Laporan B13M1 Kel.1

 

IFPBTFG KF^EI JE^L]^E LMIBCPBL LMNEI DIBL 6> CBJ]I 6 PMGNMHFKFG JFG EGZMT^MP^E BTZBJBGZEL

Jesusug bimk ? Lmibcpbl

FGJE PFXMIM

6;6004=00;

ELF G]T FEJF

6;6004=04:

FIEAEF F]TFIEF

6;6004=066

 GE^TEGF JXE NFKUFTEGE NFKUFTEGE

6;6004=061

MJE XEDBXB

6;6004=06=

^EZE FGGE^F LFCDBIBGH

6;6004=0>=

C]ZKE―FK G]TEI LKF]GFEG

6;6004=040

JMDU FJEAF P]ZTE

6;6004=0>0

FCMIEZF TB^FIEGF

6;6004=04;

QEZTU AEIEF EGJFK^FTE

6;6004=0>>

TETE TFKCFJKFGE

6;6004=06:

CFUFGH FGHHEZF ^FTE

6;6004=0>1

PTBHTFC ^Z]JE LMJBLZMTFG HEHE AFL]IZF^ LMJBLZMTFG ]GEQMT^EZF^ C]IFXFTCFG 4040

e

 

LFZF PMG PMGHFGZFT HFGZFT

Puoe syulur lfce pfgoftlfg lmkfjerft Zukfg Ufgh Cfkf Msf lfrmgf ftfs iecpfkfg rfkcft smrtf kejfyfk-Gyf lfce jfpft cmgymimsfelfg tuhfs ifpbrfg yfgh dmroujui ’ Pmgnmhfkfg jfg Egtmrsmpse Brtbjbgtel – ege tmpft pfjf wfltugyf. Ifpbrfg ege lfce susug jfre dmrdfhfe sucdmr eicefk smdfhfe kfsei jfre Jesluse Lmibcpbl Lmnei (JLL) lfce.  Lfce cmghunfplfg tmrecf lfsek lmpfjf smcuf pekfl yfgh tmifk cmcdfgtu smkeghhf tmrsmimsfelfggyf ifpbrfg ege, fgtfrf ifeg ? 6. jrh. Cusgfr Cuger, ^p.LHF smiflu tutbr lmibcpbl 6 yfgh ttmifk mifk cmcdecdegh lfce jfifc cmgymimsfelfg Jesluse Lmibcpbl Lmnei (JLL). 4. jrh. Cusgfr Cuger, ^p.LHF smiflu jbsmg pmgfghhugh ofwfd luiefk cbjui ege yfgh tmifk cmcdecdegh jfg cmcdmrelfg tuhfs lmpfjf lfce. >. Zmcfg-tmcfg lmibcpbl 6 y yfgh fgh tmifk cmgyucdf cmgyucdfghlfg ghlfg pmcelerfg jfg tmgfhfgyf smkeghhf Jesluse Lmibcpbl Lmnei (JLL) 6 jfg 4 jfpft dmrofifg jmghfg dfel, smrtf jfpft cmgymimsfelfg ifpbrfg kfsei Jesluse Lmibcpbl Lmnei (JLL). Lfce cmgyfjfre dfkwf lmcfcpufg lfce jfifc cmgyusug ifpbrfg ege sfghft tmrdftfs. Bimk lfrmgf etu, lfce sfghft cmghkfrfplfg lretel

jfg

sfrfg

yfgh

dmrseaft

cmcdfghug

jmce

tmrnfpfegyf

lmsmcpurgffg jfre ese ifpbrfg kfsei Jesluse Lmibcpbl Lmnei (JLL) ege. ^fcfregjf, = ^mptmcdmr 4040

Lmibcpbl EEE

ee

 

JFAZFT E^E

…………………………………………………………………

Lftf Pmghfgtfr 

ee 

Jfatfr Ese……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………..eee  DFD 6 ? Pmgjfkuiufg………………………………………………………...6

F. Iftfr Dmiflfgh.. Dmiflfgh......................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................................... ......................6 D. Zuoufg Pmguiesfg...................... Pmguiesfg............................................ ............................................ .......................................... ......................4 N. Cfgafft Pmguiesfg........................... Pmguiesfg................................................. ............................................ ................................... ...............4 DFD 4 ? Pmcdfkfsfg…………………………………………………………>

F. ^lmgfreb………………………………………………………………..> D. Ejmgteaelfse esteifk suiet…………………………………………………: N. Ejmgteaelfse cfsfifk…………………………………………………….: J. Fgfiesf cfsfifk………………………………………………………...= M. ^trulturesfse lbgsmp………………………………………………….....; A. Imfrgegh Bdomntevm……………………………………………………...; H. Dmifofr cfgjere…………………………………………………………;  K. ^egtmses………………………………………………………………....; DFD > ? Pmgutup ……………………………………………………………..41

F. Lmsecpuifg.. Lmsecpuifg........................... ............................................... ............................................ .......................................... ......................41 D. ^frfg....................... ^frfg................................................ ............................................... ............................................ .................................41 ...........41 

eee

 

ev

 

DFD E PMGJFK]I]FG

F.  Iftfr Dmiflfgh

^meregh jmghfg pmrlmcdfghfg yfgh tmrofje pfjf cfgusef tmrofje puif  pmrudfkfg pfjf dmdmrfpf strultur pfjf tuduk cfgusef. ^fifk sftugyf fjfifk  pmrudfkfg dmgtul jfg ulurfg rfkfgh smrtf smeregh jmghfg pmrlmcdfghfg tuduk,  oucifk hehe cfgusef flfg cmgofje imdek dfgyfl jfg dmrhfgte jfre hehe susu cmgofje hehe pmrcfgmg. Gfcug, smregh lfie jfifc pmrlmcdfghfg tmrsmdut jeoucpfe lmsfifkfg ftfu lmfdgbrcfifg jfre pbsese rfkfgh jfg cfipbsese hehe. Pmgymdfdgyf tejfl jfpft jelmtfkue smnfrf pfste lfrmgf mtebihegyf dmrseaft cuiteafntbrefi, desf jesmdfdlfg lfrmgf fjfgyf trfucf, lmifegfg lbghmgetfi,  pmghfruk ieghlughfg, jmaesemgse gutrese, lmlurfghfg kbrcbgm jii. Cfipbsese jfre hehe tmrsmdut jfpft cmgymdfdlfg suftu lbgjse yfgh jesmdut cfibliuse, yflge bliuse yfgh tejfl ejmfi. Cfibliuse, oelf jejmtmlse smnmpft cughleg, desf ofje jekeifghlfg ftfu jeduft imdek reghfg, jmghfg egesefse prbsmjur brtbjbgtel egtmrsmptea. Pmgnmhfkfg  prbsmjur brtbjbgtel ouhf dmrseaft egtmrsmptea oelf jeiflulfg smhmrf smtmifk  pmghmcdfghfg cfibliuse. Prbsmjur egtmrsmpse jeiflulfg je wfltu yfgh tmpft jfpft cmghkeifghlfg pmrlmcdfghfg cfibliuse ftfu cmcduftgyf lurfgh pfrfk, smkeghhf cmcughleglfg brtbjbgtel lbrmltea ugtul cmcdmrelfg kfsei yfgh stfdei jfg lbgsmrvftea jfifc wfltu pmrfwftfg smseghlft cughleg jmghfg smjelet lmtejflgyfcfgfg dfhe pfsemg. Prbsmjur brtbjbgtel egtmrsmptea flfg cmcfstelfg  dfkwf lmdefsffg iesfg tejfl cmgofje tmtfp jfg tejfl dmrudfk maml cmrusfl tejfl cmcpmghfruke pmrtucdukfg gbrcfi jfg pmrlmcdfghfg pfsemg..

6

 

D.  Zuoufg Pmguiesfg

Zuoufg pmguiesfg ifpbrfg ege fjfifk fhfr cfkfseswf cfcpu ? 6.  Cmgomifslfg pmrdmjffg jfre tegjflfg prmvmgtea brtbjbgte jfg egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte 4.  Cmgomifslfg cmghmgfe tegjflfg prmvmgtea cfibliuse >.  Cmgomifslfg cmghmgfe tegjflfg yfgh jfpft jeiflulfg jfifc pmrfwtfg egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte dmsmrtf jmghfg fift-fift yfgh defsfgyf jehugflfg jfifc  pmrfwftfg tmrsmdut N.  Cfgafft Pmguiesfg  Cfgafft jfre pmguiesfg ifpbrfg ege fjfifk fhfr cfkfseswf jfpft cmghmtfkue imdek jfifc cmghmgfe pmrfwftfg brtbjbgte yfgh jfpft jeiflulfg pfjf pfsemg fgfl-fgfl jmghfg pmrebjm hehe susu ftfu nfcpurfg. Jekfrfplfg, smtmifk cmcdfnf ifpbrfg ege, cfkfseswf jfpft cmgomifslfg cmghmgfe pmrdmjffg fgtfrf prmvmgtea brtbjbgte jfg egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte smrtf cmgomifslfg imdek jfifc cmghmgfe prfltel  pmrfwftfg egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte

4

 

DFD EE

PMCDFKF^FG F.  ^lmgfreb

Hehe dmrteghlft jfg lmjfifc dfhfecfgf ege 2

^mbrfgh edu yfgh sfghft sedul lfrmgf ef smbrfgh pmghusfkf, smkeghhf lurfgh cmcpmrkftelfg lmsmkftfg hehe fgfl pfjf kfi fgflgyf jfifc cfsf  pmrtucdukfg, lmcujefg se edu tmrsmdut cmcdfwf fgfl pmrmcpufggyf ucur 5 tfkug lm liegel hehe ugcui lfrmgf lfhmt cmiekft tucduk hehe tejfl gbrcfi fjf yfgh jeftfs jfg fjf yfgh lm frfk jfifc ugtul dmrlbgsuitfse jfg egheg cmrfwftgyf. Jfre kfsei pmcmrelsffg jbltmr cmgyecpuilfg dfkwf tmifk tmrofje cfibliuse yfgh reghfg lmcughlegfg lfrmgf imtfl dmgek hehe pmrcfgmg jfg  pmrsestmgse hehe suiugh. ]gtul pmrfwftfg lfsus pfjf fgfl ege tmrjere dmdmrfpf tfkfp lfrmgf jejfpftlfg dmdmrfpf lfsus jfifc rbghhf cuiut. Pmrfwftfg ugtul cfibliuse reghfg yfetu egtmrsmptel brtbjbgse jfg jmghfg dmrcfnfc cfnfc fift yfgh jehugflfg smnfrf dmrhfgtefg jfg dmrselmgfdughfg. Cfibliuse jfpft jenmhfk fpfdeif se edu cmcpmrkftelfg pmrtucdukfg jfg pmrlmcdfghfg hehe hmiehe smjege cughleg. Dfhfecgf nfrf cmgnmhfkgyf jbltmr, sfyf cfsek pugyf fgfl yh ifeg

>

 

 ofghfg sfcpfe smpmrte lflflgyf ege. Ufgh pmriu dfhe edu cmcpmrkftelfg  pmrtucdukfg jfg pmrlmcdfghfggyf hehe hmiehe smrtf lbgsuitfse / pmcmrelsffg ruteg rbghhf cuiut. Dfgyfl afltbr pmgymdfd / mtebibhe cfibliuse jfg ouhf fjf afltbr lmturugfg.

D.  Ejmgteaelfse Esteifk ^uiet

6)  Pmrsestmgse Hehe ^uiugh ? Lmfjffg hehe suiugh dmiuc tfghhfi wfifupug wfltu tfghhfi sujfk tedf. Fpfdeif hehe pmrcfgmg pmrcfgmg yfgh sjk mrupse tfpe hehe suiugh  dmiuc tfghhfi. ^uftu lmfjffg hehe suiugh cfsek dmrfjf jfifc cuiut jfg  dmiuc tfghhfi, tmtfpe hehe pmrcfgmggyf sjk tucduk. 4)  Egtmrsmptel Brtbjbgte ? ^uftu ifghlfk ftfu afsm ugtul cmghkeifghlfg cfipbsese pfjf hehe. Zegjflfg ftfu pmrfwftfg brtbjbgte, yfetu cfibliuse yfgh tfcpfl jfg sjh dmrlmcdfgh. Cfibliuse sjk tmrofj, tfpe cfsek jfifc slfif reghfg smkeghhf cfsek desf jenmhfk. >)  Cfibliuse ? ^uftu lbgjese hehe yfgh imtflgyf tejfl tmrftur ftfu fdgbrcfi sfft  dmrlbgtfl jmghfg rfkfgh ftfs jfg dfwfk. Lmtejflsegfcdughfg TF jfg TD. ^mpmrte nrbwjmj jfg jefstmcf. :)  Brtbjbgte

?

^fifk sftu nfdfgh eicu yfgh dmrlfetfg jhg lmifegfg

 pmrlmcdfghfg pbsese hehe. Pmgnmhfkfg ugtul cmghfifce hfghhufg. N.  Ejmgteaelfse Cfsfifk

6)  Fpf sfof cfnfc-cfnfc pmrfwftfg egtmrsmptel brtkbjbgte2 4)  Dfhfecfgf pmgnmhfkfg tmrofjegyf cfibliuse2 >)  Fpf sfof mtebibhe jfre cfibliuse2 :)  Fpf pmrdmjffg fgtfrf prmamgtea brtkbjbgte jfg egtmrsmptel brtkbjbgte2 =)  Fpf sfof fift yfgh jehugflfg jfifc lfsus pfjf slmgfreb2 1)  Fpf sfof dftfsfg jfre cfibliuse reghfg2 8)  Oelf cfibliuse tejfl jetfghfge, fpflfk cmgofje pfrfk2 Jfg jfifc ofghlf wfltu dmrfpf ifcf2

:

 

;)  Fpf yfgh desf cmgymdfdlfg smbrfgh fgfl jfpft cmghfifce pmrsestmgse hehe suiugh2 5)  Fpflfk fjf pmrfwftfg ifeggyf smifeg brtbjbgte egtmrsmptel2 60) Lfsus fpf sfof yfgh cmcdutuklfg pmrfwftfg egtmrsmptel brtkbjbgte2 J.  Fgfiesf Cfsfifk

6.  Fpf sfof cfnfc-cfnfc pmrfwftfg egtmrsmpse brtbjbgtel 2 f)  Pmgnfcdutfg hehe suiugh dmrmgnfgf lmtelf hehe tmriekft dmromofi

 d) Pmghhugffg spfnm rmhfegmr ugtul cmgjfpftlfg Lmcdfie rufgh yfgh keifgh fledft hehe jmsejue yfgh tfghhfi tmrifiu nmpft n)  Pmrfwftfg brtb (gmw tkmrfpy). j) Cmiflulfg armgmltbce dfhe armguiuc yfgh teghhe m)  Lfwft perfgte impfsfg, ugtul cmghhmrfllfg hehe yfgh pbsesegyf tejfl smsufe a)  Lbrmlse nrbssdetm fgtmrebr jfg pbstmrebr. h) Miecegfse brfi kfdetm k)  pmcfsfghfg pmcfsfghfg TCM, ugtul pmimdfrfg rfkfgh ftfs. e)  iftekfg btbt (imdek lm tegjflfg prmamgtea cfibliuse).Cmrupflfg mimcmg  pmgtegh ugtul bliuse gbrcfi. 4.  Dfhfecfgf pmgnmhfkfg tmrofjegyf cfibliuse 2 f)  Fjfgyf kudughfg yfgh dfel fgtfrf jbltmr hehe jfg pfsemg.  d) Cmiflulfg pmcmrelsffg hehe fgfl smjege cughleg n)  Pmghfcdeifg abtb rbgthmg j) Pmcmgukfg gutrese yfgh nulup ugtul edu kfcei m)  Cmiflulfg pmgnfdutfg hehe jmsejue smnfrf tmrmgnfgf a)  Pmcfsfghfg

spfnm

cfegtmgmr

sfft

pmgnfdutfg

hehe

jmsejue

ugtul

cmcpmrtfkfglfg rufgh h) Pmcfsfghfg spfnm rmhfegmr ugtul cmcpmrimdfr rufghfg yfgh tmifk smcpet

=

 

k) Lbgtrbi lfrems jmghfg lbgsmiegh jemt ftfu cmghftur pbif cflfg, tbpelfi aiubr, pmghhugffg pet fgj aessurm smfimgt, cmghmjulfse brh tuf. e)  Cmghegjfre dfj kfddet fgfl(cmghkesfp omcpbi, cmghhehet deder, ghmjbt)  o)  Pmghhugffg fift pmgnmhfkfg cfibliuse ifeg yfgh je pfsfrlfg jesmdut huejegh mruptebg, jehugflfg smwfltu fgfl tejur jfg jeegjelfselfg ugtul usef 1-66 tfkug. >.  Fpf sfof mtebibhe jfre cfibliuse 2 Mtebibhe jfre cfibliuse desf jelftflfg cuiteafntbrefi. Desf jesmdfdlfg lfrmgf fjfgyf hfghhufg pmrlmcdfghfg jfre sucdmr yfgh tejfl jelmtfkue, fjfgyf trfucf yfgh tmrofje pfjf cfsf prmgftfi jfg pbstgftfi ftfu jfpft ouhf jesmdfdlfg lfrmgf cfigutrese. ^mifeg etu, cfibliuse ouhf desf jsmdfdlfg lfrmgf lmturugfg.

:.  Fpf pmrdmjffg prmvmgtea brtbjbgte jfg egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte 2 Prmamgtea brtbjbgte fjfifk tegjflfg pmrfwftfg yfgh jeabluslfg ugtul cmgofhf egtmhretfs bliuse jfg cmgnmhfk tmrofjegyf cfibliuse. Zegjflfg pmrfwftfg ege jeiflulfg smofl jfifc lfgjughfg sfcpfe pfsemg fgfl pfjf cfsf hehe susu. ^mcmgtfrf etu, ugtul egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte fjfifk tegjflfg pmrfwftfg yfgh jeiflulfg pfjf cfsf hehe nfcpurfg jfg sujfk cmghfifce cfibliuse. Zegjflfg ege jeiflulfg ugtul cmgnmhfk tmrofjegyf cfibliuse yfgh imdek pfrfk. =.  Fpf sfof fift yfgh jehugflfg pfjf lfsus je jfifc snmgfreb 2 Fift yfgh jfpft jehugflfg ugtul cmghftfse lbgjese smpmrte yfgh fjf fjf je jfifc snmgfreb fjfifk -perfgte impfsfg -perfgte nmlft -perfgte lbgvmgsebgfi 1.  Fpf sfof dftfsfg jfre cfibliuse reghfg 2 -egjmls (KCFT)? =-5? tejfl cmcdutuklfg pmrfwftfg 60-6:?cfibliuse reghfg cmcmriulfg pmrfwtfg

1

 

Jmgtfi mstmtel egjmls  Gbrcfi Cfibliuse reghfg Cfibliuse gyftf Cfibliuse pfrfk ? egjmls imdek jfre 4= EBZG ( EGJM[ Ba Zrmftcmgt Gmmj) H6? tejfl dutuk trmftcmg H4?sfghft lmnei utl trmftcmgt H>?cmcdutuklfg trmftcmgt H:?sfghft cmcdutuklfg trmftcmgt. 8.  Oelf cfibliuse tejfl jetfghfge, fpflfk flfg cmgofje pfrfk 2 jfg jfifc ofghlf wfltu dmrfpf ifcf 2 Fpfdeif cfibliuse tejfl jetfghfge, cflf lmcughlegfg cfibliuse ouhf flfg cmgofje imdek pfrfk. Kfi ege jesmdfdlfg lfrmgf rfkfgh cmghfifce cfsf  pmrlmcdfghfg. ^mkeghhf, fpfdeif cfibliuse yfgh fjf tejfl jetfghfge smofl jege flfg cmcpmrpfrfk lbgjese cfibliuse etu smgjere jfg ouhf flfg cmgymdfdlfg pmrcfsfifkfg ifeg smpmrte tmcpbrbcfgjeduifr

;.  Fpf yfgh cmgymdfdlfg smbrfgh fgfl cmghfifce pmrsestmgse hehe suiugh 2  pmrsestmgse hehe suiugh pfjf fgfl jfpft jesmdfdlfg lfrmgf jmaesemgse gutrese yfgh flfg cmcpmrifcdft pmcdmgtulfg ofreghfg pmrebjbgtfi. ^mifeg etu, jfpft  puif jesmdfdlfg bimk hfghhufg kbrcbgm tyrbej, jfg egamlse smrtf fglyibses tuifgh 5.  Fpflfk fjf pmrfwftfg ifeggyf smifeg egtmrsmpse brtbjbtel 2 Zmrjfpft dmdmrfpf pmrfwftfg ifeggyf yflge Prmamgtea, Lurftea (cmghbrmlse ftfu cmcpmrdfele cfibliuse yfgh sujfk tmrofje) jfg Pmrfwftfg dmjfk 60. Dmdmrfpf lfsus sjk jesfcpfelfg sfft dmrofifggyf jll.

8

 

M.  ^trulturesfse Lbgsmp

A. Imfrgegh Bdomltea

6)  Cfkfseswf cfcpu cmgomifslfg smrtf cfcpu cmcdmjflfg prmamgtea brtbjbgte jmghfg egtmrsmptel brtbjbgte 4)  Cfkfseswf cfcpu cmgomifslfg tegjflfg prmvmgtea cfibliuse >)  Cfkfseswf cfcpu cmgomifslfg tegjflfg pmrfwftfg egtmrsmptea brtbjbgte f.   omges-omges pmrfwftfg jfifc pmrfwftfg egtmrsmptea brtbjbgte.  d.   perfgte yfgh jehugflfg jfifc pmrfwftfg egtmrsmptea brtbjbgtea.

H.  Dmifofr Cfgjere

Pfjf stmp ege cfsegh-cfsegh fghhbtf lmibcpbl dmifofr smnfrf cfgjere ugtul cmgmculfg imfrgegh bdomntevm yfgh smdmiucgyf sujfk jesmpflfte dmrsfcf. K.  ^egtmses 6.  Cfkfseswf cfcpu cmgomifslfg smrtf cfcpu cmcdmjflfg prmvmgtea brtbjbgte smrtf egtmrsmpse brtbjbgte

f.  Prmvmgtea brtbjbgte Cmgurut Hrfdmr (6511), prmvmgtea brtbjbgte fjfifk suftu tegjflfg yfgh jeiflulfg ugtul cmgofhf egtmhretfs bliuse gbrcfi pfjf wfltu tmrtmgtu. ^mcmgtfrf cmgurut prbaat jfg Fnlmrcfg (65;0), cmrupflfg sfifk sftu

;

 

tegjflfg ugtul pmgnmhfkfg jfre pbtmgse hfghhufg pmrlmcdfghfg bliuse. ^meghhf desf jesecpuilfg jesege dfkwf pmrfwftfg prmvmgtea brtbjbgte upfyf yfgh jeiflulfg ugtul cmgnmhfk tmrofejgyf cfibliuse dfel pfjf cfsf prmgftfi jfg pbstgftfi. Jfifc sucdmr ifeg ouhf jesmdutlfg dfkwf tegjflfg Ege fjfifk dfhefg jfre prfltel brtbjbgtel yfgh dmrablus pfjf mjulfse tmrkfjfp pfsemg jfg brfgh tuf, pmghfwfsfg pmrtucdukfg jfg  pmrlmcdfghfg hehe jfg strultur lrfgebafsefi, prbsmjur jefhgbsten yfgh jeiflulfg ugtul cmcprmjelse lmcugnuifg cfibliuse jfg prbsmjur  pmghbdftfg

yfgh

tmrsusug ugtul

cmgnmhfk

tecduigyf cfibliuse.

Zegjflfg yfgh jeiflulfg jfifc pmrfwftfg ege dmrupf ? 6) Mjulfse lmpfjf brfgh tuf, dfkwfsfgyf lmtelf fgfl cfsek dmrfjf je jfifc lfgjughfg, edu kfrus cmgjfpftlfg cflfgfg yfgh nulup geife hezegyf ugtul lmpmgteghfg pmrtucdukfg ofgeg. Edu kfrus nulup cmgjfpft lfiseuc, absabr, aiubr jfg vetfceg-vetfceg F, N jfg J ugtul cmgnulupe lmdutukfg ofgeg flfg zft-zft tmrsmdut.   4) ^mifgoutgyf fjfifk pfjf dfye, lmdutukfg gutrese dfye kfrus dmgfr-dmgfr jepmrkftelfg fhfr pmrtucdukfg jfg pmrlmcdfghfg tudukgyf (tmrcfsul hehe jfg cuiut) jfpft dmrofifg jmghfg dfel. ^mifeg afltbr gutrese, smbrfgh dfye kfrus tmrkegjfr jfre dmrdfhfe cfnfc pmgyflet yfgh jfpft cmghfghhu

pmrtucdukfg

jfg

pmrlmcdfghfg.

Pmgyflet

rkegetes,

rflketes, seaeies, ZDN tuifgh ftfu fvetfcegbses jfpft cmgymdfdlfg jmabrcfse tuifgh tmrcfsul hehe jfg ofreghfg pmgjulughgyf.

>) cmghfofrlfg lmpfjf fgfl-fgfl yfgh sujfk tucduk hehe fhfr rfoeg cmghhbsbl hehe, cmcdmre frfkfg fhfr cmghkegjfre cflfgfg yfgh jfpft cmrusfl hehe, cmgyfrfglfg fhfr ruteg cmiflulfg pmcmrelsffg hehe jfg cuiut lm jbltmr hehe, cmgofhf fgfl-fgfl fhfr tejfl cmiflulfg lmheftfg ftfu lmdefsffg durul (dfj kfdet) nbgtbk? lmdefsffg cmghkesfp edu ofre (tkucd sunlegh), cmghhehet deder (ieps detegh), jfg ifeg smdfhfegyf. 5

 

:) Lbgtrbi lfrems ugtul cmgnmhfk mfriy ibss jfg cehrfse hehe smdmifkgyf   =) ^mifiu cmcpmrkftelfg lbgjese hehe suiugh fgfl   1) Cfgfhmcmg pfjf hehe yfgh cmghfifce fglyibses   8) Pmcmiekfrffg pmgnfdutfg hehe smsufe jmghfg tfdim wfltu ;) Cmcmrelsf lmdefsffg brfi fgfl jfg cmghkmgtelfg lmdefsfg durul tmrsmdut jmghfg pmghhugffg fift oelf pmriu 5) Mlueiedrefse bliusfi fpfdeif tmrjfpft prmcfturetfs bliusfi 60) Pmgnmhfkfg lmrusflfg bliuse 66) Pmgnfdutfg hehe supmrgucmrfry ugtul cmghkegjfre hehe tucduk  dmromofi yfgh imdek pfrfk 64) Pmcmiekfrffg rufgh jmghfg rufgh spfnm cfegtfegmr lmtelf hehe jmsejue cmghfifce mfriy ibss  6>) Cfgfomcmg pmrimlftfg armgfies yfgh fdgbrcfi  d.  Egtmrnmptevm brtbjbgte Fcrenfg

Fssbneftebg

ba

Brtkbjbgtensf

(6515)

cmgjmaegeseslfg

egtmrnmptevm brtbjbgte ege smdfhfe afsm sfegs jfg smge brtbjbgtel yfgh jehugflfg ugtul cmghmgfie jfg cmghkeifghlfg pbtmgse pmgyecpfghfg jf cfipbsese yfgh lbcpimls pfjf jmgtbafsefi yfgh smjfgh dmrlmcdfgh. Jfre sucdmr ifeg cmgymdutlfg dfkwf egtmrsmptevm brt brtbjbgtel bjbgtel fjfifk tegjflfg ftfu pmrfwftfg yfgh jeiflulfg pfjf cfibliuse yfgh sujfk tfcpfl ftfu smjfgh dmrlmcdfgh. Jesege cfibliuse sujfk tmrofje smkeghhf kfrus jeiflulfg pmrfwftfg ugtul cmgnmhfk tmrofjegyf cfibliuse yfgh imdek  pfrfk. Pmrfwftfg ege defsfgyf jeiflulfg pfjf cfsf hehe dmrnfcpur ftfu  pmrcfgmg cujf. Zegjflfg yfgh defsfgyf jeiflulfg jfifc egtmrnmptevm brtkbjbgten fjfifk ?

6) Pmgnfdutfg smrefi 4) Lbrmlse pmrlmcdfghfg nrbssdetm  >) ^pfnm rmhfegegh 

60

 

:) lbgtrbi lmdefsffg durul =) Iftekfg btbt 1) Egtmrsmpse cfirmifse slmimtfi  8) Pmghkeifghfg ofreghfg ftfu tuifgh pmghkfifgh smkeghhf hehe jfpft mrupse  4.  Cfkfseswf cfcpu cmgomifslfg tegjflfg prmvmgtea cfibliuse

Pmgnmhfkfg tmrofjegyf cfibliuse jfpft jeiflulfg dfel pfjf cfsf  prmgftfi cfupug pfjf cfsf pbstgftfi. Pfjf cfsf prmgftfi, tegjflfg  pmgnmhfkfg cfibliuse dmrablus pfjf pmcdmrefg mjulfse lmpfjf edu yfgh cmghfgjugh. Jecfgf, gutrese yfgh jepmriulfg pfjf cfsf lmkfceifg kfrus jepmguke smpmrte prbtmeg, lfiseuc, fsfc abift jfg vetfceg ifeggyf. Jmghfg gutrese yfgh tmrpmguke, jekfrfplfg ofgeg yfgh fjf je jfifc lfgjughfg jfpft  dmrlmcdfgh jmghfg dfel, tmrutfcf pmrlmcdfghfg je jfmrfk brbcflseibafnefi. Dmrifgout pfjf cfsf prmgftfi jeifgoutlfg jmghfg pmcdmrefg gutrese Lmcdfie lmpfjf dfye ugtul cmgugofgh pmrlmcdfghfg tudukgyf. ^fcpfe  pfjf cfsf hehe jmsejue, defsfgyf fgfl-fgfl fgfl -fgfl flfg cmiflulfg lmdefsffg cuiut smpmrte tkucd sunlegh yfgh desf jesmdfdlfg lfrmgf lurfghgyf fse yfgh jedmrelfg lmpfjf dfye. Lmdefsffg tmrsmdut fpfdeif jeiflulf jfifc wfltu yfgh  dmrlmpfgofghfg flfg cmgymdfdlfg tmrofjegyf cfibliuse fledft tmlfgfg edu  ofre lmpfjf hehe lmtelf fgfl cmghkesfp edu ofre. Zmrjfpft esteifk ’gbg-gutretevm sunlegh kfdet–  (GG^K) yfgh cmgnflup pmghhugffg mcpmgh (dbgmlf / mcpmgh) jfg pmghkesfpfg ofre. Fgfl-fgfl jmghfg rewfyft GG^K cmceiele lmcughlegfg cfibliuse yfgh imdek teghhe jedfgjeghlfg jmghfg fgfl-fgfl tfgpf rewfyft GG^K. ^mifeg etu, fjf dulte dfkwf smcfleg ifcf jurfse lmdefsffg, smcfleg pfrfk cfibliuse tmrofje. Oelf cfsfifk ege tejfl jeftfse smhmrf keghhf hehe pmrcfgmg tmifk mrupse cfsek cmiflulfg lmdefsffg ege, cflf pmrfwftfg gyf desf cmgofje rucet, rucet, cmcflfg wfltu jfg cfkfi.

66

 

Bimk lfrmgf etu, brfgh tuf kfrus desf cmghmiecegfse lmdefsffg durul smpmrte ege ugtul cmgnmhfk lmcughlegfg yfgh imdek durul je cfsf yfgh flfg jftfgh. ^mifeg pmcdmrefg mjulfse jfg cmghmiecegfse lmdefsffg durul pfjf fgfl, kfi ifeg yfgh jfpft jeiflulfg ugtul cmgnmhfk tmrofjegyf cfibliuse fjfifk jmghfg cmiflulfg lbgtrbi lfrems ugtul cmgnmhfk jmnfy jfg mfriy ibss  pfjf hehe jmsejue, cmghhugflfg spfnm cfegtfegmr, pmgnfdutfg supmrgucmrfry tmmtk, dfhe fgfl-fgfl yfgh cmgyusu jmghfg cmghhugflfg jbt ugtul smdfelgyf jehfgte jmghfg jbt pkysebibhes, smrtf brfgh tuf kfrus dmrusfkf cmcdecdegh fgflgyf ugtul cmgyelft hehe smnfrf ruteg jfg ouhf cmghmgfilfg fgfl jmghfg pmrfwftfg jbltmr hehe ugtul cmghurfghe lmtflutfg fgfl tmrkfjfp jbltmr hehe. >.  Cfkfseswf cfcpu cmgomifslfg cmghmgfe egtmrsmpse brtbjbgtel

^mpmrte yfgh sujfk jeomifslfg pfjf pmcdfkfsfg je ib smdmiucgyf dfkwf, fpfdeif tmrjfpft cfibliuse yfgh jfpft je jmtmlse smnfrf imdek nmpft ftfu desf je jmtmlse smnfrf jege, cflf pmrfwftfg egtmrnmptevm brtkbjbgten fjfifk sfifk sftu  pmrfwftfg yfgh jfpft cmghkeifghlfg cfibliuse ftfu cmguruglfg lmpfrfkfg jfre cfibliuse yfgh fjf. ^mkeghhf flfg cmghkfseilfg lbrmlse cfibliuse yfgh tmpft pfjf sfft hehe pfsemg cmcfsule afsm hehe pmrcfgmg smutukgyf. Jfifc  pmrfwftfg egtmrnmptevm brtkbjbgten, tmrjfpft dmdmrfpf tegjflfg jfsfr yfgh jeiflulfg, yflge ? f.  ^pfnm Tmhfegegh  ^pfnm rmhfegmr fjfifk sfifk sftu tegjflfg yfgh jeiflulfg ugtul cmgjfpftlfg Lmcdfie rufghfg yfgh cmgymcpet fledft hehe pmrcfgmg yfgh tmrifiu nmpft tfghhfi. Zegjflfg ege kfrus jeiflulfg lfrmgf fpfdeif  pmcmiekfrffg rufgh tejfl jeiflulfg jfifc lfsus nbgtbk yflge keifghgyf hehe cbifr juf jmsejue, cflf hehe cbifr pmrcfgmg flfg dmrhmrfl lm frfk cmsefi ftfu ceregh lm frfk cmsefi. Jmghfg kfi ege, rufgh yfgh tmrsesf je

64

 

imghlugh rfkfgh flfg smcfleg cmghmnei jfg cmgymdfdlfg hehe prmcbifr lmjuf tmrkfifgh ugtul mrupse. ^fifk sftu pmgymdfd lmcereghfg ftfu  pmrhmrflfg cbifr lm cmsefi fjfifk lfrmgf imse lfrems yfgh iufs, mrupse mltbpel, jfg mltrflse prmcfturm jfre hehe cbifr jmsejue. Xfltu jestfiesfse ftfu pmghmcdfiefg hehe cbifr pmrcfgmg lm frfk jestfi

sfghft pmgtegh. Oelf smbrfgh fgfl jerfwft smdmiuc usef 5 tfkug jecfgf flfr hehe cbifr pmrcfgmg dmiuc smimsfe pmrtucdukfggyf, cflf

6>

 

 pmrhmrflfg cbifr ftfu teppegh cbifr pmrcfgmg lm frfk jestfi flfg imdek cujfk. Gfcug, fpfdeif wfltu pmrfwftfg jetugjf tmrifiu ifcf keghhf hehe cbifr juf pmrcfgmg sujfk mrupse, kfi ege flfg cmgymdfdlfg lmsuietfg  dfhe jbltmr ugtul cmcegjfklfg juf cbifr yfgh cfgf tmgtugyf ege cmcdutuklfg tmgfhf yfgh dmsfr jfg cmcdutuklfg bmrfwftfg brtbjbgtel lbrmltea. Jfifc prfltelgyf, tmrjfpft dmdmrfpf lbgtrfegjelfse pmghhugffg spfnm rmhfegmr yflge, pfjf lfsus lmimdekfg tmcpft, ifiu pfjf lfsus lmlurfghfg tmcpft yfgh sfghft dfgyfl jfg jmlft pfjf hehe yfgh ecpflse, smrtf pfjf lfsus yfgh cmcdutuklfg Fgfiesf-fgfiesf lbcprmkmgsea. Jfifc pmrfwftfg spfnm rmhfegmr, tmrjfpft juf lmibcpbl pmrfwftfg, yflge  pmrfwftfg jmghfg cmghhugflfg aex fppiefgnm jfg rmcbvfdim fppiefgnm. 6) Aex fppiefgnm, yfgh tmrjere jfre ? Imdek jeegjelfselfg pfjf pfsemg yfgh lurfgh lbbpmrftea, gfcug imdek suietjedmrseklfg smkeghhf cmgeghlftlfg reselb lfrems pfsemg tmrsmdut.

 Bpmg nbei

•

Jfifc pmghhugffgyf, dfgj flfg je fjfptfse jfg jesftulfg ftfu jeimtfllfg je smlmieiegh hehe. ]cucgyf, hehe cbifr pmrtfcf  pmrcfgmg yfgh je jestfiesfse ugtul cmgjfpftlfg Lmcdfie rufgh yfgh cmgymcpet smtmifk hehe jmsejue tfghhfi. Jfifc pmghhugffg fppiefgnm ege, cmcdutuklfg tfdugh yfgh jeimtfllfg pfjf sese dulf jfg ieghufi yfgh jesftulfg lm dfgj yfgh cmghmieieghe hehe jmghfg dfgtufg fift ifs. Zfdugh ege cmceiele sese smpfgofgh 0,4= egnk ugtul cmgofje  dfhefg yfgh flfg je wmijegh jmghfg dfgj yfgh cmghmieieghe hehe. Pbsese tfdugh kfrus smofofr sftu sfcf ifeggyf jfg iudfgh pfjf lmjuf tfdugh kfrus cmghfrfk lmpfjf pmrsecpfghfg ftfu tetel tmcu fgtfrf cfklbtf jfg heghevf pfjf hehe prmcbifr. Ifiu, lfwft dfof tfkfg ofrft jmghfg jefcmtmr 0,8 cc jetmlul cmcdmgtul smpmrte kurua ]. jmghfg uough-uoughgyf smnfrf pfsea flfg pfs cfsul je lmjuf iudfgh tfdugh

6:

 

 pfjf dfhefg d fhefg ieghufi ieghu fi jfg dulfi pfjf dfgj. Lmcujefg, dfhefg fgtmrebr

jfre lfwft dmrdmgtu ] kfrus cmceiele imghlughfg tmrdfiel tmpft pfjf  dfhefg tmrdmsfr jfre hehe prmcbifr. Lmtelf smcuf sujfk dmrfjf pfjf  pbsese yfgh tmpft jfg sujfk je wmijegh, cflf lfwft flfg dmrfjf pfjf

hehe prmcbifr jfg cmgjestfiesfselfg hehe cbifr ugtul cmgjfpftlfg Lmcdfie rufgh yfgh keifgh.

 Hmrdmr

•

Pmghhugffg fppiefgnm omges ege jfpft jeduft ifghsugh je jfifc cuiut jfifc sftu lfie pmrtmcufg jmghfg wfltu yfgh seghlft tfgpf cmcdutuklfg pmlmroffg ifdbrftbreuc. Perfgte yfgh jehugflfg  dmrdmgtul smpmrte kurua ], jfg pmrfletfg jeiflulfg sfcpfe perfgte  dmrdmgtul ] ege desf cmgjfpftlfg pbsese yfgh pfs. ^mtmifk etu jeiflulfg pmghmifsfg perfgte tmrsmdut lm dfgj jfg pmhfs cmieghlfr jepfsfgh lm lfwft yfgh dmrdmgtul ], jfg pfjf heierfggyf dfgj tmrsmdut jfpft je smcmg lm hehe pfsemg.

6=

 

 Kbtz

•

Imghlughfg ieghufi kbtz fjfifk cmtbjm ifeg ugtul cmghhmrfllfg cbifr lm jestfi. Perfgte ege cmghhugflfg imghlughfg ieghufi Kbtz yfgh cmieghlfr. Etu tmpft jfifc suftu setufse je cfgf hehe cbifr sftu

 pmrcfgmg dfwfk dmrhmsmr lm cmsefi, tmtfpe cbifr prmcbifr ftfu nuspej tejfl dmrhmsmr lm jestfi. Zfpe kfrus fjf dulte [-rfy dfkwf fjf  ofrfl yfgh nulup fgtfrf hehe cbifr sftu jfg cmghmcdfghlfg hehe cbifr lmjuf. Xfltu pmrfwftfg yfgh jepmriulfg smletfr >-1 duifg ugtul pmrhmrlfgf smdfgyfl 4 cc.

 Iep ducpmr

•

Cmrupflfg perfgte yfgh pfiegh cujfk jehugflfg ugtul prbsmjur  pmrbimkfg lmcdfie rufgh yfgh cfgf pmrhmrflfg deiftmrfi jeegheglfg. Perfgte ege tmrjere jfre lfwft imghlugh ifdefi yfgh dmrft jecfgf aimgsf flreiel jesefplfg je jfmrfk fgtmrebr jmghfg dmgtul smjmcelefg rupf jfg tejfl cmgymgtuk hehe fgtmrebr dfwfk. Perfgte ege jehugflfg ugtul cmrmjflfg tmlfgfg deder. Zmlfgfg ege jfpft jehugflfg ugtul cmgjestfiesfse cbifr jmghfg? 6. Cmcfsullfg ibbp je lfwft imghlugh tmpft smdmiuc cmcfsule

61

 

tfdugh dulfi. 4. Cmcfgafftlfg pmhfs lbei, yfgh cfgf Etu ouhf desf jehugflfg smnfrf smpekfl. 4) Tmcbvfdim fppiefgnm, yfgh tmrjere jfre ?

 Armm fgj ibbp

•

Fift ege cmghhugflfg lfwft imghlugh ifdefi ugtul stfdeietfs jfg rmtmgse jmghfg pmhfs ibbp flse dmiflfgh yfgh jeduft jfre lfwft gb. 0,04=. Jfsfr fift tmrduft jfre rmseg flreiel. Hmrflfg pmrcfgmg cbifr

jenfpfe jmghfg cmghfltealfg uough dmdfs jfre ibbp lfwft pfjf tetel tmrtmgtu jmghfg egtmrvfi wfltu. Imghlughfg dfwfk cmceiele ibbp lfwft yfgh imdek pmgjml yfgh cmghkfseilfg dmrlurfghgyf jestbrse sfft fgfl cmcfsullfg fift.

 ^piet sfjim

•

Cmrupflf perfgte yfgh dmrdmjf jfre tepm pmhfs uough dmdfs, lfrmgf  dfhefg aughsebgfi fift tmrjere jfre dibl flreiel yfgh jedmifk smnfrf  dunnbieghufiiy jfg dmrhfdugh jmghfg gb. 0,04= lfwft jfifc dmgtul  dulfi jfg ieghlfrfg ieghufi. Fift jefltealfg jmghfg pmimdfrfg ibbp smnfrf dmrlfif.

 ^iegh skbt

•

Fift ege tmrjere jfre jujulfg lfwft mifstes jmghfg lfet smdfhfe  pmghhfgte pmhfs lfwft yfgh cmgtrfgsceselfg hfyf tmrkfjfp cbifr ugtul jejestfiesfse.  d.  Cmghlbrmlse ftfu cmcpmrdfele nrbssdetm Hrfddmr cmgjmaegeselfg nrbssdetm smdfhfe suftu lbgjese jecfgf sftu ftfu imdek jfre sftu hehe cmghfifce cfipbsese yfgh fdgbrcfi yfgh jfpft tmrofje lm frfk ifdefi, ieghufi, ftfu dulfi jmghfg cmghfnu pfjf hehe yfgh  dmrifwfgfg. ^mcmgtfrf cmgurut Fcmrenfg Fssbneftebg ba brtkbjbgtest fjfifk kudughfg fdgbrcfi sftu hehe jmghfg hehe ifwfggyf, jecfgf

68

 

kudughfg dunnbieghufi ftfu ifdebieghufi tmrofje tmrdfiel. Zmrjfpft  dmdmrfpf lifseaelfse jfre nrbssdetm yflge lifseaelfse dmrjfsfrlfg iblfsegyf jfg dmrjfsfrlfg dmgtul nrbssdetm fifcefk.

  Dmrjfsfrlfg iblfsegyf

•

-  Fgtmrebr nrbss detm ➤ 

^eghim tbbtk

➤ 

^mhcmgtfi

-  Pbstmrebr nrbss detm ➤  ]geiftmrfi ➤ 

Deiftmrfi

  Dmrjfsfrlfg nrbssdetm fifcefk

•

-  ^lmimtfi nrbssdetm