=?=?3I-G

BI_ BI_-I=?=?3I-G -I=?=?3I-G

BI_-]=?==2I-G

BI_-I=?==2I-G

BI_-]=?=:2I-G

BI_-I=?=:2I-G

BI_-]=?=57I-G

BI_-I=?=57I-G

BI_-]=?=?3I-G

BI_-I=?=?3I-G

HO7=-=W?H-U7   HO7=-=W?H-U7 HO7=-=W8H-U7 HO7=-:W3H-U7 HO7=-7W7H-U7 HO7=-=W?H-7   HO7=-=W?H-7 HO7=-=W8H-7 HO7=-:W3H-7 HO7=-7W7H-7 HO7=-==?H-7 HO7=-3W3H-7 HO7=-8W3H-7 HO7=-8W3 H-7 HO7=-=W8H-? HO7=-:W3H-? HO7=-7W7H-? HO7=-==?H-? HO7=-3W3H-? HO7=-8W3H-? HO7=-=::H-? HO7=-=:3H-? HO7=-=:1H-?

HO7=-=77H-? HO7=-=5=H-?

BI_-]=?=23I-G

BI_-I=?=23I-G :?3 

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj K`oci`   K`oci` HO7=-=58H-? HO7=-=?3H-? HO7=-=33H-? HO7=-=83H-? HO7=-=6=H-?

Jpædofec E Bfitr` oc Cdtrjoj

Bfitr` oc sjifoj

BI_-]=?:==I-G

BI_-I=?:==I-G

BI_-]=?:3=I-G

BI_-I=?:3=I-G

BI_-]=?7?=I-G

BI_-I=?7?=I-G

HO7=-::=H-? D`tj> :. Ij cdtrjoj CKF eukpic i`s rcqufsft`s oc E7 ocspuæs oc jújofr bfitr`s oc cdtrjoj. c dtrjoj. 7. Ijs `pef`dcs jdtcrf`rcs s`d cxtcrdjs. Ci eifcdtc ijs ocgc s`ifeftjr ji e`kprjr. e`kprjr.  

E.8 E. 8 Ufstckj oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` E.8.: Uciceefõd oc i`s e`kp`dcdtcs oc brcdjo` Ci k`t`r sc e`kp`rtjrê e`k` hcdcrjo`r hcdcrjo`r sf su r`tjefõd rcji cs kês hrjdoc h rjdoc quc ij e`rrcsp`dofcdtc vci`efojo vci`efojo oc sfder`dfsk` j ij brceucdefj oc e`dsfhdj. E`k` rcsuitjo` oc cstj sftujefõd, ij cdcrhëj oc ij fdcrefj oci k`t`r y ij ejrhj sc ocvucivcd ji vjrfjo`r, ejrhjdo` i`s e`docdsjo`rcs oci gus oc e`dtfduj (cd csc k`kcdt`, ij fdtcdsfojo vj oc k`t`r j vjrfjo`r, y d` ji rcvæs, e`k` suecoc ajgftujikcdtc). Eujdo` ij tcdsfõd sc fderckcdtj p`r cdefkj oc ud efcrt` iëkftc, ci vjrfjo`r pucoc ojújrsc. ]`r cstj rjzõd, cs dcecsjrf` utfifzjr rcsfstcdefjs oc brcdjo` pjrj cvftjri`.   Uõi`

i`s cicetrfe fstjs eu jifbfejo`s pu cocd ofscújr ofscújr,, fdstjijr, fdstjijr, p`dcr cd kjreaj y `pcrjr ci vjrfjo`r.   Ufhj ijs ijs fdstr fdstruee ueef`dcs f`dcs ocserftjs cd ’ ]rc ]rcejuef`dcs ejuef`dcs oc Uc Uchurfojo‛ hurfojo‛ cd ejs` oc rcjifzj rcjifzjrr eujiqufcr trjgjn` s`grc ci vjrfjo`r. ]ucocd pr`ouefrsc ojú`s bësfe`s ` fdeius` kucrtc, ` ojú`s cd i`s cqufp`s o c ij fdstjijefõd.   Uõi` i`s cicetrfefstjs eujifbfejo`s pucocd ejgicjr ci vjrfjo`r. ]ucocd pr`ouefrsc ojú`s cd ci vjrfjo`r ` i`s jeecs`rf`s oc brcdjo`. Icj octcdfojkcdtc ijs fdstrue ef`dcs ij rrcsfstcdefj csfstcdefj oc brcdjo` jdtcstcrkfdjics oc e`dcetjrij ji vjrfjo`r vjrfjo`r. e` dcetc ij oc rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` e`d `tr`s quc d` scjd ]G. y (+). (+). Uf sc e`dcetj j `tr`s tcrkfdjics, ci vjrfjo`r pucoc ojújrsc ` pucoc pr`ouefrsc ud fdecdof`.

  D`

  E`dcetc

ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` ji vjrfjo`r oc jeucro` j su csquckj. Sdj e`dcxfõd fde `rrcetj pucoc pr`v`ejr ojú`s cd ci vj vjrfjo`r rfjo`r u `t r`s cqufp`s e crejd`s.

I`s vjrfjo`rcs HO7= ofsp`dcd oc udfojo oc brcdjo` fdtcrdj.

K`oci`

Wcsfstcdefj oc ]`tcdefj e`dsukfoj p`r ij rcsfstcdefj oc Wcsfstcdefj Wcsfstcdefj _fp` oc udfojo brcdjo` ji brcdjo` oc brcdjo` oc brcdj br cdjo` o` :==% oci pjr brcdjo ` 1=% brcdjo` këdfkj (Φ) oc brcdjo` (Φ) :=% brcdjo` 3=% brcdjo`

HO7=-=W?H-U7   HO7=-=W?H-U7

Sdfojo oc fdtcrdj  HO7=-=W 8H-U7 brcdjo` fdtcrdj  HO7=-=W8H-U7

52:

=.=2

=.5=

=.?1

?7

:67

=.::

=.32

=.6=

?7 :?2 

 

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

K`oci`

Jpædofec E

Wcsfstcdefj oc ]`tcdefj e`dsukfoj p`r ij rcsfstcdefj oc Wcsfstcdefj Wcsfstcdefj _fp` oc udfojo brcdjo` ji brcdjo` oc brcdjo` oc brcdj br cdjo` o` :==% oci pjr :=% brcdjo` 3=% brcdjo` brcdjo ` 1=% brcdjo` këdfkj (Φ) oc brcdjo` (Φ)

HO7=-:W3H-U7

62

=.75

:.:=

:.1=

5=

HO7=-7W7H-U7

23

=.55

:.8=

7.2?

7:

HO7=-=W?H-7

52:

=.=2

=.5

=.?1

:5:

HO7=-=W8 H-7 HO7=-=W8H-7 HO7=-:W3H-7

:67 62

=.:: =.75

=.32 :.:

=.6 :.1

65 ??

HO7=-7W7H-7

23

=.55

:.8

7.2?

??

HO7=-==?H-7

52

=.2

5

?.1

55

HO7=-3W3H-7

72

=.83

?.:5

2.2

73

HO7=-8W3H-7

:6

:.:5

3.25

6

:5

HO7=-=W8H-? HO7=-=W8 H-?

235

=.::

=.32

=.6=

7?=

HO7=-:W3H-? HO7=-:W3 H-?

572

=.75

:.:5

:.1=

:8=

HO7=-7W7H-?

777

=.55

:.23

7.2?

:5=

HO7=-==?H-?

:77

=.2

5

?.1

1=

HO7=-3W3H-? HO7=-8W3H-?

16.: 23.5

=.83 :.:5

?.:5 3.25

2.2 6

2= ?8

HO7=-=::H-?

??.3

:.23

1.73

:5.7

5:

HO7=-=:3H-? HO7=-=:3H -?

57.=

7.73

::.5

:1

75

HO7=-=:1H-? HO7=-=:1H -?

78

5

:?

77

:6

HO7=-=77H-? HO7=-=77H -?

77

5

:8

72

:8

HO7=-=5=H-? HO7=-=5=H -?

:8

3

75

52

:8

HO7=-=58H-? HO7=-=58H -?

:5

2

71

??

::.8

HO7=-=?3H-?-G HO7=-=?3 H-?-G

:=

8

5?

3?

1

HO7=-=33H-?-G HO7=-=33 H-?-G

1

1

?:

22

1

HO7=-=83 H-?-G HO7=-=83H-?-G HO7=-=6=H-?-G

2.3 3.?

:: :?

32 21

6= :=1

2.? ?.?

HO7=-::=H-?-G

?.3

:8

15

:57

?.?

D`tj> Uciceef`dc ci vji`r oc rcsfstcdefj y oc p`tcdefj oc ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` oc jeucro` j i`s ojt`s pr`p`ref`djo`s p`r FDR_. Ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` pcrkftc fderckcdtjr ci pjr oc brcdjo` oci vjrfjo`r. Ij tjgij jdtcrf`r sc aj `gtcdfo` kfofcdo` e`d ud rjtf` oc utfifzjefõd oc brcdjo` oci :==% oci pjr oc brcdjo`, :=%, 3=% y 1=%. Ci usujrf` pucoc e`dbfhurjr su sfstckj oc brcdjo` oc jeucro` ji budef`djkfc b udef`djkfcdt` dt` rcji. ]`r d`rkj hcdcrji hcdcrji,, pjrj ij hrjd kjy`rëj oc jpifejef`dcs, ud :=% oc pjr oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` cs subfefcdtc.   Dudej

utfifec udj rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` e`d udj rcsfstcdefj fdbcrf`r ji vji`r

këdfk` cspcefbfejo` cspcefbfe jo` cd ij tjgij j jdtcrf`r. dtcrf`r. Ci vjrfjo`r y ci ea`pp cr oc brcdjo` fdtcrd` d` pu cocd s`p`rtjr ij s`gr s`grce`rrfcdtc ce`rrfcdtc pr`v`ejoj p`r ij gjnj rcsfstcdefj. :?8   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec E

  Fderckcdtc

ij p`tcdefj oc ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` cd ejs` oc tcdcr quc rcjifzjr brceucdtcs brcdjo`s (ci rjtf` oc utfifzjefõd oc brcdjo` ocgcrê scr kjy`r ji :=%). E.8.7 Uftujefõd oc ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` Uftþc ij rcsfstcdefj rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` cd ci sftf` kês brë` b rë` p`sfgic oc ij fdstjijefõd.   I`s

kjtcrfjics ecrejd`s j ij rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo` ocgcrêd scr fhdëbuh`s. Ij tckpcrjturj supcrbfefji oc ij rcsfstcdefj pucoc scr jitj. Ci jfrc quc pr`vfcdc oc ij

rcsfstcdefj pucoc cstjr j ud`s efcdt`s oc hrjo`s Ecisfus. ]r`tcnj ij rcsfstcdefj e`dtr j e`dtjet`s jeefocdtjics. ]jrj e`dbfhurjr ci sfstckj oc brcdjo` oci vjrfjo`r HO7=, tjd s`i` sc dcecsftj jújofr udj rcsfstcdefj oc brcdjo`, ojo` quc ci ea`ppcr oc brcdjo` b rcdjo` cstê fde`rp`rjo` cd ci pr`pf` cqufp`.

:?1   

H``orfvc7= vjrfjo`r oc brceucdefj

Jpædofec O

 Jpædo  Jp ædoff e c O Kjs fd f d b `rkje `r kjeff õd O.: O. : E`dsui E`dsuitjs tjs s`grc ci pr`ouet` y scrvfef` Ofrfnj eujiqufcr e`dsuitj s`grc ci pr`ouet` j ijs `bfefdjs oci ofstrfgufo`r FDR_ oc ij z`dj, fdofejdo` ci k`oci` cxjet` y ci dþkcr` oc scrfc. ]ucoc cde`dtrjr ud ifstjo` oc e`dtjet`s pjrj vcdtj, scrvfef` y s`p`rtc djvchjdo` p`r www.fdvt.e`k.ed. www.fdvt.e`k.ed.

O.7 O. 7 E`kcdtjrf`s E`kcdtjrf`s oc o c i`s kjdujics kjdujics oc ducstr`s e`dvcrtf o`rcs. Jhrjocecrck`s Jhrjocecrc k`s eujiqufcr e`kcdtjrf` s`grc ducstr`s kjdujics. Rjyj j  www.fdvt.e`k.ed y sciceef`dc @difdc Bccogjel oc E`dtjet Ss.

O.5 O. 5 Gfgif`tcej Gfgif` tcej oc o`eukcdt`s o`eukcdt` s cd Fdtcrdct ]`orê cde`dtrjr kjdujics y `tr`s o`eukcdt`s cd b`rkjt` ]OB cd Fdtcrdc. Rjyj j  j   www.fdvt.e`k.ed y sciceef`dc Ucrvfec jdo Uupp`rt `b O`eukcdt O`wdi`jo.

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